1

PIPELINE SCADA (SUPERVISORY CONTROL &

DATA ACQUISITION) AND

APPS (APPLICATION SOFTWARE) SYSTEM

2

Engineering activities SCADA & APPS System

Review of basic Process documents (Process Design Basis, P&IDs) as applicable for SCADA

Conceptual design SCADA Design Basis Firming up of system configuration and specifications of SCADA

& APPS Furnishing room sizes, layout, etc for control room, to Arch. Dept. Preparation of Material Requisition (MR) for systems Technical bid evaluation of bids Preparation of Purchase Requisition of system Review of vendor’s critical detailed engineering documents Participation in factory acceptance tests Site assistance as required Preparation of man-hour estimates, MR schedules, progress

reports

3

OBJECTIVES TO MONITOR & CONTROL THE PIPELINE FACILITIES VIZ. PUMP/

COMPRESSOR STATIONS, DESPATCH & RECEIVING TERMINALS, PIGGING/ SV/ CP STATIONS ETC. IN A TIMELY MANNER FROM A CENTRALIZED LOCATION wrt: -

Monitoring of Flow, Pressure, Temperature, Density, Electrical parameters etc. Pumps/ compressors status Status of all station & Intermediate valves Readiness to dispatch products and receipt of products Pumps/ compressors start/ stop, valves open/close commands Set point downloading to controllers

CENTRALIZED ALARM & EVENT MANAGEMENT AND OPERATION & MANAGEMENT REPORTS FOR ALL THE DISTRIBUTED PIPELINE FACILITIES.

PROVIDE ‘REMOTE-EYE’ TO THE PIPELINE OPERATION

4

OBJECTIVES (Contd..)

Centralized checking of status of various pipeline facilities wrt Readiness to despatch products Pumping status Readiness for receipt & distribution of products Status of valves

to ensure that the requested control action will not result in unsafe pipeline operationi.e. the above confirming tasks can be defined in SCADA system to ensure that operator cannot operate the pumps & valves in a manner that could jeopardize the safe operation of the pipeline

• To ensure proper pipeline shutdown by closing various pipeline facilities in orderly manner as per pre-defined sequence

5

OBJECTIVES (Contd….)

TO FACILITATE RUNNING OF APPLICATION SOFTWARE PACKAGES FOR RELIABLE & EFFICIENT OPERATION OF THE PIPELINES VIZ.

LIQUID PIPELINESLEAK DETECTION & LOCATIONPIPELINE EFFICIENCYINVENTORY ANALYSIS BATCH TRACKINGPUMP OPTIMISATION

GAS PIPELINESLEAK DETECTION & LOCATIONPIPELINE EFFICIENCYINVENTORY ANALYSISPREDICTIVE ANALYSISCONTINGENCY ANALYSISPLANNING FUNCTIONCOMPRESSOR FUEL OPTIMIZATION

6

SCADA SYSTEM FUNCTIONALITIES

MONITORING CONTROL ALARM & EVENT DETECTION MAN-MACHINE INTERFACE TRENDING REPORT GENERATION DATA ARCHIVING COMM. HANDLING & ERROR RECOVERY DATABASE CONFIGURATION & ENGINEERING

FUNCTIONS SYSTEM MAINTENANCE & SECURITY INTEGRATION WITH APPLICATION SOFTWARE

7

SCADA SYSTEM HARDWARE COMPONENTS

SCADA System is designed with the distributed architecture in following key areas: -

Computer Workstations Separate server & MMI machines with client server concept

implemented at hardware & software level Remote Workstations Communication Controller Units Remote Telemetry Units WAN Routers

8

RTU 1 RTU 2 RTU 3 RTU n

IS for DT/Pump Station/

Compressor station

IS for SV/CP/ RP station

IS for Receipt Terminal

IS for IP station

Remote Workstations

SCADA & APPSMan Machine Interface

SCADA Computer System

APPS Computer System

Dual Local Area network

Communication Controller Units

Data channels as part of Telecom Network

WAN Routers

FC FC

To Second Master Station

To Second Master Station

Telecom Network High Speed Channel

Projection System

Master Station

IS:Instrumentation System FC:Flow Computer

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

Engineering activities SCADA & APPS System

Review of basic Process documents (Process Design Basis, P&IDs) as applicable for SCADA

Conceptual design SCADA Design Basis Firming up of system configuration and specifications of SCADA

& APPS Furnishing room sizes, layout, etc for control room, to Arch. Dept. Preparation of Material Requisition (MR) for systems Technical bid evaluation of bids Preparation of Purchase Requisition of system Review of vendor’s critical detailed engineering documents Participation in factory acceptance tests Site assistance as required Preparation of man-hour estimates, MR schedules, progress

reports

17

Inputs Required from Other Departments

Leak Detection Target Figures from POSD

Electrical I/O List from Electrical Dept.

Pipeline Inputs for Leak detection indicating elevation, burial status & Pipe OD, ID from Pipeline engineering Dept.

Process

Process data for APPSP&IDsProcess design basisPipeline Operation & Control PhilosophyBatch size and sequence

18

Inputs Given to Other Departments

Electrical Loads to Electrical Dept.

Heat Loads to Package equipment dept.

Control room Size requirement to Architectural Dept.

19

RTU 1RTU 1 RTU 2RTU 2 RTU 3RTU 3 RTU nRTU n

I&ES for DT/Pump Station/

Compressor station

I&ES for DT/Pump Station/

Compressor station

I&ES for SV/CP/ RP station

I&ES for Receipt Terminal

I&ES for Receipt Terminal

I&ES for IPstation

RemoteWorkstations

RemoteWorkstations

SCADA & APPSMan Machine Interface

SCADA Computer System

SCADA Computer System

APPS ComputerSystem

Dual Local Area networkDual Local Area network

Communication Controller UnitsCommunication Controller Units

Data channels as part of Telecom Network

WANRoutersWANRouters

FCFC FCFC

To Second Master Station

To Second Master Station

Telecom NetworkHigh Speed Channel

Projection System

Master Station

I&ES:Instrumentation & Electrical System FC:Flow Computer

20

REMOTE WORKSTATIONS

• Remote workstation is normally envisaged at manned stations (other than Master Station location): -

Pump/ Compressor stations Terminals

to provide complete SCADA & APPS capability(graphics & reports) so that the operators at these locations are fully informed of: -

All the monitoring variables in the pipeline Status of various pipeline equipments Alarms for the complete pipeline facilities

21

REMOTE TELEMETRY UNIT (RTU)

Microprocessor based intelligent unit supporting CPU, RAM, Real time clock, EPROM.

The basic unit of RTU consists of power supply module, master processor module and no. of I/O modules, communication modules, serial interface module etc.

Remote Telemetry Unit Interfaces with the field instruments and pipeline equipments through intelligent input/ output subsystem and converts the information into the digital frame structure for interfacing with Telecom channels through communication modules

(Contd…)

22

REMOTE TELEMETRY UNIT (RTU) (Contd.)

The RTU provides the engineering functions of High/ low limit checking Time tagging Engineering unit conversion, filtering etc. Self diagnostics Check before execute, time out Remote configuration and downloading Interfacing with flow computers

The various I/O cards provided are: Digital input card Digital output card Analog input card Analog output card

23

APPLICATION SOFTWARE

LEAK DETECTION MODULES Steady state/ Transient state modeling

Transient Modeling enveloping volume balance Shutdown state modeling

Shut in leak detection BATCH TRACKING MODULE SUPPLEMENTARY MODULES

Pipeline Efficiency Inventory Analysis

24

VOLUME BALANCE

BASED ON “ What goes in must come out!” EMPLOYS ACCURATE FLOW MEASUREMENTS AT BOTH

ENDS “Flow In” is RECONCILED WITH “Flow Out” CONSIDERING

PIPELINE INVENTORY TO CALCULATE FLOW IMBALANCE

V (Leak) = V (Inlet) - V (Outlet) - V (Change in Inventory)

LEAK DETECTION IF FLOW IMBALANCE EXCEEDS PREDEFINED LIMIT

25

VOLUME BALANCE (Contd..) FEATURES RETROSPECTIVE BETTER SUITED FOR PIPELINES WITH LOW PRESSURE

GRADIENT SENSITIVITY FOR LEAK DETECTION IS HIGHER FOR LONG

TERM VOLUME BALANCELIMITATIONS

NO INFORMATION ABOUT LEAK LOCATION LONG LEAK DETECTION TIME DEPENDENT ON PIPELINE INSTRUMENTATION ACCURACIES

AND DRIFTS (SEE REMARKS) DOES NOT PROVIDE DYNAMIC INVENTORY CALCULATIONS (SEE

REMARKS)REMARKS :

TRANSIENT MODELLING ENVELOPING VOLUME BALANCE WOULD CIRCUMVENT THESE LIMITATIONS

26

TRANSIENT MODELLING

EMPLOYS MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE PIPELINE (EQ. OF MASS, MOMENTUM, ENERGY, STATE)

PIPELINE MODEL REQUIRES FLOW, PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE, DENSITY ( PROPERTY ) INPUTS

PREDICTED VALUES ARE COMPARED WITH FIELD VALUES AND ALARM IS GENERATED IF WEIGHTED DEVIATION EXCEEDS PREDEFINED IMBALANCE LIMITS

LEAK LOCATION IS DONE BY FINDING THE BEST LOCATION WHERE THE SIMULATED PIPELINE STATE MATCHES WITH CURRENT STATE

27

TRANSIENT MODELLING (Contd..)

FEATURES

DETECT, LOCATE AND SIZE THE LEAK UNDER STEADY STATE AND EVEN UNDER TRANSIENT CONDITIONS

GRADUALLY OCCURING LEAKS CAN BE DETECTED INSTRUMENT DRIFT ANALYSIS, DYNAMIC LINE PACK CALCULATIONS ARE

PROVIDED

Note : Transient Modeling enveloping volume balance could additionally provide higher sensitivity for leak detection and would be better suited for pipelines with low pressure gradient

28

BATCH TRACKING MODULE

MONITORS THE TRANSPORTATION OF DIFFERENT BATCHES THROUGH THE PIELINE

Dispatch a batch to the pipeline (density variation and together with batch schedule)

Determine the batch volume (based on actual flow measurement and by batch interface detection alarm)

Monitors the extent of mixing as a function of time along the length of the pipeline

Update the position of batch fronts (based on velocity profile generated by the Transient model)

Monitors whether the actual batch transportation is taking place in accordance with the batch schedule

(Contd…)

29

BATCH TRACKING MODULE

Batch graphic on APPS operator MMI provides overview of different batches in the pipeline and expected arrival time

Following alarms are configured on APPS operator MMI Batch is approaching destination Batch has reached destination Batch size exceeds the schedule batch size New batch launched not being identified on the schedule or not in

proposed sequence identified by schedule Discrepancy between actual time of batch arrival and expected time of

arrival

30

SUPPLEMENTRY MODULES (Contd…)

Inventory Analysis Generates current pipeline inventory information (accounting for the

variations in line pack on the basis of pressure, temp. & density profiles) Comparison of inventory and packing rates against minimum & maximum

allowable limits to generate alarms for limit violations, thereby facilitating the dispatcher in responding to changes in supply & demand

31

PIPELINE EFFICIENCY

PURPOSETo detect whether pipeline friction losses in any section have exceeded defined limits

FUNCTION Calculate actual friction factor based upon flow, pressure measurements at

end points of pipeline section and product density profile as generated by product module

Pipeline efficiency factor is compared to a predefined limit violation of limit results in an alarm

This module gives requirements for carrying out pipeline pigging operation

32

EIL Activities forSCADA and Apps Systems

Conceptual design SCADA design basis Firming up of system configuration and specifications Evaluation and selection of vendors Providing inputs to system design and implementation

as a part of functional design specifications [FDS] review for both SCADA and Apps systems

Providing engineering inputs, database definition, SCADA I/O list, displays and reports

Review of vendors’ detailed engineering drawings and documents for system implementation and testing

Factory and site acceptance and testing of SCADA and Apps

33

EIL’s Experience Record of SCADA JobsProject Name Client Product Length (km) Vendor

HBJ Pipeline GAIL Natural Gas 1700 SSI/ Texas Instruments USA

MGCC Pipeline IPCL C2/ C3, C3, Lean Gas

160 L&N Australia

Maqta-Alain Pipeline

ADNOC (Abu-Dhabi )

Natural gas 150 Serck Controls, UK

PIL Pipeline PIL Ethylene 80 Siemens

Nahar-Katya-Barauni P/L

OIL India Crude Oil 1160 ABB Norway

Bombay-Pune Pipeline

HPCL Multi-product 165 ECIL/ Texas Instruments USA

34

EIL’s Experience Record of SCADA Jobs(Contd…)

Project Name Client Product Length (km) Vendor

Sajjah-Layyah P/L

SEWA (Sharjah)

Natural Gas 80 Sparton Controls Canada

MMPL BPCL Multi-Product 250 Foxboro, Australia

VVPL HPCL Multi-Product 350 Foxboro, Australia

JLPL GAIL LPG 1200 Dectra, Malaysia

Maqta-JebelAli P/L

ADNOC Natural Gas 115 Serck Controls, UK

CCKPL Petronet-CCK Multi-product 290 Neles Automation, Canada

Hazira-Dahej P/L IPCL Rich/ Lean Gas 100 Foxboro, Italy

35

TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM FOR CROSS COUNTRY PIPELINES, OFFSHORE

PLATFORMS, ETC.

36

FACILITIES PROVIDEDVOICE COMMUNICATIONSubscriber Dialing Facilities Direct dialing facilities between the various attended stations and between each unattended station to the nearest attended station. Conference Facilities To enable selective/all-call connection amongst the attended and unattended stations.Engineering Order Wire (EOW) One or two EOW circuits provided to facilitate maintenance of the system at all attended and all unattended stations.Facsimile communicationFacsimile Communication is provided amongst all attended stations.

37

DATA COMMUNICATION• Dedicated low speed data channels (19.2 Kbps) are configured at all TELECOM stations

to enable remote operation, monitoring and shutdown of the pipeline through SCADA System.

• High Speed (2 Mbps) data channels between SCADA SMCS and SCADA Sub-Master/ Remote workstations

• High-speed data channel for NMC-NMC Communication • Certain identified stations/offices are interlinked with video conferencing/CCTV facility. Depending on the volume of voice and data transmission, the

optimal communication system is selected from amongst a number of cable and wireless systems e.g. Cable System :- Paired Telephone Cable or Optical Fibre CableWireless System: - VHF/UFH/Microwave Communication system/        Satellite Communication system[The system chosen depends on the particular requirements of a project like terrain, number of stations, telecom requirements etc.

38

OPTICAL FIBRE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM The optical fiber communication system currently being provided for

the pipelines are based on Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) in accordance with ITU-T Rec. G 707.

The salient advantages of optical fibre communication system are:-

• Small overall diameter of the cable leads to efficient space utilization• Light weight and flexibility of the cable makes cable-laying easy and comparatively

cheap.• The dielectric medium of fibre is immune to electromagnetic interference and thus

enjoys noise immunity. • Silica fibres offer low loss and as such very long repeater spacing can be envisaged

leading to lower overall system cost.• Very high communication bandwidth.• Addition of a new station in existing communication system can be done easily.

39

Electrical Control System

Purpose: -Real-time centralised monitoring, metering and control of electric power generation and distribution in an industrial plant

40

Challenges in control of large industrial power system

Generation Side Multiple sources Extra control activities for operator to optimise generation Operator controls are complex

Distribution Side Multiple load centres at multiple locations Requires complete network status in real time to be available to

operator to allow safe and reliable operation Requires centralised control of distribution switchgear with the

help of network overview.

41

Handling of network emergencies Generation Side

Tripping of captive electric generator Tripping of utility grid connection Tripping of steam generator Reactive power imbalance

Supply side management Load control and Tie line control Voltage & reactive power control

Demand side management Electric load shedding Steam load shedding It is necessary to assign shedding priority to all electric loads and process

steam consumers in ascending level of severity to plant process

42

Monitoring and Metering Functions Centralised electrical plant data acquisition & display

Substation-wise On line status of feeders in SLD pictorials• Typical displayed parameters: Voltage, active and reactive power, power

factor and frequency in selected cases• Typically, data acquired and updated every 2-3 sec.

Centralised routine log report generation Hourly and shift logs ( or as desired by client) in client specified formats

• Typical logged parameters: Voltage, power(s), energy consumption, peak power, power factor etc.

• Log reports can be unit-wise, substation-wise or switchboard-wise as feasible

Centralised real time alarm reporting• Alarms generated due to abnormalities in field• Alarms generated due to abnormalities in any ECS subsystem

Sequence-of-Event reporting (Optional feature)• Time resolution of occurrence : 1 msec typical• Selected subset of field inputs (contact type)

It is not possible to achieve the above functions without ECS

43

Basic control functions Circuit breaker OPEN / CLOSE (excluding motor feeders) Circuit breaker OPEN for motor feeders RAISE / LOWER control for grid transformer OLTC, turbine speed / MW & Generator

Excitation These control functions, otherwise distributed at various control interfaces in the plant, are

centralised at convenient locations. Software based control functions

Load control & tie line control• Generate set points for running turbines• Advise run mode selection for generators (Isochronuos/ Droop/ Constant MW modes)• Set load sharing between various sources.

– keeping in view availability of steam and import limit from grid Voltage and reactive power control

• Allocates reactive power share of various sources such as utility grid, captive generators, shunt capacitors and synchronous motors.

• Generate set points (or raise / lower)for excitation of Generators and synchronous motors

44

Software based controls (contd..) Raise / lower grid transformer OLTC Advise on switching ON / OFF of shunt capacitor banks subject to the constraints to be met to the extent feasible: All machines within capability limits Voltage profile in the network within prescribed limits Grid power factor close to unity Infrequent change of grid transformer OLTC

Electrical Load shedding (Contingency analysis based) Identify all possible island conditions in distribution network Monitor the network in real time to detect if any of the island conditions have occurred. Estimate the power shortfall in the island. Disconnect some loads connected from this island starting from lowest priority such that power

shortfall is eliminated. Matching of power shortfall with quantum of load shed. Accurate. Secondary (slow) load shedding based on under frequency sensing Slow load shedding on grid transformer overload and crossing contract demand limit Steam shedding not implemented in ECS

45

APPLICATION SOFTWARE LEAK DETECTION MODULES

Steady state/ Transient state modeling Transient Modeling enveloping volume/ mass balance

Shutdown state modeling Shut in leak detection

BATCH SCHEDULING & TRACKING MODULE OPTIMIZATION MODULES

Pump Optimization Module Compressor Fuel Optimization Module

SUPPLEMENTARY MODULES Predictive Module Planning Module Contingency Analysis Pipeline Efficiency Inventory Analysis

46

VOLUME BALANCE

BASED ON “ What goes in must come out!” EMPLOYS ACCURATE FLOW MEASUREMENTS AT BOTH

ENDS “Flow In” is RECONCILED WITH “Flow Out” CONSIDERING

PIPELINE INVENTORY TO CALCULATE FLOW IMBALANCE

V (Leak) = V (Inlet) - V (Outlet) - V (Change in Inventory)

LEAK DETECTION IF FLOW IMBALANCE EXCEEDS PREDEFINED LIMIT

47

VOLUME BALANCE (Contd..) FEATURES RETROSPECTIVE BETTER SUITED FOR PIPELINES WITH LOW PRESSURE

GRADIENT SENSITIVITY FOR LEAK DETECTION IS HIGHER FOR LONG

TERM VOLUME BALANCELIMITATIONS

NO INFORMATION ABOUT LEAK LOCATION LONG LEAK DETECTION TIME DEPENDENT ON PIPELINE INSTRUMENTATION ACCURACIES

AND DRIFTS DOES NOT PROVIDE DYNAMIC INVENTORY CALCULATIONS

REMARKS : TRANSIENT MODELLING ENVELOPING VOLUME BALANCE WOULD

CIRCUMVENT THESE LIMITATIONS

48

TRANSIENT MODELLING

EMPLOYS MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE PIPELINE (EQ. OF MASS, MOMENTUM, ENERGY, STATE)

PIPELINE MODEL REQUIRES FLOW, PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE, DENSITY ( PROPERTY ) INPUTS

PREDICTED VALUES ARE COMPARED WITH FIELD VALUES AND LEAK ALERT IS GENERATED IF WEIGHTED DEVIATION REMAINS ABOVE THE PREDEFINED IMBALANCE LIMITS FOR DURATION OF TIME. MULTIPLE LEAK ALERTS ARE INTEGRATED FOR GENERATION OF CONFIRMED LEAK ALARM (PREVENTING FALSE LEAK ALARMS).

LEAK LOCATION IS DONE BY FINDING THE BEST LOCATION WHERE THE SIMULATED PIPELINE PRESSURE PROFILE MATCHES WITH TELEMETERED PRESSURE PROFILE

49

TRANSIENT MODELLING (Contd..)

FEATURES

RETROSPECTIVE

DETECT, LOCATE AND SIZE THE LEAK UNDER STEADY STATE AND EVEN UNDER TRANSIENT CONDITIONS

CAN AUTOMATICALLY ADJUST THE THRESHOLDS/ IMBALANCE LIMITS FOR VARIOUS TRANSIENT CONDITIONS (PUMPS START/ STOP, VALVES OPEN/ CLOSE, PIG TRACKING etc.) TO PREVENT FALSE LEAK ALARMS

GRADUALLY OCCURRING LEAKS CAN BE DETECTED

INSTRUMENT DRIFT ANALYSIS, DYNAMIC LINE PACK CALCULATIONS ARE PROVIDED

50

BATCH SCHEDULING & TRACKING MODULE

MONITORS THE TRANSPORTATION OF DIFFERENT PRODUCT BATCHES THROUGH THE PIELINE

Dispatch a batch to the pipeline (density variation/ manifold valves openings and together with batch schedule)

Determine the batch volume (based on actual flow measurement and by density change)

Monitors the extent of mixing as a function of time along the length of the pipeline

Update the position of batch fronts (based on velocity profile generated by the Transient model)

Monitors whether the actual batch transportation is taking place in accordance with the batch schedule

51

BATCH SCHEDULING & TRACKING MODULE (Contd…) Batch graphic on APPS operator MMI provides

overview of different batches in the pipeline and expected arrival time

Following alarms are configured on APPS operator MMI

• Batch is approaching destination• Batch has reached destination• Batch size exceeds the schedule batch size • New batch launched not being identified on the schedule or not

in proposed sequence identified by schedule• Discrepancy between actual time of batch arrival and expected

time of arrival exceeding the limits

52

OPTIMIZATION MODULES

The economic & efficient operation of the pipeline can be carried out by utilizing optimization modules viz. Pump station optimization module ( e.g. for variable speed drives of pumps) & Compressor fuel optimization module (for natural gas pipelines)

Pump station Optimization Module Utilizes the pipeline hydraulics & pump performance module to

determine the pump stations operation that will achieve the desired delivery flow rate requirements with the objective function of lowest electrical energy consumption

The real time monitoring & control in SCADA can also take care of contingencies arising out of closure of the receipt terminals & tripping of pumps with consequent adjustment of speed set points (pump stations) & flow set points (receipt terminals) to permit continuation of pipeline operation.

53

OPTIMIZATION MODULES (Contd...)

Compressor Fuel Optimization Utilizes the pipeline hydraulics & gas turbine compressor

performance module to determine the compressor stations operation that will achieve the desired delivery requirements fulfilling the objectives of : - Optimum sharing of compressor power among various

compressor stations Optimization of the compressor usage for a particular

compressor station by utilizing the lowest fuel consumption

54

SUPPLEMENTRY MODULES

Predictive Module Predicts the future operating conditions of the pipeline based

on the current state of the pipeline Warn the operator of impending short term constraint

violations and future consequences of continuation of current operating conditions

• Planning Module Helps the operator to maintain the new operating plans

covering the operational aspects of reduction or increase of gas supply & gas delivery requirements, deviation of current state with the forecast state etc. by analyzing different strategies & presenting the feasible ones to the operator

55

SUPPLEMENTRY MODULES (Contd…)

Contingency Analysis Keeps the operator informed about the consequences of various upsets in

the pipeline operation viz. reduction in supply, shutting down of compressor stations

Determining the time for which the normal supplies can be made to the consumers before constraint violation takes place

Inventory Analysis Generates current pipeline inventory information (accounting for the

variations in line pack on the basis of pressure, temp. & density profiles) Comparison of inventory and packing rates against minimum & maximum

allowable limits to generate alarms for limit violations, thereby facilitating the dispatcher in responding to changes in supply & demand

56

PIPELINE EFFICIENCY

PURPOSETo detect whether pipeline friction losses in any section have exceeded defined limits

FUNCTION Calculate actual friction factor based upon flow, pressure

measurements at end points of pipeline section and product density profile as generated by product module

Pipeline efficiency factor is compared to a predefined limit violation of limit results in an alarm

This module gives requirements/ guidelines for carrying out pipeline pigging operation