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School-Wide Positive Behavior Support: Year 3 Team Training Day 2. Donna Morelli Cynthia Zingler Education Specialists Positive Behavioral Intervention and Supports Trainers [email protected] [email protected] www.pbis.org www.cber.org. Sharing. Celebrations – Tier 1 and Tier 2 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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SCHOOL-WIDE POSITIVE BEHAVIOR SUPPORT:
YEAR 3 TEAM TRAINING DAY 2
Donna MorelliCynthia Zingler
Education SpecialistsPositive Behavioral Intervention and Supports Trainers
[email protected] [email protected] www.cber.org
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SharingCelebrations – Tier 1 and Tier 2
Roadblocks – Tier 1 and Tier 2
Questions/Concerns
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Utilizing the PBIS framework
Addressing the needs of ALL students within the school
Efficient and effective evidence based practices
Data for decision makingCreating a system for
sustainability
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District-Region
School
SWPBS Leadership
Team
SWPBS Tier 1
T1 Systems T1 Practices
Specialized Behavior Support
Team
Group-based Tier 2
T2 Systems T2 Practices
Individual Tier 3
T3 Systems T3 Practices
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SYST
EMSPRACTICES
DATASupportingStaff Behavior
SupportingStudent Behavior
OUTCOMES
Supporting Social Competence &Academic Achievement
SupportingDecisionMaking
IntegratedElements
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PURPOSE
Provide overview of
defining features of
function-based approach
to addressing behavior.
•FBA •Developing a hypothesis
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Objectives for Today
Determine appropriate data gathering tools
Determine student motivation (function)Establish a hypothesis statement that will
inform a behavioral intervention plan (BIP)
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Indicators of a Quality Decision-Making Process
1.Identify the focus area2.Determine the desired
outcome3. Select strategies/interventions4. Develop plan5. Implement and Monitor6. Evaluate student progress & the
plan
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What Data Do We Use?
Looking at NumbersQuantitative data
(Numbers)Defining the gap
between expectations and current performance
Monitoring the progress and growth
Move Beyond NumbersQualitative data
(Descriptions)Developing a focus
area or the cause of a concern
Defining the contextExamining the
implications of decisions
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Behavior Clearly define the behavior
Observable (can be seen) Measurable (can be counted) Specific (clear terms, not vague, no room for a
judgment call)
Observe at least 3 times– Different settings– Different times– Different activities
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FrequencyJon calls out to another student
Jon calls out to teacher
Calling out to teacher and or classmates without raising his hand occurred 8 times within a 20 minute observation; Greatest difficulty was during seat work.
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Data Collection Strategies
Masking Tape Pennies (in pocket)/Paperclips Golf Counter Post-It Notes Mailing Labels Index Card on Desk
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DurationSetting Start
timeStop time
Duration Total time
Story 10:05 10:10 5 minutes
Seat 10:16 10:25 9
Blocks 10:31 10:35 4 18 minutes
Average duration of behavior: 18/30 minutes = 60% of the time; 50% of which was during
seat work.
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Time to PracticeWatch the video for instances where Suzanne causes pain to the cat
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=324WVWxjJng
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Time to PracticeCompare your observations
with your shoulder partner;
Share with another pair of partners.
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THE ABCS OF FBAS
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Simple FBABrief teacher interview
Define problem behavior and identify antecedents and consequences
Appropriate when…Behavior is not severe or complexHigh level of confidence in “ABC’s” and
hypothesized functionChild is not in danger of suspension,
expulsion or an alternative placement
Does not meet IDEA requirementsCrone & Horner, 2003
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Full FBAParent, additional teacher and child
interviews; review of records; and direct observations in at least two settings
Appropriate when…Behavior is complex, severe or at-riskIf the child’s behavior is not severe but
there is a lack of confidence in the initial hypothesized function, prior interventions unsuccessful
Meets IDEA ’04 requirementsCrone & Horner, 2003
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The ABCs of BehaviorAntecedents
Events before the behaviorBehavior
Observable, measurable, specificConsequences
Event after the behavior
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Antecedent Behavior Consequence
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The Three Term Contingency
Antecedent:
Behavior:
Consequence:“Any stimulus presented contingent on a particular response”
“Any observable and measurable act of an individual (also called a response).”
Any “ stimulus that precedes a behavior”
Alberto & Troutman (2006)
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Reinforcement vs Punishment
Reinforcement: when a consequence of a behavior functions to increase the likelihood of future occurrences of that behavior
Punishment: when a consequence of a behavior functions to decrease the likelihood of future occurrences of that behavior
Reinforcement and Punishment
* Future probability of behavior
Inc. ( )*
Dec. ( )*
Reinforcement Reinforcement
Punishment Punishment
Give (+) Take (-)
Positive
Positive
Negative
Negative
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“School’s not for kids!”
When Jake is presented with school work, he whines, “Schools not for kids!” In the past, Jake’s teacher gets frustrated and takes his work away. In the future, Jake continues to whine whenever he is presented with work.
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Breakdown of Example: JakeAntecedent(SD):
Behavior(s):
Consequence:
Action(+ or - ):
Effect( or ):
So it is:
When Jake is presented with school work
he whines, “Schools not for kids!”
Jake’s teacher…takes his work away
In the future, Jake continues to whine
Jake’s teacher…takes his work away
Negative reinforcement
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“Brian”During lunch with peers, Brian made a derogatory comment toward one of his peers. The peer punched him. In the future, Brian was less likely to make derogatory comments (at least toward that peer).
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Breakdown of Example: Brian Antecedent(SD): Behavior(s): Consequence:
Action(+ or -):
Effect( or ):
So it is:
During lunch with peers
Brian made a derogatory comment
The peer punched him
less likely to make a derogatory comments
Peer “gave” a punch
Positive punishment
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“Rachel”During math class lectures, Rachel uses a straw and her math notebook to make spitballs and shoots them at Susan. Peers laugh. Rachel begins to shoot spitballs in other classes during lectures.
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Breakdown of Example: Rachel Antecedent(SD): Behavior(s): Consequence:
Action(+ or -):
Effect( or ):
So it is:
During classroom lectures
Rachel shoots spitballs
Peers laugh
More likely to shoot spitballs during lectures
Peer “gave” social attention
Positive reinforcement
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Direct Assessments—ABC Chart
Time Antecedent Behavior Consequence9:05 Teacher gives class
an independent writing assignment
X looks out window
Teacher prompts X to begin writing
9:10 Teacher prompts X to begin writing
X picks up pen and scribbles on page
Teacher walks away
9:17 Teacher prompts X to stop scribbling and begin writing
X rips paper up and throws it on the floor
Teacher tells X to go to office
9:18 Teacher tells X to go to office
X stands up and goes to office
X stays in office until next period
What could have been done differently?How do you help a staff member change their behavior?
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Fast and Slow TriggersSlow TriggersSetting eventsEnvironmental
conditionsOver time
Fast TriggersAntecedents
Immediately before behavior
Pennsylvania Department of Education, Initial Line of Inquiry
Slower triggers: disabilities, trauma reactions, fatigue, poor nutritionMedical conditions/reasons, family stressors
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Student’s Strengths
Describe what the student does well (interests, strengths, learning styles). What does the student contribute to his environment? When does he exhibit appropriate behaviors?
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Antecedents: The Student’s Own Behavior
How does the student evidence her growing frustration?
What does the student DO immediately before the interfering behavior?
What are the signs or clues the student gives?
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FBA ProcessStrengthsBehaviorAntecedentsConsequences
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A SAMPLE PROTOCOL FOR EXAMINING BEHAVIOR
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Indicators of a Quality Decision-Making Process
1. Identify the focus area2. Determine the desired outcome3. Select strategies/interventions4. Develop plan5. Implement and Monitor6. Evaluate student progress & the
plan
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Behavior is ChangeableMake the behavior……
Irrelevant
Inefficient
Ineffective
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USING ASSESSMENT TO DEVELOP AN HYPOTHESIS
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Academics BehaviorDistrict
CMTs Suspension/Expulsion, Drop-Out, Graduation Rate, Screening Instruments
District – Wide Assessments (3 to 4 times annually) DRA, DIBBLES, Math
Building Unit Tests Office Referrals
IndividualCommon Formative Assessments; CBA, portfolios; rubrics
Standardized Tests; CBAs; *OBAs; rubrics*objective behavioral analysis
Data Sources• Direct measures
– CBA (CRT and CBM)• Indirect measures
– Rubrics, goal attainment scaling, self- monitoring
• Authentic measures of performance– conversation summaries– portfolios What data sources did you bring for your case study? Etscheidt, 2006
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Develop an HypothesisDevelop an hypothesis to define a
central focus Examines the relationship among the
context variablesDetermines why this is
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Make a Statement About the Behavior
Three parts include:When {antecedent/trigger} occurs,(When Jeff is given an independent writing assignment, )The {student(s)} do/does {behavior of
concern},(he rips his paper up and throws it on the floor)In order to {perceived function}. (in order to escape the writing task.)
*Develop a hypothesis statement for the student in your case study.
Pennsylvania Department of Education, Initial Line of Inquiry
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So What Do We Want to Happen?
The desired outcome is developed from changing the currently reality to a new one.
Take a look at your hypothesis. *What is it that you want to happen instead?
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Writing a Desired Outcome
Clearly define the outcomeObservable (can be seen)Measurable (can be counted)Specific (clear terms, no room for a judgment call)
May sometimes require smaller benchmarks
When {condition} occurs, {the student} will {desired outcome} from {baseline} to {target} by {timeline}.
* Write your desired outcome.
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Missing Data?Want to Know… Source...
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Action PlanFind your missing
data!
Complete your Hypothesis Statement and specify the root cause.
update assessment information
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Indicators of a Quality Decision-Making Process
1. Identify the focus area2. Determine the desired outcome3. Select strategies/interventions4. Develop plan5. Implement and Monitor6. Evaluate student progress & the
plan
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Behavior is ChangeableMake the behavior……
Irrelevant
Inefficient
Ineffective
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SWPBS Logic!Successful individual student behavior support is linked to host environments or school climates that are effective, efficient, relevant, durable, salable, & logical for all students(Zins & Ponti, 1990)
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• Achieve desired outcome?Effective
• Doable by real implementer?Efficient
• Contextual & cultural?Relevant• Lasting?Durable• Transportable?Scalable• Conceptually Sound?Logical
Host Environment Features
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Behavior Support Elements
Problem Behavior
Functional Assessment
Intervention & Support Plan
Fidelity of Implementation
Impact on Behavior & Lifestyle
*Response class*Routine analysis*Hypothesis statement*Function *Alternative behaviors
*Competing behavior analysis *Contextual fit*Strengths, preferences, & lifestyle outcomes*Evidence-based interventions
*Implementation support*Data plan
*Continuous improvement*Sustainability plan
• Team-based• Behavior competence
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Function-based support is all about…
Re-design & improvement of learning & teaching environments Attention to environment & functionNot re-design of individualsChange in behavior of plan
implementers
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What is function-based support?
Foundations in behavioral theory, applied behavior analysis, & pbs
Attention to environmental context
Emphasis on “purpose” or function of behavior
Focus on teaching behaviorsAttention to implementers (adult
behaviors) & redesign of teaching & learning environments.
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Only 2 Basic FunctionsProblemBehavior
Obtain/GetSomething
Escape/Avoid
Something
Social Tangible/Activity
Adult
Stimulation/Sensory
Peer
Pos Reinf Neg Reinf
Existing aversive condition identified
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Non-examples: Function-Based approach
“Function” = outcome, result, purpose, consequence
“Lantana, you skipped 2 school days, so we’re going to suspend you for 2 more.”
“Phloem, I’m taking your book away because you obviously aren’t ready to learn.”
“You want my attention?! I’ll show you attention,…let’s take a walk down to the office & have a little chat with the Principal.”
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Defining behaviorMust result in clear, measurable, & objective descriptions of individual, groups, or sequences of related behaviors Any observable or measurable action or
act. Observable beginning & end Has measurable dimension(s)
• Frequency, duration, latency, force, topography, locus
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Consider behavior dimensions:
Frequency Duration Latency, Intensity or force Locus
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Non- v. Observable(-) hyperactivity(+) initiates 5 different tasks within
2 minutes(+) leaves room at least 3 times
during a 30 minute lesson(+)….
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Which is described in observable terms?
Hits with his fist OR
Aggressive
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Delinquent OR
Takes money from peers
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Psychotic OR
Says she hears voices
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Arrives 10 minutes late OR
Irresponsible
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Out of seat 55% of timeOR
Hyperactive
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Consider response class
Set of different behaviors with similar or related purpose or function Hit, spit, runaway, yell…
Escape difficult task request Cry, hit, whine, raise hand, spit…..
Obtain adult attention
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Consider response chains
Predictable sequence of behaviors
Possibly different functions at beginning & end of chains
*Can you think of a student whose behavior at the onset had a different purpose at it’s peak.
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Ex1. Behavior Chain
Given doable task, student… 1. Whispers that work is stupid, 2. Writes on papers, 3. Says work is stupid,4. Throws paper in waste basket, & 5. Leaves room.
What is function of behavior? (Test)
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Ex2. Given difficult task, student…
1. Says this work is stupid,2. Pokes student at next table,3. Argues with student,4. Tells teacher to butt out,5. Threatens teacher6. Runs away from teacher who
chases.
What is function of behavior? (Test)
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What is FBA?A systematic process for developing statements about factors thatcontribute to occurrence & maintenance
of problem behavior, & more importantly, serve as basis for
developing proactive & comprehensive behavior support plans.
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When has FBA been done?1. Clear & measurable definition of
problem behaviors.2. Complete testable hypothesis or
summary statement is provided. Statement of function (purpose) of
behavior3. Data (direct observation) to confirm
testable hypothesis.4. Behavior intervention plan based on
testable hypothesis Contextually appropriate supports for
accurate implementation
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Setting Events TriggeringAntecedents
MaintainingConsequences
ProblemBehavior
Class
Testable Hypothesis“Basic Unit”
• “Best guess” about behavior & conditions under which it is observed
• Represents basic working unit of FBA
• Directly guides development of BIP
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Setting Events TriggeringAntecedents
MaintainingConsequences
ProblemBehavior
Class
Testable Hypothesis“Basic Unit”
Following events that
maintain behaviors of concern
Preceding events that trigger or occasion
Set of related
behaviors of concern
Infrequent events that affect value
of maint. conseq.
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When Sequoia misses her 12:30 medication & teachers present multiple task demands, she makes negative self-statements & writes profane language on her assignments. Teaching staff typically send her to the office with a discipline referral for being disrespectful.
Setting event Antecedent Response Consequence
Misses 12:30medication
Teachersmake
multipletask demands
Sequoia makesnegative self-statements &
writes profanelanguage
Teacher sendsSequoia to
office for beingdisrespectful
What function?Avoid difficult tasks
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Setting event Antecedent Response ConsequenceCaesar is
teased severaltimes about his
hair by his friends before
class
His teacherstares at his hair in class
Caesar askshis teacher what she’sstaring at
His teachersends him to
in-school detention
Caesar has dyed his hair three colors & is teased several times by his friends before class. When he enters the class, his teacher stares at his hair. Caesar immediately says “what are you staring at?” His teacher immediately sends him to in-school detention.
What function?Escape adult &peer attention
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Setting event Antecedent Response Consequence
Cleo is new to the 6th grade, & English is her second language. When another student approaches & says something to her in English, Cleo turns away. The other student walks away. This happens several times during the day.
New student Studentapproaches &
speaks inEnglish
Cleo turns away
Other student walks
away
What function?Escape peer attention
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Setting event Antecedent Response Consequence
When his teacher asks him what the capitol city of a country is, Napoleon gives the correct answers. His teacher praises his correct answer, & tells him he may work by himself or a friend on the rest of the assignment.
None Teacher askswhat capitolcity of countryis
Napoleongive correctanswer
Teacher givesverbal praise & time to workwith a friend
What function?Access peer &adult attention
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Setting event Antecedent Response Consequence
As Veloce is walking, other kids look at him & say “what’s up?” He looks back and says: “Who ya lookin’ at?!” “Ya want some of this?!” “Ya talkin’ to me?!” Kids shake their heads & call him “weirdo.”
?? Look at him.“What’s up!”
“Who yalookin’ at?”“Ya wantSome?” “Yatalkin’ to me?
Kids shakeheads & call him “weirdo”
What function?Access OR escapepeer attention?
How do you know?How do you know?Assess?
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Setting event Antecedent Response Consequence
WRITE TESTABLE HYPOTHESIS: As Veloce is walking, other kids look at
him & say “what’s up?” He looks back and says: “Who ya lookin’ at?!” “Ya want some of this?!” “Ya talkin’ to me?!” Kids shake their heads & all him “weirdo.”
?? Look at him.“What’s up!”
“Who yalookin’ at?”“Ya wantSome?” “Yatalkin’ to me?
Kids shakeheads & call him “weirdo”
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Example 1: Different behaviors with different functions
Kirsten’s teachers agree that she has two behaviors that interfere with her social success at school, & develop two testable hypotheses:
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Setting Event
Antecedent Event
Behavior
Consequence Event
None
Teacher presents multiple
step request.
Verbal protest,
non-complianc
e, foot stomping.
Teacher repeats
request 4 to 5 times & threatens
after school suspension.
Setting Event
Antecedent Event
Behavior
Consequence Event
NonePeers play game &
have conflict.
Pushes peers
away, uses profanity,
throws rocks.
Peers stop playing with
Kirsten.
Get ad
ult at
tentio
n
Escape
peer
social
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Example 2: Same behaviors with different functions
Amy teachers have noticed two different conditions when Amy displays same problem behaviors. They developed following two testable hypotheses:
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Setting Event
Antecedent Event
Behavior
Consequence Event
NonePeers try to
engage Amy in con-versations.
Turns eyes away, does not comply
verbally, pulls
sweater over his head.
Peers move away.
Setting Event
Antecedent Event
Behavior
Consequence Event
None
Teachers give Amy corrective feedback about her
work.
Turns eyes away, does not comply
verbally, pulls
sweater over his head.
Teachers sit down next to her, rub her shoulders, &
say comforting
words.
Avoid
peer
atten
tion
Get ad
ult so
cial
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Functional Assessment Checklist for Teachers: “FACTS”
STEP 1: Student/ Grade: _____Clarence/5th grade_____ Date: ____January 11___________
Interviewer: ___________Sugai________ Respondent(s): ____Thomas_____
STEP 2: Student Profile: Please identify at least three strengths or contributions the student brings to school.C. has leadership potential. Peers listened to him, and he can be very convincing and sincere. He’s academically competent and seems to be moving smoothly and successfully through the school curriculum.
STEP 3: Problem Behavior(s): Identify problem behaviors___Tardy_X Fight/physical Aggression ___ Disruptive___ Theft___ UnresponsiveX Inappropriate Language_X__ Insubordination___ Vandalism___ Withdrawn_X__ Verbal Harassment____Work not done___ Other __________ ____X _ Verbally Inappropriate___ Self-injuryDescribe problem behavior:C. may have one of the shortest fuses I’ve seen. One little tease by a peer, and he quickly and predictably escalates through a behavioral sequence that begins with passive in subordination (non response), moves to a mild protest, shifts to harassment and name calling, increases to property damage and even to physical aggression. Its interesting that he seems to “enjoy” the reactions he gets from peers that he aggresses toward, and from peers who look up to him for his aggressiveness.
25
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STEP 4: Routine Analysis
Schedule(Times)
Activity Likelihood of Problem Behavior Specific Problem Behavior
8:00 Waiting to enter buildingLow High1 2 3 4 5 6
See escalation described above
8:15 Advisory & Planning 1 2 3 4 5 6
Mostly teasing and touching property of others. Doesn’t escalate much further
9:15 Language Arts 1 2 3 4 5 6 Occasional name calling/teasing
10:15 Recess 1 2 3 4 5 6 See escalation described above
11:30 Math 1 2 3 4 5 6 Occasional teasing
12:00 Lunch 1 2 3 4 5 6 See escalation described above
12:35 Earth Science 1 2 3 4 5 6 Minor verbal harassment
1:15 Art or Phy Ed 1 2 3 4 5 6 See escalation described above
2:00 Reading 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rarely a problem
2:50 Waiting for bus 1 2 3 4 5 6 See escalation described above
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Fundamental Rule!
“You should not propose to reduce a problem behavior without also identifying alternative, desired behaviors person should perform instead of problem behavior” (O’Neill et al., 1997, p. 71).
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Setting Events TriggeringAntecedents
MaintainingConsequences
ProblemBehavior
DesiredAlternative
AcceptableAlternative
TypicalConsequenceSummary Statement
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Setting Events TriggeringAntecedents
MaintainingConsequences
ProblemBehavior
Lack of peercontact in 30
minutes.
Do difficultmath
assignment.
Noncompliance,profanity,physical
aggression,
Avoid task,remove from
class.
DesiredAlternative
TypicalConsequence
Points,grades,
questions,more work.
Do workw/o
complaints.
Summary Statement
AcceptableAlternative
Ask forbreak,ask forhelp.
Why is function important?Because consequences compete!!
Function
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Setting Events TriggeringAntecedents
MaintainingConsequences
ProblemBehavior
DesiredAlternative
TypicalConsequenceSummary Statement
AcceptableAlternative
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Setting EventManipulations
AntecedentManipulations
ConsequenceManipulations
BehaviorManipulations
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Setting Events TriggeringAntecedents
MaintainingConsequences
ProblemBehavior
Lack of peercontact in 30
minutes.
Do difficultmath
assignment.
Noncompliance,profanity,physical
aggression,
Avoid task,remove from
class.
DesiredAlternative
TypicalConsequence
Points,grades,
questions,more work.
Do workw/o
complaints.
Summary Statement
AcceptableAlternative
Ask forbreak,ask forhelp.
Why is function important?Because consequences compete!!
Function
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Setting EventManipulations
AntecedentManipulations
ConsequenceManipulations
BehaviorManipulations
Teach options to problem behavior:1. Ask for break2. Ask for help3. Turn in assignment as is.
Teach missing math skills
Arrange for peer interaction before math class
Provide positive adult contact
Sit with preferred peer
Introduce review type problem before difficult tasks
Remind of alternative behaviors
Do first problem together
Immediately reinforce entering class.
Provide reinforcer w/in 1 min. of starting task (3 min., 5 min., 10 minutes)
Give break & help
Sit with preferred peer when done
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Setting Events TriggeringAntecedents
MaintainingConsequences
ProblemBehavior
Rides citybus
Teachercorrectspeers
ProfanityVerbal
protests
Teacherattention
DesiredAlternative
TypicalConsequence
Delayedteacher
attention.
Ignore &problem
solvelater
Summary Statement
AcceptableAlternative
Discussin
private
Why is function important?Because consequences compete!!
Function
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Setting EventManipulations
AntecedentManipulations
ConsequenceManipulations
BehaviorManipulations
Teach J. how, when, & where to express verbal protest, & how to walk away from problem situations in transitions.
On days city bus ridden, check in with counselor to review days schedule & walk with counselor to classroom
Give >3 positive acknow-ledgements per min. to peers during transitions.
Give private & quiet corrections to peers.
Remind J. of acceptable & desired replacement behaviors
When J. engages in problem behavior immediately disengage from him, & engage peers.
When J. engages in replacement behaviors provide adult attention (discussion)
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Setting EventManipulations
AntecedentManipulations
ConsequenceManipulations
BehaviorManipulations
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For Next Time….Complete an FBA on 1-2 students
and bring information with you to the next training.
We will be developing BIP
We will be discussing developing Wrap Around Services
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Session EvaluationPlease complete the evaluation for
today’s workshop.
Thank you!
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CONTACT INFORMATION
Donna Morelli PBIS Trainer
Cynthia Zingler – PBIS Coordinator/Trainer [email protected]