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Scaling of Dye Solar Cells: from single cells to modules and panels
Stefano Penna, Riccardo Riccitelli, Eleonora Petrolati,
Andrea Reale, Thomas M. Brown, Aldo Di Carlo
Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy (CHOSE)
Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”
PLMCN10, Cuernavaca (Mex) 12-16 April, 2010
PLMCN10, Cuernavaca (MEX) 12-16 April, 2010
Outline
• Introduction to Dye Solar Cells
• Optimization strategies for efficiency improvement
• Upscaling: from DSC test cells to modules and panels
• Conclusions
PLMCN10, Cuernavaca (MEX) 12-16 April, 2010
Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy
• Set in 2007 upon Lazio Region 3-year funding
– 600 m2 lab facilities in the Hi-Tech District of Rome (Tecnopolo Tiburtino)
– 50 people: 5 Prof, 5 Assistant Prof, 9 Post Doc, 20 PhD, 11 post-grad
• Totally focused on Organic and Hybrid Photovoltaic technologies
– Materials– Processing towards inline
automation– Up-scaling towards large area
devices– Modeling and simulation tools• Technological Transfer to industry– Two spin-off companies hosted
– Dyers for technology development– TiberCAD for modeling
– Industrial partnership within Dyepower
51%
CHOSE
http://www.tiberlab.org http://www.dyers.it
PLMCN10, Cuernavaca (MEX) 12-16 April, 2010
Structure of a DSC
Dye Molecules on TiO2
Glass Substrate
Electrolyte I-/I-3
Catalyst (Platinum, graphite)
Glass Substrate
Transparent Conducting Oxide (FTO)
Transparent Conducting Oxide (FTO)
nanostructured TiO2
PLMCN10, Cuernavaca (MEX) 12-16 April, 2010
Working principle of a DSC
I3-I-Red
No permanent chemical transformation in the materials composing the cell
2S+ + 3I- 2S + I3- I3
- + 2e- 3I-S + hv S* S* S+ + e−(TiO2)
Titania (10 m) Dye Electrolyte (50 m) Catalyst (10 nm)
PLMCN10, Cuernavaca (MEX) 12-16 April, 2010
Unique aesthetical features
Colour tuning, Transparency Customized patterning
PLMCN10, Cuernavaca (MEX) 12-16 April, 2010
“New” manufacturing process
High temperature, doping, vacuum pocessing
Conventional Electronics Organic Electronics
Printing methodsConventional semiconductor
industry
Large enterprises(tens of M€ fab)
Small Medium enterprises (some M€ fab)
Liquid deposition
PLMCN10, Cuernavaca (MEX) 12-16 April, 2010
Other advantages of DSC technology
• Lower fabrication cost than Silicon PV– In DSC cost imposed by processing– In Silicon PV 80% cost imposed by silicon wafer production
• Ideal for Building Integration– Indipendent on lighting angle– Better working under scattered light than direct light– Availability for transparency, colour tuning, customized
patterning
• Higher energy produced during 1 year than Silicon PV upon the same Wp installed, despite lower Wp efficiency (11% vs 25% on lab cells)
• Lower fab cost lower entrance barrier for investors• Lower energy payback• High environmental compatibility
PLMCN10, Cuernavaca (MEX) 12-16 April, 2010
Optimization parameters
TiO2
Electrolyte
Counter-Electrode
EncapsulationLayout
Printing Technique
Dye
Easy
Medium
Critical
Difficult
Dyes
Natural Dyes
Industrial Dyes
Organic Dyes
Rutenium-Based Dyes
Efficiency
1%
11%
N719 Dye
PLMCN10, Cuernavaca (MEX) 12-16 April, 2010
Dye management
Spectral response can be enlarged by a double-dye strategy involving an IR absorber beyond the green absorber (N719 and similar)
400 450 500 550 600 650 700 7500,0
0,3
0,6
0,9
1,2
1,5
Ab
sorb
an
ce (
a.u
.)
Wavelength (nm)
N719 Near IR dye N719 : Near IR Dye
400 440 480 520 560 600 640 680 7200
10
20
30
40
50
(nm)
IPC
E (
%)
Colonna, Di Carlo, Bignozzi, Brown, Reale et al., under submission
Absorbance External Quantum Efficiency
PLMCN10, Cuernavaca (MEX) 12-16 April, 2010
TiO2 management: standard performance
PLMCN10, Cuernavaca (MEX) 12-16 April, 2010
TiO2 management
Tayloring the TiO2 surface by the use of Scattering Layers (SLs) to trap light in the working electrode
D. Colonna et al. / Superlattices and Microstructures 47 (2010) 197201
400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 8000,00
0,15
0,30
0,45
0,60
0,75
Abs
orba
nce
(a.u
.)
Wavelength (nm)
TiO2 + N719
(TiO2+SL) + N719
enhanced subtended area
0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8
-20-18-16-14-12-10-8-6-4-20
ISC = 19.8 mA/cm2; Area = 0.25 cm
2
VOC = 747 mV; FF = 67.87 %
= 10.03 %
J [m
A/c
m2]
V [V]
+ 22.5%
S. Ito et al., Adv. Mater. 2006, 18, 1202–1205
PLMCN10, Cuernavaca (MEX) 12-16 April, 2010
Upscaling: from test cells to modules
• In a test cell performances are ruled by materials• In large area cells and modules performances are ruled by
technology– large area deposition– sealing and encapsulation– high series resistance of TCO electrodes (8 sq)
interconnections among cells needed
Test cell (0.5 x 0.5 cm2)Module 10 x 20 cm2
PLMCN10, Cuernavaca (MEX) 12-16 April, 2010
Module lay-outZ-configuration
– series connection– ideal for BIPV– interconnection dispensing is
critical
W-configuration– series connection– no need for interconnection
dispensing– not good for BIPV– problem with electrical
balancing
P-configuration– parallel connection– grid dispensing is less critical
+
+
+
Pictures courtesy of
PLMCN10, Cuernavaca (MEX) 12-16 April, 2010
Module performance
• Micro vertical interconnections (20 micron) for high level of transparency
Micro-interconnections (Z)
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
1.0 sun eff.= 3.5 %
0.6 sun eff.= 4.7 %
I [m
A]
V[V]
0.3 sun eff.= 5.7 %
37 cm2 module with 4 Z micro-interconnected cells (cell area = 9.4 cm2).
PLMCN10, Cuernavaca (MEX) 12-16 April, 2010
Large area: from modules to panels
Panel 0.8 x 0.6 m2
Module 20 x 10 cm2
PLMCN10, Cuernavaca (MEX) 12-16 April, 2010
String assembly: the beginning
PLMCN10, Cuernavaca (MEX) 12-16 April, 2010
Panel lay-out
20 Modules: 4 strings of 5 Modules Series Interconnected
Panels 0.8 x 0.6 = 0.48 m2
First DSC panel @ CHOSE
PLMCN10, Cuernavaca (MEX) 12-16 April, 2010
Strings composition
- + - + - +
Series interconnected DSC module Nickel conducting paste
PLMCN10, Cuernavaca (MEX) 12-16 April, 2010
DSC Strings performance
• Higher current production in Z strings• Higher voltage in W strings (one cell more per module)• Better fitting in W strings
0 5 10 15 20 25
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
Cur
rent
den
sity
(m
A/c
m2 )
Voltage (V)
I(Stringa 1 Z_Dyepower) I(Stringa_1(Pmax)) simulated
0 5 10 15 20 25 30-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
Cu
rre
nt
de
nsi
ty (
mA
/cm
2 )
Voltage (V)
I(Stringa 4) simulated I(Stringa 4)
+
+
Z-type W-type
= 5.03 % = 3.34 %
PLMCN10, Cuernavaca (MEX) 12-16 April, 2010
Panel assembly
Strings are aligned on a glass slab, protected by soldering bypass diodes (one per module) and parallel connected by bus bar
Glass lamination and Silicone filling for protection, UV filtering and higher resistance to environmental and mechanical stress
PLMCN10, Cuernavaca (MEX) 12-16 April, 2010
The result
PLMCN10, Cuernavaca (MEX) 12-16 April, 2010
Panels performance
• Outdoor testing at 1 sun (1000 W/m2)• Panel perpendicular at sun light
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 350,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
Voltage (V)
Cur
rent
den
sity
(m
A/c
m2)
W type panel
0
2
4
6
8
Efficiencyactive area: 3.2%total area: 1.72%
Pow
er (mW
)
Max power 6,88 W @ 19.68 V
0 5 10 15 20 25 300,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
Voltage (V)C
urre
nt d
ensi
ty (m
A/c
m2 )
0
2
4
6
8
10
Efficiencyactive area: 4.42%total area: 2.38%
Pow
er (W)
Max power: 9.5 W @15.7 V
Z type panel
PLMCN10, Cuernavaca (MEX) 12-16 April, 2010
PV CELL
Traditional Photovoltaic Applications
25
PLMCN10, Cuernavaca (MEX) 12-16 April, 2010
Innovative PV applications
PLMCN10, Cuernavaca (MEX) 12-16 April, 2010
CHOSE within Dyepower Consortium
• 10 M€ framework agreement for the industrialization of DSC based continous glass envelopes for real BIPV
• Transparency and aesthetics have primary roles in the development step
• Automation purposed approach as afundamental guide line
http://www.permasteelisa.it/
PLMCN10, Cuernavaca (MEX) 12-16 April, 2010
Conclusions
• Upscaling from cell to module is not trivial, but proper engineering on modules lay-out and deposition technologies can reduce the drop of efficiency
• Final upscaling from module to string and panel is less difficult, even if additional aesthetical issues must be considered
• Final target of 5% efficiency on DSC panel is not far
• Long term stability is the last hurdle for commercialization …
… but we’re workin on it !
PLMCN10, Cuernavaca (MEX) 12-16 April, 2010
AcknowledgmentsCollaborators:• Univ. Ferrara, Chemistry Dep. (Prof. Bebo Bignozzi)• Sapienza Univ. Rome, Energy Dep. (Prof. Michelotti, Dr. Dominici)• Sapienza Univ. Rome, Chemistry Dep. (Prof. Decker)• Univ. Rome Tor Vergata, Physics Dep. (Maestro Pino Eramo)• Univ. Turin, Chemistry Dep. (Prof. Viscardi)• Regione Puglia, Ass. “Nessuno Tocchi Raffaele”• Univ. Sevilla, (Prof. Colodrero)
All people @ CHOSE, special thanks to:
• Daniele Colonna• Alessandro Lanuti• Simone Mastroianni• Lorenzo Dominici
http://www.chose.it/