SCHOOL OF DESIGN AND ENVIRONMENTcourses.nus.edu.sg/course/bdgchewm/BR1105-2003-Skylights/cover… · All surface shall be powder coated finished, with min. 60microns thk powder coating

SCHOOL OF DESIGN AND ENVIRONMENT

------------------------------------------------------------------- DONE BY : CHAN SU YING MATIX NO : U028552U DATE OF SUBMISSION : 14th March 2003 TO BE REVIEWED BY : MR MICHAEL CHEW

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0.1 CONTENT PAGE

Item Description Page no:

1.0 Introduction 1.0/1-1.0/3

2.0 Functional Requirements 2.0/1-2.0/3

3.0 Component of Skylights 3.0/1

4.1 Aluminium Works 4.1/1-4.1/2

4.2 Different Type of Glass 4.2/1-4.2/18

4.3 Fittings 4.3/1-4.3/13

4.4 Sealants 4.4/1

4.5 Gaskets 4.5/1

5.0 Installation of Glass 5.0/1-5.0/4

6.0 Installation of Skylights 6.0/1-6.0/2 7.0 Skylights around Singapore 7.0/1-7.0/14 8.0 Skylights around Asia 8.0/1-8.0/16 9.0 References 9.0/1

Skylight application or “window in a roof” can be achieved in many forms. Traditionally, a pitched-rooflights is achieved by simply replacing the roof finishes with sheets of glass.

Through the development of technology and advancement in materials research and development, ti is now possible to have large spar of roof to be glazed in many different forms,shape and sizes.

Examples of the skylight being used in moderns days are as below.

South Horizon Rib-Cage Truss

Citibank-Bow Truss & Glass Fin

Oxford House-Cable Net

RCBC Museum-Metal Truss

Fu Tung S.C-Truss

RCBC Plaza Galleria-Metal Frame

2.0 FUNCTONAL REQUIREMENTS

The primary function of skylight is : Admission of daylight The functional requirements of skylight as a component part of roofs are:

Strength and stability Resistance to weather Durability and freedom from maintenance Fire safety Resistance to the passage of heat Resistance to the passage of sound Security

2.1 DAYLIGHT The primary function of skylight is to admit an adequate quantity of daylight with min. diversity and without excessive direct view of the sky. The quantity of daylight that is admitted through a window or skylight is expressed as a daylight factor. This is defined as the ratio of the daylight illumination at a point on a plane due to the light received directly or indirectly from a sky assumed or known luminance distribution, to the illuminance on a horizontal plane due to an unobstructed hemisphere of this sky. The average daylight factor can be calculated from the formula: Average daylight factor= Total incident light flux on working plant Outdoor illuminance x area of working plane The uniformity ratio which is an indication of the diversity of daylight, is the ratio of: Minimum daylight factor Average daylight factor The lower the uniformity ratio, the greater the diversity of illuminance, and the higher the uniformity ratio, the better the lighting. 2.2 GLARE. DISCOMFORT AND DISABLE Glare is the word used to describe the effect of excessive contrast, in a fixed direction of view, between a very bright light source and a relatively dark background light, such as the contrast of a window at the end of a dark corridor which any cause discomfort without reducing vision or the contrast of a very bright skylight at the top of a staircase which can cause disability to vision. Both discomfort and disability glare are caused by excessive contrast and unfavourable distribution of luminance in the visual field. Discomfort glare, which is directly related to the

absolute luminance irrespective of whether there is unfavourable contrast present, may occur on a bright day in a room that is comfortable in a dull day. Skylight should be of sufficient area to provide satisfactory daylight and be spaced to give reasonable uniformity of lighting on the working surface without excessive direct view of the sky, to minimise glare or penetration of direct sunlight and to avoid excessive solar heat gain. 2.3 STRENGTH AND STABILITY The materials used for skylight, glass and flat or profiled, transparent or translucent sheets, are used in the form of thin sheets to obtain the maximium transmission of light and for economy. Glass which has poor tensile strength requires support at the comparatively close centres of about 600mm to provide adequate strength and stiffness as part of the roof covering. 2.4 RESISTANCE TO WEATHER The metal glazing bars used to provide support for glass are made with either non-ferrous flashings or plastic cappings and gaskets that fit over the glass to exclude wind and rain, together with top and bottom non-ferrous flashings to overlap and underlap profiled sheet coverings pitched at least 15o to the horizontal. 2.5 DURABILITY AND FREEDOM FROM MAINTENANCE unlike the plastic materials that are used in rooflights , glass does not suffer from discolouration and yellowing with age and maintains its bright, lustrous,fire-glazed finish for the useful life of buildings. Because of its smooth, hard finish glass is easily cleaned by washing to maintain its bright lustrous finish. Plastic materials more readily dirt stain than glass due to the surface of these materials and cannot effectively be cleaned to return the material to its initial clean finish. 2.6 FIRE SAFETY To limit the spread of fire over the surface of materials, the guidance to Apporved document B limits the use of materials that encourage the spread of flames across their surfaces when subject to intense radiant heat and those that give off appreciable heat when burning. 2.7 RESISTANCE TO THE PASSAGE OF HEAT double skin glass will result in miminial reduction in sound transfer. Where sound insulation is a critical requirement of a roof, it is necessary to use the mass of a material such as concrete for the roof without any rooflight /skylight or with concrete lens light. 2.8 SECURITY Single-storey buildings clad with lightweight metal cladding to roofs and walls are as vulnerable to forced entry through windows, doors ,thin wall and roof cladding and both glass rooflights. There is a little point, therefore, in seeking to secure windows and doors, when the surrounding wall can as easily be broken through. Unattended buildings in isolated situations are just as likely to suffer damage by vandalism to any one of the filmsy or brittle materials of the fabric. Security

against forced entry and vandalism is best achieved by reasonably secured perimeter fencing and effective day and night surveillance.

3.0 COMPONENT OF SKYLIGHTS The component of skylight are as follow:

1) Different type of Glass 2) Aluminium/ steel/ fixture 3) Sealants We will look into the 3 items abovementioned in the subsequent chapters. One of the most critical component of the skylight will be glass. Type of use of glass will greatly affect the skylight like thermal properties and other factors like maintenance and appearance. The next will be the usage of aluminium /steel and fixture. This is also one of the few important areas to be take note of. We must ensure that the aluminium or the steel structure being used will not rust, causing water leakage, and of course, be fire proofed so that in the event of fire outbreak, It will still ‘maintain’ when people are evacuating. Subsequence topic will talk about the specifications of the aluminium and steel structures and also the sealants suggested being used.

4.1.1 ALUMINIUM WORKS Aluminium is high resistance to corrosion and it is due to the very thin inert surface film of aluminium oxide which forms rapidly and naturally in air. After reaching a thick of about a ten-millionth of an inch, it effectively halls further atmospheric oxidation of the metal thus protecting the surface. If this natural oxide is broken, as by a scratch, a new protective film forms immediately. The oxide film increase in thickness with temperature & remain protective to the underlaying aluminium even at melting point. Maybe necessary to protect aluminium in certain severely corrosive environments by protective coatings such as organic paints, by cladding or by increasing the thickness and effectiveness of the oxide film by anodizing. The aluminium shall be conform to BS1474:1987, wrought aluminium & Aluminium alloys for general engineering purpose- plate, sheet and strips or 6063-T5,6063-T6,alloy and temper combinations to specification. SHEET AND PLATE shall conform to BS1470:1987 or 303-H14,5005-4114 alloy and temper combinations, to specification. 4.1.2POWDER COATED FINISHES OF ALUMINIUM

All surface shall be powder coated finished, with min. 60microns thk powder coating and shall be uniform throughout. All surfaces shall match the appearances, colour and texture of samples submitted to and approved by architect.

The coating system must be spray applied under factor conditions to pretreated base metal in

strict accordance with coating system manufacturer’s recommendations, and to AAMA 605.2-92 “specification for high performance organic coating on architectural aluminium extrusions and panels” and BS6496-1984 “Powder organic coating” for application and stoving to aluminium alloy extrusion.

The surface quality of the coating must be smooth and free of imperfection such as excessive roughness, flow lines, bubbles, orange peel effect, inclusions, craters, blisters ,scratches or any other unacceptable flaws. The coating must be opaque and uniform, within the range of approved upper and lower limit samplers when viewed under a uniform light sources as north daylight.

4.1.3 PROTECTION AGAINST CORROSION When in contact with concrete, masonry or other absorbent materials underwet or intermittently wet condition, aluminium should be protected with a coating of bituminous paint, zinc chromate primer, or a separate layer of plastic or other gasketing materials. Creosote and tar coating should not be used because of their acid content. When materials like wet concrete or alkaline material be splashed against aluminium, the surface must be protected by a coating of clear acrylic type lacquer or a suitable strippable coating of maintenance of appearance is important.

4.2 DIFFERENT TYPE OF GLASS There are different type of glass available in the market, some of the glass is used speciality for skylight. In this chapter, we will discuss the

• different type of glass used for the skylight • the glasses are available in the industry • their advantages in each glass • their characteristic in each glass

for a start, glass has poor resistance to transfer of heat, the U value of single 6 thk glass being 5.7W/m2K and that of double-glazing 2.8W/m2K. glass is a comparatively heavy glazing material being 15kg/m2 for 6mm thk glass. Now we shall concentrate on type of glass suitable for the skylights.

4.2.1 TEMPERED GLASS Tempered glass is made by heating float glass to 7000c and then rapidly cooling it. Compared with the same thickness of ordinary float glass, tempered glass has roughly three times as much resistance to wind pressure. If tempered glass does break, the resultant shards are granular in shape.

4.2.1(a) The Principles of Tempered glass Tempered glass is made by heating glass to its approximate softening point of 7000c and then blowing air across the surface of the glass to quickly cool it. The surface of the glass cools first, causing it to contract as it hardens. The interior of the glass on the other hand cools more slowly, delaying its contraction. As a result, the already hardened surface layer resists the contractor of the interior of the glass, setting up a compressive stress layer in the glass surface and a corresponding tensile stress layer in the interior of the glass. It is a characteristic of glass that it strongly resists compression but has little resistance to tension and its bends when force is applied. When force is applied to one side of a sheet of glass, the bending places tensile stress on the other side of the glass and the glass breaks when it can no longer withstand that stress. In tempered glass however, because there is compressive stress layer in the glass surface that resists this tensile stress, the glass is more resistant to breakage than ordinary float glass. However, once the balance between the surface compressive stress layer and the internal tensile stress layer breaks down, the entire surface shatters instantly. 4.2.1(b) Manufacturing Tempered Glass Tempered glass is manufactured using either the flat tempering method or the suspended tempering method. In flat tempering with thickness of 15mm or more, the weight of the glass per unit of surface area causes fine irregularities, similar to those in the skin of a pear, to appear in the surface of the glass during the manufacturing process. In suspended tempering, the manufacturing method leaves traces of the holes used for suspending the glass along the shorter edge. Because these areas also show optical distortions, whenever possible they should not be left exposed. The locations and dimensions of the suspension holes vary depending on the thickness and size of the glass. ( see suspension hole location chart below)

4.2.1(c) PRECAUTION ABOUT THE GLASS

• As tempered glass is well balanced in thermal stress as a unit, it cannot be cut after tempering, so specify accurate dimensions when placing order. Since drilling and notching can not be done after tempering for the same reason as above.

• Because of the heat treatment used in manufacturing, tempered glass exhibits larger distortions in reflected images than ordinary flat glass. When reflective glass is used as a raw materials, its characteristic can produce particularly noticeable distortion.

• Note that, due to the way it is manufactured, the dimensions of tempered glass are less precise than those of float glass.

4.2.2 LAMINATED GLASS

it is manufactured by using heat and pressure to bond a layer of a tough elactic film between consist of 2 or more layers of glass with interlayer of polyvinyl butyral plastic sandwiched between them. The excellent UV blocking properties of the interlayer film used not only make

the laminated glass safe, but also virtually impervious to UV radiation. Tinted or tempered or heat-strengthened & even wired glass maybe be combined into various combinations depending on properties desired. When broken, fragments adhere safety to plastic interlayer & will not evaculate opening. 4.2.2(a) FEATURES OF LAMINATED GLASS

figure 2.2b- the broken glass hold together

• Broken pieces do not shatter The broken pieces will not shatter or drop off it it should be broken by earthquake,shock or blast because of the strong interlayer film between the two glass sheets. • As objects do not penetrate the glass easily, it is highly safe Object will not be able to penetrate through because of its interlayer film.

4.2.2(b) CROSS-SECTION OF LAMINATED GLASS

4.2.2 (c) GLAZING AND INSTALLATION OF LAMINATED GLASS

• To retain the watertightness of the glass edges, use a high quality sealant that

complies with the JIS A 5758 standard (such as silicon sealant or polysulfide). However , do not use silicon sealants that contain acetic acid, sealants that contain organic solvents, or oil-based putty.

• Along the bottom groove of the frame, ensure that weep holes at least 5mm in diameter are provided in 3 locations for effective drainage

• Use polyethylene foam or chloroprene rubber as the backup material. • In 2 location along the bottom groove of the frame, use setting blocks of high-

quality PVC resin (for 6mm glass or thinner only), chloroprene rubber or EPDM with a hardness of at least 90o

• Installation using PVC glazing bead is not recommended as it does not provide sufficient watertightness for the edge of the glass, and can lead to splitting due to moisture absorption by the interlayer film. It this method cannot be avoided, the glass edges must be waterproofed using a coating of a materials such as butyl rubber head.

4.2.2(d) PRODUCT OPTIONS AND USES

Product Features Main Use

Lamisafe (laminated glass) excellent interception of UV rays,shatter prevention and resisntance to penetration

Residential and Commercial Buildings

Lamiface (Decorative Laminated Glass)

A Decorative laminated glass that has excellent crime prevention charactertistics and uses 2 sheets of special interlayer film made of decorative polyester

Internal or external office walls, shop fronts, ordinary residences

Lamimetal (Laminated glass with Punched Metal)

Laminated glass made using 2 interlayers of punched metal Partitions, atrium etc.

Lamitone (decorative laminated Glass)

A decorative laminated glass made using 2 sheets of special interlayer film made of decorative polyester

Internal or external office walls, shop fronts, ordinary residences, entrance doors

4.2.2 (e) GLAZING DETAILS

4.2.2 (f) PROPERTIES OF LAMINATED GLAZING UNITS (1) shading coefficient (SC) shall not exceed :0.83 (2) U- Value :72% (3)Daylight Transmittance :72% (4)Daylight Reflectance shall not exceed :10% (5)Solar Energy Transmittence :65% (6)Solar Energy Reflectance :11% 4.2.3 DECORATIVE LAMINATED GLASS This type of decorative laminated glass by lamiface is a safe and highly decorative laminated glass that contains an 3-part interlayer made up of a layer of attractive decorative film

sandwiched between 2 layers of special interlayer film. Even when broken by someone falling against it or by being struck by an object during a severe storm, it is highly resistant to penetration. Lamiface allows enormous design flexibility since it comes in 16 standard patterns, can also be made using an original design and can be used both inside and outside.

figure – Decorative Laminated glass 4.2.3 (a) FEATURE

• Shatterproof and resistant to penetration. The combination of 2 layers of tough elastic film around a layer of polyester film give lamiface excellent resistance to penetration and shattering. Evenw hen broken, lamiface is far more difficult to pierce than float glass of the same thickness and exhibits very

little shattering.when catastrophic events such as earthquakes or typhoon occur, lamisafe is highly resistant to penetration by flying objects and produces little or no shattering. • An effective barrier to entry The combined effect of the powerful bonding between the special interlayer film and the decorative polyester film makes holing the window very diffcult. • High durability against humidity and light The special interlayer film used in lamiface is hydrophobic and has very low water absorption, giving lamiface a high resistance to moisture so that it can be exposed to humidity for long periods with little effect. Lamiface is also resistant to fading and discolouration even in harsh environments and will retain its original beauty for many years.

4.2.3 (b) SCREWDRIVER PENETRATION TEST

4.2.3 (c)COLOUR SAMPLES AVAILABLE

wave spray

4.2.3 (c)COLOUR SAMPLES AVAILABLE (cont’d)

4.2.3 (d) NOTE ON DESIGN

Sugar frost

Petit Fleur Windy shade

dawn Hagoromo

• While lamiface is not impossible to cut, it is difficult to obtain a clean cut and cutting can detract from the strength of the glass, thus it should be ordered to exact measurement.

4.2.3 (e) OPTICAL AND THEMAL PERFORMANCE visible light (%) Solar energy (%) U Value

product

Radiance Transmittence Radiance

Transmittence

Absorption

ultra-violet transmittence

(%) Winter Nighttime W/m2 K

Summer Daytime W/m2 K

Sunshading cofficient

Solar heat gain

coefficient (solar factor)

Relative heat gain

W/m2 Standard light (sugar Frost) 19.4 42.5 15.2 41.1 43.7 0 6.09 6.07 0.61 0.53 438 Japanese Type (Hagoromo) 8 77.5 7.1 65.2 27.7 0 6.09 5.9 0.84 0.73 580

4.2.4 LAMINATED GLASS WITH PUNCHED METAL (LAMIMETAL) Lamimetal is a new and innovative laminated glass made by enclosing a layer of punched metal between two layers or tough, elastic film and then using heat and pressure to bond this 3 part sandwich between two sheets of glass. Because of glass, the interlayer sheets of film and the layer of punched metal are bonded together as a single unit, lamimetal not only improves on the resistance to penetration and shattering of conventional laminated glass, but is also clearly regconizable as being burglarproof. The punched metal sheet is available in 3mm or 6mm hole sizes. The amount of light can be varied and visibility adjusted to suit the needs of the installation site. Lamimetal is the ideal glass for interior and exterior use where there is a need for safety combined with sophisticated design.

figure- laminated glass with punctured metal 4.2.4 (a) FEATURES

• Superb resistance to penetration for absolute safety Because the glass and the interlayer sheets of film and punched metal are bonded together as a single unit, lamimetal is extremely unlikely to drop shards of glass, even when broken as a result of a projectile impact or earthquake. In comparsion with conventional laminated glass, lamimetal is far more difficult to penetrate and is an extremely effective barrier to illegal entry due to its core layers of film and punched metal. This toughness is reinforced by the fact that it is also very visibly burglarproof. Lamimetal is available with punched hole diameters of either 3mm or 6mm,allowing the amount of light and the visibility to be adjusted to suit the installation site. The visibility and the thermal and optical characteristics of the glass can also be adjusted by using glass types such as figured or heat reflective glass.

• Excellent design features The high-tech appearance of the metal makes lamimetal an attractive feature in a wide range of interior and applications. • Virtually rust-free punched metal Because the punched metal sheet is trimmed to be smaller than the glass and is sealed inside the layers of the interlayer film, it is almost completely rust free.

4.2.4 (b) NOTES ON DESIGN • Lamimetal is always made to actual size as it cannot be bent. • It cannot be used in type B Fire prevention doors

4.2.4 (c) NOTE ON INSTALLATION

• Kindly refer to item 2.3

4.2.4 (d) PATTERN AND SPECIFICATIONS

4.2.4 (e) PRODUCT OPTIONS

product thickness glass used Max Dimension (W X H) (mm)

Lamimetal 7mm FL3 + FL3 1200 x 1800

6mm Lamimetal 3mm 11mm FL5 + FL5 1200 x 2400 8mm F4K + FL3 1200 x 1800 FL- Clear Float Glass F4K- rmm figured glass (Kasumi) Numbers after the symbols indicate the thickness of flat glass

4.2.4 (f) OPTICAL AND THERMAL PERFORMANCE

visible light (%) Solar energy (%) U Value product Glass

Used

Radiance Transmittence Radiance Transmittence

Absorption

ultra-violet transmittence

(%) Winter

Nighttime W/m2 K

Summer Daytime W/m2 K

Sunshading cofficient

Solar heat gain coefficient

(solar factor)

Relative heat gain

W/m2

FL3 + FL3 37.2 45.3 31.2 39.6 29.1 0.2 6.11 5.94 0.54 0.47 395 Lamimetal

6mm F4K + FL3 37.2 45 31.1 38.5 30.4 0.2 6.07 5.92 0.54 0.47 389

(aperture ratio: 51%)

FL5 + FL5 35.9 43.6 28.5 35.8 35.7 0.1 5.95 5.87 0.52 0.45 379 FL3 + FL3 48 29.3 40.1 25.6 34.3 0.1 6.11 5.99 0.4 0.35 304 Lamimetal

3mm F4K + FL3 48 29.1 40 24.9 35 0.1 6.07 5.96 0.39 0.34 299

(aperture ratio: 33%)

FL5 + FL5 46.2 28.3 36.6 23.2 40.3 0.1 5.95 5.92 0.39 0.34 296

4.2.4 (g) SAMPLES

4.2.4 (h) LAMIMETAL CROSS-SECTION

4.2.5 WIRED GLASS

when wired glass is made, lengths of wire or wire mesh are embedded in the glass during the manufacturing process. Wired glass containing wire mesh is manufactured primarily for its

fire-prevention and shatter-resistant characteristic while wired glass made with single strands of wire is primarily intended as psychological burglarproofing and shatter prevention measure.

figure 5.0a– showing the skylight using wired glass 4.2.5 (a) DIFFERENT TYPE OF WIRED GLASS

4.2.5 (b) FEATURES

Fire Prevention

Even when wired glass is broken, the wire embedded in the glass holds the broken fragments in place and prevents glass from falling out and holes from appearing in the window. Even when wired glass is broken by fire, it still acts as a barrier to the entry of flames and sparks, effectively preventing the spread of flames and fire through the opening. Wired glass can be used in part of fire prevention door.

Resistant to shattering Wired glass is far more difficult to penetrate than ordinary flat glass and tends to acts as a psychological barrier to illegal entry.

4.2.5 (c) MAIN APPLICATIONS

In openings that could cause the spread of fire, as stipulated in Building Standard Act (mesh wired glass)

In locations such as roofs, skylights and verandas where any glass breakage

could give rise to the risk of falling glass.

In fire prevention separations and smoke retardant hanging partitions,

considered as safety glazing & fire-retardant materials.

4.2.5 (d) PRECAUTIONS

Because the wires in the glass are torn off when wired glass is cut, exposed edges can easily cause injury and the edge strength is approximately half that of ordinary flat glass (100kgf/m2). Consequently, bear in mind that wired glass is more susceptible to thermal breakage than float glass.

Through the surface of the wire used in wired glass is specially treated to precent

rusting, cut edges are not treated and can rust depending on the circumstances (particularly the presence of moisture). Severe rusting can cause the wires to swell, causing cracks in the edge of glass and lowering the edge strength of the glass, which can in turn cause thermal breakage.

4.2.5 (e) NOTE ON DESIGN AND INSTALLATION

Install this product using the glazing procedures for wired glass. Though wired glass can be difficult to cut, make any cut as cleanly as possible. For edge treatments such as polishing, use a sander with 120-grade abrasive or finer.

Because heat absorbing wired glass is particularly susceptible to thermal breakage, check carefully that the sash and glazing are appropriate for the application and perform strength checks such as thermal breakage calculation.

If wired glass is used in locations such as an atrium or pool where it is exposed to severe environmental conditions or in locations where maintenance is difficult, thorough measures must be taken to prevent rust breakage.

4.2.5 (f) NOTE ON USE AND MAINTENANCE

Radiant heat from heating applicanes, water heaters and cooking stoves can cause

thermal breakage. Take care that such applicances do not directly face the glass. Thick curtains or furniture places directly against the glass can cause heat to

accumulate and result in thermal breakage.

4.2.5 (g) GLAZING AND INSTALLING WIRED GLASS

Use only sash provided with drainage features as stipulated in the JIS A 4706 standard.

Use a high –quality elastic sealant (but not acetic acid-based sealants) to ensure that the glass edges are completely waterproofed.

Use polyethylene foam or chloroprene rubber as the backup materials.

In 2 locations along the bottom groove of the frame, use setting blocks of high-quality PVC resin or chloroprene rubber with a hardness of at least 90o (see glazing diagram)

PVC bead is not suitable for glazing wired glass as it does not ensure that the glass edges are fully waterproofed. If the use of PVC bead is unavoidable, one of the waterproofing treatments described below must be read on the glass edges to prevent rust breakage.

4.2.5 (h) RUST PREVENTION

Application of rust-preventive paint (ex. Wire guard from Seimi Chemicals) Application of rust-preventive oil (ex. Mobil’s metal Guard #831) Application of Butyl rubber tape (Ex. Edge tape from Meisei Churchill, ltd) As a rust proofing method, wrapping the edges in butyl rubber tape is recommended as

a relatively long-lasting solution. 4.2.5 (i) PRODUCT OPTIONS

Product Thickness Max. Dimensions (mm)

Polished crosswire 6.8mm 3048 x 2438

6.8mm 3048 x 2438 Polished wired glass

polished hishiware 10mm 4572 x 2438

Asahigray Polished Hishiwire heat absorbing wired glass Asahibronze Polishd Hishiwire wi

red

glas

s (m

esh)

figured wired glass Kasumi crosswire

6.8mm 2438 x 1829

Kasumi Hishiwire

heat absorbing wired glass Asahibronze Kasumi Hishiwire

6.8mm 3048 x 2438 polished wired glass Polished Asahiline 10mm 4572 x 2438

Asahibronze Polished Asahline heat absorbing wired glass Asahibronze Polished Asahline wi

red

glas

s (s

trand

)

figured wired glass Kasumi Asahiline

6.8mm 2438 x 1829

4.3 FITTINGS 4.3.1 Fitting system design requirement

(i) Fitting shall be from stainless steel grade 316 (ii) The fittings must make it in a way that the stress induced in glass are compatible

with strength of glass and the needs of the performance section of this specifications.

(iii) Fittings shall provide a tolerance capability, which will cope with the full range of

movements shown below:

Thermal movements Deflection of supporting frame Maximium side sway of structure due to wind load Deflection due to self-weight of the system Inward and outward movements due to the design wind loads specified.

4.3.2 TYPE OF FITTINGS – QUATTRO FITTINGS

4.3.2 TYPE OF FITTINGS – QUATTRO FITTINGS (Con’td)

This photo show the fixing method using the quattro fittings systems/ front and rear elevations


Type of Quattro “Eiffel”

Type of Quattro

stars


Type of Quattro “horn”

Type of Props


For Single Glazed- Counter-Sunk- elevations

Single glazed-button-elevations


Double glazed- Counter-sunk/

elevations

Double glazed- button/ elevations

4.3.3 MORE TYPES OF BOLTS AND FITTINGS FOR SKYLIGHTS/GLAZING WORKS

Quattro - Fittings

This is known as Quattro “Space”. It was developed to provide a more aesthetically pleasing look.

Key Features is that: Intergration of exposed

bolt & nuts fixings onto glass fins giving a clear and simple machined connections.

4.3.3 MORE TYPES OF BOLTS AND FITTINGS FOR SKYLIGHTS/GLAZING WORKS (Cont’d)

The glass panel that uses the quattro ‘space’ fittings

Close up of the fitting to the glass

4.3.3 MORE TYPES OF BOLTS AND FITTINGS FOR SKYLIGHTS/GLAZING WORKS (Cont’d) CABLE NET SYSTEM

Location: at UOB Stairs leading to underground passage way Close Up on Bolts and Nuts method as fixing


USING DOUBLE GLAZED PROPS

Cable Net System

The design of this elegant circular skylight uses a 2 directional tension cable system to receive the positive/negative wind load.

The key features are : to minimise structural members giving a very transparent design aesthetics.

It can be applied to different

sizes and shapes of wall openings.


USING DOUBLE GLAZED PROPS (CONT’D)

Double glazed props

This is developed in 1998, and particularly useful for projects where high performance for thermal and acoustic requirements are needed.


ROTATING PROPS


ROTATING PROPS (CONT’D)

Rotating Props Developed in 1998, this product has the following advantages:

To accommodate building structure tolerances.

To allow for movements caused by

thermal expansion and some seismic movement*

SEALANT plays an equally important component of skylights. It has the necessary adhesive (stick to component such as glass) and cohesive (must have strength) property to form a seal and is capable of accommodating ( due to expansion and contraction of wall because of moisture and thermal changes) after application in building construction. There are many type of sealant available in the market, of which being suit for each trade of work. One of which, will be using the brand name: Dow Corning 983 Silicone glazing and curtainwall adhesive/ sealant This is designed for structural adhesive/sealant applications such as factor glazing and curtainwall production Sealant backup material shall be polyethylene foam sponge neoprene, bond breaker recommended by sealant manufacturer. Such Sealant or adhesive shall have been tested in accordance with the following standards: ASTM C-794, C920,D412,D624,D2240 When selecting the sealant, the following are to be considered: 1. the compatibility of the sealant with metal, glazing materials, shims, spacers, setting blocks,

backer rods, gaskets and other materials 2. the design and structural capability of silicone joint.

Lets look at one of the sealant – Dow Corning 983 Silicone glazing and curtainwalling adhesive/sealant DOW CORNING 983 SILICONE GLAZING This sealant is designed for structural adhesive/ sealant applications such as factory glazing and curtainwalling production, where fast cure is needed fro rapid throughout of finished units, Dow Corning 983 Silcione Glazing and curtainwalling adhesive / sealant is high modulus product offering unprimed adhesion to most common construction materials. It has physical properties sufficient for structura adhesive applications, a noncorrosive y product, excellent weatherability and durability, and recovers after repeated extensions and compression. This is also a two part material that requires pumping and metering equipment designed for in-shop use. This sealants available in black and can accommodate movement up to +/- 12% of the orginal joint width in a properly designed 2:1 joint without affecting adhesion; cured material resists teat propagation. It can be use with most common building materials and was given 10 years warranty.

4.5 GASKET

(I) Sponge gaskets and weather-strips shall be extruded black neoprene with a hardness of 40+/- durometer shore A and conforming to ASTM C-0509-70.

(II) Dense gaskets and weather-strips shall be extruded black neoprene with a hardness

of 70 +/- durometer shore A for hollow profile and 60 +/- 5 for solid profiles and shall conform to AAMAA SG-1-76

(III) Vulcanize all corners of gaskets both sponge and dense as far as practical. (IV) Silicone and EPDM gaskets are acceptable as per common standard

5.0.1 INSTALLATION OF GLASS

Install in accordance with system requirements and the shop drawings.

Employ only experienced glaziers who have had previous experience with the materials and systems being applied. Use tools and equipment recommended by the glass manufacturer.

Plate to plate joint of glass is sealed with silicone sealant. Joint dimensions shall be designed to be compatible with sealant properties and live load movement of the structure.

Clean glazing connectors receiving glazing materials of deleterious substances, which might

impair the works. Remove protective coatings, which might fail in adhesion or interfere with bond of sealants. Comply with manufacturer’s instructions for final wiping of surfaces immediately before application of primer and glazing sealants. Wipe metal surfaces with xylon or toluol.

Inspect each unit of glass immediately before installation. Glass, which has significant impact damage at edges, scratches or abrasion of faces, or any other evidence of damage, shall not be installed.

Sealants: Prime surfaces to receive glazing sealants where required, in accordance with

manufacturer’s recommendations, using recommended primers.

Locate setting blocks, if required by the drawings, at the quarter points of sill, but no closer

than 6 inches to corners of glass. Use blocks of proper sizes to support the glass in accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations.

Provide spacers to separate glass from fittings.

Remove all sitting block and spacer after the glass panels have been fixed by the bolts.

Especially for the laminated glass panels.

Set glass in a manner, which produces greatest possible degree of uniformity in appearance. Face all glass, which has dissimilar faces, with matching faces in the same direction.

Use masking tape or other suitable protection to limit coverage of glazing materials to the surfaces intended for sealants.

Tools exposed surfaces of glazing materials.

5.0.1 INSTALLATION OF GLASS (CONT’D)

Clean excess sealant from glass and support members immediately after application. Using

solvents or cleaners recommended by manufacturers. Curing, Protection & Cleaning

Cure sealants in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions to attain maximium

durability and adhesion to glass.

Clean all surfaces after installation , leaving all in a clean and workmanlike manner. 5.0.2 DETAILS OF SKYLIGHT

5.0.2 DETAILS OF SKYLIGHTS (cont’d)

6.0 INSTALLATION OF SKYLIGHT ON SITE

The installation of skylight is summarized in point form as below.

1. We required the shop drawings for the skylight so that we will know

roughly what is the requirement of the skylight and the appearances that

the architect wants.

2. After that, Site measurement of opening for skylight is done.

3. Architect is to approve shop drawings submitted and awaits comments.

4. Upon approval of shop drawings and dimension measured on site,

fabrication of skylight’s frame with reference to the approved shop

drawing shall processed. Measurement must be accurate and nothing must

go wrong as the glass are custom made and no changes is allow.

5. Mock up of skylight frame in factory.

6. Measurement of the actual glass size required.

7. Send skylight / aluminium frame and extrusion for surface finishing

process, i.e. powder coating or fluorocarbon (PVDF) coating pending on

the requirement.

8. Procure glass according to size measured.

9. Upon arrival of glass, will check size accordingly to cutting lists.

10. Delivery to site for frame installation.

11. Installation of Glass works.

12. Sealant works, GE or Dow Corning.

11. Cleaning and handing over of completed works. (one time only)

7.0.1 THE SKYLIGHTS THAT IS USED IN SINGAPORE..

. 7.0.1 THE SKYLIGHTS THAT IS USED IN SINGAPORE (cont’d)..

Building : CAAS SKYLIGHT (1999) The covered walkway is supported by perforated steel beams spanning between the entrance at one end and suspended at high level at the opposite end. Radiating glass panels using Quattro Fittings are fixed onto secondary support members. The effect is one of an elegant and neat design for the covered walkway, linking the two areas.

7.0.1 THE SKYLIGHTS THAT IS USED IN SINGAPORE (cont’d).. China Square is one of the area where most skylight is used (see photos below)

Building : CISCO CENTRE (1995) This remarkable building fully exploit the potential for Quattro glaxing system on the front atrium façade on every plane. The vertical stainless steel bow truss acting as a mullion support coupled with our Quattro Node System,also ensures an abundance of natural lighting to complement the innovative entrance canopy and atrium ceiling

Location: At China Square The use of skylight as shelter

Location: Café within China Square This café made use of pyramid skylight as part of decorative and to allow natural daylight 7.0.1 THE SKYLIGHTS THAT IS USED IN SINGAPORE (cont’d)..

location: Linkway from café within China Square area

Location: Within Far East Square Arched Shape Skylight is used. 7.0.1 THE SKYLIGHTS THAT IS USED IN SINGAPORE (cont’d).. Location: UOB Plaza- Stair leading to Underground Passage Way

7.0.1 THE SKYLIGHTS THAT IS USED IN SINGAPORE (cont’d).. Location: UOB Plaza- Stair leading to Underground Passage Way

Top : From Side View Bottom: From far View

7.0.1 THE SKYLIGHTS THAT IS USED IN SINGAPORE (cont’d)..


Location; Fullerton Hotel – Glass Canopy is hung at a inclined Angle. Act as Shelter,provide daylight and aesthetically pleasing.

Location: Takashimaya (at stair leading to Basement level of Takashimaya)


Location: Parco Bugis Junction- where they used vast area of skylight over the as roof for shelter, daylight and appearances. Top: From far view Bottom: A slightly Close Up


Location: Woodlands Civic Centre

Location: Far East Square


Location: China Square Central – Cantilever space frame

Location: Standard Charter Building


Location: Within Fullerton Hotel


Location: At Woodlands Community Centre (top and Bottom)


Location: At Jurong East Primary School

Location: At Woodlands Community Centre

Location: At Jurong East Primary School

8.0.1 THE USE OF SKYLIGHT AROUND THE ASIA

8.0.1 THE USE OF SKYLIGHT AROUND THE ASIA (cont’d)

Location: Hong Kong Building: Hung Hom ( 2000 )

• High Screen glass walls up to 5m have been needed to achieve a transparent effect to the main entrance to this residential development.

• To achieve the effect of maximum transparency, structural glass

fins of similar heights were adopted to enhance this effect.

• The inter-phasing between the glass panels the semi-circular glass canopy are also neatly interpreted in the design and detailing.


Location: Hong Kong Building: Man Yee Building (2000) The glass box skylight is 6m (w) 35m (l) and 3.1m(h) and is conceive as a series of independent portal glass frames. Longitudinal loads are transfer between the portals via “sliding connections” in the bolt fixings for the face glass between the different modules. The roof glass is supported on the horizontal fins which are supported on the vertical fins. The horizontal fins are supported on the ends to the vertical fins with triangulated analytical “pin” connection bracket.


Location: Hong Kong Building: Fu Tung Shopping Centre (1999) The 29mm diameter dome skylight is supported by six delta trusses. The trusses are interconnected to compression and tension ring trusses at the apex and base respectively. Frit patterns are also applied to the 24mm thk tempered and laminated glass to minimize the amount of glare into the building. The skylight is design to withstand wind load of +3.5m to -2.8kpa.


Location: Hong Kong Building: Building The Centre Prestress tension rod truss system is used to provide a 10m high glass enclosure. Positive/negative wind loads on the glass are transmitted to the compression bar viz the quattro fittings. The glass wall dead load is transferred to the structure via suspension rods.


Location: Hong Kong Building: Oterprise Centre (1997) The skylight between the 2 building is supported by trusses spanning between the curved tower block and the podium building. The shortest truss spans 2.84m and the longest spanning 4.38m. the glass dead and wind loads are partly supported by the edge glazing channels and part supported by the Quattro Fittings. The loads from the Quattro fittings transferred to the structures via comparision members within the closed truss system.


Location: Hong Kong Building: Citibank Plaza (1993) There is the challenge to create an enticing sight for the canopy. As we walk along passage under the canopy, we will never miss the unique specially designed quattro horn-connector for the skylight. With the combination of the hi-tech looking horn-connectors and highly polished stainless steel trusses, ti provides a dynamic characteristic which reflects the Citibank corporate image

Close up of Horn connectors


Inner side of the Building and Look Up

8.0.1 THE USE OF SKYLIGHT AROUND THE ASIA (cont’d) SHAW LECTURE HALL

Location: Hong Kong Building: South Horizon (1993)

• This impressive skylight measuring 26m (l) and 6m (h) is the landmark of south horizon prestigious clubhouse.

• The elliptical shape skylight entails

each glass to be intricately segmented in trapezoidal shape to form gentle curvatures in both longitudinal and latitudinal directions. Tabular steel supporting structure incorporating Quattro Node System is used to articulate the differing glass panels.

8.0.1 THE USE OF SKYLIGHT AROUND THE ASIA (cont’d) SHAW LECTURE HALL

From the inner side of the buliding

MACAU INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

8.0.1 THE USE OF SKYLIGHT AROUND THE ASIA (cont’d) MACAU INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

Location: Hong Kong Building: Shaw Lecture Hall (1991)

• The glass enclosure which itself both eye catching and expressive is esthetically enchanced with our special designed hornlike glass connectors supported by glass mullion with spliced fins.

• The skylight and the entrance canopy

are cladded with stainless steel hairline finish is to give a distinguish outlook to the overall building environment


ASSEMBLEIA LEGISLATIVA DE MACAU

Location: Macau Building: Macau International airport (1999)

• A suspended glass canopy was installed to the main entrance to the airport building.

• The continous “sweep” of the canopy

also provided a certain “aeronautic aesthetics” that resembles the effect of an aircraft “wing” when viewed approaching the Building


ASSEMBLEIA LEGISLATIVA DE MACAU

Location: Macau Building: Assembleia Legislativa De Macau (1999)

• A skylight was included to bring in light into the tripl volume height entrance hall.

• 23mm (t) laminated tempered glass suspended from a tension rod-truss system to a maximum span of 7.5m was installed. The ‘trusses’ are spaced at 1.2m in a radiating format to suit the elliptical shape of the skylight.

• 3m wide curved skylights as also installed to both sides of the building. These skylights

are also extened to the vertical façade of the building

8.0.1 THE USE OF SKYLIGHT AROUND THE ASIA (cont’d) RCBC PLAZA-SKYLIGHT

Plan of the skylight area

8.0.1 THE USE OF SKYLIGHT AROUND THE ASIA (cont’d) 8.0.1 THE USE OF SKYLIGHT AROUND THE ASIA (cont’d) RCBC PLAZA- THREATRE GLASS WLAL (2000)

Location : Philippines Building: RCBC Plaza- Skylight (2000)

• The 24m wide circular skylight is suspended over a void of more than 12m high and another 10m of reduced void directly below.

• The dramatic effect of the light penetration into the heart of the building is achieved by using

20mm laminated glass fixed onto the steel structure.

• The glass is laid to 7” fall using Quattro articulating props and fixed directly onto the top booms of the steel trusses.

• The whole roof is designed to resist positive and negative wind load of up to 1.5 and 3.5kpa

respectively.

Location: Philippines Building: RCBC Plaza – Museum- Skylight & Glass Wall

• The 9m x 7.5m oval-shaped skylight is supported at an angle of 650 by a steel truss structure, 20mm (t) laminated glass using fixed props are used. The design positive and negative wind loads are 1.8kpa and 2.5kpa respectively

• The 13.8m high convex glass wall glass wall is installed at an inclined angle

slopping inwards as it rises.

• The 10mm (t) faceted glass wall is supported by a series of primary and

secondary steel members which are accurately positioned to enable quattro fixed props to be used.

9.0 REFERENCES

All the information are sourced from the following shown below:

http://www.aiaindustries.com.

The construction of buildings Vol 3 – R.Barry Asahi Glass Company

Archlite Engineering Pte Ltd United Reliance Engineering Pte Ltd

http://www.acralight.com

Documents

SCHOOL OF DESIGN AND ENVIRONMENTcourses.nus.edu.sg/course/bdgchewm/BR1105-2003-Skylights/cover… · All surface shall be powder coated finished, with min. 60microns thk powder coating