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Historical, Indo-European, and Lexicographical Studies

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Trends in Linguistics Studies and Monographs 90

Editor Werner Winter

Mouton de Gruyter Berlin New York



Historical, Indo-European, and Lexicographical Studies A Festschrift for Ladislav Zgusta on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday

edited by Hans Henrich Hock

Mouton de Gruyter Berlin New York 1997



Mouton de Gruyter (formerly Mouton, The Hague) is a Division of Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin.

Printed on acid-free paper which falls within the guidelines of the ANSI to ensure permanence and durability.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication-Data

Historical, Indo-European, and lexicographical studies : a fest-schrift for Ladislav Zgusta on the occasion of his 70th birth-day / edited by Hans Henrich Hock.

p. cm. - (Trends in linguistics. Studies and mono-graphs ; 90).

Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 3-11-012884-5 1. Indo-European languages. 2. Lexicography. 3. His-

torical linguistics. I. Hock, Hans Henrich, 1938 II. Zgusta, Ladislav. III. Series. P512.Z47H57 1996 410-dc20 96-10581

CIP

Die Deutsche Bibliothek Cataloging-in-Publication-Data

Historical, Indo-European, and lexicographical studies: a Fest-schrift for Ladislav Zgusta on the occasion of his 70th birthday / ed. by Hans Henrich Hock. - Berlin ; New York : Mouton de Gruyter, 1997

(Trends in linguistics : Studies and monographs ; 90) ISBN 3-11-012884-5

NE: Hock, Hans Henrich [Hrsg.]; Zgusta, Ladislav: Festschrift; Trends in linguistics / Studies and monographs

Copyright 1996 by Walter de Gruyter & Co., D-10785 Berlin All rights reserved, including those of translation into foreign languages. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechan-ical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, with-out permission in writing from the publisher. Diskconversion: Lewis & Leins GmbH, Berlin. Printing: Gerike GmbH, Berlin. Binding: Lderitz & Bauer, Berlin. Printed in Germany.



Contents

Introduction 1

Publications of Ladislav Zgusta 5

I. Indo-European and general historical linguistic studies . . . 47

Nexus and 'extraclausality' in Vedic, or 'sa-fige ' all over again: A his-torical (re)examination Hans Henrich Hock 49 Some archaisms in the Iliad Henry M. Hoenigswald 79 The origin and evolution of primary derivative suffixes in Dravidian Bh. Krishnamurti 87 Ex Oriente nox W. P. Lehmann 117 Indo-European religion Edgar C. Polome 129 Archaism and innovation in Proto-Celtic? Karl Horst Schmidt 147 On Old Persian hypocoristics in -iya-Riidiger Schmitt 163 Some problems of Latin adverbs Oswald Szemerenyi 171 Hittite telipuri- 'district, precinct' Johann Tischler 179 Lexical archaisms in the Tocharian languages Werner Winter 183

II. Papers on lexicography and history of linguistics 195

Corrections and additions to the Ossetic etymological dictionary V. I. Abaev 197



vi

More on the Diccionario Griego-Espanol Francisco R. Adrados 221 Uphill with Dasypodius: On the lexicographic treatment of weak nouns in German Elmer H. Antonsen 233 The gnosiological and dianoetic aspects of language and the limitedness of G. B. Vico's theory Walter Belardi 253 Re-constructing ideology, Part one: Animadversions of John Home Tooke on the origins of affixes and non-designative words Fredric Dolezal 261 Greek maulisterion and its group: A lexicographical essay Olivier Masson 283 The vocabulary of culture: A potential method of contrastive description Oskar Reichmann 287 The lexical Semitisms of Septuagint Greek as a reflex of the history of the Hebrew vocabulary: Implications concerning lexical diachrony and historical lexicography Haiim B. Rosen 301 Printed language dictionaries and their standardization: Notes on the progress toward a general theory of lexicography Herbert Ernst Wiegand 319

Indices 381 Author index 383 Language index 389



Introduction1

As I was searching for an epigraph for the introduction to this volume in honor of Ladislav Zgusta I remembered a fragment from Homer so famous that I knew it even when Greek was still 'Spanish' to me - the beginning of the Odyssey:

" , , . . .

The nineteenth-century edition of Liddell and Scott's Greek-English Lexi-con which I call my own refers to a controversy as to the correct meaning of polutropos, the adjective modifying the man about whom the Muse is asked to report: According to some scholars the meaning is 'multum iac-tatus', according to others 'uersatus, uersatilis'. In Ladislav Zgusta's case, the controversy can end, because he is both, multum iactatus 'much tossed about' and uersatus, uersatilis 'well-versed, versatile'.

Born in 1924 in what is now the Czech Republic, he survived two dicta-torships: First that of Nazi Germany, under which he worked as a temporary laborer in a construction business and in the railway system of the 'Protek-torat Bhmen und Mhren'; then that of Communism, from which, after the 'Prague Spring' had been forcibly crushed, he escaped with his family in a veritable cloak-and-dagger episode worthy of a movie - first to India, at that time a reluctant host, and almost immediately on to the United States, where in a single year he was in quick succession affiliated with three universi-ties - Cornell, Texas, and Illinois. At the University of Illinois we consider ourselves fortunate that his being tossed about the globe ended here.

Even before he escaped from Czechoslovakia, he had traveled extensively, but less dramatically, to Russia, Georgia, and other republics of the then USSR, to Germany (East and West), Austria, and the United States (where I caught a cutting-edge lecture of his on laryngeals at Yale University in 1965). Since joining the University of Illinois, his travels have ranged even

1 I want to thank Amy Repp, Sarah Michael, and Yasuko Suzuki for help in putting the papers in this volume on computer disk. I owe special gratitude to Yasuko Suzuki for additionally proofing a near-final version of the volume, for coding the contributions for printing, and for help with the indices.



2 Introduction

farther, to Canada and Mexico on the North-American continent; to Austria, Germany, Italy, and many other countries of Europe; and to India and the Philippines in Asia.

The breadth of Ladislav Zgusta's travels, travails, and peregrinations through the world is more than matched by his versatility as a scholar. Un-like most of us in academia, he was not satisfied with one Doctor's degree; he earned two: one in 1949 from Prague University (in Classical Philology and Indology, with a dissertation on the 'Lexicology of the Cypriot dialect'); the second from the Prague Academy in 1964 (in Philology of Asia Minor, with a dissertation on 'Personal Names of Asia Minor'). In addition, in 1964 he earned his 'Dr. Habil.' in Indo-European linguistics at the University of Brno.

His two doctoral dissertations on onomastics and lexicography set the tone for most of his nine authored monographs and seven edited volumes. His publications in this area, especially his Manual of lexicography, which he is now preparing for a thoroughly revised edition, are well known and would, by themselves, have been sufficient to establish his phthiton kleos 'imperishable fame'. But his total range of publications is much broader -both in terms of volume (141 papers and articles and 574 reviews so far) and in terms of the range of topics, interests, languages examined, languages used, and languages read.

In addition to onomastics and lexicography, his papers and reviews cover just about every aspect of the linguistic sciences. They range from the history of linguistics (including the work of the Sanskrit grammarians) to language contact and bilingualism; from linguistic theory (including reviews of Chom-sky's Aspects and Cartesian linguistics), to psycholinguistics, semantics, and typology; from epigraphy (including, I believe, epitaphs on tombstones in Champaign and Urbana), to general historical linguistics; and they cover vir-tually the entire range of the broad field of Indo-European studies (including a bold attempt with Winfred P. Lehmann to bring Schleicher's nineteenth-century reconstruction of a Proto-Indo-European fable up to the level of late-twentieth-century Indo-European scholarship).

Within the Indo-European language family he has paid special attention to the Anatolian languages (not only Hittite, but also the lesser-known Luwian, Lycian, and Lydian), the classical European languages Greek and Latin, and the Iranian languages (especially the Scythian-Ossetic traditions). His inter-ests have also included Sanskrit, the entire range of the Slavic languages, Ar-menian, Tocharian, and a large number of the less well attested, 'minor' early Indo-European languages, including Illyrian, Messapian, Phrygian, Thracian, and Venetic.



Introduction 3

As if this impressive breadth were not enough, he has also worked on a vast variety of non-Indo-European languages, from nearly every conti-nent - Etruscan and Lapp from Europe; Caucasic, Dravidian, Turkish, Semitic languages (Ugaritic, Arabic, Hebrew), Japanese, Chinese, Korean, Tibetan, and Malay from Asia; Iban and Ngizim from Africa; Navajo, Nahuatl, and Athabaskan from the Americas.

At least equally impressive is the wide range of languages in which he has published and in which he converses and exchanges letters with his numerous friends around the globe: The languages most commonly used in his publications are Czech, his native language, German, English and one of his great and abiding loves, Latin, in which - as if to single-handedly prove its continued usability as a scholarly language - he has written on such diverse topics as the linguistics and epigraphy of the Caucasus, onomastics, and even modern grammatical theory.

Other languages include French, Hungarian, Italian, Russian, and Spanish. A remarkable publication attests to his abiding love for the Greek language as well as to his proficiency in using it - an exchange of letters between Ladislav Zgusta and I. N. Kazazis. His strong interest in Sanskrit, the third great classical Indo-European language, is reflected in the 'subtitles' of a series of recent lexicographical articles.2

In addition he has reviewed publications written in Modern Armenian, Afrikaans and Dutch, Georgian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Swedish, and Os-setic.

Ladislav Zgusta's impressively broad range of interests and publications has received an equally impressive and broad range of recognition. He has twice been invited to teach at Linguistic Institutes of the Linguistic Society of America. He has presented invited talks at more than thirty different institu-tions and academic meetings and has conducted seminars in Czechoslovakia, the United States, Mexico, India, and the Philippines. He has been awarded at least twenty major research awards, prizes, and consultantships, including grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities, Guggenheim, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, and the Czech Academy of Sciences. He has been honored with membership in numerous learned societies, includ-ing the Indogermanische Gesellschaft, the Austrian Academy of Sciences, the Czech Academy of Sciences, the Societ linguistica italiana, and most recently the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He has held offices in the Dictionary Society of North America, the Linguistic Society of America,

2 He also honored my wife, Zarina, and me at our wedding by reciting a medley of Rig-Vedic verses that he had selected for the occasion.



4 Introduction

the Indogermanische Gesellschaft, and the Lexicographical Commission of the UNESCO-CIPSH.

Last, but not least, his scholarship has been recognized by the University of Illinois on several occasions: Immediately upon his arrival he was named a member of the University's prestigious Center for Advanced Study, of which he became Director in 1987; he presented the 1985 Humanities Lecture; and in 1991 he was honored by his colleagues for his 'scholarship, humanity, friendship, and for his impact on South Asian linguistics by teaching and research' at a special inauguration ceremony of the Thirteenth South Asian Languages Analysis Roundtable, held at the University of Illinois.

When several years back I realized that Ladislav Zgusta had turned sixty-five I asked him whether he would mind my editing a festschrift in his honor and whether he could suggest the names of possible contributors. Some of those whom he mentioned were not able to participate in this volume. The range of scholars who were able to do so; the range of their topics and linguistic frameworks; the range of languages they cover, of native languages, and of languages in which they communicate with Ladislav Zgusta - all of these provide a splendid reflection of his breadth of interests. But more than that, all of the scholars whom I contacted, whether they were able to participate or not, shared a deep and abiding respect and friendship for Ladislav Zgusta. The papers in this volume are presented to him with that feeling of respect and friendship.

I began this introduction with a reference to a passage in one of Ladislav Zgusta's favorite languages, Greek. Let me end with a verse composed in an-other classical language that is dear to him, Sanskrit, containing a translation of his given name and a 'slesa' allusion to his family name, both inspired by his own Latinized Greek name, 'Archicles Apolochmius qui et Ecgeumas':3

^ l l f c H M r W U * ^ : I Sft vO

3 For those not familiar with Sanskrit, I add a (rough) translation: Agryasravas ( = Archicles, Ladislav), polymath, whose tastes are not to be disputed; Protected by the Asvins, indefatigable, live a complete life.'



On Old Persian hypocoristics in -iya-

Rdiger Schmitt

1 The Indo-Iranian hypocoristic suffix *-iya-

In their massive treatment of the stem-formation of Old Indo-Aryan nouns, Wackernagel and Debrunner (1954: 358, 228a) remark on the suffix -iya-:

-iya- kommt als selbstndiges lebendiges Suffix nur in hypokoristischen Na-menformen vor, wo es anscheinend nach beliebigen Lauten stehen kann und im brigen den allgemeinen Gesetzen der Kurznamenbildung folgt [-iya- oc-curs as independent, live suffix only in hypocoristic forms of names where it apparently can appear after any sound and, for the rest, adheres to the general laws of hypocoristic formation].

They refer in this connection to the relevant rules in Pnini's grammar and to several examples illustrating the process of derivation: dev-iya- deva-datta-, ydjn-iya- yajna-datta-, seval-iya- sevala-datta-, etc. Further examples are to be found in Hilka 1910: 70, including Bhadr-iya-, Sen-iya-, and Citr-iya-.

A suffix -io- is used in the same way in Greek. The suffix is plainly recognizable in Homeric proper names like Klut-ios Kluto-medes, Ekh-ios Hr. *-iya-, has continuants in Old Ira-nian formations of the same type. This is the case with absolute certainty in OP

1 6 4 Rdiger Schmitt

In the collateral tradition of Old Iranian dialects, too, formations of this type have been detected repeatedly, even though in this field, of course, co-gency and plausibility depend on different scholars' judgments. Some forms of Iranian names, rendered in Elamite, for which the hypocoristic suffix *-iya-has been made plausible, are listed in Mayrhofer 1973: 286, 11.1.7.3.13.

Two names which in my opinion clearly belong to this group of formations are examined more closely in the following. These are OP /Mar-tiya/ (see 2) and OIran. *Dtiya, which is mirrored by Elam. hh.da-ti-ya and Gk. Dtis (3).

2 Old Persian Martiya

In Darius I 's great trilingual rock inscription at Mt. Bisutn there is attested several times (DB II 8, 12-13, IV 15, DBf 1) the name of a rebel /Martiya/, who is said to have been a Persian (DB IV4 16), the son of /Cincaxri-/ (DB II 9), and who pretended to be 'Imani, king in Elam'.5 Formally this name, whose Sogdian equivalent mrty is attested as a personal name in the rock inscriptions of Shatial I,6 is identical with the common noun /martiya-/ 'man'. But that the proper name /Martiya-/ really should be identical to the word for 'man' seems highly improbable - even if Humbach (1981: 90) thinks of 'Adam', the first man -since such a formal identity of proper name and generic noun would rather strongly detract from the proper function of a name, viz. to identify a single individual. This objection is supported by the non-existence or, at any rate, the utmost rarity of such formations in the older cognate Indo-European languages.7

It is this fact that has stimulated the alternative interpretation, favored e.g. by Mayrhofer 1979: II: 25, no. 418 and Schmitt 1989b, according to which Martiya is shortened from a compound name containing martiya- 'man' as one of its elements. But this interpretation, too, suffers from a great problem, since, as far as I know, compound names with the element Ilr. *martiya-'man' are attested neither in the Avestan corpus nor in Old Indo-Aryan (Vedic and later) texts, let alone in the Old Persian inscriptions.

Admittedly, some names containing martiya- have been sought in (and re-constructed from) forms of the collateral Elamite tradition or in later, Middle Iranian continuants;9 but not a single compound name reconstructed in this way seems fully incontestable and acceptable. For instance, Elam. hh.-mar-



On Old Persian hypocoristics in -iya- 165

ti-ya10 may just as well (I believe, even better) render Olran. *U-vardiya-'doing good';11 the case is similar for all the other forms listed in Justi 1895: 195b-196b, which Mayrhofer (1979: II: 25, no. 41) refers to. And since the Middle Iranian names that Back (1978: 231, 275) derives from Olran. *martiya- may likewise be better explained differently (see below), the as-sumption that Martiya is a shortened form of a name containing *martiya-is highly improbable.

Under these circumstances we must seriously entertain the idea that /Mar-tiya/ is morphologically composite and contains the hypocoristic suffix Ilr. *-iya-. Such an interpretation of /Martiya/ as Mart-iya- opens up the pos-sibility of closely connecting the name to an ancient word inherited from Proto-Indo-European, viz. Olran. *marta- (= OAv. marota-) Ved. mdrta-= Gk. morto-, all descended from PIE *morto- 'mortal; man'. OIAr. mdrta-is found very often in the Rigveda. Its Avestan counterpart margta- obvi-ously differs as to the accent12 and is attested only three times in the Gathas. Nevertheless, the equation is beyond any shadow of a doubt.

The third form, Gk. mortos, whose accent seems to be in agreement with that required for Avestan, occurs only once in the extant Greek literature, viz. in a Callimachean fragment, which cannot be attributed to a particular poem (fr. 467 Pf. edeimamen dstea mortoi 'we mortals built cities'). Apart from that we find a second attestation in the lexicon of Hesychius (no. M-1688 L.), where it is glossed by nthrpos, thnetos 'man, mortal'. But even if the appellative is attested exceptionally rarely (the Hesychian gloss perhaps stemming from the Callimachean passage), it seems to have been a quite common word in earlier times, since one encounters in Greek dialect inscrip-tions a quantity of personal names which either contain morto- as the first or second element (Mort-onsos; Age-mortos, Kleo-mortos, Mnsi-mortos, Khari-mortos), or are derived from that stem by a suffix (Mort-ulos like Aisch-los or Krat-los)}3

It is this rich onomastic use of the stem morto- in Greek which is a strong argument in support of the analysis of OP /Mart-iya/ proposed here,14 in spite of the lack of such names in our Old Iranian sources. But as a kind of compensation for that shortage we find several personal names in YOUNGER Iranian languages which are based on the stem Olran. *marta-. Even if we disregard MP /Mard/ and collocations like /Mard-ans/ or /Mard-bd/,15 an unquestionable example is encountered in /Mardag/, which without doubt is a hypocoristic formation based on *marta-.

Two names which occur in King Shabuhr's great trilingual inscription at the Ka'ba-i Zardusht are likewise to be interpreted as containing the stem



1 6 6 Rdiger Schmitt

OIran. *marta-, and not the OIran. *mrtiya- postulated by Back (1978: 231, 275) and Mayrhofer (1979: II: 25, no. 41).16

The first of these two names is the patronymic form Parth. /MardTn(a)gn/ (line 22), based on which we can restore the Middle Persian form


OIran. *Dti-20 (with which Gk. Dtis would be in full agreement) and to interpret it as a shortened form derived from a name with the first element OIran. *Dti-, as in all probability it is attested in *Dti-farnah- (= Elam. hh.da-tub-bar-na) 'bestowing splendor'. According to that proposal (Schmitt 1984: 468), OIran. *dti- would be a verbal noun, and the entire compound OIran. *dti-farnah- an example of the so-called terpsimbrotos 'gladdening-men' type. For such a shortened form based on a terpsimbrotos compound, the Greek name Zeuxis would be a typological parallel, since we know from Plato {Prot. 318 B-C) that the full name of the famous painter Zeuxis was Zeux-ippos 'harnessing horses'.

But that view has to be given up, too, since Lewis 1980 has recognized the same person in an Elamite tablet from Persepolis. He realized that the man named hh.da-ti-ya in Fort. Q-1809: 2-3 (a tablet first quoted only briefly21 by Hallock (1978: 115) and then published in full in Lewis 1980: 194b) must have been a high-ranking personage, since he received a rather high ration of beer (70 quarts). He is said to be on the way 'from Sardis to the king at Persepolis' (lines 5-9) in the eleventh month of Darius's twenty-seventh year (i.e. January-February 494 B.C.). From the fact that 'he carried a sealed doc-ument of the king' (lines 4-5), Lewis (1980: 195a) correctly concludes that he was on his return journey. I am fully convinced by Lewis's identification of Datiya with the Greeks' Dtis and his view that we see him here on a kind of inspection tour to Asia Minor during the Ionian Revolt, obviously a mission of coordinating the final campaigns against the rebels early that year.

The onomastic consequences of this treatment have not been touched by Lewis. But if there is prosopographical identity between Elam. bh.da-ti-ya and Gk. Dtis, there must with absolute necessity be onomastic identity, too. That means that both forms must be traced back to an original form OIran. *Dtiya.22 Moreover, there is independent evidence that Old Iranian names in *-iya- were rendered in Greek by forms in -is; cf. the close parallel in the equation OP Brd-iya = Gk. Smerd-is.23

The form OIran. *Dtiya- no doubt is to be understood as being derived by means of the hypocoristic suffix *-iya- from the well-attested, though quite ambiguous stem *dta- in the same way as OP /Mart-iya1 above ( 2). One may even go further and point to the parallelism of hypocoristic formations in Iran. *Mart-iya- (OP /Martiya/) beside *Mart-ina- (MP /MardTn/; see 2) on one hand, and Iran. *Dt-iya- (as discussed in this section) beside *Dt-ina-24

on the other. To complete the discussion, let me mention that Justi (1895: 81b) also

subsumed under the heading 'Dtis' (sic) the Armenian name Dat (and its various bearers) as well as others. I have excluded these forms, which are



168 Rdiger Schmitt

attested later, from the discussion, since I am of the opinion that they do not belong to OIran. *Dtiya. The main evidence to support my conclusion is that the stem Arm. Dat appears to be inflected as an -stem (gen. Dat-ay in Moses Khorenats'i 2: 11), as if it resulted from an Old Iranian form *Dta-.

Notes

1. Cf. e.g. Risch 1974: 118-119, 41d; Kamptz 1982: 116-117, 39c2. 2. Cf. Mayrhofer 1979: II: 16-17, no. 20. 3. Mayrhofer 1979: I: 28, no. 63. 4. 16' is a misprint in Schmitt 1989b: 433a. 5. For the most recent general discussion see Schmitt 1989b. 6. Cf. Humbach 1980: 207, no. 10; 220, nos. 109a-b; 226b s.v.; and Sims-Williams

1989: 26b, nos. 36: 96-97. 7. In such a richly documented language as Greek, for instance, a man's name

Anthrpos (nthrpos being the ordinary word for 'man') is attested only once (Aristoteles, EN 1147 B35).

8. Including a reference to the all too imaginative view of Wst 1966: 274. 9. See Mayrhofer 1979: II: 25, no. 41. 10. The formal identity with the adjective OP /umartiya-/ 'possessed

by good men' is misleading, since this is used as epithet only of countries, not of persons.

11. I regard this name as a close parallel to OP


References

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logie des Mittelpersischen der Inschriften zusammen mit einem etymolo-gischen Index des mittelpersischen Wortgutes und einem Textcorpus der behandelten Inschriften. (Acta Iranica, 18.) Leiden: Brill.

Gignoux, Philippe 1986 Noms propres sassanides en moyen-perse epigraphique. (Iranisches Per-

sonennamenbuch, 2: 2.) Wien: Verlag der sterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.

Hailock, Richard T. 1978 Selected fortification tablets. Cahiers de la Delegation Archeologique

Fran^aise en Iran 8: 109-136. Hilka, Alfons

1910 Beitrge zur Kenntnis der indischen Namengebung: Die altindischen Per-sonennamen. (Indische Forschungen, 3.) Breslau: Marcus.

Hinz, Walther 1975 Altiranisches Sprachgut der Nebenberlieferungen. Wiesbaden: Harras-

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1980 Die sogdischen Inschriftenfunde vom oberen Indus (Pakistan). Allgemeine und Vergleichende Archologie, Beitrge 2: 201-228.

1981 Review of Mayrhofer 1979. Kratylos 26: 89-91. Huyse, Philip

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170 Rdiger Schmitt

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terre. Mayrhofer, Manfred

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1991b Review of Masson 1990. Kratylos 36: 129-134. Sims-Williams, Nicholas

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denhoeck & Ruprecht. Wst, Walther

1966 Altpersische Studien: Sprach- und kulturgeschichtliche Beitrge zum Glos-sar der Achmeniden-Inschriften. (, 8-11.) Mnchen: Kitzinger.



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