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Introduction Scaffold User Training Welcome! The purpose of this Click Safety course is to provide instruction for basic safety provisions when using scaffolds in construction activities. Estimated length: 30 minutes – Audience: construction workers

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Page 1: Scaffold User Training - ClickSafety · PDF file•Scaffold design and use: – The value of a safe scaffold – Common types of supported scaffolds ... Scaffold User Training

Introduction

• Scaffold User Training • Welcome! • The purpose of this Click Safety course is to

provide instruction for basic safety provisions when using scaffolds in construction activities. – Estimated length: 30 minutes – Audience: construction workers

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Welcome to this training course for Scaffold users. The purpose of this course is to provide instruction for basic safety provisions when using scaffolds in construction activities. This course will take about 30 minutes to complete. It is meant to provide important safety training for construction workers.
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Introduction

• Course Objectives • Upon completion of this course, you should be

familiar with basic scaffold user safety, including: – Various hazards related to the use of scaffolds – OSHA standards regarding:

• Materials and equipment • Proper setup and use • Competent person inspection • Supported and rolling scaffolds

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Course Objectives Upon completion of this course, you should be familiar with basic scaffold user safety, including: Various hazards related to the use of scaffolds OSHA standards regarding: Materials and equipment Proper setup and use Competent person inspection And specific user information on supported and rolling scaffolds
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Introduction

• Learning Objectives • Upon completion of this training session, the

student will be able to: – 1: Identify major scaffold hazards – 2: Describe types of scaffold hazards – 3: Protect him/herself from scaffold hazards – 4: Recognize employer requirements to protect

workers from scaffold hazards

TIP: Disclaimer: This Compliance Assistance product is not a standard or regulation, and it creates no new legal obligations. The Compliance Assistance product is advisory in nature, informational in content, and is intended to assist employers in providing a safe and healthful workplace. Pursuant to the Occupational Safety and Health Act, employers must comply with safety and health standards promulgated by OSHA or by a State with an OSHA-approved State Plan. In addition, pursuant to Section 5(a)(1), the General Duty Clause of the Act, employers must provide their employees with a workplace free from recognized hazards likely to cause death or serious physical harm. Employers can be cited for violating the General Duty Clause if there is a recognized hazard and they do not take reasonable steps to prevent or to abate the hazard. However, failure to implement these recommendations is not, in itself, a violation of the General Duty Clause. Citations can only be based on standards, regulations, and the General Duty Clause.

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Our overall learning objective for this course is for the student to gain sufficient knowledge in how to protect themselves from scaffold hazards. Specifically, upon successful completion of this training session, the student will be able to: 1: Identify major scaffold hazards 2: Describe types of scaffold hazards 3: Protect him/herself from scaffold hazards 4: Recognize employer requirements to protect workers from scaffold hazards
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Introduction

• Course Overview • Scaffold design and use:

– The value of a safe scaffold – Common types of supported scaffolds – Standards common to most supported

scaffolds – Scaffold plank selection and inspection

standards – Fully planked scaffold platforms

Presenter
Presentation Notes
You may have used scaffolds for years, or you are brand new to the construction industry. No matter your status, knowledge of proper scaffold design and erection is a serious safety issue. To assure your knowledge and your personal safety we want to cover elements of scaffold erection and use that are essential to efficient and safe work. We’ll cover the value of a safe scaffold and some of the common types used on construction sites. Though there are several common scaffolds there are standards common to most supported scaffolds and we’ll review those here. Also, because platforms are required for safe work we’ll provide information about scaffold planks and what constitutes a fully planked platform.
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Introduction

• Course Overview • Scaffold erection requirements:

– Who erects scaffolds? – How are they built? – Need and method for securing taller scaffolds – Requirements for access

Safety Tip: Never climb scaffold cross braces or guardrails to get to levels of the scaffold.

Presenter
Presentation Notes
We’ll provide information on who erects scaffolds and how they should be built. We’ll also talk about how taller scaffolds need to be secured to a building and how you can gain access to your work location.
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Introduction

• Course Overview • Light, medium, and heavy trade scaffolds:

– Definitions – Load capacities

Safety Tip: All scaffolds, whether supported or rolling, must be built plumb, level, and square.

Presenter
Presentation Notes
If you’re an old hand you will have heard reference to light, medium and heavy trade scaffolds. We’ll provide definitions and ways to identify one from another. We’ll also talk about how much load a scaffold platform can handle.
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Introduction

• Course Overview • Hazards associated with using scaffolds:

– Electrical, falling, falling objects, loading • Protection:

– OSHA regulations – Daily inspection – Reporting

Safety Tip: Never remove scaffold components without permission. If components are removed, replace them immediately when you’ve finished your task.

Presenter
Presentation Notes
As a scaffold user it’s also essential you understand additional hazards on scaffolds. OSHA dictates that users be trained about electrical hazards associated with scaffolds, falling objects from scaffolds, fall protection and loading. Many regulations are written in the blood of injured workers. This regulation is no different and when you are finished you’ll be able to demonstrate why these issues are so important. In addition you’ll know that a scaffold must be inspected daily by a competent person. But don’t forget that you can improve safety by reporting hazards when you spot them. This program will help explain why. <Bubble with text to come up at end of audio above> Did you focus on the scaffold and overlook any problems here? Roll your cursor over the photo to identify two issues.
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Introduction

• Course Overview • Other general regulatory requirements,

e.g.: – No work on scaffolds with snow or ice

• Requirements specific to rolling scaffolds, e.g.: – Erection, use

Presenter
Presentation Notes
We’ll also cover other regulatory requirements like not working on scaffolds covered with snow or ice and we’ll support that requirement with an OSHA accident review. Finally we’ll talk about erecting and using rolling scaffolds.
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General Safety

• Statistics • Poor scaffolds lead to accidents and

injuries. – 17% of fall fatalities are from scaffolds. – Avoid the following unsafe practices:

• Lean-to scaffolds • Stacking materials too high • Using poor quality lumber or plywood

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Think you could just climb on the pictured scaffold and go to work? Think again. In addition to lean-to scaffolds being prohibited, stacking bricks this high and using poor quality lumber or plywood for platforms is also prohibited. People who work on poor scaffolds may be seriously injured or killed. In fact the National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health tells us that 17 percent of fatalities that occur in construction are falls from scaffolds. Photo asset: world wide web, no copyright
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General Safety

• Types of Scaffolds • Tubular welded frame:

– Most common, used by many trades • Tube and clamp / system scaffolds:

– Built around piping systems, often in power plants • Metal A-frame horse scaffolds:

– Useful for both exteriors and interiors of buildings • Rolling scaffolds:

– Provide easy access for many work activities

Presenter
Presentation Notes
In the construction industry there are many types of scaffolds used by workers. The most common is the tubular welded frame scaffold used by many trades from plasterers, to electricians to dry wallers and glazers. The tube and clamp scaffold and its sister, the system scaffold, are often used in power plants and treatment facilities because the scaffolds can be built around piping systems and large valves connecting one piece at a time. Metal A-frame horse scaffolds are used by tapers, painters and plasterers both on the exterior and interior of buildings and rolling scaffolds are used by many trades to provide easy access in a building for many work activities. As a scaffold user you must be familiar with the type of scaffold you are using and the safety features necessary for your protection. Photo asset: 4 scaffold photos including a tubular welded frame, a tube and clamp being erected, a system scaffold portion and a rolling scaffold. See file of photo assets attached.
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General Safety

• Design • Scaffolds are designed to perform work at

heights. – Should never be built haphazardly;

• Rather, should always be erected: – Plumb – Level – Square – Secure

Safety Tip: Never climb on an improperly built scaffold..

Presenter
Presentation Notes
A scaffold is a structure designed to provide access for workers to perform work at heights. The key word is structure which is not built haphazardly. Every scaffold must be built so that it is plumb, level, square and when necessary, secure to the building around which it is placed. Scaffolds not built plumb, level and square can fail under load. Photo asset: Downey
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General Safety

• Erection • Scaffolds must be erected with:

– Fully planked platforms (no holes or gaps) – Specially designed, scaffold-grade planks – Base plates or sills under each leg – Feet (minimum of 4” x 4”) or adjustable jacks – Proper access, e.g., ladders – Guardrails, midrails, and toe boards as needed

Presenter
Presentation Notes
To add to your knowledge about how a scaffold should be built, remember too, that the platforms must be complete with no open holes or gaps you can put your foot or leg through. The planks for the platforms must be scaffold grade, specially designed bracket systems or laminated veneer lumber manufactured specifically for scaffolds. When you look at a scaffold start at the bottom where base plates or sills under each leg must be in place, feet of a minimum 4” by 4” dimension attached to these plates or sills, screw jacks that help adjust level are present, ladders or other forms of access are provided and the platforms have guardrails, midrails and where appropriate, toeboards. Look closely at the graphic to identify all those noted components. Diagram: OSHA web site
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General Safety

• Competent Person • Scaffolds must be erected, moved, and

dismantled by a trained crew under supervision of a designated: – Competent person: one who is capable of

identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings or working conditions that are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees and who has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them.

Safety Tip: Scaffolds must also be inspected before each shift by a competent person.

Presenter
Presentation Notes
The quality scaffold you’ll work from must be erected by a competent person. While you can see the definition on your screen, let’s make sure it’s clear. A competent person is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings and working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees and who has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them. Scaffolds must be built under the direction of a competent person with a properly trained crew.
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General Safety

• Qualified Person • When supported metal scaffolds are built

higher than 125’, or the design is unusual, the design and erection must be approved by a designated: – Qualified person: a person designated by the

employer who, by reason of training; experience; or instruction, has demonstrated the ability to safely perform assigned duties and, when required, is properly licensed in accordance with federal; state; or local laws and regulations.

Presenter
Presentation Notes
When supported metal scaffolds are built higher than 125 feet, an engineer is required to design and approve the erection. Such a person is known as a qualified person. Unique and unusual designs of scaffolds may require a qualified person even if the scaffold is not over 125 feet in height. Not all scaffolds can be perfectly supported on the ground and a qualified person will draw up and provide guidance on these installations. If you are not clear about how a scaffold is built or supported, you can ask for the drawings and designs. A qualified person is a person who has training, experience or instruction that allows him or her to demonstrate the ability to safely perform assigned duties and when required is licensed.
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Hazards

• OSHA Requirements • Scaffold users must be properly trained in:

– Electrical exposures – Fall protection – Falling object protection – Load capacities

Presenter
Presentation Notes
OSHA requires that scaffold users be trained about the following hazards: Electrical exposures, fall protection, falling object protection and scaffold load capacities. General information provided in this course must be supplemented by specific information about the scaffold you will be using on a job site, but the general issues provided can help you understand the hazards associated with scaffold work. Photo asset: I believe this clip art is not copyrighted.
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Hazards

• Electrical Hazards • If power lines cannot be deenergized

(ideal), the worker and scaffold must be separated by at least: – 3’ if lines are insulated and < 300 volts – 10’ if lines are uninsulated or ≥ 300 volts

• When distances cannot be maintained, isolating barriers or mats must be installed.

Presenter
Presentation Notes
When scaffolds are built on construction job sites they often need to be placed in proximity to electrical lines. Sometimes these lines are low voltage and at others they are high voltage. In no instance should an electrical line ever touch a metal scaffold nor should a power cord or welding lead be wrapped around or tied directly to the frame of a scaffold. Workers on scaffolds must keep their distance from any live electrical lines. Ideally any lines near scaffolds should be de-energized by the local utility company. But if the electrical lines must remain energized then insulated low voltage lines under 300 volts must be at least 3 feet from the scaffold and workers. Higher voltage lines must be at least 10 feet from the scaffold. When distances cannot be maintained, isolating barriers or mats must be installed as protection for you the worker. As with other elements of training, your supervisor or the general contractor will provide specifics about electrical hazards and the scaffold you’ll work on at the site. Photo asset: I believe this clip art is not copyrighted
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Hazards

• Fall Hazards • Scaffold platforms > 10 feet require fall

protection. • If guardrails cannot be used:

– Fall arrest must be provided, including: • Anchorages (able to support 5000 pounds) • Full body harness and shock absorbing lanyards

– Make sure you know where to tie off and how. • If you are unsure, check with your supervisor.

Safety Tip: Some state plan’s rules, like California’s, are more restrictive. When you will work on a scaffold, make sure you know exactly what fall protection requirements will be required.

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Guardrails typically provide passive fall protection for workers on scaffolds. Unlike other standards, the scaffold regulations require fall protection when the scaffold platform exceeds 10 feet. If guardrails cannot be used, fall arrest must be provided. Anchorages capable of supporting 5000 pounds of dead load, proper attachments, full body harnesses and shock absorbing lanyards must also be provided. Make sure you know where to tie off and how to protect yourself when guardrails cannot be provided. Make sure you check with your supervisor if you are unsure. Photo Asset: this is from the msa web site. Do we have a similar photo in archive?
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Is This a Fall Hazard?

18 18

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Take a close look at our first photo. Would you consider this as a fall hazard? This photo shows workers climbing on the shoring structure during set up and removal. What hazard or hazards do you recognize? What do you think could be done to improve the safety of these workers?���
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YES

Workers could fall while

climbing on the shoring structure to set it up and

remove it.

Ladders and lifts must

be provided.

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Yes, Workers could fall while climbing on the shoring structure to set it up and remove it. Ladders, lifts or engineered fall protection systems must be provided and are required by law. Employees are not allowed to perform this work without being protected from fall hazards.�
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Hazards

• Falling Object Hazards • Tools and materials can easily fall from a

scaffold to injure someone below; – Toe boards are generally required.

• Over the front and rear face of the scaffold • All levels over entries or access points • Nominal dimension if materials piled > 4 inches

Safety Tip: Do not remove toe boards or screening unless others are warned of the new hazard you are creating. If you have removed toe boards or screening, replace it as soon as the work requiring removal is completed.

Presenter
Presentation Notes
When you work on a scaffold you will use tools and materials to perform your job. These items can easily fall from a significant height and injure or kill someone below. That’s why toe boards are required in normal circumstances and when materials are piled higher than 4 inches, the nominal dimension of a toe board, screens or mesh must be provided. Some scaffolds will not have toe boards all around the scaffold because no one will be working below. However, toe boards are required over the front and rear face of the scaffold on all levels over entries or access points. Never remove such protection. Photo asset: Downey
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Load Capacity

• Load Capacities • Light trade: 25 pounds / square foot

– Plasterers, drywallers, painters, electricians • Medium trade: 50 pounds / square foot

– Masons • Heavy trade: 75 pounds / square foot

– Stone contractors

Special note: This was a scaffold erection class and demonstration with hands on elements. Please note that the observers not involved in the hands-on were not required to wear PPE, only those directly involved in the erection and dismantling.

Presenter
Presentation Notes
If you have been in construction for any length of time you might have heard of scaffolds referred to as light, medium or heavy trade scaffolds. Light trade scaffolds are those used by plasterers and dry wallers, painters and electricians. Medium trade scaffolds are often used by masons, and stone contractors use heavy trade scaffolds. Each scaffold has a load rating of 25 pounds per square foot for light trade, 50 pounds per square foot for medium trade, and 75 pounds per square foot for heavy trade scaffolds. You’ll see shortly what this means Photo asset: Downey
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Load Capacity

• Frames • If bearers are closer, planks can carry

greater loads. – Load rating can be determined by the spacing:

• Light trade: 10 feet apart • Medium trade: 8 feet apart • Heavy trade: 7 feet apart

Safety Tip: Scaffold frames must never be spaced wider than 10 feet apart. If you see such a situation, do not get on that scaffold.

Presenter
Presentation Notes
You can tell what load rating of metal frame scaffold you are using by the spacing between supports or bearers. Light trade scaffold frame bearers are spaced 10 feet apart; medium trade 8 feet and heavy trade 7 feet. Scaffold grade planks are still used, but the planks can carry greater loads when the bearers are spaced closer to one another. Photo asset: Downey
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Load Capacity

• Load Rating • Calculate load capacity for a 5-foot-wide

scaffold:

Heavy duty scaffold (7 feet between bearers): 5 feet x 7 feet = 35 square feet Heavy duty rating = 75 pounds per square foot 75 psf X 35 sf = 2625 pounds

Light trade scaffold (10 feet between bearers): 5 feet x 10 feet = 50 square feet Light duty rating = 25 pounds per square foot 25 psf X 50 sf = 1250 pounds

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Let’s quickly do the math for a light trade scaffold. If the standard scaffold platform spans 10 feet between bearers and the platform is 5 feet wide (6 planks) the square footage of the platform is 50 square feet (5 times 10). If the platform is rated at 25 pounds per square foot, the platform can safely hold 1250 pounds evenly distributed on the platform. The same scaffold set for heavy duty support would be 35 square feet and at 75 pounds per square foot would hold 2625 pounds evenly distributed. Photo Asset: Can we add a hand drawing of a scaffold platform?
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Load Capacity

• Stability • Scaffold legs carry loads:

– Of people, planking, frames, and equipment – From platform heights to the ground – Weighing between 2000 and 3000 pounds

• Plates or sills must: – Include no unstable materials – Bear fully and evenly on the ground – Follow manufacturer’s requirements

Presenter
Presentation Notes
The scaffold legs carry the loads of the people, planking, frames and equipment from platform heights to the ground. Each scaffold leg must support between 2000 to 3000 pounds and this load must be spread to the ground. That’s why scaffold legs must bear on feet and plates or sills following manufacturer’s requirements. No unstable materials may be used and plates or sills must bear fully and evenly on the ground. Remember again the reminder that scaffolds must be built plumb, level, square and secure. Photo asset: Downey
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Omit Situational Analysis

• Your six-person crew will be using a 7-foot-wide scaffold to perform a masonry work task. You calculate the total weight of materials and equipment required for the task—it is around 1500 pounds. What type of scaffold do you suggest for the job? – Masonry work tasks typically require a medium trade

scaffold, and this job is no exception. This is likely the best answer. When you factor in the weight of yourself and coworkers, the load rating of a light trade scaffold (1750 pounds) is likely not enough. A medium trade scaffold, on the other hand, with a load rating of up to 2800 pounds, would grant the support you most likely need.

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Your six-person crew will be using a 7-foot-wide scaffold to perform a masonry work task. You calculate the total weight of materials and equipment required for the task—it is around 1500 pounds. What type of scaffold do you suggest for the job? Masonry work tasks typically require a medium trade scaffold, and this job is no exception. <ans> This is likely the best answer. When you factor in the weight of yourself and coworkers, the load rating of a light trade scaffold (1750 pounds) is likely not enough. A medium trade scaffold, on the other hand, with a load rating of up to 2800 pounds, would grant the support you most likely need. You recommend that a standard light trade scaffold (70 square feet) is actually sufficient. A load rating of 25 pounds per square foot would mean you could hold well over 1500 pounds. <ans> This is likely not the best answer. Although the light trade scaffold described could hold up to 1750 pounds, when you factor in the weight of yourself and coworkers, it is still likely not enough. A 64-foot medium trade scaffold, on the other hand, with a load rating of up to 2800 pounds, would grant the support you most likely need.
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Access

• Safe Access • There are many ways to get on a scaffold,

including: – Ladders – Attachable stairs – Ramps from an upper level – Climb from inside a structure

Safety Tip: Scaffold cross braces, rails, or other elements of the scaffold are not deigned to accept climbing loads. They can also be slippery and you can lose your grip. Never climb cross braces to gain access to a scaffold.

Presenter
Presentation Notes
There are lots of ways to get onto a scaffold. You can climb ladders, gain access via attachable stairs, get on via a ramp from an upper level or climb into the scaffold from inside a structure. Photo asset: Downey
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Access

• Climbing • Never climb frames unless they are

designed for it. – Sufficient space for your feet – Wide enough to be climbed comfortably – Evenly spaced

• Never jump onto scaffold platforms Special note: This was a scaffold erection class and demonstration with hands on elements. Please note that the observers not involved in the hands-on were not required to wear PPE, only those directly involved in the erection and dismantling.

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Some scaffold frames are designed to be climbed by users. Frame elements designed to be climbed have sufficient space for your feet, are wide enough to be climbed comfortably and are evenly spaced. Because scaffold planks overlap the bearers at the end at least 6” this may restrict your ability to climb. That’s why ladders or stairs are provided. Ask your supervisor if frames are designed for climbing. When entering a scaffold, never jump on the platforms. The plank below you may have been damaged, and you could jump right through sustaining a serious injury if the plank failed. Photo asset: Downey
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Erection Standards

• Erection Criteria • At least 10” square base plates

– 2” lumber or 1 ⅛” plywood • 4” square foot nailed to the base plate

– On soil or asphalt, use feet and pads or full sills between frames; on concrete, pads not required

• Screw jack that slides into the scaffold frame leg – Not to be extended more than ⅔ of full extension

Presenter
Presentation Notes
You heard this before in summary slides, but now let’s get into detail about building a scaffold properly. In the images on the screen you see several important items. The first item is a base plate that must be at least 10” square and made of 2” lumber or 1 & 1/8” plywood. The second is a 4” square foot which is nailed to the base plate and the third is the screw jack which allows the scaffold leg to which it is attached to be adjusted for variations in ground heights. On soil or asphalt scaffold legs must have feet and pads or full sills between frames. On concrete the wooden pads need not be used. You should never see a scaffold leg without a foot even on concrete. The jack slides into the scaffold frame leg. It should not be extended more than 2/3 its full extension Photo asset: Downey Photo asset: Downey
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Erection Standards

• Tubular Welded Frame Scaffolds • Standard frames, fixed width and height • Equipment should all be of the same:

– Manufacturer – Metal makeup

• Each frame has locking studs welded onto it that: – Accept cross braces for installation – Should function properly – Do not replace with wire

Safety Tip: Scaffold types such as tube and coupler and system scaffolds are made of steel or aluminum; steel elements should never be intermixed with aluminum elements.

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Tubular welded frame scaffolds use standard frames like the one you see in the photo. These units are of fixed width and height. Equipment of the same manufacturer and of the same metal makeup should be used. A competent person must assess any mixing of parts to assure rusting and deterioration do not occur. Each frame has locking studs welded on to the frame at specific points to accept cross braces for installation. These are mechanical connections that should function properly and should not be replaced by wire. All parts must be inspected before use and damaged units removed from service. Photo asset: Downey Photo asset: Downeyu
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Erection Standards

• Tubular Welded Frame Scaffolds (cont.) • Held together with cross braces • Length of cross brace determines frame

spacing – Maximum = 10 feet (light trade) – Minimum = 7 feet (heavy trade)

• Cross braces must be: – Undamaged – Secured properly on welded studs of frames

Safey tip: System and tube and clamp scaffolds require cross braces in all directions for proper support.

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Tubular welded frame scaffolds are held together with cross braces. The length of the cross brace determines the spacing of the frames from a maximum of 10 feet for light trade scaffold to a minimum of 7 feet for a heavy trade scaffold. Cross braces must be undamaged and secured properly on the welded studs of the frames. Photo asset: Downey
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Erection Standards

• Connection Pins • Properly built scaffolds should:

– Carry loads directly to the ground. – Distribute appropriately to the supporting soil. – Remain fairly stable without special connections;

• However, in some conditions (e.g., wind, ladders on the outside frame), connection pins can secure and stabilize tubular welded frame scaffolds.

Safety Tip 1: System and tube and clamp scaffolds have solid connections or pre-assembled connections at all points of frame support. Safety Tip 2: standard grade bolts or nails cannot take the shear loading that can occur at these connections.

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Properly built scaffolds carry loads directly to the ground and the loads are distributed appropriately to the supporting soil. A plumb and level scaffold remains reasonably stable without special connections. However, there are conditions that arise that might cause scaffold frames to come apart. An example might be when there are high wind conditions or where ladders are placed on the outside frame. In these cases using manufacturer designed connection pins can keep the scaffold stable and secure. Such connections only apply to tubular welded frame scaffolds. The example in the photo is only one of many types that may be used. Safety Tip: standard grade bolts or nails cannot take the shear loading that can occur at these connections. Photo asset: Downey
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Erection Standards

• Guardrails / Toe boards • Requirements:

– Minimum height (if made after 2000): 39 inches – Maximum height (normally): 45 inches – Midrails halfway between top rail and platform

• Cross braces may serve as top or midrails – Toe boards (if necessary):

• At least 4” nominal • Protect the entire edge

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Scaffolds manufactured after 2000 are required to have guardrails with a minimum height of 39 inches. Prior to 2000 some scaffolds were designed with a 36” guardrail height minimum. Normally the maximum height of the scaffold guardrail should not exceed 45 inches. Mid rails are placed halfway between the top rail and the platform. Cross braces may serve as top or mid rails depending where the cross occurs in relation to the platform. Reminder: never work on a scaffold platform higher than 10 feet off the ground without a guardrail and midrail. Toe boards are not always necessary, but when they are, make sure they are at least 4” nominal and protect the entire edge Diagram: OSHA web site
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Erection Standards

• Securing to Structures • Requirements for securing a scaffold include:

– When scaffold reaches 4 times its narrowest base dimension (e.g., 20 feet for a 5-foot-wide scaffold): secure and brace away from structure.

– Scaffolds less than 3 feet wide: secure every 30 feet horizontally and every 20 feet vertically

– Scaffolds wider than 3 feet: secure every 30 feet horizontally and every 26 feet vertically.

Safety Tip 2: Some states, such as California at 3:1, have different required ratios of height to base dimension for the securing of scaffolds. Be sure to check.

Safety Tip 1: Installation of ties and braces must be done in a workmanlike manner. Don’t get sloppy and risk a failure.

Presenter
Presentation Notes
When a scaffold reaches 4 times its narrowest base dimension (for example, 20 feet for a 5 foot wide scaffold) the scaffold must be secured to and braced away from the structure. Narrow scaffolds that are less than 3 feet wide must be secured every 30 feet horizontally and every 20 feet vertically. Scaffolds wider than 3 feet must still be secured every 30 feet horizontally but are secured every 26 feet vertically. Safety Tip: Some states, such as California at 3:1, have different required ratios of height to base dimension for the securing of scaffolds. Be sure to check. Photo asset: Downey .
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Erection Standards

• Securing to Structures (cont.) • Other methods of security include:

– Bolts and threaded connections and 9-gauge wire;

• However, scaffold must be tied to and braced away from the structure to assure the scaffold is stable for work.

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Other methods of security include bolts and threaded connections as well as 9 gauge wire. However, please remember that the scaffold must be tied to and braced away from the structure to assure the scaffold is stable for work. What you see in this photo is not uncommon. Although the scaffold is secured, it is not braced away from the building and does not provide proper stability. Photo asset: Downey
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Recognize Any Hazard(s)? OSHA _Elechaz_R2_58

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Lets take a second look at Find and Fix Hazards. At each slide that asks you “Recognize Any Hazard(s)?”, pause and try to identify different hazards before moving on.
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Yes

Scaffold was erected 4 ½ feet from 7.2 kV power lines

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Scaffold was erected 4 ½ feet from 7.2 kV power lines
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Planking

• Fully Planked Platforms • Fully planked means:

– Scaffold frame is covered from front to back – No more than 1” spacing between planks – No more than 10” space from backside of frame – Must bear on supports at least 6”

• Cleat if planks move or cannot make minimum – For continuous runs, planks must overlap 12”

Safety Tip: Unless it is designed and installed to support employees and materials without tipping, or has guardrails that block employee access, each end of a platform may not extend over its support more than 12 inches (for platforms 10 feet or shorter in length) or more than 18 inches (for platforms more than 10 feet long).

Presenter
Presentation Notes
A fully planked platform covers the scaffold frame from front to back with no more than 1” spacing between planks and nor more than 10” from the back side of the frame. This basically means that one standard plank opening is allowed at the outside face of the scaffold. Scaffold planks must bear on supports at least 6 inches but if the planks may move or cannot make that 6” minimum, the planks must be cleated to hold them in place. For continuous runs of scaffold planks the planks must overlap at least 12 inches at the bearers. Photo asset: OSHA web site www.osha.gov
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Planking

• Wood Planks • Planks must be able to support significant

loads on the weakest dimension for load bearing. – Scaffold grade with straight grain and no knots

• Inspected for quality before installation – 4:1 safety factor means that the load rating for

the plank is ¼ of the break strength of the plank.

Safety Tip: report damaged planks so they can be removed and replaced.

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Scaffold planks must be able to support significant loads on the plank’s weakest dimension for load bearing. That’s why scaffold planks are specifically selected as scaffold grade with straight grain and no knots. The example of a grading stamp on this slide is from the West Coast Lumber Bureau and this stamp is found on new planks. Another bureau is the Southern Pine Inspection Bureau whose stamp would appear on lumber selected as scaffold grade from the east coast of the United States. The 4:1 safety factor noted is an indication that the load rating for the plank is ¼ of the breaking strength of the plank. That’s why planks must be inspected before installation to assure only good quality planks are placed on the scaffold. Photo Asset: Courtesy West Coast Lumber Bureau
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Planking

• Grading Scaffold Planks • Identifying scaffold-grade materials:

– Scaffold Industry Association (SIA) has a manual.

– Planks should be straight grained without knots.

• Southern Pine or Douglas Fir are common.

– Check for defects. – Standard lumber should not be used.

Presenter
Presentation Notes
The Scaffold Industry Association has put together a manual identifying how planks are selected as scaffold grade and how the planks are marked. Southern Pine or Douglas Fir are common and selection criteria including straight grained materials without knots, checking or defects are part of the process of identifying good quality scaffold materials. Standard lumber cannot handle the loads on metal frame supported scaffolds and should not be used. Photo asset: Downey
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Planking

• Other Types of Planks • Some manufacturers have combined lightweight

aluminum frames with plywood platforms. – Secured with hooks – Fit specific types and lengths of scaffolds

• Newer planks are made of laminated veneer lumber – Much like manufactured “glu-lam” beams – Stronger than naturally selected materials – No lumber grading, but marked for compliance

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Other planks are also acceptable on scaffolds. Some manufacturers have combined light weight aluminum frames with plywood platforms secured to the scaffold with hooks that secure to the scaffold bearers. These planks fit specific types and lengths of scaffolds. Newer planks are made of laminated veneer lumber much like manufactured “glu-lam” beams now used in construction. These planks have a design strength that is higher than naturally selected materials. Though they do not have a lumber grading stamp they will be marked with quality assurance notes such as “Meets OSHA 1926-452” indicating compliance with the federal OSHA scaffold standards. Photo asset: Downey
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Planking

• Removing Planks from Service • Indications of deteriorating quality include:

– Deep checking – Full penetration cracks – Significant warping – Chemical damage – Saw cuts – Extreme deflection under load

Safety Tip: The SIA manual also provides criteria for removing planks from service.

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Deep checking, full penetration cracks, significant warping, chemical damage, saw cuts and extreme deflection under load are all criteria for removal. The scaffold plank in the photo on your screen was being used on a scaffold. Using such a poor quality scaffold plank is an invitation to serious injury. When we say extreme deflection under load we mean that a scaffold plank spanning 7 feet deflects 1 and ½ inches under load or a plank spanning 10 feet deflects 2” in that 10 foot span. Photo asset: Downey
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Supported Scaffolds

• Spacing from Building or Wall • For most trade work, a distance of 14” is

allowed from the front face of the scaffold frame to the face of the finished building (unless guardrails on the interior face are provided).

• Plastering operations allow a distance of 18”. • Work from outrigger bracket sections allows

only 3”.

Presenter
Presentation Notes
For most trade work, scaffolds should be set up so the distance from the front face of the scaffold frame to the face of the finished building should be 14” unless guardrails on the interior face are provided. Plastering operations allow a distance of 18” from finished face and if you work from outrigger bracket sections the maximum distance from the finished face of the building is only 3 inches.
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Supported Scaffolds

• Extensions • When working on a scaffold, there are

times when you can’t reach some areas of work. – Do NOT use a ladder on top of a scaffold.

• As tempting as it might be!

Presenter
Presentation Notes
When working on a scaffold there are times when you can’t reach some areas of work. As tempting as it might be, do not use a ladder on top of a scaffold to reach higher or stack boxes or barrels to increase the height of your access.
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Supported Scaffolds

• Inclement Weather • Discontinue scaffold work:

– During stormy or high wind conditions – If the scaffold is covered with ice or snow

Presenter
Presentation Notes
During stormy conditions you should discontinue work and leave the scaffold. If the scaffold is covered with ice or snow, do not work on the scaffold until the ice and snow have been removed and the hazards eliminated.
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Is this a Fall Hazard?

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Here is another example of workers that have become complacent with their personal safety. This photo shows workers on fabricated frame scaffolds stacking blocks about 35 feet in the air. Would you consider this scaffold safe to work on? Would you let your loved ones work on or around this scaffold? See if you can identify the hazards and determine what changes need to be made to make this scaffold safe to use.
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YES Lack of fall

protection for workers on

fabricated frame scaffolds.

The workers are exposed to a 35-foot

fall hazard from a scaffold while stacking

blocks prior to overhand bricklaying

operations.

Planks appear to be overloaded and there is no safe access for

workers.

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Many hazards are present in this photo and the most obvious is that the workers are on a fabricated frame scaffold and are stacking blocks while exposed to a 35-foot fall hazard. These workers do not have fall protection on, are not connected to a rated anchorage point and the scaffold planks appear to be overloaded. In addition, no safe access to the scaffold was provided for the workers. This scaffold must be modified or fall protection must be utilized.
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Rolling Scaffolds

• Standards of Erection • Rolling scaffolds can be made using tubular

welded frames or tube and coupler or system components; – Or manufactured specifically as a rolling scaffold.

• The scaffold sits on wheels. – Must be plumb, level, and square – Base-to-height ratio cannot exceed 4 times the

narrowest dimension • Some states, e.g., CA, are more restrictive.

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Rolling scaffold may be made using tubular welded frames, tube and coupler components or system components. They are also manufactured specifically as rolling scaffolds by companies such as Perry or Upright Manufacturing. Instead of feet, jacks and pads, the scaffold sits on wheels. It still must be built plumb, level and square with all appropriate components in place. Because the load of the scaffold is carried by the wheels, the base to height ration cannot exceed 4 times narrowest dimension. Some states like California are more restrictive than the federal standard. Diagram: courtesy of manufacturer Fortruss Manufacturing
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Rolling Scaffolds

• Standards of Erection (cont.) • Rolling scaffolds must be built to prevent

racking. – Horizontal diagonal braces between frames

• Like supported scaffolds, rolling scaffolds require: – Fully planked platforms – Guardrails – Midrails – Toe boards

Presenter
Presentation Notes
As with supported scaffolds fully planked platforms are essential to safe work on the scaffold as are guardrails, midrails and toe boards. When tubular welded frame scaffolds are used, the scaffold must be equipped with a horizontal diagonal brace crossing between frames to keep the scaffold from racking (closing) when being moved causing the planks to come off the platform. All rolling scaffolds must be built with components that will prevent racking. Safety Tip: the scaffold in the photo is incorrectly set up. It does not have adequate planking nor does it have a horizontal diagonal to keep the scaffold from racking when being moved. Photo asset: Downey
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Rolling Scaffolds

• Safe Use • Safe use of rolling scaffolds requires:

– Level surfaces (within 3 degrees) – Balanced loads – No obstructions or holes – No extensions (e.g., ladders, barrels, or boxes)

• Never stand on scaffold rails. – Wheels locked during work

• No self-propelling or surfing

Safety Tip: California does allow some limited surfing. Check state standards.

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Safe use of rolling scaffolds require that floors be level within 3 degrees with no obstructions or holes with loads on the scaffolds balanced. Never use extensions like ladders, barrels or boxes to extend the scaffolds working height and never stand on scaffold rails to reach a higher location. When working on a rolling scaffold wheels must be locked and self-propelling or surfing is not allowed. Safety Tip: California does allow some limited surfing. Check your state standards. Photo asset: Downey
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Rolling Scaffolds

• Moving a Rolling Scaffold • Self-propelling is not allowed; • However, OK to be pushed with specific

controls: – 2:1 base-to-height ratio – Rider must hold on while moving – Pusher pushes (not pulls) at a height of ~ 5 feet – Floor within 3 degrees of level – Floor must be free of holes, pits, and obstructions

Presenter
Presentation Notes
If self-propelling is not allowed would it be acceptable to be pushed on a rolling scaffold? The answer is yes, but with specific controls in place. First, the scaffold platform can only be 2 times the narrowest dimension of the scaffold. Second the rider must hold on while being moved and the worker pushing must push, not pull, the scaffold at a height of approximately 5 feet. As with the use of any rolling scaffold, the floor must be reasonably level and free of holes, pits and obstructions. Photo asset: Downeyu
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Rolling Scaffolds

• Access • As with supported scaffolds, there are

many ways to get onto a rolling scaffold: – External ladders – Internal stairs – Internal ladders – Other stable options

Presenter
Presentation Notes
As with supported scaffolds there are many ways to get onto a scaffold. Internal or external ladders, internal stairs or other stable and reasonable access options may be exercised. Photo asset: Downey
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Rolling Scaffolds

• Inspection • Rolling scaffolds must be inspected:

– Daily before use • By a competent person

Competent person: One who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings or working conditions that are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees and who has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them.

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Rolling scaffolds must be inspected. Competent person inspections of rolling scaffolds are required daily before use. Do you remember the requirements of a competent person? Click on the tab to be sure. Photo asset: Downey
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Conclusion

• Summary • We have covered:

– Various hazards related to the use of scaffolds – OSHA standards regarding:

• Materials and equipment • Proper setup and use • Competent person inspection • Supported and rolling scaffolds

Presenter
Presentation Notes
During this session, we have covered basic scaffold user safety, including: Various hazards related to the use of scaffolds OSHA standards regarding: Materials and equipment Proper setup and use Competent person inspection And specific user information on supported and rolling scaffolds
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Conclusion

• Summary • Also covered: • Scaffold design and use:

– The value of a safe scaffold – Common types of supported scaffolds – Standards common to most supported scaffolds – Scaffold plank selection and inspection standards – Fully planked scaffold platforms

Presenter
Presentation Notes
We also covered elements of scaffold erection and use that are essential to efficient and safe work. We discussed the value of a safe scaffold and some of the common types used on construction sites. Also, because platforms are required for safe work we provided information about scaffold planks and what constitutes a fully planked platform.
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Conclusion

• Conclusion • Also covered: • Scaffold erection requirements:

– Who erects scaffolds? – How are they built? – Need and method for securing taller scaffolds – Requirements for access

Presenter
Presentation Notes
We also provided information on who erects scaffolds, how they should be built, and we talked about how taller scaffolds need to be secured to a building and how you can gain access to your work location. This completes your scaffold user training course. Thanks for joining us.