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School of Materials amp Mineral Resources
Engineering
Academic Session (200910)
SMMRE
UNDERGRADUATERESEARCH PROJECT
GUIDELINES
11032010 1Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SMMRE
THESIS WRITINGPrepared and Presented By Dr Norlia Baharun
CoordinatorFYP Monitoring Committee
SMMRE
11 MAC 2010
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
3
Help
Learning Objectives
To acquire generally useful techniques for effective thesis writing
To learn specific skills that apply to all forms of scientific writing
11032010 4Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Learning Objectives
To become familiar with common writing mistakes
To gain insights that improve all
To develop specific skills to meet
11032010 5Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Writing a Thesis
ldquoHave you something to do tomorrow
Do it TODAY rdquo Ben Franklin
11032010 7
The Writing Process will help you
bull get startedbull get focusedbull develop a writing ldquopathrdquobull write fluidlybull write with style and claritybull write correctly
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Writing a Thesisbull Begin earlier rather than later
bull Might do initial literature review while gearing up for doing work
bull If the work naturally falls into project parts can write parts as they are completed
bull Ideally you will already have submitted papers for publication well before completing the thesis Depends on the scope of the work
bull Key to success Make it look like it was done right
11032010 8Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
A Challenge
Please write a One Sentence Definition of
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Please write a One Sentence Definition of
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
11032010 9Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Definition
To communicate specific information or ideas utilizing the formats
language and content relevant to the work
To communicate specific information or ideas utilizing the formats
language and content relevant to the work
11032010 10Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips on Effective Writing
1048698Concepts1048698Focus on key ideas1048698Expose weave it in the body conclude1048698Why not what1048698Donrsquot get trapped by details and artifacts1048698Flow be a good story teller1048698Pay attention to order and smooth transitions
11032010 11Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips on Effective Writing
1048698Simplicity1048698Simple exposition simple styles1048698Make it intuitive rather than formal1048698Be specific use examples1048698Pitfalls1048698Too vague for example no examples1048698Contributions non-obvious1048698Too much ldquowhatrdquo not enough ldquowhyrdquo11032010 12Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
What is a thesis statement
bull The MOST IMPORTANT SENTENCE in your thesis
bull Lets the reader know the main idea of the project
bull Answers the question ldquoWhat am I trying to proverdquo
bull Not a factual statement but a claim that has to be proven throughout the paper
11032010 13Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Statements
bull What is a thesis statement
bull It is the central message of the essay
bull Itrsquos the essayrsquos main idea
bull It prepares the readers
bull States the essayrsquos topic
bull States the essayrsquos purpose
bull Indicates the focus11032010 14Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Thesis workProject model
1 Short description and approval from the examiner and supervisor
2 Project plan sent to examinersupervisor3 Half time report sent to
examinersupervisor4 Final report sent to examinersupervisor
decide on date for final presentation5 Presentation of the thesis
11032010 15Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis workProject model
54321
Phase 1Planning
Phase 2Description of
current situation amp data collection
Phase 3Analysis solutions
results and discussions
Report Writing (continuously)
0 1- 3 9 - 10 14 Week11032010 16
Thesis work Project planbull The planning period typically takes 1-3 weeks and is
concluded by a short reportbull The project plan report ought to containndash Background of the problem and problem descriptionndash Short presentation of the company where the thesis is
madendash Purpose detailed research question and activity planndash Identified delimitationsndash Planned theoretical referencesndash Time plan (Gantt-chart)bull The project plan report typically consists of 4-8
pages
11032010 17Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Outlinebull Part 1 Writing your thesis(1) Context What is a thesis (for)(2) How Do I Get Started(3) What Should My Thesis Contain(4) How Do I Get Finished(5) Summarybull Part 2 The Examinerrsquos View(1) Oh God not another thesis to read(2) Whatrsquos this one about(3) Now there must be some corrections(4) Letrsquos see what can I ask the candidate
11032010 18Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Outline
bull Part 3 Thesis FORMAT
bull Part 4 Drafting the Thesis
11032010 19Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 1
Writing your thesis
What is a thesisbull An argument
bull An exposition of an original piece of work
bull The product of an apprenticeship
bull Probably the largest (most self-indulgent) piece of work yoursquoll ever do
bull Something that could be published
11032010 21Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
How do I get started
bull Do this today
bull Decide your title
bull Write your title page
bull Start a file
bull Plan your argument
11032010 22Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Plan your thesis
bull Convert this argument into a chapter outline
bull Start a file with a division for each chapter
bull Collect material in this file
bull Set out clearly what each chapter should say
11032010 23Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (1)
bull Title (and title page) - conveys a messagebull Abstract - for the librarianbull Contents Listing - shows the right things are therebull Acknowledgements - get your supervisor on your
sidebull Introduction - says ldquoI am going to look at the
following thingsrdquobull Review of Previous Work - show you know the
subjectbull Philosophy of Approach - no great detail
11032010 24Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (2)
bull Plan of Attack - a bit more specificbull Description of the workbull Critical analysis of the results - show you know its
limitationsbull Future Work - show you know whatrsquos missingbull Conclusions - repetition of the intro but with
reference to the detailbull References - Cover the field examiners will look
for key referencesbull Appendices - Nitty Gritty details that would
clutter your eloquent description
11032010 25Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 2
The Examinerrsquos View
The Examinerrsquos Viewbull Oh God not another thesis to readbull Your examiners are busy peoplebull Examining theses is a chore butbull ldquoIt might help me keep up to date with an
area of researchrdquobull ldquoIt might inspire merdquobull ldquoI might learn somethingrdquobull Note the reading will be done in trains
planes and departmental meetings11032010 27Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Examinerrsquos first question
bull Whatrsquos this one aboutbull Examiners have little time available so they want to
extract the most juice in the shortest time abstract (bibliography) conclusions contents listbull This may be enough to decide whether itrsquos worth a PhDbull Then1) What questions now spring to mind2) read through3) Were the questions answered
11032010 28Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull ldquoNow there must be some correctionshelliprdquo
bull Many examiners donrsquot feel theyrsquove done the job unless they find some corrections to do
bull Typical errors
bull Typographical grammatical
bull Poor presentation
bull Missing statements references
bull (Superfluous redundant statements)
11032010 29Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull Whole sections missing
ndash research questions
ndash critical review of literature
ndash research methodology
ndash presentation of results
ndash discussion and conclusions
11032010 30Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Review of literaturebull To what extent is the review relevant to the researchbull studybull Has the candidate slipped into ldquoHere is all I know about xrdquobull Is there evidence of critical appraisal of other work or i t he
review just descriptivebull How well has the candidate mastered the technical or
theoretical literaturebull Does the candidate make the links between the review and his or her methodology explicitbull Is there a summary of the essential features of other work as
it relates to this study
11032010 31Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Methodologybull What precautions were taken against likely sources of biasbull What are the limitations in the methodology Is the candidate aware of thembull Is the methodology for data collection appropriatebull Are the techniques used for analysis appropriatebull In the circumstances has the best methodology been
chosenbull Has the candidate given an adequate justification to the
presentation of results
11032010 32Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Have the hypotheses in fact been testedbull Do the solutions obtained relate to the questions posedbull Is the level and form of analysis appropriate for the databull Could the presentation of the results been made clearerbull Are patterns and trends in the results accurately identified and summarizedbull Does the software appear to work satisfactorilybull Discussion and Conclusions
11032010 33Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Is the candidate aware of possible limits to confidencereliabilityvalidity of the work
bull Have the main points to emerge from the results been picked up for discussion
bull Are there links made to the literaturebull Is there evidence of attempts at theory
building or re-conceptualization of problems
bull Are there speculations Are they well grounded in the results
11032010 34Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 3
THESIS STRUCTURE
Sequence of Thesis Title page
Declaration
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Plates
List of Abbreviation
List of Symbols11032010 36Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sequence of Thesis (contrsquod) Abstrak
Abstract
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 3 Materials and Method
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion
Chapter 5 Conclusion
References
Bibliography
Appendices
11032010 37Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Structure
Title page
where you enter the full title and the sub-title if any of the research work the name of the author a statement about the degree programme under which the dissertation is submitted the date of submission
11032010 38Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstractwhich is usually a one page summary of the objectives of the research the methodology used and the main findings of the work
Contents listwhich lists the chapter and section headings with their corresponding page numbers
11032010 39Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Main text
- divided into chapters with appropriate chapter
headings to include
Chapter 1 - a chapter to introduce the research the motivation and the objectives and to provide an overview of the dissertation
Tips Writing the Main Text
11032010 40Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Chapter 2 A chapter reviewing the work that has done
in the area (literature review theoretical background)Chapter 3 A chapter to describe in detail the
methodology adopted or proposed
Chapter 4 A chapter presenting the main results and
discussion
Chapter 5 A concluding chapter that summarizes the main findings of the research statement about the main contributions of the research and recommendations for future work
11032010 41Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of tables diagrams and illustrationswhich list the figure and table numbers together with captions and their corresponding page numbers
Nomenclature listwhich provides a list of nomenclature and definitions of acronyms used in the thesis Make sure that the corresponding units if applicable are included It is good practice to have a different section for nomenclature involving Greek symbols as might be encountered in equations and one for acronyms
11032010 42Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips Write the Abstract and Introduction chapter last
Referenceslists the references that have been cited in the dissertation
Appendicescontain those parts of dissertation that are either well known or does not contribute directly to the main text but needs to be included for completeness Examples are sample calculations derivation of a published result which forms the basis for the work background information
11032010 43Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 4
Steps in
Drafting the Thesis
11032010 45
Step 1 Drafting
bull Tentative thesis statement (your position on the topic the answer to the question you are investigating)
bull Supportbull Conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Contents of Key Chapters
bull the Introduction
bull the Literature Review
bull the Conclusions and Recommendation
bull the Materials amp Methods
bull the Results and Discussion
11032010 46Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Step 2 How do I get finishedAnswer by not getting stuckbull Yoursquove written most of it but for the bits yoursquore avoiding you keep rewriting other bits doing more reading tinkering with the layout seeking neat quotations bull STOPQ Why are they difficult to writeA Because they are not relevantbull Donrsquot be afraid to change your plan if it proves too hardbull Be savage in cutting irrelevant bits
11032010 47Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reviewingbull Get other people to read your drafts
bull Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time)
bull Supervisor will steer you
bull Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed
bull Above all get the bugs out before the examiners see it
11032010 48Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
SMMRE
THESIS WRITINGPrepared and Presented By Dr Norlia Baharun
CoordinatorFYP Monitoring Committee
SMMRE
11 MAC 2010
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
3
Help
Learning Objectives
To acquire generally useful techniques for effective thesis writing
To learn specific skills that apply to all forms of scientific writing
11032010 4Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Learning Objectives
To become familiar with common writing mistakes
To gain insights that improve all
To develop specific skills to meet
11032010 5Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Writing a Thesis
ldquoHave you something to do tomorrow
Do it TODAY rdquo Ben Franklin
11032010 7
The Writing Process will help you
bull get startedbull get focusedbull develop a writing ldquopathrdquobull write fluidlybull write with style and claritybull write correctly
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Writing a Thesisbull Begin earlier rather than later
bull Might do initial literature review while gearing up for doing work
bull If the work naturally falls into project parts can write parts as they are completed
bull Ideally you will already have submitted papers for publication well before completing the thesis Depends on the scope of the work
bull Key to success Make it look like it was done right
11032010 8Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
A Challenge
Please write a One Sentence Definition of
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Please write a One Sentence Definition of
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
11032010 9Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Definition
To communicate specific information or ideas utilizing the formats
language and content relevant to the work
To communicate specific information or ideas utilizing the formats
language and content relevant to the work
11032010 10Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips on Effective Writing
1048698Concepts1048698Focus on key ideas1048698Expose weave it in the body conclude1048698Why not what1048698Donrsquot get trapped by details and artifacts1048698Flow be a good story teller1048698Pay attention to order and smooth transitions
11032010 11Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips on Effective Writing
1048698Simplicity1048698Simple exposition simple styles1048698Make it intuitive rather than formal1048698Be specific use examples1048698Pitfalls1048698Too vague for example no examples1048698Contributions non-obvious1048698Too much ldquowhatrdquo not enough ldquowhyrdquo11032010 12Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
What is a thesis statement
bull The MOST IMPORTANT SENTENCE in your thesis
bull Lets the reader know the main idea of the project
bull Answers the question ldquoWhat am I trying to proverdquo
bull Not a factual statement but a claim that has to be proven throughout the paper
11032010 13Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Statements
bull What is a thesis statement
bull It is the central message of the essay
bull Itrsquos the essayrsquos main idea
bull It prepares the readers
bull States the essayrsquos topic
bull States the essayrsquos purpose
bull Indicates the focus11032010 14Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Thesis workProject model
1 Short description and approval from the examiner and supervisor
2 Project plan sent to examinersupervisor3 Half time report sent to
examinersupervisor4 Final report sent to examinersupervisor
decide on date for final presentation5 Presentation of the thesis
11032010 15Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis workProject model
54321
Phase 1Planning
Phase 2Description of
current situation amp data collection
Phase 3Analysis solutions
results and discussions
Report Writing (continuously)
0 1- 3 9 - 10 14 Week11032010 16
Thesis work Project planbull The planning period typically takes 1-3 weeks and is
concluded by a short reportbull The project plan report ought to containndash Background of the problem and problem descriptionndash Short presentation of the company where the thesis is
madendash Purpose detailed research question and activity planndash Identified delimitationsndash Planned theoretical referencesndash Time plan (Gantt-chart)bull The project plan report typically consists of 4-8
pages
11032010 17Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Outlinebull Part 1 Writing your thesis(1) Context What is a thesis (for)(2) How Do I Get Started(3) What Should My Thesis Contain(4) How Do I Get Finished(5) Summarybull Part 2 The Examinerrsquos View(1) Oh God not another thesis to read(2) Whatrsquos this one about(3) Now there must be some corrections(4) Letrsquos see what can I ask the candidate
11032010 18Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Outline
bull Part 3 Thesis FORMAT
bull Part 4 Drafting the Thesis
11032010 19Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 1
Writing your thesis
What is a thesisbull An argument
bull An exposition of an original piece of work
bull The product of an apprenticeship
bull Probably the largest (most self-indulgent) piece of work yoursquoll ever do
bull Something that could be published
11032010 21Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
How do I get started
bull Do this today
bull Decide your title
bull Write your title page
bull Start a file
bull Plan your argument
11032010 22Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Plan your thesis
bull Convert this argument into a chapter outline
bull Start a file with a division for each chapter
bull Collect material in this file
bull Set out clearly what each chapter should say
11032010 23Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (1)
bull Title (and title page) - conveys a messagebull Abstract - for the librarianbull Contents Listing - shows the right things are therebull Acknowledgements - get your supervisor on your
sidebull Introduction - says ldquoI am going to look at the
following thingsrdquobull Review of Previous Work - show you know the
subjectbull Philosophy of Approach - no great detail
11032010 24Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (2)
bull Plan of Attack - a bit more specificbull Description of the workbull Critical analysis of the results - show you know its
limitationsbull Future Work - show you know whatrsquos missingbull Conclusions - repetition of the intro but with
reference to the detailbull References - Cover the field examiners will look
for key referencesbull Appendices - Nitty Gritty details that would
clutter your eloquent description
11032010 25Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 2
The Examinerrsquos View
The Examinerrsquos Viewbull Oh God not another thesis to readbull Your examiners are busy peoplebull Examining theses is a chore butbull ldquoIt might help me keep up to date with an
area of researchrdquobull ldquoIt might inspire merdquobull ldquoI might learn somethingrdquobull Note the reading will be done in trains
planes and departmental meetings11032010 27Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Examinerrsquos first question
bull Whatrsquos this one aboutbull Examiners have little time available so they want to
extract the most juice in the shortest time abstract (bibliography) conclusions contents listbull This may be enough to decide whether itrsquos worth a PhDbull Then1) What questions now spring to mind2) read through3) Were the questions answered
11032010 28Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull ldquoNow there must be some correctionshelliprdquo
bull Many examiners donrsquot feel theyrsquove done the job unless they find some corrections to do
bull Typical errors
bull Typographical grammatical
bull Poor presentation
bull Missing statements references
bull (Superfluous redundant statements)
11032010 29Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull Whole sections missing
ndash research questions
ndash critical review of literature
ndash research methodology
ndash presentation of results
ndash discussion and conclusions
11032010 30Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Review of literaturebull To what extent is the review relevant to the researchbull studybull Has the candidate slipped into ldquoHere is all I know about xrdquobull Is there evidence of critical appraisal of other work or i t he
review just descriptivebull How well has the candidate mastered the technical or
theoretical literaturebull Does the candidate make the links between the review and his or her methodology explicitbull Is there a summary of the essential features of other work as
it relates to this study
11032010 31Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Methodologybull What precautions were taken against likely sources of biasbull What are the limitations in the methodology Is the candidate aware of thembull Is the methodology for data collection appropriatebull Are the techniques used for analysis appropriatebull In the circumstances has the best methodology been
chosenbull Has the candidate given an adequate justification to the
presentation of results
11032010 32Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Have the hypotheses in fact been testedbull Do the solutions obtained relate to the questions posedbull Is the level and form of analysis appropriate for the databull Could the presentation of the results been made clearerbull Are patterns and trends in the results accurately identified and summarizedbull Does the software appear to work satisfactorilybull Discussion and Conclusions
11032010 33Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Is the candidate aware of possible limits to confidencereliabilityvalidity of the work
bull Have the main points to emerge from the results been picked up for discussion
bull Are there links made to the literaturebull Is there evidence of attempts at theory
building or re-conceptualization of problems
bull Are there speculations Are they well grounded in the results
11032010 34Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 3
THESIS STRUCTURE
Sequence of Thesis Title page
Declaration
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Plates
List of Abbreviation
List of Symbols11032010 36Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sequence of Thesis (contrsquod) Abstrak
Abstract
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 3 Materials and Method
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion
Chapter 5 Conclusion
References
Bibliography
Appendices
11032010 37Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Structure
Title page
where you enter the full title and the sub-title if any of the research work the name of the author a statement about the degree programme under which the dissertation is submitted the date of submission
11032010 38Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstractwhich is usually a one page summary of the objectives of the research the methodology used and the main findings of the work
Contents listwhich lists the chapter and section headings with their corresponding page numbers
11032010 39Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Main text
- divided into chapters with appropriate chapter
headings to include
Chapter 1 - a chapter to introduce the research the motivation and the objectives and to provide an overview of the dissertation
Tips Writing the Main Text
11032010 40Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Chapter 2 A chapter reviewing the work that has done
in the area (literature review theoretical background)Chapter 3 A chapter to describe in detail the
methodology adopted or proposed
Chapter 4 A chapter presenting the main results and
discussion
Chapter 5 A concluding chapter that summarizes the main findings of the research statement about the main contributions of the research and recommendations for future work
11032010 41Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of tables diagrams and illustrationswhich list the figure and table numbers together with captions and their corresponding page numbers
Nomenclature listwhich provides a list of nomenclature and definitions of acronyms used in the thesis Make sure that the corresponding units if applicable are included It is good practice to have a different section for nomenclature involving Greek symbols as might be encountered in equations and one for acronyms
11032010 42Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips Write the Abstract and Introduction chapter last
Referenceslists the references that have been cited in the dissertation
Appendicescontain those parts of dissertation that are either well known or does not contribute directly to the main text but needs to be included for completeness Examples are sample calculations derivation of a published result which forms the basis for the work background information
11032010 43Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 4
Steps in
Drafting the Thesis
11032010 45
Step 1 Drafting
bull Tentative thesis statement (your position on the topic the answer to the question you are investigating)
bull Supportbull Conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Contents of Key Chapters
bull the Introduction
bull the Literature Review
bull the Conclusions and Recommendation
bull the Materials amp Methods
bull the Results and Discussion
11032010 46Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Step 2 How do I get finishedAnswer by not getting stuckbull Yoursquove written most of it but for the bits yoursquore avoiding you keep rewriting other bits doing more reading tinkering with the layout seeking neat quotations bull STOPQ Why are they difficult to writeA Because they are not relevantbull Donrsquot be afraid to change your plan if it proves too hardbull Be savage in cutting irrelevant bits
11032010 47Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reviewingbull Get other people to read your drafts
bull Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time)
bull Supervisor will steer you
bull Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed
bull Above all get the bugs out before the examiners see it
11032010 48Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
3
Help
Learning Objectives
To acquire generally useful techniques for effective thesis writing
To learn specific skills that apply to all forms of scientific writing
11032010 4Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Learning Objectives
To become familiar with common writing mistakes
To gain insights that improve all
To develop specific skills to meet
11032010 5Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Writing a Thesis
ldquoHave you something to do tomorrow
Do it TODAY rdquo Ben Franklin
11032010 7
The Writing Process will help you
bull get startedbull get focusedbull develop a writing ldquopathrdquobull write fluidlybull write with style and claritybull write correctly
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Writing a Thesisbull Begin earlier rather than later
bull Might do initial literature review while gearing up for doing work
bull If the work naturally falls into project parts can write parts as they are completed
bull Ideally you will already have submitted papers for publication well before completing the thesis Depends on the scope of the work
bull Key to success Make it look like it was done right
11032010 8Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
A Challenge
Please write a One Sentence Definition of
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Please write a One Sentence Definition of
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
11032010 9Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Definition
To communicate specific information or ideas utilizing the formats
language and content relevant to the work
To communicate specific information or ideas utilizing the formats
language and content relevant to the work
11032010 10Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips on Effective Writing
1048698Concepts1048698Focus on key ideas1048698Expose weave it in the body conclude1048698Why not what1048698Donrsquot get trapped by details and artifacts1048698Flow be a good story teller1048698Pay attention to order and smooth transitions
11032010 11Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips on Effective Writing
1048698Simplicity1048698Simple exposition simple styles1048698Make it intuitive rather than formal1048698Be specific use examples1048698Pitfalls1048698Too vague for example no examples1048698Contributions non-obvious1048698Too much ldquowhatrdquo not enough ldquowhyrdquo11032010 12Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
What is a thesis statement
bull The MOST IMPORTANT SENTENCE in your thesis
bull Lets the reader know the main idea of the project
bull Answers the question ldquoWhat am I trying to proverdquo
bull Not a factual statement but a claim that has to be proven throughout the paper
11032010 13Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Statements
bull What is a thesis statement
bull It is the central message of the essay
bull Itrsquos the essayrsquos main idea
bull It prepares the readers
bull States the essayrsquos topic
bull States the essayrsquos purpose
bull Indicates the focus11032010 14Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Thesis workProject model
1 Short description and approval from the examiner and supervisor
2 Project plan sent to examinersupervisor3 Half time report sent to
examinersupervisor4 Final report sent to examinersupervisor
decide on date for final presentation5 Presentation of the thesis
11032010 15Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis workProject model
54321
Phase 1Planning
Phase 2Description of
current situation amp data collection
Phase 3Analysis solutions
results and discussions
Report Writing (continuously)
0 1- 3 9 - 10 14 Week11032010 16
Thesis work Project planbull The planning period typically takes 1-3 weeks and is
concluded by a short reportbull The project plan report ought to containndash Background of the problem and problem descriptionndash Short presentation of the company where the thesis is
madendash Purpose detailed research question and activity planndash Identified delimitationsndash Planned theoretical referencesndash Time plan (Gantt-chart)bull The project plan report typically consists of 4-8
pages
11032010 17Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Outlinebull Part 1 Writing your thesis(1) Context What is a thesis (for)(2) How Do I Get Started(3) What Should My Thesis Contain(4) How Do I Get Finished(5) Summarybull Part 2 The Examinerrsquos View(1) Oh God not another thesis to read(2) Whatrsquos this one about(3) Now there must be some corrections(4) Letrsquos see what can I ask the candidate
11032010 18Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Outline
bull Part 3 Thesis FORMAT
bull Part 4 Drafting the Thesis
11032010 19Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 1
Writing your thesis
What is a thesisbull An argument
bull An exposition of an original piece of work
bull The product of an apprenticeship
bull Probably the largest (most self-indulgent) piece of work yoursquoll ever do
bull Something that could be published
11032010 21Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
How do I get started
bull Do this today
bull Decide your title
bull Write your title page
bull Start a file
bull Plan your argument
11032010 22Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Plan your thesis
bull Convert this argument into a chapter outline
bull Start a file with a division for each chapter
bull Collect material in this file
bull Set out clearly what each chapter should say
11032010 23Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (1)
bull Title (and title page) - conveys a messagebull Abstract - for the librarianbull Contents Listing - shows the right things are therebull Acknowledgements - get your supervisor on your
sidebull Introduction - says ldquoI am going to look at the
following thingsrdquobull Review of Previous Work - show you know the
subjectbull Philosophy of Approach - no great detail
11032010 24Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (2)
bull Plan of Attack - a bit more specificbull Description of the workbull Critical analysis of the results - show you know its
limitationsbull Future Work - show you know whatrsquos missingbull Conclusions - repetition of the intro but with
reference to the detailbull References - Cover the field examiners will look
for key referencesbull Appendices - Nitty Gritty details that would
clutter your eloquent description
11032010 25Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 2
The Examinerrsquos View
The Examinerrsquos Viewbull Oh God not another thesis to readbull Your examiners are busy peoplebull Examining theses is a chore butbull ldquoIt might help me keep up to date with an
area of researchrdquobull ldquoIt might inspire merdquobull ldquoI might learn somethingrdquobull Note the reading will be done in trains
planes and departmental meetings11032010 27Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Examinerrsquos first question
bull Whatrsquos this one aboutbull Examiners have little time available so they want to
extract the most juice in the shortest time abstract (bibliography) conclusions contents listbull This may be enough to decide whether itrsquos worth a PhDbull Then1) What questions now spring to mind2) read through3) Were the questions answered
11032010 28Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull ldquoNow there must be some correctionshelliprdquo
bull Many examiners donrsquot feel theyrsquove done the job unless they find some corrections to do
bull Typical errors
bull Typographical grammatical
bull Poor presentation
bull Missing statements references
bull (Superfluous redundant statements)
11032010 29Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull Whole sections missing
ndash research questions
ndash critical review of literature
ndash research methodology
ndash presentation of results
ndash discussion and conclusions
11032010 30Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Review of literaturebull To what extent is the review relevant to the researchbull studybull Has the candidate slipped into ldquoHere is all I know about xrdquobull Is there evidence of critical appraisal of other work or i t he
review just descriptivebull How well has the candidate mastered the technical or
theoretical literaturebull Does the candidate make the links between the review and his or her methodology explicitbull Is there a summary of the essential features of other work as
it relates to this study
11032010 31Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Methodologybull What precautions were taken against likely sources of biasbull What are the limitations in the methodology Is the candidate aware of thembull Is the methodology for data collection appropriatebull Are the techniques used for analysis appropriatebull In the circumstances has the best methodology been
chosenbull Has the candidate given an adequate justification to the
presentation of results
11032010 32Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Have the hypotheses in fact been testedbull Do the solutions obtained relate to the questions posedbull Is the level and form of analysis appropriate for the databull Could the presentation of the results been made clearerbull Are patterns and trends in the results accurately identified and summarizedbull Does the software appear to work satisfactorilybull Discussion and Conclusions
11032010 33Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Is the candidate aware of possible limits to confidencereliabilityvalidity of the work
bull Have the main points to emerge from the results been picked up for discussion
bull Are there links made to the literaturebull Is there evidence of attempts at theory
building or re-conceptualization of problems
bull Are there speculations Are they well grounded in the results
11032010 34Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 3
THESIS STRUCTURE
Sequence of Thesis Title page
Declaration
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Plates
List of Abbreviation
List of Symbols11032010 36Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sequence of Thesis (contrsquod) Abstrak
Abstract
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 3 Materials and Method
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion
Chapter 5 Conclusion
References
Bibliography
Appendices
11032010 37Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Structure
Title page
where you enter the full title and the sub-title if any of the research work the name of the author a statement about the degree programme under which the dissertation is submitted the date of submission
11032010 38Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstractwhich is usually a one page summary of the objectives of the research the methodology used and the main findings of the work
Contents listwhich lists the chapter and section headings with their corresponding page numbers
11032010 39Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Main text
- divided into chapters with appropriate chapter
headings to include
Chapter 1 - a chapter to introduce the research the motivation and the objectives and to provide an overview of the dissertation
Tips Writing the Main Text
11032010 40Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Chapter 2 A chapter reviewing the work that has done
in the area (literature review theoretical background)Chapter 3 A chapter to describe in detail the
methodology adopted or proposed
Chapter 4 A chapter presenting the main results and
discussion
Chapter 5 A concluding chapter that summarizes the main findings of the research statement about the main contributions of the research and recommendations for future work
11032010 41Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of tables diagrams and illustrationswhich list the figure and table numbers together with captions and their corresponding page numbers
Nomenclature listwhich provides a list of nomenclature and definitions of acronyms used in the thesis Make sure that the corresponding units if applicable are included It is good practice to have a different section for nomenclature involving Greek symbols as might be encountered in equations and one for acronyms
11032010 42Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips Write the Abstract and Introduction chapter last
Referenceslists the references that have been cited in the dissertation
Appendicescontain those parts of dissertation that are either well known or does not contribute directly to the main text but needs to be included for completeness Examples are sample calculations derivation of a published result which forms the basis for the work background information
11032010 43Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 4
Steps in
Drafting the Thesis
11032010 45
Step 1 Drafting
bull Tentative thesis statement (your position on the topic the answer to the question you are investigating)
bull Supportbull Conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Contents of Key Chapters
bull the Introduction
bull the Literature Review
bull the Conclusions and Recommendation
bull the Materials amp Methods
bull the Results and Discussion
11032010 46Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Step 2 How do I get finishedAnswer by not getting stuckbull Yoursquove written most of it but for the bits yoursquore avoiding you keep rewriting other bits doing more reading tinkering with the layout seeking neat quotations bull STOPQ Why are they difficult to writeA Because they are not relevantbull Donrsquot be afraid to change your plan if it proves too hardbull Be savage in cutting irrelevant bits
11032010 47Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reviewingbull Get other people to read your drafts
bull Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time)
bull Supervisor will steer you
bull Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed
bull Above all get the bugs out before the examiners see it
11032010 48Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Learning Objectives
To acquire generally useful techniques for effective thesis writing
To learn specific skills that apply to all forms of scientific writing
11032010 4Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Learning Objectives
To become familiar with common writing mistakes
To gain insights that improve all
To develop specific skills to meet
11032010 5Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Writing a Thesis
ldquoHave you something to do tomorrow
Do it TODAY rdquo Ben Franklin
11032010 7
The Writing Process will help you
bull get startedbull get focusedbull develop a writing ldquopathrdquobull write fluidlybull write with style and claritybull write correctly
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Writing a Thesisbull Begin earlier rather than later
bull Might do initial literature review while gearing up for doing work
bull If the work naturally falls into project parts can write parts as they are completed
bull Ideally you will already have submitted papers for publication well before completing the thesis Depends on the scope of the work
bull Key to success Make it look like it was done right
11032010 8Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
A Challenge
Please write a One Sentence Definition of
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Please write a One Sentence Definition of
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
11032010 9Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Definition
To communicate specific information or ideas utilizing the formats
language and content relevant to the work
To communicate specific information or ideas utilizing the formats
language and content relevant to the work
11032010 10Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips on Effective Writing
1048698Concepts1048698Focus on key ideas1048698Expose weave it in the body conclude1048698Why not what1048698Donrsquot get trapped by details and artifacts1048698Flow be a good story teller1048698Pay attention to order and smooth transitions
11032010 11Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips on Effective Writing
1048698Simplicity1048698Simple exposition simple styles1048698Make it intuitive rather than formal1048698Be specific use examples1048698Pitfalls1048698Too vague for example no examples1048698Contributions non-obvious1048698Too much ldquowhatrdquo not enough ldquowhyrdquo11032010 12Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
What is a thesis statement
bull The MOST IMPORTANT SENTENCE in your thesis
bull Lets the reader know the main idea of the project
bull Answers the question ldquoWhat am I trying to proverdquo
bull Not a factual statement but a claim that has to be proven throughout the paper
11032010 13Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Statements
bull What is a thesis statement
bull It is the central message of the essay
bull Itrsquos the essayrsquos main idea
bull It prepares the readers
bull States the essayrsquos topic
bull States the essayrsquos purpose
bull Indicates the focus11032010 14Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Thesis workProject model
1 Short description and approval from the examiner and supervisor
2 Project plan sent to examinersupervisor3 Half time report sent to
examinersupervisor4 Final report sent to examinersupervisor
decide on date for final presentation5 Presentation of the thesis
11032010 15Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis workProject model
54321
Phase 1Planning
Phase 2Description of
current situation amp data collection
Phase 3Analysis solutions
results and discussions
Report Writing (continuously)
0 1- 3 9 - 10 14 Week11032010 16
Thesis work Project planbull The planning period typically takes 1-3 weeks and is
concluded by a short reportbull The project plan report ought to containndash Background of the problem and problem descriptionndash Short presentation of the company where the thesis is
madendash Purpose detailed research question and activity planndash Identified delimitationsndash Planned theoretical referencesndash Time plan (Gantt-chart)bull The project plan report typically consists of 4-8
pages
11032010 17Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Outlinebull Part 1 Writing your thesis(1) Context What is a thesis (for)(2) How Do I Get Started(3) What Should My Thesis Contain(4) How Do I Get Finished(5) Summarybull Part 2 The Examinerrsquos View(1) Oh God not another thesis to read(2) Whatrsquos this one about(3) Now there must be some corrections(4) Letrsquos see what can I ask the candidate
11032010 18Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Outline
bull Part 3 Thesis FORMAT
bull Part 4 Drafting the Thesis
11032010 19Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 1
Writing your thesis
What is a thesisbull An argument
bull An exposition of an original piece of work
bull The product of an apprenticeship
bull Probably the largest (most self-indulgent) piece of work yoursquoll ever do
bull Something that could be published
11032010 21Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
How do I get started
bull Do this today
bull Decide your title
bull Write your title page
bull Start a file
bull Plan your argument
11032010 22Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Plan your thesis
bull Convert this argument into a chapter outline
bull Start a file with a division for each chapter
bull Collect material in this file
bull Set out clearly what each chapter should say
11032010 23Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (1)
bull Title (and title page) - conveys a messagebull Abstract - for the librarianbull Contents Listing - shows the right things are therebull Acknowledgements - get your supervisor on your
sidebull Introduction - says ldquoI am going to look at the
following thingsrdquobull Review of Previous Work - show you know the
subjectbull Philosophy of Approach - no great detail
11032010 24Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (2)
bull Plan of Attack - a bit more specificbull Description of the workbull Critical analysis of the results - show you know its
limitationsbull Future Work - show you know whatrsquos missingbull Conclusions - repetition of the intro but with
reference to the detailbull References - Cover the field examiners will look
for key referencesbull Appendices - Nitty Gritty details that would
clutter your eloquent description
11032010 25Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 2
The Examinerrsquos View
The Examinerrsquos Viewbull Oh God not another thesis to readbull Your examiners are busy peoplebull Examining theses is a chore butbull ldquoIt might help me keep up to date with an
area of researchrdquobull ldquoIt might inspire merdquobull ldquoI might learn somethingrdquobull Note the reading will be done in trains
planes and departmental meetings11032010 27Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Examinerrsquos first question
bull Whatrsquos this one aboutbull Examiners have little time available so they want to
extract the most juice in the shortest time abstract (bibliography) conclusions contents listbull This may be enough to decide whether itrsquos worth a PhDbull Then1) What questions now spring to mind2) read through3) Were the questions answered
11032010 28Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull ldquoNow there must be some correctionshelliprdquo
bull Many examiners donrsquot feel theyrsquove done the job unless they find some corrections to do
bull Typical errors
bull Typographical grammatical
bull Poor presentation
bull Missing statements references
bull (Superfluous redundant statements)
11032010 29Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull Whole sections missing
ndash research questions
ndash critical review of literature
ndash research methodology
ndash presentation of results
ndash discussion and conclusions
11032010 30Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Review of literaturebull To what extent is the review relevant to the researchbull studybull Has the candidate slipped into ldquoHere is all I know about xrdquobull Is there evidence of critical appraisal of other work or i t he
review just descriptivebull How well has the candidate mastered the technical or
theoretical literaturebull Does the candidate make the links between the review and his or her methodology explicitbull Is there a summary of the essential features of other work as
it relates to this study
11032010 31Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Methodologybull What precautions were taken against likely sources of biasbull What are the limitations in the methodology Is the candidate aware of thembull Is the methodology for data collection appropriatebull Are the techniques used for analysis appropriatebull In the circumstances has the best methodology been
chosenbull Has the candidate given an adequate justification to the
presentation of results
11032010 32Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Have the hypotheses in fact been testedbull Do the solutions obtained relate to the questions posedbull Is the level and form of analysis appropriate for the databull Could the presentation of the results been made clearerbull Are patterns and trends in the results accurately identified and summarizedbull Does the software appear to work satisfactorilybull Discussion and Conclusions
11032010 33Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Is the candidate aware of possible limits to confidencereliabilityvalidity of the work
bull Have the main points to emerge from the results been picked up for discussion
bull Are there links made to the literaturebull Is there evidence of attempts at theory
building or re-conceptualization of problems
bull Are there speculations Are they well grounded in the results
11032010 34Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 3
THESIS STRUCTURE
Sequence of Thesis Title page
Declaration
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Plates
List of Abbreviation
List of Symbols11032010 36Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sequence of Thesis (contrsquod) Abstrak
Abstract
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 3 Materials and Method
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion
Chapter 5 Conclusion
References
Bibliography
Appendices
11032010 37Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Structure
Title page
where you enter the full title and the sub-title if any of the research work the name of the author a statement about the degree programme under which the dissertation is submitted the date of submission
11032010 38Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstractwhich is usually a one page summary of the objectives of the research the methodology used and the main findings of the work
Contents listwhich lists the chapter and section headings with their corresponding page numbers
11032010 39Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Main text
- divided into chapters with appropriate chapter
headings to include
Chapter 1 - a chapter to introduce the research the motivation and the objectives and to provide an overview of the dissertation
Tips Writing the Main Text
11032010 40Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Chapter 2 A chapter reviewing the work that has done
in the area (literature review theoretical background)Chapter 3 A chapter to describe in detail the
methodology adopted or proposed
Chapter 4 A chapter presenting the main results and
discussion
Chapter 5 A concluding chapter that summarizes the main findings of the research statement about the main contributions of the research and recommendations for future work
11032010 41Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of tables diagrams and illustrationswhich list the figure and table numbers together with captions and their corresponding page numbers
Nomenclature listwhich provides a list of nomenclature and definitions of acronyms used in the thesis Make sure that the corresponding units if applicable are included It is good practice to have a different section for nomenclature involving Greek symbols as might be encountered in equations and one for acronyms
11032010 42Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips Write the Abstract and Introduction chapter last
Referenceslists the references that have been cited in the dissertation
Appendicescontain those parts of dissertation that are either well known or does not contribute directly to the main text but needs to be included for completeness Examples are sample calculations derivation of a published result which forms the basis for the work background information
11032010 43Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 4
Steps in
Drafting the Thesis
11032010 45
Step 1 Drafting
bull Tentative thesis statement (your position on the topic the answer to the question you are investigating)
bull Supportbull Conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Contents of Key Chapters
bull the Introduction
bull the Literature Review
bull the Conclusions and Recommendation
bull the Materials amp Methods
bull the Results and Discussion
11032010 46Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Step 2 How do I get finishedAnswer by not getting stuckbull Yoursquove written most of it but for the bits yoursquore avoiding you keep rewriting other bits doing more reading tinkering with the layout seeking neat quotations bull STOPQ Why are they difficult to writeA Because they are not relevantbull Donrsquot be afraid to change your plan if it proves too hardbull Be savage in cutting irrelevant bits
11032010 47Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reviewingbull Get other people to read your drafts
bull Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time)
bull Supervisor will steer you
bull Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed
bull Above all get the bugs out before the examiners see it
11032010 48Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Learning Objectives
To become familiar with common writing mistakes
To gain insights that improve all
To develop specific skills to meet
11032010 5Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Writing a Thesis
ldquoHave you something to do tomorrow
Do it TODAY rdquo Ben Franklin
11032010 7
The Writing Process will help you
bull get startedbull get focusedbull develop a writing ldquopathrdquobull write fluidlybull write with style and claritybull write correctly
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Writing a Thesisbull Begin earlier rather than later
bull Might do initial literature review while gearing up for doing work
bull If the work naturally falls into project parts can write parts as they are completed
bull Ideally you will already have submitted papers for publication well before completing the thesis Depends on the scope of the work
bull Key to success Make it look like it was done right
11032010 8Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
A Challenge
Please write a One Sentence Definition of
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Please write a One Sentence Definition of
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
11032010 9Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Definition
To communicate specific information or ideas utilizing the formats
language and content relevant to the work
To communicate specific information or ideas utilizing the formats
language and content relevant to the work
11032010 10Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips on Effective Writing
1048698Concepts1048698Focus on key ideas1048698Expose weave it in the body conclude1048698Why not what1048698Donrsquot get trapped by details and artifacts1048698Flow be a good story teller1048698Pay attention to order and smooth transitions
11032010 11Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips on Effective Writing
1048698Simplicity1048698Simple exposition simple styles1048698Make it intuitive rather than formal1048698Be specific use examples1048698Pitfalls1048698Too vague for example no examples1048698Contributions non-obvious1048698Too much ldquowhatrdquo not enough ldquowhyrdquo11032010 12Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
What is a thesis statement
bull The MOST IMPORTANT SENTENCE in your thesis
bull Lets the reader know the main idea of the project
bull Answers the question ldquoWhat am I trying to proverdquo
bull Not a factual statement but a claim that has to be proven throughout the paper
11032010 13Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Statements
bull What is a thesis statement
bull It is the central message of the essay
bull Itrsquos the essayrsquos main idea
bull It prepares the readers
bull States the essayrsquos topic
bull States the essayrsquos purpose
bull Indicates the focus11032010 14Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Thesis workProject model
1 Short description and approval from the examiner and supervisor
2 Project plan sent to examinersupervisor3 Half time report sent to
examinersupervisor4 Final report sent to examinersupervisor
decide on date for final presentation5 Presentation of the thesis
11032010 15Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis workProject model
54321
Phase 1Planning
Phase 2Description of
current situation amp data collection
Phase 3Analysis solutions
results and discussions
Report Writing (continuously)
0 1- 3 9 - 10 14 Week11032010 16
Thesis work Project planbull The planning period typically takes 1-3 weeks and is
concluded by a short reportbull The project plan report ought to containndash Background of the problem and problem descriptionndash Short presentation of the company where the thesis is
madendash Purpose detailed research question and activity planndash Identified delimitationsndash Planned theoretical referencesndash Time plan (Gantt-chart)bull The project plan report typically consists of 4-8
pages
11032010 17Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Outlinebull Part 1 Writing your thesis(1) Context What is a thesis (for)(2) How Do I Get Started(3) What Should My Thesis Contain(4) How Do I Get Finished(5) Summarybull Part 2 The Examinerrsquos View(1) Oh God not another thesis to read(2) Whatrsquos this one about(3) Now there must be some corrections(4) Letrsquos see what can I ask the candidate
11032010 18Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Outline
bull Part 3 Thesis FORMAT
bull Part 4 Drafting the Thesis
11032010 19Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 1
Writing your thesis
What is a thesisbull An argument
bull An exposition of an original piece of work
bull The product of an apprenticeship
bull Probably the largest (most self-indulgent) piece of work yoursquoll ever do
bull Something that could be published
11032010 21Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
How do I get started
bull Do this today
bull Decide your title
bull Write your title page
bull Start a file
bull Plan your argument
11032010 22Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Plan your thesis
bull Convert this argument into a chapter outline
bull Start a file with a division for each chapter
bull Collect material in this file
bull Set out clearly what each chapter should say
11032010 23Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (1)
bull Title (and title page) - conveys a messagebull Abstract - for the librarianbull Contents Listing - shows the right things are therebull Acknowledgements - get your supervisor on your
sidebull Introduction - says ldquoI am going to look at the
following thingsrdquobull Review of Previous Work - show you know the
subjectbull Philosophy of Approach - no great detail
11032010 24Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (2)
bull Plan of Attack - a bit more specificbull Description of the workbull Critical analysis of the results - show you know its
limitationsbull Future Work - show you know whatrsquos missingbull Conclusions - repetition of the intro but with
reference to the detailbull References - Cover the field examiners will look
for key referencesbull Appendices - Nitty Gritty details that would
clutter your eloquent description
11032010 25Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 2
The Examinerrsquos View
The Examinerrsquos Viewbull Oh God not another thesis to readbull Your examiners are busy peoplebull Examining theses is a chore butbull ldquoIt might help me keep up to date with an
area of researchrdquobull ldquoIt might inspire merdquobull ldquoI might learn somethingrdquobull Note the reading will be done in trains
planes and departmental meetings11032010 27Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Examinerrsquos first question
bull Whatrsquos this one aboutbull Examiners have little time available so they want to
extract the most juice in the shortest time abstract (bibliography) conclusions contents listbull This may be enough to decide whether itrsquos worth a PhDbull Then1) What questions now spring to mind2) read through3) Were the questions answered
11032010 28Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull ldquoNow there must be some correctionshelliprdquo
bull Many examiners donrsquot feel theyrsquove done the job unless they find some corrections to do
bull Typical errors
bull Typographical grammatical
bull Poor presentation
bull Missing statements references
bull (Superfluous redundant statements)
11032010 29Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull Whole sections missing
ndash research questions
ndash critical review of literature
ndash research methodology
ndash presentation of results
ndash discussion and conclusions
11032010 30Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Review of literaturebull To what extent is the review relevant to the researchbull studybull Has the candidate slipped into ldquoHere is all I know about xrdquobull Is there evidence of critical appraisal of other work or i t he
review just descriptivebull How well has the candidate mastered the technical or
theoretical literaturebull Does the candidate make the links between the review and his or her methodology explicitbull Is there a summary of the essential features of other work as
it relates to this study
11032010 31Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Methodologybull What precautions were taken against likely sources of biasbull What are the limitations in the methodology Is the candidate aware of thembull Is the methodology for data collection appropriatebull Are the techniques used for analysis appropriatebull In the circumstances has the best methodology been
chosenbull Has the candidate given an adequate justification to the
presentation of results
11032010 32Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Have the hypotheses in fact been testedbull Do the solutions obtained relate to the questions posedbull Is the level and form of analysis appropriate for the databull Could the presentation of the results been made clearerbull Are patterns and trends in the results accurately identified and summarizedbull Does the software appear to work satisfactorilybull Discussion and Conclusions
11032010 33Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Is the candidate aware of possible limits to confidencereliabilityvalidity of the work
bull Have the main points to emerge from the results been picked up for discussion
bull Are there links made to the literaturebull Is there evidence of attempts at theory
building or re-conceptualization of problems
bull Are there speculations Are they well grounded in the results
11032010 34Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 3
THESIS STRUCTURE
Sequence of Thesis Title page
Declaration
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Plates
List of Abbreviation
List of Symbols11032010 36Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sequence of Thesis (contrsquod) Abstrak
Abstract
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 3 Materials and Method
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion
Chapter 5 Conclusion
References
Bibliography
Appendices
11032010 37Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Structure
Title page
where you enter the full title and the sub-title if any of the research work the name of the author a statement about the degree programme under which the dissertation is submitted the date of submission
11032010 38Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstractwhich is usually a one page summary of the objectives of the research the methodology used and the main findings of the work
Contents listwhich lists the chapter and section headings with their corresponding page numbers
11032010 39Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Main text
- divided into chapters with appropriate chapter
headings to include
Chapter 1 - a chapter to introduce the research the motivation and the objectives and to provide an overview of the dissertation
Tips Writing the Main Text
11032010 40Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Chapter 2 A chapter reviewing the work that has done
in the area (literature review theoretical background)Chapter 3 A chapter to describe in detail the
methodology adopted or proposed
Chapter 4 A chapter presenting the main results and
discussion
Chapter 5 A concluding chapter that summarizes the main findings of the research statement about the main contributions of the research and recommendations for future work
11032010 41Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of tables diagrams and illustrationswhich list the figure and table numbers together with captions and their corresponding page numbers
Nomenclature listwhich provides a list of nomenclature and definitions of acronyms used in the thesis Make sure that the corresponding units if applicable are included It is good practice to have a different section for nomenclature involving Greek symbols as might be encountered in equations and one for acronyms
11032010 42Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips Write the Abstract and Introduction chapter last
Referenceslists the references that have been cited in the dissertation
Appendicescontain those parts of dissertation that are either well known or does not contribute directly to the main text but needs to be included for completeness Examples are sample calculations derivation of a published result which forms the basis for the work background information
11032010 43Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 4
Steps in
Drafting the Thesis
11032010 45
Step 1 Drafting
bull Tentative thesis statement (your position on the topic the answer to the question you are investigating)
bull Supportbull Conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Contents of Key Chapters
bull the Introduction
bull the Literature Review
bull the Conclusions and Recommendation
bull the Materials amp Methods
bull the Results and Discussion
11032010 46Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Step 2 How do I get finishedAnswer by not getting stuckbull Yoursquove written most of it but for the bits yoursquore avoiding you keep rewriting other bits doing more reading tinkering with the layout seeking neat quotations bull STOPQ Why are they difficult to writeA Because they are not relevantbull Donrsquot be afraid to change your plan if it proves too hardbull Be savage in cutting irrelevant bits
11032010 47Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reviewingbull Get other people to read your drafts
bull Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time)
bull Supervisor will steer you
bull Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed
bull Above all get the bugs out before the examiners see it
11032010 48Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Writing a Thesis
ldquoHave you something to do tomorrow
Do it TODAY rdquo Ben Franklin
11032010 7
The Writing Process will help you
bull get startedbull get focusedbull develop a writing ldquopathrdquobull write fluidlybull write with style and claritybull write correctly
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Writing a Thesisbull Begin earlier rather than later
bull Might do initial literature review while gearing up for doing work
bull If the work naturally falls into project parts can write parts as they are completed
bull Ideally you will already have submitted papers for publication well before completing the thesis Depends on the scope of the work
bull Key to success Make it look like it was done right
11032010 8Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
A Challenge
Please write a One Sentence Definition of
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Please write a One Sentence Definition of
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
11032010 9Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Definition
To communicate specific information or ideas utilizing the formats
language and content relevant to the work
To communicate specific information or ideas utilizing the formats
language and content relevant to the work
11032010 10Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips on Effective Writing
1048698Concepts1048698Focus on key ideas1048698Expose weave it in the body conclude1048698Why not what1048698Donrsquot get trapped by details and artifacts1048698Flow be a good story teller1048698Pay attention to order and smooth transitions
11032010 11Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips on Effective Writing
1048698Simplicity1048698Simple exposition simple styles1048698Make it intuitive rather than formal1048698Be specific use examples1048698Pitfalls1048698Too vague for example no examples1048698Contributions non-obvious1048698Too much ldquowhatrdquo not enough ldquowhyrdquo11032010 12Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
What is a thesis statement
bull The MOST IMPORTANT SENTENCE in your thesis
bull Lets the reader know the main idea of the project
bull Answers the question ldquoWhat am I trying to proverdquo
bull Not a factual statement but a claim that has to be proven throughout the paper
11032010 13Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Statements
bull What is a thesis statement
bull It is the central message of the essay
bull Itrsquos the essayrsquos main idea
bull It prepares the readers
bull States the essayrsquos topic
bull States the essayrsquos purpose
bull Indicates the focus11032010 14Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Thesis workProject model
1 Short description and approval from the examiner and supervisor
2 Project plan sent to examinersupervisor3 Half time report sent to
examinersupervisor4 Final report sent to examinersupervisor
decide on date for final presentation5 Presentation of the thesis
11032010 15Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis workProject model
54321
Phase 1Planning
Phase 2Description of
current situation amp data collection
Phase 3Analysis solutions
results and discussions
Report Writing (continuously)
0 1- 3 9 - 10 14 Week11032010 16
Thesis work Project planbull The planning period typically takes 1-3 weeks and is
concluded by a short reportbull The project plan report ought to containndash Background of the problem and problem descriptionndash Short presentation of the company where the thesis is
madendash Purpose detailed research question and activity planndash Identified delimitationsndash Planned theoretical referencesndash Time plan (Gantt-chart)bull The project plan report typically consists of 4-8
pages
11032010 17Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Outlinebull Part 1 Writing your thesis(1) Context What is a thesis (for)(2) How Do I Get Started(3) What Should My Thesis Contain(4) How Do I Get Finished(5) Summarybull Part 2 The Examinerrsquos View(1) Oh God not another thesis to read(2) Whatrsquos this one about(3) Now there must be some corrections(4) Letrsquos see what can I ask the candidate
11032010 18Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Outline
bull Part 3 Thesis FORMAT
bull Part 4 Drafting the Thesis
11032010 19Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 1
Writing your thesis
What is a thesisbull An argument
bull An exposition of an original piece of work
bull The product of an apprenticeship
bull Probably the largest (most self-indulgent) piece of work yoursquoll ever do
bull Something that could be published
11032010 21Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
How do I get started
bull Do this today
bull Decide your title
bull Write your title page
bull Start a file
bull Plan your argument
11032010 22Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Plan your thesis
bull Convert this argument into a chapter outline
bull Start a file with a division for each chapter
bull Collect material in this file
bull Set out clearly what each chapter should say
11032010 23Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (1)
bull Title (and title page) - conveys a messagebull Abstract - for the librarianbull Contents Listing - shows the right things are therebull Acknowledgements - get your supervisor on your
sidebull Introduction - says ldquoI am going to look at the
following thingsrdquobull Review of Previous Work - show you know the
subjectbull Philosophy of Approach - no great detail
11032010 24Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (2)
bull Plan of Attack - a bit more specificbull Description of the workbull Critical analysis of the results - show you know its
limitationsbull Future Work - show you know whatrsquos missingbull Conclusions - repetition of the intro but with
reference to the detailbull References - Cover the field examiners will look
for key referencesbull Appendices - Nitty Gritty details that would
clutter your eloquent description
11032010 25Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 2
The Examinerrsquos View
The Examinerrsquos Viewbull Oh God not another thesis to readbull Your examiners are busy peoplebull Examining theses is a chore butbull ldquoIt might help me keep up to date with an
area of researchrdquobull ldquoIt might inspire merdquobull ldquoI might learn somethingrdquobull Note the reading will be done in trains
planes and departmental meetings11032010 27Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Examinerrsquos first question
bull Whatrsquos this one aboutbull Examiners have little time available so they want to
extract the most juice in the shortest time abstract (bibliography) conclusions contents listbull This may be enough to decide whether itrsquos worth a PhDbull Then1) What questions now spring to mind2) read through3) Were the questions answered
11032010 28Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull ldquoNow there must be some correctionshelliprdquo
bull Many examiners donrsquot feel theyrsquove done the job unless they find some corrections to do
bull Typical errors
bull Typographical grammatical
bull Poor presentation
bull Missing statements references
bull (Superfluous redundant statements)
11032010 29Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull Whole sections missing
ndash research questions
ndash critical review of literature
ndash research methodology
ndash presentation of results
ndash discussion and conclusions
11032010 30Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Review of literaturebull To what extent is the review relevant to the researchbull studybull Has the candidate slipped into ldquoHere is all I know about xrdquobull Is there evidence of critical appraisal of other work or i t he
review just descriptivebull How well has the candidate mastered the technical or
theoretical literaturebull Does the candidate make the links between the review and his or her methodology explicitbull Is there a summary of the essential features of other work as
it relates to this study
11032010 31Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Methodologybull What precautions were taken against likely sources of biasbull What are the limitations in the methodology Is the candidate aware of thembull Is the methodology for data collection appropriatebull Are the techniques used for analysis appropriatebull In the circumstances has the best methodology been
chosenbull Has the candidate given an adequate justification to the
presentation of results
11032010 32Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Have the hypotheses in fact been testedbull Do the solutions obtained relate to the questions posedbull Is the level and form of analysis appropriate for the databull Could the presentation of the results been made clearerbull Are patterns and trends in the results accurately identified and summarizedbull Does the software appear to work satisfactorilybull Discussion and Conclusions
11032010 33Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Is the candidate aware of possible limits to confidencereliabilityvalidity of the work
bull Have the main points to emerge from the results been picked up for discussion
bull Are there links made to the literaturebull Is there evidence of attempts at theory
building or re-conceptualization of problems
bull Are there speculations Are they well grounded in the results
11032010 34Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 3
THESIS STRUCTURE
Sequence of Thesis Title page
Declaration
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Plates
List of Abbreviation
List of Symbols11032010 36Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sequence of Thesis (contrsquod) Abstrak
Abstract
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 3 Materials and Method
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion
Chapter 5 Conclusion
References
Bibliography
Appendices
11032010 37Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Structure
Title page
where you enter the full title and the sub-title if any of the research work the name of the author a statement about the degree programme under which the dissertation is submitted the date of submission
11032010 38Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstractwhich is usually a one page summary of the objectives of the research the methodology used and the main findings of the work
Contents listwhich lists the chapter and section headings with their corresponding page numbers
11032010 39Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Main text
- divided into chapters with appropriate chapter
headings to include
Chapter 1 - a chapter to introduce the research the motivation and the objectives and to provide an overview of the dissertation
Tips Writing the Main Text
11032010 40Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Chapter 2 A chapter reviewing the work that has done
in the area (literature review theoretical background)Chapter 3 A chapter to describe in detail the
methodology adopted or proposed
Chapter 4 A chapter presenting the main results and
discussion
Chapter 5 A concluding chapter that summarizes the main findings of the research statement about the main contributions of the research and recommendations for future work
11032010 41Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of tables diagrams and illustrationswhich list the figure and table numbers together with captions and their corresponding page numbers
Nomenclature listwhich provides a list of nomenclature and definitions of acronyms used in the thesis Make sure that the corresponding units if applicable are included It is good practice to have a different section for nomenclature involving Greek symbols as might be encountered in equations and one for acronyms
11032010 42Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips Write the Abstract and Introduction chapter last
Referenceslists the references that have been cited in the dissertation
Appendicescontain those parts of dissertation that are either well known or does not contribute directly to the main text but needs to be included for completeness Examples are sample calculations derivation of a published result which forms the basis for the work background information
11032010 43Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 4
Steps in
Drafting the Thesis
11032010 45
Step 1 Drafting
bull Tentative thesis statement (your position on the topic the answer to the question you are investigating)
bull Supportbull Conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Contents of Key Chapters
bull the Introduction
bull the Literature Review
bull the Conclusions and Recommendation
bull the Materials amp Methods
bull the Results and Discussion
11032010 46Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Step 2 How do I get finishedAnswer by not getting stuckbull Yoursquove written most of it but for the bits yoursquore avoiding you keep rewriting other bits doing more reading tinkering with the layout seeking neat quotations bull STOPQ Why are they difficult to writeA Because they are not relevantbull Donrsquot be afraid to change your plan if it proves too hardbull Be savage in cutting irrelevant bits
11032010 47Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reviewingbull Get other people to read your drafts
bull Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time)
bull Supervisor will steer you
bull Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed
bull Above all get the bugs out before the examiners see it
11032010 48Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
11032010 7
The Writing Process will help you
bull get startedbull get focusedbull develop a writing ldquopathrdquobull write fluidlybull write with style and claritybull write correctly
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Writing a Thesisbull Begin earlier rather than later
bull Might do initial literature review while gearing up for doing work
bull If the work naturally falls into project parts can write parts as they are completed
bull Ideally you will already have submitted papers for publication well before completing the thesis Depends on the scope of the work
bull Key to success Make it look like it was done right
11032010 8Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
A Challenge
Please write a One Sentence Definition of
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Please write a One Sentence Definition of
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
11032010 9Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Definition
To communicate specific information or ideas utilizing the formats
language and content relevant to the work
To communicate specific information or ideas utilizing the formats
language and content relevant to the work
11032010 10Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips on Effective Writing
1048698Concepts1048698Focus on key ideas1048698Expose weave it in the body conclude1048698Why not what1048698Donrsquot get trapped by details and artifacts1048698Flow be a good story teller1048698Pay attention to order and smooth transitions
11032010 11Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips on Effective Writing
1048698Simplicity1048698Simple exposition simple styles1048698Make it intuitive rather than formal1048698Be specific use examples1048698Pitfalls1048698Too vague for example no examples1048698Contributions non-obvious1048698Too much ldquowhatrdquo not enough ldquowhyrdquo11032010 12Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
What is a thesis statement
bull The MOST IMPORTANT SENTENCE in your thesis
bull Lets the reader know the main idea of the project
bull Answers the question ldquoWhat am I trying to proverdquo
bull Not a factual statement but a claim that has to be proven throughout the paper
11032010 13Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Statements
bull What is a thesis statement
bull It is the central message of the essay
bull Itrsquos the essayrsquos main idea
bull It prepares the readers
bull States the essayrsquos topic
bull States the essayrsquos purpose
bull Indicates the focus11032010 14Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Thesis workProject model
1 Short description and approval from the examiner and supervisor
2 Project plan sent to examinersupervisor3 Half time report sent to
examinersupervisor4 Final report sent to examinersupervisor
decide on date for final presentation5 Presentation of the thesis
11032010 15Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis workProject model
54321
Phase 1Planning
Phase 2Description of
current situation amp data collection
Phase 3Analysis solutions
results and discussions
Report Writing (continuously)
0 1- 3 9 - 10 14 Week11032010 16
Thesis work Project planbull The planning period typically takes 1-3 weeks and is
concluded by a short reportbull The project plan report ought to containndash Background of the problem and problem descriptionndash Short presentation of the company where the thesis is
madendash Purpose detailed research question and activity planndash Identified delimitationsndash Planned theoretical referencesndash Time plan (Gantt-chart)bull The project plan report typically consists of 4-8
pages
11032010 17Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Outlinebull Part 1 Writing your thesis(1) Context What is a thesis (for)(2) How Do I Get Started(3) What Should My Thesis Contain(4) How Do I Get Finished(5) Summarybull Part 2 The Examinerrsquos View(1) Oh God not another thesis to read(2) Whatrsquos this one about(3) Now there must be some corrections(4) Letrsquos see what can I ask the candidate
11032010 18Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Outline
bull Part 3 Thesis FORMAT
bull Part 4 Drafting the Thesis
11032010 19Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 1
Writing your thesis
What is a thesisbull An argument
bull An exposition of an original piece of work
bull The product of an apprenticeship
bull Probably the largest (most self-indulgent) piece of work yoursquoll ever do
bull Something that could be published
11032010 21Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
How do I get started
bull Do this today
bull Decide your title
bull Write your title page
bull Start a file
bull Plan your argument
11032010 22Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Plan your thesis
bull Convert this argument into a chapter outline
bull Start a file with a division for each chapter
bull Collect material in this file
bull Set out clearly what each chapter should say
11032010 23Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (1)
bull Title (and title page) - conveys a messagebull Abstract - for the librarianbull Contents Listing - shows the right things are therebull Acknowledgements - get your supervisor on your
sidebull Introduction - says ldquoI am going to look at the
following thingsrdquobull Review of Previous Work - show you know the
subjectbull Philosophy of Approach - no great detail
11032010 24Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (2)
bull Plan of Attack - a bit more specificbull Description of the workbull Critical analysis of the results - show you know its
limitationsbull Future Work - show you know whatrsquos missingbull Conclusions - repetition of the intro but with
reference to the detailbull References - Cover the field examiners will look
for key referencesbull Appendices - Nitty Gritty details that would
clutter your eloquent description
11032010 25Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 2
The Examinerrsquos View
The Examinerrsquos Viewbull Oh God not another thesis to readbull Your examiners are busy peoplebull Examining theses is a chore butbull ldquoIt might help me keep up to date with an
area of researchrdquobull ldquoIt might inspire merdquobull ldquoI might learn somethingrdquobull Note the reading will be done in trains
planes and departmental meetings11032010 27Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Examinerrsquos first question
bull Whatrsquos this one aboutbull Examiners have little time available so they want to
extract the most juice in the shortest time abstract (bibliography) conclusions contents listbull This may be enough to decide whether itrsquos worth a PhDbull Then1) What questions now spring to mind2) read through3) Were the questions answered
11032010 28Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull ldquoNow there must be some correctionshelliprdquo
bull Many examiners donrsquot feel theyrsquove done the job unless they find some corrections to do
bull Typical errors
bull Typographical grammatical
bull Poor presentation
bull Missing statements references
bull (Superfluous redundant statements)
11032010 29Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull Whole sections missing
ndash research questions
ndash critical review of literature
ndash research methodology
ndash presentation of results
ndash discussion and conclusions
11032010 30Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Review of literaturebull To what extent is the review relevant to the researchbull studybull Has the candidate slipped into ldquoHere is all I know about xrdquobull Is there evidence of critical appraisal of other work or i t he
review just descriptivebull How well has the candidate mastered the technical or
theoretical literaturebull Does the candidate make the links between the review and his or her methodology explicitbull Is there a summary of the essential features of other work as
it relates to this study
11032010 31Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Methodologybull What precautions were taken against likely sources of biasbull What are the limitations in the methodology Is the candidate aware of thembull Is the methodology for data collection appropriatebull Are the techniques used for analysis appropriatebull In the circumstances has the best methodology been
chosenbull Has the candidate given an adequate justification to the
presentation of results
11032010 32Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Have the hypotheses in fact been testedbull Do the solutions obtained relate to the questions posedbull Is the level and form of analysis appropriate for the databull Could the presentation of the results been made clearerbull Are patterns and trends in the results accurately identified and summarizedbull Does the software appear to work satisfactorilybull Discussion and Conclusions
11032010 33Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Is the candidate aware of possible limits to confidencereliabilityvalidity of the work
bull Have the main points to emerge from the results been picked up for discussion
bull Are there links made to the literaturebull Is there evidence of attempts at theory
building or re-conceptualization of problems
bull Are there speculations Are they well grounded in the results
11032010 34Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 3
THESIS STRUCTURE
Sequence of Thesis Title page
Declaration
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Plates
List of Abbreviation
List of Symbols11032010 36Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sequence of Thesis (contrsquod) Abstrak
Abstract
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 3 Materials and Method
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion
Chapter 5 Conclusion
References
Bibliography
Appendices
11032010 37Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Structure
Title page
where you enter the full title and the sub-title if any of the research work the name of the author a statement about the degree programme under which the dissertation is submitted the date of submission
11032010 38Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstractwhich is usually a one page summary of the objectives of the research the methodology used and the main findings of the work
Contents listwhich lists the chapter and section headings with their corresponding page numbers
11032010 39Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Main text
- divided into chapters with appropriate chapter
headings to include
Chapter 1 - a chapter to introduce the research the motivation and the objectives and to provide an overview of the dissertation
Tips Writing the Main Text
11032010 40Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Chapter 2 A chapter reviewing the work that has done
in the area (literature review theoretical background)Chapter 3 A chapter to describe in detail the
methodology adopted or proposed
Chapter 4 A chapter presenting the main results and
discussion
Chapter 5 A concluding chapter that summarizes the main findings of the research statement about the main contributions of the research and recommendations for future work
11032010 41Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of tables diagrams and illustrationswhich list the figure and table numbers together with captions and their corresponding page numbers
Nomenclature listwhich provides a list of nomenclature and definitions of acronyms used in the thesis Make sure that the corresponding units if applicable are included It is good practice to have a different section for nomenclature involving Greek symbols as might be encountered in equations and one for acronyms
11032010 42Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips Write the Abstract and Introduction chapter last
Referenceslists the references that have been cited in the dissertation
Appendicescontain those parts of dissertation that are either well known or does not contribute directly to the main text but needs to be included for completeness Examples are sample calculations derivation of a published result which forms the basis for the work background information
11032010 43Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 4
Steps in
Drafting the Thesis
11032010 45
Step 1 Drafting
bull Tentative thesis statement (your position on the topic the answer to the question you are investigating)
bull Supportbull Conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Contents of Key Chapters
bull the Introduction
bull the Literature Review
bull the Conclusions and Recommendation
bull the Materials amp Methods
bull the Results and Discussion
11032010 46Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Step 2 How do I get finishedAnswer by not getting stuckbull Yoursquove written most of it but for the bits yoursquore avoiding you keep rewriting other bits doing more reading tinkering with the layout seeking neat quotations bull STOPQ Why are they difficult to writeA Because they are not relevantbull Donrsquot be afraid to change your plan if it proves too hardbull Be savage in cutting irrelevant bits
11032010 47Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reviewingbull Get other people to read your drafts
bull Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time)
bull Supervisor will steer you
bull Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed
bull Above all get the bugs out before the examiners see it
11032010 48Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Writing a Thesisbull Begin earlier rather than later
bull Might do initial literature review while gearing up for doing work
bull If the work naturally falls into project parts can write parts as they are completed
bull Ideally you will already have submitted papers for publication well before completing the thesis Depends on the scope of the work
bull Key to success Make it look like it was done right
11032010 8Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
A Challenge
Please write a One Sentence Definition of
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Please write a One Sentence Definition of
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
11032010 9Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Definition
To communicate specific information or ideas utilizing the formats
language and content relevant to the work
To communicate specific information or ideas utilizing the formats
language and content relevant to the work
11032010 10Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips on Effective Writing
1048698Concepts1048698Focus on key ideas1048698Expose weave it in the body conclude1048698Why not what1048698Donrsquot get trapped by details and artifacts1048698Flow be a good story teller1048698Pay attention to order and smooth transitions
11032010 11Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips on Effective Writing
1048698Simplicity1048698Simple exposition simple styles1048698Make it intuitive rather than formal1048698Be specific use examples1048698Pitfalls1048698Too vague for example no examples1048698Contributions non-obvious1048698Too much ldquowhatrdquo not enough ldquowhyrdquo11032010 12Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
What is a thesis statement
bull The MOST IMPORTANT SENTENCE in your thesis
bull Lets the reader know the main idea of the project
bull Answers the question ldquoWhat am I trying to proverdquo
bull Not a factual statement but a claim that has to be proven throughout the paper
11032010 13Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Statements
bull What is a thesis statement
bull It is the central message of the essay
bull Itrsquos the essayrsquos main idea
bull It prepares the readers
bull States the essayrsquos topic
bull States the essayrsquos purpose
bull Indicates the focus11032010 14Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Thesis workProject model
1 Short description and approval from the examiner and supervisor
2 Project plan sent to examinersupervisor3 Half time report sent to
examinersupervisor4 Final report sent to examinersupervisor
decide on date for final presentation5 Presentation of the thesis
11032010 15Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis workProject model
54321
Phase 1Planning
Phase 2Description of
current situation amp data collection
Phase 3Analysis solutions
results and discussions
Report Writing (continuously)
0 1- 3 9 - 10 14 Week11032010 16
Thesis work Project planbull The planning period typically takes 1-3 weeks and is
concluded by a short reportbull The project plan report ought to containndash Background of the problem and problem descriptionndash Short presentation of the company where the thesis is
madendash Purpose detailed research question and activity planndash Identified delimitationsndash Planned theoretical referencesndash Time plan (Gantt-chart)bull The project plan report typically consists of 4-8
pages
11032010 17Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Outlinebull Part 1 Writing your thesis(1) Context What is a thesis (for)(2) How Do I Get Started(3) What Should My Thesis Contain(4) How Do I Get Finished(5) Summarybull Part 2 The Examinerrsquos View(1) Oh God not another thesis to read(2) Whatrsquos this one about(3) Now there must be some corrections(4) Letrsquos see what can I ask the candidate
11032010 18Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Outline
bull Part 3 Thesis FORMAT
bull Part 4 Drafting the Thesis
11032010 19Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 1
Writing your thesis
What is a thesisbull An argument
bull An exposition of an original piece of work
bull The product of an apprenticeship
bull Probably the largest (most self-indulgent) piece of work yoursquoll ever do
bull Something that could be published
11032010 21Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
How do I get started
bull Do this today
bull Decide your title
bull Write your title page
bull Start a file
bull Plan your argument
11032010 22Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Plan your thesis
bull Convert this argument into a chapter outline
bull Start a file with a division for each chapter
bull Collect material in this file
bull Set out clearly what each chapter should say
11032010 23Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (1)
bull Title (and title page) - conveys a messagebull Abstract - for the librarianbull Contents Listing - shows the right things are therebull Acknowledgements - get your supervisor on your
sidebull Introduction - says ldquoI am going to look at the
following thingsrdquobull Review of Previous Work - show you know the
subjectbull Philosophy of Approach - no great detail
11032010 24Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (2)
bull Plan of Attack - a bit more specificbull Description of the workbull Critical analysis of the results - show you know its
limitationsbull Future Work - show you know whatrsquos missingbull Conclusions - repetition of the intro but with
reference to the detailbull References - Cover the field examiners will look
for key referencesbull Appendices - Nitty Gritty details that would
clutter your eloquent description
11032010 25Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 2
The Examinerrsquos View
The Examinerrsquos Viewbull Oh God not another thesis to readbull Your examiners are busy peoplebull Examining theses is a chore butbull ldquoIt might help me keep up to date with an
area of researchrdquobull ldquoIt might inspire merdquobull ldquoI might learn somethingrdquobull Note the reading will be done in trains
planes and departmental meetings11032010 27Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Examinerrsquos first question
bull Whatrsquos this one aboutbull Examiners have little time available so they want to
extract the most juice in the shortest time abstract (bibliography) conclusions contents listbull This may be enough to decide whether itrsquos worth a PhDbull Then1) What questions now spring to mind2) read through3) Were the questions answered
11032010 28Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull ldquoNow there must be some correctionshelliprdquo
bull Many examiners donrsquot feel theyrsquove done the job unless they find some corrections to do
bull Typical errors
bull Typographical grammatical
bull Poor presentation
bull Missing statements references
bull (Superfluous redundant statements)
11032010 29Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull Whole sections missing
ndash research questions
ndash critical review of literature
ndash research methodology
ndash presentation of results
ndash discussion and conclusions
11032010 30Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Review of literaturebull To what extent is the review relevant to the researchbull studybull Has the candidate slipped into ldquoHere is all I know about xrdquobull Is there evidence of critical appraisal of other work or i t he
review just descriptivebull How well has the candidate mastered the technical or
theoretical literaturebull Does the candidate make the links between the review and his or her methodology explicitbull Is there a summary of the essential features of other work as
it relates to this study
11032010 31Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Methodologybull What precautions were taken against likely sources of biasbull What are the limitations in the methodology Is the candidate aware of thembull Is the methodology for data collection appropriatebull Are the techniques used for analysis appropriatebull In the circumstances has the best methodology been
chosenbull Has the candidate given an adequate justification to the
presentation of results
11032010 32Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Have the hypotheses in fact been testedbull Do the solutions obtained relate to the questions posedbull Is the level and form of analysis appropriate for the databull Could the presentation of the results been made clearerbull Are patterns and trends in the results accurately identified and summarizedbull Does the software appear to work satisfactorilybull Discussion and Conclusions
11032010 33Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Is the candidate aware of possible limits to confidencereliabilityvalidity of the work
bull Have the main points to emerge from the results been picked up for discussion
bull Are there links made to the literaturebull Is there evidence of attempts at theory
building or re-conceptualization of problems
bull Are there speculations Are they well grounded in the results
11032010 34Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 3
THESIS STRUCTURE
Sequence of Thesis Title page
Declaration
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Plates
List of Abbreviation
List of Symbols11032010 36Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sequence of Thesis (contrsquod) Abstrak
Abstract
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 3 Materials and Method
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion
Chapter 5 Conclusion
References
Bibliography
Appendices
11032010 37Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Structure
Title page
where you enter the full title and the sub-title if any of the research work the name of the author a statement about the degree programme under which the dissertation is submitted the date of submission
11032010 38Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstractwhich is usually a one page summary of the objectives of the research the methodology used and the main findings of the work
Contents listwhich lists the chapter and section headings with their corresponding page numbers
11032010 39Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Main text
- divided into chapters with appropriate chapter
headings to include
Chapter 1 - a chapter to introduce the research the motivation and the objectives and to provide an overview of the dissertation
Tips Writing the Main Text
11032010 40Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Chapter 2 A chapter reviewing the work that has done
in the area (literature review theoretical background)Chapter 3 A chapter to describe in detail the
methodology adopted or proposed
Chapter 4 A chapter presenting the main results and
discussion
Chapter 5 A concluding chapter that summarizes the main findings of the research statement about the main contributions of the research and recommendations for future work
11032010 41Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of tables diagrams and illustrationswhich list the figure and table numbers together with captions and their corresponding page numbers
Nomenclature listwhich provides a list of nomenclature and definitions of acronyms used in the thesis Make sure that the corresponding units if applicable are included It is good practice to have a different section for nomenclature involving Greek symbols as might be encountered in equations and one for acronyms
11032010 42Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips Write the Abstract and Introduction chapter last
Referenceslists the references that have been cited in the dissertation
Appendicescontain those parts of dissertation that are either well known or does not contribute directly to the main text but needs to be included for completeness Examples are sample calculations derivation of a published result which forms the basis for the work background information
11032010 43Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 4
Steps in
Drafting the Thesis
11032010 45
Step 1 Drafting
bull Tentative thesis statement (your position on the topic the answer to the question you are investigating)
bull Supportbull Conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Contents of Key Chapters
bull the Introduction
bull the Literature Review
bull the Conclusions and Recommendation
bull the Materials amp Methods
bull the Results and Discussion
11032010 46Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Step 2 How do I get finishedAnswer by not getting stuckbull Yoursquove written most of it but for the bits yoursquore avoiding you keep rewriting other bits doing more reading tinkering with the layout seeking neat quotations bull STOPQ Why are they difficult to writeA Because they are not relevantbull Donrsquot be afraid to change your plan if it proves too hardbull Be savage in cutting irrelevant bits
11032010 47Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reviewingbull Get other people to read your drafts
bull Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time)
bull Supervisor will steer you
bull Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed
bull Above all get the bugs out before the examiners see it
11032010 48Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
A Challenge
Please write a One Sentence Definition of
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Please write a One Sentence Definition of
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
11032010 9Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Definition
To communicate specific information or ideas utilizing the formats
language and content relevant to the work
To communicate specific information or ideas utilizing the formats
language and content relevant to the work
11032010 10Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips on Effective Writing
1048698Concepts1048698Focus on key ideas1048698Expose weave it in the body conclude1048698Why not what1048698Donrsquot get trapped by details and artifacts1048698Flow be a good story teller1048698Pay attention to order and smooth transitions
11032010 11Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips on Effective Writing
1048698Simplicity1048698Simple exposition simple styles1048698Make it intuitive rather than formal1048698Be specific use examples1048698Pitfalls1048698Too vague for example no examples1048698Contributions non-obvious1048698Too much ldquowhatrdquo not enough ldquowhyrdquo11032010 12Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
What is a thesis statement
bull The MOST IMPORTANT SENTENCE in your thesis
bull Lets the reader know the main idea of the project
bull Answers the question ldquoWhat am I trying to proverdquo
bull Not a factual statement but a claim that has to be proven throughout the paper
11032010 13Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Statements
bull What is a thesis statement
bull It is the central message of the essay
bull Itrsquos the essayrsquos main idea
bull It prepares the readers
bull States the essayrsquos topic
bull States the essayrsquos purpose
bull Indicates the focus11032010 14Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Thesis workProject model
1 Short description and approval from the examiner and supervisor
2 Project plan sent to examinersupervisor3 Half time report sent to
examinersupervisor4 Final report sent to examinersupervisor
decide on date for final presentation5 Presentation of the thesis
11032010 15Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis workProject model
54321
Phase 1Planning
Phase 2Description of
current situation amp data collection
Phase 3Analysis solutions
results and discussions
Report Writing (continuously)
0 1- 3 9 - 10 14 Week11032010 16
Thesis work Project planbull The planning period typically takes 1-3 weeks and is
concluded by a short reportbull The project plan report ought to containndash Background of the problem and problem descriptionndash Short presentation of the company where the thesis is
madendash Purpose detailed research question and activity planndash Identified delimitationsndash Planned theoretical referencesndash Time plan (Gantt-chart)bull The project plan report typically consists of 4-8
pages
11032010 17Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Outlinebull Part 1 Writing your thesis(1) Context What is a thesis (for)(2) How Do I Get Started(3) What Should My Thesis Contain(4) How Do I Get Finished(5) Summarybull Part 2 The Examinerrsquos View(1) Oh God not another thesis to read(2) Whatrsquos this one about(3) Now there must be some corrections(4) Letrsquos see what can I ask the candidate
11032010 18Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Outline
bull Part 3 Thesis FORMAT
bull Part 4 Drafting the Thesis
11032010 19Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 1
Writing your thesis
What is a thesisbull An argument
bull An exposition of an original piece of work
bull The product of an apprenticeship
bull Probably the largest (most self-indulgent) piece of work yoursquoll ever do
bull Something that could be published
11032010 21Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
How do I get started
bull Do this today
bull Decide your title
bull Write your title page
bull Start a file
bull Plan your argument
11032010 22Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Plan your thesis
bull Convert this argument into a chapter outline
bull Start a file with a division for each chapter
bull Collect material in this file
bull Set out clearly what each chapter should say
11032010 23Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (1)
bull Title (and title page) - conveys a messagebull Abstract - for the librarianbull Contents Listing - shows the right things are therebull Acknowledgements - get your supervisor on your
sidebull Introduction - says ldquoI am going to look at the
following thingsrdquobull Review of Previous Work - show you know the
subjectbull Philosophy of Approach - no great detail
11032010 24Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (2)
bull Plan of Attack - a bit more specificbull Description of the workbull Critical analysis of the results - show you know its
limitationsbull Future Work - show you know whatrsquos missingbull Conclusions - repetition of the intro but with
reference to the detailbull References - Cover the field examiners will look
for key referencesbull Appendices - Nitty Gritty details that would
clutter your eloquent description
11032010 25Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 2
The Examinerrsquos View
The Examinerrsquos Viewbull Oh God not another thesis to readbull Your examiners are busy peoplebull Examining theses is a chore butbull ldquoIt might help me keep up to date with an
area of researchrdquobull ldquoIt might inspire merdquobull ldquoI might learn somethingrdquobull Note the reading will be done in trains
planes and departmental meetings11032010 27Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Examinerrsquos first question
bull Whatrsquos this one aboutbull Examiners have little time available so they want to
extract the most juice in the shortest time abstract (bibliography) conclusions contents listbull This may be enough to decide whether itrsquos worth a PhDbull Then1) What questions now spring to mind2) read through3) Were the questions answered
11032010 28Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull ldquoNow there must be some correctionshelliprdquo
bull Many examiners donrsquot feel theyrsquove done the job unless they find some corrections to do
bull Typical errors
bull Typographical grammatical
bull Poor presentation
bull Missing statements references
bull (Superfluous redundant statements)
11032010 29Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull Whole sections missing
ndash research questions
ndash critical review of literature
ndash research methodology
ndash presentation of results
ndash discussion and conclusions
11032010 30Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Review of literaturebull To what extent is the review relevant to the researchbull studybull Has the candidate slipped into ldquoHere is all I know about xrdquobull Is there evidence of critical appraisal of other work or i t he
review just descriptivebull How well has the candidate mastered the technical or
theoretical literaturebull Does the candidate make the links between the review and his or her methodology explicitbull Is there a summary of the essential features of other work as
it relates to this study
11032010 31Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Methodologybull What precautions were taken against likely sources of biasbull What are the limitations in the methodology Is the candidate aware of thembull Is the methodology for data collection appropriatebull Are the techniques used for analysis appropriatebull In the circumstances has the best methodology been
chosenbull Has the candidate given an adequate justification to the
presentation of results
11032010 32Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Have the hypotheses in fact been testedbull Do the solutions obtained relate to the questions posedbull Is the level and form of analysis appropriate for the databull Could the presentation of the results been made clearerbull Are patterns and trends in the results accurately identified and summarizedbull Does the software appear to work satisfactorilybull Discussion and Conclusions
11032010 33Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Is the candidate aware of possible limits to confidencereliabilityvalidity of the work
bull Have the main points to emerge from the results been picked up for discussion
bull Are there links made to the literaturebull Is there evidence of attempts at theory
building or re-conceptualization of problems
bull Are there speculations Are they well grounded in the results
11032010 34Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 3
THESIS STRUCTURE
Sequence of Thesis Title page
Declaration
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Plates
List of Abbreviation
List of Symbols11032010 36Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sequence of Thesis (contrsquod) Abstrak
Abstract
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 3 Materials and Method
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion
Chapter 5 Conclusion
References
Bibliography
Appendices
11032010 37Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Structure
Title page
where you enter the full title and the sub-title if any of the research work the name of the author a statement about the degree programme under which the dissertation is submitted the date of submission
11032010 38Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstractwhich is usually a one page summary of the objectives of the research the methodology used and the main findings of the work
Contents listwhich lists the chapter and section headings with their corresponding page numbers
11032010 39Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Main text
- divided into chapters with appropriate chapter
headings to include
Chapter 1 - a chapter to introduce the research the motivation and the objectives and to provide an overview of the dissertation
Tips Writing the Main Text
11032010 40Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Chapter 2 A chapter reviewing the work that has done
in the area (literature review theoretical background)Chapter 3 A chapter to describe in detail the
methodology adopted or proposed
Chapter 4 A chapter presenting the main results and
discussion
Chapter 5 A concluding chapter that summarizes the main findings of the research statement about the main contributions of the research and recommendations for future work
11032010 41Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of tables diagrams and illustrationswhich list the figure and table numbers together with captions and their corresponding page numbers
Nomenclature listwhich provides a list of nomenclature and definitions of acronyms used in the thesis Make sure that the corresponding units if applicable are included It is good practice to have a different section for nomenclature involving Greek symbols as might be encountered in equations and one for acronyms
11032010 42Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips Write the Abstract and Introduction chapter last
Referenceslists the references that have been cited in the dissertation
Appendicescontain those parts of dissertation that are either well known or does not contribute directly to the main text but needs to be included for completeness Examples are sample calculations derivation of a published result which forms the basis for the work background information
11032010 43Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 4
Steps in
Drafting the Thesis
11032010 45
Step 1 Drafting
bull Tentative thesis statement (your position on the topic the answer to the question you are investigating)
bull Supportbull Conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Contents of Key Chapters
bull the Introduction
bull the Literature Review
bull the Conclusions and Recommendation
bull the Materials amp Methods
bull the Results and Discussion
11032010 46Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Step 2 How do I get finishedAnswer by not getting stuckbull Yoursquove written most of it but for the bits yoursquore avoiding you keep rewriting other bits doing more reading tinkering with the layout seeking neat quotations bull STOPQ Why are they difficult to writeA Because they are not relevantbull Donrsquot be afraid to change your plan if it proves too hardbull Be savage in cutting irrelevant bits
11032010 47Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reviewingbull Get other people to read your drafts
bull Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time)
bull Supervisor will steer you
bull Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed
bull Above all get the bugs out before the examiners see it
11032010 48Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Definition
To communicate specific information or ideas utilizing the formats
language and content relevant to the work
To communicate specific information or ideas utilizing the formats
language and content relevant to the work
11032010 10Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips on Effective Writing
1048698Concepts1048698Focus on key ideas1048698Expose weave it in the body conclude1048698Why not what1048698Donrsquot get trapped by details and artifacts1048698Flow be a good story teller1048698Pay attention to order and smooth transitions
11032010 11Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips on Effective Writing
1048698Simplicity1048698Simple exposition simple styles1048698Make it intuitive rather than formal1048698Be specific use examples1048698Pitfalls1048698Too vague for example no examples1048698Contributions non-obvious1048698Too much ldquowhatrdquo not enough ldquowhyrdquo11032010 12Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
What is a thesis statement
bull The MOST IMPORTANT SENTENCE in your thesis
bull Lets the reader know the main idea of the project
bull Answers the question ldquoWhat am I trying to proverdquo
bull Not a factual statement but a claim that has to be proven throughout the paper
11032010 13Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Statements
bull What is a thesis statement
bull It is the central message of the essay
bull Itrsquos the essayrsquos main idea
bull It prepares the readers
bull States the essayrsquos topic
bull States the essayrsquos purpose
bull Indicates the focus11032010 14Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Thesis workProject model
1 Short description and approval from the examiner and supervisor
2 Project plan sent to examinersupervisor3 Half time report sent to
examinersupervisor4 Final report sent to examinersupervisor
decide on date for final presentation5 Presentation of the thesis
11032010 15Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis workProject model
54321
Phase 1Planning
Phase 2Description of
current situation amp data collection
Phase 3Analysis solutions
results and discussions
Report Writing (continuously)
0 1- 3 9 - 10 14 Week11032010 16
Thesis work Project planbull The planning period typically takes 1-3 weeks and is
concluded by a short reportbull The project plan report ought to containndash Background of the problem and problem descriptionndash Short presentation of the company where the thesis is
madendash Purpose detailed research question and activity planndash Identified delimitationsndash Planned theoretical referencesndash Time plan (Gantt-chart)bull The project plan report typically consists of 4-8
pages
11032010 17Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Outlinebull Part 1 Writing your thesis(1) Context What is a thesis (for)(2) How Do I Get Started(3) What Should My Thesis Contain(4) How Do I Get Finished(5) Summarybull Part 2 The Examinerrsquos View(1) Oh God not another thesis to read(2) Whatrsquos this one about(3) Now there must be some corrections(4) Letrsquos see what can I ask the candidate
11032010 18Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Outline
bull Part 3 Thesis FORMAT
bull Part 4 Drafting the Thesis
11032010 19Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 1
Writing your thesis
What is a thesisbull An argument
bull An exposition of an original piece of work
bull The product of an apprenticeship
bull Probably the largest (most self-indulgent) piece of work yoursquoll ever do
bull Something that could be published
11032010 21Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
How do I get started
bull Do this today
bull Decide your title
bull Write your title page
bull Start a file
bull Plan your argument
11032010 22Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Plan your thesis
bull Convert this argument into a chapter outline
bull Start a file with a division for each chapter
bull Collect material in this file
bull Set out clearly what each chapter should say
11032010 23Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (1)
bull Title (and title page) - conveys a messagebull Abstract - for the librarianbull Contents Listing - shows the right things are therebull Acknowledgements - get your supervisor on your
sidebull Introduction - says ldquoI am going to look at the
following thingsrdquobull Review of Previous Work - show you know the
subjectbull Philosophy of Approach - no great detail
11032010 24Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (2)
bull Plan of Attack - a bit more specificbull Description of the workbull Critical analysis of the results - show you know its
limitationsbull Future Work - show you know whatrsquos missingbull Conclusions - repetition of the intro but with
reference to the detailbull References - Cover the field examiners will look
for key referencesbull Appendices - Nitty Gritty details that would
clutter your eloquent description
11032010 25Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 2
The Examinerrsquos View
The Examinerrsquos Viewbull Oh God not another thesis to readbull Your examiners are busy peoplebull Examining theses is a chore butbull ldquoIt might help me keep up to date with an
area of researchrdquobull ldquoIt might inspire merdquobull ldquoI might learn somethingrdquobull Note the reading will be done in trains
planes and departmental meetings11032010 27Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Examinerrsquos first question
bull Whatrsquos this one aboutbull Examiners have little time available so they want to
extract the most juice in the shortest time abstract (bibliography) conclusions contents listbull This may be enough to decide whether itrsquos worth a PhDbull Then1) What questions now spring to mind2) read through3) Were the questions answered
11032010 28Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull ldquoNow there must be some correctionshelliprdquo
bull Many examiners donrsquot feel theyrsquove done the job unless they find some corrections to do
bull Typical errors
bull Typographical grammatical
bull Poor presentation
bull Missing statements references
bull (Superfluous redundant statements)
11032010 29Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull Whole sections missing
ndash research questions
ndash critical review of literature
ndash research methodology
ndash presentation of results
ndash discussion and conclusions
11032010 30Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Review of literaturebull To what extent is the review relevant to the researchbull studybull Has the candidate slipped into ldquoHere is all I know about xrdquobull Is there evidence of critical appraisal of other work or i t he
review just descriptivebull How well has the candidate mastered the technical or
theoretical literaturebull Does the candidate make the links between the review and his or her methodology explicitbull Is there a summary of the essential features of other work as
it relates to this study
11032010 31Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Methodologybull What precautions were taken against likely sources of biasbull What are the limitations in the methodology Is the candidate aware of thembull Is the methodology for data collection appropriatebull Are the techniques used for analysis appropriatebull In the circumstances has the best methodology been
chosenbull Has the candidate given an adequate justification to the
presentation of results
11032010 32Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Have the hypotheses in fact been testedbull Do the solutions obtained relate to the questions posedbull Is the level and form of analysis appropriate for the databull Could the presentation of the results been made clearerbull Are patterns and trends in the results accurately identified and summarizedbull Does the software appear to work satisfactorilybull Discussion and Conclusions
11032010 33Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Is the candidate aware of possible limits to confidencereliabilityvalidity of the work
bull Have the main points to emerge from the results been picked up for discussion
bull Are there links made to the literaturebull Is there evidence of attempts at theory
building or re-conceptualization of problems
bull Are there speculations Are they well grounded in the results
11032010 34Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 3
THESIS STRUCTURE
Sequence of Thesis Title page
Declaration
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Plates
List of Abbreviation
List of Symbols11032010 36Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sequence of Thesis (contrsquod) Abstrak
Abstract
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 3 Materials and Method
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion
Chapter 5 Conclusion
References
Bibliography
Appendices
11032010 37Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Structure
Title page
where you enter the full title and the sub-title if any of the research work the name of the author a statement about the degree programme under which the dissertation is submitted the date of submission
11032010 38Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstractwhich is usually a one page summary of the objectives of the research the methodology used and the main findings of the work
Contents listwhich lists the chapter and section headings with their corresponding page numbers
11032010 39Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Main text
- divided into chapters with appropriate chapter
headings to include
Chapter 1 - a chapter to introduce the research the motivation and the objectives and to provide an overview of the dissertation
Tips Writing the Main Text
11032010 40Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Chapter 2 A chapter reviewing the work that has done
in the area (literature review theoretical background)Chapter 3 A chapter to describe in detail the
methodology adopted or proposed
Chapter 4 A chapter presenting the main results and
discussion
Chapter 5 A concluding chapter that summarizes the main findings of the research statement about the main contributions of the research and recommendations for future work
11032010 41Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of tables diagrams and illustrationswhich list the figure and table numbers together with captions and their corresponding page numbers
Nomenclature listwhich provides a list of nomenclature and definitions of acronyms used in the thesis Make sure that the corresponding units if applicable are included It is good practice to have a different section for nomenclature involving Greek symbols as might be encountered in equations and one for acronyms
11032010 42Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips Write the Abstract and Introduction chapter last
Referenceslists the references that have been cited in the dissertation
Appendicescontain those parts of dissertation that are either well known or does not contribute directly to the main text but needs to be included for completeness Examples are sample calculations derivation of a published result which forms the basis for the work background information
11032010 43Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 4
Steps in
Drafting the Thesis
11032010 45
Step 1 Drafting
bull Tentative thesis statement (your position on the topic the answer to the question you are investigating)
bull Supportbull Conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Contents of Key Chapters
bull the Introduction
bull the Literature Review
bull the Conclusions and Recommendation
bull the Materials amp Methods
bull the Results and Discussion
11032010 46Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Step 2 How do I get finishedAnswer by not getting stuckbull Yoursquove written most of it but for the bits yoursquore avoiding you keep rewriting other bits doing more reading tinkering with the layout seeking neat quotations bull STOPQ Why are they difficult to writeA Because they are not relevantbull Donrsquot be afraid to change your plan if it proves too hardbull Be savage in cutting irrelevant bits
11032010 47Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reviewingbull Get other people to read your drafts
bull Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time)
bull Supervisor will steer you
bull Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed
bull Above all get the bugs out before the examiners see it
11032010 48Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Tips on Effective Writing
1048698Concepts1048698Focus on key ideas1048698Expose weave it in the body conclude1048698Why not what1048698Donrsquot get trapped by details and artifacts1048698Flow be a good story teller1048698Pay attention to order and smooth transitions
11032010 11Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips on Effective Writing
1048698Simplicity1048698Simple exposition simple styles1048698Make it intuitive rather than formal1048698Be specific use examples1048698Pitfalls1048698Too vague for example no examples1048698Contributions non-obvious1048698Too much ldquowhatrdquo not enough ldquowhyrdquo11032010 12Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
What is a thesis statement
bull The MOST IMPORTANT SENTENCE in your thesis
bull Lets the reader know the main idea of the project
bull Answers the question ldquoWhat am I trying to proverdquo
bull Not a factual statement but a claim that has to be proven throughout the paper
11032010 13Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Statements
bull What is a thesis statement
bull It is the central message of the essay
bull Itrsquos the essayrsquos main idea
bull It prepares the readers
bull States the essayrsquos topic
bull States the essayrsquos purpose
bull Indicates the focus11032010 14Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Thesis workProject model
1 Short description and approval from the examiner and supervisor
2 Project plan sent to examinersupervisor3 Half time report sent to
examinersupervisor4 Final report sent to examinersupervisor
decide on date for final presentation5 Presentation of the thesis
11032010 15Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis workProject model
54321
Phase 1Planning
Phase 2Description of
current situation amp data collection
Phase 3Analysis solutions
results and discussions
Report Writing (continuously)
0 1- 3 9 - 10 14 Week11032010 16
Thesis work Project planbull The planning period typically takes 1-3 weeks and is
concluded by a short reportbull The project plan report ought to containndash Background of the problem and problem descriptionndash Short presentation of the company where the thesis is
madendash Purpose detailed research question and activity planndash Identified delimitationsndash Planned theoretical referencesndash Time plan (Gantt-chart)bull The project plan report typically consists of 4-8
pages
11032010 17Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Outlinebull Part 1 Writing your thesis(1) Context What is a thesis (for)(2) How Do I Get Started(3) What Should My Thesis Contain(4) How Do I Get Finished(5) Summarybull Part 2 The Examinerrsquos View(1) Oh God not another thesis to read(2) Whatrsquos this one about(3) Now there must be some corrections(4) Letrsquos see what can I ask the candidate
11032010 18Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Outline
bull Part 3 Thesis FORMAT
bull Part 4 Drafting the Thesis
11032010 19Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 1
Writing your thesis
What is a thesisbull An argument
bull An exposition of an original piece of work
bull The product of an apprenticeship
bull Probably the largest (most self-indulgent) piece of work yoursquoll ever do
bull Something that could be published
11032010 21Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
How do I get started
bull Do this today
bull Decide your title
bull Write your title page
bull Start a file
bull Plan your argument
11032010 22Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Plan your thesis
bull Convert this argument into a chapter outline
bull Start a file with a division for each chapter
bull Collect material in this file
bull Set out clearly what each chapter should say
11032010 23Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (1)
bull Title (and title page) - conveys a messagebull Abstract - for the librarianbull Contents Listing - shows the right things are therebull Acknowledgements - get your supervisor on your
sidebull Introduction - says ldquoI am going to look at the
following thingsrdquobull Review of Previous Work - show you know the
subjectbull Philosophy of Approach - no great detail
11032010 24Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (2)
bull Plan of Attack - a bit more specificbull Description of the workbull Critical analysis of the results - show you know its
limitationsbull Future Work - show you know whatrsquos missingbull Conclusions - repetition of the intro but with
reference to the detailbull References - Cover the field examiners will look
for key referencesbull Appendices - Nitty Gritty details that would
clutter your eloquent description
11032010 25Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 2
The Examinerrsquos View
The Examinerrsquos Viewbull Oh God not another thesis to readbull Your examiners are busy peoplebull Examining theses is a chore butbull ldquoIt might help me keep up to date with an
area of researchrdquobull ldquoIt might inspire merdquobull ldquoI might learn somethingrdquobull Note the reading will be done in trains
planes and departmental meetings11032010 27Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Examinerrsquos first question
bull Whatrsquos this one aboutbull Examiners have little time available so they want to
extract the most juice in the shortest time abstract (bibliography) conclusions contents listbull This may be enough to decide whether itrsquos worth a PhDbull Then1) What questions now spring to mind2) read through3) Were the questions answered
11032010 28Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull ldquoNow there must be some correctionshelliprdquo
bull Many examiners donrsquot feel theyrsquove done the job unless they find some corrections to do
bull Typical errors
bull Typographical grammatical
bull Poor presentation
bull Missing statements references
bull (Superfluous redundant statements)
11032010 29Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull Whole sections missing
ndash research questions
ndash critical review of literature
ndash research methodology
ndash presentation of results
ndash discussion and conclusions
11032010 30Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Review of literaturebull To what extent is the review relevant to the researchbull studybull Has the candidate slipped into ldquoHere is all I know about xrdquobull Is there evidence of critical appraisal of other work or i t he
review just descriptivebull How well has the candidate mastered the technical or
theoretical literaturebull Does the candidate make the links between the review and his or her methodology explicitbull Is there a summary of the essential features of other work as
it relates to this study
11032010 31Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Methodologybull What precautions were taken against likely sources of biasbull What are the limitations in the methodology Is the candidate aware of thembull Is the methodology for data collection appropriatebull Are the techniques used for analysis appropriatebull In the circumstances has the best methodology been
chosenbull Has the candidate given an adequate justification to the
presentation of results
11032010 32Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Have the hypotheses in fact been testedbull Do the solutions obtained relate to the questions posedbull Is the level and form of analysis appropriate for the databull Could the presentation of the results been made clearerbull Are patterns and trends in the results accurately identified and summarizedbull Does the software appear to work satisfactorilybull Discussion and Conclusions
11032010 33Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Is the candidate aware of possible limits to confidencereliabilityvalidity of the work
bull Have the main points to emerge from the results been picked up for discussion
bull Are there links made to the literaturebull Is there evidence of attempts at theory
building or re-conceptualization of problems
bull Are there speculations Are they well grounded in the results
11032010 34Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 3
THESIS STRUCTURE
Sequence of Thesis Title page
Declaration
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Plates
List of Abbreviation
List of Symbols11032010 36Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sequence of Thesis (contrsquod) Abstrak
Abstract
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 3 Materials and Method
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion
Chapter 5 Conclusion
References
Bibliography
Appendices
11032010 37Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Structure
Title page
where you enter the full title and the sub-title if any of the research work the name of the author a statement about the degree programme under which the dissertation is submitted the date of submission
11032010 38Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstractwhich is usually a one page summary of the objectives of the research the methodology used and the main findings of the work
Contents listwhich lists the chapter and section headings with their corresponding page numbers
11032010 39Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Main text
- divided into chapters with appropriate chapter
headings to include
Chapter 1 - a chapter to introduce the research the motivation and the objectives and to provide an overview of the dissertation
Tips Writing the Main Text
11032010 40Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Chapter 2 A chapter reviewing the work that has done
in the area (literature review theoretical background)Chapter 3 A chapter to describe in detail the
methodology adopted or proposed
Chapter 4 A chapter presenting the main results and
discussion
Chapter 5 A concluding chapter that summarizes the main findings of the research statement about the main contributions of the research and recommendations for future work
11032010 41Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of tables diagrams and illustrationswhich list the figure and table numbers together with captions and their corresponding page numbers
Nomenclature listwhich provides a list of nomenclature and definitions of acronyms used in the thesis Make sure that the corresponding units if applicable are included It is good practice to have a different section for nomenclature involving Greek symbols as might be encountered in equations and one for acronyms
11032010 42Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips Write the Abstract and Introduction chapter last
Referenceslists the references that have been cited in the dissertation
Appendicescontain those parts of dissertation that are either well known or does not contribute directly to the main text but needs to be included for completeness Examples are sample calculations derivation of a published result which forms the basis for the work background information
11032010 43Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 4
Steps in
Drafting the Thesis
11032010 45
Step 1 Drafting
bull Tentative thesis statement (your position on the topic the answer to the question you are investigating)
bull Supportbull Conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Contents of Key Chapters
bull the Introduction
bull the Literature Review
bull the Conclusions and Recommendation
bull the Materials amp Methods
bull the Results and Discussion
11032010 46Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Step 2 How do I get finishedAnswer by not getting stuckbull Yoursquove written most of it but for the bits yoursquore avoiding you keep rewriting other bits doing more reading tinkering with the layout seeking neat quotations bull STOPQ Why are they difficult to writeA Because they are not relevantbull Donrsquot be afraid to change your plan if it proves too hardbull Be savage in cutting irrelevant bits
11032010 47Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reviewingbull Get other people to read your drafts
bull Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time)
bull Supervisor will steer you
bull Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed
bull Above all get the bugs out before the examiners see it
11032010 48Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Tips on Effective Writing
1048698Simplicity1048698Simple exposition simple styles1048698Make it intuitive rather than formal1048698Be specific use examples1048698Pitfalls1048698Too vague for example no examples1048698Contributions non-obvious1048698Too much ldquowhatrdquo not enough ldquowhyrdquo11032010 12Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
What is a thesis statement
bull The MOST IMPORTANT SENTENCE in your thesis
bull Lets the reader know the main idea of the project
bull Answers the question ldquoWhat am I trying to proverdquo
bull Not a factual statement but a claim that has to be proven throughout the paper
11032010 13Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Statements
bull What is a thesis statement
bull It is the central message of the essay
bull Itrsquos the essayrsquos main idea
bull It prepares the readers
bull States the essayrsquos topic
bull States the essayrsquos purpose
bull Indicates the focus11032010 14Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Thesis workProject model
1 Short description and approval from the examiner and supervisor
2 Project plan sent to examinersupervisor3 Half time report sent to
examinersupervisor4 Final report sent to examinersupervisor
decide on date for final presentation5 Presentation of the thesis
11032010 15Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis workProject model
54321
Phase 1Planning
Phase 2Description of
current situation amp data collection
Phase 3Analysis solutions
results and discussions
Report Writing (continuously)
0 1- 3 9 - 10 14 Week11032010 16
Thesis work Project planbull The planning period typically takes 1-3 weeks and is
concluded by a short reportbull The project plan report ought to containndash Background of the problem and problem descriptionndash Short presentation of the company where the thesis is
madendash Purpose detailed research question and activity planndash Identified delimitationsndash Planned theoretical referencesndash Time plan (Gantt-chart)bull The project plan report typically consists of 4-8
pages
11032010 17Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Outlinebull Part 1 Writing your thesis(1) Context What is a thesis (for)(2) How Do I Get Started(3) What Should My Thesis Contain(4) How Do I Get Finished(5) Summarybull Part 2 The Examinerrsquos View(1) Oh God not another thesis to read(2) Whatrsquos this one about(3) Now there must be some corrections(4) Letrsquos see what can I ask the candidate
11032010 18Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Outline
bull Part 3 Thesis FORMAT
bull Part 4 Drafting the Thesis
11032010 19Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 1
Writing your thesis
What is a thesisbull An argument
bull An exposition of an original piece of work
bull The product of an apprenticeship
bull Probably the largest (most self-indulgent) piece of work yoursquoll ever do
bull Something that could be published
11032010 21Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
How do I get started
bull Do this today
bull Decide your title
bull Write your title page
bull Start a file
bull Plan your argument
11032010 22Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Plan your thesis
bull Convert this argument into a chapter outline
bull Start a file with a division for each chapter
bull Collect material in this file
bull Set out clearly what each chapter should say
11032010 23Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (1)
bull Title (and title page) - conveys a messagebull Abstract - for the librarianbull Contents Listing - shows the right things are therebull Acknowledgements - get your supervisor on your
sidebull Introduction - says ldquoI am going to look at the
following thingsrdquobull Review of Previous Work - show you know the
subjectbull Philosophy of Approach - no great detail
11032010 24Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (2)
bull Plan of Attack - a bit more specificbull Description of the workbull Critical analysis of the results - show you know its
limitationsbull Future Work - show you know whatrsquos missingbull Conclusions - repetition of the intro but with
reference to the detailbull References - Cover the field examiners will look
for key referencesbull Appendices - Nitty Gritty details that would
clutter your eloquent description
11032010 25Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 2
The Examinerrsquos View
The Examinerrsquos Viewbull Oh God not another thesis to readbull Your examiners are busy peoplebull Examining theses is a chore butbull ldquoIt might help me keep up to date with an
area of researchrdquobull ldquoIt might inspire merdquobull ldquoI might learn somethingrdquobull Note the reading will be done in trains
planes and departmental meetings11032010 27Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Examinerrsquos first question
bull Whatrsquos this one aboutbull Examiners have little time available so they want to
extract the most juice in the shortest time abstract (bibliography) conclusions contents listbull This may be enough to decide whether itrsquos worth a PhDbull Then1) What questions now spring to mind2) read through3) Were the questions answered
11032010 28Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull ldquoNow there must be some correctionshelliprdquo
bull Many examiners donrsquot feel theyrsquove done the job unless they find some corrections to do
bull Typical errors
bull Typographical grammatical
bull Poor presentation
bull Missing statements references
bull (Superfluous redundant statements)
11032010 29Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull Whole sections missing
ndash research questions
ndash critical review of literature
ndash research methodology
ndash presentation of results
ndash discussion and conclusions
11032010 30Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Review of literaturebull To what extent is the review relevant to the researchbull studybull Has the candidate slipped into ldquoHere is all I know about xrdquobull Is there evidence of critical appraisal of other work or i t he
review just descriptivebull How well has the candidate mastered the technical or
theoretical literaturebull Does the candidate make the links between the review and his or her methodology explicitbull Is there a summary of the essential features of other work as
it relates to this study
11032010 31Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Methodologybull What precautions were taken against likely sources of biasbull What are the limitations in the methodology Is the candidate aware of thembull Is the methodology for data collection appropriatebull Are the techniques used for analysis appropriatebull In the circumstances has the best methodology been
chosenbull Has the candidate given an adequate justification to the
presentation of results
11032010 32Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Have the hypotheses in fact been testedbull Do the solutions obtained relate to the questions posedbull Is the level and form of analysis appropriate for the databull Could the presentation of the results been made clearerbull Are patterns and trends in the results accurately identified and summarizedbull Does the software appear to work satisfactorilybull Discussion and Conclusions
11032010 33Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Is the candidate aware of possible limits to confidencereliabilityvalidity of the work
bull Have the main points to emerge from the results been picked up for discussion
bull Are there links made to the literaturebull Is there evidence of attempts at theory
building or re-conceptualization of problems
bull Are there speculations Are they well grounded in the results
11032010 34Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 3
THESIS STRUCTURE
Sequence of Thesis Title page
Declaration
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Plates
List of Abbreviation
List of Symbols11032010 36Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sequence of Thesis (contrsquod) Abstrak
Abstract
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 3 Materials and Method
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion
Chapter 5 Conclusion
References
Bibliography
Appendices
11032010 37Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Structure
Title page
where you enter the full title and the sub-title if any of the research work the name of the author a statement about the degree programme under which the dissertation is submitted the date of submission
11032010 38Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstractwhich is usually a one page summary of the objectives of the research the methodology used and the main findings of the work
Contents listwhich lists the chapter and section headings with their corresponding page numbers
11032010 39Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Main text
- divided into chapters with appropriate chapter
headings to include
Chapter 1 - a chapter to introduce the research the motivation and the objectives and to provide an overview of the dissertation
Tips Writing the Main Text
11032010 40Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Chapter 2 A chapter reviewing the work that has done
in the area (literature review theoretical background)Chapter 3 A chapter to describe in detail the
methodology adopted or proposed
Chapter 4 A chapter presenting the main results and
discussion
Chapter 5 A concluding chapter that summarizes the main findings of the research statement about the main contributions of the research and recommendations for future work
11032010 41Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of tables diagrams and illustrationswhich list the figure and table numbers together with captions and their corresponding page numbers
Nomenclature listwhich provides a list of nomenclature and definitions of acronyms used in the thesis Make sure that the corresponding units if applicable are included It is good practice to have a different section for nomenclature involving Greek symbols as might be encountered in equations and one for acronyms
11032010 42Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips Write the Abstract and Introduction chapter last
Referenceslists the references that have been cited in the dissertation
Appendicescontain those parts of dissertation that are either well known or does not contribute directly to the main text but needs to be included for completeness Examples are sample calculations derivation of a published result which forms the basis for the work background information
11032010 43Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 4
Steps in
Drafting the Thesis
11032010 45
Step 1 Drafting
bull Tentative thesis statement (your position on the topic the answer to the question you are investigating)
bull Supportbull Conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Contents of Key Chapters
bull the Introduction
bull the Literature Review
bull the Conclusions and Recommendation
bull the Materials amp Methods
bull the Results and Discussion
11032010 46Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Step 2 How do I get finishedAnswer by not getting stuckbull Yoursquove written most of it but for the bits yoursquore avoiding you keep rewriting other bits doing more reading tinkering with the layout seeking neat quotations bull STOPQ Why are they difficult to writeA Because they are not relevantbull Donrsquot be afraid to change your plan if it proves too hardbull Be savage in cutting irrelevant bits
11032010 47Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reviewingbull Get other people to read your drafts
bull Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time)
bull Supervisor will steer you
bull Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed
bull Above all get the bugs out before the examiners see it
11032010 48Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
What is a thesis statement
bull The MOST IMPORTANT SENTENCE in your thesis
bull Lets the reader know the main idea of the project
bull Answers the question ldquoWhat am I trying to proverdquo
bull Not a factual statement but a claim that has to be proven throughout the paper
11032010 13Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Statements
bull What is a thesis statement
bull It is the central message of the essay
bull Itrsquos the essayrsquos main idea
bull It prepares the readers
bull States the essayrsquos topic
bull States the essayrsquos purpose
bull Indicates the focus11032010 14Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Thesis workProject model
1 Short description and approval from the examiner and supervisor
2 Project plan sent to examinersupervisor3 Half time report sent to
examinersupervisor4 Final report sent to examinersupervisor
decide on date for final presentation5 Presentation of the thesis
11032010 15Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis workProject model
54321
Phase 1Planning
Phase 2Description of
current situation amp data collection
Phase 3Analysis solutions
results and discussions
Report Writing (continuously)
0 1- 3 9 - 10 14 Week11032010 16
Thesis work Project planbull The planning period typically takes 1-3 weeks and is
concluded by a short reportbull The project plan report ought to containndash Background of the problem and problem descriptionndash Short presentation of the company where the thesis is
madendash Purpose detailed research question and activity planndash Identified delimitationsndash Planned theoretical referencesndash Time plan (Gantt-chart)bull The project plan report typically consists of 4-8
pages
11032010 17Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Outlinebull Part 1 Writing your thesis(1) Context What is a thesis (for)(2) How Do I Get Started(3) What Should My Thesis Contain(4) How Do I Get Finished(5) Summarybull Part 2 The Examinerrsquos View(1) Oh God not another thesis to read(2) Whatrsquos this one about(3) Now there must be some corrections(4) Letrsquos see what can I ask the candidate
11032010 18Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Outline
bull Part 3 Thesis FORMAT
bull Part 4 Drafting the Thesis
11032010 19Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 1
Writing your thesis
What is a thesisbull An argument
bull An exposition of an original piece of work
bull The product of an apprenticeship
bull Probably the largest (most self-indulgent) piece of work yoursquoll ever do
bull Something that could be published
11032010 21Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
How do I get started
bull Do this today
bull Decide your title
bull Write your title page
bull Start a file
bull Plan your argument
11032010 22Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Plan your thesis
bull Convert this argument into a chapter outline
bull Start a file with a division for each chapter
bull Collect material in this file
bull Set out clearly what each chapter should say
11032010 23Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (1)
bull Title (and title page) - conveys a messagebull Abstract - for the librarianbull Contents Listing - shows the right things are therebull Acknowledgements - get your supervisor on your
sidebull Introduction - says ldquoI am going to look at the
following thingsrdquobull Review of Previous Work - show you know the
subjectbull Philosophy of Approach - no great detail
11032010 24Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (2)
bull Plan of Attack - a bit more specificbull Description of the workbull Critical analysis of the results - show you know its
limitationsbull Future Work - show you know whatrsquos missingbull Conclusions - repetition of the intro but with
reference to the detailbull References - Cover the field examiners will look
for key referencesbull Appendices - Nitty Gritty details that would
clutter your eloquent description
11032010 25Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 2
The Examinerrsquos View
The Examinerrsquos Viewbull Oh God not another thesis to readbull Your examiners are busy peoplebull Examining theses is a chore butbull ldquoIt might help me keep up to date with an
area of researchrdquobull ldquoIt might inspire merdquobull ldquoI might learn somethingrdquobull Note the reading will be done in trains
planes and departmental meetings11032010 27Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Examinerrsquos first question
bull Whatrsquos this one aboutbull Examiners have little time available so they want to
extract the most juice in the shortest time abstract (bibliography) conclusions contents listbull This may be enough to decide whether itrsquos worth a PhDbull Then1) What questions now spring to mind2) read through3) Were the questions answered
11032010 28Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull ldquoNow there must be some correctionshelliprdquo
bull Many examiners donrsquot feel theyrsquove done the job unless they find some corrections to do
bull Typical errors
bull Typographical grammatical
bull Poor presentation
bull Missing statements references
bull (Superfluous redundant statements)
11032010 29Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull Whole sections missing
ndash research questions
ndash critical review of literature
ndash research methodology
ndash presentation of results
ndash discussion and conclusions
11032010 30Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Review of literaturebull To what extent is the review relevant to the researchbull studybull Has the candidate slipped into ldquoHere is all I know about xrdquobull Is there evidence of critical appraisal of other work or i t he
review just descriptivebull How well has the candidate mastered the technical or
theoretical literaturebull Does the candidate make the links between the review and his or her methodology explicitbull Is there a summary of the essential features of other work as
it relates to this study
11032010 31Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Methodologybull What precautions were taken against likely sources of biasbull What are the limitations in the methodology Is the candidate aware of thembull Is the methodology for data collection appropriatebull Are the techniques used for analysis appropriatebull In the circumstances has the best methodology been
chosenbull Has the candidate given an adequate justification to the
presentation of results
11032010 32Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Have the hypotheses in fact been testedbull Do the solutions obtained relate to the questions posedbull Is the level and form of analysis appropriate for the databull Could the presentation of the results been made clearerbull Are patterns and trends in the results accurately identified and summarizedbull Does the software appear to work satisfactorilybull Discussion and Conclusions
11032010 33Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Is the candidate aware of possible limits to confidencereliabilityvalidity of the work
bull Have the main points to emerge from the results been picked up for discussion
bull Are there links made to the literaturebull Is there evidence of attempts at theory
building or re-conceptualization of problems
bull Are there speculations Are they well grounded in the results
11032010 34Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 3
THESIS STRUCTURE
Sequence of Thesis Title page
Declaration
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Plates
List of Abbreviation
List of Symbols11032010 36Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sequence of Thesis (contrsquod) Abstrak
Abstract
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 3 Materials and Method
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion
Chapter 5 Conclusion
References
Bibliography
Appendices
11032010 37Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Structure
Title page
where you enter the full title and the sub-title if any of the research work the name of the author a statement about the degree programme under which the dissertation is submitted the date of submission
11032010 38Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstractwhich is usually a one page summary of the objectives of the research the methodology used and the main findings of the work
Contents listwhich lists the chapter and section headings with their corresponding page numbers
11032010 39Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Main text
- divided into chapters with appropriate chapter
headings to include
Chapter 1 - a chapter to introduce the research the motivation and the objectives and to provide an overview of the dissertation
Tips Writing the Main Text
11032010 40Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Chapter 2 A chapter reviewing the work that has done
in the area (literature review theoretical background)Chapter 3 A chapter to describe in detail the
methodology adopted or proposed
Chapter 4 A chapter presenting the main results and
discussion
Chapter 5 A concluding chapter that summarizes the main findings of the research statement about the main contributions of the research and recommendations for future work
11032010 41Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of tables diagrams and illustrationswhich list the figure and table numbers together with captions and their corresponding page numbers
Nomenclature listwhich provides a list of nomenclature and definitions of acronyms used in the thesis Make sure that the corresponding units if applicable are included It is good practice to have a different section for nomenclature involving Greek symbols as might be encountered in equations and one for acronyms
11032010 42Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips Write the Abstract and Introduction chapter last
Referenceslists the references that have been cited in the dissertation
Appendicescontain those parts of dissertation that are either well known or does not contribute directly to the main text but needs to be included for completeness Examples are sample calculations derivation of a published result which forms the basis for the work background information
11032010 43Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 4
Steps in
Drafting the Thesis
11032010 45
Step 1 Drafting
bull Tentative thesis statement (your position on the topic the answer to the question you are investigating)
bull Supportbull Conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Contents of Key Chapters
bull the Introduction
bull the Literature Review
bull the Conclusions and Recommendation
bull the Materials amp Methods
bull the Results and Discussion
11032010 46Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Step 2 How do I get finishedAnswer by not getting stuckbull Yoursquove written most of it but for the bits yoursquore avoiding you keep rewriting other bits doing more reading tinkering with the layout seeking neat quotations bull STOPQ Why are they difficult to writeA Because they are not relevantbull Donrsquot be afraid to change your plan if it proves too hardbull Be savage in cutting irrelevant bits
11032010 47Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reviewingbull Get other people to read your drafts
bull Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time)
bull Supervisor will steer you
bull Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed
bull Above all get the bugs out before the examiners see it
11032010 48Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Thesis Statements
bull What is a thesis statement
bull It is the central message of the essay
bull Itrsquos the essayrsquos main idea
bull It prepares the readers
bull States the essayrsquos topic
bull States the essayrsquos purpose
bull Indicates the focus11032010 14Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Thesis workProject model
1 Short description and approval from the examiner and supervisor
2 Project plan sent to examinersupervisor3 Half time report sent to
examinersupervisor4 Final report sent to examinersupervisor
decide on date for final presentation5 Presentation of the thesis
11032010 15Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis workProject model
54321
Phase 1Planning
Phase 2Description of
current situation amp data collection
Phase 3Analysis solutions
results and discussions
Report Writing (continuously)
0 1- 3 9 - 10 14 Week11032010 16
Thesis work Project planbull The planning period typically takes 1-3 weeks and is
concluded by a short reportbull The project plan report ought to containndash Background of the problem and problem descriptionndash Short presentation of the company where the thesis is
madendash Purpose detailed research question and activity planndash Identified delimitationsndash Planned theoretical referencesndash Time plan (Gantt-chart)bull The project plan report typically consists of 4-8
pages
11032010 17Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Outlinebull Part 1 Writing your thesis(1) Context What is a thesis (for)(2) How Do I Get Started(3) What Should My Thesis Contain(4) How Do I Get Finished(5) Summarybull Part 2 The Examinerrsquos View(1) Oh God not another thesis to read(2) Whatrsquos this one about(3) Now there must be some corrections(4) Letrsquos see what can I ask the candidate
11032010 18Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Outline
bull Part 3 Thesis FORMAT
bull Part 4 Drafting the Thesis
11032010 19Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 1
Writing your thesis
What is a thesisbull An argument
bull An exposition of an original piece of work
bull The product of an apprenticeship
bull Probably the largest (most self-indulgent) piece of work yoursquoll ever do
bull Something that could be published
11032010 21Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
How do I get started
bull Do this today
bull Decide your title
bull Write your title page
bull Start a file
bull Plan your argument
11032010 22Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Plan your thesis
bull Convert this argument into a chapter outline
bull Start a file with a division for each chapter
bull Collect material in this file
bull Set out clearly what each chapter should say
11032010 23Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (1)
bull Title (and title page) - conveys a messagebull Abstract - for the librarianbull Contents Listing - shows the right things are therebull Acknowledgements - get your supervisor on your
sidebull Introduction - says ldquoI am going to look at the
following thingsrdquobull Review of Previous Work - show you know the
subjectbull Philosophy of Approach - no great detail
11032010 24Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (2)
bull Plan of Attack - a bit more specificbull Description of the workbull Critical analysis of the results - show you know its
limitationsbull Future Work - show you know whatrsquos missingbull Conclusions - repetition of the intro but with
reference to the detailbull References - Cover the field examiners will look
for key referencesbull Appendices - Nitty Gritty details that would
clutter your eloquent description
11032010 25Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 2
The Examinerrsquos View
The Examinerrsquos Viewbull Oh God not another thesis to readbull Your examiners are busy peoplebull Examining theses is a chore butbull ldquoIt might help me keep up to date with an
area of researchrdquobull ldquoIt might inspire merdquobull ldquoI might learn somethingrdquobull Note the reading will be done in trains
planes and departmental meetings11032010 27Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Examinerrsquos first question
bull Whatrsquos this one aboutbull Examiners have little time available so they want to
extract the most juice in the shortest time abstract (bibliography) conclusions contents listbull This may be enough to decide whether itrsquos worth a PhDbull Then1) What questions now spring to mind2) read through3) Were the questions answered
11032010 28Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull ldquoNow there must be some correctionshelliprdquo
bull Many examiners donrsquot feel theyrsquove done the job unless they find some corrections to do
bull Typical errors
bull Typographical grammatical
bull Poor presentation
bull Missing statements references
bull (Superfluous redundant statements)
11032010 29Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull Whole sections missing
ndash research questions
ndash critical review of literature
ndash research methodology
ndash presentation of results
ndash discussion and conclusions
11032010 30Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Review of literaturebull To what extent is the review relevant to the researchbull studybull Has the candidate slipped into ldquoHere is all I know about xrdquobull Is there evidence of critical appraisal of other work or i t he
review just descriptivebull How well has the candidate mastered the technical or
theoretical literaturebull Does the candidate make the links between the review and his or her methodology explicitbull Is there a summary of the essential features of other work as
it relates to this study
11032010 31Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Methodologybull What precautions were taken against likely sources of biasbull What are the limitations in the methodology Is the candidate aware of thembull Is the methodology for data collection appropriatebull Are the techniques used for analysis appropriatebull In the circumstances has the best methodology been
chosenbull Has the candidate given an adequate justification to the
presentation of results
11032010 32Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Have the hypotheses in fact been testedbull Do the solutions obtained relate to the questions posedbull Is the level and form of analysis appropriate for the databull Could the presentation of the results been made clearerbull Are patterns and trends in the results accurately identified and summarizedbull Does the software appear to work satisfactorilybull Discussion and Conclusions
11032010 33Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Is the candidate aware of possible limits to confidencereliabilityvalidity of the work
bull Have the main points to emerge from the results been picked up for discussion
bull Are there links made to the literaturebull Is there evidence of attempts at theory
building or re-conceptualization of problems
bull Are there speculations Are they well grounded in the results
11032010 34Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 3
THESIS STRUCTURE
Sequence of Thesis Title page
Declaration
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Plates
List of Abbreviation
List of Symbols11032010 36Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sequence of Thesis (contrsquod) Abstrak
Abstract
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 3 Materials and Method
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion
Chapter 5 Conclusion
References
Bibliography
Appendices
11032010 37Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Structure
Title page
where you enter the full title and the sub-title if any of the research work the name of the author a statement about the degree programme under which the dissertation is submitted the date of submission
11032010 38Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstractwhich is usually a one page summary of the objectives of the research the methodology used and the main findings of the work
Contents listwhich lists the chapter and section headings with their corresponding page numbers
11032010 39Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Main text
- divided into chapters with appropriate chapter
headings to include
Chapter 1 - a chapter to introduce the research the motivation and the objectives and to provide an overview of the dissertation
Tips Writing the Main Text
11032010 40Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Chapter 2 A chapter reviewing the work that has done
in the area (literature review theoretical background)Chapter 3 A chapter to describe in detail the
methodology adopted or proposed
Chapter 4 A chapter presenting the main results and
discussion
Chapter 5 A concluding chapter that summarizes the main findings of the research statement about the main contributions of the research and recommendations for future work
11032010 41Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of tables diagrams and illustrationswhich list the figure and table numbers together with captions and their corresponding page numbers
Nomenclature listwhich provides a list of nomenclature and definitions of acronyms used in the thesis Make sure that the corresponding units if applicable are included It is good practice to have a different section for nomenclature involving Greek symbols as might be encountered in equations and one for acronyms
11032010 42Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips Write the Abstract and Introduction chapter last
Referenceslists the references that have been cited in the dissertation
Appendicescontain those parts of dissertation that are either well known or does not contribute directly to the main text but needs to be included for completeness Examples are sample calculations derivation of a published result which forms the basis for the work background information
11032010 43Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 4
Steps in
Drafting the Thesis
11032010 45
Step 1 Drafting
bull Tentative thesis statement (your position on the topic the answer to the question you are investigating)
bull Supportbull Conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Contents of Key Chapters
bull the Introduction
bull the Literature Review
bull the Conclusions and Recommendation
bull the Materials amp Methods
bull the Results and Discussion
11032010 46Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Step 2 How do I get finishedAnswer by not getting stuckbull Yoursquove written most of it but for the bits yoursquore avoiding you keep rewriting other bits doing more reading tinkering with the layout seeking neat quotations bull STOPQ Why are they difficult to writeA Because they are not relevantbull Donrsquot be afraid to change your plan if it proves too hardbull Be savage in cutting irrelevant bits
11032010 47Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reviewingbull Get other people to read your drafts
bull Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time)
bull Supervisor will steer you
bull Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed
bull Above all get the bugs out before the examiners see it
11032010 48Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Thesis workProject model
1 Short description and approval from the examiner and supervisor
2 Project plan sent to examinersupervisor3 Half time report sent to
examinersupervisor4 Final report sent to examinersupervisor
decide on date for final presentation5 Presentation of the thesis
11032010 15Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis workProject model
54321
Phase 1Planning
Phase 2Description of
current situation amp data collection
Phase 3Analysis solutions
results and discussions
Report Writing (continuously)
0 1- 3 9 - 10 14 Week11032010 16
Thesis work Project planbull The planning period typically takes 1-3 weeks and is
concluded by a short reportbull The project plan report ought to containndash Background of the problem and problem descriptionndash Short presentation of the company where the thesis is
madendash Purpose detailed research question and activity planndash Identified delimitationsndash Planned theoretical referencesndash Time plan (Gantt-chart)bull The project plan report typically consists of 4-8
pages
11032010 17Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Outlinebull Part 1 Writing your thesis(1) Context What is a thesis (for)(2) How Do I Get Started(3) What Should My Thesis Contain(4) How Do I Get Finished(5) Summarybull Part 2 The Examinerrsquos View(1) Oh God not another thesis to read(2) Whatrsquos this one about(3) Now there must be some corrections(4) Letrsquos see what can I ask the candidate
11032010 18Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Outline
bull Part 3 Thesis FORMAT
bull Part 4 Drafting the Thesis
11032010 19Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 1
Writing your thesis
What is a thesisbull An argument
bull An exposition of an original piece of work
bull The product of an apprenticeship
bull Probably the largest (most self-indulgent) piece of work yoursquoll ever do
bull Something that could be published
11032010 21Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
How do I get started
bull Do this today
bull Decide your title
bull Write your title page
bull Start a file
bull Plan your argument
11032010 22Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Plan your thesis
bull Convert this argument into a chapter outline
bull Start a file with a division for each chapter
bull Collect material in this file
bull Set out clearly what each chapter should say
11032010 23Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (1)
bull Title (and title page) - conveys a messagebull Abstract - for the librarianbull Contents Listing - shows the right things are therebull Acknowledgements - get your supervisor on your
sidebull Introduction - says ldquoI am going to look at the
following thingsrdquobull Review of Previous Work - show you know the
subjectbull Philosophy of Approach - no great detail
11032010 24Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (2)
bull Plan of Attack - a bit more specificbull Description of the workbull Critical analysis of the results - show you know its
limitationsbull Future Work - show you know whatrsquos missingbull Conclusions - repetition of the intro but with
reference to the detailbull References - Cover the field examiners will look
for key referencesbull Appendices - Nitty Gritty details that would
clutter your eloquent description
11032010 25Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 2
The Examinerrsquos View
The Examinerrsquos Viewbull Oh God not another thesis to readbull Your examiners are busy peoplebull Examining theses is a chore butbull ldquoIt might help me keep up to date with an
area of researchrdquobull ldquoIt might inspire merdquobull ldquoI might learn somethingrdquobull Note the reading will be done in trains
planes and departmental meetings11032010 27Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Examinerrsquos first question
bull Whatrsquos this one aboutbull Examiners have little time available so they want to
extract the most juice in the shortest time abstract (bibliography) conclusions contents listbull This may be enough to decide whether itrsquos worth a PhDbull Then1) What questions now spring to mind2) read through3) Were the questions answered
11032010 28Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull ldquoNow there must be some correctionshelliprdquo
bull Many examiners donrsquot feel theyrsquove done the job unless they find some corrections to do
bull Typical errors
bull Typographical grammatical
bull Poor presentation
bull Missing statements references
bull (Superfluous redundant statements)
11032010 29Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull Whole sections missing
ndash research questions
ndash critical review of literature
ndash research methodology
ndash presentation of results
ndash discussion and conclusions
11032010 30Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Review of literaturebull To what extent is the review relevant to the researchbull studybull Has the candidate slipped into ldquoHere is all I know about xrdquobull Is there evidence of critical appraisal of other work or i t he
review just descriptivebull How well has the candidate mastered the technical or
theoretical literaturebull Does the candidate make the links between the review and his or her methodology explicitbull Is there a summary of the essential features of other work as
it relates to this study
11032010 31Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Methodologybull What precautions were taken against likely sources of biasbull What are the limitations in the methodology Is the candidate aware of thembull Is the methodology for data collection appropriatebull Are the techniques used for analysis appropriatebull In the circumstances has the best methodology been
chosenbull Has the candidate given an adequate justification to the
presentation of results
11032010 32Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Have the hypotheses in fact been testedbull Do the solutions obtained relate to the questions posedbull Is the level and form of analysis appropriate for the databull Could the presentation of the results been made clearerbull Are patterns and trends in the results accurately identified and summarizedbull Does the software appear to work satisfactorilybull Discussion and Conclusions
11032010 33Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Is the candidate aware of possible limits to confidencereliabilityvalidity of the work
bull Have the main points to emerge from the results been picked up for discussion
bull Are there links made to the literaturebull Is there evidence of attempts at theory
building or re-conceptualization of problems
bull Are there speculations Are they well grounded in the results
11032010 34Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 3
THESIS STRUCTURE
Sequence of Thesis Title page
Declaration
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Plates
List of Abbreviation
List of Symbols11032010 36Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sequence of Thesis (contrsquod) Abstrak
Abstract
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 3 Materials and Method
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion
Chapter 5 Conclusion
References
Bibliography
Appendices
11032010 37Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Structure
Title page
where you enter the full title and the sub-title if any of the research work the name of the author a statement about the degree programme under which the dissertation is submitted the date of submission
11032010 38Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstractwhich is usually a one page summary of the objectives of the research the methodology used and the main findings of the work
Contents listwhich lists the chapter and section headings with their corresponding page numbers
11032010 39Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Main text
- divided into chapters with appropriate chapter
headings to include
Chapter 1 - a chapter to introduce the research the motivation and the objectives and to provide an overview of the dissertation
Tips Writing the Main Text
11032010 40Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Chapter 2 A chapter reviewing the work that has done
in the area (literature review theoretical background)Chapter 3 A chapter to describe in detail the
methodology adopted or proposed
Chapter 4 A chapter presenting the main results and
discussion
Chapter 5 A concluding chapter that summarizes the main findings of the research statement about the main contributions of the research and recommendations for future work
11032010 41Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of tables diagrams and illustrationswhich list the figure and table numbers together with captions and their corresponding page numbers
Nomenclature listwhich provides a list of nomenclature and definitions of acronyms used in the thesis Make sure that the corresponding units if applicable are included It is good practice to have a different section for nomenclature involving Greek symbols as might be encountered in equations and one for acronyms
11032010 42Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips Write the Abstract and Introduction chapter last
Referenceslists the references that have been cited in the dissertation
Appendicescontain those parts of dissertation that are either well known or does not contribute directly to the main text but needs to be included for completeness Examples are sample calculations derivation of a published result which forms the basis for the work background information
11032010 43Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 4
Steps in
Drafting the Thesis
11032010 45
Step 1 Drafting
bull Tentative thesis statement (your position on the topic the answer to the question you are investigating)
bull Supportbull Conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Contents of Key Chapters
bull the Introduction
bull the Literature Review
bull the Conclusions and Recommendation
bull the Materials amp Methods
bull the Results and Discussion
11032010 46Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Step 2 How do I get finishedAnswer by not getting stuckbull Yoursquove written most of it but for the bits yoursquore avoiding you keep rewriting other bits doing more reading tinkering with the layout seeking neat quotations bull STOPQ Why are they difficult to writeA Because they are not relevantbull Donrsquot be afraid to change your plan if it proves too hardbull Be savage in cutting irrelevant bits
11032010 47Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reviewingbull Get other people to read your drafts
bull Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time)
bull Supervisor will steer you
bull Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed
bull Above all get the bugs out before the examiners see it
11032010 48Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Thesis workProject model
54321
Phase 1Planning
Phase 2Description of
current situation amp data collection
Phase 3Analysis solutions
results and discussions
Report Writing (continuously)
0 1- 3 9 - 10 14 Week11032010 16
Thesis work Project planbull The planning period typically takes 1-3 weeks and is
concluded by a short reportbull The project plan report ought to containndash Background of the problem and problem descriptionndash Short presentation of the company where the thesis is
madendash Purpose detailed research question and activity planndash Identified delimitationsndash Planned theoretical referencesndash Time plan (Gantt-chart)bull The project plan report typically consists of 4-8
pages
11032010 17Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Outlinebull Part 1 Writing your thesis(1) Context What is a thesis (for)(2) How Do I Get Started(3) What Should My Thesis Contain(4) How Do I Get Finished(5) Summarybull Part 2 The Examinerrsquos View(1) Oh God not another thesis to read(2) Whatrsquos this one about(3) Now there must be some corrections(4) Letrsquos see what can I ask the candidate
11032010 18Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Outline
bull Part 3 Thesis FORMAT
bull Part 4 Drafting the Thesis
11032010 19Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 1
Writing your thesis
What is a thesisbull An argument
bull An exposition of an original piece of work
bull The product of an apprenticeship
bull Probably the largest (most self-indulgent) piece of work yoursquoll ever do
bull Something that could be published
11032010 21Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
How do I get started
bull Do this today
bull Decide your title
bull Write your title page
bull Start a file
bull Plan your argument
11032010 22Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Plan your thesis
bull Convert this argument into a chapter outline
bull Start a file with a division for each chapter
bull Collect material in this file
bull Set out clearly what each chapter should say
11032010 23Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (1)
bull Title (and title page) - conveys a messagebull Abstract - for the librarianbull Contents Listing - shows the right things are therebull Acknowledgements - get your supervisor on your
sidebull Introduction - says ldquoI am going to look at the
following thingsrdquobull Review of Previous Work - show you know the
subjectbull Philosophy of Approach - no great detail
11032010 24Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (2)
bull Plan of Attack - a bit more specificbull Description of the workbull Critical analysis of the results - show you know its
limitationsbull Future Work - show you know whatrsquos missingbull Conclusions - repetition of the intro but with
reference to the detailbull References - Cover the field examiners will look
for key referencesbull Appendices - Nitty Gritty details that would
clutter your eloquent description
11032010 25Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 2
The Examinerrsquos View
The Examinerrsquos Viewbull Oh God not another thesis to readbull Your examiners are busy peoplebull Examining theses is a chore butbull ldquoIt might help me keep up to date with an
area of researchrdquobull ldquoIt might inspire merdquobull ldquoI might learn somethingrdquobull Note the reading will be done in trains
planes and departmental meetings11032010 27Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Examinerrsquos first question
bull Whatrsquos this one aboutbull Examiners have little time available so they want to
extract the most juice in the shortest time abstract (bibliography) conclusions contents listbull This may be enough to decide whether itrsquos worth a PhDbull Then1) What questions now spring to mind2) read through3) Were the questions answered
11032010 28Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull ldquoNow there must be some correctionshelliprdquo
bull Many examiners donrsquot feel theyrsquove done the job unless they find some corrections to do
bull Typical errors
bull Typographical grammatical
bull Poor presentation
bull Missing statements references
bull (Superfluous redundant statements)
11032010 29Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull Whole sections missing
ndash research questions
ndash critical review of literature
ndash research methodology
ndash presentation of results
ndash discussion and conclusions
11032010 30Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Review of literaturebull To what extent is the review relevant to the researchbull studybull Has the candidate slipped into ldquoHere is all I know about xrdquobull Is there evidence of critical appraisal of other work or i t he
review just descriptivebull How well has the candidate mastered the technical or
theoretical literaturebull Does the candidate make the links between the review and his or her methodology explicitbull Is there a summary of the essential features of other work as
it relates to this study
11032010 31Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Methodologybull What precautions were taken against likely sources of biasbull What are the limitations in the methodology Is the candidate aware of thembull Is the methodology for data collection appropriatebull Are the techniques used for analysis appropriatebull In the circumstances has the best methodology been
chosenbull Has the candidate given an adequate justification to the
presentation of results
11032010 32Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Have the hypotheses in fact been testedbull Do the solutions obtained relate to the questions posedbull Is the level and form of analysis appropriate for the databull Could the presentation of the results been made clearerbull Are patterns and trends in the results accurately identified and summarizedbull Does the software appear to work satisfactorilybull Discussion and Conclusions
11032010 33Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Is the candidate aware of possible limits to confidencereliabilityvalidity of the work
bull Have the main points to emerge from the results been picked up for discussion
bull Are there links made to the literaturebull Is there evidence of attempts at theory
building or re-conceptualization of problems
bull Are there speculations Are they well grounded in the results
11032010 34Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 3
THESIS STRUCTURE
Sequence of Thesis Title page
Declaration
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Plates
List of Abbreviation
List of Symbols11032010 36Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sequence of Thesis (contrsquod) Abstrak
Abstract
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 3 Materials and Method
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion
Chapter 5 Conclusion
References
Bibliography
Appendices
11032010 37Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Structure
Title page
where you enter the full title and the sub-title if any of the research work the name of the author a statement about the degree programme under which the dissertation is submitted the date of submission
11032010 38Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstractwhich is usually a one page summary of the objectives of the research the methodology used and the main findings of the work
Contents listwhich lists the chapter and section headings with their corresponding page numbers
11032010 39Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Main text
- divided into chapters with appropriate chapter
headings to include
Chapter 1 - a chapter to introduce the research the motivation and the objectives and to provide an overview of the dissertation
Tips Writing the Main Text
11032010 40Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Chapter 2 A chapter reviewing the work that has done
in the area (literature review theoretical background)Chapter 3 A chapter to describe in detail the
methodology adopted or proposed
Chapter 4 A chapter presenting the main results and
discussion
Chapter 5 A concluding chapter that summarizes the main findings of the research statement about the main contributions of the research and recommendations for future work
11032010 41Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of tables diagrams and illustrationswhich list the figure and table numbers together with captions and their corresponding page numbers
Nomenclature listwhich provides a list of nomenclature and definitions of acronyms used in the thesis Make sure that the corresponding units if applicable are included It is good practice to have a different section for nomenclature involving Greek symbols as might be encountered in equations and one for acronyms
11032010 42Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips Write the Abstract and Introduction chapter last
Referenceslists the references that have been cited in the dissertation
Appendicescontain those parts of dissertation that are either well known or does not contribute directly to the main text but needs to be included for completeness Examples are sample calculations derivation of a published result which forms the basis for the work background information
11032010 43Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 4
Steps in
Drafting the Thesis
11032010 45
Step 1 Drafting
bull Tentative thesis statement (your position on the topic the answer to the question you are investigating)
bull Supportbull Conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Contents of Key Chapters
bull the Introduction
bull the Literature Review
bull the Conclusions and Recommendation
bull the Materials amp Methods
bull the Results and Discussion
11032010 46Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Step 2 How do I get finishedAnswer by not getting stuckbull Yoursquove written most of it but for the bits yoursquore avoiding you keep rewriting other bits doing more reading tinkering with the layout seeking neat quotations bull STOPQ Why are they difficult to writeA Because they are not relevantbull Donrsquot be afraid to change your plan if it proves too hardbull Be savage in cutting irrelevant bits
11032010 47Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reviewingbull Get other people to read your drafts
bull Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time)
bull Supervisor will steer you
bull Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed
bull Above all get the bugs out before the examiners see it
11032010 48Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Thesis work Project planbull The planning period typically takes 1-3 weeks and is
concluded by a short reportbull The project plan report ought to containndash Background of the problem and problem descriptionndash Short presentation of the company where the thesis is
madendash Purpose detailed research question and activity planndash Identified delimitationsndash Planned theoretical referencesndash Time plan (Gantt-chart)bull The project plan report typically consists of 4-8
pages
11032010 17Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Outlinebull Part 1 Writing your thesis(1) Context What is a thesis (for)(2) How Do I Get Started(3) What Should My Thesis Contain(4) How Do I Get Finished(5) Summarybull Part 2 The Examinerrsquos View(1) Oh God not another thesis to read(2) Whatrsquos this one about(3) Now there must be some corrections(4) Letrsquos see what can I ask the candidate
11032010 18Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Outline
bull Part 3 Thesis FORMAT
bull Part 4 Drafting the Thesis
11032010 19Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 1
Writing your thesis
What is a thesisbull An argument
bull An exposition of an original piece of work
bull The product of an apprenticeship
bull Probably the largest (most self-indulgent) piece of work yoursquoll ever do
bull Something that could be published
11032010 21Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
How do I get started
bull Do this today
bull Decide your title
bull Write your title page
bull Start a file
bull Plan your argument
11032010 22Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Plan your thesis
bull Convert this argument into a chapter outline
bull Start a file with a division for each chapter
bull Collect material in this file
bull Set out clearly what each chapter should say
11032010 23Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (1)
bull Title (and title page) - conveys a messagebull Abstract - for the librarianbull Contents Listing - shows the right things are therebull Acknowledgements - get your supervisor on your
sidebull Introduction - says ldquoI am going to look at the
following thingsrdquobull Review of Previous Work - show you know the
subjectbull Philosophy of Approach - no great detail
11032010 24Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (2)
bull Plan of Attack - a bit more specificbull Description of the workbull Critical analysis of the results - show you know its
limitationsbull Future Work - show you know whatrsquos missingbull Conclusions - repetition of the intro but with
reference to the detailbull References - Cover the field examiners will look
for key referencesbull Appendices - Nitty Gritty details that would
clutter your eloquent description
11032010 25Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 2
The Examinerrsquos View
The Examinerrsquos Viewbull Oh God not another thesis to readbull Your examiners are busy peoplebull Examining theses is a chore butbull ldquoIt might help me keep up to date with an
area of researchrdquobull ldquoIt might inspire merdquobull ldquoI might learn somethingrdquobull Note the reading will be done in trains
planes and departmental meetings11032010 27Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Examinerrsquos first question
bull Whatrsquos this one aboutbull Examiners have little time available so they want to
extract the most juice in the shortest time abstract (bibliography) conclusions contents listbull This may be enough to decide whether itrsquos worth a PhDbull Then1) What questions now spring to mind2) read through3) Were the questions answered
11032010 28Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull ldquoNow there must be some correctionshelliprdquo
bull Many examiners donrsquot feel theyrsquove done the job unless they find some corrections to do
bull Typical errors
bull Typographical grammatical
bull Poor presentation
bull Missing statements references
bull (Superfluous redundant statements)
11032010 29Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull Whole sections missing
ndash research questions
ndash critical review of literature
ndash research methodology
ndash presentation of results
ndash discussion and conclusions
11032010 30Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Review of literaturebull To what extent is the review relevant to the researchbull studybull Has the candidate slipped into ldquoHere is all I know about xrdquobull Is there evidence of critical appraisal of other work or i t he
review just descriptivebull How well has the candidate mastered the technical or
theoretical literaturebull Does the candidate make the links between the review and his or her methodology explicitbull Is there a summary of the essential features of other work as
it relates to this study
11032010 31Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Methodologybull What precautions were taken against likely sources of biasbull What are the limitations in the methodology Is the candidate aware of thembull Is the methodology for data collection appropriatebull Are the techniques used for analysis appropriatebull In the circumstances has the best methodology been
chosenbull Has the candidate given an adequate justification to the
presentation of results
11032010 32Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Have the hypotheses in fact been testedbull Do the solutions obtained relate to the questions posedbull Is the level and form of analysis appropriate for the databull Could the presentation of the results been made clearerbull Are patterns and trends in the results accurately identified and summarizedbull Does the software appear to work satisfactorilybull Discussion and Conclusions
11032010 33Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Is the candidate aware of possible limits to confidencereliabilityvalidity of the work
bull Have the main points to emerge from the results been picked up for discussion
bull Are there links made to the literaturebull Is there evidence of attempts at theory
building or re-conceptualization of problems
bull Are there speculations Are they well grounded in the results
11032010 34Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 3
THESIS STRUCTURE
Sequence of Thesis Title page
Declaration
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Plates
List of Abbreviation
List of Symbols11032010 36Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sequence of Thesis (contrsquod) Abstrak
Abstract
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 3 Materials and Method
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion
Chapter 5 Conclusion
References
Bibliography
Appendices
11032010 37Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Structure
Title page
where you enter the full title and the sub-title if any of the research work the name of the author a statement about the degree programme under which the dissertation is submitted the date of submission
11032010 38Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstractwhich is usually a one page summary of the objectives of the research the methodology used and the main findings of the work
Contents listwhich lists the chapter and section headings with their corresponding page numbers
11032010 39Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Main text
- divided into chapters with appropriate chapter
headings to include
Chapter 1 - a chapter to introduce the research the motivation and the objectives and to provide an overview of the dissertation
Tips Writing the Main Text
11032010 40Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Chapter 2 A chapter reviewing the work that has done
in the area (literature review theoretical background)Chapter 3 A chapter to describe in detail the
methodology adopted or proposed
Chapter 4 A chapter presenting the main results and
discussion
Chapter 5 A concluding chapter that summarizes the main findings of the research statement about the main contributions of the research and recommendations for future work
11032010 41Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of tables diagrams and illustrationswhich list the figure and table numbers together with captions and their corresponding page numbers
Nomenclature listwhich provides a list of nomenclature and definitions of acronyms used in the thesis Make sure that the corresponding units if applicable are included It is good practice to have a different section for nomenclature involving Greek symbols as might be encountered in equations and one for acronyms
11032010 42Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips Write the Abstract and Introduction chapter last
Referenceslists the references that have been cited in the dissertation
Appendicescontain those parts of dissertation that are either well known or does not contribute directly to the main text but needs to be included for completeness Examples are sample calculations derivation of a published result which forms the basis for the work background information
11032010 43Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 4
Steps in
Drafting the Thesis
11032010 45
Step 1 Drafting
bull Tentative thesis statement (your position on the topic the answer to the question you are investigating)
bull Supportbull Conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Contents of Key Chapters
bull the Introduction
bull the Literature Review
bull the Conclusions and Recommendation
bull the Materials amp Methods
bull the Results and Discussion
11032010 46Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Step 2 How do I get finishedAnswer by not getting stuckbull Yoursquove written most of it but for the bits yoursquore avoiding you keep rewriting other bits doing more reading tinkering with the layout seeking neat quotations bull STOPQ Why are they difficult to writeA Because they are not relevantbull Donrsquot be afraid to change your plan if it proves too hardbull Be savage in cutting irrelevant bits
11032010 47Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reviewingbull Get other people to read your drafts
bull Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time)
bull Supervisor will steer you
bull Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed
bull Above all get the bugs out before the examiners see it
11032010 48Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Outlinebull Part 1 Writing your thesis(1) Context What is a thesis (for)(2) How Do I Get Started(3) What Should My Thesis Contain(4) How Do I Get Finished(5) Summarybull Part 2 The Examinerrsquos View(1) Oh God not another thesis to read(2) Whatrsquos this one about(3) Now there must be some corrections(4) Letrsquos see what can I ask the candidate
11032010 18Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Outline
bull Part 3 Thesis FORMAT
bull Part 4 Drafting the Thesis
11032010 19Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 1
Writing your thesis
What is a thesisbull An argument
bull An exposition of an original piece of work
bull The product of an apprenticeship
bull Probably the largest (most self-indulgent) piece of work yoursquoll ever do
bull Something that could be published
11032010 21Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
How do I get started
bull Do this today
bull Decide your title
bull Write your title page
bull Start a file
bull Plan your argument
11032010 22Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Plan your thesis
bull Convert this argument into a chapter outline
bull Start a file with a division for each chapter
bull Collect material in this file
bull Set out clearly what each chapter should say
11032010 23Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (1)
bull Title (and title page) - conveys a messagebull Abstract - for the librarianbull Contents Listing - shows the right things are therebull Acknowledgements - get your supervisor on your
sidebull Introduction - says ldquoI am going to look at the
following thingsrdquobull Review of Previous Work - show you know the
subjectbull Philosophy of Approach - no great detail
11032010 24Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (2)
bull Plan of Attack - a bit more specificbull Description of the workbull Critical analysis of the results - show you know its
limitationsbull Future Work - show you know whatrsquos missingbull Conclusions - repetition of the intro but with
reference to the detailbull References - Cover the field examiners will look
for key referencesbull Appendices - Nitty Gritty details that would
clutter your eloquent description
11032010 25Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 2
The Examinerrsquos View
The Examinerrsquos Viewbull Oh God not another thesis to readbull Your examiners are busy peoplebull Examining theses is a chore butbull ldquoIt might help me keep up to date with an
area of researchrdquobull ldquoIt might inspire merdquobull ldquoI might learn somethingrdquobull Note the reading will be done in trains
planes and departmental meetings11032010 27Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Examinerrsquos first question
bull Whatrsquos this one aboutbull Examiners have little time available so they want to
extract the most juice in the shortest time abstract (bibliography) conclusions contents listbull This may be enough to decide whether itrsquos worth a PhDbull Then1) What questions now spring to mind2) read through3) Were the questions answered
11032010 28Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull ldquoNow there must be some correctionshelliprdquo
bull Many examiners donrsquot feel theyrsquove done the job unless they find some corrections to do
bull Typical errors
bull Typographical grammatical
bull Poor presentation
bull Missing statements references
bull (Superfluous redundant statements)
11032010 29Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull Whole sections missing
ndash research questions
ndash critical review of literature
ndash research methodology
ndash presentation of results
ndash discussion and conclusions
11032010 30Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Review of literaturebull To what extent is the review relevant to the researchbull studybull Has the candidate slipped into ldquoHere is all I know about xrdquobull Is there evidence of critical appraisal of other work or i t he
review just descriptivebull How well has the candidate mastered the technical or
theoretical literaturebull Does the candidate make the links between the review and his or her methodology explicitbull Is there a summary of the essential features of other work as
it relates to this study
11032010 31Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Methodologybull What precautions were taken against likely sources of biasbull What are the limitations in the methodology Is the candidate aware of thembull Is the methodology for data collection appropriatebull Are the techniques used for analysis appropriatebull In the circumstances has the best methodology been
chosenbull Has the candidate given an adequate justification to the
presentation of results
11032010 32Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Have the hypotheses in fact been testedbull Do the solutions obtained relate to the questions posedbull Is the level and form of analysis appropriate for the databull Could the presentation of the results been made clearerbull Are patterns and trends in the results accurately identified and summarizedbull Does the software appear to work satisfactorilybull Discussion and Conclusions
11032010 33Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Is the candidate aware of possible limits to confidencereliabilityvalidity of the work
bull Have the main points to emerge from the results been picked up for discussion
bull Are there links made to the literaturebull Is there evidence of attempts at theory
building or re-conceptualization of problems
bull Are there speculations Are they well grounded in the results
11032010 34Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 3
THESIS STRUCTURE
Sequence of Thesis Title page
Declaration
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Plates
List of Abbreviation
List of Symbols11032010 36Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sequence of Thesis (contrsquod) Abstrak
Abstract
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 3 Materials and Method
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion
Chapter 5 Conclusion
References
Bibliography
Appendices
11032010 37Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Structure
Title page
where you enter the full title and the sub-title if any of the research work the name of the author a statement about the degree programme under which the dissertation is submitted the date of submission
11032010 38Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstractwhich is usually a one page summary of the objectives of the research the methodology used and the main findings of the work
Contents listwhich lists the chapter and section headings with their corresponding page numbers
11032010 39Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Main text
- divided into chapters with appropriate chapter
headings to include
Chapter 1 - a chapter to introduce the research the motivation and the objectives and to provide an overview of the dissertation
Tips Writing the Main Text
11032010 40Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Chapter 2 A chapter reviewing the work that has done
in the area (literature review theoretical background)Chapter 3 A chapter to describe in detail the
methodology adopted or proposed
Chapter 4 A chapter presenting the main results and
discussion
Chapter 5 A concluding chapter that summarizes the main findings of the research statement about the main contributions of the research and recommendations for future work
11032010 41Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of tables diagrams and illustrationswhich list the figure and table numbers together with captions and their corresponding page numbers
Nomenclature listwhich provides a list of nomenclature and definitions of acronyms used in the thesis Make sure that the corresponding units if applicable are included It is good practice to have a different section for nomenclature involving Greek symbols as might be encountered in equations and one for acronyms
11032010 42Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips Write the Abstract and Introduction chapter last
Referenceslists the references that have been cited in the dissertation
Appendicescontain those parts of dissertation that are either well known or does not contribute directly to the main text but needs to be included for completeness Examples are sample calculations derivation of a published result which forms the basis for the work background information
11032010 43Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 4
Steps in
Drafting the Thesis
11032010 45
Step 1 Drafting
bull Tentative thesis statement (your position on the topic the answer to the question you are investigating)
bull Supportbull Conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Contents of Key Chapters
bull the Introduction
bull the Literature Review
bull the Conclusions and Recommendation
bull the Materials amp Methods
bull the Results and Discussion
11032010 46Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Step 2 How do I get finishedAnswer by not getting stuckbull Yoursquove written most of it but for the bits yoursquore avoiding you keep rewriting other bits doing more reading tinkering with the layout seeking neat quotations bull STOPQ Why are they difficult to writeA Because they are not relevantbull Donrsquot be afraid to change your plan if it proves too hardbull Be savage in cutting irrelevant bits
11032010 47Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reviewingbull Get other people to read your drafts
bull Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time)
bull Supervisor will steer you
bull Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed
bull Above all get the bugs out before the examiners see it
11032010 48Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Outline
bull Part 3 Thesis FORMAT
bull Part 4 Drafting the Thesis
11032010 19Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 1
Writing your thesis
What is a thesisbull An argument
bull An exposition of an original piece of work
bull The product of an apprenticeship
bull Probably the largest (most self-indulgent) piece of work yoursquoll ever do
bull Something that could be published
11032010 21Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
How do I get started
bull Do this today
bull Decide your title
bull Write your title page
bull Start a file
bull Plan your argument
11032010 22Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Plan your thesis
bull Convert this argument into a chapter outline
bull Start a file with a division for each chapter
bull Collect material in this file
bull Set out clearly what each chapter should say
11032010 23Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (1)
bull Title (and title page) - conveys a messagebull Abstract - for the librarianbull Contents Listing - shows the right things are therebull Acknowledgements - get your supervisor on your
sidebull Introduction - says ldquoI am going to look at the
following thingsrdquobull Review of Previous Work - show you know the
subjectbull Philosophy of Approach - no great detail
11032010 24Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (2)
bull Plan of Attack - a bit more specificbull Description of the workbull Critical analysis of the results - show you know its
limitationsbull Future Work - show you know whatrsquos missingbull Conclusions - repetition of the intro but with
reference to the detailbull References - Cover the field examiners will look
for key referencesbull Appendices - Nitty Gritty details that would
clutter your eloquent description
11032010 25Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 2
The Examinerrsquos View
The Examinerrsquos Viewbull Oh God not another thesis to readbull Your examiners are busy peoplebull Examining theses is a chore butbull ldquoIt might help me keep up to date with an
area of researchrdquobull ldquoIt might inspire merdquobull ldquoI might learn somethingrdquobull Note the reading will be done in trains
planes and departmental meetings11032010 27Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Examinerrsquos first question
bull Whatrsquos this one aboutbull Examiners have little time available so they want to
extract the most juice in the shortest time abstract (bibliography) conclusions contents listbull This may be enough to decide whether itrsquos worth a PhDbull Then1) What questions now spring to mind2) read through3) Were the questions answered
11032010 28Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull ldquoNow there must be some correctionshelliprdquo
bull Many examiners donrsquot feel theyrsquove done the job unless they find some corrections to do
bull Typical errors
bull Typographical grammatical
bull Poor presentation
bull Missing statements references
bull (Superfluous redundant statements)
11032010 29Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull Whole sections missing
ndash research questions
ndash critical review of literature
ndash research methodology
ndash presentation of results
ndash discussion and conclusions
11032010 30Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Review of literaturebull To what extent is the review relevant to the researchbull studybull Has the candidate slipped into ldquoHere is all I know about xrdquobull Is there evidence of critical appraisal of other work or i t he
review just descriptivebull How well has the candidate mastered the technical or
theoretical literaturebull Does the candidate make the links between the review and his or her methodology explicitbull Is there a summary of the essential features of other work as
it relates to this study
11032010 31Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Methodologybull What precautions were taken against likely sources of biasbull What are the limitations in the methodology Is the candidate aware of thembull Is the methodology for data collection appropriatebull Are the techniques used for analysis appropriatebull In the circumstances has the best methodology been
chosenbull Has the candidate given an adequate justification to the
presentation of results
11032010 32Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Have the hypotheses in fact been testedbull Do the solutions obtained relate to the questions posedbull Is the level and form of analysis appropriate for the databull Could the presentation of the results been made clearerbull Are patterns and trends in the results accurately identified and summarizedbull Does the software appear to work satisfactorilybull Discussion and Conclusions
11032010 33Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Is the candidate aware of possible limits to confidencereliabilityvalidity of the work
bull Have the main points to emerge from the results been picked up for discussion
bull Are there links made to the literaturebull Is there evidence of attempts at theory
building or re-conceptualization of problems
bull Are there speculations Are they well grounded in the results
11032010 34Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 3
THESIS STRUCTURE
Sequence of Thesis Title page
Declaration
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Plates
List of Abbreviation
List of Symbols11032010 36Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sequence of Thesis (contrsquod) Abstrak
Abstract
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 3 Materials and Method
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion
Chapter 5 Conclusion
References
Bibliography
Appendices
11032010 37Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Structure
Title page
where you enter the full title and the sub-title if any of the research work the name of the author a statement about the degree programme under which the dissertation is submitted the date of submission
11032010 38Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstractwhich is usually a one page summary of the objectives of the research the methodology used and the main findings of the work
Contents listwhich lists the chapter and section headings with their corresponding page numbers
11032010 39Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Main text
- divided into chapters with appropriate chapter
headings to include
Chapter 1 - a chapter to introduce the research the motivation and the objectives and to provide an overview of the dissertation
Tips Writing the Main Text
11032010 40Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Chapter 2 A chapter reviewing the work that has done
in the area (literature review theoretical background)Chapter 3 A chapter to describe in detail the
methodology adopted or proposed
Chapter 4 A chapter presenting the main results and
discussion
Chapter 5 A concluding chapter that summarizes the main findings of the research statement about the main contributions of the research and recommendations for future work
11032010 41Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of tables diagrams and illustrationswhich list the figure and table numbers together with captions and their corresponding page numbers
Nomenclature listwhich provides a list of nomenclature and definitions of acronyms used in the thesis Make sure that the corresponding units if applicable are included It is good practice to have a different section for nomenclature involving Greek symbols as might be encountered in equations and one for acronyms
11032010 42Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips Write the Abstract and Introduction chapter last
Referenceslists the references that have been cited in the dissertation
Appendicescontain those parts of dissertation that are either well known or does not contribute directly to the main text but needs to be included for completeness Examples are sample calculations derivation of a published result which forms the basis for the work background information
11032010 43Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 4
Steps in
Drafting the Thesis
11032010 45
Step 1 Drafting
bull Tentative thesis statement (your position on the topic the answer to the question you are investigating)
bull Supportbull Conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Contents of Key Chapters
bull the Introduction
bull the Literature Review
bull the Conclusions and Recommendation
bull the Materials amp Methods
bull the Results and Discussion
11032010 46Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Step 2 How do I get finishedAnswer by not getting stuckbull Yoursquove written most of it but for the bits yoursquore avoiding you keep rewriting other bits doing more reading tinkering with the layout seeking neat quotations bull STOPQ Why are they difficult to writeA Because they are not relevantbull Donrsquot be afraid to change your plan if it proves too hardbull Be savage in cutting irrelevant bits
11032010 47Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reviewingbull Get other people to read your drafts
bull Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time)
bull Supervisor will steer you
bull Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed
bull Above all get the bugs out before the examiners see it
11032010 48Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Part 1
Writing your thesis
What is a thesisbull An argument
bull An exposition of an original piece of work
bull The product of an apprenticeship
bull Probably the largest (most self-indulgent) piece of work yoursquoll ever do
bull Something that could be published
11032010 21Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
How do I get started
bull Do this today
bull Decide your title
bull Write your title page
bull Start a file
bull Plan your argument
11032010 22Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Plan your thesis
bull Convert this argument into a chapter outline
bull Start a file with a division for each chapter
bull Collect material in this file
bull Set out clearly what each chapter should say
11032010 23Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (1)
bull Title (and title page) - conveys a messagebull Abstract - for the librarianbull Contents Listing - shows the right things are therebull Acknowledgements - get your supervisor on your
sidebull Introduction - says ldquoI am going to look at the
following thingsrdquobull Review of Previous Work - show you know the
subjectbull Philosophy of Approach - no great detail
11032010 24Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (2)
bull Plan of Attack - a bit more specificbull Description of the workbull Critical analysis of the results - show you know its
limitationsbull Future Work - show you know whatrsquos missingbull Conclusions - repetition of the intro but with
reference to the detailbull References - Cover the field examiners will look
for key referencesbull Appendices - Nitty Gritty details that would
clutter your eloquent description
11032010 25Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 2
The Examinerrsquos View
The Examinerrsquos Viewbull Oh God not another thesis to readbull Your examiners are busy peoplebull Examining theses is a chore butbull ldquoIt might help me keep up to date with an
area of researchrdquobull ldquoIt might inspire merdquobull ldquoI might learn somethingrdquobull Note the reading will be done in trains
planes and departmental meetings11032010 27Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Examinerrsquos first question
bull Whatrsquos this one aboutbull Examiners have little time available so they want to
extract the most juice in the shortest time abstract (bibliography) conclusions contents listbull This may be enough to decide whether itrsquos worth a PhDbull Then1) What questions now spring to mind2) read through3) Were the questions answered
11032010 28Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull ldquoNow there must be some correctionshelliprdquo
bull Many examiners donrsquot feel theyrsquove done the job unless they find some corrections to do
bull Typical errors
bull Typographical grammatical
bull Poor presentation
bull Missing statements references
bull (Superfluous redundant statements)
11032010 29Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull Whole sections missing
ndash research questions
ndash critical review of literature
ndash research methodology
ndash presentation of results
ndash discussion and conclusions
11032010 30Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Review of literaturebull To what extent is the review relevant to the researchbull studybull Has the candidate slipped into ldquoHere is all I know about xrdquobull Is there evidence of critical appraisal of other work or i t he
review just descriptivebull How well has the candidate mastered the technical or
theoretical literaturebull Does the candidate make the links between the review and his or her methodology explicitbull Is there a summary of the essential features of other work as
it relates to this study
11032010 31Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Methodologybull What precautions were taken against likely sources of biasbull What are the limitations in the methodology Is the candidate aware of thembull Is the methodology for data collection appropriatebull Are the techniques used for analysis appropriatebull In the circumstances has the best methodology been
chosenbull Has the candidate given an adequate justification to the
presentation of results
11032010 32Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Have the hypotheses in fact been testedbull Do the solutions obtained relate to the questions posedbull Is the level and form of analysis appropriate for the databull Could the presentation of the results been made clearerbull Are patterns and trends in the results accurately identified and summarizedbull Does the software appear to work satisfactorilybull Discussion and Conclusions
11032010 33Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Is the candidate aware of possible limits to confidencereliabilityvalidity of the work
bull Have the main points to emerge from the results been picked up for discussion
bull Are there links made to the literaturebull Is there evidence of attempts at theory
building or re-conceptualization of problems
bull Are there speculations Are they well grounded in the results
11032010 34Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 3
THESIS STRUCTURE
Sequence of Thesis Title page
Declaration
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Plates
List of Abbreviation
List of Symbols11032010 36Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sequence of Thesis (contrsquod) Abstrak
Abstract
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 3 Materials and Method
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion
Chapter 5 Conclusion
References
Bibliography
Appendices
11032010 37Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Structure
Title page
where you enter the full title and the sub-title if any of the research work the name of the author a statement about the degree programme under which the dissertation is submitted the date of submission
11032010 38Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstractwhich is usually a one page summary of the objectives of the research the methodology used and the main findings of the work
Contents listwhich lists the chapter and section headings with their corresponding page numbers
11032010 39Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Main text
- divided into chapters with appropriate chapter
headings to include
Chapter 1 - a chapter to introduce the research the motivation and the objectives and to provide an overview of the dissertation
Tips Writing the Main Text
11032010 40Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Chapter 2 A chapter reviewing the work that has done
in the area (literature review theoretical background)Chapter 3 A chapter to describe in detail the
methodology adopted or proposed
Chapter 4 A chapter presenting the main results and
discussion
Chapter 5 A concluding chapter that summarizes the main findings of the research statement about the main contributions of the research and recommendations for future work
11032010 41Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of tables diagrams and illustrationswhich list the figure and table numbers together with captions and their corresponding page numbers
Nomenclature listwhich provides a list of nomenclature and definitions of acronyms used in the thesis Make sure that the corresponding units if applicable are included It is good practice to have a different section for nomenclature involving Greek symbols as might be encountered in equations and one for acronyms
11032010 42Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips Write the Abstract and Introduction chapter last
Referenceslists the references that have been cited in the dissertation
Appendicescontain those parts of dissertation that are either well known or does not contribute directly to the main text but needs to be included for completeness Examples are sample calculations derivation of a published result which forms the basis for the work background information
11032010 43Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 4
Steps in
Drafting the Thesis
11032010 45
Step 1 Drafting
bull Tentative thesis statement (your position on the topic the answer to the question you are investigating)
bull Supportbull Conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Contents of Key Chapters
bull the Introduction
bull the Literature Review
bull the Conclusions and Recommendation
bull the Materials amp Methods
bull the Results and Discussion
11032010 46Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Step 2 How do I get finishedAnswer by not getting stuckbull Yoursquove written most of it but for the bits yoursquore avoiding you keep rewriting other bits doing more reading tinkering with the layout seeking neat quotations bull STOPQ Why are they difficult to writeA Because they are not relevantbull Donrsquot be afraid to change your plan if it proves too hardbull Be savage in cutting irrelevant bits
11032010 47Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reviewingbull Get other people to read your drafts
bull Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time)
bull Supervisor will steer you
bull Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed
bull Above all get the bugs out before the examiners see it
11032010 48Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
What is a thesisbull An argument
bull An exposition of an original piece of work
bull The product of an apprenticeship
bull Probably the largest (most self-indulgent) piece of work yoursquoll ever do
bull Something that could be published
11032010 21Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
How do I get started
bull Do this today
bull Decide your title
bull Write your title page
bull Start a file
bull Plan your argument
11032010 22Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Plan your thesis
bull Convert this argument into a chapter outline
bull Start a file with a division for each chapter
bull Collect material in this file
bull Set out clearly what each chapter should say
11032010 23Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (1)
bull Title (and title page) - conveys a messagebull Abstract - for the librarianbull Contents Listing - shows the right things are therebull Acknowledgements - get your supervisor on your
sidebull Introduction - says ldquoI am going to look at the
following thingsrdquobull Review of Previous Work - show you know the
subjectbull Philosophy of Approach - no great detail
11032010 24Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (2)
bull Plan of Attack - a bit more specificbull Description of the workbull Critical analysis of the results - show you know its
limitationsbull Future Work - show you know whatrsquos missingbull Conclusions - repetition of the intro but with
reference to the detailbull References - Cover the field examiners will look
for key referencesbull Appendices - Nitty Gritty details that would
clutter your eloquent description
11032010 25Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 2
The Examinerrsquos View
The Examinerrsquos Viewbull Oh God not another thesis to readbull Your examiners are busy peoplebull Examining theses is a chore butbull ldquoIt might help me keep up to date with an
area of researchrdquobull ldquoIt might inspire merdquobull ldquoI might learn somethingrdquobull Note the reading will be done in trains
planes and departmental meetings11032010 27Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Examinerrsquos first question
bull Whatrsquos this one aboutbull Examiners have little time available so they want to
extract the most juice in the shortest time abstract (bibliography) conclusions contents listbull This may be enough to decide whether itrsquos worth a PhDbull Then1) What questions now spring to mind2) read through3) Were the questions answered
11032010 28Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull ldquoNow there must be some correctionshelliprdquo
bull Many examiners donrsquot feel theyrsquove done the job unless they find some corrections to do
bull Typical errors
bull Typographical grammatical
bull Poor presentation
bull Missing statements references
bull (Superfluous redundant statements)
11032010 29Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull Whole sections missing
ndash research questions
ndash critical review of literature
ndash research methodology
ndash presentation of results
ndash discussion and conclusions
11032010 30Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Review of literaturebull To what extent is the review relevant to the researchbull studybull Has the candidate slipped into ldquoHere is all I know about xrdquobull Is there evidence of critical appraisal of other work or i t he
review just descriptivebull How well has the candidate mastered the technical or
theoretical literaturebull Does the candidate make the links between the review and his or her methodology explicitbull Is there a summary of the essential features of other work as
it relates to this study
11032010 31Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Methodologybull What precautions were taken against likely sources of biasbull What are the limitations in the methodology Is the candidate aware of thembull Is the methodology for data collection appropriatebull Are the techniques used for analysis appropriatebull In the circumstances has the best methodology been
chosenbull Has the candidate given an adequate justification to the
presentation of results
11032010 32Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Have the hypotheses in fact been testedbull Do the solutions obtained relate to the questions posedbull Is the level and form of analysis appropriate for the databull Could the presentation of the results been made clearerbull Are patterns and trends in the results accurately identified and summarizedbull Does the software appear to work satisfactorilybull Discussion and Conclusions
11032010 33Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Is the candidate aware of possible limits to confidencereliabilityvalidity of the work
bull Have the main points to emerge from the results been picked up for discussion
bull Are there links made to the literaturebull Is there evidence of attempts at theory
building or re-conceptualization of problems
bull Are there speculations Are they well grounded in the results
11032010 34Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 3
THESIS STRUCTURE
Sequence of Thesis Title page
Declaration
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Plates
List of Abbreviation
List of Symbols11032010 36Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sequence of Thesis (contrsquod) Abstrak
Abstract
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 3 Materials and Method
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion
Chapter 5 Conclusion
References
Bibliography
Appendices
11032010 37Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Structure
Title page
where you enter the full title and the sub-title if any of the research work the name of the author a statement about the degree programme under which the dissertation is submitted the date of submission
11032010 38Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstractwhich is usually a one page summary of the objectives of the research the methodology used and the main findings of the work
Contents listwhich lists the chapter and section headings with their corresponding page numbers
11032010 39Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Main text
- divided into chapters with appropriate chapter
headings to include
Chapter 1 - a chapter to introduce the research the motivation and the objectives and to provide an overview of the dissertation
Tips Writing the Main Text
11032010 40Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Chapter 2 A chapter reviewing the work that has done
in the area (literature review theoretical background)Chapter 3 A chapter to describe in detail the
methodology adopted or proposed
Chapter 4 A chapter presenting the main results and
discussion
Chapter 5 A concluding chapter that summarizes the main findings of the research statement about the main contributions of the research and recommendations for future work
11032010 41Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of tables diagrams and illustrationswhich list the figure and table numbers together with captions and their corresponding page numbers
Nomenclature listwhich provides a list of nomenclature and definitions of acronyms used in the thesis Make sure that the corresponding units if applicable are included It is good practice to have a different section for nomenclature involving Greek symbols as might be encountered in equations and one for acronyms
11032010 42Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips Write the Abstract and Introduction chapter last
Referenceslists the references that have been cited in the dissertation
Appendicescontain those parts of dissertation that are either well known or does not contribute directly to the main text but needs to be included for completeness Examples are sample calculations derivation of a published result which forms the basis for the work background information
11032010 43Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 4
Steps in
Drafting the Thesis
11032010 45
Step 1 Drafting
bull Tentative thesis statement (your position on the topic the answer to the question you are investigating)
bull Supportbull Conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Contents of Key Chapters
bull the Introduction
bull the Literature Review
bull the Conclusions and Recommendation
bull the Materials amp Methods
bull the Results and Discussion
11032010 46Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Step 2 How do I get finishedAnswer by not getting stuckbull Yoursquove written most of it but for the bits yoursquore avoiding you keep rewriting other bits doing more reading tinkering with the layout seeking neat quotations bull STOPQ Why are they difficult to writeA Because they are not relevantbull Donrsquot be afraid to change your plan if it proves too hardbull Be savage in cutting irrelevant bits
11032010 47Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reviewingbull Get other people to read your drafts
bull Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time)
bull Supervisor will steer you
bull Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed
bull Above all get the bugs out before the examiners see it
11032010 48Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
How do I get started
bull Do this today
bull Decide your title
bull Write your title page
bull Start a file
bull Plan your argument
11032010 22Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Plan your thesis
bull Convert this argument into a chapter outline
bull Start a file with a division for each chapter
bull Collect material in this file
bull Set out clearly what each chapter should say
11032010 23Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (1)
bull Title (and title page) - conveys a messagebull Abstract - for the librarianbull Contents Listing - shows the right things are therebull Acknowledgements - get your supervisor on your
sidebull Introduction - says ldquoI am going to look at the
following thingsrdquobull Review of Previous Work - show you know the
subjectbull Philosophy of Approach - no great detail
11032010 24Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (2)
bull Plan of Attack - a bit more specificbull Description of the workbull Critical analysis of the results - show you know its
limitationsbull Future Work - show you know whatrsquos missingbull Conclusions - repetition of the intro but with
reference to the detailbull References - Cover the field examiners will look
for key referencesbull Appendices - Nitty Gritty details that would
clutter your eloquent description
11032010 25Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 2
The Examinerrsquos View
The Examinerrsquos Viewbull Oh God not another thesis to readbull Your examiners are busy peoplebull Examining theses is a chore butbull ldquoIt might help me keep up to date with an
area of researchrdquobull ldquoIt might inspire merdquobull ldquoI might learn somethingrdquobull Note the reading will be done in trains
planes and departmental meetings11032010 27Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Examinerrsquos first question
bull Whatrsquos this one aboutbull Examiners have little time available so they want to
extract the most juice in the shortest time abstract (bibliography) conclusions contents listbull This may be enough to decide whether itrsquos worth a PhDbull Then1) What questions now spring to mind2) read through3) Were the questions answered
11032010 28Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull ldquoNow there must be some correctionshelliprdquo
bull Many examiners donrsquot feel theyrsquove done the job unless they find some corrections to do
bull Typical errors
bull Typographical grammatical
bull Poor presentation
bull Missing statements references
bull (Superfluous redundant statements)
11032010 29Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull Whole sections missing
ndash research questions
ndash critical review of literature
ndash research methodology
ndash presentation of results
ndash discussion and conclusions
11032010 30Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Review of literaturebull To what extent is the review relevant to the researchbull studybull Has the candidate slipped into ldquoHere is all I know about xrdquobull Is there evidence of critical appraisal of other work or i t he
review just descriptivebull How well has the candidate mastered the technical or
theoretical literaturebull Does the candidate make the links between the review and his or her methodology explicitbull Is there a summary of the essential features of other work as
it relates to this study
11032010 31Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Methodologybull What precautions were taken against likely sources of biasbull What are the limitations in the methodology Is the candidate aware of thembull Is the methodology for data collection appropriatebull Are the techniques used for analysis appropriatebull In the circumstances has the best methodology been
chosenbull Has the candidate given an adequate justification to the
presentation of results
11032010 32Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Have the hypotheses in fact been testedbull Do the solutions obtained relate to the questions posedbull Is the level and form of analysis appropriate for the databull Could the presentation of the results been made clearerbull Are patterns and trends in the results accurately identified and summarizedbull Does the software appear to work satisfactorilybull Discussion and Conclusions
11032010 33Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Is the candidate aware of possible limits to confidencereliabilityvalidity of the work
bull Have the main points to emerge from the results been picked up for discussion
bull Are there links made to the literaturebull Is there evidence of attempts at theory
building or re-conceptualization of problems
bull Are there speculations Are they well grounded in the results
11032010 34Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 3
THESIS STRUCTURE
Sequence of Thesis Title page
Declaration
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Plates
List of Abbreviation
List of Symbols11032010 36Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sequence of Thesis (contrsquod) Abstrak
Abstract
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 3 Materials and Method
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion
Chapter 5 Conclusion
References
Bibliography
Appendices
11032010 37Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Structure
Title page
where you enter the full title and the sub-title if any of the research work the name of the author a statement about the degree programme under which the dissertation is submitted the date of submission
11032010 38Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstractwhich is usually a one page summary of the objectives of the research the methodology used and the main findings of the work
Contents listwhich lists the chapter and section headings with their corresponding page numbers
11032010 39Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Main text
- divided into chapters with appropriate chapter
headings to include
Chapter 1 - a chapter to introduce the research the motivation and the objectives and to provide an overview of the dissertation
Tips Writing the Main Text
11032010 40Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Chapter 2 A chapter reviewing the work that has done
in the area (literature review theoretical background)Chapter 3 A chapter to describe in detail the
methodology adopted or proposed
Chapter 4 A chapter presenting the main results and
discussion
Chapter 5 A concluding chapter that summarizes the main findings of the research statement about the main contributions of the research and recommendations for future work
11032010 41Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of tables diagrams and illustrationswhich list the figure and table numbers together with captions and their corresponding page numbers
Nomenclature listwhich provides a list of nomenclature and definitions of acronyms used in the thesis Make sure that the corresponding units if applicable are included It is good practice to have a different section for nomenclature involving Greek symbols as might be encountered in equations and one for acronyms
11032010 42Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips Write the Abstract and Introduction chapter last
Referenceslists the references that have been cited in the dissertation
Appendicescontain those parts of dissertation that are either well known or does not contribute directly to the main text but needs to be included for completeness Examples are sample calculations derivation of a published result which forms the basis for the work background information
11032010 43Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 4
Steps in
Drafting the Thesis
11032010 45
Step 1 Drafting
bull Tentative thesis statement (your position on the topic the answer to the question you are investigating)
bull Supportbull Conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Contents of Key Chapters
bull the Introduction
bull the Literature Review
bull the Conclusions and Recommendation
bull the Materials amp Methods
bull the Results and Discussion
11032010 46Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Step 2 How do I get finishedAnswer by not getting stuckbull Yoursquove written most of it but for the bits yoursquore avoiding you keep rewriting other bits doing more reading tinkering with the layout seeking neat quotations bull STOPQ Why are they difficult to writeA Because they are not relevantbull Donrsquot be afraid to change your plan if it proves too hardbull Be savage in cutting irrelevant bits
11032010 47Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reviewingbull Get other people to read your drafts
bull Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time)
bull Supervisor will steer you
bull Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed
bull Above all get the bugs out before the examiners see it
11032010 48Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Plan your thesis
bull Convert this argument into a chapter outline
bull Start a file with a division for each chapter
bull Collect material in this file
bull Set out clearly what each chapter should say
11032010 23Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (1)
bull Title (and title page) - conveys a messagebull Abstract - for the librarianbull Contents Listing - shows the right things are therebull Acknowledgements - get your supervisor on your
sidebull Introduction - says ldquoI am going to look at the
following thingsrdquobull Review of Previous Work - show you know the
subjectbull Philosophy of Approach - no great detail
11032010 24Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (2)
bull Plan of Attack - a bit more specificbull Description of the workbull Critical analysis of the results - show you know its
limitationsbull Future Work - show you know whatrsquos missingbull Conclusions - repetition of the intro but with
reference to the detailbull References - Cover the field examiners will look
for key referencesbull Appendices - Nitty Gritty details that would
clutter your eloquent description
11032010 25Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 2
The Examinerrsquos View
The Examinerrsquos Viewbull Oh God not another thesis to readbull Your examiners are busy peoplebull Examining theses is a chore butbull ldquoIt might help me keep up to date with an
area of researchrdquobull ldquoIt might inspire merdquobull ldquoI might learn somethingrdquobull Note the reading will be done in trains
planes and departmental meetings11032010 27Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Examinerrsquos first question
bull Whatrsquos this one aboutbull Examiners have little time available so they want to
extract the most juice in the shortest time abstract (bibliography) conclusions contents listbull This may be enough to decide whether itrsquos worth a PhDbull Then1) What questions now spring to mind2) read through3) Were the questions answered
11032010 28Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull ldquoNow there must be some correctionshelliprdquo
bull Many examiners donrsquot feel theyrsquove done the job unless they find some corrections to do
bull Typical errors
bull Typographical grammatical
bull Poor presentation
bull Missing statements references
bull (Superfluous redundant statements)
11032010 29Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull Whole sections missing
ndash research questions
ndash critical review of literature
ndash research methodology
ndash presentation of results
ndash discussion and conclusions
11032010 30Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Review of literaturebull To what extent is the review relevant to the researchbull studybull Has the candidate slipped into ldquoHere is all I know about xrdquobull Is there evidence of critical appraisal of other work or i t he
review just descriptivebull How well has the candidate mastered the technical or
theoretical literaturebull Does the candidate make the links between the review and his or her methodology explicitbull Is there a summary of the essential features of other work as
it relates to this study
11032010 31Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Methodologybull What precautions were taken against likely sources of biasbull What are the limitations in the methodology Is the candidate aware of thembull Is the methodology for data collection appropriatebull Are the techniques used for analysis appropriatebull In the circumstances has the best methodology been
chosenbull Has the candidate given an adequate justification to the
presentation of results
11032010 32Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Have the hypotheses in fact been testedbull Do the solutions obtained relate to the questions posedbull Is the level and form of analysis appropriate for the databull Could the presentation of the results been made clearerbull Are patterns and trends in the results accurately identified and summarizedbull Does the software appear to work satisfactorilybull Discussion and Conclusions
11032010 33Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Is the candidate aware of possible limits to confidencereliabilityvalidity of the work
bull Have the main points to emerge from the results been picked up for discussion
bull Are there links made to the literaturebull Is there evidence of attempts at theory
building or re-conceptualization of problems
bull Are there speculations Are they well grounded in the results
11032010 34Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 3
THESIS STRUCTURE
Sequence of Thesis Title page
Declaration
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Plates
List of Abbreviation
List of Symbols11032010 36Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sequence of Thesis (contrsquod) Abstrak
Abstract
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 3 Materials and Method
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion
Chapter 5 Conclusion
References
Bibliography
Appendices
11032010 37Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Structure
Title page
where you enter the full title and the sub-title if any of the research work the name of the author a statement about the degree programme under which the dissertation is submitted the date of submission
11032010 38Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstractwhich is usually a one page summary of the objectives of the research the methodology used and the main findings of the work
Contents listwhich lists the chapter and section headings with their corresponding page numbers
11032010 39Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Main text
- divided into chapters with appropriate chapter
headings to include
Chapter 1 - a chapter to introduce the research the motivation and the objectives and to provide an overview of the dissertation
Tips Writing the Main Text
11032010 40Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Chapter 2 A chapter reviewing the work that has done
in the area (literature review theoretical background)Chapter 3 A chapter to describe in detail the
methodology adopted or proposed
Chapter 4 A chapter presenting the main results and
discussion
Chapter 5 A concluding chapter that summarizes the main findings of the research statement about the main contributions of the research and recommendations for future work
11032010 41Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of tables diagrams and illustrationswhich list the figure and table numbers together with captions and their corresponding page numbers
Nomenclature listwhich provides a list of nomenclature and definitions of acronyms used in the thesis Make sure that the corresponding units if applicable are included It is good practice to have a different section for nomenclature involving Greek symbols as might be encountered in equations and one for acronyms
11032010 42Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips Write the Abstract and Introduction chapter last
Referenceslists the references that have been cited in the dissertation
Appendicescontain those parts of dissertation that are either well known or does not contribute directly to the main text but needs to be included for completeness Examples are sample calculations derivation of a published result which forms the basis for the work background information
11032010 43Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 4
Steps in
Drafting the Thesis
11032010 45
Step 1 Drafting
bull Tentative thesis statement (your position on the topic the answer to the question you are investigating)
bull Supportbull Conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Contents of Key Chapters
bull the Introduction
bull the Literature Review
bull the Conclusions and Recommendation
bull the Materials amp Methods
bull the Results and Discussion
11032010 46Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Step 2 How do I get finishedAnswer by not getting stuckbull Yoursquove written most of it but for the bits yoursquore avoiding you keep rewriting other bits doing more reading tinkering with the layout seeking neat quotations bull STOPQ Why are they difficult to writeA Because they are not relevantbull Donrsquot be afraid to change your plan if it proves too hardbull Be savage in cutting irrelevant bits
11032010 47Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reviewingbull Get other people to read your drafts
bull Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time)
bull Supervisor will steer you
bull Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed
bull Above all get the bugs out before the examiners see it
11032010 48Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (1)
bull Title (and title page) - conveys a messagebull Abstract - for the librarianbull Contents Listing - shows the right things are therebull Acknowledgements - get your supervisor on your
sidebull Introduction - says ldquoI am going to look at the
following thingsrdquobull Review of Previous Work - show you know the
subjectbull Philosophy of Approach - no great detail
11032010 24Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (2)
bull Plan of Attack - a bit more specificbull Description of the workbull Critical analysis of the results - show you know its
limitationsbull Future Work - show you know whatrsquos missingbull Conclusions - repetition of the intro but with
reference to the detailbull References - Cover the field examiners will look
for key referencesbull Appendices - Nitty Gritty details that would
clutter your eloquent description
11032010 25Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 2
The Examinerrsquos View
The Examinerrsquos Viewbull Oh God not another thesis to readbull Your examiners are busy peoplebull Examining theses is a chore butbull ldquoIt might help me keep up to date with an
area of researchrdquobull ldquoIt might inspire merdquobull ldquoI might learn somethingrdquobull Note the reading will be done in trains
planes and departmental meetings11032010 27Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Examinerrsquos first question
bull Whatrsquos this one aboutbull Examiners have little time available so they want to
extract the most juice in the shortest time abstract (bibliography) conclusions contents listbull This may be enough to decide whether itrsquos worth a PhDbull Then1) What questions now spring to mind2) read through3) Were the questions answered
11032010 28Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull ldquoNow there must be some correctionshelliprdquo
bull Many examiners donrsquot feel theyrsquove done the job unless they find some corrections to do
bull Typical errors
bull Typographical grammatical
bull Poor presentation
bull Missing statements references
bull (Superfluous redundant statements)
11032010 29Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull Whole sections missing
ndash research questions
ndash critical review of literature
ndash research methodology
ndash presentation of results
ndash discussion and conclusions
11032010 30Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Review of literaturebull To what extent is the review relevant to the researchbull studybull Has the candidate slipped into ldquoHere is all I know about xrdquobull Is there evidence of critical appraisal of other work or i t he
review just descriptivebull How well has the candidate mastered the technical or
theoretical literaturebull Does the candidate make the links between the review and his or her methodology explicitbull Is there a summary of the essential features of other work as
it relates to this study
11032010 31Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Methodologybull What precautions were taken against likely sources of biasbull What are the limitations in the methodology Is the candidate aware of thembull Is the methodology for data collection appropriatebull Are the techniques used for analysis appropriatebull In the circumstances has the best methodology been
chosenbull Has the candidate given an adequate justification to the
presentation of results
11032010 32Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Have the hypotheses in fact been testedbull Do the solutions obtained relate to the questions posedbull Is the level and form of analysis appropriate for the databull Could the presentation of the results been made clearerbull Are patterns and trends in the results accurately identified and summarizedbull Does the software appear to work satisfactorilybull Discussion and Conclusions
11032010 33Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Is the candidate aware of possible limits to confidencereliabilityvalidity of the work
bull Have the main points to emerge from the results been picked up for discussion
bull Are there links made to the literaturebull Is there evidence of attempts at theory
building or re-conceptualization of problems
bull Are there speculations Are they well grounded in the results
11032010 34Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 3
THESIS STRUCTURE
Sequence of Thesis Title page
Declaration
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Plates
List of Abbreviation
List of Symbols11032010 36Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sequence of Thesis (contrsquod) Abstrak
Abstract
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 3 Materials and Method
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion
Chapter 5 Conclusion
References
Bibliography
Appendices
11032010 37Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Structure
Title page
where you enter the full title and the sub-title if any of the research work the name of the author a statement about the degree programme under which the dissertation is submitted the date of submission
11032010 38Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstractwhich is usually a one page summary of the objectives of the research the methodology used and the main findings of the work
Contents listwhich lists the chapter and section headings with their corresponding page numbers
11032010 39Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Main text
- divided into chapters with appropriate chapter
headings to include
Chapter 1 - a chapter to introduce the research the motivation and the objectives and to provide an overview of the dissertation
Tips Writing the Main Text
11032010 40Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Chapter 2 A chapter reviewing the work that has done
in the area (literature review theoretical background)Chapter 3 A chapter to describe in detail the
methodology adopted or proposed
Chapter 4 A chapter presenting the main results and
discussion
Chapter 5 A concluding chapter that summarizes the main findings of the research statement about the main contributions of the research and recommendations for future work
11032010 41Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of tables diagrams and illustrationswhich list the figure and table numbers together with captions and their corresponding page numbers
Nomenclature listwhich provides a list of nomenclature and definitions of acronyms used in the thesis Make sure that the corresponding units if applicable are included It is good practice to have a different section for nomenclature involving Greek symbols as might be encountered in equations and one for acronyms
11032010 42Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips Write the Abstract and Introduction chapter last
Referenceslists the references that have been cited in the dissertation
Appendicescontain those parts of dissertation that are either well known or does not contribute directly to the main text but needs to be included for completeness Examples are sample calculations derivation of a published result which forms the basis for the work background information
11032010 43Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 4
Steps in
Drafting the Thesis
11032010 45
Step 1 Drafting
bull Tentative thesis statement (your position on the topic the answer to the question you are investigating)
bull Supportbull Conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Contents of Key Chapters
bull the Introduction
bull the Literature Review
bull the Conclusions and Recommendation
bull the Materials amp Methods
bull the Results and Discussion
11032010 46Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Step 2 How do I get finishedAnswer by not getting stuckbull Yoursquove written most of it but for the bits yoursquore avoiding you keep rewriting other bits doing more reading tinkering with the layout seeking neat quotations bull STOPQ Why are they difficult to writeA Because they are not relevantbull Donrsquot be afraid to change your plan if it proves too hardbull Be savage in cutting irrelevant bits
11032010 47Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reviewingbull Get other people to read your drafts
bull Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time)
bull Supervisor will steer you
bull Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed
bull Above all get the bugs out before the examiners see it
11032010 48Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
What the thesis should contain (2)
bull Plan of Attack - a bit more specificbull Description of the workbull Critical analysis of the results - show you know its
limitationsbull Future Work - show you know whatrsquos missingbull Conclusions - repetition of the intro but with
reference to the detailbull References - Cover the field examiners will look
for key referencesbull Appendices - Nitty Gritty details that would
clutter your eloquent description
11032010 25Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 2
The Examinerrsquos View
The Examinerrsquos Viewbull Oh God not another thesis to readbull Your examiners are busy peoplebull Examining theses is a chore butbull ldquoIt might help me keep up to date with an
area of researchrdquobull ldquoIt might inspire merdquobull ldquoI might learn somethingrdquobull Note the reading will be done in trains
planes and departmental meetings11032010 27Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Examinerrsquos first question
bull Whatrsquos this one aboutbull Examiners have little time available so they want to
extract the most juice in the shortest time abstract (bibliography) conclusions contents listbull This may be enough to decide whether itrsquos worth a PhDbull Then1) What questions now spring to mind2) read through3) Were the questions answered
11032010 28Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull ldquoNow there must be some correctionshelliprdquo
bull Many examiners donrsquot feel theyrsquove done the job unless they find some corrections to do
bull Typical errors
bull Typographical grammatical
bull Poor presentation
bull Missing statements references
bull (Superfluous redundant statements)
11032010 29Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull Whole sections missing
ndash research questions
ndash critical review of literature
ndash research methodology
ndash presentation of results
ndash discussion and conclusions
11032010 30Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Review of literaturebull To what extent is the review relevant to the researchbull studybull Has the candidate slipped into ldquoHere is all I know about xrdquobull Is there evidence of critical appraisal of other work or i t he
review just descriptivebull How well has the candidate mastered the technical or
theoretical literaturebull Does the candidate make the links between the review and his or her methodology explicitbull Is there a summary of the essential features of other work as
it relates to this study
11032010 31Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Methodologybull What precautions were taken against likely sources of biasbull What are the limitations in the methodology Is the candidate aware of thembull Is the methodology for data collection appropriatebull Are the techniques used for analysis appropriatebull In the circumstances has the best methodology been
chosenbull Has the candidate given an adequate justification to the
presentation of results
11032010 32Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Have the hypotheses in fact been testedbull Do the solutions obtained relate to the questions posedbull Is the level and form of analysis appropriate for the databull Could the presentation of the results been made clearerbull Are patterns and trends in the results accurately identified and summarizedbull Does the software appear to work satisfactorilybull Discussion and Conclusions
11032010 33Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Is the candidate aware of possible limits to confidencereliabilityvalidity of the work
bull Have the main points to emerge from the results been picked up for discussion
bull Are there links made to the literaturebull Is there evidence of attempts at theory
building or re-conceptualization of problems
bull Are there speculations Are they well grounded in the results
11032010 34Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 3
THESIS STRUCTURE
Sequence of Thesis Title page
Declaration
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Plates
List of Abbreviation
List of Symbols11032010 36Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sequence of Thesis (contrsquod) Abstrak
Abstract
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 3 Materials and Method
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion
Chapter 5 Conclusion
References
Bibliography
Appendices
11032010 37Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Structure
Title page
where you enter the full title and the sub-title if any of the research work the name of the author a statement about the degree programme under which the dissertation is submitted the date of submission
11032010 38Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstractwhich is usually a one page summary of the objectives of the research the methodology used and the main findings of the work
Contents listwhich lists the chapter and section headings with their corresponding page numbers
11032010 39Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Main text
- divided into chapters with appropriate chapter
headings to include
Chapter 1 - a chapter to introduce the research the motivation and the objectives and to provide an overview of the dissertation
Tips Writing the Main Text
11032010 40Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Chapter 2 A chapter reviewing the work that has done
in the area (literature review theoretical background)Chapter 3 A chapter to describe in detail the
methodology adopted or proposed
Chapter 4 A chapter presenting the main results and
discussion
Chapter 5 A concluding chapter that summarizes the main findings of the research statement about the main contributions of the research and recommendations for future work
11032010 41Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of tables diagrams and illustrationswhich list the figure and table numbers together with captions and their corresponding page numbers
Nomenclature listwhich provides a list of nomenclature and definitions of acronyms used in the thesis Make sure that the corresponding units if applicable are included It is good practice to have a different section for nomenclature involving Greek symbols as might be encountered in equations and one for acronyms
11032010 42Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips Write the Abstract and Introduction chapter last
Referenceslists the references that have been cited in the dissertation
Appendicescontain those parts of dissertation that are either well known or does not contribute directly to the main text but needs to be included for completeness Examples are sample calculations derivation of a published result which forms the basis for the work background information
11032010 43Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 4
Steps in
Drafting the Thesis
11032010 45
Step 1 Drafting
bull Tentative thesis statement (your position on the topic the answer to the question you are investigating)
bull Supportbull Conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Contents of Key Chapters
bull the Introduction
bull the Literature Review
bull the Conclusions and Recommendation
bull the Materials amp Methods
bull the Results and Discussion
11032010 46Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Step 2 How do I get finishedAnswer by not getting stuckbull Yoursquove written most of it but for the bits yoursquore avoiding you keep rewriting other bits doing more reading tinkering with the layout seeking neat quotations bull STOPQ Why are they difficult to writeA Because they are not relevantbull Donrsquot be afraid to change your plan if it proves too hardbull Be savage in cutting irrelevant bits
11032010 47Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reviewingbull Get other people to read your drafts
bull Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time)
bull Supervisor will steer you
bull Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed
bull Above all get the bugs out before the examiners see it
11032010 48Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Part 2
The Examinerrsquos View
The Examinerrsquos Viewbull Oh God not another thesis to readbull Your examiners are busy peoplebull Examining theses is a chore butbull ldquoIt might help me keep up to date with an
area of researchrdquobull ldquoIt might inspire merdquobull ldquoI might learn somethingrdquobull Note the reading will be done in trains
planes and departmental meetings11032010 27Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Examinerrsquos first question
bull Whatrsquos this one aboutbull Examiners have little time available so they want to
extract the most juice in the shortest time abstract (bibliography) conclusions contents listbull This may be enough to decide whether itrsquos worth a PhDbull Then1) What questions now spring to mind2) read through3) Were the questions answered
11032010 28Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull ldquoNow there must be some correctionshelliprdquo
bull Many examiners donrsquot feel theyrsquove done the job unless they find some corrections to do
bull Typical errors
bull Typographical grammatical
bull Poor presentation
bull Missing statements references
bull (Superfluous redundant statements)
11032010 29Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull Whole sections missing
ndash research questions
ndash critical review of literature
ndash research methodology
ndash presentation of results
ndash discussion and conclusions
11032010 30Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Review of literaturebull To what extent is the review relevant to the researchbull studybull Has the candidate slipped into ldquoHere is all I know about xrdquobull Is there evidence of critical appraisal of other work or i t he
review just descriptivebull How well has the candidate mastered the technical or
theoretical literaturebull Does the candidate make the links between the review and his or her methodology explicitbull Is there a summary of the essential features of other work as
it relates to this study
11032010 31Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Methodologybull What precautions were taken against likely sources of biasbull What are the limitations in the methodology Is the candidate aware of thembull Is the methodology for data collection appropriatebull Are the techniques used for analysis appropriatebull In the circumstances has the best methodology been
chosenbull Has the candidate given an adequate justification to the
presentation of results
11032010 32Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Have the hypotheses in fact been testedbull Do the solutions obtained relate to the questions posedbull Is the level and form of analysis appropriate for the databull Could the presentation of the results been made clearerbull Are patterns and trends in the results accurately identified and summarizedbull Does the software appear to work satisfactorilybull Discussion and Conclusions
11032010 33Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Is the candidate aware of possible limits to confidencereliabilityvalidity of the work
bull Have the main points to emerge from the results been picked up for discussion
bull Are there links made to the literaturebull Is there evidence of attempts at theory
building or re-conceptualization of problems
bull Are there speculations Are they well grounded in the results
11032010 34Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 3
THESIS STRUCTURE
Sequence of Thesis Title page
Declaration
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Plates
List of Abbreviation
List of Symbols11032010 36Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sequence of Thesis (contrsquod) Abstrak
Abstract
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 3 Materials and Method
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion
Chapter 5 Conclusion
References
Bibliography
Appendices
11032010 37Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Structure
Title page
where you enter the full title and the sub-title if any of the research work the name of the author a statement about the degree programme under which the dissertation is submitted the date of submission
11032010 38Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstractwhich is usually a one page summary of the objectives of the research the methodology used and the main findings of the work
Contents listwhich lists the chapter and section headings with their corresponding page numbers
11032010 39Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Main text
- divided into chapters with appropriate chapter
headings to include
Chapter 1 - a chapter to introduce the research the motivation and the objectives and to provide an overview of the dissertation
Tips Writing the Main Text
11032010 40Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Chapter 2 A chapter reviewing the work that has done
in the area (literature review theoretical background)Chapter 3 A chapter to describe in detail the
methodology adopted or proposed
Chapter 4 A chapter presenting the main results and
discussion
Chapter 5 A concluding chapter that summarizes the main findings of the research statement about the main contributions of the research and recommendations for future work
11032010 41Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of tables diagrams and illustrationswhich list the figure and table numbers together with captions and their corresponding page numbers
Nomenclature listwhich provides a list of nomenclature and definitions of acronyms used in the thesis Make sure that the corresponding units if applicable are included It is good practice to have a different section for nomenclature involving Greek symbols as might be encountered in equations and one for acronyms
11032010 42Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips Write the Abstract and Introduction chapter last
Referenceslists the references that have been cited in the dissertation
Appendicescontain those parts of dissertation that are either well known or does not contribute directly to the main text but needs to be included for completeness Examples are sample calculations derivation of a published result which forms the basis for the work background information
11032010 43Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 4
Steps in
Drafting the Thesis
11032010 45
Step 1 Drafting
bull Tentative thesis statement (your position on the topic the answer to the question you are investigating)
bull Supportbull Conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Contents of Key Chapters
bull the Introduction
bull the Literature Review
bull the Conclusions and Recommendation
bull the Materials amp Methods
bull the Results and Discussion
11032010 46Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Step 2 How do I get finishedAnswer by not getting stuckbull Yoursquove written most of it but for the bits yoursquore avoiding you keep rewriting other bits doing more reading tinkering with the layout seeking neat quotations bull STOPQ Why are they difficult to writeA Because they are not relevantbull Donrsquot be afraid to change your plan if it proves too hardbull Be savage in cutting irrelevant bits
11032010 47Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reviewingbull Get other people to read your drafts
bull Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time)
bull Supervisor will steer you
bull Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed
bull Above all get the bugs out before the examiners see it
11032010 48Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
The Examinerrsquos Viewbull Oh God not another thesis to readbull Your examiners are busy peoplebull Examining theses is a chore butbull ldquoIt might help me keep up to date with an
area of researchrdquobull ldquoIt might inspire merdquobull ldquoI might learn somethingrdquobull Note the reading will be done in trains
planes and departmental meetings11032010 27Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Examinerrsquos first question
bull Whatrsquos this one aboutbull Examiners have little time available so they want to
extract the most juice in the shortest time abstract (bibliography) conclusions contents listbull This may be enough to decide whether itrsquos worth a PhDbull Then1) What questions now spring to mind2) read through3) Were the questions answered
11032010 28Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull ldquoNow there must be some correctionshelliprdquo
bull Many examiners donrsquot feel theyrsquove done the job unless they find some corrections to do
bull Typical errors
bull Typographical grammatical
bull Poor presentation
bull Missing statements references
bull (Superfluous redundant statements)
11032010 29Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull Whole sections missing
ndash research questions
ndash critical review of literature
ndash research methodology
ndash presentation of results
ndash discussion and conclusions
11032010 30Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Review of literaturebull To what extent is the review relevant to the researchbull studybull Has the candidate slipped into ldquoHere is all I know about xrdquobull Is there evidence of critical appraisal of other work or i t he
review just descriptivebull How well has the candidate mastered the technical or
theoretical literaturebull Does the candidate make the links between the review and his or her methodology explicitbull Is there a summary of the essential features of other work as
it relates to this study
11032010 31Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Methodologybull What precautions were taken against likely sources of biasbull What are the limitations in the methodology Is the candidate aware of thembull Is the methodology for data collection appropriatebull Are the techniques used for analysis appropriatebull In the circumstances has the best methodology been
chosenbull Has the candidate given an adequate justification to the
presentation of results
11032010 32Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Have the hypotheses in fact been testedbull Do the solutions obtained relate to the questions posedbull Is the level and form of analysis appropriate for the databull Could the presentation of the results been made clearerbull Are patterns and trends in the results accurately identified and summarizedbull Does the software appear to work satisfactorilybull Discussion and Conclusions
11032010 33Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Is the candidate aware of possible limits to confidencereliabilityvalidity of the work
bull Have the main points to emerge from the results been picked up for discussion
bull Are there links made to the literaturebull Is there evidence of attempts at theory
building or re-conceptualization of problems
bull Are there speculations Are they well grounded in the results
11032010 34Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 3
THESIS STRUCTURE
Sequence of Thesis Title page
Declaration
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Plates
List of Abbreviation
List of Symbols11032010 36Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sequence of Thesis (contrsquod) Abstrak
Abstract
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 3 Materials and Method
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion
Chapter 5 Conclusion
References
Bibliography
Appendices
11032010 37Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Structure
Title page
where you enter the full title and the sub-title if any of the research work the name of the author a statement about the degree programme under which the dissertation is submitted the date of submission
11032010 38Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstractwhich is usually a one page summary of the objectives of the research the methodology used and the main findings of the work
Contents listwhich lists the chapter and section headings with their corresponding page numbers
11032010 39Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Main text
- divided into chapters with appropriate chapter
headings to include
Chapter 1 - a chapter to introduce the research the motivation and the objectives and to provide an overview of the dissertation
Tips Writing the Main Text
11032010 40Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Chapter 2 A chapter reviewing the work that has done
in the area (literature review theoretical background)Chapter 3 A chapter to describe in detail the
methodology adopted or proposed
Chapter 4 A chapter presenting the main results and
discussion
Chapter 5 A concluding chapter that summarizes the main findings of the research statement about the main contributions of the research and recommendations for future work
11032010 41Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of tables diagrams and illustrationswhich list the figure and table numbers together with captions and their corresponding page numbers
Nomenclature listwhich provides a list of nomenclature and definitions of acronyms used in the thesis Make sure that the corresponding units if applicable are included It is good practice to have a different section for nomenclature involving Greek symbols as might be encountered in equations and one for acronyms
11032010 42Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips Write the Abstract and Introduction chapter last
Referenceslists the references that have been cited in the dissertation
Appendicescontain those parts of dissertation that are either well known or does not contribute directly to the main text but needs to be included for completeness Examples are sample calculations derivation of a published result which forms the basis for the work background information
11032010 43Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 4
Steps in
Drafting the Thesis
11032010 45
Step 1 Drafting
bull Tentative thesis statement (your position on the topic the answer to the question you are investigating)
bull Supportbull Conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Contents of Key Chapters
bull the Introduction
bull the Literature Review
bull the Conclusions and Recommendation
bull the Materials amp Methods
bull the Results and Discussion
11032010 46Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Step 2 How do I get finishedAnswer by not getting stuckbull Yoursquove written most of it but for the bits yoursquore avoiding you keep rewriting other bits doing more reading tinkering with the layout seeking neat quotations bull STOPQ Why are they difficult to writeA Because they are not relevantbull Donrsquot be afraid to change your plan if it proves too hardbull Be savage in cutting irrelevant bits
11032010 47Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reviewingbull Get other people to read your drafts
bull Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time)
bull Supervisor will steer you
bull Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed
bull Above all get the bugs out before the examiners see it
11032010 48Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Examinerrsquos first question
bull Whatrsquos this one aboutbull Examiners have little time available so they want to
extract the most juice in the shortest time abstract (bibliography) conclusions contents listbull This may be enough to decide whether itrsquos worth a PhDbull Then1) What questions now spring to mind2) read through3) Were the questions answered
11032010 28Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull ldquoNow there must be some correctionshelliprdquo
bull Many examiners donrsquot feel theyrsquove done the job unless they find some corrections to do
bull Typical errors
bull Typographical grammatical
bull Poor presentation
bull Missing statements references
bull (Superfluous redundant statements)
11032010 29Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull Whole sections missing
ndash research questions
ndash critical review of literature
ndash research methodology
ndash presentation of results
ndash discussion and conclusions
11032010 30Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Review of literaturebull To what extent is the review relevant to the researchbull studybull Has the candidate slipped into ldquoHere is all I know about xrdquobull Is there evidence of critical appraisal of other work or i t he
review just descriptivebull How well has the candidate mastered the technical or
theoretical literaturebull Does the candidate make the links between the review and his or her methodology explicitbull Is there a summary of the essential features of other work as
it relates to this study
11032010 31Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Methodologybull What precautions were taken against likely sources of biasbull What are the limitations in the methodology Is the candidate aware of thembull Is the methodology for data collection appropriatebull Are the techniques used for analysis appropriatebull In the circumstances has the best methodology been
chosenbull Has the candidate given an adequate justification to the
presentation of results
11032010 32Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Have the hypotheses in fact been testedbull Do the solutions obtained relate to the questions posedbull Is the level and form of analysis appropriate for the databull Could the presentation of the results been made clearerbull Are patterns and trends in the results accurately identified and summarizedbull Does the software appear to work satisfactorilybull Discussion and Conclusions
11032010 33Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Is the candidate aware of possible limits to confidencereliabilityvalidity of the work
bull Have the main points to emerge from the results been picked up for discussion
bull Are there links made to the literaturebull Is there evidence of attempts at theory
building or re-conceptualization of problems
bull Are there speculations Are they well grounded in the results
11032010 34Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 3
THESIS STRUCTURE
Sequence of Thesis Title page
Declaration
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Plates
List of Abbreviation
List of Symbols11032010 36Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sequence of Thesis (contrsquod) Abstrak
Abstract
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 3 Materials and Method
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion
Chapter 5 Conclusion
References
Bibliography
Appendices
11032010 37Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Structure
Title page
where you enter the full title and the sub-title if any of the research work the name of the author a statement about the degree programme under which the dissertation is submitted the date of submission
11032010 38Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstractwhich is usually a one page summary of the objectives of the research the methodology used and the main findings of the work
Contents listwhich lists the chapter and section headings with their corresponding page numbers
11032010 39Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Main text
- divided into chapters with appropriate chapter
headings to include
Chapter 1 - a chapter to introduce the research the motivation and the objectives and to provide an overview of the dissertation
Tips Writing the Main Text
11032010 40Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Chapter 2 A chapter reviewing the work that has done
in the area (literature review theoretical background)Chapter 3 A chapter to describe in detail the
methodology adopted or proposed
Chapter 4 A chapter presenting the main results and
discussion
Chapter 5 A concluding chapter that summarizes the main findings of the research statement about the main contributions of the research and recommendations for future work
11032010 41Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of tables diagrams and illustrationswhich list the figure and table numbers together with captions and their corresponding page numbers
Nomenclature listwhich provides a list of nomenclature and definitions of acronyms used in the thesis Make sure that the corresponding units if applicable are included It is good practice to have a different section for nomenclature involving Greek symbols as might be encountered in equations and one for acronyms
11032010 42Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips Write the Abstract and Introduction chapter last
Referenceslists the references that have been cited in the dissertation
Appendicescontain those parts of dissertation that are either well known or does not contribute directly to the main text but needs to be included for completeness Examples are sample calculations derivation of a published result which forms the basis for the work background information
11032010 43Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 4
Steps in
Drafting the Thesis
11032010 45
Step 1 Drafting
bull Tentative thesis statement (your position on the topic the answer to the question you are investigating)
bull Supportbull Conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Contents of Key Chapters
bull the Introduction
bull the Literature Review
bull the Conclusions and Recommendation
bull the Materials amp Methods
bull the Results and Discussion
11032010 46Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Step 2 How do I get finishedAnswer by not getting stuckbull Yoursquove written most of it but for the bits yoursquore avoiding you keep rewriting other bits doing more reading tinkering with the layout seeking neat quotations bull STOPQ Why are they difficult to writeA Because they are not relevantbull Donrsquot be afraid to change your plan if it proves too hardbull Be savage in cutting irrelevant bits
11032010 47Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reviewingbull Get other people to read your drafts
bull Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time)
bull Supervisor will steer you
bull Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed
bull Above all get the bugs out before the examiners see it
11032010 48Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Correctionsbull ldquoNow there must be some correctionshelliprdquo
bull Many examiners donrsquot feel theyrsquove done the job unless they find some corrections to do
bull Typical errors
bull Typographical grammatical
bull Poor presentation
bull Missing statements references
bull (Superfluous redundant statements)
11032010 29Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Correctionsbull Whole sections missing
ndash research questions
ndash critical review of literature
ndash research methodology
ndash presentation of results
ndash discussion and conclusions
11032010 30Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Review of literaturebull To what extent is the review relevant to the researchbull studybull Has the candidate slipped into ldquoHere is all I know about xrdquobull Is there evidence of critical appraisal of other work or i t he
review just descriptivebull How well has the candidate mastered the technical or
theoretical literaturebull Does the candidate make the links between the review and his or her methodology explicitbull Is there a summary of the essential features of other work as
it relates to this study
11032010 31Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Methodologybull What precautions were taken against likely sources of biasbull What are the limitations in the methodology Is the candidate aware of thembull Is the methodology for data collection appropriatebull Are the techniques used for analysis appropriatebull In the circumstances has the best methodology been
chosenbull Has the candidate given an adequate justification to the
presentation of results
11032010 32Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Have the hypotheses in fact been testedbull Do the solutions obtained relate to the questions posedbull Is the level and form of analysis appropriate for the databull Could the presentation of the results been made clearerbull Are patterns and trends in the results accurately identified and summarizedbull Does the software appear to work satisfactorilybull Discussion and Conclusions
11032010 33Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Is the candidate aware of possible limits to confidencereliabilityvalidity of the work
bull Have the main points to emerge from the results been picked up for discussion
bull Are there links made to the literaturebull Is there evidence of attempts at theory
building or re-conceptualization of problems
bull Are there speculations Are they well grounded in the results
11032010 34Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 3
THESIS STRUCTURE
Sequence of Thesis Title page
Declaration
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Plates
List of Abbreviation
List of Symbols11032010 36Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sequence of Thesis (contrsquod) Abstrak
Abstract
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 3 Materials and Method
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion
Chapter 5 Conclusion
References
Bibliography
Appendices
11032010 37Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Structure
Title page
where you enter the full title and the sub-title if any of the research work the name of the author a statement about the degree programme under which the dissertation is submitted the date of submission
11032010 38Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstractwhich is usually a one page summary of the objectives of the research the methodology used and the main findings of the work
Contents listwhich lists the chapter and section headings with their corresponding page numbers
11032010 39Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Main text
- divided into chapters with appropriate chapter
headings to include
Chapter 1 - a chapter to introduce the research the motivation and the objectives and to provide an overview of the dissertation
Tips Writing the Main Text
11032010 40Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Chapter 2 A chapter reviewing the work that has done
in the area (literature review theoretical background)Chapter 3 A chapter to describe in detail the
methodology adopted or proposed
Chapter 4 A chapter presenting the main results and
discussion
Chapter 5 A concluding chapter that summarizes the main findings of the research statement about the main contributions of the research and recommendations for future work
11032010 41Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of tables diagrams and illustrationswhich list the figure and table numbers together with captions and their corresponding page numbers
Nomenclature listwhich provides a list of nomenclature and definitions of acronyms used in the thesis Make sure that the corresponding units if applicable are included It is good practice to have a different section for nomenclature involving Greek symbols as might be encountered in equations and one for acronyms
11032010 42Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips Write the Abstract and Introduction chapter last
Referenceslists the references that have been cited in the dissertation
Appendicescontain those parts of dissertation that are either well known or does not contribute directly to the main text but needs to be included for completeness Examples are sample calculations derivation of a published result which forms the basis for the work background information
11032010 43Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 4
Steps in
Drafting the Thesis
11032010 45
Step 1 Drafting
bull Tentative thesis statement (your position on the topic the answer to the question you are investigating)
bull Supportbull Conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Contents of Key Chapters
bull the Introduction
bull the Literature Review
bull the Conclusions and Recommendation
bull the Materials amp Methods
bull the Results and Discussion
11032010 46Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Step 2 How do I get finishedAnswer by not getting stuckbull Yoursquove written most of it but for the bits yoursquore avoiding you keep rewriting other bits doing more reading tinkering with the layout seeking neat quotations bull STOPQ Why are they difficult to writeA Because they are not relevantbull Donrsquot be afraid to change your plan if it proves too hardbull Be savage in cutting irrelevant bits
11032010 47Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reviewingbull Get other people to read your drafts
bull Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time)
bull Supervisor will steer you
bull Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed
bull Above all get the bugs out before the examiners see it
11032010 48Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Correctionsbull Whole sections missing
ndash research questions
ndash critical review of literature
ndash research methodology
ndash presentation of results
ndash discussion and conclusions
11032010 30Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Review of literaturebull To what extent is the review relevant to the researchbull studybull Has the candidate slipped into ldquoHere is all I know about xrdquobull Is there evidence of critical appraisal of other work or i t he
review just descriptivebull How well has the candidate mastered the technical or
theoretical literaturebull Does the candidate make the links between the review and his or her methodology explicitbull Is there a summary of the essential features of other work as
it relates to this study
11032010 31Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Methodologybull What precautions were taken against likely sources of biasbull What are the limitations in the methodology Is the candidate aware of thembull Is the methodology for data collection appropriatebull Are the techniques used for analysis appropriatebull In the circumstances has the best methodology been
chosenbull Has the candidate given an adequate justification to the
presentation of results
11032010 32Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Have the hypotheses in fact been testedbull Do the solutions obtained relate to the questions posedbull Is the level and form of analysis appropriate for the databull Could the presentation of the results been made clearerbull Are patterns and trends in the results accurately identified and summarizedbull Does the software appear to work satisfactorilybull Discussion and Conclusions
11032010 33Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Is the candidate aware of possible limits to confidencereliabilityvalidity of the work
bull Have the main points to emerge from the results been picked up for discussion
bull Are there links made to the literaturebull Is there evidence of attempts at theory
building or re-conceptualization of problems
bull Are there speculations Are they well grounded in the results
11032010 34Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 3
THESIS STRUCTURE
Sequence of Thesis Title page
Declaration
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Plates
List of Abbreviation
List of Symbols11032010 36Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sequence of Thesis (contrsquod) Abstrak
Abstract
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 3 Materials and Method
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion
Chapter 5 Conclusion
References
Bibliography
Appendices
11032010 37Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Structure
Title page
where you enter the full title and the sub-title if any of the research work the name of the author a statement about the degree programme under which the dissertation is submitted the date of submission
11032010 38Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstractwhich is usually a one page summary of the objectives of the research the methodology used and the main findings of the work
Contents listwhich lists the chapter and section headings with their corresponding page numbers
11032010 39Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Main text
- divided into chapters with appropriate chapter
headings to include
Chapter 1 - a chapter to introduce the research the motivation and the objectives and to provide an overview of the dissertation
Tips Writing the Main Text
11032010 40Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Chapter 2 A chapter reviewing the work that has done
in the area (literature review theoretical background)Chapter 3 A chapter to describe in detail the
methodology adopted or proposed
Chapter 4 A chapter presenting the main results and
discussion
Chapter 5 A concluding chapter that summarizes the main findings of the research statement about the main contributions of the research and recommendations for future work
11032010 41Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of tables diagrams and illustrationswhich list the figure and table numbers together with captions and their corresponding page numbers
Nomenclature listwhich provides a list of nomenclature and definitions of acronyms used in the thesis Make sure that the corresponding units if applicable are included It is good practice to have a different section for nomenclature involving Greek symbols as might be encountered in equations and one for acronyms
11032010 42Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips Write the Abstract and Introduction chapter last
Referenceslists the references that have been cited in the dissertation
Appendicescontain those parts of dissertation that are either well known or does not contribute directly to the main text but needs to be included for completeness Examples are sample calculations derivation of a published result which forms the basis for the work background information
11032010 43Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 4
Steps in
Drafting the Thesis
11032010 45
Step 1 Drafting
bull Tentative thesis statement (your position on the topic the answer to the question you are investigating)
bull Supportbull Conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Contents of Key Chapters
bull the Introduction
bull the Literature Review
bull the Conclusions and Recommendation
bull the Materials amp Methods
bull the Results and Discussion
11032010 46Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Step 2 How do I get finishedAnswer by not getting stuckbull Yoursquove written most of it but for the bits yoursquore avoiding you keep rewriting other bits doing more reading tinkering with the layout seeking neat quotations bull STOPQ Why are they difficult to writeA Because they are not relevantbull Donrsquot be afraid to change your plan if it proves too hardbull Be savage in cutting irrelevant bits
11032010 47Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reviewingbull Get other people to read your drafts
bull Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time)
bull Supervisor will steer you
bull Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed
bull Above all get the bugs out before the examiners see it
11032010 48Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Review of literaturebull To what extent is the review relevant to the researchbull studybull Has the candidate slipped into ldquoHere is all I know about xrdquobull Is there evidence of critical appraisal of other work or i t he
review just descriptivebull How well has the candidate mastered the technical or
theoretical literaturebull Does the candidate make the links between the review and his or her methodology explicitbull Is there a summary of the essential features of other work as
it relates to this study
11032010 31Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Methodologybull What precautions were taken against likely sources of biasbull What are the limitations in the methodology Is the candidate aware of thembull Is the methodology for data collection appropriatebull Are the techniques used for analysis appropriatebull In the circumstances has the best methodology been
chosenbull Has the candidate given an adequate justification to the
presentation of results
11032010 32Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Have the hypotheses in fact been testedbull Do the solutions obtained relate to the questions posedbull Is the level and form of analysis appropriate for the databull Could the presentation of the results been made clearerbull Are patterns and trends in the results accurately identified and summarizedbull Does the software appear to work satisfactorilybull Discussion and Conclusions
11032010 33Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Is the candidate aware of possible limits to confidencereliabilityvalidity of the work
bull Have the main points to emerge from the results been picked up for discussion
bull Are there links made to the literaturebull Is there evidence of attempts at theory
building or re-conceptualization of problems
bull Are there speculations Are they well grounded in the results
11032010 34Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 3
THESIS STRUCTURE
Sequence of Thesis Title page
Declaration
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Plates
List of Abbreviation
List of Symbols11032010 36Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sequence of Thesis (contrsquod) Abstrak
Abstract
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 3 Materials and Method
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion
Chapter 5 Conclusion
References
Bibliography
Appendices
11032010 37Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Structure
Title page
where you enter the full title and the sub-title if any of the research work the name of the author a statement about the degree programme under which the dissertation is submitted the date of submission
11032010 38Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstractwhich is usually a one page summary of the objectives of the research the methodology used and the main findings of the work
Contents listwhich lists the chapter and section headings with their corresponding page numbers
11032010 39Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Main text
- divided into chapters with appropriate chapter
headings to include
Chapter 1 - a chapter to introduce the research the motivation and the objectives and to provide an overview of the dissertation
Tips Writing the Main Text
11032010 40Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Chapter 2 A chapter reviewing the work that has done
in the area (literature review theoretical background)Chapter 3 A chapter to describe in detail the
methodology adopted or proposed
Chapter 4 A chapter presenting the main results and
discussion
Chapter 5 A concluding chapter that summarizes the main findings of the research statement about the main contributions of the research and recommendations for future work
11032010 41Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of tables diagrams and illustrationswhich list the figure and table numbers together with captions and their corresponding page numbers
Nomenclature listwhich provides a list of nomenclature and definitions of acronyms used in the thesis Make sure that the corresponding units if applicable are included It is good practice to have a different section for nomenclature involving Greek symbols as might be encountered in equations and one for acronyms
11032010 42Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips Write the Abstract and Introduction chapter last
Referenceslists the references that have been cited in the dissertation
Appendicescontain those parts of dissertation that are either well known or does not contribute directly to the main text but needs to be included for completeness Examples are sample calculations derivation of a published result which forms the basis for the work background information
11032010 43Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 4
Steps in
Drafting the Thesis
11032010 45
Step 1 Drafting
bull Tentative thesis statement (your position on the topic the answer to the question you are investigating)
bull Supportbull Conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Contents of Key Chapters
bull the Introduction
bull the Literature Review
bull the Conclusions and Recommendation
bull the Materials amp Methods
bull the Results and Discussion
11032010 46Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Step 2 How do I get finishedAnswer by not getting stuckbull Yoursquove written most of it but for the bits yoursquore avoiding you keep rewriting other bits doing more reading tinkering with the layout seeking neat quotations bull STOPQ Why are they difficult to writeA Because they are not relevantbull Donrsquot be afraid to change your plan if it proves too hardbull Be savage in cutting irrelevant bits
11032010 47Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reviewingbull Get other people to read your drafts
bull Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time)
bull Supervisor will steer you
bull Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed
bull Above all get the bugs out before the examiners see it
11032010 48Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
Methodologybull What precautions were taken against likely sources of biasbull What are the limitations in the methodology Is the candidate aware of thembull Is the methodology for data collection appropriatebull Are the techniques used for analysis appropriatebull In the circumstances has the best methodology been
chosenbull Has the candidate given an adequate justification to the
presentation of results
11032010 32Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Have the hypotheses in fact been testedbull Do the solutions obtained relate to the questions posedbull Is the level and form of analysis appropriate for the databull Could the presentation of the results been made clearerbull Are patterns and trends in the results accurately identified and summarizedbull Does the software appear to work satisfactorilybull Discussion and Conclusions
11032010 33Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Is the candidate aware of possible limits to confidencereliabilityvalidity of the work
bull Have the main points to emerge from the results been picked up for discussion
bull Are there links made to the literaturebull Is there evidence of attempts at theory
building or re-conceptualization of problems
bull Are there speculations Are they well grounded in the results
11032010 34Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 3
THESIS STRUCTURE
Sequence of Thesis Title page
Declaration
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Plates
List of Abbreviation
List of Symbols11032010 36Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sequence of Thesis (contrsquod) Abstrak
Abstract
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 3 Materials and Method
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion
Chapter 5 Conclusion
References
Bibliography
Appendices
11032010 37Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Structure
Title page
where you enter the full title and the sub-title if any of the research work the name of the author a statement about the degree programme under which the dissertation is submitted the date of submission
11032010 38Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstractwhich is usually a one page summary of the objectives of the research the methodology used and the main findings of the work
Contents listwhich lists the chapter and section headings with their corresponding page numbers
11032010 39Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Main text
- divided into chapters with appropriate chapter
headings to include
Chapter 1 - a chapter to introduce the research the motivation and the objectives and to provide an overview of the dissertation
Tips Writing the Main Text
11032010 40Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Chapter 2 A chapter reviewing the work that has done
in the area (literature review theoretical background)Chapter 3 A chapter to describe in detail the
methodology adopted or proposed
Chapter 4 A chapter presenting the main results and
discussion
Chapter 5 A concluding chapter that summarizes the main findings of the research statement about the main contributions of the research and recommendations for future work
11032010 41Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of tables diagrams and illustrationswhich list the figure and table numbers together with captions and their corresponding page numbers
Nomenclature listwhich provides a list of nomenclature and definitions of acronyms used in the thesis Make sure that the corresponding units if applicable are included It is good practice to have a different section for nomenclature involving Greek symbols as might be encountered in equations and one for acronyms
11032010 42Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips Write the Abstract and Introduction chapter last
Referenceslists the references that have been cited in the dissertation
Appendicescontain those parts of dissertation that are either well known or does not contribute directly to the main text but needs to be included for completeness Examples are sample calculations derivation of a published result which forms the basis for the work background information
11032010 43Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 4
Steps in
Drafting the Thesis
11032010 45
Step 1 Drafting
bull Tentative thesis statement (your position on the topic the answer to the question you are investigating)
bull Supportbull Conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Contents of Key Chapters
bull the Introduction
bull the Literature Review
bull the Conclusions and Recommendation
bull the Materials amp Methods
bull the Results and Discussion
11032010 46Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Step 2 How do I get finishedAnswer by not getting stuckbull Yoursquove written most of it but for the bits yoursquore avoiding you keep rewriting other bits doing more reading tinkering with the layout seeking neat quotations bull STOPQ Why are they difficult to writeA Because they are not relevantbull Donrsquot be afraid to change your plan if it proves too hardbull Be savage in cutting irrelevant bits
11032010 47Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reviewingbull Get other people to read your drafts
bull Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time)
bull Supervisor will steer you
bull Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed
bull Above all get the bugs out before the examiners see it
11032010 48Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Have the hypotheses in fact been testedbull Do the solutions obtained relate to the questions posedbull Is the level and form of analysis appropriate for the databull Could the presentation of the results been made clearerbull Are patterns and trends in the results accurately identified and summarizedbull Does the software appear to work satisfactorilybull Discussion and Conclusions
11032010 33Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Is the candidate aware of possible limits to confidencereliabilityvalidity of the work
bull Have the main points to emerge from the results been picked up for discussion
bull Are there links made to the literaturebull Is there evidence of attempts at theory
building or re-conceptualization of problems
bull Are there speculations Are they well grounded in the results
11032010 34Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 3
THESIS STRUCTURE
Sequence of Thesis Title page
Declaration
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Plates
List of Abbreviation
List of Symbols11032010 36Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sequence of Thesis (contrsquod) Abstrak
Abstract
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 3 Materials and Method
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion
Chapter 5 Conclusion
References
Bibliography
Appendices
11032010 37Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Structure
Title page
where you enter the full title and the sub-title if any of the research work the name of the author a statement about the degree programme under which the dissertation is submitted the date of submission
11032010 38Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstractwhich is usually a one page summary of the objectives of the research the methodology used and the main findings of the work
Contents listwhich lists the chapter and section headings with their corresponding page numbers
11032010 39Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Main text
- divided into chapters with appropriate chapter
headings to include
Chapter 1 - a chapter to introduce the research the motivation and the objectives and to provide an overview of the dissertation
Tips Writing the Main Text
11032010 40Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Chapter 2 A chapter reviewing the work that has done
in the area (literature review theoretical background)Chapter 3 A chapter to describe in detail the
methodology adopted or proposed
Chapter 4 A chapter presenting the main results and
discussion
Chapter 5 A concluding chapter that summarizes the main findings of the research statement about the main contributions of the research and recommendations for future work
11032010 41Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of tables diagrams and illustrationswhich list the figure and table numbers together with captions and their corresponding page numbers
Nomenclature listwhich provides a list of nomenclature and definitions of acronyms used in the thesis Make sure that the corresponding units if applicable are included It is good practice to have a different section for nomenclature involving Greek symbols as might be encountered in equations and one for acronyms
11032010 42Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips Write the Abstract and Introduction chapter last
Referenceslists the references that have been cited in the dissertation
Appendicescontain those parts of dissertation that are either well known or does not contribute directly to the main text but needs to be included for completeness Examples are sample calculations derivation of a published result which forms the basis for the work background information
11032010 43Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 4
Steps in
Drafting the Thesis
11032010 45
Step 1 Drafting
bull Tentative thesis statement (your position on the topic the answer to the question you are investigating)
bull Supportbull Conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Contents of Key Chapters
bull the Introduction
bull the Literature Review
bull the Conclusions and Recommendation
bull the Materials amp Methods
bull the Results and Discussion
11032010 46Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Step 2 How do I get finishedAnswer by not getting stuckbull Yoursquove written most of it but for the bits yoursquore avoiding you keep rewriting other bits doing more reading tinkering with the layout seeking neat quotations bull STOPQ Why are they difficult to writeA Because they are not relevantbull Donrsquot be afraid to change your plan if it proves too hardbull Be savage in cutting irrelevant bits
11032010 47Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reviewingbull Get other people to read your drafts
bull Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time)
bull Supervisor will steer you
bull Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed
bull Above all get the bugs out before the examiners see it
11032010 48Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
What the examiners are looking for
bull Is the candidate aware of possible limits to confidencereliabilityvalidity of the work
bull Have the main points to emerge from the results been picked up for discussion
bull Are there links made to the literaturebull Is there evidence of attempts at theory
building or re-conceptualization of problems
bull Are there speculations Are they well grounded in the results
11032010 34Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 3
THESIS STRUCTURE
Sequence of Thesis Title page
Declaration
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Plates
List of Abbreviation
List of Symbols11032010 36Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sequence of Thesis (contrsquod) Abstrak
Abstract
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 3 Materials and Method
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion
Chapter 5 Conclusion
References
Bibliography
Appendices
11032010 37Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Structure
Title page
where you enter the full title and the sub-title if any of the research work the name of the author a statement about the degree programme under which the dissertation is submitted the date of submission
11032010 38Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstractwhich is usually a one page summary of the objectives of the research the methodology used and the main findings of the work
Contents listwhich lists the chapter and section headings with their corresponding page numbers
11032010 39Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Main text
- divided into chapters with appropriate chapter
headings to include
Chapter 1 - a chapter to introduce the research the motivation and the objectives and to provide an overview of the dissertation
Tips Writing the Main Text
11032010 40Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Chapter 2 A chapter reviewing the work that has done
in the area (literature review theoretical background)Chapter 3 A chapter to describe in detail the
methodology adopted or proposed
Chapter 4 A chapter presenting the main results and
discussion
Chapter 5 A concluding chapter that summarizes the main findings of the research statement about the main contributions of the research and recommendations for future work
11032010 41Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of tables diagrams and illustrationswhich list the figure and table numbers together with captions and their corresponding page numbers
Nomenclature listwhich provides a list of nomenclature and definitions of acronyms used in the thesis Make sure that the corresponding units if applicable are included It is good practice to have a different section for nomenclature involving Greek symbols as might be encountered in equations and one for acronyms
11032010 42Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips Write the Abstract and Introduction chapter last
Referenceslists the references that have been cited in the dissertation
Appendicescontain those parts of dissertation that are either well known or does not contribute directly to the main text but needs to be included for completeness Examples are sample calculations derivation of a published result which forms the basis for the work background information
11032010 43Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 4
Steps in
Drafting the Thesis
11032010 45
Step 1 Drafting
bull Tentative thesis statement (your position on the topic the answer to the question you are investigating)
bull Supportbull Conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Contents of Key Chapters
bull the Introduction
bull the Literature Review
bull the Conclusions and Recommendation
bull the Materials amp Methods
bull the Results and Discussion
11032010 46Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Step 2 How do I get finishedAnswer by not getting stuckbull Yoursquove written most of it but for the bits yoursquore avoiding you keep rewriting other bits doing more reading tinkering with the layout seeking neat quotations bull STOPQ Why are they difficult to writeA Because they are not relevantbull Donrsquot be afraid to change your plan if it proves too hardbull Be savage in cutting irrelevant bits
11032010 47Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reviewingbull Get other people to read your drafts
bull Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time)
bull Supervisor will steer you
bull Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed
bull Above all get the bugs out before the examiners see it
11032010 48Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Part 3
THESIS STRUCTURE
Sequence of Thesis Title page
Declaration
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Plates
List of Abbreviation
List of Symbols11032010 36Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sequence of Thesis (contrsquod) Abstrak
Abstract
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 3 Materials and Method
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion
Chapter 5 Conclusion
References
Bibliography
Appendices
11032010 37Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Structure
Title page
where you enter the full title and the sub-title if any of the research work the name of the author a statement about the degree programme under which the dissertation is submitted the date of submission
11032010 38Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstractwhich is usually a one page summary of the objectives of the research the methodology used and the main findings of the work
Contents listwhich lists the chapter and section headings with their corresponding page numbers
11032010 39Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Main text
- divided into chapters with appropriate chapter
headings to include
Chapter 1 - a chapter to introduce the research the motivation and the objectives and to provide an overview of the dissertation
Tips Writing the Main Text
11032010 40Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Chapter 2 A chapter reviewing the work that has done
in the area (literature review theoretical background)Chapter 3 A chapter to describe in detail the
methodology adopted or proposed
Chapter 4 A chapter presenting the main results and
discussion
Chapter 5 A concluding chapter that summarizes the main findings of the research statement about the main contributions of the research and recommendations for future work
11032010 41Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of tables diagrams and illustrationswhich list the figure and table numbers together with captions and their corresponding page numbers
Nomenclature listwhich provides a list of nomenclature and definitions of acronyms used in the thesis Make sure that the corresponding units if applicable are included It is good practice to have a different section for nomenclature involving Greek symbols as might be encountered in equations and one for acronyms
11032010 42Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips Write the Abstract and Introduction chapter last
Referenceslists the references that have been cited in the dissertation
Appendicescontain those parts of dissertation that are either well known or does not contribute directly to the main text but needs to be included for completeness Examples are sample calculations derivation of a published result which forms the basis for the work background information
11032010 43Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 4
Steps in
Drafting the Thesis
11032010 45
Step 1 Drafting
bull Tentative thesis statement (your position on the topic the answer to the question you are investigating)
bull Supportbull Conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Contents of Key Chapters
bull the Introduction
bull the Literature Review
bull the Conclusions and Recommendation
bull the Materials amp Methods
bull the Results and Discussion
11032010 46Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Step 2 How do I get finishedAnswer by not getting stuckbull Yoursquove written most of it but for the bits yoursquore avoiding you keep rewriting other bits doing more reading tinkering with the layout seeking neat quotations bull STOPQ Why are they difficult to writeA Because they are not relevantbull Donrsquot be afraid to change your plan if it proves too hardbull Be savage in cutting irrelevant bits
11032010 47Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reviewingbull Get other people to read your drafts
bull Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time)
bull Supervisor will steer you
bull Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed
bull Above all get the bugs out before the examiners see it
11032010 48Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Sequence of Thesis Title page
Declaration
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Plates
List of Abbreviation
List of Symbols11032010 36Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sequence of Thesis (contrsquod) Abstrak
Abstract
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 3 Materials and Method
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion
Chapter 5 Conclusion
References
Bibliography
Appendices
11032010 37Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Structure
Title page
where you enter the full title and the sub-title if any of the research work the name of the author a statement about the degree programme under which the dissertation is submitted the date of submission
11032010 38Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstractwhich is usually a one page summary of the objectives of the research the methodology used and the main findings of the work
Contents listwhich lists the chapter and section headings with their corresponding page numbers
11032010 39Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Main text
- divided into chapters with appropriate chapter
headings to include
Chapter 1 - a chapter to introduce the research the motivation and the objectives and to provide an overview of the dissertation
Tips Writing the Main Text
11032010 40Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Chapter 2 A chapter reviewing the work that has done
in the area (literature review theoretical background)Chapter 3 A chapter to describe in detail the
methodology adopted or proposed
Chapter 4 A chapter presenting the main results and
discussion
Chapter 5 A concluding chapter that summarizes the main findings of the research statement about the main contributions of the research and recommendations for future work
11032010 41Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of tables diagrams and illustrationswhich list the figure and table numbers together with captions and their corresponding page numbers
Nomenclature listwhich provides a list of nomenclature and definitions of acronyms used in the thesis Make sure that the corresponding units if applicable are included It is good practice to have a different section for nomenclature involving Greek symbols as might be encountered in equations and one for acronyms
11032010 42Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips Write the Abstract and Introduction chapter last
Referenceslists the references that have been cited in the dissertation
Appendicescontain those parts of dissertation that are either well known or does not contribute directly to the main text but needs to be included for completeness Examples are sample calculations derivation of a published result which forms the basis for the work background information
11032010 43Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 4
Steps in
Drafting the Thesis
11032010 45
Step 1 Drafting
bull Tentative thesis statement (your position on the topic the answer to the question you are investigating)
bull Supportbull Conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Contents of Key Chapters
bull the Introduction
bull the Literature Review
bull the Conclusions and Recommendation
bull the Materials amp Methods
bull the Results and Discussion
11032010 46Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Step 2 How do I get finishedAnswer by not getting stuckbull Yoursquove written most of it but for the bits yoursquore avoiding you keep rewriting other bits doing more reading tinkering with the layout seeking neat quotations bull STOPQ Why are they difficult to writeA Because they are not relevantbull Donrsquot be afraid to change your plan if it proves too hardbull Be savage in cutting irrelevant bits
11032010 47Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reviewingbull Get other people to read your drafts
bull Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time)
bull Supervisor will steer you
bull Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed
bull Above all get the bugs out before the examiners see it
11032010 48Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Sequence of Thesis (contrsquod) Abstrak
Abstract
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 3 Materials and Method
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion
Chapter 5 Conclusion
References
Bibliography
Appendices
11032010 37Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thesis Structure
Title page
where you enter the full title and the sub-title if any of the research work the name of the author a statement about the degree programme under which the dissertation is submitted the date of submission
11032010 38Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstractwhich is usually a one page summary of the objectives of the research the methodology used and the main findings of the work
Contents listwhich lists the chapter and section headings with their corresponding page numbers
11032010 39Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Main text
- divided into chapters with appropriate chapter
headings to include
Chapter 1 - a chapter to introduce the research the motivation and the objectives and to provide an overview of the dissertation
Tips Writing the Main Text
11032010 40Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Chapter 2 A chapter reviewing the work that has done
in the area (literature review theoretical background)Chapter 3 A chapter to describe in detail the
methodology adopted or proposed
Chapter 4 A chapter presenting the main results and
discussion
Chapter 5 A concluding chapter that summarizes the main findings of the research statement about the main contributions of the research and recommendations for future work
11032010 41Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of tables diagrams and illustrationswhich list the figure and table numbers together with captions and their corresponding page numbers
Nomenclature listwhich provides a list of nomenclature and definitions of acronyms used in the thesis Make sure that the corresponding units if applicable are included It is good practice to have a different section for nomenclature involving Greek symbols as might be encountered in equations and one for acronyms
11032010 42Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips Write the Abstract and Introduction chapter last
Referenceslists the references that have been cited in the dissertation
Appendicescontain those parts of dissertation that are either well known or does not contribute directly to the main text but needs to be included for completeness Examples are sample calculations derivation of a published result which forms the basis for the work background information
11032010 43Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 4
Steps in
Drafting the Thesis
11032010 45
Step 1 Drafting
bull Tentative thesis statement (your position on the topic the answer to the question you are investigating)
bull Supportbull Conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Contents of Key Chapters
bull the Introduction
bull the Literature Review
bull the Conclusions and Recommendation
bull the Materials amp Methods
bull the Results and Discussion
11032010 46Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Step 2 How do I get finishedAnswer by not getting stuckbull Yoursquove written most of it but for the bits yoursquore avoiding you keep rewriting other bits doing more reading tinkering with the layout seeking neat quotations bull STOPQ Why are they difficult to writeA Because they are not relevantbull Donrsquot be afraid to change your plan if it proves too hardbull Be savage in cutting irrelevant bits
11032010 47Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reviewingbull Get other people to read your drafts
bull Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time)
bull Supervisor will steer you
bull Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed
bull Above all get the bugs out before the examiners see it
11032010 48Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Thesis Structure
Title page
where you enter the full title and the sub-title if any of the research work the name of the author a statement about the degree programme under which the dissertation is submitted the date of submission
11032010 38Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstractwhich is usually a one page summary of the objectives of the research the methodology used and the main findings of the work
Contents listwhich lists the chapter and section headings with their corresponding page numbers
11032010 39Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Main text
- divided into chapters with appropriate chapter
headings to include
Chapter 1 - a chapter to introduce the research the motivation and the objectives and to provide an overview of the dissertation
Tips Writing the Main Text
11032010 40Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Chapter 2 A chapter reviewing the work that has done
in the area (literature review theoretical background)Chapter 3 A chapter to describe in detail the
methodology adopted or proposed
Chapter 4 A chapter presenting the main results and
discussion
Chapter 5 A concluding chapter that summarizes the main findings of the research statement about the main contributions of the research and recommendations for future work
11032010 41Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of tables diagrams and illustrationswhich list the figure and table numbers together with captions and their corresponding page numbers
Nomenclature listwhich provides a list of nomenclature and definitions of acronyms used in the thesis Make sure that the corresponding units if applicable are included It is good practice to have a different section for nomenclature involving Greek symbols as might be encountered in equations and one for acronyms
11032010 42Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips Write the Abstract and Introduction chapter last
Referenceslists the references that have been cited in the dissertation
Appendicescontain those parts of dissertation that are either well known or does not contribute directly to the main text but needs to be included for completeness Examples are sample calculations derivation of a published result which forms the basis for the work background information
11032010 43Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 4
Steps in
Drafting the Thesis
11032010 45
Step 1 Drafting
bull Tentative thesis statement (your position on the topic the answer to the question you are investigating)
bull Supportbull Conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Contents of Key Chapters
bull the Introduction
bull the Literature Review
bull the Conclusions and Recommendation
bull the Materials amp Methods
bull the Results and Discussion
11032010 46Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Step 2 How do I get finishedAnswer by not getting stuckbull Yoursquove written most of it but for the bits yoursquore avoiding you keep rewriting other bits doing more reading tinkering with the layout seeking neat quotations bull STOPQ Why are they difficult to writeA Because they are not relevantbull Donrsquot be afraid to change your plan if it proves too hardbull Be savage in cutting irrelevant bits
11032010 47Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reviewingbull Get other people to read your drafts
bull Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time)
bull Supervisor will steer you
bull Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed
bull Above all get the bugs out before the examiners see it
11032010 48Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Abstractwhich is usually a one page summary of the objectives of the research the methodology used and the main findings of the work
Contents listwhich lists the chapter and section headings with their corresponding page numbers
11032010 39Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Main text
- divided into chapters with appropriate chapter
headings to include
Chapter 1 - a chapter to introduce the research the motivation and the objectives and to provide an overview of the dissertation
Tips Writing the Main Text
11032010 40Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Chapter 2 A chapter reviewing the work that has done
in the area (literature review theoretical background)Chapter 3 A chapter to describe in detail the
methodology adopted or proposed
Chapter 4 A chapter presenting the main results and
discussion
Chapter 5 A concluding chapter that summarizes the main findings of the research statement about the main contributions of the research and recommendations for future work
11032010 41Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of tables diagrams and illustrationswhich list the figure and table numbers together with captions and their corresponding page numbers
Nomenclature listwhich provides a list of nomenclature and definitions of acronyms used in the thesis Make sure that the corresponding units if applicable are included It is good practice to have a different section for nomenclature involving Greek symbols as might be encountered in equations and one for acronyms
11032010 42Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips Write the Abstract and Introduction chapter last
Referenceslists the references that have been cited in the dissertation
Appendicescontain those parts of dissertation that are either well known or does not contribute directly to the main text but needs to be included for completeness Examples are sample calculations derivation of a published result which forms the basis for the work background information
11032010 43Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 4
Steps in
Drafting the Thesis
11032010 45
Step 1 Drafting
bull Tentative thesis statement (your position on the topic the answer to the question you are investigating)
bull Supportbull Conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Contents of Key Chapters
bull the Introduction
bull the Literature Review
bull the Conclusions and Recommendation
bull the Materials amp Methods
bull the Results and Discussion
11032010 46Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Step 2 How do I get finishedAnswer by not getting stuckbull Yoursquove written most of it but for the bits yoursquore avoiding you keep rewriting other bits doing more reading tinkering with the layout seeking neat quotations bull STOPQ Why are they difficult to writeA Because they are not relevantbull Donrsquot be afraid to change your plan if it proves too hardbull Be savage in cutting irrelevant bits
11032010 47Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reviewingbull Get other people to read your drafts
bull Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time)
bull Supervisor will steer you
bull Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed
bull Above all get the bugs out before the examiners see it
11032010 48Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Main text
- divided into chapters with appropriate chapter
headings to include
Chapter 1 - a chapter to introduce the research the motivation and the objectives and to provide an overview of the dissertation
Tips Writing the Main Text
11032010 40Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Chapter 2 A chapter reviewing the work that has done
in the area (literature review theoretical background)Chapter 3 A chapter to describe in detail the
methodology adopted or proposed
Chapter 4 A chapter presenting the main results and
discussion
Chapter 5 A concluding chapter that summarizes the main findings of the research statement about the main contributions of the research and recommendations for future work
11032010 41Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of tables diagrams and illustrationswhich list the figure and table numbers together with captions and their corresponding page numbers
Nomenclature listwhich provides a list of nomenclature and definitions of acronyms used in the thesis Make sure that the corresponding units if applicable are included It is good practice to have a different section for nomenclature involving Greek symbols as might be encountered in equations and one for acronyms
11032010 42Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips Write the Abstract and Introduction chapter last
Referenceslists the references that have been cited in the dissertation
Appendicescontain those parts of dissertation that are either well known or does not contribute directly to the main text but needs to be included for completeness Examples are sample calculations derivation of a published result which forms the basis for the work background information
11032010 43Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 4
Steps in
Drafting the Thesis
11032010 45
Step 1 Drafting
bull Tentative thesis statement (your position on the topic the answer to the question you are investigating)
bull Supportbull Conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Contents of Key Chapters
bull the Introduction
bull the Literature Review
bull the Conclusions and Recommendation
bull the Materials amp Methods
bull the Results and Discussion
11032010 46Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Step 2 How do I get finishedAnswer by not getting stuckbull Yoursquove written most of it but for the bits yoursquore avoiding you keep rewriting other bits doing more reading tinkering with the layout seeking neat quotations bull STOPQ Why are they difficult to writeA Because they are not relevantbull Donrsquot be afraid to change your plan if it proves too hardbull Be savage in cutting irrelevant bits
11032010 47Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reviewingbull Get other people to read your drafts
bull Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time)
bull Supervisor will steer you
bull Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed
bull Above all get the bugs out before the examiners see it
11032010 48Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Chapter 2 A chapter reviewing the work that has done
in the area (literature review theoretical background)Chapter 3 A chapter to describe in detail the
methodology adopted or proposed
Chapter 4 A chapter presenting the main results and
discussion
Chapter 5 A concluding chapter that summarizes the main findings of the research statement about the main contributions of the research and recommendations for future work
11032010 41Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of tables diagrams and illustrationswhich list the figure and table numbers together with captions and their corresponding page numbers
Nomenclature listwhich provides a list of nomenclature and definitions of acronyms used in the thesis Make sure that the corresponding units if applicable are included It is good practice to have a different section for nomenclature involving Greek symbols as might be encountered in equations and one for acronyms
11032010 42Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips Write the Abstract and Introduction chapter last
Referenceslists the references that have been cited in the dissertation
Appendicescontain those parts of dissertation that are either well known or does not contribute directly to the main text but needs to be included for completeness Examples are sample calculations derivation of a published result which forms the basis for the work background information
11032010 43Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 4
Steps in
Drafting the Thesis
11032010 45
Step 1 Drafting
bull Tentative thesis statement (your position on the topic the answer to the question you are investigating)
bull Supportbull Conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Contents of Key Chapters
bull the Introduction
bull the Literature Review
bull the Conclusions and Recommendation
bull the Materials amp Methods
bull the Results and Discussion
11032010 46Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Step 2 How do I get finishedAnswer by not getting stuckbull Yoursquove written most of it but for the bits yoursquore avoiding you keep rewriting other bits doing more reading tinkering with the layout seeking neat quotations bull STOPQ Why are they difficult to writeA Because they are not relevantbull Donrsquot be afraid to change your plan if it proves too hardbull Be savage in cutting irrelevant bits
11032010 47Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reviewingbull Get other people to read your drafts
bull Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time)
bull Supervisor will steer you
bull Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed
bull Above all get the bugs out before the examiners see it
11032010 48Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
List of tables diagrams and illustrationswhich list the figure and table numbers together with captions and their corresponding page numbers
Nomenclature listwhich provides a list of nomenclature and definitions of acronyms used in the thesis Make sure that the corresponding units if applicable are included It is good practice to have a different section for nomenclature involving Greek symbols as might be encountered in equations and one for acronyms
11032010 42Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Tips Write the Abstract and Introduction chapter last
Referenceslists the references that have been cited in the dissertation
Appendicescontain those parts of dissertation that are either well known or does not contribute directly to the main text but needs to be included for completeness Examples are sample calculations derivation of a published result which forms the basis for the work background information
11032010 43Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 4
Steps in
Drafting the Thesis
11032010 45
Step 1 Drafting
bull Tentative thesis statement (your position on the topic the answer to the question you are investigating)
bull Supportbull Conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Contents of Key Chapters
bull the Introduction
bull the Literature Review
bull the Conclusions and Recommendation
bull the Materials amp Methods
bull the Results and Discussion
11032010 46Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Step 2 How do I get finishedAnswer by not getting stuckbull Yoursquove written most of it but for the bits yoursquore avoiding you keep rewriting other bits doing more reading tinkering with the layout seeking neat quotations bull STOPQ Why are they difficult to writeA Because they are not relevantbull Donrsquot be afraid to change your plan if it proves too hardbull Be savage in cutting irrelevant bits
11032010 47Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reviewingbull Get other people to read your drafts
bull Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time)
bull Supervisor will steer you
bull Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed
bull Above all get the bugs out before the examiners see it
11032010 48Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Tips Write the Abstract and Introduction chapter last
Referenceslists the references that have been cited in the dissertation
Appendicescontain those parts of dissertation that are either well known or does not contribute directly to the main text but needs to be included for completeness Examples are sample calculations derivation of a published result which forms the basis for the work background information
11032010 43Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 4
Steps in
Drafting the Thesis
11032010 45
Step 1 Drafting
bull Tentative thesis statement (your position on the topic the answer to the question you are investigating)
bull Supportbull Conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Contents of Key Chapters
bull the Introduction
bull the Literature Review
bull the Conclusions and Recommendation
bull the Materials amp Methods
bull the Results and Discussion
11032010 46Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Step 2 How do I get finishedAnswer by not getting stuckbull Yoursquove written most of it but for the bits yoursquore avoiding you keep rewriting other bits doing more reading tinkering with the layout seeking neat quotations bull STOPQ Why are they difficult to writeA Because they are not relevantbull Donrsquot be afraid to change your plan if it proves too hardbull Be savage in cutting irrelevant bits
11032010 47Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reviewingbull Get other people to read your drafts
bull Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time)
bull Supervisor will steer you
bull Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed
bull Above all get the bugs out before the examiners see it
11032010 48Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Part 4
Steps in
Drafting the Thesis
11032010 45
Step 1 Drafting
bull Tentative thesis statement (your position on the topic the answer to the question you are investigating)
bull Supportbull Conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Contents of Key Chapters
bull the Introduction
bull the Literature Review
bull the Conclusions and Recommendation
bull the Materials amp Methods
bull the Results and Discussion
11032010 46Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Step 2 How do I get finishedAnswer by not getting stuckbull Yoursquove written most of it but for the bits yoursquore avoiding you keep rewriting other bits doing more reading tinkering with the layout seeking neat quotations bull STOPQ Why are they difficult to writeA Because they are not relevantbull Donrsquot be afraid to change your plan if it proves too hardbull Be savage in cutting irrelevant bits
11032010 47Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reviewingbull Get other people to read your drafts
bull Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time)
bull Supervisor will steer you
bull Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed
bull Above all get the bugs out before the examiners see it
11032010 48Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
11032010 45
Step 1 Drafting
bull Tentative thesis statement (your position on the topic the answer to the question you are investigating)
bull Supportbull Conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Contents of Key Chapters
bull the Introduction
bull the Literature Review
bull the Conclusions and Recommendation
bull the Materials amp Methods
bull the Results and Discussion
11032010 46Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Step 2 How do I get finishedAnswer by not getting stuckbull Yoursquove written most of it but for the bits yoursquore avoiding you keep rewriting other bits doing more reading tinkering with the layout seeking neat quotations bull STOPQ Why are they difficult to writeA Because they are not relevantbull Donrsquot be afraid to change your plan if it proves too hardbull Be savage in cutting irrelevant bits
11032010 47Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reviewingbull Get other people to read your drafts
bull Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time)
bull Supervisor will steer you
bull Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed
bull Above all get the bugs out before the examiners see it
11032010 48Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Contents of Key Chapters
bull the Introduction
bull the Literature Review
bull the Conclusions and Recommendation
bull the Materials amp Methods
bull the Results and Discussion
11032010 46Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Step 2 How do I get finishedAnswer by not getting stuckbull Yoursquove written most of it but for the bits yoursquore avoiding you keep rewriting other bits doing more reading tinkering with the layout seeking neat quotations bull STOPQ Why are they difficult to writeA Because they are not relevantbull Donrsquot be afraid to change your plan if it proves too hardbull Be savage in cutting irrelevant bits
11032010 47Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reviewingbull Get other people to read your drafts
bull Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time)
bull Supervisor will steer you
bull Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed
bull Above all get the bugs out before the examiners see it
11032010 48Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Step 2 How do I get finishedAnswer by not getting stuckbull Yoursquove written most of it but for the bits yoursquore avoiding you keep rewriting other bits doing more reading tinkering with the layout seeking neat quotations bull STOPQ Why are they difficult to writeA Because they are not relevantbull Donrsquot be afraid to change your plan if it proves too hardbull Be savage in cutting irrelevant bits
11032010 47Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reviewingbull Get other people to read your drafts
bull Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time)
bull Supervisor will steer you
bull Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed
bull Above all get the bugs out before the examiners see it
11032010 48Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Reviewingbull Get other people to read your drafts
bull Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time)
bull Supervisor will steer you
bull Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed
bull Above all get the bugs out before the examiners see it
11032010 48Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Summarybull Start writing today (never tomorrow)
bull bull Make up a title page for inspiration
bull bull Write down your argument succinctly
bull bull Turn the argument into a chapter plan
bull bull Maintain a file of stuff to put into these chapters
bull bull Donrsquot be afraid to change the plan
11032010 49Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Part 5
Guidelines and Tips
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (1)bull Layoutbull Presentation format Dictated by institutional guidelines- Sizes of page margins and line spacing- Formats of title page list of contents appendices list of references illustrations figures tables- numbering system of chapters and sections pages figure and table captions equations- font-styles for chapter and section headings other text figure and tablebull Captions equations quoted work citations- how references are cited- how tables figures and equations are citedbull Tipsbull Find out early enough about these regulations It saves timebull Places Library student office graduate school advisorbull Get hold of a thesis written by another student of your Department
11032010 51Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (2)bull Structurebull Organization of chapters or sections No fixed regulations
but certain rules- Title page (full title and subtitle name of author statement
about degree program date of submission)- Abstract (objectives of work methodologies used main
findings)bull Should be self-contained- Contents list (chapters and sections with page numbers)- List of tables diagrams and illustrations (figure and table
numbers with captions and page numbers)- Nomenclature list (nomenclature and acronyms used)- Acknowledgements (contributions of advisors colleagues
sponsors friends etc)
11032010 52Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (3)bull Structure
- Main text
bull Chapter 1 - introducing the research (motivation objectives methodology overview)
bull Chapter 2 - reviewing the work that has been done before
bull Chapter 3 - describing in detail the methodology adopted or proposed
bull Chapter 4 - presenting the main results of the work
bull Chapter 5 - Concluding chapter summarizing the main findings statements about the main contributions and recommendations for future work
11032010 53Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (4)bull References (list with refs cited in the thesis)bull Appendices (parts which would disturb the
flow of reading Well-known facts lengthy derivations sample calculations long tables background information)
bull Tips
- Spend enough time planning the structure
- Get copies of other (good) theses Talk to your
advisors
- Write abstract and introduction chapter last11032010 54Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (5)
bull Flow of contents
bull Writing a thesis is like writing a novel There must be some internal logic
bull Confusing sentences will make the reader give up very quickly
bull And the Examiner will react with low marks
11032010 55Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (6)Tipsbull Avoid repetitions (copying your own sentences several
times)bull Avoid copying other people sentences Develop your
own stylebull Maintain thread between adjoining chapters (bdquojoiningldquo
wordssentences)bull Define all variables in equations and in calculations Use
variables according to general practice Donlsquot use the same variables for different things
bull Describe test and computational conditions The reader usually is not familiar with your facilities
bull Leave out material that does not contribute directly to the discussion or development of an idea
11032010 56Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (7)bull Tips - Avoid long and complex sentences The matter may be complex enough ndash describe it in simple terms - Apply punctuations correctly - Do not repeat certain words too often and too close together Use a thesaurus - Introduce variety in expressions Avoid bombastic words Avoid rarely used vocabulary and do not generate your own words11032010 57Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (8)bull Writing in the ldquoactive voiceldquo improves
the reading pace and dynamics
(Active expressions are more assertive)
bull Illustrations and diagrams are very important Use them in the right place and such that they are readable in terms of graphic style and explanations of variables
11032010 58Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (9)bull The Abstractbull Provides the reader with a summary of the
contentsbull It should be brief but contain sufficient detail
Motivation of work objectivesbull methodologies employed main results and
conclusionsbull Abstract should be self-containedbull Tips - Write the Abstract last - Use ldquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 59Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (10)bull The Introduction- Discuss motivation for the work Define the
problems that you wish to attack- State briefly state-of-the-art of the research
issues and objectives of the work- Give indication how the work will progress
Provide overview of the thesis contentsbull Tips - Write the Introduction last - Do not repeat the sentences from the abstract - Use bdquopunchyldquo style to attract reader
11032010 60Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (11)bull The Literature Review (previous work)
- State why the problem of the thesis is important Describe what others have done Set benchmarks for your own project Justify the use of specific methodologies in your work
bull Tips
- Concentrate on most important publications Use primary
literature
- Keep it confined to topics really relevant to your own work
- Donlsquot try to show off by citing too many authors
- Make sure you do not miss the latest developments
- Science is international Check the international scenery
- Make sure you understood what you have cited
11032010 61Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Guidelines and tips (12)bull The Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work - Some people only read abstract introduction and conclusions So
make sure these three chapters are internally consistent and conclusive
- Contains Summary of main findings critical analysis of results what is really new where did you achieve progress directions for further research
bull Tips - Check if the project objectives have been achieved and if not explain why - Clearly distinguish your own from other peoplelsquos work - Present your conclusions and contributions concisely and factually - Write in a bdquopunchyldquo style but donlsquot claim things you did not achieve
11032010 62Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Part 6
Checkpoints To Consider
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (1)bull Introduction+ Does it arouse interest or curiosity+ Does it include a thesis statement+ Does it include all the important goals and
content statements+ What is the authorlsquos purpose in writing this
thesis+ Does it show the attitude of the writer to the
statement+ Does it give sufficient credit to previous work
11032010 64Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (2)bull Body+ Does each paragraph have one main idea which
clearly relates to the thesis statement+ Do the paragraphs come in logical order+ Does each paragraph contain enough specific
details which expand or clarify the main idea of the paragraph
+ Are transitions used between paragraphs to help the reader follow the
bull Train of thought from one paragraph to the other
11032010 65Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (3)bull Conclusions+ Are they clearly related to the thesis statement and the body+ Do they develop from the material or do they seem forced
and artificial+ Are the main points summarized briefly+ Be honest with the critical assessment of your own results
Donlsquot try tobull pretend things which you have not achieved+ Are the perspectives clear and concise+ Donlsquot forget to make clear and realistic suggestions for future
workbull Note Introduction and conclusions together should be self
sufficient
11032010 66Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (4)bull Generalities (1)+ Is the wording appropriate and accurate+ Is the language acceptable (spelling punctuation grammar)+ Are the points presented in a coherent logical order Donlsquot loose
the red file Concentrate on the essentials+ Do arguments flow smoothly amp logically from one to the next+ Are arguments supported by appropriate examples+ Remember Nobody should know more about the issue you are dealing with than yourself Consider this in your text by explaining things carefully and clearly but not too exhaustively+ Are references sufficient not too exhaustive and relevant+ Pay credit to the earliest findingsdevelopments (primary literature)
11032010 67Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Checkpoints to consider (5)bull Generalities (2)+ Is the referencing consistent and in
accordance with the author specifications
+ Are sources acknowledged Donlsquot just copy other authors sentences and figures without referencing
+ Are the pages numbered and are there indices
11032010 68Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Literaturesbull Murray Rowena (2002) How to Write a Thesis McGraw-
Hillbull Pauley Steven (1998) Technical Report Writing Today
Boston Houghton Mifflinbull Lannon John (1991) Technical Writing New York Harper
Collinsbull Michaelson Herbert B (1986) How to Write and Publish
Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia ISI Pressbull Sternberg David (1981) How to Complete and Survive a
Doctoral Dissertation New York St Martinlsquos Pressbull Kirkman John (1980) Good style for Scientific and
Engineering Writing London Pitmanbull Rathbone Robert (1978) Communicating Technical
Information MIT Press
11032010 69Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Part 7
FORMAT Check
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Format Check ndashWhat we look for
bull Marginsbull Font sizebull Line spacingbull Paginationbull Page number
placementbull Signature page
format
bull Title page formatbull Table of Contents
formatbull Heading format and
stylebull Table formatbull Details details
detailshellip
11032010 71Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Format (1)
All written text should be typed (double
spacing)
Text should be printed on front and correct
side of the watermark on quality bond paper
Paper size- A4 75 to 85 gsm paper
11032010 72Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Format (2)bull Font - Times New Roman size 12 - Arial size 11 bull Major Headings - Times New Roman size 14 boldbull Line Spacing Doublebull Paragraphs Space between paragraphs
no indentation
11032010 73Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Format (3)
bull Margin Specifications
Top Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Right Margin -1rdquo (25 cm)
Left Margin - 14rdquo (35 cm)
Bottom Margin- 1rdquo (25 cm)
11032010 74Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Format (4)bull Pagination
- Position of page numbers- Should appear on the bottom centre
bull Numbering system - Introductory pages should be numbered consecutively in lower case - Roman numerals i ii iii hellipbull The text proper should be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 hellip
11032010 75Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Language
bull Follow American English
bull Example
ndash Fulfillment
ndash Traveling
ndash Meter
Preferably use lsquoLATEXrsquo software for writing
bull All Greek words must be italic for example e g
etc ie et alContinuedhelliphellip11032010 76Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Length of Dissertation
bull For Undergraduate dissertations
Total pages around 70-100
11032010 77Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Part 8
COMMON ERRORS
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
bull A study of the common grammatical errors
I wish I remembered everything I learned in my English classes Life would be so much easier
11032010 79Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Common Errors
bull Sentence structure (fragments run-ons and comma splices)
bull Misspellings
bull Missing words
bull Missing endings on words
bull Punctuation
bull Parallel structure
11032010 80Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Check your Sentence Structure
bull Look for
bull Fragmentsmdashincomplete thoughts
bull Comma splicesmdashtwo sentences separated by only a comma
bull Run-onsmdashtwo sentences running into each other with no separation
11032010 81Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Review of Proof Reading Techniques
1 Use an essay evaluation checklist2 Know your writing weaknesses and look especially
carefully for them3 While running your finger along the text slowly
read aloud every word and listen to what you are reading
4 Use an electronic grammar and spell checker5 Listen to someone elsersquos reading of your essay6 Sharpen your proofreading skills by critically
examining on other peoplersquos writing as well as billboards newspapers signs and newsletters
11032010 82Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Part 9
SAMPLE pages
(Thesis Content)
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Title Page
bull This page should provide the following information
bull (single space CAPITAL) in the following orderbull Title of DissertationThesisbull Full name of Authorbull Purpose of submission of thesisbull FacultyInstituteSchoolbull Name of Universitybull Year in which thesis is submitted to the
university
11032010 84Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Title Page
Title Size 14 Times New Roman Bold Arial Centered
Title All Caps
No page number
Pay Attention to Spacing
Look at Sample Template
11032010 85Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
11032010 86
More Samples ndash Title page
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Declaration
bull The Declaration must be on the fresh page
bull Orientation ndash use Portraitbull It should be placed in the middle of
the pagebull It should be signed by the candidate
and witness by the Supervisor
11032010 87Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityDECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have conducted completed the research work and written the dissertation
entitled ldquoName of the Dissertationrdquo I also declare that it has not been previously submitted for the award of
any degree or diploma or other similar title of this for any other examining body or University
Name of Student Signature
Date
Witness by
Supervisor Signature
Date
11032010 88Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Declaration Statement of OriginalityPENGAKUAN
Dengan ini saya membuat pengakuan bahawa saya telah menjalankan kerja penyelidikan dan
menyiapkan penulisan disertasi ini yang bertajuk ldquoTajuk Disertasirdquo Saya juga mengaku bahawa ianya
belum pernah diserahkan untuk sebarang anugerah ijazah atau diploma atau tajuk yang sama
diserahkan untuk mana-mana badan pemeriksa atau Universiti
Nama Pelajar Tandatangan Tarikh Disaksikan oleh Penyelia Tandatangan Tarikh
11032010 89Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Declaration ndashSample Page (BI)
11032010 90Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Pengakuan ( Sample Page - BM)
11032010 91Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Acknowledgementsbull Expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
helping in completion of the said task with namebull Acknowledge any individual or organization that
has rendered any sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis
bull Must be written in complete sentencesbull Do not use direct address eg Thanks Mom and Dadbull Candidates should avoid lengthy and wordy acknowledgements
11032010 92Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Acknowledgements Penghargaan ( Samples Page)
11032010 93Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Table of Contents
bull The table of contents must begin on a fresh page with the word CONTENTS centered the page
bull It must contain the full list of contents found in the thesis
11032010 94Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Table of Contents
All major headings listedAll subheadings listed
Must be word-for-word the same as in text
Page numbers must be correct
Note spacing and leader dots
11032010 95Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 96Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
11032010 97
Table of Contents
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Table of Contents
11032010 98Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Kandungan
11032010 99Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
List of Tables
Every Tables must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as table caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 100Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
List of Figures
Every figure must be listed
Heading must be word-for-word the same as figure caption (up to first period)
Page numbers must be correct
11032010 101Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Abstract
bull Typically 350 words (graduate)
bull Summarizes thesis research and conclusions
bull Abstracts have a definite structure that mirrors that of the document Intro results conclusions
bull First sentence should introduce the most important concept
bull Last sentence should be the ldquotake homerdquo message
11032010 102Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Abstract
bull A readerrsquos first impressionbull A summary of an article or studybull Abstract Recipebull What is the aim of the studybull How have others addressed this problembull What are the research design methodology andbull instruments involvedbull Summary of resultsbull Principle conclusion(s)
11032010 103Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Body of Thesisbull CHAPTER 1 Introduction (5-10 pgs)bull CHAPTER 2 Literature Review (15-20 pgs)bull CHAPTER 3 Materials amp Methods (10-20
pgs)bull CHAPTER 4 Results amp Discussion (15-30
pgs)
bull CHAPTER 5 Conclusion ( 2-5 pgs)
First Page of Chapter I is numbered 1 and rest of thesis is numbered consecutively11032010 104Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Introduction1 Recommended start with a paragraph that outlines the
general theme of the subject and acts almost as a lsquothesis statementrsquo
2 Introduce your topic in a way that indicates its importance3 Indicate briefly the research that has been done on the topic4 Identify a gap problem controversy etc in the existing
research5 Explain how the present research will fill that gap solve that problemndash Usually done by an overview of the relevant literaturendash Be through but not exhaustive6 Describe specific hypotheses or objectives for the study and
the underlying reasons7 Many people often end with a statement of the objective(s)of
the study andor the hypotheses which will be investigated
11032010 105Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
1 INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
12 Problem Identification
13 Significant of Project
14 Objectives
15 Scope of work
11032010 106Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 1-2)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
107
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 3-4)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
108
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Sample Chapter 1 (page 5)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
109
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
110
Sample Bab 1 (ms 1)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
bull Related information available in standard Books Journals Transactions Internet Websites etc till date (More emphasis on last three to five years)
11032010 111Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
112
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 2 (sample Fig )
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
113
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
3 Materials and Methodbull Research methodology amp Proceduresndash Field andor laboratoryndash Equipment and sufficient details to permit
recreation of the study elsewherendash Dates of sampling etcndash If field work done people often start with a
description of the sampling site(s)bull Literature analysesndash How the data was extracted and compiledndash Parameters used for analysesndash Approach framework criteriabull 11032010 114Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
115
bull Laboratory analyses
ndash Equipment used where analyses done etc
ndash QAQC protocols and results (QAQC results typically go into Methodsnot Results)
bull Data analyses
ndash Statistics used software how the data was compiled amp analysed
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
116
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 3
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
117
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
4 Results and Discussionbull Combines Descriptive and Statistical approachesndash Descriptive Describes trends patterns relationships observationsndash Statistical Focuses on statistical resultsbull Figures and Tables almost always essentialndash Many people start with deciding on logical order of figures tables then writing the results to follow the orderbull REMEMBER Describe but do not interpret your findings
11032010 118Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Discussionbull Revisit your hypotheses
- Were they confirmed or notbull Interpret your findings in light of your objectives
- Ask and answer the ldquowhyrdquo questionsbull Discuss implications of your resultsbull Comment on the limitations of study if it
warrants it- Be very careful here- Sometimes people end with a conclusion
paragraph
11032010 119Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Aside Combined Results amp Discussion
bull For journal articles people often combine results amp discussion into 1 sectionndash Not traditionally found in theses although some manuscript-style
thesis chapters do have this formatndash Not recommended most of the timebull Be very carefulndash Too easy to mix up the two and result in a poorly written sectionbull Start each paragraph or subsection with description of a key
result and its statisticsndash Then move into interpretation of that resultbull Ensure that the whole section flows togetherbull The last portion of this combined section can be devoted to
discussion of the whole study including implications etc
11032010 120Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 4
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
121
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
51 Conclusions
52 Future Scope
53 ApplicationsUtility
54 Discuss directions for future research
or action
5 CONCLUSIONS
11032010 122Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Samples of Chapter 5
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
123
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Referencesbull Be consistent in your referencesbull Use relevant references thatndash Applies to your study site(s)ndash Supports your argument why your study is interesting (eg mercury is a toxic contaminant)ndash Do not over-use or under-use references (eg more than 3
references in 1 sentence is too many but donrsquot make a lot of unsupported statements about background and other studies)
bull Use the same citation method throughout the thesis even for manuscript style theses
bull All chapter references all go into the back in its own section This saves a lot of pages
11032010 124Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
bull Author ldquoTitlerdquo Name of JournalTransactions Book EditionVolume Publisher Year of Publication pp__
bull These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
bull In case of web pages complete web page address with assessing date has to be enlisted
bull List of references should be as per use in the text of the report
11032010 125Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
In-text Citations
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68 016104 2003
Genetics 2007 175 93ndash105
J AM CHEM SOC 2007 129 746-747
(Author Year)
[Reference Number]
Superscripted Reference Number
11032010 126Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Reference List
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSmdashI REGULAR PAPERS
Journal of Microbiology
11032010 127Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Formatting Reference Listbull References listed numerically vs alphabeticallybull Indentationbull What information included
ndash Authors ndash all listed Only first two Last name first Separated by semicolon
ndash Journal ndash italicized bold abbreviated With periodsndash Title ndash in quotation marksndash years volume issue pages (entire range or first page)
publisher place of publication
bull Order of information
bull Punctuation and Typeface
11032010 128Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Why Citebull It allows readers to cross-reference your
sources easily
bull It provides consistent format within a discipline
bull It gives you credibility as a writer
bull It protects you from plagiarism
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 129Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
When to Citebull When quoting any words that are not your own
ndash Quoting means repeating another source word for word using quotation marks
bull When summarizing facts and ideas from a sourcendash Summarizing means taking ideas from a large
passage of another source and condensing them using your own words
bull When paraphrasing a sourcendash Paraphrasing means using the ideas from another
source but changing the phrasing into your own words
From TAMU University Writing Center Presentation on Citing and Referencing
11032010 130Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Sample of References (Journals)
11032010 131Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Sample of References (Proceedings)
11032010 132Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
ReferencesRujukan ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
133
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Bibliographybull Keep a database of complete references
bull Use a consistent citation style
bull Note Readability is reduced by
- having to flick to bibliography (or foot
of page)
- having too much detail (assume the
reader is familiar with the main
references)11032010 134Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
BibliographyBibliografi ( Sample Pages)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
135
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Appendices
bull Supporting materials such as unpublished analytical methods long tables or results
bull Related data or specifications or referred charts details computer codeprogram etc
bull Raw data (very useful for future researchers looking to mine historical data 20 years down the road)
11032010 136Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
137
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Appendix ( Sample Page ndash BI)
11032010 Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
138
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Sample of Table
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 140Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Sample of Table
11032010 141Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
TablesBiomedical Engineering Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 159163 Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika Vol 40 No 4 2006 pp 37
Table Heading Above or BelowTable Labeling CapitalizedHow is Heading offset from Table
11032010 142Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Sample of Figure
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Figures
PRL 98 047601 (2007)
Figure Caption Placement ndash Above or Below
Figure Labeling ndash
Abbreviated with Fig All capitals In Bold
11032010 144Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
SUMMARY
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
11032010 146
Thesis statement
Provides a writing ldquopathrdquo
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
11032010 147
ThesisStatement
Support (and Opposition) Conclusion
RethinkThesis
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Part 10
FINAL REVISION
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
11032010 149
Revision
bull Getting it all down (what do I need to add)
bull Saying it the way I want to say it (how can I make it clearer More precise More interesting)
bull Making sure I am saying it correctly (check grammar sentence construction spelling punctuation typos)
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
11032010 150
The
Three Stagesof
Revision
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
11032010 151
Stage One Getting It All Down
bull What do I need to add MoreDetails
Description
Support
Clarification
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
11032010 152
Stage Two Saying It the Way I Want to
Say It
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
11032010 153
Do I want tohellip
bull Cut anything out
bull Re-think any ideas that seem fuzzybull Choose a more precise word or phrasebull Organize differentlybull my sentence lengthsbull Change my thesis statementbull Revise my conclusion
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
11032010 154
Stage Three Proofread for Correctness
Did I check for mistakes inbull Spellingbull Grammarbull Punctuationbull Sentence constructionbull Mechanicsbull Typing
Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Polishing the Thesisbull Thinking about how you write should
not be left to the end writing argument and an appropriate level of discourse are related Make the best of what you have done
1048700 Write to impress on examiners that you are confident that you have made an advance in knowledge
1048700 Write with a sense of rhetorical prowess ndash style for effect not for image
1048700 Yoursquove done the work now make the point
1048700 Follow the Handbook guidelines1048700 Check quotations and references
11032010 155Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Part 11
FINAL THESIS
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Binding
bull BLUE (Polymer Eng) RED (Mats Eng) GREEN (Min Res Eng) color
bull Width of report should have front side degree-B Eng with appropriate branch in bracket
bull Central place for Title and lower place for year of submission [B E ]
bull Central place for name of Student
11032010 157Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Materials Eng
11032010 158Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Polymer Eng
11032010 159Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Min Resource Eng
11032010 160Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Note
bull For every interview it is
necessarymust to carry
the report It will give bread and butter for future
bull For more information and sample of hard copy please contact the respective Head of the Department
11032010 161Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Dr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
Thank YouThank You
1103201011032010 162162Final Year Project (Thesis Writing) Final Year Project (Thesis Writing)
Dr NorliaDr Norlia
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