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SCC30234 I i Ch i t SCC30234 Inorganic Chemistry
d Th Ch i tand Thermo Chemistry
SORACHAI SAE-LIMDEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
MAHIDOL WITAYANUSORN SCHOOL
2
CONTENTSCONTENTS
1.Inorganic Chemistry
2.Thermodynamic Chemistry
SORACHAI SAE-LIM, DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, MAHIDOL WITAYANUSORN SCHOOL
SCC30234 Inorganic Chemistry and Thermo Chemistry2
Outline of Inorganic ChemistryOutline of Inorganic Chemistry3
Outline of Inorganic ChemistryOutline of Inorganic Chemistry
1. Introduction
1.1 Periodic table
1.2 Effective nuclear charge
2. Molecular Orbital
3. Solid State
4. Main group
5. Transition Metal
SORACHAI SAE-LIM, DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, MAHIDOL WITAYANUSORN SCHOOL
SCC30234 Inorganic Chemistry and Thermo Chemistry
4
Measurement and EvaluationMeasurement and Evaluation1.Lab 1 (Group) 5 point
2.Ex 1(Inorganic chemistry) (Individual) 5 point
3.Q1 (Individual) 5 point
4.Midterm Test (Inorganic Chemistry) (Individual) 20 point
5.Q2 (Individual) 5 point
6 Lab 2 (Group) 5 point6.Lab 2 (Group) 5 point
7.Ex 2 (Thermodynamic Chemistry) (Individual) 5 point
8.Behaviour (On time, Be honest, Discipline, Persevere) 10 point
(Individual)
9.Experiment test (individual) 10 point
( ) ( )10.Final test (Acid and Base) (individual) 30 point100
SORACHAI SAE-LIM, DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, MAHIDOL WITAYANUSORN SCHOOL
SCC30234 Inorganic Chemistry and Thermo Chemistry4
ไ
5
ธาต เกดจากอะไร ?
จงอธบายจงอธบาย
SORACHAI SAE-LIM, DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, MAHIDOL WITAYANUSORN SCHOOL
SCC30234 Inorganic Chemistry and Thermo Chemistry
6
กาเนดของอะตอมและธาตตาง ๆ
-universe
St ti t i l*Starting material
Energy or MatterExplain?Explain?
The Big Bang TheoryThe Big Bang Theory
สสารทงมวลไดถกทาใหเขมขนอยในบรเวณทเลกทสด (point likeสสารทงมวลไดถกทาใหเขมขนอยในบรเวณทเลกทสด (point like region) ดวยพลงงานทสงมากจงระเบดขน
SORACHAI SAE-LIM, DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, MAHIDOL WITAYANUSORN SCHOOL
SCC30234 Inorganic Chemistry and Thermo Chemistry
ใ ไ
7
เมอเกดระเบดขน จะทาใหเกดอะไรตามมา
-อณหภมแรกเรมหลงจากการระเบด คอ 109 เคลวน
-ขณะนนอนภาคตางๆ ยงมพลงงานจลนสงมากเกนกวาทจะรวมกน
-เมออณหภมลดลงเรอย ๆ และการเคลอนทกจะชาลง และเรมทจะรวมตวภายใต
อทธพลของแรงตาง ๆ อนเปนตนกาเนดของการสรางอะตอม นวตรอน เกดกอน
แลวจงสลายอยางรวดเรว ดวยครงชวต = 11.3 นาท ใหโปรตอน อเลกตรอน และ
แอนตนวตรอน เพยงครงเดยวของนวตรอน
SORACHAI SAE-LIM, DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, MAHIDOL WITAYANUSORN SCHOOL
SCC30234 Inorganic Chemistry and Thermo Chemistry
ตวอยางของปฏกรยาการเกดนวเคลยสในขบวนการเผาไหมของไฮโดรเจน
8
ตวอยางของปฏกรยาการเกดนวเคลยสในขบวนการเผาไหมของไฮโดรเจน
H1+ H1 H2 + e+ +H
1 + H1
H1
+ e ve+
H2 H1 He3+ + gramaH
1H
1He
2+ g
He3 He3 He4H1+ 2+He
2e
2e
2H
1+
H42 8He2
2 Be84
+ grama
H4B8 + 12He2
Be4
+ C126
+ grama
SORACHAI SAE-LIM, DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, MAHIDOL WITAYANUSORN SCHOOL
SCC30234 Inorganic Chemistry and Thermo Chemistry8
Periodic TablePeriodic Table 9
SORACHAI SAE-LIM, DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, MAHIDOL WITAYANUSORN SCHOOL
SCC30234 Inorganic Chemistry and Thermo Chemistry9
การแบ ตารา ธาตแบบ d f bl k10
การแบงตารางธาตแบบ s, p, d, f-block
SORACHAI SAE-LIM, DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, MAHIDOL WITAYANUSORN SCHOOL
SCC30234 Inorganic Chemistry and Thermo Chemistry
ส
11
สญลกษณ นวเคลยร
SORACHAI SAE-LIM, DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, MAHIDOL WITAYANUSORN SCHOOL
SCC30234 Inorganic Chemistry and Thermo Chemistry
12
htt // h i t d /t hi / itk /CHEM163A/http://www.chemistry.ucsc.edu/teaching/switkes/CHEM163A/Fall02/KWILSON/qm/schrsolving.html
SORACHAI SAE-LIM, DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, MAHIDOL WITAYANUSORN SCHOOL
SCC30234 Inorganic Chemistry and Thermo Chemistry
Quantum number13
Quantum number
1.Printciple quantum number (n)2 Orbital angular momentum quantum2.Orbital angular momentum quantum number (l)3 Magnetic quantum number (m )3.Magnetic quantum number (ml)
4 Spin quantum number (m ) : Spin angular4.Spin quantum number (ms) : Spin angular momentum
SORACHAI SAE-LIM, DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, MAHIDOL WITAYANUSORN SCHOOL
SCC30234 Inorganic Chemistry and Thermo Chemistry13
R l ti hi A V l f l
14
Relationship Among Values of n, land ml
SORACHAI SAE-LIM, DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, MAHIDOL WITAYANUSORN SCHOOL
SCC30234 Inorganic Chemistry and Thermo Chemistry
15
6C = 6
SORACHAI SAE-LIM, DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, MAHIDOL WITAYANUSORN SCHOOL
SCC30234 Inorganic Chemistry and Thermo Chemistry15
จงบอกเลขควอนตมของอเลกตรอนทงสองใน 2p-orbital16
จงบอกเลขควอนตมของอเลกตรอนทงสองใน 2p orbital ของคารบอน
6C = [He] 2s2 2p2
เลขควอนตม อเลกตรอนตวท 1 อเลกตรอนตวท 2n 2 2
l 1 1
ml 1, 0, -1 1, 0, -1
ms 1/2 , -1/2 1/2 , -1/2
SORACHAI SAE-LIM, DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, MAHIDOL WITAYANUSORN SCHOOL
SCC30234 Inorganic Chemistry and Thermo Chemistry
จงจดเรยงอเลกตรอน จงจดเรยงอเลกตรอน ((Electron configurationElectron configuration))17
จงจดเรยงอเลกตรอน จงจดเรยงอเลกตรอน ((Electron configurationElectron configuration))
ใหบอกดวยวาอยคาบใด หมใด
19K =
Br =35Br =
24Cr =
Cr+ =
106X =
SORACHAI SAE-LIM, DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, MAHIDOL WITAYANUSORN SCHOOL
SCC30234 Inorganic Chemistry and Thermo Chemistry17
106X
1s 2s 2p 2p 2p -orbital18
1s, 2s, 2px, 2py, 2pz-orbital
Arbitrary assignment
SORACHAI SAE-LIM, DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, MAHIDOL WITAYANUSORN SCHOOL
SCC30234 Inorganic Chemistry and Thermo Chemistry
d- orbital19
d- orbital
SORACHAI SAE-LIM, DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, MAHIDOL WITAYANUSORN SCHOOL
SCC30234 Inorganic Chemistry and Thermo Chemistry
f orbital20
f- orbital
SORACHAI SAE-LIM, DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, MAHIDOL WITAYANUSORN SCHOOL
SCC30234 Inorganic Chemistry and Thermo Chemistry20
21
Shielding EffectShielding Effect
SORACHAI SAE-LIM, DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, MAHIDOL WITAYANUSORN SCHOOL
SCC30234 Inorganic Chemistry and Thermo Chemistry21
Effective Nuclear Charge22
Effective Nuclear Charge
Nuclear =Nuclear = ประจประจ ++Nuclear Nuclear ประจประจ ++
ee__
Z* = Z - SZ Z S
SORACHAI SAE-LIM, DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, MAHIDOL WITAYANUSORN SCHOOL
SCC30234 Inorganic Chemistry and Thermo Chemistry
Shielding EffectShielding Effect23
Shielding EffectShielding Effect
• Shi ldi t t• Shielding constant
1 Sl t1.Slater
2.Clementi-Raimondi
SORACHAI SAE-LIM, DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, MAHIDOL WITAYANUSORN SCHOOL
SCC30234 Inorganic Chemistry and Thermo Chemistry23
24
1.Slater
เปนการคานวณโดยคดวาอะตอมมสมบตคลายไฮโดรเจนอะตอมและคดวาอเลกตรอนท
อยใน n เดยวกนมความสามารถในการกาบงโดยเฉลยเทากนหรอใกลเคยงกน
Z* = Z - S
Where; Z* = effective Nuclear ChargeWhere; Z* = effective Nuclear Charge
Z = nuclear chargeS = shielding constant
SORACHAI SAE-LIM, DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, MAHIDOL WITAYANUSORN SCHOOL
SCC30234 Inorganic Chemistry and Thermo Chemistry
Sl t ’ lSl t ’ l
25
Slater’s ruleSlater’s rule
The rules for determining S for a specific electron are as follows:The electronic structure of the atom is written in groupings as follows: (1s) (2s,2p) (3s,3p)
(3d) (4s,4p) (4d) (4f) (5s,5p), etc.
Electrons in higher groups (to the right in the list above) do not shield those
in lower groupsin lower groups.
For ns or np valence electrons:• Electrons in the same ns, np group contribute 0.35, except the 1s, where 0.30 works better.
• Electrons in the n - 1 shell contribute 0.85.
• Electrons in the n - 2 or lower contribute 1.00.
For nd and nf valence electrons:For nd and nf valence electrons:• Electrons in the same nd or nf group contribute 0.35.
• Electrons in groups to the left contribute 1.00. นร.ตองจาคาตาง ๆ ดวย
SORACHAI SAE-LIM, DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, MAHIDOL WITAYANUSORN SCHOOL
SCC30234 Inorganic Chemistry and Thermo Chemistry25
E l E l 11
26
Example Example 11
1 Consider the valence electron in the atom N1.Consider the valence electron in the atom 7N.
Z* = Z - S
N = (1s2) (2s2 2p3)7N = (1s ), (2s , 2p )
หา s = (2x0.85) + (4x0.35) = 3.1
Z* = 7 0 3 1 = 3 9Z* = 7.0 – 3.1 = 3.9
SORACHAI SAE-LIM, DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, MAHIDOL WITAYANUSORN SCHOOL
SCC30234 Inorganic Chemistry and Thermo Chemistry26
E l E l 22
27
Example Example 22
2 Consider the valence electron in the atom Zn และ Zn2+2.Consider the valence electron in the atom 30Zn และ Zn
Z* = Z - S
30Zn = (1s2), (2s2, 2p6 ) (3s2, 3p6), (3d10), (4s2)
หา s = (1x0 35) + (18x0 85)+ (10x1) = 25 65 หา s = (1x0.35) + (18x0.85)+ (10x1) = 25.65
Z* = 30.0 – 25.65 = 4.35 2+Zn2+
Zn2+ = (1s2), (2s2, 2p6 ) (3s2, 3p6), (3d10)
หา s = (9x0 35) + (18x1 0) = 21 15หา s = (9x0.35) + (18x1.0) = 21.15
Z* = 30.0 – 21.15 = 8.85
SORACHAI SAE-LIM, DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, MAHIDOL WITAYANUSORN SCHOOL
SCC30234 Inorganic Chemistry and Thermo Chemistry27
22 Clementi and RaimondiClementi and Raimondi28
22.Clementi and Raimondi.Clementi and Raimondi
• Effective nuclear charge from self-consistent field wave function us
ing rule for calculating the shielding of any electron:
S1s = 0.3(N1s – 1) + 0.0072(N2s + N2p) + 0.0158(N3s,p,d + N4s,p)
S = 1 7208 + 0 3601(N – 1 + N ) + 0 2062(N + N )S2s 1.7208 + 0.3601(N2s 1 + N2p) + 0.2062(N3s,p,d + N4s,p)
S2p = 2.5787 + 0.3326(N2p – 1) – 0.0773N3s – 0.0161(N3p + N4s) – 0.0048N3d + 0.0085N4p
S3s = 8.4927 + 0.2501(N3s – 1 + N3p) + 0.0778N4s + 0.3382N3d + 0.1978N4pp p
S3p = 9.3345 + 0.3803(N3p – 1) + 0.0526N4s + 0.3289N3d + 0.1558N4p
S3d = 13.5894 + 0.2693(N3d – 1) – 0.1065N4p
S 2 82 0 290 ( 1)S4p = 24.7782 + 0.2905(N4p – 1)
นร.ไมตองจาสตร
SORACHAI SAE-LIM, DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, MAHIDOL WITAYANUSORN SCHOOL
SCC30234 Inorganic Chemistry and Thermo Chemistry28
29
Example Example 33
1 T fi d ff ti l h f l l t N
Example Example 33
1.To find effective nuclear charge of valence electron 7N
7N = (1s2), (2s2, 2p3)
S2p = 2.5787 + 0.3326(N2p – 1) – 0.0773N3s – 0.0161(N3p + N4s) – 0.0048N3d
+ 0 0085N
แทนคาลงในสตร
+ 0.0085N4p
แทนคาลงในสตร
= 2.5787 + 0.3326 (3-1) = 3.2439
Z* = 7.0 – 3.2439 = 3.7561
SORACHAI SAE-LIM, DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, MAHIDOL WITAYANUSORN SCHOOL
SCC30234 Inorganic Chemistry and Thermo Chemistry
30
Example Example 44Example Example 44
2.To find effective nuclear charge of 3d electron 30Zn
SORACHAI SAE-LIM, DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, MAHIDOL WITAYANUSORN SCHOOL
SCC30234 Inorganic Chemistry and Thermo Chemistry