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Scanmin Factory – Johannesburg RSA
SMASH –Scanmin’s new digital analyser
Elemental analyser –
Sulfur, moisture, ash,
CV, etc….
SCANMIN AFRICA’S CLIENTS
Client Factory Visit
SCANMIN in Coal RSA
Kendal – 2 incline analyser before terrace binsHendrina- 2 staithes inclineLethabo- 2 conveyors before terrace BinsKomati- 2 stock yard conveyors and 2 incline conveyors.Kusilie- 1 Train loading facility and 2 incline conveyor before terrace bins.Majuba- 2 incline conveyors before terrace bins and on receiving Sept 18Medupi- 1 SMASH incoming conveyor – Oct 18Total 18 Analysers
Impunzi – Density control on final product belt- CV 1 AnalyserTweefontein- Density control on High and low grade product belts and train load out. 3 AnalysersPhola Coal – Middling's 1 analyser
Thermal CoalPower Station Installation-Ash, CV, S, C,
H,N,O, Volatile and all ash elements
New Digital SMASH in Coal
Coal Washing Plant
Installation
SMASH Technology- Visual
representation of TNC and NIS-
Interacts with both organic and
inorganic matter in Coal or Coke
SMASH TECHNOLOGY
Gammas are captured by Scintillation detectors
New Generation Digital Detector • Digital MCA
• Not affected by temperature
• Computer controlled spectra
• SMASH – Double Layer of detectors
• Digital electronics SMASH
• Cloud based data acquisition
ELEMENTAL ANALYSERSpectrum
▪Incoming Neutron → Outgoing Gamma
▪Energy of Gamma (x axis) → Which Element
▪No of Gammas (y axis) → Quantity of Element
ROI
Elements accessible – qualitative estimate
Sensitivity
Red – good
Blue –average
Black - poor
NIS &TNC TNC
H H
C C
N N
O O
Na Na
Mg Mg
Al Al
Fe Fe
Si Si
P P
S S
Cl Cl
K K
Ti Ti
Mn Mn
Ca Ca
Methods of Neutron Generation
Analyser Neutron energy
source
Reaction Manufacturer
PGNAA Cf 252 TNC Scantech
Thermo
RTI
SMASH
Technology
Am241Be NIS & TNC Scanmin
Comparison (1) of Analysers : Radiation issues
1. PGNAA
(TNC only)
2. SMASH
(TNC&NIS)
Radiation source Isotope (Cf-252) Isotope (Am-Be)
Source Energy 2MeV (mean) 4.5Mev (mean)
Neutron flux 1.2×108 n/s 2 ×107 n/s
“Lifetime” 2.5 years (isotope) 432 years
(RWL ~15 years)
Replacement Radiation Source
Supply
Very Limited Not an issue
shielding medium Medium -low
Comparison (2) of
different Analysers
1. PGNAA
(TNC ONLY)
2. NITA
(TNC&NIS)
Spectral
complexity
High Moderate
Thickness and
segregation
compensation
Moderate good
Range of
accessible
elements
Narrow Wide
Running Cost High Low
Capital cost “Standard” SMASH very well priced.
Comparison of different Analysers
1. PGNAA
(TNC only)
2. SMASH
(TNC&NIS)
Transmission of
gamma
Through Through and back
scatter- SuperSMASH
Backscatter SMASH
Relevance of
Higher energy
neutrons
Limited elements Good – more elements
measured over more
parameters
Engineering
design
Graphite
moderators and
close to material
No Moderators and
roof 400 mm above
material
Detector
Geometry
Top only Top and bottom-
SMASH
Elements Inorganic and H All – Organic and
inorganic
Calculated Spatial Response
➢ 4.44MeV Carbon NIS gamma-rays
➢ 200thick x 600 mm wide coal
Area preferentially
“seen” by
analysis
Gamma-ray
detector
Neutron
source
Gamma-ray
detector
Neutron
source
Gamma-ray
detector
Neutron
source
Sample
Gamma-ray
detector
Neutron
source
Gamma-ray
detector
Neutron
source
Gamma-ray
detector
Areas preferentially
“seen” by analysis
Gamma-ray
detector
Neutron
source
Sample
Gamma-ray
detector
Approach to compensation for Segregation - examples
0.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91
Operational Comparison
1. PGNAA
(TNC only)
2. SMASH
(TNC&NIS)
Calibration Dynamic and laborious
Factory calibrated and modelled to national coal chemistry- see calibration model
On Going Calibration
Intensive Required verification – 6 monthly- Monthly report issued
Support Foreign and expensive
Local
SLA Foreign 2 services Per annum with remote support
Radiation safety Conforms Way below local requirements
Operational detector Comparison
1. PGNAA
(TNC only)
2. SMASH
(TNC&NIS)
Detector used NaI or BGO NaI or CeBr
Pulse Pile UP NaI – Yes on
Analogue
BGO – No
CeBr- No pile up no cooling
NaI with SMA digital – No
Pulse pile up.
Detector maintenance PMT yes PMT - Yes
Temperature control NaI- No
BGO – Yes
CeBr- No
NaI – No
Radiation safety Conforms Way below local requirements
PGNAA Impact of Belt LoadingAll PGNAA analysers have through transmission detectors.
As the mass increases so the gamma rays are attenuated and counts are affected
1
10
100
1000
10000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Co
un
ts
Channel No.
Transmission
High Belt Loading
Low Belt Loading
Impact of Belt LoadingThe SMASH Backscatter detectors is not affected by varying belt loading All analysers are impacted by very low tonnages.
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Co
un
ts
Channel No.
Backscatter
High Belt Loading
Low Belt Loading
Core Science Comparison- Ash
• PGNAA captures spectral counts for most inorganic elements. These counts are totalled and regressed against an ash value. i.e. Fe, Al, Si etc.
• SMASH captures spectral counts for most inorganic elements. Ash is calculated from direct measurements – same as PGNAA
Nita II Core Science Comparison - CV
• PGNAA uses the ash to determine the CV value by correlation. Most cases correlations are generally good but is susceptible to a margin of error and mass variations
• SMASH will supply 2 Cv’s- Measured and derived. Smash measures Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and sulphur all directly. CV is calculated using first scientific principals for the determination of CV. This is calculated independent of ASH.
• A derived CV to ash is also supplied.
SMASH Derived CV
SMASH-Measured CV
Nita Measured CV
SMASH Core Science Comparison-Carbon/ Fixed carbon
• PGNAA analysers report fixed carbon on a direct correlation to Ash/ CV
• SMASH measures carbon directly. Fixed Carbon is a calculated value to lab results.
SMASH Core Science Comparison- Volatiles
• PGNAA analysers report volatile matter by difference e.g. Volatile matter = DB(100%-Ash – Fixed carbon)- What about inherent moisture???
• SMASH measures volatiles directly from carbon, carbon background, sulphur and hydrogen.
SMASH is not reliant on any empirical calculation.
SMASH Core Science Comparison-Oxygen and Moisture
• Most PGNAA analysers can only measure free moisture by using outdated microwave technology.
• SMASH measures Oxygen and Total moisture.
Fact- SMASH can differentiate between Total O, O in moisture, O in oxides and organic oxygen. Smash also measures H
Combined with a microwave moisture monitor SMASH will supply Total. Inherent and free moistures.
SMASH Core Science Comparison-Oxygen and Moisture
• SMASH is not coal type dependent and can work on a variety of coals and blends.
Proven on Kendal and Eskom coal
- 7 to 8 primary suppliers with multiple blends.
SMASH Core Science Comparison-radiation and Isotope
• PGNAA uses Cf252 which has a half life of 2.5 years. Expensive to run and makes calibration maintenance intensive.
• Nita II uses and AmBe 241 and has a half life of 432 years and never has to be topped up.
• This makes SMASH calibrations very robust.
• The Am241Be source can be returned t the OEM at the end of the analyser lifecycle – 20-25 years
Smash and Moisture
• Smash measures H and O directly.
• Smash can supply a Total moisture
• Smash can supply and Inherent Moisture
• Smash can derive surface moisture
• No need for microwave moisture analyser.
Typical Dynamic Performance
• Ash 0.3-0.5
• CV 0.3 -0.5
• Volatile 0.6-0.7
• Moisture 0.4-0.5
• Sulfur 0.02-0.03
• Range dependent and reference
must be able to better than.
COAL- GUI
New Generation SMASH, Modular and easy to install
Digital Electronics
Digital Electronics
• Computer Temperature controlled
• Analog signal converted to digital at the source
• Easily set-up or adjusted
• Improved pile-up rejection
Digital MCA
• External Temperature control no longer required
CeBr3 or NaI Detector
Digital Cloud Services
INTERNET
Client SCADA andProcess control
Management Reports
Analyser
Factory
Logistics
Delivery ex works 12- 16 weeks Source lead time – 16 weeks from order
Product support-
Remote – Scanmin
On site – Schmersal India
Thank You – Questions?