SC Judgment Laying No Reservation in Promotions for SC-ST

8/19/2019 SC Judgment Laying No Reservation in Promotions for SC-ST

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REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION

WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) No. 690 of 2015

Suresh Chand Gautam …Pett!ner"s#

Versus

State !$ Uttar Pradesh % Ors& …Res'!ndent"s#

(ITH

WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO. 715 OF 2015

WRIT PETITON (CIVIL) NO. 273 OF 2015

J U D G M E N T

D!"# M$%"& J.

In ths )at*h !$ (rt Pett!ns 're$erred under Art*+e ,-

!$ the C!nsttut!n !$ Inda the 'ra.er re+ates t! ssue !$ a

dre*t!n n the nature !$ mandamus *!mmandn/ the

res'!ndents t! en$!r*e a''r!'rate+. the *!nsttut!na+

mandate as *!ntaned under the 'r!0s!ns !$ Art*+es

12"34A#5 12"346# and ,,7 !$ the C!nsttut!n !$ Inda !r5 n

the a+ternat0e5 dre*tn/ the res'!ndents t! *!nsttute a

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C!mmttee !r a''!nt a C!mmss!n *hared ether ). a

retred Jud/e !$ the H/h C!urt !r Su'reme C!urt n ma8n/

sur0e. and *!++e*tn/ ne*essar. 9ua+tat0e data !$ the

S*hedu+ed Castes and the S*hedu+ed Tr)es n the ser0*es !$

the State $!r /rantn/ reser0at!n n 'r!m!t!n n the +/ht !$

dre*t!n /0es ). ths C!urt n M. Nagaraj & others v.

Union of India & others 1& Let t )e *+ar$ed n the

)e/nnn/5 a'art $r!m ths 'ra.er5 !ther re+e$s s!u/ht $!r n

the 'ett!ns ha0e n!t )een ar/ued and r/ht+. s!5 as the sad

/re0an*es ha0e a+read. )een dre*ted t! )e dea+t :th n

nter+!*ut!r. a''+*at!ns t! )e $+ed n the *ase !$ U.P.

Power Corporation Limited v. Rajesh Kumar & others -

&

-& At the *!mmen*ement !$ the hearn/5

Dr& ;&S& Chauhan5 +earned *!unse+ a''earn/ $!r the

'ett!ner n (rt Pett!n "C0+# N!&


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others , and R.K. Sa!harwa" v. State of Pu!ja! # . (e are

n!t n*+ned t! enter nt! the sad ssue as :e are !$ the

*!nsdered !'n!n that the 'r!n!un*ement n M. Nagaraj

"su'ra# s a )ndn/ 're*edent and has )een $!++!:ed n

num)er !$ auth!rtes and that a'art5 t has re$erred t!5 n

deta+5 a++ !ther )ndn/ 're0!us auth!rtes !$ +ar/er

6en*hes and there d!es n!t a''ear an. :e/ht. ar/ument t!

*!n0n*e us5 e0en $!r a m!ment5 that the sad de*s!n

re9ures an. re*!nsderat!n& The su)mss!n !n the sad

s*!re s re'e++ed&

,& The 'rn*'a+ su)mss!n !$ Mr& Sa+man ;hurshd5

Mr& ;&V& Vsh:anathan5 +earned sen!r *!unse+ and Dr&

;&S& Chauhan +earned *!unse+ a''earn/ $!r the res'e*t0e

'ett!ners s the a+ternat0e su)mss!n :h*h *an )e 'ut n

three *!m'artments>4 "# the de*s!n rendered n M.

Nagaraj "su'ra# has n!t )een a''!ste+. a''+ed "# the

auth!rt. n Rajesh Kumar "su'ra# has t! a''+.

'r!s'e*t0e+. and *ann!t ha0e retr!s'e*t0e e$$e*t5 and "#

e0en $ t s assumed5 as nter'reted n M. Nagaraj "su'ra#5

Art*+es 12"34A# and 12"346# are ena)+n/ *!nsttut!na+

3 (1992) Supp. 3 SCC 2174 1995 (2) SCC 745

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'r!0s!ns5 the *!n*e't !$ '!:er *!u'+ed :th dut. re9ures

the auth!rtes t! 'er$!rm the dut. and the. are !)+/ed t!

*!++e*t the 9uant$a)+e data t! ena)+e them t! ta8e a

de*s!n !n reser0at!n n 'r!m!t!n and hen*e5 a

mandamus sh!u+d )e ssued t! a++ auth!rtes t! *arr. !ut

the *!nsttut!na+ *!mmand& (e ha0e 'ermtted Dr& Ra?0

Dha0an t! ar/ue the matter as he had a''eared $!r s!me !$

the res'!ndents n the *ase !$ Rajesh Kumar "su'ra#&

3& Art*+es 12"3#5 12"34A# and 12"346# read as under>4

@'%*+ 16. E,-"* of o!!o%-/ / "+%$of !-* +!*o+/.

"3# N!thn/ n ths art*+e sha++ 're0ent the State$r!m ma8n/ an. 'r!0s!n $!r the reser0at!n !$ a''!ntments !r '!sts n $a0!ur !$ an. )a*8:ard*+ass !$ *tens :h*h5 n the !'n!n !$ the State5s n!t ade9uate+. re'resented n the ser0*esunder the State&

"34A# N!thn/ n ths art*+e sha++ 're0ent the State$r!m ma8n/ an. 'r!0s!n $!r reser0at!n n

matters !$ 'r!m!t!n5 :th *!nse9uenta+sen!rt.5 t! an. *+ass !r *+asses !$ '!sts n theser0*es under the State n $a0!ur !$ theS*hedu+ed Castes and the S*hedu+ed Tr)es:h*h5 n the !'n!n !$ the State5 are n!tade9uate+. re'resented n the ser0*es under theState&

"346# N!thn/ n ths art*+e sha++ 're0ent the State

$r!m *!nsdern/ an. un$++ed 0a*an*es !$ a .ear:h*h are reser0ed $!r )en/ $++ed u' n that .ear

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n a**!rdan*e :th an. 'r!0s!n $!r reser0at!nmade under *+ause "3# !r *+ause "34A# as ase'arate *+ass !$ 0a*an*es t! )e $++ed u' n an. su**eedn/ .ear !r .ears and su*h *+ass !$

0a*an*es sha++ n!t )e *!nsdered t!/ether :ththe 0a*an*es !$ the .ear n :h*h the. are )en/$++ed u' $!r determnn/ the *e+n/ !$ $$t. 'er*ent reser0at!n !n t!ta+ num)er !$ 0a*an*es !$ that .earB&

7& In M. Nagaraj "su'ra#5 the C!urt has en*!m'assed the

$a*ts n the $!++!:n/ manner>4

@The 'ett!ners ha0e n0!8ed Art*+e ,- !$ theC!nsttut!n $!r a :rt n the nature !$ *ert!rart! 9uash the C!nsttut!n "E/ht.4$$thAmendment# A*t5 -==1 nsertn/ Art*+e 12"34A# !$ the C!nsttut!n retr!s'e*t0e+. $r!m 1


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$urther '+eaded that the amendment a+s! see8s t!a+ter the $undamenta+ r/ht !$ e9ua+t. :h*h s'art !$ the )as* stru*ture !$ the C!nsttut!n& The'ett!ners sa. that the e9ua+t. n the *!ntet !$

Art*+e 12"1# *!nn!tes @a**e+erated 'r!m!t!n s!as n!t t! n*+ude *!nse9uenta+ sen!rt.& The'ett!ners sa. that ). atta*hn/ *!nse9uenta+sen!rt. t! the a**e+erated 'r!m!t!n5 them'u/ned amendment 0!+ates e9ua+t. n Art*+e13 read :th Art*+e 12"1#& The 'ett!ners $urthersa. that ). 'r!0dn/ reser0at!n n the matter !$ 'r!m!t!n :th *!nse9uenta+ sen!rt.5 there sm'arment !$ e$$*en*.& The 'ett!ners sa. that

n Indra Sa#hne$ "su'ra# de*ded !n 1241141-5ths C!urt has he+d that under Art*+e 12"3#5reser0at!n t! the 6a*8:ard C+asses s'ermss)+e !n+. at the tme !$ nta+ re*rutmentand n!t n 'r!m!t!n& The 'ett!ners sa. that*!ntrar. t! the sad ?ud/ment de+0ered !n1241141-5 Par+ament ena*ted the C!nsttut!n"Se0ent.4se0enth Amendment# A*t5 17& 6. thesad amendment5 Art*+e 12"34A# :as nserted5

:h*h rentr!du*ed reser0at!n n 'r!m!t!n& TheC!nsttut!n "Se0ent.4se0enth Amendment# A*t517 s a+s! *ha++en/ed ). s!me !$ the 'ett!ners& The 'ett!ners sa. that $ a**e+erated sen!rt. s/0en t! the r!ster4'!nt 'r!m!tees5 the*!nse9uen*es :!u+d )e dsastr!us& …

2& A$ter re$errn/ t! a seres !$ auth!rtes5 the C!urt

*!n*+uded as $!++!:s>4

@1-1& The m'u/ned *!nsttut!na+ amendments). :h*h Art*+es 12"34A# and 12"346# ha0e )eennserted $+!: $r!m Art*+e 12"3#& The. d! n!t a+terthe stru*ture !$ Art*+e 12"3#& The. retan the*!ntr!++n/ $a*t!rs !r the *!m'e++n/ reas!ns5name+.5 )a*8:ardness and nade9ua*. !$ re'resentat!n :h*h ena)+es the States t! 'r!0de

$!r reser0at!n 8ee'n/ n mnd the !0era++e$$*en*. !$ the State admnstrat!n under Art*+e

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,,7& These m'u/ned amendments are *!n$ned!n+. t! SCs and STs& The. d! n!t !)+terate an. !$ the *!nsttut!na+ re9urements5 name+.5 *e+n/+mt !$ 7= "9uanttat0e +mtat!n#5 the *!n*e't

!$ *ream. +a.er "9ua+tat0e e*+us!n#5 thesu)4*+ass$*at!n )et:een O6Cs !n !ne hand andSCs and STs !n the !ther hand as he+d n Indra Sa#hne$ "su'ra#5 the *!n*e't !$ '!st4)ased r!ster:th n)u+t *!n*e't !$ re'+a*ement as he+d n.*. Sabhar#al "su'ra#&

1--& (e reterate that the *e+n/ +mt !$ 7=5 the*!n*e't !$ *ream. +a.er and the *!m'e++n/

reas!ns5 name+.5 )a*8:ardness5 nade9ua*. !$ re'resentat!n and !0era++ admnstrat0ee$$*en*. are a++ *!nsttut!na+ re9urements:th!ut :h*h the stru*ture !$ e9ua+t. !$ !''!rtunt. n Art*+e 12 :!u+d *!++a'se&

1-,& H!:e0er5 n ths *ase5 as stated a)!0e5 theman ssue *!n*erns the @etent !$ reser0at!n& Inths re/ard the State *!n*erned :++ ha0e t! sh!:

n ea*h *ase the esten*e !$ the *!m'e++n/reas!ns5 name+.5 )a*8:ardness5 nade9ua*. !$ re'resentat!n and !0era++ admnstrat0ee$$*en*. )e$!re ma8n/ 'r!0s!n $!r reser0at!n&As stated a)!0e5 the m'u/ned 'r!0s!n s anena)+n/ 'r!0s!n& The State s n!t )!und t!ma8e reser0at!n $!r SCsSTs n matters !$ 'r!m!t!ns& H!:e0er5 $ the. :sh t! eer*se therds*ret!n and ma8e su*h 'r!0s!n5 the State has

t! *!++e*t 9uant$a)+e data sh!:n/ )a*8:ardness!$ the *+ass and nade9ua*. !$ re'resentat!n !$ that *+ass n 'u)+* em'+!.ment n addt!n t!*!m'+an*e :th Art*+e ,,7& It s made *+ear thate0en $ the State has *!m'e++n/ reas!ns5 as stateda)!0e5 the State :++ ha0e t! see that tsreser0at!n 'r!0s!n d!es n!t +ead t!e*ess0eness s! as t! )rea*h the *e+n/ +mt !$ 7= !r !)+terate the *ream. +a.er !r etend the

reser0at!n nde$nte+.&

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1-3& Su)?e*t t! the a)!0e5 :e u'h!+d the*!nsttut!na+ 0a+dt. !$ the C!nsttut!n"Se0ent.4se0enth Amendment# A*t5 17 the

C!nsttut!n "E/ht.4$rst Amendment# A*t5 -===the C!nsttut!n "E/ht.4se*!nd Amendment# A*t5-=== and the C!nsttut!n "E/ht.4$$thAmendment# A*t5 -==1&

1-7& (e ha0e n!t eamned the 0a+dt. !$ nd0dua+ ena*tments !$ a''r!'rate States andthat 9uest!n :++ )e /!ne nt! n nd0dua+ :rt'ett!n ). the a''r!'rate 6en*h n a**!rdan*e

:th +a: +ad d!:n ). us n the 'resent *ase&

4

@"i # Vestn/ !$ the '!:er ). an ena)+n/ 'r!0s!nma. )e *!nsttut!na++. 0a+d and .et @eer*se !$ '!:er ). the State n a /0en *ase ma. )ear)trar.5 'art*u+ar+.5 $ the State $a+s t! dent$. and measure the )a*8:ardness and nade9ua*. 8ee'n/ n mnd the e$$*en*. !$ ser0*e asre9ured under Art*+e ,,7&

"ii # Art*+e 12"3# :h*h 'r!te*ts the nterests !$ *ertan se*t!ns !$ the s!*et. has t! )e )a+an*eda/anst Art*+e 12"1# :h*h 'r!te*ts the nterests!$ e0er. *ten !$ the entre s!*et.& The. sh!u+d

)e harm!nsed )e*ause the. are restatements !$ the 'rn*'+e !$ e9ua+t. under Art*+e 13&

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"iii # Ea*h '!st /ets mar8ed $!r the 'art*u+ar*ate/!r. !$ *anddates t! )e a''!nted a/anst tand an. su)se9uent 0a*an*. has t! )e $++ed ).

that *ate/!r. *anddate&

"i # The a''r!'rate G!0ernment has t! a''+. the*adre stren/th as a unt n the !'erat!n !$ ther!ster n !rder t! as*ertan :hether a /0en*+ass/r!u' s ade9uate+. re'resented n theser0*e& The *adre stren/th as a unt a+s! ensuresthat the u''er *e+n/ +mt !$ 7= s n!t 0!+ated&Further5 r!ster has t! )e '!st4s'e*$* and n!t

0a*an*. )ased&

" # The State has t! $!rm ts !'n!n !n the9uant$a)+e data re/ardn/ ade9ua*. !$ re'resentat!n& C+ause "34A# !$ Art*+e 12 s anena)+n/ 'r!0s!n& It /0es $reed!m t! the State t!'r!0de $!r reser0at!n n matters !$ 'r!m!t!n&C+ause "34A# !$ Art*+e 12 a''+es !n+. t! SCs andSTs& The sad *+ause s *ar0ed !ut !$ Art*+e12"34A#& There$!re5 *+ause "34A# :++ )e /!0erned ). the t:! *!m'e++n/ reas!nsK@)a*8:ardness and@nade9ua*. !$ re'resentat!n5 as ment!ned nArt*+e 12"3#& I$ the sad t:! reas!ns d! n!t est5then the ena)+n/ 'r!0s!n *ann!t )e en$!r*ed&

"i # I$ the *e+n/ +mt !n the *arr. !0er !$ un$++ed0a*an*es s rem!0ed5 the !ther a+ternat0e tme

$a*t!r *!mes n and n that e0ent5 the tmes*a+ehas t! )e m'!sed n the nterest !$ e$$*en*. nadmnstrat!n as mandated ). Art*+e ,,7& I$ thetmes*a+e s n!t 8e't5 then '!sts :++ *!ntnue t!reman 0a*ant $!r .ears :h*h :!u+d )edetrmenta+ t! the admnstrat!n& There$!re5 nea*h *ase5 the a''r!'rate G!0ernment :++ n!:ha0e t! ntr!du*e the durat!n de'endn/ u'!nthe $a*t stuat!n&

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"ii # I$ the a''r!'rate G!0ernment ena*ts a +a:'r!0dn/ $!r reser0at!n :th!ut 8ee'n/ n mndthe 'arameters n Art*+e 12"3# and Art*+e ,,75then ths C!urt :++ *ertan+. set asde and str8e

d!:n su*h +e/s+at!n&

"iii # The *!nsttut!na+ +mtat!n under Art*+e,,7 s re+aed and n!t !)+terated& As stateda)!0e5 )e t reser0at!n !r e0a+uat!n5e*ess0eness n ether :!u+d resu+t n 0!+at!n !$ the *!nsttut!na+ mandate& Ths eer*se5h!:e0er5 :++ de'end !n the $a*ts !$ ea*h *ase&

"i # The *!n*e'ts !$ e$$*en*.5 )a*8:ardness andnade9ua*. !$ re'resentat!n are re9ured t! )edent$ed and measured& That eer*se de'ends!n the a0a+a)+t. !$ data& That eer*se de'ends!n numer!us $a*t!rs& It s $!r ths reas!n that theena)+n/ 'r!0s!ns are re9ured t! )e made)e*ause ea*h *!m'etn/ *+am see8s t! a*he0e*ertan /!a+s& H!: )est !ne sh!u+d !'tmse these*!n$+*tn/ *+ams *an !n+. )e d!ne ). the

admnstrat!n n the *!ntet !$ +!*a+ 're0a+n/*!ndt!ns n 'u)+* em'+!.ment&

" # Art*+e 12"3#5 there$!re5 *reates a $e+d :h*hena)+es a State t! 'r!0de $!r reser0at!n 'r!0dedthere ests )a*8:ardness !$ a *+ass andnade9ua*. !$ re'resentat!n n em'+!.ment& These are *!m'e++n/ reas!ns& The. d! n!t est nArt*+e 12"1#& It s !n+. :hen these reas!ns aresats$ed that a State /ets the '!:er t! 'r!0de $!rreser0at!n n the matter !$ em'+!.ment&

& Rajesh Kumar s *ase a+s! re$erred t! the auth!rt. n

Suraj $han Meena & another v. State of Rajasthan &

others 1= :heren t has )een ru+ed thus>4

10 (2011) 1 SCC 467

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@66 & The '!st!n a$ter the de*s!n n &. /agaraj 0a%e "su'ra# s that reser0at!n !$ '!sts n'r!m!t!n s de'endent !n the nade9ua*. !$ re'resentat!n !$ mem)ers !$ the S*hedu+ed

Castes and S*hedu+ed Tr)es and 6a*8:ardC+asses and su)?e*t t! the *!ndt!n !$ as*ertann/ as t! :hether su*h reser0at!n :asat a++ re9ured&

6! & The 0e: !$ the H/h C!urt s )ased !n thede*s!n n &. /agaraj 0a%e% "su'ra# as n! eer*se:as underta8en n terms !$ Art*+e 12"34A# t!a*9ure 9uant$a)+e data re/ardn/ the

nade9ua*. !$ re'resentat!n !$ the S*hedu+edCaste and S*hedu+ed Tr)e *!mmuntes n 'u)+*ser0*es& The Ra?asthan H/h C!urt has r/ht+. 9uashed the N!t$*at!ns dated -41-4-==- and-7434-== ssued ). the State !$ Ra?asthan'r!0dn/ $!r *!nse9uenta+ sen!rt. and'r!m!t!n t! the mem)ers !$ the S*hedu+ed Casteand S*hedu+ed Tr)e *!mmuntes and the samed!es n!t *a++ $!r an. nter$eren*e&

& A$ter re$errn/ t! the sad de*s!n5 the C!urt n Rajesh

Kumar s *ase t!!8 n!te !$ the S!*a+ Just*e C!mmttee

Re'!rt and the *hart and !'ned that the sad eer*se :as

d!ne re/ard )en/ had t! the '!'u+at!n and 0a*an*es and

n!t 8ee'n/ n 0e: the *!n*e'ts that ha0e )een e0!+0ed n

M. Nagaraj "su'ra#& It s !ne thn/ t! thn8 that there are

statut!r. ru+es !r ee*ut0e nstru*t!ns t! /rant 'r!m!t!n

)ut t *ann!t )e $!r/!tten that the. :ere a++ su)?e*t t! the

'r!n!un*ement ). ths C!urt n %irpa" Singh Chauhan

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"su'ra# and jit Singh '() "su'ra#& 6en/ !$ ths 0e:5 the

C!urt he+d that a $resh eer*se n the +/ht !$ the ?ud/ment

!$ the C!nsttut!n 6en*h n M. Nagaraj "su'ra# s a

*ate/!r*a+ m'erat0e& The stand that the *!nsttut!na+

amendments ha0e $a*+tated the reser0at!n n 'r!m!t!n

:th *!nse9uenta+ sen!rt. and ha0e /0en the stam' !$

a''r!0a+ t! the A*t and the Ru+es *ann!t :thstand *+!se

s*rutn. nasmu*h as the C!nsttut!n 6en*h has *+ear+.

!'ned that Art*+es 12"34A# and 12"346# are ena)+n/

'r!0s!ns and the State *an ma8e 'r!0s!ns $!r the same

!n *ertan )ass !r $!undat!n& The *!ndt!ns 're*edent

ha0e n!t )een sats$ed& N! eer*se has )een underta8en&

On the sad s*!re5 the C!urt dd n!t a**e't the su)mss!n

as the 'r!0s!ns !$ the C!nsttut!n are treated 0a+d :th

*ertan *!ndt!ns and rders& Therea$ter the C!urt

*!n*+uded>4

@In the u+tmate ana+.ss5 :e *!n*+ude and h!+dthat Se*t!n ,"


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1=& T! ha0e a *!m'+ete '*ture5 :e ma. re'r!du*e Se*t!n

,"4

@+o/ 3. Reservation in favour of S*hedu"ed Castes+ S*hedu"ed ,ri!es and -ther $a*ward C"asses &K

"1#4"2#

"4

@4'. /ntit"ement of *onse0uentia" seniorit to a person !e"onging to S*hedu"ed Castes or S*hedu"ed ,ri!es &KN!t:thstandn/ an.thn/*!ntaned n Ru+es 25 < !r !$ these Ru+es5 a'ers!n )e+!n/n/ t! the S*hedu+ed Castes !rS*hedu+ed Tr)es sha++5 !n hs 'r!m!t!n ). 0rtue!$ ru+e !$ reser0at!nr!ster5 )e entt+ed t!*!nse9uenta+ sen!rt. a+s!&

1-& Ru+e 4A :as !mtted !n 1,&=7&-==7 ). the Uttar

Pradesh G!0ernment Ser0ants Sen!rt. "Se*!nd

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Amendment# Ru+es5 -==7& H!:e0er5 t :as 'r!0ded n the

sad Ru+es that the 'r!m!t!ns made n a**!rdan*e :th the

re0sed sen!rt. as determned under Ru+e 4A 'r!r t! the

*!mmen*ement !$ the -==7 Ru+es *!u+d n!t )e a$$e*ted&

Therea$ter5 !n 13&&-==


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the 13 A*t and Ru+e 4A are ultra ire%. (hat has )een

stated n the sad ?ud/ment s that an. 'r!m!t!n that has

)een /0en !n the d*tum !$ Indra Sawhne "su'ra# and

:th!ut the ad !r assstan*e !$ Se*t!n ,"


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ma. )e 'reser0ed and the $uture 'r!te*ted& Inthat *ase t :as +ad d!:n that the d!*trne !$ 'r!s'e*t0e !0erru+n/ *an )e n0!8ed !n+. nmatters arsn/ under the C!nsttut!n and the

same *an )e a''+ed !n+. ). ths C!urt n tsds*ret!n t! )e m!u+ded n a**!rdan*e :th the ?ust*e !$ the *ause !r matter )e$!re t&

A$ter s! statn/5 the C!urt 'r!*eeded t! h!+d as $!++!:s>4

@-=& A**e'tn/ the +ead /0en n the a)!0ede*s!n5 ths C!urt has sn*e etended the

d!*trne t! the nter'retat!n !$ !rdnar. statutes as :e++& In the *ases !$ 1a2an ao 0&Union of India 34 5 Ata2 Pra+a%h 0& State of ar$ana 3 5 7ri%%a Ce2ent 8td. 0& State of 7ri%%a 39 5 Union of India 0& &ohd. a2:an *han 35

and &anaging ;ire0tor 4

@&& It s made *+ear that ths ?ud/ment :++ n!ta$$e*t an. a''!ntment made 'r!r t! ths date

under the Ru+es :h*h ha0e )een $!und t! )en0a+d herena)!0e&

1


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@&& It s $!r ths C!urt t! nd*ate as t! :hetherthe de*s!n n 9uest!n :++ !'erate'r!s'e*t0e+.& In !ther :!rds5 there sha++ )e n!'r!s'e*t0e !0erru+n/5 un+ess t s s! nd*ated

n the 'art*u+ar de*s!n& It s n!t !'en t! )ehe+d that the de*s!n n a 'art*u+ar *ase :++ )e'r!s'e*t0e n ts a''+*at!n ). a''+*at!n !$ the d!*trne !$ 'r!s'e*t0e !0erru+n/& Thed!*trne !$ )ndn/ 're*edent he+'s n 'r!m!tn/*ertant. and *!nssten*. n ?ud*a+ de*s!nsand ena)+es an !r/an* de0e+!'ment !$ the +a:)esdes 'r!0dn/ assuran*e t! the nd0dua+ ast! the *!nse9uen*es !$ transa*t!ns $!rmn/ 'art

!$ the da+. a$$ars& That )en/ the '!st!n5 theH/h C!urt :as n err!r ). h!+dn/ that the ?ud/ment :h*h !'erated !n the date !$ se+e*t!n:as !'erat0e and n!t the re0e: ?ud/ment nA%ho+ *u2ar Shar2a 0a%e /o. II 3" & A++ the m!res! :hen the su)se9uent ?ud/ment s ). :a. !$ re0e: !$ the $rst ?ud/ment n :h*h *ase thereare n! ?ud/ments at a++ and the su)se9uent ?ud/ment rendered !n re0e: 'ett!ns s the !ne

and !n+. ?ud/ment rendered5 e$$e*t0e+. and $!ra++ 'ur'!ses5 the ear+er de*s!n ha0n/ )eenerased ). *!untenan*n/ the re0e: a''+*at!ns& The m'u/ned ?ud/ments !$ the H/h C!urt are5there$!re5 set asde&

1& Tested !n the a$!resad 'rn*'+es5 t s +umnes*ent

that the 'r!n!un*ement n Rajesh Kumar "su'ra# s ). n!

means 'r!s'e*t0e& The de*+arat!n s *+ear and the

dre*t!ns are a)s!+ute+. +m'd& The C!urt has n!t stated

that the entre 'ast 'r!m!t!ns sh!u+d )e sa0ed& It a++!:s

+mted s'here !$ sa0n/& Thus 0e:ed5 the su)mss!n that

'r!s'e*t0t. s nhered n the sad ?ud/ment d!es n!t a''ea+18 (1997) 4 SCC 18

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t! us& I$ a 'r!m!tee s sa0ed as 'er the ?ud/ment !$ the sad

*ase5 the same s sa0ed and $!r that reas!n5 the C!urt has

a+read. dre*ted n *ertan nter+!*ut!r. a''+*at!ns that the

'r!m!tees :h! ha0e )een re0ersed5 ther /re0an*e sha++ )e

+!!8ed nt! ). a *!mmttee and the de*s!n !$ the

*!mmttee *an dre*t+. )e *ha++en/ed ). :a. !$ nter+!*ut!r.

a''+*at!n )e$!re ths C!urt n ths *ase& (e ma.

n/emnate :th!ut an. reser0at!n that ). n! means

'r!s'e*t0t. n entret. *an )e /0en t! the sad de*s!n&

1& The *entr'!da+ stand !$ the 'ett!ners s that

assumn/ the 'rn*'+e stated n M. Nagaraj "su'ra# s

*!rre*t and :hat has )een stated n Rajesh Kumar =% *ase

$!++!:n/ the d*tum n M. Nagaraj "su'ra# h!+ds s!und

then a+s! the ena)+n/ *!nsttut!na+ 'r!0s!ns *ann!t

reman a)s!+ute+. stat*& The *!nsttut!na+ amendments

ha0e )een )r!u/ht n5 and !n*e the. ha0e )een he+d 0a+d5 t

s the !)+/at!n !$ the State and the *!m'etent auth!rt. t!

/0e e$$e*t t! the same as 'er the n!rms en0sa/ed n the

?ud/ments !$ ths C!urt& In *ase the sad eer*se s n!t

*arred !ut5 t s the *!nsttut!na+ dut. !$ ths C!urt t! see

that the *!nsttut!na+ n!rm5 'h+!s!'h. and the 'ur'!se

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19

are :!r8ed !ut5 es'e*a++. 8ee'n/ n 0e: Art*+es 12"3#5

12"34A#5 12"346#5 32 and ,,7 !$ the C!nsttut!n !$ Inda and

a+s! the 'rn*'+e !$ a$$rmat0e a*t!n :h*h s meant $!r

*ertan hst!r*a++. dsad0anta/ed /r!u's& It s $urther

ar/ued that n M. Nagaraj "su'ra# Art*+es 12"34A# and

12"346# ha0e )een re/arded as ena)+n/ 'r!0s!ns :h*h

*!n$er '!:ers !n the State auth!rtes t! 'r!0de reser0at!n

n 'r!m!t!n :th *!nse9uenta+ sen!rt. su)?e*t t! the

*!ndt!n !$ a0a+a)+t. !$ a''r!'rate data t! ?ust$. eer*se

!$ the ena)+n/ 'r!0s!n& The sad auth!rtes d! n!t de)ar

the State t! *arr. !ut the sad eer*se and :hen t s n!t

d!ne5 t s t! )e 'resumed that the State as a m!de+

em'+!.er has $a+ed n ts dut. and hen*e5 t s !)+/at!r. !n

the 'art !$ ths C!urt t! re9ure t t! *arr. !ut the 'r!*edure

s! that the *!nsttut!na+ 0s!n s rea+ed& It has )een

h/h+/hted )e$!re us that the *!n*e't !$ @'!:er *!u'+ed

:th dut. *!mes nt! '+a. n the nstant *ase and5 there$!re5

the *!urt sh!u+d ssue a''r!'rate dre*t!n t! the State t!

*!++e*t the ne*essar. 9ua+tat0e data& Re+an*e has )een

'+a*ed !n e+e0en4Jud/e 6en*h de*s!n n Madhav Rao

2ivaji Rao S*india v. Union of India 1

& (e ha0e )een19 (1971) 1 SCC 85

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20

*!mmended t! 'ara/ra'h 11< $r!m the ma?!rt. ?ud/ment

). Just*e J&C& Shah5 :h*h s t! the $!++!:n/ e$$e*t>4

@114

@In m. !'n!n Art*+e ,22"--# m'!ses a dut. !nthe Presdent and $!r that 'ur'!se has *!n$erred!n hm *ertan '!:ers& In !ther :!rds the '!:er*!n$erred !n the Presdent under that 'r!0s!n s!ne *!u'+ed :th dut.& There are sm+ar '!:ers*!n$erred !n the Presdent under the C!nsttut!n&

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21

Under Cha'ter VI !$ the C!nsttut!n *ertans'e*a+ 'r!0s!ns :ere made $!r the )ene$t !$ theS*hedu+ed Castes and *ertan S*hedu+ed Tr)es&Seats :ere reser0ed $!r them )!th n the

Par+ament as :e++ as n the State Assem)+es&Certan !ther )ene$ts :ere a+s! se*ured t! themn the matter !$ a''!ntments t! ser0*es and'!sts n *!nne*t!n :th the a$$ars !$ the Un!n!r !$ a State& 6ut the C!nsttut!n dd n!t s'e*$. :h*h *astes :ere S*hedu+ed Castes and :h*h Tr)es :ere S*hedu+ed Tr)es& Under Art*+es,31"1# and ,3-"1# !$ the C!nsttut!n5 thePresdent :as /0en '!:er t! s'e*$. the *astes

:h*h he *!nsdered t! )e S*hedu+ed Castes andthe Tr)es :h*h he *!nsdered t! )e S*hedu+ed Tr)es& Th!u/h )!th the Art*+es sa. the Presdent@ma. s'e*$. the *astes :h*h he *!nsders asS*hedu+ed and Tr)es :h*h he *!nsdersS*hedu+ed5 t s *+ear that a *!nsttut!na+ dut. :as m'!sed !n hm t! s'e*$. :h*h *astes :ereS*hedu+ed Castes and :h*h tr)es :ereS*hedu+ed Tr)es $!r the 'ur'!se !$ the

C!nsttut!n& The :!rd @ma. n th!se *+ausesmust )e read as @must )e*ause $ he had $a+ed !rde*+ned t! s'e*$. the *astes and tr)es5 Art*+es,,=5 ,,-5 ,,35 ,,75 ,, and ,3= :!u+d ha0e)e*!me n!'erat0e and the *!nsttut!na+/uarantees /0en t! the S*hedu+ed Castes andS*hedu+ed Tr)es :!u+d ha0e )e*!memeann/+ess&

-1& Ins'rat!n has a+s! )een dra:n $r!m m!i*a 3uerr

4ors v. State of 1ujarat -=. In the sad *ase5 the C!urt

:as en/a/ed n nter'retat!n !$ *ertan ru+es !$ Gu?arat

Mn!r Mnera+ Ru+es5 122& On )eha+$ !$ the a''e++ant

theren5 re+an*e :as '+a*ed !n State of Rajasthan v.

20 (1987) 1 SCC 213

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22

5arishaner Rajendrapa" -1 t! ad0an*e a *!ntent!n that

the :!rd ma. s t! )e read as sha++ and there). *!n0e. the

meann/ that t s mandat!r.& In that *!ntet5 the C!urt

!)ser0ed>4

@O$ten :hen a 'u)+* auth!rt. s 0ested :th'!:er5 the e'ress!n @ma. has )een *!nstruedas @sha++ )e*ause '!:er $ the *!ndt!ns $!r theeer*se are $u+$++ed s *!u'+ed :th dut.& As!)ser0ed n Craie% on Statute 8a# 5


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23

de*s!n that ena)+n/ :!rds :ere a+:a.s*!m'u+s!r. :here the :!rds :ere t! e$$e*tuate a+e/a+ r/ht&

6e t n!ted5 n the sad de*s!n5 the C!urt has

a''r!0ed and a''+ed the 'rn*'+e stated n 2u"ius "su'ra#&

--& (e ha0e a+s! )een re$erred t! $rij Mohan La" v. Union

of India & others -,& In the sad *ase5 a'art $r!m !ther

ssues5 the re+e$ re+ated t! ssue !$ dre*t!n t! the

res'!ndents theren t! st!' the s*heme and '!+*. !$

a''!ntment !$ retred Dstr*t and Sess!ns Jud/es as

ad ho0 Jud/es !$ the Fast Tra*8 C!urts "FTCs# n the State

Jud*a+ Ser0*es& (e need n!t re$er t! the *!ntent!ns

rased and h!: the ssue :as e0entua++. ans:ered& In the

sad *ase5 the t:!4Jud/e 6en*h de+)erated !n the 9uest!n

:hether a :rt !$ mandamus *an at a++ )e ssued re/ard

)en/ had t! the $a*tua+ s*!re !$ the *ase& The C!urt t!!8

n!te !$ the $a*t that !r/n !$ FTC S*heme :as n a '!+*.

de*s!n ). the Centra+ G!0ernment and the sad de*s!n

:as ta8en t! m'+ement the FTC S*heme5 'art*u+ar+.5 t!

dea+ :th the arrears !$ *rmna+ *ases n the *!untr. and t

had ta8en u'!n tse+$ the )urden !$ $nan*n/ the entre

23 (2012) 6 SCC 502

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24

s*heme& The C!urt re$erred t! the *!n*e't !$ ?ud*a+ re0e:

n '!+*. matters and the s*!'e !$ nter$eren*e n that

re/ard5 ad0erted t! the 'rn*'+es stated n S.P. 1upta s *ase

and !ther de*s!ns and !'ned thus>4

@1=2& Ths C!urt has *!nsstent+. he+d that the:rt !$ mandamus *an )e ssued5 'erha's n!t asre/ards the manner !$ ds*har/e !$ 'u)+* dut. )ut :th res'e*t t! the due eer*se !$ ds*ret!nn the *!urse !$ su*h dut.& In S.P. 'upta 0& Union

of India "su'ra# ths C!urt ssued dre*t!ns t! theUn!n !$ Inda t! determne5 :thn a reas!na)+etme5 the stren/th !$ 'ermanent Jud/es re9ured$!r ds'!sa+ !$ *ases nsttuted n the H/h C!urtsand t! ta8e tests t! $++ u' the 0a*an*es a$terma8n/ su*h determnat!n&

111& It s5 thus5 *+ear that t s the *!nsttut!na+dut. !$ ths C!urt t! ensure mantenan*e !$ thende'enden*e !$ ?ud*ar. as :e++ as thee$$e*t0eness !$ the ?ust*e de+0er. s.stem n the*!untr.& The data and statst*s '+a*ed !n re*!rd5!$ :h*h ths C!urt *an e0en !ther:se ta8e ?ud*a+ n!t*e5 sh!: that *ertan and e$$e*t0emeasures are re9ured t! )e ta8en ). the StateG!0ernments t! )rn/ d!:n the 'enden*. !$ *ases

n the +!:er *!urts& It ne*essar+. m'+es that theG!0ernment sh!u+d n!t $rame an. '!+*es !r d!an. a*ts :h*h sha++ der!/ate $r!m the 0er. eth!s!$ the stated )as* 'rn*'+e !$ ?ud*a+nde'enden*e& I$ the '!+*. de*s!n !$ the State s+8e+. t! 'r!0e *!unter'r!du*t0e and n*rease the'enden*. !$ *ases5 there). +mtn/ the r/ht t!$ar and e'edt!us tra+ t! the +t/ants n ths*!untr.5 t :++ tantam!unt t! n$rn/ement !$

ther )as* r/hts and *!nsttut!na+ 'r!te*t!ns&

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Thus5 :e ha0e n! hestat!n n h!+dn/ that nthese *ases5 the C!urt *!u+d ssue a mandamus& The etent !$ su*h '!:er5 :e sha++ ds*uss sh!rt+. herena$ter&

The a$!resad de*s!n5 n !ur *!nsdered !'n!n5 s

9ute dstn/usha)+e& The C!urt :as re$errn/ t! *ertan

*!nsttut!na+ *!n*e'ts5 name+.5 *!nsttut!na+ dut.5

nde'enden*e !$ ?ud*ar.5 e$$e*t0eness !$ ?ust*e de+0er.

s.stem n the *!untr.5 the n$rn/ement !$ s'e*$* r/hts and

*!nsttut!na+ 'r!te*t!n& (e :++ n *!urse !$ !ur

de+)erat!ns ad0ert t! :hether the sad 'rn*'+es *an )e

ta8en re*!urse t! n the *ase at hand&

-,& Re+an*e has a+s! )een '+a*ed ). the +earned *!unse+

!n the de*s!n n neesh 6. Lawande & others v. State

of 1oa & others -35 :here the C!urt has re$erred t! the

auth!rt. n 2u"ius "su'ra# and !)ser0ed e0er. 'u)+*

auth!rt. :h! has a dut. *!u'+ed :th '!:er )e$!re

eer*sn/ the '!:er s re9ured t! understand the !)?e*t !$

su*h '!:er and the *!ndt!ns n :h*h the same s t! )e

eer*sed& Learned *!unse+ $!r the 'ett!ners em'hasn/

!n the *!n*e't!n !$ @'!:er *!u'+ed :th dut. has re$erred

t! seres !$ ?ud/ments& (e ha0e a+read. re$erred t! s!me

24 (2014) 1 SCC 554

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and :e thn8 t a''r!'rate t! re$er t! s!me& In 6hampur

Sugar Mi""s Ltd. v.State of U.P. and others -75 the

attent!n !$ the t:!4Jud/e 6en*h :as en/a/ed n re+at!n t!

*!nsttut!n !$ the Ad0s!r. C!mmttee under Uttar Pradesh

Sheera N.antran Adhn.am5 123& 6e$!re the H/h C!urt

re+an*e :as '+a*ed !n Khoda disti""eries Ltd. v. State of

Karnataa -2 $!r inter alia that Se*t!n , !$ 123 A*t *!u+d

mere+. )e an ena)+n/ 'r!0s!n and thus5 dre*t!r. n

nature and hen*e5 the :rt 'ett!ner *!u+d n!t *!m'e+ the

State t! *!nsttute an Ad0s!r. C!mmttee& The H/h C!urt

re$erred t! the de*s!n n Khoda disti""eries Ltd. "su'ra#

and !'ned that the 'r!0s!n :as dre*t!r. n nature& Ths

C!urt re$erred t! the re+e0ant 'r!0s!ns !$ the A*t5 the Ru+es

$ramed under the A*t and the n!t$*at!n ssued thereunder

and *ame t! h!+d that the su)mss!n !$ the :rt 'ett!ner

that su*h a C!mmttee !u/ht t! ha0e )een *!nsttuted ).

the State :as :e++ $!unded& It dd n!t a**e't the 0e:

e'ressed ). the H/h C!urt that the 'r!0s!n :as

dre*t!r.& It !)ser0ed that se0era+ statutes *!n$er '!:er !n

auth!rtes and !$$*ers t! )e eer*sed ). them at ther

25 (2007) 8SCC 33826 (1995) 1 SCC 574

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ds*ret!n and the. are *!u*hed n 'ermss0e +an/ua/e5

su*h as5 @t ma. )e +a:$u+5 @t ma. )e 'ermss)+e5 @t ma.

)e !'en t! d!5 et*& 6ut n *ertan stuat!ns5 su*h '!:er s

*!u'+ed :th dut. and must )e eer*sed& The C!urt

re$erred t! $aer+ Re Ni*ho"s v. $aer -


28/49

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-3& (e :++ )e $a+n/ n !ur dut. $ :e d! n!t ta8e n!te !$

an!ther $a*et !$ the su)mss!ns ad0an*ed ). the +earned

*!unse+ $!r the 'ett!ners& It s ur/ed ). them that t s the

*!nsttut!na+ dut. and !)+/at!n !$ the auth!rtes t! :!r8

!ut the *!nsttut!na+ 'r!0s!ns t! e$$e*tuate the a$$rmat0e

a*t!n meant $!r s*hedu+ed *astes and the s*hedu+ed tr)es

'ers!ns and re/ard )en/ had t! the 'rn*'+es stated n M.

Nagaraj "su'ra#5 the reser0at!n n 'r!m!t!n :th

*!nse9uenta+ sen!rt. *ann!t )e th!u/ht !$ :th!ut

*!++e*t!n !$ the ne*essar. 9uanttat0e data n re/ard t!

*ertan as'e*ts& Me*hansms are t! )e 'r!0ded $!r

*!++e*t!n !$ su*h data& It s *!ntended that $a+ure t! d! s!

tantam!unts t! $a+ure !$ 'er$!rman*e !$ *!nsttut!na+ dut.&

E+a)!ratn/ $urther5 t s h/h+/hted that :hen there s

a'ath. n ta8n/ the ste's t! +0e u' t! the *!nsttut!na+

!)+/at!n5 the C!urt s e'e*ted n +a: t! ssue a mandamus

t! *!mmand the auth!rtes t! *arr. !ut the *!nsttut!na+

dut.5 $!r n!n4'er$!rman*e !$ su*h dut. :!u+d a$$e*t and

e0entua++. ?e!'arde the $undamenta+ a$$rmat0e $a*ets !$

the C!nsttut!n& It s a+s! ar/ued that ths C!urt has n

man. an auth!rt. $ramed the /ude+nes5 ssued dre*t!ns

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$!r 'er$!rman*e !$ dut. and a+s! $++ed the /a's :here0er

re9ured and5 there$!re5 n the 'resent stuat!n5 the C!urt

*an dre*t $!r *!++e*t!n !$ the re9uste data s! that u+tmate

*!nsttut!na+ /!a+ s a*he0ed & In ths re/ard5 :e ha0e )een

*!mmended t! 6.K. $asu v. State of 4est $enga" &

others 88 + Ranveer :adav v. State of $ihar 8# + Nagar

Pa"ia Nigam v. Krishi Upaj Mandi Samiti 8; + nush

Shivaji 1aiwad v. State of Maharashtra 8on>Re*ord sso*iation & others v. Union of

India #( &

-7& In S.P. 1upta "su'ra# the +ar/er 6en*h has he+d thus>4

33 (2015) 8 SCC 74434 (2010) 11 SCC 49335 AIR 2009 SC 18736 (2013) 6 SCC 77037 AIR 1950 SC 22238 AIR 1992 SC 32039 AIR 1980 SC 168240

(2013) 9 SCC 13641 1981 Supp (1) SCC 8742 (1993) 4 SCC 441

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@It s true that the :!rds n Art*+e -12 !$ theC!nsttut!n are und!u)ted+. em'!:ern/ )ut thas )een s! !$ten de*ded as t! ha0e )e*!me ana!m that n 'u)+* statutes :!rds !n+. dre*t!r.5

'ermss!r. !r ena)+n/ ma. ha0e a *!m'u+s!r. $!r*e :here the thn/ t! )e d!ne s $!r the 'u)+*)ene$t !r n ad0an*ement !$ 'u)+* ?ust*e& Thus5the ena)+n/ '!:er *ann!t )e re$used t! )eeer*sed ). the re'!st!r. !$ that '!:er5 as su*hre$usa+ :!u+d )e *!ntrar. t! the *!nsttut!na+'rn*'+es and su*h a*t!n s n!t 'ermss)+eunder the s*heme !$ the C!nsttut!n&

-2& Re+.n/ !n the sad de*s!n5 +earned *!unse+ :!u+d

su)mt the sad 'rn*'+e has n!t )een u'set ). the

nne4Jud/e 6en*h n Supreme Court dvo*ates>on>Re*ord

"su'ra#& (e ha0e )een a+s! a''rsed that the se0en4Jud/e

6en*h has a''r!0ed the 'rn*'+e stated n 2u"ius "su'ra#5

:heren t has )een he+d thus>4

@there ma. )e s!methn/ n the nature !$ thn/em'!:ered t! )e d!ne5 s!methn/ n the !)?e*t$!r :h*h t s t! )e d!ne5 s!methn/ n the*!ndt!ns under :h*h t s t! )e d!ne5s!methn/ n the tt+e !$ the 'ers!n !r 'ers!ns $!r:h!se )ene$t the '!:er s t! )e eer*sed5 :h*h

ma. *!u'+e the '!:er :th a dut.5 and ma8e tthe dut. !$ the 'ers!n n :h!m the '!:er sre'!sed5 t! eer*se that '!:er :hen *a++ed u'!nt! d! s!&

-


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settn/ u' !$ State Human R/hts C!mmss!n& Inter'retn/

the sad 'r!0s!n5 the C!urt has !)ser0ed>4

@A '+an readn/ !$ the a)!0e :!u+d sh!: thatPar+ament has used the :!rd @ma. nsu)4se*t!n "1# !$ Se*t!n -1 :h+e 'r!0dn/ $!rthe settn/ u' !$ a State Human R/htsC!mmss!n& In *!ntrast Par+ament has used the:!rd @sha++ n Se*t!n ,"1# :h+e 'r!0dn/ $!r*!nsttut!n !$ a Nat!na+ C!mmss!n& Thear/ument !n )eha+$ !$ the de$au+tn/ States5there$!re5 :as that the use !$ t:! d$$erent

e'ress!ns :h*h dea+n/ :th the su)?e*t !$ ana+!/!us nature s a *+ear nd*at!n that :h+e aNat!na+ Human R/hts C!mmss!n s mandat!r. a State C!mmss!n s n!t& That ar/ument s n!d!u)t attra*t0e5 )ut d!es n!t stand *+!ses*rutn.& The use !$ the :!rd @2a$ s n!t ). tse+$ determnat0e !$ the true nature !$ the '!:er !rthe !)+/at!n *!n$erred !r *reated under a'r!0s!n& The +e/a+ '!st!n !n the su)?e*t s

$ar+. :e++ sett+ed ). a +!n/ +ne !$ de*s!ns !$ thsC!urt& The stated '!st!n s that the use !$ the:!rd @2a$ d!es n!t a+:a.s mean that theauth!rt. u'!n :h*h the '!:er s 0ested ma. !rma. n!t eer*se that '!:er& (hether !r n!t the:!rd @2a$ sh!u+d )e *!nstrued as mandat!r. and e9u0a+ent t! the :!rd @%hall :!u+d de'endu'!n the !)?e*t and the 'ur'!se !$ the ena*tmentunder :h*h the sad '!:er s *!n$erred as a+s!

re+ated 'r!0s!ns made n the ena*tment& The:!rd @2a$ has )een !$ten read as @%hall !r@2u%t :hen there s s!methn/ n the nature !$ the thn/ t! )e d!ne :h*h must *!m'e+ su*h areadn/& In !ther :!rds5 the *!n$erment !$ the'!:er u'!n the auth!rt. ma. ha0n/ re/ard t!the *!ntet n :h*h su*h '!:er has )een*!n$erred and the 'ur'!se !$ ts *!n$erment asa+s! the *r*umstan*es n :h*h t s meant t! )e

eer*sed *arr. :th su*h '!:er an !)+/at!n:h*h *!m'e+s ts eer*se&

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-& In the sad *ase re$eren*e :as made t! 2u"ius "su'ra#

and the !'n!n !$ Just*e Carns5 L&C& :as 9u!ted and

therea$ter5 the !'n!n !$ L!rd 6+a*8)urn :h*h s t! the

$!++!:n/ e$$e*t :as re'r!du*ed>4

@I d! n!t thn8 the :!rds t sha++ )e +a:$u+ are nthemse+0es am)/u!us at a++& The. are a't :!rdst! e'ress that a '!:er s /0en and as5 'rma

$a*e5 the d!nee !$ a '!:er ma. ether eer*se t!r +ea0e t unused5 t s n!t na**urate t! sa. that5'rma $a*e5 the. are e9u0a+ent t! sa.n/ that thed!nee ma. d! t )ut $ the !)?e*t $!r :h*h the'!:er s *!n$erred s $!r the 'ur'!se !$ en$!r*n/a r/ht5 there ma. )e a dut. *ast !n the d!nee !$ the '!:er5 t! eer*se t $!r the )ene$t !$ th!se:h! ha0e that r/ht5 :hen re9ured !n ther)eha+$&

-& As s e0dent5 the C!urt has re$erred t! num)er !$

?ud/ments that the :!rd @ma. at tmes *an assume the

*hara*ter !$ @sha++& In the sad *ase5 stress :as +ad !n

a**ess !$ ?ust*e and n that *!ntet5 re+an*e :as '+a*ed !n

ImtiaB hmad v. State of U.P. o+%$3,

& A$ter re$errn/

*ertan re*!mmendat!ns5 the C!urt ssued num)er !$

dre*t!ns&

,=& Learned *!unse+ $!r the 'ett!ner5 as stated ear+er5

has $!unded hs ar/ument !n the 'rn*'+es stated n man.

43 (2012) 2 SCC 688

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auth!rtes :h*h 'ertan t! nter'retat!n !$ @'!:er *!u'+ed

:th dut.& Re$eren*e has )een made t! $reen v.

ma"gamated /ngineering Union 33

:h*h has )een *ted

). the H!use !$ L!rds n Padfie"d "su'ra# :heren ther

L!rdsh's *!nsdern/ the ds*ret!n !$ statut!r. auth!rt.

under the A/r*u+ture Mar8etn/ A*t5 17 "U;# !'ned>4

@The ds*ret!n !$ a statut!r. )!d. s ne0er

un$ettered& It s a ds*ret!n :h*h s t! )eeer*sed a**!rdn/ t! +a:& That means at +eastths> the statut!r. )!d. must )e /uded ). re+e0ant *!nsderat!ns and n!t ). rre+e0ant& I$ ts de*s!n s n$+uen*ed ). etrane!us*!nsderat!ns5 :h*h s !u/ht n!t t! ha0e ta8ennt! a**!unt5 then the de*s!n *ann!t stand&

,1& The sad 0e: has )een a**e'ted ). the C!urt n S.P.

1upta "su'ra#&

,-& In ,.N. 1odavarman ,hirumu"pad v. Union of India

and others 37 the C!urt re$erred t! the de*s!n n Lafarge

Umiam Mining 'P) Ltd. v. Union of India & others 325

re'r!du*ed a 'ara/ra'h $r!m t and !)ser0ed>4

@It :++ )e *+ear $r!m the ta+*sed '!rt!ns !$ the!rder !$ ths C!urt n 8afarge U2ia2 &ining (P) 8td. "su'ra# etra*ted a)!0e that ths C!urt !n annter'retat!n !$ Se*t!n ,",# !$ the En0r!nment"Pr!te*t!n# A*t5 12 has ta8en a 0e: that t*!n$ers a '!:er *!u'+ed :th dut. t! a''!nt an

44

(1971) 2 175, 19045 (2014) 4 SCC 6146 (2011) 7 SCC 338

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a''r!'rate auth!rt. n the $!rm !$ a Re/u+at!r atthe State and at the Centra+ +e0e+ $!r a''rasn/'r!?e*ts5 en$!r*n/ en0r!nmenta+ *!ndt!ns $!ra''r!0a+s and t! m'!se 'ena+tes !n '!++uters

and has5 a**!rdn/+.5 dre*ted the Centra+G!0ernment t! a''!nt a Nat!na+ Re/u+at!runder the sad 'r!0s!n !$ the A*t& Mr Parasarans5 there$!re5 n!t r/ht n ar/un/ that n 8afarge U2ia2 &ining (P) 8td. "su'ra#5 ths C!urt hasmere+. su//ested that a Nat!na+ Re/u+at!r sh!u+d)e a''!nted and has n!t ssued an. mandamust! a''!nt a Nat!na+ Re/u+at!r&

,,& The ar/ument s5 assumn/ the 'rn*'+es stated n M.

Nagraj "su'ra# are *!rre*t5 t s the dut. !$ the State t! /0e

e$$e*t t! the same and t *ann!t reman n a'ath. !r +e n

s+um)er& In su*h a stuat!n5 the C!urt has the '!:er

under the C!nsttut!n5 :hen m!0ed5 t! dre*t them t! :a8e

u' and a*t&

,3& The *!re ssue s :hether n the *!ntet !$ Art*+es

12"34A# and 12"346#5 a :rt !r dre*t!n *an )e ssued t! the

State G!0ernment !r ts $un*t!nares !r the

nstrumenta+tes !$ the State t! *!++e*t and /ather the

ne*essar. data $!r the 'ur'!se !$ ta8n/ a de*s!n as

re/ards the 'r!m!t!n and *!nse9uenta+ $at!n !$

sen!rt.& In ths re/ard5 t s m'erat0e t! a''re*ate n

'r!'er 'ers'e*t0e the *!n*e't !$ mandamus and the

*r*umstan*es n :h*h t *an )e ssued&

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,7& In Ha+s)ur.s La:s !$ En/+and5 F!urth Edt!n5 V!+ume

15 t has )een stated>4

849. N"-%+ of "/"-$. The !rder !$ mandamus3


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,4

@Mr A&;& Sen5 +earned *!unse+ $!r the a''e++ants

dre: !ur attent!n t! :hat S&A& de Smth has'!nted !ut at '& 7 !$ the thrd Edn& !$ hs :e++8n!:n treatse @Judi0ial eie# of Ad2ini%tratie A0tion >

@It ma. des*r)e an. dut.5 the ds*har/e !$ :h*h n0!+0es n! e+ement !$ ds*ret!n !rnde'endent ?ud/ment& Sn*e an !rder !$ mandamus :++ ssue t! *!m'e+ the'er$!rman*e !$ a mnstera+ a*t5 and sn*e5

m!re!0er5 :r!n/$u+ re$usa+ t! *arr. !ut amnstera+ dut. ma. /0e rse t! +a)+t. nt!rt5 t s !$ten !$ 'ra*t*a+ m'!rtan*e t!determne :hether ds*ret!n s 'resent n the'er$!rman*e !$ a statut!r. $un*t!n& The *ases!n mandamus sh!:5 h!:e0er5 that the'resen*e !$ a mn!r ds*ret!nar. e+ement s

51

(1973) 1 SCC 48552 1962 Supp 2 SCR 14453 (1978) 1 SCC 1

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n!t en!u/h t! deter the C!urts $r!m*hara*tersn/ a $un*t!n as mnstera+&

(e thn8 that the Re/!na+ Trans'!rt Auth!rt.5

'ursuant t! the !rder !$ the A''e++ate Tr)una+5had mere+. t! 'er$!rm a mnstera+ dut. and themn!r ds*ret!nar. e+ement /0en t! t $!r $ndn/!ut :hether the terms !$ the A''e++ate Order had)een *!m'+ed :th !r n!t s n!t en!u/h t! deterthe C!urts $r!m *hara*tersn/ the $un*t!n asmnstera+& On the $a*ts and n the *r*umstan*es!$ ths *ase ). a :rt !$ mandamus the sadauth!rt. must )e dre*ted t! 'er$!rm ts

$un*t!n&

,& Dr& Dha0an5 :h! has )een 'ermtted t! ar/ue5 has

'+a*ed re+an*e !n the sad de*s!n !n+. t! '!nt !ut that

the mandamus s!u/ht n the 'resent *ase d!es n!t *!me n

the nature !$ mandamus that the C!urt has dea+t :th5 n

the a$!resad *ase& It s hs su)mss!n that the $a*ts n

:h*h dre*t!ns ha0e )een ssued are 9ute d$$erent and

that a'art5 the C!urt has ssued a :rt !$ mandamus n

*ases :h*h n0!+0ed mn!r ds*ret!nar. e+ement )ut n!t

:here a ma?!r '!+*. de*s!n s n0!+0ed& It s hs

su)mss!n that :hen the auth!rt. has a ds*ret!n t!

eer*se the ds*ret!n !r n!t re/ard )en/ had t! man. an

admnstrat0e *!ntn/en*es5 the C!urt sh!u+d re$ran $r!m

ssun/ a mandamus& It s )e*ause at ths sta/e there s

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nether an. sem)+an*e !$ r/ht n!r eer*se !$ '!:er *!u'+ed

:th dut.&

3=& In ths re/ard re$eren*e t! the de*s!n n 6ire*tor of

Sett"ements+ .P. and others v. M.R. pparao and

another 73 :!u+d )e $rut$u+& In the sad *ase5 a three4Jud/e

6en*h !$ the C!urt5 :h+e dea+n/ :th the !rder !$ the H/h

C!urt t! ssue mandamus5 !'ned>4

@… One !$ the *!ndt!ns $!r eer*sn/ '!:erunder Art*+e --2 $!r ssuan*e !$ a mandamus sthat the C!urt must *!me t! the *!n*+us!n thatthe a//re0ed 'ers!n has a +e/a+ r/ht5 :h*hentt+es hm t! an. !$ the r/hts and that su*hr/ht has )een n$rn/ed& In !ther :!rds5 esten*e!$ a +e/a+ r/ht !$ a *ten and 'er$!rman*e !$ an. *!rres'!ndn/ +e/a+ dut. ). the State !r an.

'u)+* auth!rt.5 *!u+d )e en$!r*ed ). ssuan*e !$ a :rt !$ mandamus& @Mandamus means a*!mmand& It d$$ers $r!m the :rts !$ 'r!h)t!n!r *ert!rar n ts demand $!r s!me a*t0t. !n the'art !$ the )!d. !r 'ers!n t! :h!m t saddressed& Mandamus s a *!mmand ssued t!dre*t an. 'ers!n5 *!r'!rat!n5 n$er!r *!urts !rG!0ernment5 re9urn/ hm !r them t! d! s!me'art*u+ar thn/ theren s'e*$ed :h*h

a''ertans t! hs !r ther !$$*e and s n thenature !$ a 'u)+* dut.& A mandamus s a0a+a)+ea/anst an. 'u)+* auth!rt. n*+udn/admnstrat0e and +!*a+ )!des5 and t :!u+d +e t!an. 'ers!n :h! s under a dut. m'!sed ). astatute !r ). the *!mm!n +a: t! d! a 'art*u+ara*t& In !rder t! !)tan a :rt !r !rder n the nature!$ mandamus5 the a''+*ant has t! sats$. that hehas a +e/a+ r/ht t! the 'er$!rman*e !$ a +e/a+ dut.

). the 'art. a/anst :h!m the mandamus s54 (2002) 4 SCC 638

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s!u/ht and su*h r/ht 2u%t be %ub%i%ting on the date of the petition "*al$an Singh 0& State of U.P.55 #& The dut. that ma. )e en?!ned ). mandamus ma. )e !ne m'!sed ). the C!nsttut!n5 a statute5

*!mm!n +a: !r ). ru+es !r !rders ha0n/ the $!r*e!$ +a:& …

31& Ha0n/ stated a)!ut /enera+ 'rn*'+es re+atn/ t!

mandamus5 the 9uest!n arses K :hether a *!urt sh!u+d

ssue a dre*t!n t! e$$e*tuate an ena)+n/ *!nsttut!na+

'r!0s!n :h*h has t! )e eer*sed ). the State n ts

ds*ret!n !n )en/ sats$ed !$ *ertan *!ndt!ns 're*edent&

There *an )e n! d!u)t that *ertan *!nsttut!na+ dutes are

n$erred $r!m the 0ar!us Art*+es !$ the C!nsttut!n and

ths C!urt has ssued dre*t!ns& Certan dre*t!ns ha0e

)een ssued n S.P. 1upta "su'ra# and Supreme Court

dvo*ates>on>Re*ord sso*iation "su'ra# "IInd Jud/es

*ase# )ut the. are )ased !n 'rn*'+es !$ se*ure !'erat!n !$

+e/a+ s.stem5 a**ess t! ?ust*e and s'eed. ds'!sa+ !$ *ases&

In "" India 2udges sso*iation & others v. Union of

India & others 725 the C!urt ssued dre*t!ns ). statn/ that

t s the *!nsttut!na+ !)+/at!n t! ensure that the )a*8+!/

!$ *ases s de*reased and e$$!rts are made t! n*rease the

ds'!sa+ !$ *ases& ;ee'n/ n 0e: the *!n*e't !$

55 AIR 1962 SC 118356 (2002) 4 SCC 247

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*!nsttut!na+ s+en*e !r a)e.an*e5 /ude+nes :ere ssued n

%ishaa & others v. State of Rajasthan & others 7


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Managing 6ire*tor+ Centra" $an of India & -rs. v.

Centra" $an of India SCDS, /mp"oees 4e"fare

sso*iation & -rs &7

t has )een he+d thus>4

@In the $rst nstan*e5 :e ma8e t *+ear that theres n! ds'ute a)!ut the *!nsttut!na+ '!st!nen0sa/ed n Art*+es 17 and 125 ns!$ar as these'r!0s!ns em'!:er the State t! ta8e a$$rmat0ea*t!n n $a0!ur !$ SCST *ate/!r. 'ers!ns ). ma8n/ reser0at!ns $!r them n the em'+!.mentn the Un!n !r the State "!r $!r that matter5

'u)+* se*t!rauth!rtes :h*h are treated asState under Art*+e 1- !$ the C!nsttut!n#& The+auda)+e !)?e*t0e under+.n/ these 'r!0s!ns sa+s! t! )e 8e't n mnd :h+e underta8n/ an. eer*se 'ertann/ t! the ssues t!u*hn/ u'!nthe reser0at!n !$ su*h SCST em'+!.ees&Further5 su*h a reser0at!n *an n!t !n+. )e madeat the entr. +e0e+ )ut s 'ermss)+e n the matters!$ 'r!m!t!ns as :e++s& At the same tme5 t s a+s!

t! )e )!rne n mnd that C+auses 3 and 3A !$ Art*+e 12 !$ the C!nsttut!n are !n+. theena)+n/ 'r!0s!ns :h*h 'ermt the State t!ma8e 'r!0s!n $!r reser0at!n !$ these *ate/!r. !$ 'ers!ns& Ins!$ar as ma8n/ !$ 'r!0s!ns $!rreser0at!n n matters !$ 'r!m!t!n t! an. *+ass !r*+asses !$ '!st s *!n*erned5 su*h a 'r!0s!n *an)e made n $a0!ur !$ SCST C0+ A''ea+ N!& !$ -=17 % Ors& "arsn/ !ut !$ SLP "C# N!& 3,7 !$

-=1= % Ors *ate/!r. em'+!.ees $5 n the!'n!n !$ the State5 the. are n!t ade9uate+. re'resented n ser0*es under the State& Thus5 n!d!u)t5 '!:er +es :th the State t! ma8e a'r!0s!n5 )ut5 at the same tme5 *!urts *ann!tssue an. mandamus t! the State t! ne*essar+. ma8e su*h a 'r!0s!n& It s $!r the State t! a*t5 na /0en stuat!n5 and t! ta8e su*h an a$$rmat0ea*t!n& O$ *!urse5 :hene0er there ests su*h a

'r!0s!n $!r reser0at!n n the matters !$ 59 2015 (1) SCA./ 169

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re*rutment !r the 'r!m!t!n5 t :!u+d )est!: anen$!r*ea)+e r/ht n $a0!ur !$ 'ers!ns )e+!n/n/ t!SCST *ate/!r. and !n $a+ure !n the 'art !$ an. auth!rt. t! reser0e the '!sts5 :h+e ma8n/

se+e*t!ns'r!m!t!ns5 the )ene$*ares !$ these'r!0s!ns *an a''r!a*h the C!urt t! /et therr/hts en$!r*ed& (hat s t! )e h/h+/hted s thatesten*e !$ 'r!0s!n $!r reser0at!n n the matter!$ se+e*t!n !r 'r!m!t!n5 as the *ase ma. )e5 sthe sne 9ua n!n $!r see8n/ mandamus as t s!n+. :hen su*h a 'r!0s!n s made ). the State5a r/ht sha++ a**rue n $a0!ur !$ SCST *anddatesand n!t !ther:se&

The a$!resad 'assa/e ma8es ts +umnes*ent that

esten*e !$ a 'r!0s!n $!r reser0at!n n the matter !$

se+e*t!n !r 'r!m!t!n s the %ine >ua non $!r see8n/

mandamus& The r/ht a**rues n $a0!ur !$ the S*hedu+ed

Castes and the S*hedu+ed Tr)es *anddates :hen there s a

'r!0s!n& (e are a)s!+ute n *!ns*!us that the *!ntr!0ers.

)e$!re us s 9ute d$$erent& The re+e$ s n!t s!u/ht !n the

)ass !$ esten*e !$ a 'r!0s!n& The /re0an*e 'ertans t!

ste's )en/ n!t ta8en t! *!++e*t the 9uant$a)+e data as has

)een en0sa/ed n M. Nagaraj "su'ra#& T! a''re*ate the

re+e$ n ts 9untessen*e5 t s m'erat0e t! *+ear+.

understand the rat! +ad d!:n n M. Nagaraj "su'ra#& The

C!nsttut!n 6en*h :h+e !'nn/ that Art*+es 12"34A# and

"346# are ena)+n/ 'r!0s!ns had !)ser0ed thus>4

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@…Etent !$ reser0at!n5 as stated a)!0e5 :++de'end !n the $a*ts !$ ea*h *ase& 6a*8:ardnessand nade9ua*. !$ re'resentat!n are *!m'e++n/reas!ns $!r the State G!0ernments t! 'r!0de

re'resentat!n n 'u)+* em'+!.ment& There$!re5 $ n a /0en *ase the *!urt $nds e*ess0ereser0at!n under the State ena*tment then su*han ena*tment :!u+d )e +a)+e t! )e stru*8 d!:nsn*e t :!u+d am!unt t! der!/at!n !$ the a)!0e*!nsttut!na+ re9urements&

A$ter s! statn/5 the +ar/er 6en*h has *+ear+. he+d that

Art*+e 12"34A# and 12 "346# d! n!t a+ter the stru*ture !$

Art*+e 12"3#& The sad Art*+es are *!n$ned t! the S*hedu+ed

Castes and the S*hedu+ed Tr)es and d! n!t !)+terate an. !$

the *!nsttut!na+ re9urements5 name+.5 *e+n/ +mt !$ 7=

"9uanttat0e +mtat!n#5 the *!n*e't !$ *ream. +a.er

"9ua+tat0e e*+us!n#5 the su)4*+ass$*at!n )et:een O6Cs

!n !ne hand and SCs and STs !n the !ther hand as he+d n

Indra Sawhne "su'ra#5 the *!n*e't !$ '!st4)ased r!ster

:th n)u+t *!n*e't !$ re'+a*ement as he+d n R.K.

Sa!harwa" "su'ra#& A$ter s! statn/5 the C!urt has ad0erted

t! the *!n*e't !$ @etent !$ reser0at!n& In that re/ard5 t has

)een !'ned that the State *!n*erned s re9ured t! sh!: n

ea*h *ase the esten*e !$ the *!m'e++n/ reas!ns5 name+.5

)a*8:ardness5 nade9ua*. !$ re'resentat!n and !0era++

admnstrat0e e$$*en*. )e$!re ma8n/ 'r!0s!n $!r

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reser0at!n& It has )een *+ear+. +ad d!:n that the State s

n!t )!und t! ma8e reser0at!n $!r SCsSTs n matters !$

'r!m!t!n& H!:e0er5 $ the State :shes t! eer*se the

ds*ret!n and ma8e su*h 'r!0s!n5 t has t! *!++e*t

9uant$a)+e data sh!:n/ )a*8:ardness !$ the *+ass and

nade9ua*. !$ re'resentat!n !$ that *+ass n 'u)+*

em'+!.ment n addt!n t! *!m'+an*e :th Art*+e ,,7& The

e'ress!n !$ the !'n!n *+ear+. dem!nstrates that the

re/ard )en/ had t! the ena)+n/ 'r!0s!ns !$ Art*+es

12"34A# and "346#5 the State s n!t )!und t! ma8e

reser0at!n& It has a ds*ret!n t! d! s! and the States

ds*ret!n *an !n+. )e eer*sed !n *ertan *!ndt!ns )en/

sats$ed& In Rajesh Kumar s *ase5 a$ter *u++n/ !ut the

'rn*'+es stated n M. Nagaraj "su'ra# the C!urt has

/ra'h*a++. stated that a $resh eer*se n a**!rd :th the +a:

+ad d!:n n M. Nagaraj "su'ra# s a *ate/!r*a+ m'erat0e&

It has )een he+d that the State *an ma8e 'r!0s!ns $!r

reser0at!n n 'r!m!t!n :th *!nse9uenta+ sen!rt. !n

*ertan )ass !r $!undat!n and *!ndt!ns 're*edents ha0e

t! )e sats$ed& The C!urt has de*+ared Se*t!n ,"# !$ the

13 A*t and Ru+e 4A !$ the -==- Ru+es as un*!nsttut!na+

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as n! $resh eer*se had )een underta8en& The su)mss!n

!$ the +earned *!unse+ $!r the 'ett!ners s that a *!mmand

sh!u+d )e ssued t! the State !$ Uttar Pradesh t! *!++e*t the

data as enshrned n the C!nsttut!n 6en*h de*s!n n M.

Nagaraj "su'ra# s! that )ene$t !$ reser0at!n n 'r!m!t!n

*an )e /0en& The re+e$ s!u/ht ma. a''ear nn!*u!us !r

sm'+e )ut :hen the C!urt thn8s !$ ssue !$ a :rt !$

mandamus5 t has t! a''rse tse+$ !$ an estn/ r/ht !r a

'!:er t! )e eer*sed re/ard )en/ had t! the *!n*e't!n !$

dut.& The *!n*e't !$ '!:er *!u'+ed :th dut. s a+:a.s

)ased !n $a*ts& I$ :e 8een+. s*rutne the re+e$ s!u/ht5 the

'ra.er s t! ssue a mandamus t! the State and ts

$un*t!nares t! *arr. !ut an eer*se $!r the 'ur'!se !$

eer*sn/ a ds*ret!n& T! e+u*date5 the ds*ret!n s t!

ta8e a de*s!n t! ha0e the reser0at!n5 and t! ha0e

reser0at!n there s a ne*esst. $!r *!++e*t!n !$ data n

a**!rdan*e :th the 'rn*'+es stated n M. Nagaraj "su'ra#

as the same s the *!ndt!n 're*edent& A :rt !$ mandamus

s s!u/ht t! *!++e*t matera+ !r data :h*h s n the rea+m !$

*!ndt!n 're*edent $!r eer*sn/ a ds*ret!n :h*h $+!:s

$r!m the ena)+n/ *!nsttut!na+ 'r!0s!n& Dre*t!n !$ ths

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nature5 n !ur *!nsdered !'n!n5 :!u+d n!t *!me :thn

the 'rn*'+e !$ eer*se !$ '!:er *!u'+ed :th dut.& A

dre*t!n $!r eer*se !$ a dut. :h*h has nherent and

nse/reta)+e neus :th the *!nsttut!na+ 'r!0s!n +8e

Art*+e -1 !$ the C!nsttut!n !r a statut!r. dut. :h*h s

essenta+ $!r 'ra.er as +ad d!:n n 2u"ius "su'ra# :here a

'!:er s de'!sted :th a 'u)+* !$$*er )ut the 'ur'!se !$

)en/ used $!r the )ene$t !$ 'ers!ns :h! are s'e*$*a++.

'!nted !ut :th re/ard t! :h!m a ds*ret!n s a''+ed ).

the Le/s+ature !n the *!ndt!ns u'!n :h*h the. are

entt+ed& (e are n*+ned t! thn8 s! as the +an/ua/e

em'+!.ed n M.N":"%"; "su'ra# *+ear+. states that the State s

n!t )!und t! ma8e reser0at!n n 'r!m!t!n& Thus5 there s

n! *!nsttut!na+ !)+/at!n& The de*s!ns :heren ths

C!urt has '+a*ed re+an*e !n J-*-$ "su'ra# and the !ther

?ud/ments !$ ths C!urt and ssued dre*t!ns5 the +an/ua/e

em'+!.ed n the statute s d$$erent and su)ser0es mmense

'u)+* nterest n the sad auth!rtes5 the 'ur'!se and

'ur'!rt are 9ute d$$erent&

3,& 6e t *+ear+. stated5 the C!urts d! n!t $!rmu+ate an.

'!+*.5 remans a:a. $r!m ma8n/ an.thn/ that :!u+d

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am!unt t! +e/s+at!n5 ru+es and re/u+at!n !r '!+*. re+atn/

t! reser0at!n& The C!urts *an test the 0a+dt. !$ the same

:hen the. are *ha++en/ed& The *!urt *ann!t dre*t $!r

ma8n/ +e/s+at!n !r $!r that matter an. 8nd !$

su)4!rdnate +e/s+at!n& (e ma. hasten t! add that n

*ertan de*s!ns dre*t!ns ha0e )een ssued $!r $ramn/ !$

/ude+nes !r the *!urt has tse+$ $ramed /ude+nes $!r

sustann/ *ertan r/hts !$ :!men5 *h+dren !r 'rs!ners !r

under4tra+ 'rs!ners& The sad *ate/!r. !$ *ases $a++s n a

d$$erent *!m'artment& The. are n d$$erent s'here than

:hat s en0sa/ed n Art*+e 12 "34A# and 12 "346# :h!se

*!nsttut!na+ 0a+dt. ha0e )een u'he+d ). the C!nsttut!n

6en*h :th *ertan 9ua+$ers& The. ha0e )een re/arded as

ena)+n/ *!nsttut!na+ 'r!0s!ns& Addt!na++. t has )een

'!stu+ated that the State s n!t )!und t! ma8e reser0at!n

$!r S*hedu+ed Castes and S*hedu+ed Tr)es n matter !$

'r!m!t!ns& There$!re5 there s n! dut.& In su*h a stuat!n5

t! ssue a mandamus t! *!++e*t the data :!u+d tantam!unt

t! as8n/ the auth!rtes :hether there s am'+e data t!

$rame a ru+e !r re/u+at!n& Ths :++ )e n a :a.5 entern/

nt! the d!man !$ +e/s+at!n5 $!r t s a ste' t!:ards

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*!mmandn/ t! $rame a +e/s+at!n !r a de+e/ated +e/s+at!n

$!r reser0at!n&

33& Re*ent+. n Census Commissioner & others v.

R. Krishnamurth 2= a three4Jud/e 6en*h :h+e dea+n/

:th the *!rre*tness !$ the ?ud/ment !$ the h/h *!urt

:heren the H/h *!urt had dre*ted that the Census

De'artment !$ G!0ernment !$ Inda sha++ ta8e su*h

measures t!:ards *!ndu*tn/ the *aste4:se *ensus n the

*!untr. at the ear+est and n a tme4)!und manner5 s! as t!

a*he0e the /!a+ !$ s!*a+ ?ust*e n ts true sense5 :h*h s

the need !$ the h!ur5 the *!urt ana+.n/ the *!ntet !'ned

thus >4

@Inter$eren*e :th the '!+*. de*s!n and ssue !$ a mandamus t! $rame a '!+*. n a 'art*u+armanner are a)s!+ute+. d$$erent& The A*t has*!n$erred '!:er !n the Centra+ G!0ernment t!ssue n!t$*at!n re/ardn/ the manner n :h*hthe *ensus has t! )e *arred !ut and the Centra+G!0ernment has ssued n!t$*at!ns5 and the*!m'etent auth!rt. has ssued dre*t!ns& It sn!t :thn the d!man !$ the *!urt t! +e/s+ate& The *!urts d! nter'ret the +a: and n su*hnter'retat!n *ertan *reat0e 'r!*ess sn0!+0ed& The *!urts ha0e the ?ursd*t!n t!de*+are the +a: as un*!nsttut!na+& That t!!5:here t s *a++ed $!r& The *!urt ma. a+s! $++ u'the /a's n *ertan s'heres a''+.n/ the d!*trne!$ *!nsttut!na+ s+en*e !r a)e.an*e& 6ut5 the

60 (2015) 2 SCC 796

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*!urts are n!t t! '+un/e nt! '!+*.4ma8n/ ). addn/ s!methn/ t! the '!+*. ). :a.s !$ ssun/a :rt !$ mandamus&

(e ha0e re$erred t! the sad auth!rt. as the *!urt has

*+ear+. he+d that t nether +e/s+ates n!r d!es t ssue a

mandamus t! +e/s+ate& The re+e$ n the 'resent *ase5 :hen

a''!ste+. a''re*ated5 tantam!unts t! a 'ra.er $!r ssue !$

a mandamus t! ta8e a ste' t!:ards $ramn/ !$ a ru+e !r a

re/u+at!n $!r the 'ur'!se !$ reser0at!n $!r S*hedu+ed

Castes and S*hedu+ed Tr)es n matter !$ 'r!m!t!ns& In !ur

*!nsdered !'n!n a :rt !$ mandamus !$ su*h a nature

*ann!t )e ssued&

37& C!nse9uent+.5 the (rt Pett!ns5 )en/ de0!d !$ mert5

stand dsmssed& There sha++ )e n! !rder as t! *!sts&

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&J& D'a8 Msra

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&J&Ne: De+h Pra$u++a C& PantMar*h 115 -=12

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