Module 4: Processes
More than a programA process is a program in execution.A process
execution must progress in a sequential manner.A process includes:
program counter stack data section What is a process?
1This should actually be moved to Chapter 1. This definition
appears on Ch 1, p. 17 of the textbook.
As a process executes, it changes statenew: The process is being
createdrunning: Instructions are being executedwaiting: The process
is waiting for some event to occurready: The process is waiting to
be assigned to a processterminated: The process has finished
executionProcess State
Diagram of Process State
Information associated with each processProcess stateProgram
counterCPU registersCPU scheduling informationMemory-management
informationAccounting informationI/O status information
Process Control Block (PCB)
Process Control Block (PCB)
CPU Switch From Process to Process
Job queue set of all processes in the systemReady queue set of
all processes residing in main memory, ready and waiting to
executeDevice queues set of processes waiting for an I/O
deviceProcesses migrate among the various queuesProcess Scheduling
Queues
Ready Queue And Various I/O Device Queues
Representation of Process Scheduling
Long-term scheduler (or job scheduler) selects which processes
should be brought into the ready queueShort-term scheduler (or CPU
scheduler) selects which process should be executed next and
allocates CPUSchedulers
Addition of Medium Term Scheduling
Short-term scheduler is invoked very frequently (milliseconds)
(must be fast)Long-term scheduler is invoked very infrequently
(seconds, minutes) (may be slow)The long-term scheduler controls
the degree of multiprogrammingProcesses can be described as
either:I/O-bound process spends more time doing I/O than
computations, many short CPU burstsCPU-bound process spends more
time doing computations; few very long CPU burstsSchedulers
(Cont.)
When CPU switches to another process, the system must save the
state of the old process and load the saved state for the new
process
Context-switch time is overhead; the system does no useful work
while switching
Time dependent on hardware supportContext Switch
THANK YOU
