School of

HISTORY, CLASSICS and ARCHAEOLOGY

JAPAN: POLITICS, CULTURE, SOCIAL CHANGE 1868-1952

(HIST10049)

2012-2013

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JAPAN: POLITICS, CULTURE, SOCIAL CHANGE 1868-1952 20 credit, Semester 2 course. Course Code: HIST10049

COURSE ORGANISER: Dr Chris Harding Room 2.23, William Robertson Building

: Christopher.Harding@ed.ac.uk

! 0131 650 9960

COURSE SECRETARY: Ms Marie-Thérèse Rafferty Room G.08, William Robertson Wing, Teviot Place, Doorway 4.

: M.T.Rafferty@ed.ac.uk

! 0131 650 3780

This document is available in larger print, or on different coloured paper, or as

unbound pages, on request. Please contact the School Reception in G.08, Doorway

4, Teviot Place or email M.T.Rafferty@ed.ac.uk (0131 650 3780).

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CONTENTS Introduction p. 3 General Information and the School Intranet p. 4 - Course Assessment - Coursework Submission - Course Deadline - Late Coursework - Return of Coursework - Plagiarism - Special Circumstances - Past Exam Papers - Ethics Policy Seminar schedule p. 10 Week 1 – Introduction to the Course Week 2 – The Meiji Moment Week 3 – The New State in Everyday Life Week 4 – Japan’s Minorities Week 5 – The Failure of Politics Week 6 – Ideology and Activism Week 7 – The Question of Japanese ‘Fascism’ Week 8 – Empire in Asia Week 9 – The Sino-Japanese and Pacific Wars Week 10 – Remembering Hiroshima and Nagasaki Week 11 – The American Occupation

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Introduction

This one semester option course explores the political, social and cultural changes that occurred in

Japan from the Meiji Restoration in 1868 to the end of the American occupation in 1952. It

particularly focuses on such issues as the evolution and nature of popular protest, the status of

‘minorities’, the formation of national and cultural identities, Japanese ‘fascism’, and the impact of

the American occupation after World War Two.

Excellent surveys of modern Japanese history and culture include:

J.Hunter, The Emergence of Modern Japan (London,1989)

K.Pyle, The Making of Modern Japan (Lexington, 2nd ed.,1996)

E.Tipton, Modern Japan: A Social and Political History (London,2002)

A.Gordon, A Modern History of Japan (Oxford,2003)

M.Jansen, The Making of Modern Japan (Cambridge, Mass.,2000)

J.McClain, Japan: A Modern History (NY,2002)

P.Varley, Japanese Culture (Honolulu, 2000, 4th ed)

Ann Waswo, Modern Japanese Society 1868-1994 (Oxford, 1996).

Recommended novels covering, or touching upon, this period include:

Soseki Natsume – Kokoro

Junichiro Tanizaki – The Makioka Sisters

Osamu Dazai – The Setting Sun

Shohei Ooka – Fires on the Plain

Yasunari Kawabata – Snow Country

Kazuo Ishiguro – An Artist of the Floating World

Masuji Ibuse – Black Rain

For primary sources (in translation), consult the following:

Sources of Japanese Tradition (NY, 1958: vol. 2, 2nd ed., 2005)

David J. Lu (ed.) Japan: A Documentary History, vol. 2: The Late Tokugawa Period to the Present

(NY, 1997)

Jon Livingston et al (eds.) Japan Reader, vol. 1: Imperial Japan 1800-1945, vol. 2: Postwar Japan

1945 to the Present (NY, 1973).

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General Information and the School Intranet

Within this handbook, you will find an overview of your course, including specific information on

seminar topics, reading lists and coursework. You will also find information relating to the

University’s policy regarding plagiarism.

It will be assumed that you have read and digested these.

Additional important information relating to Honours level study is detailed in the History Honours

Handbook, available online via the following link:

http://www.shca.ed.ac.uk/student/undergraduate/history/.

It is essential that you familiarise yourself with this.

The School has developed an undergraduate student intranet to provide you with essential

information and you are strongly advised to check the Intranet regularly for information or guidance

throughout the year. The Intranet is at: http://www.shca.ed.ac.uk/student/undergraduate/

It covers your current studies, guidance on submitting coursework, assessment regulations,

essential forms, plagiarism, important news and events and more. It also has contact information

for your Course Secretaries, Student Support Officers and Student Reps. Over the year

information will be added on choosing honours courses and degree results.

There are also sections for the School’s Student Support Office and academic guidance, library

and computing services and the School’s student/staff liaison. In addition there are links to your

subject areas and student societies.

Seminars: Thursdays, 11.10am - 13.00 p.m. Room G.15 Doorway 4

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Course Assessment

You will be required to write ONE essay for the course (between 2,500-3,000 words), which counts

for 33% of your overall course mark. A further 62% of the course mark will come from a two-hour

final examination at the end of the academic year (in which you will answer two questions), with

the remaining 5% of the course mark decided on the basis of seminar participation.

A detailed explanation of all these assessment elements will be given at the first class of the

semester.

Visiting Students in 3/4MA courses must fulfil the same course requirements as other students.

Those in attendance for the first semester only will be given a take-home examination paper.

Those in attendance for a whole year or for the second semester only must sit the degree

examinations at the end of the academic year.

Coursework submission

All undergraduate coursework in the School of History, Classics and Archaeology is marked

anonymously. All coursework must be submitted in the following way, by the deadlines stated

below, to be accepted for marking.

• An electronic copy of your coursework must be submitted via the Learn site by the deadline

given below. (Full details of acceptable file types etc will be given in the Learn dropbox area).

• You should make two paper copies of your coursework and insert only your Examination

Number in the header of every page

• Do not add your name to your coursework

• Add a completed, personalised cover sheet (with barcode) to each copy

• Staple each copy and paperclip the two copies together

• Add your completed ‘Declaration of Own Work’ to the top copy only

• Put both copies in the marked Drop Box near School Reception (G.08) on the ground floor of

the William Robertson Wing by the deadline given below.

• Paper copies can be submitted at any time before 4pm on the day of the deadline. You

should aim to submit your copies as early as possible that day. Essay drop boxes will be sealed

promptly at 4pm. Do not leave submission until the last minute.

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N.B. Coursework will not be considered “complete” and “on time” unless the electronic copy is submitted by the stated deadline, AND the two hard-copies are in the dropbox by the designated deadline.

Your personalised cover sheet and the Declaration of Own Work can be printed from Learn or

the Student Intranet at http://www.shca.ed.ac.uk/student/undergraduate/coursework/

Coursework deadlines

Coursework: Semester 1 Essay Deadline: Monday 26 November 2012

Electronic deadline: 12 noon Hard copy deadline: 4pm (drop boxes will be closed promptly at 4pm)

It is essential for fairness that all students hand in their coursework by the same deadline. The time

of electronic submission is automatically recorded, and there are penalties for late coursework

submission.

It is your responsibility to check your own deadlines.

We will be providing a dummy dropbox on Learn for each course which will allow you to practice

submitting your coursework electronically. Please use this to practice uploading a file similar to

your coursework submission. Technical problems will not be accepted as an excuse for missing

the deadline.

Any problems (before the deadline) with the dropbox, please email

hca-web@ed.ac.uk stating:

• Your name and student ID

• The course you are trying to submit work for

• A description of the problem

• If it is near the deadline, a copy of your coursework

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Late Coursework

Late coursework must be handed in at School Reception where the staff will date and time stamp

your work.

Late coursework submitted without an authorised extension will be recorded as late and the

following penalties will apply: 5 percentage points will be deducted for every working day it is late,

up to a maximum of 5 working days. After this time a mark of zero will be recorded.

An initial mark of 70% will therefore be reduced to 65, 60, 55, 50 and 45 over five working days,

and then to 0.

These penalties follow the University’s Assessment Regulations.

Late coursework will only be accepted without penalty if you have provided a good reason and

have been granted an extension in advance.

Return of Coursework

You will be notified by email when coursework is ready for collection.

You should collect your marked coursework from School Reception (G.08) and you will be asked

to produce your student card to confirm your Examination Number.

Plagiarism The University takes plagiarism very seriously and is committed to ensuring that so far as possible

it is detected and dealt with appropriately.

Plagiarism is the act of including in one’s work the work of another person without providing

adequate acknowledgement of having done so, either deliberately or unintentionally. At whatever

stage of a student’s course, whether discovered before or after graduation, plagiarism will be

investigated and dealt with.

Avoiding plagiarism

Students must ensure that any work they submit for assessment is their own, and they will be

required to sign an Own Work Declaration confirming this when submitting their coursework.

Where their work includes quotations, theories, ideas, data or any other materials which are the

work of another person or persons, they should ensure that they have taken all reasonable steps

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to acknowledge the source. Students should ensure that they are familiar with the referencing

requirements of their programme of study.

Plagiarism and how to avoid it will be covered in the compulsory SHCA Year Group meetings.

Further information can also be found on the University website at the following URL:

http://www.docs.sasg.ed.ac.uk/AcademicServices/Discipline/PlagiarismStudentGuidance.pdf

Plagiarism software Many areas of the University now use ‘Turnitin’ plagiarism detection software to assist in detecting

possible cases of plagiarism. The School of History, Classics and Archaeology will run plagiarism

detection software on all courses where electronic submission is a compulsory requirement in

addition to the hardcopy submission.

Special Circumstances Special circumstances can sometimes affect a student's performance in following a course, in

producing coursework or in completing examinations. Procedures exist to highlight these

circumstances and seek consideration of them in evaluations of academic performance – we will

only consider special circumstances requests which are properly reported and fully documented.

For more information, please see:

http://www.shc.ed.ac.uk/student/undergraduate/current_studies/Specialcircumstances.htm

Past Exam Papers Can be located via the following link:

http://www.exampapers.lib.ed.ac.uk.ezproxy.webfeat.lib.ed.ac.uk/History0405.shtml

Ethics Policy The School of History, Classics and Archaeology has an Ethics policy designed to ensure that all

research conducted by its staff and students meets a high standard of respect, consideration,

accountability and objectivity. Instances where ethical issues may arise include: interviewing as

part of an oral history project; the use of private papers where consent both to use and then make

use of the papers may be required; work potentially involving defamation and detraction; material

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over which copyright is either unclear or formal permission of use must be obtained; and duties of

confidentiality and disclosure. Fuller details of the School’s Ethical criteria and procedures may be

found at:

http://www.ed.ac.uk/schools-departments/history-classics-archaeology/research/ethics-procedures

This site also contains the relevant forms for completion; if in doubt, fill them out. These should

then be sent to Lesley.McLean@ed.ac.uk to be read in the first instance by the Research

Director, possibly in consultation with your supervisor and /or Head of Subject Areas. We would

aim to provide you with a response within 48 hours during semester time.

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SEMINAR PROGRAMME

Week One – Introduction to the Course

Week Two – The Meiji Moment: 1868 – 1889

Questions:

- Who were the Meiji leaders – in social and cultural terms – and how inclusive of broad

Japanese interests were their aims in government?

- What were the pillars of the new state?

- How significant were foreign pressures in shaping Japan in this period?

- To what extent was the 1889 Constitution based on open, wide-ranging consultation?

General M. Jansen, "The Meiji Restoration", in The Cambridge History of Japan vol. 5

(Cambridge, 1989). (Also in M. Jansen, The Emergence of Meiji Japan, Cambridge,

1995, ch.3).

M. Jansen, G. Rozman (eds), Japan In Transition: From Tokugawa to Meiji

(Princeton, 1986).

H. Wray, H. Conroy (eds), Japan Examined (Honolulu, 1983).

W. Beasley, The Meiji Restoration (Stanford, 1972).

T. Huber, The Revolutionary Origins of Modern Japan (Stanford, 1981).

S. Vlastos, Peasant Protests and Uprisings in Tokugawa Japan (Berkeley, 1986).

A. Walthall, "Japanese Gimin: Peasant Martyrs in Popular Memory", American

Historical Review, 91:5 (Dec. 1986).

Helen Hardacre (ed.) New Directions in the Study of Meiji Japan (Brill, 1997).

E.H. Norman, “Mass Hysteria in Japan”, Far Eastern Survey, March 28, 1945, 65-70.

Politics and the Early Leadership M. Jansen, "Meiji lshin: The Political Context", in N. Michio, M. Urrutia (eds), Meiji

lshin: Restoration and Revolution (Tokyo, 1985).

T. Huber, "Men of High Purpose and the Politics of Direct Action 1862-1864", in T.

Najita, V. Koschmann (eds), Conflict in Modern Japanese History (Princeton, 1982).

A. Craig, Choshu in the Meiji Restoration (Cambridge,1961).

M. Jansen, Sakamoto Ryoma and the Meiji Restoration (Princeton, 1961).

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A. Craig, "The Restoration Movement in Choshu", Journal of Asian Studies 18 (Feb.

1959).

Sakata Yoshio, J. Hall, "The Motivation of Political Leadership in the Meiji

Restoration", Journal of Asian Studies, 16 (Nov. 1956).

C. Yates, "Saigo Takamori in the Emergence of Modern Japan", Modern Asian

Studies, 28:3 (July 1994).

C. Yates, Saigo Takamori (London, 1995).

R. Hackett, Yamagata Aritomo in the Rise of Modern Japan (Cambridge, Mass.,

1971).

Eiko lkegami, The Taming of the Samurai (Cambridge, Mass. 1995).

R. Hackett, "Nishi Amane: A Tokugawa-Meiji Bureaucrat", Journal of Asian

Studies,18:2 (Feb. 1959).

D.Keene, Emperor of Japan (NY,2002). W. G. Beasley, "Meiji Political Institutions", in The Cambridge History of Japan, Vol. 5.

W. G. Beasley, “Councillors of Samurai Origin in the Early Meiji Government, 1868-9”, Bulletin of

SOAS, 20: 1/3 (1957): 89-103.

G. Akita, The Foundations of Constitutional Government in Japan 1868-1900

(Cambridge, Mass. 1967).

Joseph Pittau, Political Thought in Early Meiji Japan 1868-1889 (Harvard, 1967).

Robert Epp, “The Challenge from Tradition: Attempts to Compile a Civil Code in Japan, 1866-78”,

Monumenta Nipponica, 22: I-2.

Japan and the World W. Beasley, "The Foreign Threat and the Opening of the Ports", in The Cambridge History of

Japan, Vol. 5.

M. Jansen, "Rangaku and Westernization", Modern Asian Studies, 18:4 (1984).

J. Baxter, The Meiji Unification Through The Lens of Ishikawa Prefecture

(Cambridge, Mass. 1994).

T. Screech, The Western Scientific Gaze and Popular Imagery in Later Edo Japan (Cambridge,

1996).

T.Screech, The Lens Within the Heart (London,2002),chs 1-2,4 (on the impact

of western technology on 18th century popular culture in Japan).

M.Auslin, Negotiating with Imperialism (Cambridge, Mass., 2004).

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Week Three – The New State in Everyday Life

Questions:

- Which reforms were ‘revolutionary’ and why?

- How effective was the Japanese state in shaping public thinking?

- What was the nature of the relationship between government and business in this period?

- Did protest achieve anything in this period, and what general lessons about ‘protest’ arise

from this context?

The State and the Public R.Sims, Japanese Political History Since the Meiji Renovation (London,2001).

S. Garon, Molding Japanese Minds (Princeton, 1997).

G. Kasza, The State and the Mass Media in Japan 1918-1945 (Berkeley, 1988).

J. Rubin, Injurious to Public Morals: Writers and the Meiji State (Seattle 1984).

W. Coaldrake, Architecture and Authority in Japan (London, 1996).

A. Altman, "Shinbunshi: The Early Meiji Adaptation of the Western-Style

Newspaper", in W. Beasley (ed), Modern Japan (London, 1975).

J. Huffman, Creating A Public: People and Press in Meiji Japan (Honolulu, 1997).

A. Altman, "The Press and Social Cohesion During a Period of Change," Modern Asian Studies,

15 (1981): 865-76, also in P. Kornicki (ed), Meiji Japan, Vol. 2 (London, 1998).

Nanette Twine, “Standardizing Written Japanese: A Factor in Modernization,” Monumenta

Nipponica, 43:4.

Tadashi Aruga, “The Declaration of Independence in Japan: Translation and Transplantation,

1854-1997,” Journal of American History, 85:4 (March 1999).

E.H. Kinmonth, “Nakamura Keiu and Samuel Smiles: A Victorian Confucian and a Confucian

Victorian”, American Historical Review, 84 (1980): 535-56.

Michio Nagai, “Herbert Spencer in Early Meiji Japan”, The Far Eastern Quarterly, 14: 1

(November, 1954): 55-64.

Margaret Mehl, “Scholarship and Ideology in Conflict: The Kume Affair, 1892”, Monumenta

Nipponica, 48: 3 (Autumn 1993): 337-57.

Isamu Fukuchi, “Kokoro and the Spirit of Meiji”, Monumenta Nipponica, 48: 4 (1993).

R. Mason, Japan's First General Election 1890 (Cambridge, 1969).

A. Fraser, R. Mason, P. Mitchell, Japan's Early Parliaments 1890-1905 (London, 1995).

T. Fujitani, Splendid Monarchy (Berkeley, 1996).

P. Duus, "Weapons of the Weak, Weapons of the Strong: The Development of the

Japanese Political Cartoon," Journal of Asian Studies, 60:4 (Nov. 2001).

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J.Borland, ”Capitalizing on Catastrophe: Reinvigorating the Japanese State with Moral Values

Through Education following the 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake”, Modern Asian Studies 40:4

(October 2006).

Business and Workers T. Smith, Native Sources of Japanese Industrialization 1750-1920 (Berkeley, 1988).

J. Hirschmeier, The Origins of Entrepreneurship in Meiji Japan (Cambridge, Mass.

1964).

D. Ambaras, "Social Knowledge, Cultural Capital and the New Middle Class",

Journal of Japanese Studies 24:1 (Winter 1998).

C. Howe, The Origins of Japanese Trade Supremacy (Chicago, 1996).

T. Smith, "Peasant Time and Factory Time in Japan", in T. Smith, Native Sources of

Japanese Industrialization 1750-1920 (Berkeley, 1988) [also in Past and Present no.

111, May 1986].

H. Jones, Live Machines: Hired Foreigners and Meiji Japan (Vancouver, 1980).

R. Dore, "The Modernizer As a Special Case: Japanese Factory Legislation 1882-1911",

Comparative Studies in Society and History vol. 1 1 (1969).

J. Hirschmeier, "Shibusawa Eiichi: Industrial Pioneer", in W. Lockwood (ed), The

State and Economic Enterprise in Japan (Princeton, 1965).

B. Marshall, Capitalism and Nationalism in Pre-War Japan (Stanford, 1967).

Hugh Patrick (ed.) Japanese Industrialization and Its Social Consequences (Berkeley and Los

Angeles, 1976).

Andrew Gordon, The Evolution of Labor Relations in Japan: Heavy Industry, 1853-1955 (Harvard,

1988).

A. Walthall, "The Family Ideology of the Rural Entrepreneurs in Nineteenth Century Japan",

Journal of Social History 23:3 (1990).

E. Patricia Tsurumi, Factory Girls: Women in the Thread Mills of Meiji Japan (Princeton, 1990).

E. Patricia Tsurumi, "Problem Consciousness and Modern Japanese History: Female

Textile Workers of Meiji and Taisho", Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, 18:4 (1986).

E. Patricia Tsurumi, "Female Textile Workers: The Failure of Early Trade Unionism

in Japan", History Workshop Journal, no. 18 (Autumn 1984).

G. Lee Bernstein, "Women in the Silk Reeling Industry in Nineteenth Century Japan",

in G. Lee Bernstein, H. Fukui (eds), Japan and the World (London, 1988).

J. Hunter, "Japanese Women At Work 1880-1920", History Today vol. 43 (May 1993).

L. Cornell, "Peasant Women and Divorce in Preindustrial Japan", Signs, 15:4 (Summer 1990).

A. Walthall, "The Life Cycle of Farm Women in Tokugawa Japan" in G. Lee

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Bernstein (ed), Recreating Japanese Women 1600-1945 (Berkeley, 1991).

J. Lebra, "Women in All-Male Industry: The Case of Sake brewer Tatsu'uma Kiyo", in ibid.

J. Hunter (ed), Japanese Women Working (London, 1993).

Everyday Life and Protest G. Rozman, "Social Change", in The Cambridge History of Japan, vol. 5.

D. Ambaras, Bad Youth: Juvenile Delinquency and the Politics of Everyday Life

in Modern Japan (Berkeley, 2006),

M.W.Steele, “Everyday Politics in Restoration Period Japan”, in M.W.Steele,

Alternative Narratives in Modern Japanese History (London, 2003).

R. Dore, "The Meiji Landlord: Good or Bad?", Journal of Asian Studies, 18:3 (May

1959).

M. Lewis, Becoming Apart: National Power and Local Politics in Toyama 1868-1945

(Cambridge, Mass, 2000).

R. Rubinger, Popular Literacy in Early Modern Japan (Honolulu, 2007).

S. Vlastos, "Opposition Movements in Early Meiji Japan 1868-1895", in The

Cambridge History of Japan, vol. 5 (Also in M. Jansen, The Emergence of Meiji

Japan, ch. 4).

M. Hane, Peasants, Rebels and Outcasts: The Underside of Modern Japan (NY, 1982).

R. Bowen, Rebellion and Democracy in Meiji Japan (Berkeley, 1980).

Week Four – Japan’s Minorities

Questions:

- To what extent were Japanese women made to suffer for the sake of the new nation?

- Who did Japan’s feminists think they were, and what did they want?

- Were Japanese women in general a ‘minority’ – in social and political terms – or only the

troublesome ones?

- By what means was a clear ‘Japanese’ identity created or imposed in this period, and what

were its contradictions?

- Was Hokkaido Japan’s first colony?

- In what ways did ordinary Japanese discriminate against minorities, and where did they

‘learn’ their hatred or suspicion?

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Japanese Identity M. Silverberg, "Constructing the Japanese Ethnography of Modernity," Journal of

Asian Studies 51:1 (Feb. 1992).

D. Howell, Geographies of Identity in Nineteenth Century Japan (Berkeley, 2005).

T. Fujitani, "Inventing, Forgetting, Remembering: Toward A Historical

Ethnography of the Nation State", in H. Befu (ed), Cultural Nationalism in East Asia

(Berkeley, 1993).

M. Weiner, "The Invention of Identity: Race and Nation in Pre-war Japan", in F.

Dikotter (ed), The Construction of Racial Identities in China and Japan (London, 1997).

M. Weiner (ed), Japan's Minorities: The Illusion of Homogeneity (London, 1997).

M. Steele, "Nationalism and Cultural Pluralism in Modern Japan: Soetsu Yanagi and

the Mingei Movement", in J. Maher and G. Macdonald (eds), Diversity in Japanese

Language and Culture (London, 1995).

J. Thomas, "Naturalizing Nationhood: Ideology and Practice in Early Twentieth

Century Japan", in S. Minichiello (ed), Japan's Competing Modernities (Honolulu,

1998).

T. Morris-Suzuki, "Becoming Japanese: Imperial Expansion and Identity Crisis in the

early Twentieth Century", in ibid.

D. Doak, "Culture, Ethnicity and the State in the Early Twentieth Century" in ibid.

J. Lie, Multiethnic Japan (Cambridge,Mass,2000).

G. Clancey, ‘The Meiji Earthquake: nature, Nation and the Ambiguities of

Catastrophe’, Modern Asian Studies 40.4 (October 2006).

M. Weiner, Race and Migration in Imperial Japan (London, 1994).

Ainu and Okinawans D. Howell, ‘Making “Useful Citizens” of Ainu Subjects in Early Twentieth Century

Japan’, Journal of Asian Studies 40:4 (October 2004).

R. Siddle, Race, Resistance and the Ainu of Japan (London, 1996).

A. Christy, "The Making of Imperial Subjects in Okinawa", in T. Barlow (ed),

Formations of Colonial Modernity (Durham, N.C. 1997).

K. Henshall, Dimensions of Japanese Society (London, 1999).

D. Howell, “Ainu Ethnicity and the Boundaries of the Early Modern Japanese

State”, Past and Present (Feb.1994).

G. Kerr, Okinawa (NY, 2000, rev. ed.).

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Gender and Feminism in Japan

B. Molony & K.Uno (eds), Gendering Modern Japanese History (Cambridge, Mass., 2005).

J. Carlin, "The Gender of Nationalism: Competing Masculinities in Meiji Japan",

Journal of Japanese Studies, 28:1 (Winter 2002).

E. Ooms, Women and Millenarian Protest in Meiji Japan (Ithaca, 1993).

A. Walthall, "Devoted Wives/Unruly Women: Invisible Presence in the History of

Japanese Social Protest", Signs 20:1 (Autumn 1994).

H. Tonomura, A. Walthall, Wakita Haruko (eds), Women and Class in Japanese

History (Ann Arbor, 1999).

S. Newell, "Women Primary School Teachers and the State in Interwar Japan", in E.

Tipton (ed), Society and the State in Interwar Japan (London, 1997).

D. Robins-Mowry, The Hidden Sun: Women of Modern Japan (Boulder, 1983).

K. Uno, Passages to Modernity: Motherhood, Childhood and Social Reform in Early

Twentieth Century Japan (Honolulu, 1999).

R. Copeland, Lost Leaves: Women Writers of Meiji Japan (Honolulu, 2000).

J.E. Ericson, Be A Woman: Hayashi Fumiko and Modern Japanese Women's Literature (Honolulu,

1997).

Ayako Kano, Acting Like a Woman in Modern Japan (NY, 2001).

B. Sato, The New Japanese Woman (Durham, 2003).

S. Sievers, Flowers in Salt: The Beginnings of Feminist Consciousness in Modern

Japan (Stanford, 1983).

E. Patricia Tsurumi, "Feminism and Anarchism in Japan: Takamure ltsue 1894-

1964", Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, 17:1 (1985).

P. Reich, A. Fukuda (trans), "Japan's Literary Feminists: The Seito Group," Signs 2:1

(Autumn 1976).

S. Nolte, "Women's Rights and Society's Needs: Japan's 1931 Suffrage Bill",

Comparative Studies in Society and History, vol. 28 (1986).

G. Lee Bernstein (ed), Recreating Japanese Women 1600-1945 (Berkeley, 1991).

S.H. Nolte and S.A. Hastings, “The Meiji state’s policy towards women, 1890-1910”, in Recreating

Japanese Women, 151-74, also in P. Kornicki (ed), Meiji Japan, Vol. 4 (London, 1998), 255-75.

R. Smith, "Making Village Women Into Good Wives and Wise Mothers in Pre-War

Japan", Journal of Family History 8:1 (Spring 1983).

S. Garon, "Women's Groups and the Japanese State: Contending Approaches to

Political Integration 1890-1945", Journal of Japanese Studies, 19:1 (Winter 1993).

S. Garon, "The World's Oldest Debate: Prostitution and the State in Imperial Japan

1900-1945", American Historical Review, 98:3 (June 1993).

17  

D. Roden, "Taisho Culture and the Problem of Gender Ambivalence," in T. Rimer

(ed), Culture and Identity: Japanese intellectuals During The Interwar Years

(Princeton, 1990).

Week Five – The Failure of Politics

Questions:

- What is meant by ‘Taisho democracy’? Does it connote just the mood of the time or imply a

lasting impact on Japanese culture and politics? - Were Japanese in this period psychologically and/or culturally incapable of democracy?

- Might better politicians have saved Japan’s political system in the 1920s and early 1930s?

- To what extent can insufficient popular will and involvement be held responsible for the

disintegration of Japanese democracy?

- To what extent did the Japanese Left embody ‘foreign’ values, and how much of a problem

was this?

General Politics

P. Duus, "The Era of Party Rule", in J. Crowley (ed), Modern East Asia: Essays In

Interpretation (NY, 1970).

P. Duus, Party Rivalry and Political Change in Taisho Japan (Cambridge, Mass.

(1968).

T. Mitani, "The Establishment of Party Cabinets 1898-1932", in ibid.

T. Najita, Hara Kei in the Politics of Compromise 1905-1915 (Cambridge, Mass.1967).

P. Duus, "Liberal Intellectuals and Social Conflict in Taisho Japan", in T. Najita, J.

Victor Koschman (eds), Conflict in Modern Japanese History: The Neglected

Tradition (Princeton, 1982).

K. Shuichi, "Taisho Democracy as the Pre-Stage for Japanese Militarism", in B.

Silberman, H. Harootunian (eds), Japan In Crisis: Essays on Taisho Democracy

(Princeton, 1974).

T. Havens, "Japan's Enigmatic Election of 1928", Modern Asian Studies, 11:4 (1977).

G. Hoston, "The State, Modernity, and the Fate of Liberalism in Prewar Japan",

Journal of Asian Studies, 51:2 (May 1992).

A. Tiedemann, "Big Business and Politics in Prewar Japan", in J. Morley (ed),

Dilemmas of Growth in Prewar Japan (Princeton,1971).

18  

R. Scalapino, Democracy and the Party Movement in Prewar Japan (Berkeley, 1967).

S. Minichiello, Retreat From Reform: Patterns of Political Behavior in Interwar Japan (Honolulu,

1984).

S. Nolte, Liberalism in Modern Japan (Berkeley, 1987).

G. Berger, Parties Out of Power in Japan 1931-1941 (Princeton, 1977).

E. Griffin, "The Universal Suffrage Issue in Japanese Politics 1918-1925",' Journal of Asian

Studies 31:2 (Feb. 1972).

G. Kasza, "Democracy and the Founding of Japanese Public Radio", Journal of Asian Studies 45:4

(Aug 1986).

L. Carlile, "Zaikai and Taisho Demokurashii 1900-1930", in S. Minichiello Japan's Competing

Modernities (Honolulu, 1998).

S. Garon, "Fashioning a Culture of Diligence and Thrift: Savings and Frugality Campaigns in

Japan 1900-1931", in ibid.

S. Hastings, Neighborhood and Nation in Tokyo 1905-1937 (Pittsburgh, 1995).

S. Garon, "State and Society in Interwar Japan", in M. Goldman, A. Gordon (eds),

Historical Perspectives on Contemporary East Asia (Cambridge, Mass. 2000).

M. Hanneman, Japan Faces The World 1925-1952 (Harlow, 2001).

F. Dickinson, "Japan's Asia in the Politics of a New World Order 1914-1919" in H.

Feuss (ed), The Japanese Empire in East Asia and its Postwar Legacy (Munich, 1998).

R.Sims, Japanese Political History Since the Meiji Renovation (New York, 2001).

S. Garon, ‘Japan: State, Society, and Collective Goods versus the Individual’, in

R.Taylor (ed), The Idea of Freedom in Asia and Africa (Stanford, 2002).

Christianity and Socialism P. Duus, "Socialism, Liberalism and Marxism 1901-1931", in The Cambridge History

of Japan, vol. 6 (Also in B. Tadashi, Wakabayashi, ed. Modern Japanese Thought,

ch.4).

P.Duus, "Yoshino Sakuzo: The Christian as Political Critic", Journal of Japanese

Studies 4 (1978).

M. Mullins, “Christianity as a Transnational Social Movement”, Japanese Religions, 32.

Japanese Conservatism K. Pyle, "Meiji Conservatism", in The Cambridge History of Japan, vol. 5 - Also in B. Tadashi

Wakabayashi, ed. Modern Japanese Thought, Cambridge, 1998, ch. 3).

19  

Week Six – Ideology and Activism

Questions:

- What is the relationship between institutional education and big ideas?

- Did radical activism change hearts, minds, and policy, or did the majority of Japanese find it

off-putting?

- In your opinion which aspects of European culture and philosophy most affected Japanese

politics and society from the mid-nineteenth century onward? - Was right-wing ideology something new in this period, or merely the continuation of an older

thread?

- How useful is ‘modernity’ as a conceptual category in the Japanese context, and what does it

actually mean?

Big Ideas C. Blacker, The Japanese Enlightenment (Cambridge, 1964).

lrokawa, Daikichi, The Culture of the Meiji Period (Princeton, 1985).

B. Tadashi Wakabayashi (ed.), Modern Japanese Thought (Cambridge, 1998).

B. Marshall, Learning to be Modern (Boulder, 1994).

G. Figal, Civilization and Monsters: Spirits of Modernity in Meiji Japan (Durham,

NC, 1999).

J. Thomas, Reconfiguring Modernity: Concepts of Nature in Japanese Political

Ideology (Berkeley, 2001).

A. Swale, The Political Thought of Mori Arinori (Richmond,2000).

C. Gluck, Japan's Modern Myths: Ideology in the Late Meiji Period (Princeton, 1985).

T. Rimer (ed), Culture and Identity: Japanese Intellectuals During The Interwar Years (Princeton,

1990).

The Education System R. Rubinger, "Education: From One Room to One System", in M. Jansen, G. Rozman (eds), Japan

In Transition: From Tokugawa to Meiji (Princeton, 1986).

D. Roden, Schooldays in Imperial Japan (Berkeley 1980).

R. Dore, "The Legacy of Tokugawa Education", in M. Jansen (ed), Changing

Japanese Attitudes Toward Modernization (Princeton, 1965).

H. Passin, Society and Education in Japan (NY, 1965).

M. Nagai, "Westernization and Japanization: The Early Meiji Transformation of

20  

Education", in D. Shively (ed), Tradition and Modernization in Japanese Culture

(Princeton, 1971).

E.P. Tsurumi, "Meiji Primary School Language and Ethics Textbooks: Old Values for

a New Society?", Modern Asian Studies 8:2 (1974).

W. Fridell, "Government Ethics Textbooks in Late Meiji Japan", Journal of Asian

Studies, 24:4 (Aug. 1970).

J. Bartholomew, "Japanese Modernization and the Imperial Universities 1876- 1920",

Journal of Asian Studies, 37 (Feb. 1978).

D. Roden, "Monasticism and the Paradox of the Meiji Higher Schools", Journal of

Asian Studies, 37 (May 1978).

E. Kinmonth, "Fukuzawa Reconsidered: Gakumon no Susume and its Audience",

Journal of Asian Studies, 37 (Aug. 1978).

S. H. Nolte, “National morality and universal ethics: Ōnishi Hajime and the Imperial Rescript on

Education”, Monumenta Nipponica 38 (1983): 283-94.

N. Bryson,’Westernizing Bodies: Women, Art and Power in Meiji Japan’, in

J. Mostow et.al. (eds.), Gender and Power in the Japanese Visual Field (Honolulu,

2003).

S. Fruhstuck, Colonizing Sex: Sexology and Social Control in Modern Japan

(Berkeley, 2003).

J. Sand, House and Home in Modern Japan (Cambridge, Mass.,2003).

H. Wray, "A Study in Contrasts: Japanese School textbooks of 1903 and 1941- 1945",Monumenta

Nipponica 28:1 (Spring 1973).

Activism S. Marsiand, The Birth of the Japanese Labor Movement (Honolulu, 1989).

S. Large, Organized Workers and Socialist Politics in Interwar Japan (Cambridge,

1981).

S. Large, "The Japanese Labor Movement 1912-1919: Suzuki Bunji and the Yuaikai", Journal of

Asian Studies, 29:3 (May 1970).

S. Large, "The Romance of Revolution in Japanese Anarchism and Communism

During the Taisho Period", Modern Asian Studies, 11:3 (1977).

T. Smith, "The Right to Benevolence: Dignity and Japanese Workers 1890-1920",

Comparative Studies in Society and History vol. 26 (1984).

J. Lin, "Workers, Peasants and Women in Taisho Japan: Legacy of the Meiji Mind", in H. Conroy,

S. Davis, W. Patterson (eds), Japan In Transition: Thought and Action in the Meiji Era 1868-1912

(1984).

21  

G. Totten, "Japanese Industrial Relations at the Crossroads: The Great Noda Strike of 1927-

1928", in B. Silberman, H. Harootunian (eds), Japan In Crisis: Essays on Taisho Democracy

(Michigan, 2000).

G. Beckman, "The Radical Left and the Failure of Communism", in J. Morley (ed),

Dilemmas of Growth in Prewar Japan (Princeton, 1971).

H. Smith, Japan's First Student Radicals (Cambridge, Mass. 1972).

R. Scalapino, The Early Japanese Labor Movement (Berkeley, 1983).

R. Scalapino, The Japanese Communist Movement 1920-1966 (Berkeley, 1966).

G. Totten, "Collective Bargaining and Works Councils As Innovations In Industrial

Relations in Japan in the 1920s", in R. Dore (ed), Aspects of Social Change in Modern Japan

(Princeton, 1967).

W. Dean Kinzley, Industrial Harmony in Modern Japan (London 1991), for the

State's response to the 'labour problem'.

M. Lewis, Rioters and Citizens: Mass Protest in Imperial Japan (Berkeley, 1990).

A. Gordon, Labor and Imperial Democracy in Prewar Japan (Berkeley, 1991).

T. Stanley, Osugi Sakae: Anarchist in Taisho Japan (Cambridge, Mass. 1982).

F. Notehelfer, Kotoku Shusui: Portrait of a Japanese Radical (Cambridge, 1971).

G. Lee Bernstein, Japanese Marxist: A Portrait of Kawakami Hajime 1879-1946

(Cambridge, Mass. 1976).

J. Crump, The Origins of Socialist Thought in Japan (London, 1983).

R. Scalapino, Democracy and the Party Movement in Prewar Japan (Berkeley, 1953).

G. Totten, The Social Democratic Movement in Prewar Japan (New Haven, 1966).

S. Garon, The State and Labor in Modern Japan (Berkeley, 1987).

A. Gordon, "The Crowd and Politics in Imperial Japan: Tokyo 1905-1918", Past and Present no.

121 (1988).

W. Tsutsui, Manufacturing Ideology (Princeton, 1998).

A. Gordon, “The Invention of Japanese-Style Labor Management”, in S.Vlastos (ed.), Mirror of

Modernity (Berkeley, 1998).

L. Carlile, Divisions of Labor (Honolulu, 2005).

R. Bowen, “Political Protest and Pre-War Japan: The Case of Fukushima Prefecture”, Bulletin of

Concerned Asia Scholars, 16:2 (April-June 1984).

Ann Waswo, “In Search of Equality: Japanese Tenant Unions in the 1920s”, in Najita and

Koschmann (eds.), Conflict in Modern Japanese History (Princeton, 1982) 366-411.

22  

Week Seven – The Question of Japanese ‘Fascism’

Questions:

- What is the difference between militarism and fascism, and what light does this distinction

shed on the Japanese experience in the 1930s and early 1940s?

- In social–demographic terms, who were Japan’s ‘fascists’?

- How great was the domestic reach of Japan’s police and intelligence services?

- How does Japanese ‘fascism’ differ from that of those European countries associated with

fascism in this period? Japanese Nationalisms D. Brown, Nationalism in Japan (Berkeley, 1955).

T. Havens, Farm and Nation in Modern Japan: Agrarian Nationalism (Princeton,

1974).

D.Stegewerns (ed.), Nationalism and Internationalism in Imperial Japan (London, 2003).

E. Ohnuki-Tierney, Kamikaze, Cherry Blossoms and Nationalisms (Chicago,

2002).

J. Crowley, "A New Asian Order: Some Notes on Prewar Japanese Nationalism”, in B. Silberman,

H. Harootunian (eds) Japan In Crisis: Essays on Taisho Democracy (Princeton, 1974).

G. Wilson, Radical Nationalist in Japan: Kita Ikki 1883-1937 (Cambridge, Mass,1969).

K. Hayashi, "Japan and Germany in the Interwar Period", in J. Morley (ed), Dilemmas

of Growth in Prewar Japan (Princeton, 1971).

B. Marshall, Capitalism and Nationalism in Pre-war Japan (Stanford, 1967).

K. Pyle, "The Technology of Japanese Nationalism: The Local Improvement

Movement of 1900-1918", Journal of Asian Studies, 33 (1973).

K. Doak, "Ethnic Nationalism and Romanticism in Early Twentieth Century Japan",

Journal of Japanese Studies, 22:1 (Winter 1996).

Military Institutions and the Rise of Militarism T. Cook, “Making “Soldiers”: The Imperial Army and the Japanese Man in Meiji

Society and State”, in B.Molony & K.Uno (eds), Gendering Modern Japanese History (Cambridge,

2005).

R. Smethurst, A Social Basis For Prewar Japanese Militarism in the Army and Rural

Community (Berkeley, 1974).

T. Najita, "Japanese Revolt Against the West: Political and Cultural Criticism in the Twentieth

Century", in The Cambridge History of Japan, vol. 6 (Also in B. Tadashi, Wakabayashi, ed. Modern

23  

Japanese Thought, ch. 5).

T. Najita, “Nakano Seigo and the Spirit of the Meiji Restoration in Twentieth-Century Japan”, in J.

Morley (ed.) Dilemmas of Growth in Prewar Japan (Princeton, 1971): 375-421.

M. Peattie, lshiwara Kanji and Japan's Confrontation With the West (Princeton, 1975).

R. Smethurst, "The Military Reserve Association and the Minobe Crisis of 1935", in G. Wilson (ed),

Crisis Politics in Prewar Japan (Tokyo, 1970).

R. Smethurst, "The Creation of the Imperial Reserve Association in Japan", Journal of Asian

Studies, 30:4 (Aug 1971).

J. Matsumura, “Mental Health as Public Peace: Kaneko Junji and the Promotion of Psychiatry in

Modern Japan”, Modern Asian Studies, 38, 4 (2004).

L. Humphreys, The Way of the Heavenly Sword: the Japanese Army in the 1920s

(Stanford, 1995).

‘Fascism’ P. Duus, D. Okimoto, "Fascism and the History of Pre-War Japan: The Failure of a

Concept", Journal of Asian Studies, 39:1 (Nov. 1979).

W. Miles Fletcher, "Intellectuals and Fascism in Early Showa Japan", Journal of

Asian Studies, 39:1 (Nov. 1979).

W. Miles Fletcher, The Search For a New Order: Intellectuals and Fascism in Prewar Japan

(Chapel Hill, 1982).

G. Wilson, "A New Look at the Problem of Japanese Fascism", Comparative Studies

in Society and History, vol. 10 (1967-1968).

G. Allardyce, "What Fascism is Not: Thoughts on Deflation of a Concept", American

Historical Review, 84:2 (April 1979).

Ben-ami Shillony, Politics and Culture in Wartime Japan (NY, 1981).

B. Moore, Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (London, 1967).

R. Dore, T. Ouchi, "The Rural Origins of Japanese Fascism" in J. Morley (ed),

Dilemmas of Growth in Pre-war Japan (Princeton,1971).

M. Maruyama, Thought and Behaviour in Modern Japanese Politics (London, 1963).

P. Steinhoff, "Tenko and Thought Control", in G. Lee Bernstein, H. Fukui (eds),

Japan And The World (1988).

P. Steinhoff, Ideology and Societal Integration in Prewar Japan (NY, 1991).

E. Tipton, The Japanese Police State: The Tokko in Interwar Japan (Honolulu, 1990).

R. Mitchell, Censorship in Imperial Japan (Princeton, 1983).

R. Mitchell, Thought Control in Prewar Japan (Ithaca, 1976).

R. Mitchell, “Japan’s Peace Preservation Law of 1925: Its Origins and Significance”, Monumenta

24  

Nipponica, 28: 3 (1973): 317-45.

S. Garon, "State and Religion in Imperial Japan 1912-1945", Journal of Japanese

Studies, 12:2 (1986).

B. Silberman, "The Bureaucratic Role in Japan 1900-1945", in B. Silberman, H.

Harootunian (eds), Japan In Crisis: Essays on Taisho Democracy (Princeton, 1974).

R. Spaulding, "Japan's New Bureaucrats 1932-1945", in G. Wilson (ed), Crisis

Politics in Prewar Japan (Tokyo, 1970).

R. Spaulding, "The Bureaucracy as a Political Force 1920-1945", in J. Morley (ed),

Dilemmas of Growth in Prewar Japan (Princeton, 1971).

S. Minichiello, Retreat From Reform: Patterns of Political Behaviour in Interwar Japan (Honolulu,

1984).

A. Barshay, State and intellectual in Imperial Japan: The Public Man in Crisis(Berkeley, 1988).

G. Kasza, The Conscription Society (New Haven, 1995).

L. Young, Japan's Total Empire (Berkeley, 1998).

S. Payne, A History of Fascism 1914-1945 (London, 1995).

G. Kasza, "Fascism From Below? A Comparative Perspective on the Japanese Right

1931-1936", Journal of Contemporary History, no. 19 (1984).

H. Bix, "Rethinking 'Emperor-System Fascism': Ruptures and Continuities in Modern Japanese

History", Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars 14:2 (April-June 1982).

G. McCormack, "Nineteen-thirties Japan: Fascism?, ibid

I. Morris (ed), Japan 1931-1945: Militarism, Fascism, Japanism (Boston, 1963).

Week Eight – Empire in Asia

Questions:

- What factors prompted Japan to become a colonial power in the early twentieth century?

- Was there anything distinctly ‘Japanese’ about Japanese imperialism?

- Does the Japanese claim of ‘defensive imperialism’ hold water?

- In what parts of Japanese society did the impetus for imperialism originate, and was there

ever mass support for it?

- At what point – if any – did Japan’s Empire reach over-stretch?

General W. Beasley, Japanese Imperialism (Oxford, 1987).

R. Myers, M. Peattie (eds), The Japanese Colonial Empire 1894-1945 (Princeton, 1984).

25  

R. Eskildsen, "Of Civilization and Savages: The Mimetic Imperialism of Japan's 1874

Expedition to Taiwan", American Historical Review 107:2 (April 2002).

A. Iriye, Pacific Estrangement. Japanese and American expansion 1897-1911

(Cambridge, Mass. 1972).

S. Giffard, Japan Among The Powers 1890-1990 (New Haven, 1994).

S. Tanaka, Japan's Orient (Berkeley, 1993).

S. Saaler & J.V. Koschmann (eds), Pan Asianism in Modern Japanese History (London, 2007).

Urs Matthias Zachmann, “Blowing up a Double Portrait in Black and White: The Concept of Asia in

the Writings of Fukuzawa Yukichi and Okakura Tenshin”, Positions 15:2 (Fall 2007): 345-68.

Japan’s Early Empire M. Jansen, "Japanese Imperialism: Late Meiji Perspectives", in R. Myers, M. Peattie

(eds), The Japanese Colonial Empire 1894-1945 (Princeton, 1984).

M. Jansen, "Japanese Views on China During the Meiji Period", in A. Feuerwerker et.

al., Approaches to Modern Chinese History (Berkeley, 1967).

M. Mayo, "Attitudes Towards Asia and the Beginnings of Japanese Empire", in G.

Goodman (ed), Imperial Japan and Asia (NY, 1967), [reprinted in J. Livingston et. al

The Japan Reader, vol. 1, pp. 212-221].

A. lriye, "The Ideology of Japanese Imperialism: Imperial Japan and China", in ibid.

M. Mayo, The Emergence of Imperial Japan (Cambridge, 1970).

J. Pierson, Tokutomi Soho 1863-1957: A Journalist For Modem Japan (Princeton,

1980).

A. lriye, "Japan's Drive to Great Power Status", in The Cambridge History of Japan,

vol. 5. (Also in M. Jansen, The Emergence of Meiji Japan, ch. 5).

M. Barnhart, Japan Prepares For Total War, The Search For Economic Security

1919-1941 (Ithaca, 1987).

Korea and China P. Duus, The Abacus and the Sword: The Japanese Penetration of Korea 1895-1910

(Berkeley, 1995).

H. Conroy, Japan’s Seizure of Korea (1960).

H. Conroy, “Lessons from Japanese Imperialism”, Monumenta Nipponica, 21: 3 / 4 (1966):

334-345.

J. Hunter, "Japanese Government Policy, Business Opinion and the Seoul-Pusan

Railway 1894-1906", Modern Asian Studies, 11:4 (1977).

M. Mayo, "The Korean Crisis of 1873 and Early Meiji Foreign Policy", Journal of

26  

Asian Studies, 31:4 (Aug 1972).

A. Dudden, Japan’s Colonization of Korea (Honolulu, 2005).

F. Dikotter (ed), The Construction of Racial Identities in China and Japan (London,

1997).

Young-Soo Chung & E. Tipton, "Problems of Assimilation: The Koreans", in E.

Tipton (ed), Society and the State in Interwar Japan (London, 1997).

D. Keene, "The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 and its Cultural Effects in Japan", in P. Kornicki,

ed. Meiji Japan, vol. 3 (London, 1998).

A. lriye, "Imperialism in East Asia", in J. Crowley (ed), Modem East Asia: Essays in

Interpretation (1970).

P. Duus, R. Myers, M. Peattie (eds), The Japanese Informal Empire in China 1895- 1937

(Princeton, 1989).

Y. Matsusaka, The Making of Japanese Manchuria 1904-1932 (Cambridge,

Mass.,2001).

K. Doak, ‘Narrating China, Ordering East Asia: the Discourse on Nation and

Ethnicity in Imperial Japan’, in Kai-Wing Chow et.al. (eds.), Constructing

Nationhood in Modern East Asia (Ann Arbor, 2001).

Week Nine – The Sino-Japanese and Pacific Wars

Questions:

- What was – and has been since – the meaning of Nanjing?

- What characterized Japanese women’s experiences of the war?

- How effective was the Japanese state at truly mobilizing the population?

- Why did Japan lose the Pacific War?

General / The Course of the Wars See previous material on Japan’s empire and relations with China, plus:

A. Iriye, The Origins of the Second World War in Asia and the Pacific (1987).

H. Conroy & H. Wray (eds), Pearl Harbour Re-examined (1990).

J. Dower, War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (1986).

H.T and T.F. Cook, Japan at War: an Oral History (New York, 1992).

B. Shillony, Politics and Culture in Wartime Japan (Oxford, 1981).

A. Iriye, Power and Culture: the Japanese-American War, 1941-45 (1981).

E .Ohnuki-Tierney, Kamikaze, Cherry Blossoms and Nationalisms (Chicago,2002).

27  

E.Ohnuki-Tierney, Kamikaze Diaries (Chicago, 2006).

Timothy Brook, “The Tokyo Judgment and the Rape of Nanking”, Journal of Asian Studies, 60:3

(2001): 673-700.

The Home Front B. Kushner, The Thought War (Honolulu, 2006).

J. Matsumura, “Unfaithful Wives and Dissolute Labourers: Moral Panic and the

Mobilisation of Women into the Japanese Workforce 1931-1945”, Gender and History, 19:1 (2007).

J. Matsumura, “State Propaganda and Mental Disorders: the Issue of Psychiatric Casualties

among Japanese Soldiers during the Asia-Pacific War”, Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 2004,

78. [MUSE]

J. Dower, J.Atkins (eds), Wearing Propaganda: Textiles on the Home Front in Japan,

Britain and the United States 1931-1945 (New Haven, 2005).

H. Raddaker, Treacherous Women of Imperial Japan (London, 1997).

S. Wilson, "Rationalizing Imperialism: Women's Magazines in the Early 1930s", in

V. Mackie (ed), Feminism and the state in Modern Japan (Melbourne, 1995).

H. Tomida & Daniels (eds), Japanese Women: Emerging From Subservience 1868-1954

(Folkestone, 2005).

K. Uno, “Womanhood, War and Empire: Transmutations of “Good Wife, Wise Mother” before

1931”, in B.Molony & K.Uno (eds), Gendering Modern Japanese History (Cambridge, Mass.,

2005).

G. Kasza, "War and Welfare Policy in Japan", Journal of Asian Studies, 61:2 (May 2002).

S. Garon, "Luxury is the Enemy: Mobilizing Savings and Popularizing Thrift in Wartime Japan",

Journal of Japanese Studies, 26:1 (Winter 2000).

K. Doak, "Building National Identity Through Ethnicity: Ethnology in Wartime Japan and After",

Journal of Japanese Studies, 27:1 (Winter 2001).

R. Rice, "Economic Mobilization in Wartime Japan: Business, Bureaucracy and Military In

Conflict", Journal of Asian Studies, 38:4 (Aug. 1979).

A. Coox, "Evidences of Antimilitarism in Prewar and Wartime Japan", Pacific Affairs, 46:4 (Winter

1973-1974).

Earl H. Kinmonth, “The Mouse that Roared: Saito Takao, Conservative Critic of Japan’s ‘Holy War’

in China”, Journal of Japanese Studies, 25:2 (1999): 331-360.

T. Havens, "Women and War in Japan 1937-1945", American Historical Review, no. 4 (Oct. 1975).

T. Havens, Valley of Darkness: The Japanese People and World War Two (NY, 1978).

G. Berger, "Politics and Mobilization in Japan 1931-1945", in The Cambridge History

of Japan, vol. 6.

28  

The Military Dimension J. Fogel (ed), Nanjing Massacre in History and Historiography (2000).

K. Honda, Nanjing Massacre: a Japanese Journalist Confronts Japan’s National Shame (1999).

I. Chang, Rape of Nanking: the Forgotten Holocaust of World War II (1997).

T. Yoshida, Making of the Rape of Nanking: History and Memory in Japan, China, and the United

States (2009).

G. Hicks, The Comfort Women (1995).

J. Lebra, Japanese-Trained Armies in Southeast Asia (1977).

Week Ten – Remembering Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Questions: - In what ways is the war remembered by the Japanese? - In what ways have war memories shape the Japanese views of war, peace, and their

country’s place in the world?

General J.W. Dower, Embracing Defeat (London, 2000).

J.W. Dower, Japan in War and Peace: Selected Essays (New York, 1993).

A. Gordon (ed), Postwar Japan as History (Berkeley, 1993).

R.B. Finn, Winners in Peace: MacArthur, Yoshida and Postwar Japan (Berkeley, 1995).

On Memory L. Hein & M. Selden, Censoring History: Citizenship and Memory in Japan, Germany and the

United States (2000).

Saburo Ienaga, “The Glorification of War in Japanese Education”, International Security, 18:3

(Winter 1993/94): 113-133.

S. Tsurumi, A Cultural History of Post-war Japan, 1945-1980 (1987)

K. Tsurumi, Social Change and the Individual: Japan Before and After Defeat in World War II

(1970).

J.J. Orr, The Victim as Hero: Ideologies of Peace and National Identity in Postwar Japan (2001).

Y. Igarashi, Bodies of Memory: Narratives of War in Postwar Japanese Culture, 1945 – 1970

(2000).

29  

F. Seraphim, War Memory and Social Politics in Japan: 1945 – 2005 (2006).

M. Braw, The Atomic Bomb Suppressed. American Censorship in Occupied Japan (NY, 1991).

Hiroshima and Nagasaki J.W. Treat, Writing Ground Zero: Japanese Literature and the Atomic Bomb (Chicago, 1995).

M. Hogan, Hiroshima in History and Memory (Cambridge, 1996).

R.J. Maddox, Hiroshima in History: the Myths of Revisionism (Missouri, 2007).

J. Dower chapter in E..T. Linenthal, History Wars: The Enola Gay and Other Battles for the

American

Past (1996).

J. Hersey, Hiroshima (1972).

L. Yoneyama, Hiroshima Traces: Time, Space and the Dialectics of Memory (1999).

R. Burchett, Shadows of Hiroshima (1983).

R. Sodei, Were We The Enemy? American Survivors of Hiroshima (1998)

M. Kanda (ed), Widows of Hiroshima: the Life Stories of Nineteen Peasant Wives (1989)

S. Matsuki (ed), Testimonies of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1984)

Hiroshima and Nagasaki Cities, Hiroshima and Nagasaki: the Physical, Medical and Social Effects

of the Atomic Bombings (transl. 1981).

E. Ochiai, The Japanese Family System in Transition: a Sociological Analysis of Family Change in

Postwar Japan (1996).

Japan Broadcasting Corporation, Unforgettable Fire: Pictures Drawn by Atomic Bomb Survivors

(1977).

[New College Library]

Maruki Gallery, The Hiroshima Panels [from an exhibition of artwork relating to the Hiroshima

bombing].

Norma Field, In the Realm of a Dying Emperor (NY, 1993).

Novels of interest

S. Ooka – Fires on the Plain

D. Osamu – The Setting Sun

D. Osamu – No Longer Human

M. Ibuse – Black Rain

30  

See also:

J. Lewell, Modern Japanese Novelists: a Biographical Dictionary (1993).

D.C. Stahl, The Burdens of Survival: Ooka Shōhei’s Writings on the Pacific War (2003).

D. Pollack, Reading against Culture: Ideology and Narrative in the Japanese Novel (Cornell, 1992).

Donald Keene, “The Barren Years: Japanese War Literature”, Monumenta Nipponica, 33:1 (1978):

67-112.

Week Eleven – The American Occupation

Questions:

- How do you measure the ‘success’ or ‘failure’ of the occupation? - To what extent are the post-war reforms a complete break from the past? - How significant is the occupation period in Japan’s modern history? General Postwar Japan S. Giffard, Japan Among The Powers 1890-1990 (New Haven, 1994).

H. Wray, H. Conroy (eds), Japan Examined: Perspectives on Modern Japanese

History, part 11.

A. lriye, Japan and the Wider World (London, 1997).

G. Allinson, Japan's Postwar History (Ithaca, 1997).

J. Dower, Embracing Defeat. Japan in the Aftermath of World War Two (London,

1999).

M. Hanneman, Japan Faces the World 1925-1952 (Harlow, 2001).

R. Sims, Japanese Political History Since the Meiji Renovation.

M. Hane, Eastern Phoenix: Japan Since 1945 (Boulder, 1996).

The Occupation R. Ward, "Reflections on the Allied Occupation and Planned Political Change", in R.

Ward (ed), Political Development in Modem Japan (Princeton, 1968).

K. Kawai, Japan's American Interlude (Chicago, 1960).

T. Nishi, Unconditional Democracy: Education and Politics in Occupied Japan 1945-

1952 (Stanford, 1982).

H. Schonberger, Aftermath of War. Americans and the Remaking of Japan 1945-1952 (Ohio,

1992).

J. Dower, "Occupied Japan and the Cold War in Asia", in J. Dower, Japan in War and Peace:

31  

Selected Essays (1995).

J. Dower, "Yoshida in the Scales of History", in ibid.

J. Dower, Empire and Aftermath (Cambridge, Mass. 1979).

S. Garon, "The Imperial Bureaucracy and Labour Policy in Postwar Japan", Journal of Asian

Studies, no. 3 (May 1984).

S. Garon, The State and Labour in Modern Japan, Epilogue

R. Moore, "Reflections on the Occupation of Japan", Journal of Asian Studies, 38:4

(Aug. 1979).

L. Hollerman, "International Economic Controls in Occupied Japan", in ibid.

J. Moore, Japanese Workers and the Struggle For Power 1945-1947 (Madison, 1983).

G. Goodman (ed), The American Occupation of Japan: A Retrospective View (Kansas, 1968).

R. Ward, "Pre-Surrender Planning: Treatment of the Emperor and Constitutional

Changes", in R. Ward, S. Yoshikazu (eds), Democratizing Japan: The Allied

Occupation (Honolulu, 1987).

T. McNelly, "Induced Revolution: The Policy and Process of Constitutional Reform in Occupied

Japan", in ibid.

T. McNelly, “The Renunciation of War in the Japanese Constitution”, Political Science Quarterly,

77: 3 (1962): 350-78.

Charles L. Kades, “The American Role in Revising Japan’s Imperial Constitution”, Political Science

Quarterly, 104: 2 (1989): 215-47.

H. Baerwaid, "Early SCAP Policy and the Rehabilitation of the Diet", in R. Ward, S. Yoshikazu

(eds), Democratizing Japan: The Allied Occupation (Honolulu, 1987).

K. Steiner, "The Occupation and the Reform of the Japanese Civil Code", in ibid.

S. Pharr, "The Politics of Women's Rights", in ibid.

R. Ward, "Conclusion", in ibid.

H. Fukui, "Postwar Politics 1945-1973", in The Cambridge History of Japan, Vol. 6.

Yukiko Koshiro, Trans-Pacific Racisms and the U.S. Occupation of Japan (NY, 1999).

M. Molasky, The American Occupation of Japan and Okinawa (London, 1999).

C. Braddick, "In the Shadow of the Monolith: Yoshida Shigeru and Japan's China

Policy During the Early Cold war Years 1949-1954", in H. Feuss (ad), The Japanese

Empire in East Asia and its Postwar Legacy (Munich,1998).

R.Moore, D.Robinson, Partners for Democracy (Oxford,2002).

K.Ruoff, The People’s Emperor: Democracy and the Japanese Monarchy 1945-1995

(Cambridge,Mass.,2001).

Sodei Rinjiro, Dear General MacArthur (Lanham,2001).

L. Carlile, Divisions of Labor (Honolulu,2005).

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N.Shibusawa, America’s Geisha Ally (Cambridge, Mass., 2006), chs.1-2 (on

American images of post-war Japan).

A New Deal for Japan’s Women? D. Robins-Mowry, The Hidden Sun: Women of Modern Japan (Boulder, 1983.

J. Moore, "Production Control: Worker's Control in Early Postwar Japan", in E.

Tsurumi (ed), The Other Japan: Postwar Realities (NY, 1988).

S. Molony, "Equality versus Difference: The Japanese Debate Over Motherhood

Protection", in J. Hunter (ed), Japanese Women Working (London, 1993).

M. Nakamura, "Democratization, Peace and Economic Development in

Occupied Japan 1945-1952", in E. Friedman (ed), The Politics of Democratization

(Boulder, 1994).

W. Hauser, "Women and War: The Japanese Film Image", in G. Lee Bernstein (ed.),

Recreating Japanese Women 1600-1945 (Berkeley, 1991).

Mire Koikari, "Rethinking Gender and Power in the US Occupation of Japan 1945-

1952", Gender and History 11:2 (July 1999).

H.Kramer, ‘The Prewar Roots of “Equality of Opportunity”: Japanese Educational

Ideals in the Twentieth Century’, Monumenta Nipponica 61.4 (2006).

Creativity and Censorship M. Braw, The Atomic Bomb Suppressed. American Censorship in Occupied Japan

(NY, 1991).

J. Anderson, D. Ritchie, The Japanese Film: Art and Industry (Princeton, 1982).

J. Rubin, "From Wholesomeness to Decadence: The Censorship of Literature under

the Allied Occupation", Journal of Japanese Studies 11:1 (Winter 1985).

W. Hauser, "Women and War: The Japanese Film Image", in G. Lee Bernstein (ed.),

Recreating Japanese Women 1600-1945 (Berkeley, 1991).

K. Hirano, Mr. Smith Goes to Tokyo: Japanese Cinema Under The American

Occupation 1945-1952 (Washington, 1992).

C. Aldous, The Police in Occupation Japan (London, 1997).

S. Garon, Molding Japanese Minds (Princeton, 1997).

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Studies 2 (1995).

M.Mayo & J.Rimer (eds.), War, Occupation and Creativity (Honolulu,2001)

M.Mayo, ‘To Be or Not To Be: Kabuki and Cultural Politics in Occupied Japan’, in ibid

D. Richie, "The Occupied Arts", in M. Sandler (ed) The Confusion Era (Washington, 1997).