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Scaffolding is an instructional technique, associated with
thezone of proximal development,in
which a teacher provides individualized support by incrementally
improving a learners ability to
build on prior knowledge. Scaffolding can be used in a variety
of content areas and across ageand grade levels.
Scaffolding in the classroom
When using scaffolding as an instructional technique, the
teacher provides tasks that enable the
learner to build on prior knowledge and internalize new
concepts. According to Judy Olson and
Jennifer Platt, the teacher must provide assisted activities
that are just one level beyond that ofwhat the learner can do in
order to assist the learner through the zone of proximal
development.
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Once learners demonstrate task mastery, the support is decreased
and learners gain responsibility
for their own growth.
In order to provide young learners with an understanding of how
to link old information or
familiar situations with new knowledge, the instructor must
guide learners through verbal and
nonverbal communication and model behaviors. Research on the
practice of using scaffolding inearly childhood development shows
that parents and teachers can facilitate this advancement
through the zone of proximal development by providing activities
and tasks that:
Motivate or enlist the childs interest related to the task.
Simplify the task to make it more manageable and achievable for a
child. Provide some direction in order to help the child focus on
achieving the goal. Clearly indicate differences between the childs
work and the standard or desired
solution.
Reduce frustration and risk. Model and clearly define the
expectations of the activity to be performed.2
In the educational setting, scaffolds may include models, cues,
prompts, hints, partial solutions,think-aloud modeling, and direct
instruction.
Eight characteristics of scaffolding
Jamie McKenzie suggests that there are eight characteristics of
scaffolding instruction. In order
to engage in scaffolding effectively, teachers:
Provide clear direction and reduce students confusion. Priorto
assigning instruction thatinvolves scaffolding, a teacher must try
to anticipate any problems that might arise andwrite step-by-step
instructions for how learners must complete tasks.
Clarify purpose. Scaffolding does not leave the learner
wondering why they are engagingin activities. The teacher explains
the purpose of the lesson and why this is important.
This type of guided instruction allows learners to understand
how they are building onprior knowledge.
Keep students on task. Students are aware of the direction in
which the lesson is heading,and they can make choices about how to
proceed with the learning process.
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Offer assessment to clarify expectations. Teachers who create
scaffolded lessons set forthclear expectations from the beginning
of the activity using exemplars, rubrics.
Point students to worthy sources. Teachers supply resources for
research and learning todecrease confusion, frustration, and wasted
time.
Reduce uncertainty, surprise, and disappointment. A
well-prepared activity or lesson istested or evaluated completely
before implementation to reduce problems and maximizelearning
potential.
Deliver efficiency. Little time is wasted in the scaffolded
lesson, and all learning goalsare achieved efficiently.
Create momentum. The goal of scaffolding is to inspire learners
to want to learn moreand increase their knowledge and
understanding.
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Martha Larkin suggests that there are eight guidelines that
teachers most commonly follow whendeveloping scaffolded
lessons.
4According to research in the area of scaffolding, teachers
often:
Focus on curriculum goals to develop appropriate tasks.
Define a shared goal for all students to achieve through
engagement in specific tasks. Identify individual student needs and
monitor growth based on those abilities. Provide instruction that
is modified or adapted to each students ability. Encourage students
to remain focused throughout the tasks and activities. Provide
clear feedback in order for students to monitor their own progress.
Create an environment where students feel safe taking risks.
Promote responsibility for independent learning.
Advantages and disadvantages of scaffolding
This type of instruction has been praised for its ability to
engage most learners because they are
constantly building on prior knowledge and forming associations
between new information andconcepts. Additionally, scaffolding
presents opportunities for students to be successful before
moving into unfamiliar territory. This type of instruction
minimizes failure, which decreasesfrustration, especially for
students with special learning needs.
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Although scaffolding can be modified to meet the learning needs
of all students, this is also
disadvantageous because this technique, when used correctly, is
incredibly time-consuming for
teachers. Scaffolding also necessitates that the teacher give up
some control in the classroom inorder for learners to move at their
own pace. Teachers who engage in scaffolding as a teaching
strategy must be well-trained in order to create effective
activities and tasks for all students.6
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