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SC 4730(RR)
THE EFFECT OF ROW CHARGE SPACING ANDDEPTH ON CRATER DIMENSIONS
L.J. Vortman, et al.
Sandia CorporationAlbuquerque, New Mexico
Novemb~r /963
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SC-47JO(RR)TID-4500 (21st Ed.)NI£LEAR EXPLOSIONS PEACEFUL APPLlCATlOOS
SC-4730(RR)
TIlE EFFECT OF ROW ClIARCE SPACING ANDDEP'IlI ON CRATER DlHENSIOOS
L. J. Vortman, 5412L. N. Schofield, 5412
Sandia Lab(ll:atoxy, Albuquerque
November 1963
ABSTRACT
Forty row charges werc fired in the Albuquerque fan-delta alluvium to definerow-charge crater d1tnensions in terms of eharge burial depth and the spacing between charges in the row. Sixty singlc charges were detonated at various burialdeptM for cOlllparisOl1. The factors limiting equivalence between row-charge crater~
and continuous line-charge craters are defined in tCI1lIS of length of the row chargeand also in terms of both burial depth and spacing. When the ..aSt efUcient charS"spacing _s used, the optWUIII burial depth for row charges _s 10 perccnt greaterthan the burial depth at which optiml.llll crater dimensions were obtained from a sing.charge of the same weight. Channels were found to have a unifoI1ll 'Width at a max1Dlucharge spacing greatcr than the maximum spacing at which a uniform depth vas obtained. The maximum spacing which produces a unif'ona channel width is a distance30 percent greater than the crater radius of the same size charge detonated singlyat that depth which produces an optim= single-crater radius. The ma:d.DJullI spacingfor producing a unifortll channel depth was found to be a distance 10 percent greaterthan the maximum single-charge crater radius in the same: mcdiUIII. The burst depthand spa;;;ing for the most: efUcient use of row charges is defined in this report.and the loss in cratcring efficiency resulting from failure to work at optimum bundepth or optimwl spacing can be evaluated frca information obtained frca this expel1IICnt. 'nIrovout from the single charges and row charges was examined, but no 5CaU.xwas derived. .
,.'It
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Explosives .Medium .Site Preparation ..Experiment Procedure
Craters from Single Charges ..•Craters from Rows of Spaced ChargesThrowout ...
CHAPTER 5. CONCLUS IONS
LIST OF REFERENCES
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Objectives ..1.2 Background...
~10
1011
12
12121314
1415
16
18
182940
49
49515760
6062
67
68
70
71
83
123
135
Single ChargesRow Charges' . . . . . . . . .' . . . . .Comparison of Throwoutfrom Row Charges and
Single Charges . . . . . . . . . . .
SINGLE CHARGE CRATER TOPOGRAPHY
ROW CHARGE CRATER TOP08RAPHY
CRATER PROF lLES • •
THROWOUT DEPOSITION
RESULTS
EXPERIMENT DES IGN
DISCUSSION •••
4.4.14.4.24.4.3
Craters from Single ChargesCraters from Rows of Charges . . . . . . . . . . . .Craters from Ringle Charges, and Row Charges ComparedThrowout
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B
CHAPTER 3.
3.13.23.3
2.4.1 Craters.2.4.'2 Throwout
2.5 Summary of Shots
CHAPTER 4.
4.14.24.34.4
CHAPTER 2.
2.12.22.32.4
APPENDIX C
APPENDIX D
Plowshare Progr,am has contemplated the use of nuclear explosives for largescale excavations. The work described in this document is directed toward determining the optimum method of employing explosives to form a ditch, channel, at:canal of certain desired dimensions. The field work was carried out during 19591961 by R. E. Fay and H. E. Waldorf under the direction of D. G. Palmer and fundedby the Sandia Corporation Research Organization. The analysis and evaluation wasdone during 1962-1963 with the financial support of Plowshare Program through theSan Francisco Operations Office and the Division of Peaceful NJ.lclear Explosives.
PREFACE
EXPERIMENT DES IGN
LlST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Typical screen analysis and dry density of -alluvium. underconditions of artificial compaction and moisture control
Penetration resistance versus moisture content for in situalluvium • • ..... • .. • .. • .. .. .. .. ---
Typical preshot site preparation .. ..
Jig for measuring crater dimensions
Collection of throwout s.amples. .. ..
SUIlID3ry of spacings and burst depths used in the row-chargeexperiment o· ..
Right angle profiles of craters from single charges buried at2 feet . . . . • . . . . .' • . . .. . •... . . . • . • . •
Definition of row-charge crater dimensions . . • . . . ...
Typical row-charge crater in ther-egion of line· charge equivalence.
Surface contour of a row-charge crater wherein the row charge wastoo short for the crater to be linear • . . . . . • . . • •
Scaled explosive length versus scaled burst· depth for craterswhich are line-charge equivalent and those which are not .•
Typical row-charge crater in the region of line;... charge disparity
Typical crater at a depth approaching containment in the regionof line-charge disparity • • . . ;, .'. . • • • _. •. . . • .
Typical crater at a depth approaching containroent in the regionof line-charge equivalence • . . •. • • • .. • '"' ..•.•
Throwout, area-density curve for a'single charge at a scaled burstdepth of 0.5 ft/1b'/3 .•.....••.••••.•••••.
Throwout area-density turves for single charges at a scaled burstdepth of 0.75 ft/1b' 3 • • • • . • • . • • . •• •••••••
Throwout area-density curves for single' charges at a scaled burstdepth of 1.0 ft/1b'/3 ••••.•.•••.•• •..••••
Thro\¥out area-density curves for single charges at a scaled burstdepth of 1. 25 ft/1b'/3 . . • • . • • • • • • .• •••••••
Throwout area-density curves for single charges. at a scaled. burstdepth of 1.15 ft/1b'/3 • • . • . • • • • • . .• •••••••
!!II!!.
43
44
44
45
46
47
48
49
.50
51
52
52
53
54
.55
.56
.57
.59
60
61
61
62
63
63
64
5
DISCUSSION
Crater depth depth-of-burst curve, 256-pound charges
Crater radius depth-of-burst curve, 256-pound charges
Crater volume depth-of-burst curve, 256-pound charges
Regions of line-charge equivalence and disparity for craterwidth as a function of scaled' spacing and scaled burst depth
Regions of line-charge equivalence and disparity for craterdepth as a function of scaled spacing and scaled burst depth
Line-charge-equivalent scaled depth~of-burst curve for scaledrow-charge crater width .•••..•••••••
Line-charge-equivalent scaled depth-af-burst curves for scale_drow charge crater depth . • • • • • . • • • • • • • • . • •
Line-charge-equivalent scaled depth-of-burst curve for. scaledrow'·charge crater vollUlJe ~........ ~ .. • • • • • .
Number of charges necessary. to give a channel whose width is twodimensional over at least one third its length as a functionof scaled spacing and scaled burst depth • • • . • • • • • . •
Nwnber of charges necessary to give a charmel whose depth is twodimensional over at . least one third its length as a functionof scaled. spacing and scaled burst depth • .
Trends in shape of single and row-charge crater profiles withscaled burst depth and scaled charge spacing . • • • • • .
Trends in the shape o.f row-charge crater profiles with scaledspacing at a constant scaled burst depth • . . . .. . • . •
Throwout density-distance plots for 8-pound single charges atvarious burst depths .
Throwout density-distance plots for 256-pound single charges atvarious burst depths •.•.•••.••.. ~ . • • •
Percent of crater volume ejected to a given scaled distance forsingle charges at three scaled burst depths . . • .. • • .. • •
Throwout density-distance plots normal to an 8-pound row chargespaced at 4 'feet and buried at various scaled burst depths
Throwout density-distance plots off the end charge of an 8-poundrow charge spaced at 4 feet and buried at various scaledburst depths •• • • • . • . • • • • • • .. • .. • • • .. •. • •
Throwout density-distance plots normal to an 8-pound row chargeburied at 3 feet with variollsspacings between the charges
4.18
4.12
4.11
4.14
4.17
4.10
4.15
4.9
4.16
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.13
4.5
CIlAl'TER 3 (cont)
3.20 Throwout area-density curve, for single charges at a scaledburst depth of 2.0 ft/1b' 3 •••••••••••••••
3.21 Typical row· charge crater showing absence of throwout off theend of the crater .'. •.•' • • • '. • • • • • • • •
3.22 Passive evidence of inward motion of debris ejected from the endof the· crater·. ~ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
3.23 Motion sequence, end-on view, 8-pound row charge, spaced 4 feet,buried 3 feet . • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • •
3.24 Motion sequence, a-pound single charge, buried 3 feet • . •
3.25 Motion sequence, broadside view, a-pound row charge, spaced4 feet, buried 3 feet . . • • • • • • • • . • • • •• . •
3.26 Motion sequence, broadside view, a-pound row charge, spaced8 feet, buried 3 feet . • • • • • •.• ~ • • • • • • . • •
CHAPTER 4.
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
42
41
39
41
43
42
24
39
36
37
26
12
25
27
33
35
21
22
23
35
17
13
14
15
15
~
crater
depth-of-burst curve for scaled crater
depth-af-burst curve for scaled craterSingle-charge scaleddepth .•....
Single-charge scaledvolume .
RESULTS
Typical crater without a motmd in the center
Typical crater with a mound in the center
Typical crater with a mound off-center .. .. ..
Single-charge scaled depth-af-burst curve for scaleddiameter ..
3.12
3.13
3.15
3.14
3.il
3.17
3.18
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
3.19
2.2
3.16
3.7
3.6
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.5
CHAP'I'ER 2.
2.1
CHAPTER 3.
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
4
.""",
CHAPTER 4 (cont)
4.19 Throwout density-distance plots off the end of an 8-pound rowcharge buried at 3 feet with various spacings between charges
4.20 Percent of crater volume ejected to a given scaled distancefor row charges at nearly the same scaled spacing and atthree scaled burst depths . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.21 Percent of crater volume ejected to a given scaled <listance forrow charges at a scaled burst depth of 1.5 ft/lb 1 / 3 at fourdifferent scaled spacings . . . • . . . . . ....
4.22 Comparison density-distance plot for 256-pound single and rowcharges ...•....•.•.•.........
Crater topography a-pound row charge buried 4.5 feet ,5paced3.5 feet ••••..••••••••••••
8-pound row charge buried 4 feet, spaced
8-pound row charge buried 4 feet, spaced 4
8-pound row charge buried 4 feet, spaced 5
8-pound row charge buried 4 feet, spaced 6
8-pound row cha'rge buried 4.5 feet, spaced
117
116
111
lOB
109
110
112113
114115
102
103
104
105
107
~101
feet
feet
feet
feet, spaced 3 feet
feet, spaced
feet, spaced 4 feet
feet, spaced 4 feet
feet, spaced 4 feet
feet, spaced
feet, spaced
feet, spaced 6 feet
feet, spaced 8 feet
3.5 feet, spaced
8-pound row charge buried
8-pound row charge buried
8-pound· row charge buried
8-pound row charge. buried
8-pound row charge buried
a-pound row charge buried
a-pound row charge buried
8-pound row charge buried
8-pound row charge buried
8-pound row charge buried
B (cont)
Crater topography
Crater topography3.5 feet
Crater topography
Crater topography
Crater topography
Crater topography4.5 feet
Crater topography4.5 feet
Crater topography
Crater topography
Crater topography4 feet
Crater topography3.5 feet
Crater topography
Crater topography
Crater topography
Crater topography3.5 feet
B.28
B.33
B.24
B.25
B.26
B.27
B.29
B.30
B.31
B.32
B.20
B.2l
B.22
B.23
APPENDIX
B.1B
B.19
66
65
66
73
74
75
76
77
7B
79
80
B1
B2
67
~
buried 3.17 feet
buried 4.76 feet
buried 6.35 feet
buried 7.94 feet
buried 7.94 feet
buried 7.94 feet
buried 9.52 fee t
buried 9.53 feet
buried 12.7 feet
buried ·12.7 feet
SINGLE-CHARGE CRATER TOPOGRAPHY
Crater topography 256-pound charge
Crater topography 256-pound charge
Crater topogl:aphy 256-pound charge
Crater topography 256-pound charg(~
Crater topography 256-pound charge
Crater topography 256-pound charge
Crater topography 256-pound charge
Crater topography 256-pound charge
Crater topography 256-pound charge
c.rater topography 256-pound charge
APPENDIX A
A.1
A.2
A.3
A.4
A.5
A.6
A.7
A.B
A.9
A.10
129
125126
121
128
131
126
120
130
127
129
lIB
119
256-pound row charge buried 9.52 feet, spaced
8-pound row charge buried 4.5 feet, spaced
8-pound row charge buried 5 feet ,spaced 4 feet
256-pound row charge buried 9.52 feet, spaced
Crater topography4.0 feet
Crater topography
Crater topography14.3 feet •••
Crater topography15. B7 feet
B.35
B.36
B.34
B.37
C.9 Average la,teral cross,:",section profiles of B-pound row-chargecraters ..
APPEND IX C CRATER PROFILES
C.l Profiles· of 256-pound single ...charge craters . • • . • • • .
C.2 Profiles of 256-pound single-charge craters .
C.3 Average lateral cross-section profile of 8-poundrow..chargecraters .
C.4 Average lateral cross-section profiles of S-pound row-chargecraters .
C.S Average lateral cross-section profiles of B-pound row-chargecraters .
C.6 Average lateral cross-section profiles of B-pound row-chargecraters .
C.7 Average lateral cross-section profiles of B-pound row~charge
craters .
C.B Average lateral cross-section profiles 0.£ a-pound. row-chargecraters .
B5
B5
B6.
B7
BB
B9
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
feet
feet
feet
feet
feet
1 foot, spaced 3
1 foot, spaced 4
1 foot, spaced
1 foot, spaced 5
1 foot, spaced 7
1. 5 feet, spaced
ROW-CHARGE CRATER TOPOGRAPHY
Crater topography S-pound row charge buried 0 feet I spaced 2 feet
Crater topography a-pound row charge buried 1 foot, spaced1.5 feet •••• • • • • • • • • • • •• • •••••
Crater topography S-pound row charge buried 1 foot, spaced2.5 feet ••••.••••••••••••
Crater tORography B-pound row charge buried
Crater topography B-pound row charge buried
Crater topography S-pound row charge buried
Crater topography B-pound row charge burled
Crater topography B-pound row charge buried
Crater topography g-pound row charge buried3 feet •••••••••••••••••
Cratertopograpny B-pound row charge buried 1. 5 feet, spaced3.5 feet •••••• " • • • • • • • •• • ••••••
Crater topography S-pound row charge buried 2. feet, spaced 3 feet
Crater topography B-pound row charge buried 2 feet, spaced 4 feet
Crater topography B-pound row charge buried 2 feet, spaced 5 feet
Crs,ter topography S ... pound row charge buried 2 feet, spaced 7 feet
Crater topography B-pound row charge buried 2.5 feet, spaced3.5 feet •••••.••••••••••.•••••••
Crat.er topography B-pound row charge buried 2.5 feet spaced4 feet •••••••• '•••••••••••••••••
Crater topography B-pound row charge buried 2.5 feet, spaced4.5 feet .••.••••••••••.•
B.17
B.10
B.3
B.4
B.5
B.6
B.7
B.B
B.9
B.11
B;12
B.13
B.14
B.15
B.16
APPENDIX B
B.1
B.2
6
APPENDIX C (cent)
C.lO Average lateral cross-section profiles of 256-pound row-chargecraters .0 _ ..
C.II Longitudinal cross-section profiles of row-charge craters
C.12 Longitudinal cross-section profiles of row-charge c'raters
154
155
ISS
156
159
157
158
161
160
162
168
167
165
163
163
166
164
~
~rowout,deposition, a-pound single charge" buried at 4 feet--contours are in p/fr.- ..
Throwout deposition, 8-pound single charge, buried at 4 feet-contours are in gpJ/fta .... .. .. • .• • .• • • • .. .. .. .. ..
Throwout deposition, 8-pound row charge, buried 1 foot, spaced2.5 feet--contours are in p/fta • .. .. • .. .... • .......
Throwout deposition, 8-pound row charge, buried 1 foot, spaced3 feet--contours aD!: in p/fta .. .
Throwout deposition, 8-potmd row charge, buried 2 feet, spaced3 feet--contoursare in fJD/ft2 ••••••• • ......
Throwout deposition, 8-potmd row charge, buried 2 feet, sPaced4 feet--contours are in f!JD/ft 2 ••• •
Throwout deposition, 8-potmd row charge, buried 2.5 feet, spaced4 feet--contours are in p/ft2 .
Throwout deposition, 8-pound row charge, buried 2.5 feet, spaced4 .. 5 feet--contours are in g"n/fta ••
Throwout deposition, 8-pound row charge, buried 3 feet, spaced3 feet --contours are in wnlfta ••••••• .
Throwout deposition, 8-pound row charge, buried 3 feet, spaced4 feet--contours aD!: in f!JD/fta .. .
Throwout deposition, 8-pound. row charge, buried 3 feet, spaced4 feet--contours are in gm/ft2 ••••••• ••••••
Throwout deposition, 8-pound row charge, buried 3 feet, spaced4 feet--contours are in gm/ft 2 .. .
Throwout deposition, 8-poUnd row charge,. buried 3 feet, spaced6 feet--contours are in f}'lJ/ft 2 ."
Throwout deposition, 8~pound row charge, buried 3.5 feet, spaced4 feet--contoursare inf}'lJ/ft 2 .
Throwout deposition, 8-pound row charge, buried 4 feet, spaced4 feet--contours are in 'iJD/ft 2 .
Throwout deposition, 256-pound row charge, buried 9.52 feet,spaced 14.3 feet--contours are in 'iJD/ft 2 ..
D.29
D.28
D.26
D.25
D.27
D.24
D.31
D.30
D.32
D.38
D.33
D.35
D.34
D.37
D.39
D.36
APPENDIX D (cent)
D.23 Throwout deposition, a-pound single charge, buried at 4 feet--contours are in rJDt ft· ..131
132
133
~
4.76 feet--137
7.94 feet--138
9.52 feet--139.......
12.7 feet--140
12.7 feet--141
1 foot--142
1 foot--143
1.5 feet--144. "......
1.5 feet--144
1.5 feet--145
1.5 feet--146
2 feet"-147
2 feet--147
feet--148
2 feet--148
2 feet--149
2.5 feet--149
2.5 feet--150
2.5 feet--ISO
feet--lSI
feet--152
3 feet--153
THRowour DEPOSITION
Tbrowout deposition, 256-pound single charge Ii buried atcontours are in 'f!JlJ/ft2
..
Throwout deposition, 256-pound single charge, buried atcontours are in f!}D1 fta .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ••
Throwout deposition, 256-pound single charge, buried atcontours are in f!}D1 fta ..
Throwout deposition, 256-pound single charge, buried atcontours are in FJD/ft2
..
Throwout deposition, 256-pound single charge, buried atcontours are in 'lJOI ft 2
'.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Throwout deposition, 8-gound single charge, buried atcontours are in gmlft .
Throwout deposition, 8-pound single charge, buried atcontours are in g"n/fta .... • .. .. • .. .. .. • •
Throwout deposition, 8-pound single charge, buried atcontours are in gml ft Z .
Throwout depositiOn, 8-pound single charge, buried atcontours are in f!l.D/ft Z .
Throwout deposition, 8-poWld single charge, buried atcontours ar~ in gmlft 2 • • • .. .. • • • • • • •
Throwout dePl?sition, 8-pound single charge, buried atcontours are ;in gm/ft2
i .
Throwout deposition, 8-pound single charge, buried atcontours are in f!}D1 ft 2
Throwout deposition, 8-potmd single charge, buried atcontours are in f!}D1 ft 2 ..
Throwout deposition, 8-pound single charge, buried atcontours· are in f!}D/ft 2 ..
Throwout deposition, 8-pound single charge, buried atcontours are in FJ.lI/ft 2 ••••• • • • • .. • • • •
Throwout" deposition, 8-pound single charge, buried atcontours are in gml ft a ••• • • • • • • • • •
Throwout. deposition, 8-pound single charge:, buried atcontours are in gmlft 2 • • • • • • • • • •• •
Throwout deposition, 8-pound single charge, buried atcontours are in gm/ft 2 ..
Throwout deposition, 8-pound single' charge, buried atcontours are in 'lJD/ft 2 .
Throwout deposition, 8-pomld single charge, buried atcontours are in 'l}D/ft 2 ..
Throwout deposition, 8-pound single charge, buried atcontours are in g;.nl ft 2 ••••••••••••••
Throwout ,deposition, a-pound single charge, buried atcontours are ingm/ft 2
D.22
D.2
D.20
D.4
D.3
D.17
D.15
D.2l
D.19
D.10
D.9
D.7
D.18
D.5
D.13
D.16
D.12
D.14
D.6
D.8
D.11
APPENDIX D
D.1
8 9
2. Nuclear explosives would be used only on large projects and without greatregard for the medium being excavated. In the case of nuclear explosives,the cost is'more np..arly related to the number of exploding units, rathert:han to the amount of energy.
Although ditching with chemical explosives is not a new art) 1 it differs fromditching with nuclear explosives in the following ways:
1. Chemical explosives ordinarily can compete with mechanical methods of excavation only on small or medium sized projects in soft, usually saturated,soils. J., a, 3 The cost of chemical explosives, other than their placementcost, is directly proportional to the amount of explosive used--cost isproportional to energy.
The empirical ditching fannulae· now in use for chemical explosives are difficult to apply to nuclear explosives, since high, explosive charges ax'e almost invariably cylinders made up of vertical stacks of dynamite sticks. Since a nuclearexplosive is a point source of· energy, it is best that empirical fomulae ,for nuclearditching be based on experiments with spherical charges of high explosive.
Because ,the use of a· single row of spaced charges offers the simplest configuration for channel excavation with nuclear charges, it was appropriate, that cratersfrom a single row be explored before investigating craters from more complex configurations. Likewise) it was appropriate to explore the craters resulting fromexplosions in level ground before examining craters cut through varying terrain.
In the· conventional employment of chemical explosives, it is sufficient tohave only the required amount of explosive per unit volume excavated. Since it iseasy to punch holes in soft soil, the spacing of charges is of little interest. Onthe other hand, since the objective· in the employment of nuclear explosives is tokeep the number of units as small as possible, it, is necessary to determine· the. maximum spacing and the corresponding depth of burst which will give the desired craterdimensions while at the same time maximizing the amount of excavation per unit ofexplosive.
CHAPTER 1.
THE EFFECT OF ROW CHARGE SPAC ING ANDDEPTH ON CRATER DIHENS IONS
INTRODUCTION
2. To define, for spacings greater than that which would give a unifomchanne 1 crater) the ratios of minimum crater dimensions to maximum craterdimensions as a function of the depth of burst.
1.2 Background
In 1958 an exploratory series of shots was detonated in the same medium toexplore crater parameters from single charges) continuous line charges) and a smallnumber of rows· of spaced charges." With respect to spaced charges this earlier experiment consisted of two groups of shots. The first group was composed of shotsconsisting of two 2-pound cubes. These were detonated at scaled burst Q.epths ofO.Oft/lbl.//:l and 0.50 ft/lb l / 3 ) and at scaled spacings from 0.25 ft/lbl./ 3 to2.5 ft/lb' .
The second group consisted of thirteen shots with each shot containing fiveto ten 2-~'1und cubes. These were spaced at 0.5 ft/lb l
/3
, 0.75 ft/lb l /3
, and1.0 ft/lb 3, at scaled burst depths of 0.0,0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 ft/lb'/3.
While the earlier experiment established the relationship of crater dimensionswith charge spacings and burst depths over the ranges of those parameters explored,it was clear that two charges in a row were insufficient to give craters which weretwo dimensional over any portion of their length, and that reactions between the twocharges at certain spacings gave results which could not be reconciled with cratersfrom rows of five or more charges. The 1958 experiments made it evident that -it waspossible to get a unifonn channel crater at a given depth of burst by proper spacingof the charges. They also established that the maximum spacing at which a uniformchannel resulted was a function of the depth of burst of the charge.
1.1 Objectives
The experiment described here was started in the fall of 1959 as a model study)using rows of spaced sp~rical ,charges in the local (Albuquerque) fan-delta alluvium,of the effects pf spacing and depth of burst on crater parameters (depth"width, andvolume) .
The objectives were:
10
1. To determine the maximum spacing at which a uriiformchannel would result(as a functiort of the depth of burst of the cherges in the row) - -that is,to detennine the maximum spacing at which the crater from a row of chargesshows minimum variation in width and depth and is essentially the same asthe crater which would result from the detonation of a continuous linecharge.
11
IlOO i i
CIIAPTER 2. EXPERIMENT DES IGN
,. .. .2.1 Explosives
JAIlX.... DRY OBtSITY -U61/2. ,""_ ft
OPTWUII IIOISTUfIE - 13 1/2 ...,a..,
\~
Penetration resistance versus moisturecontent for in situ alluvium
Figure 2.2
....
~
Erooo
1 I 1 I I00 a 10 ••
CONTENT ...
2.3 Site Preparation
To prepare the. site, loose surface dirt was graded off the selected area andeach individual site was smoothed to· form a plane with departures not larger than1/4 inch. The area to be cratered was then covered with canvas to norma.lizethemoisture near the surface. Surface moisture control was maintained far at least
On the majority of. shots the moisture content went from about 7 to 12 percentat 6 inches below the surface to 3 to 8 percent at a depth of 3 feet. It was foundthat ,With the exception of keeping out rain, a canvas or plastic cover over thetest area did not affect the moisture content of the medium below the first 3 to4 inches .
Dry density variedgreatly with moisture content. A trend of lower dry densitYwith higher moisture content was noted.
100;0...,....~,
~,.......,....43.3
. ..1II0lSTWlE CONtENT t• .,.,...
Typical screen analysis and dry density ofalluvium under conditions of artif.icialcompaction and moisture control
3/8".. .NO. 10... ,.....M). 100.. "'"MO. noWASH TEST
Figure 2.1
~ 112;;;
~
2.2 Medium
The Albuquerque fan-delta alluvilDD is composed of clayey sands, sandy clays,clayey silty sands, and has lenses of gravel, erratic cobbles, and boulders. Thearea picked ·for this series contains ve.ry little gravel,. co~bles. or boulders ;. however, lenses of fine to coarse sand were encountered. Figure 2.1 contains a typicalscreen analysis of the alluvium as well as a graph of the dry density of this alluvium under conditions of artifical compaction and moisture control used in an earlier experiment. Figure 2.2 shows penetration resistance as a function of moisturecontent for in situ material, and represents the range of conditions over which.shots were fIrecr:-These tests were all made with a 1/2-lnch-diameter probe on aProctor penetrometer. with which it is not possible to measure values greater. than2200 psi. In general measurements in undistributed material fall below those·obtained from a compacted sample. Shear strength of the undisturbed material isgreatly influenced by moisture content, and if the moisture content,is increasedonly· a few percent, -the area is reduced to a quagmire.
Because large scatter was observed in data from the 1958 series described inthe last chapter , attempts were made to achieve ;nore unifonn test·· conditions in· theseries of tests described in this report. The 2-pound cubic TNT charges used inthe 1958 series were replaced with 8- and 256-pound spheres having l/2-ounceRDXand 6-pound 50-50 pentolite boosters , respectively. These were used .with the expee tat ion that the larger charges, relative to the nearly constant inhomogeneitiesin the. soil, would reduce the scatter.
SCflEEN ~ALYSIS Of SAMPLE Sl.l8lllTTm~EEH CUMULATIVE
~ ~
~
!
12 13
14
5 days before sl\ot tl.mc of the earlier shots 1n tho hope of reduci1S scntter bystabU1:r.ing the DI01ature content. OUl:'ing the winter IIlOnths al:'ell to be cr.ltete.lwete kept warm enough to ptevent fteelling.
Ilefore each ahot I the aren IIround the shot center was covered .... ith plastic(tOlll the estimated extent of the trull cratet to o.bout five times that distance(Figure 2.3). AtOtN! t1J:le the chllrge. we're pll1ced, denaity meaSurelllents and so11waur content 88lllpl.u wtlte taken from the charge hol.s. A limited number of pet\tltraaeter readLngs were also obtained before e<lch of the hter shots in the series.
Figure 2.3 Typielll preshot .1t. prcparation
2.4 Experiment Procedure
2.4.1 Craten
That ehargel were placed in sugered holes in otherwise undisturbed earth, Theholea were then back filled with the removed 1lIaterial and tamped in an 3ttempt to_reh the~ den51ty of the sol1. Just before shot time c.:uaeras were set up.
After the shot, IIItllllsuremcnti of the apparent crater were made by u,51ng the'1'iS shown in Figure 2,4 on the a-pound shots and by Sro~d survey on the majorityof the. 256-pound .hota. The r1a conslats of • row of uniform length rods held in I_rtic:al position in a pipe belUll. The pIpe be.llII .lidu on calibrated. trackft. Touse the rig, the axi. of the chlrse. \.Ia. re-elublllhed and the track. set up parallel to the long axil of the. crater. A trench WIlS cleared on either aide dOWl'l, to theplastk so that thl ene! rods were lit the orlginal level. The pipe bel1lll was thenplaced normal to the 10llg Illtla of the crater and wIth the center vertical rod on thelona axis. Each rod was then tIIoved down until it just contacted the lurface of thec'1'abllr Dr lip and a picture of which Figure 2.4 11 typical, taken of the. resultinlprofile. The procadure was repeated at 6-1ncl\ intcrvals frOlll crater centerlL"\e tobeyond the end of tha crater in both directions. TN result1n& phatoaraphll wel:"eenlarged to a sub lIlolLd.e unHom by keeping the la-foot black bar on the bealI lit the__ a1l:., <1.00 ttw;, cnter profile taken directly off the: photop'aph.
.~.
Figure 2.4 Jig for measuring crater dimension.
2.4.2 I'hrowout
M::lterial rhrown Out of rhe crater "..as measuree! in tva way.. Close to thecrater l-sqU8rt!-foot aegJ:Dent8 of the material were extracted e!own to the plasticsurrounding the cratoree! regim. A.t greater distances collection pana were placedaround the area, and the IZJaterial which fell within the pana was collected andweighed. On the earlier shots the l-square-foot .ections were obtained at thti interslctions of a 5-foot grid OUt to the limit of the plastic (Fiauu 2.5). Laterthe proc:edurc WilS chcangcd so that IlIlIter1D.I waa eollected at atil'ulatad poinu alonseach of eight radii through the center of the charlie array. Throwout collection ",aamade along each radLua at distances of 3D, 50, 7S, LOa, 200, and 300 feet. Fl'OllI thelIlaas data collecto,!d at each station, throwout denaity contoura were plotted, andintegrAtion of thelle areas gave the. total amount of :lAterial ejected frOlll the erater,
Figure 2.5 Collection of throwout sample.
1.5
2.5 SUDIIIl1ry of Shots
*Unless specifically stated otherwise, all scaled dimensions for singlecharges have been based on cube-:root-of-yield scaling (.I_W1
/3
J where W is thecharge weight in pounds unless specified otherwise).
Shots in this experiment have been identified with a three-term code: aRoman Numeral, a Capital Letter, and an Arabic Number (e.g., lIDS). The RomanNumeral indicates the phase of the experiment during which the shot was. fired. TheLetter indicates the depth of burst of the charge as shown in Figure 2.6. The Arabic Number indicates spacing between charges in the row. A repeat shot was indicated by a letter B following the code.
Information on each of the shots fired in this series is included in tablesgiven in the following chapter 4 These tables also indicate the iulmber of .chargesL, each row. Table 2.1 suomarizes the number of single. chargesfi~edat.each burstdepth and each scaled burst depth.* These charges were fired to provide the backgroWld for comparison. with row charges. Figure 2.6 suomarizes the row charge experiment:· showing the depth of burst· and the spacing at which charges were fired togetherwith the maher of shots at each combination 6f burst depth and spacing. Two256-pound. charge shots were also fired.
16
8-pOlmd charges
256-pound charges
TABLE 2.1
Scaled depth of Actual depth ofburst burst
(ft/lh"") (ft) Number of shots
0.5 1 20.75 L5 111.0 2.0 151.25 2.5 111.5 3 52.0 4 52.5 5 1
0.5 3.17 10.75 4.76 11.00 6.35 11.25 7.94 31.50 9.52 22.0 12.7 2
DEPTH OF ..RST (FT)
.. !" /> /> ~.. N N e g.. 0 .. 0 " .. .. .. b
I I i I I I r I I I i I
~
..l;..,....
"" NC
~b
'" N
e- ia
.... en..
:~..
if'" i t~
"00 i !"~H> .. 0Om
~frog" 0
- />
"" .... ..lD ~
""lD m !"-B", 0lD ~
"""....l::~g-
~ "rtmrt .."" "lD
"rt Cp-m
~ ..lD 0
""~
l!:
::,.0
L-
"
CHAPTER 3. RESULTS
...
1"
3.1 Craters from Single Charges
To obtain depth";'of-burst curves from single charges which would be used as astandard of comparison for the rows of spaced charges I the series of 8-pound singlespheres was detonated at varying depths. Because there was considerable scatter incrater dimensions and variation in the shape of the resulting craters J a series ofeight·256-pound spheres was detonated so that the influence of the relatively constant inhomogeneities of the soil would be correspondingly less. At a later datetwo addition 256-pound spheres were detonated. Table 3.1 lists the single-chargeshots fired.
In the 1958 series· using 2-pound cubes, the formation of mounds within thecrater was observed on some shots at !)ca1ed depths o~ 1.5 ft/1b 1/ 3 .
In order to obtain -useful measurements from all craters, the· craters weredivided into three types:
Type I has no mound (Figure 3.1); Type II has a mound approximately in thecenter which may rise to any height from the bottom of the crater to above originalgrade (Figure 3.2); and Type III has a mound off the center (Figure 3.3).
Since none of the craters from the 256,..pound charges (see Crater Topography,Appendix A) exhibits the .type of mounding seen in the craters from 8-pound singlecharges, all Types II and III crater data have been omitted from the diameter anddepth-of-burst curves (Figures 3.4, 3.5). They are included, however, in the vol\lIl1Sdepth-of-burst curve (Figure 3.6).
The depth-of-burst curves (Figures 3.4,3.5, 3.6) havebe"n weighted heavilyin favor of the 256..pound charge craters.
The scaled diameters (Figure 3.4) of the 8-pound charge craters agree wellwith those of tbe 256-pound charges; in fact,. they. average about 4 percent larger.It is quite different with the scaled depth, however; the scaled depth (Figure 3.5)of the 8-pound charge craters is much less (an average· of 25 percent less) thanthose of the 256-pound charges. Also, the scatter is much greater. With the scaleddepth less, the scaled crater volumes are of course less for the a-pound chargecraters than for those of the 256-pound charges. The scaled volume plots (Figure 3.6)show the great variation in volume (as a result of variation in crater· depth) whichresults from the different type craters. Those craters of Type I which show smallvolumes are actually transition craters from Type I to Type II, since all Type IIcraters show the least volume.
Something of the nature of the transition is evidenced by a comparison ofFigure 3.6 with 3.7. Figure 3.7 Shows right .angle profiles of the craters, the dataof which are plott~d in Figure 3.6. All craters are made by 8-pound charges burst2 feet (1.0 ft/lb '!' ) below the ground surface. The profiles are arranged in thevertical order in which the data appear in Figure 3.6. The uppermost crater islarger than predicted from scaling the 256-pound charge crater, and all others aresmaller--the smallest having only one-quarter the scaled volume of the 256"poundcharge crater. Only three craters (IV-3-2.0, IE, IV-I-2.0) were identified ashaving mounds in the center (Type II). One (IV-4-2.0) was classed as:!"'ving a moundat the side (Type III). There were others whose profiles show less pronounced indication of mounds (IV-IO-20, IV-2-2.0,P 2-B, and IV-4.20). These profHes emphasizethe great variation found in the dimensions of small charge craters even thoughburst depth, chnrge weight. and charge shape were the same.
"'"
IV-lO-l.sl 5-13-60
IV-3-2.0 14-18-60
1';-9-z.01 5-3~60
IV-8-2.0 I 5-2-60
Type II CraterType lCTaterType I Crater
Type I Cratet'
1'ype 1Crate:r
Type I Crater
Type I Crater
Type II Crater
Type III Crater
Type II Crater
Type I Crater
Type II Crater
Type I Crater
Type I Crater
Type III Crater
Type I Crater
Type II Crater
Type I Crater
Type 1 Crater
Type I Crater
_ Rea!trks
Type I CraterType I Crater
Type I Crater
Type I Crater
t'ype I Crater
Type I CraterType I Crater
Type I Crater
Type I Crater
Type. II Crater
Type I Crater
~
1175iA73
80'
1050
1274
682
1120
.34
1484
..
..
..
..
..
..
1450......
847
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
..
.... of
~
Average AverageUp radius to
~ :t;;0fUft ,.....tt.-lL.-1.'!:!ll !!.. ~
5.4 1 2.7
5.0 I 2.5
5.0 1 2.5
5.2 I 2.6
5.0 I 2.5
4.8 I 2.4
5.0 1 2.5
5.0 12.5
4.6 1 2.3
4·8 f 2.4
4.8 I t.4
4.2 1·2.1
4.8 1 2.4
4.31 I..1'4.2 1.1
4.4 *.2
4.6 12.3
4.8 I 2'.4
5.0 I 2.5
4.6r ~.35.0 2.54.5 2.25
4.' I .254.8 .4
4.6 .3
4.6 I 2.3
4.5 1 1.25
Dlu"c:eto Idx!lip
from I,
Ii. i
.!L!L -13
3.5 .754.0 l.a
0.7! 0.35
0.61 0.3
0.81 0.4
D.61 0.30.5 0.250.6 0.3
0.51 0.25
0.61 0.3
0.51 0.25,
~:: I ~:~
¥-~.I~!L .!!:lLL0:3 0.1.50.4 0.2
2.46
2.26
3.59 0.41 0.2
2.87 0.6 J_ 0.3
2.52 0.4 0.2
2.40
3.66
0.97 I 0.41 0.2
4.37
1.65
1.2 II 0.41 0.2
1.57 It 0.51 0.25
1.81 n 0.310.15
1.362.12LSI
9.1S I 1.15 I 0.41 0.2
'.6
3.7SI 0.47 I 0.41 0.2
23
28.7
6.88 I 0.86 I 0.4 I 0.2
'.8
20.2
ft3
~~:~ I ~:~~
29.3
35
~!!!
12.4 I 1.55 I 0.5 I 0.25
19.2
13.2
10.0 I 1.25 I 0.4 I 0.2
1S.1
19.7
14.5
12.6
17.6 I 2.2 I 0.61 0.3
15.0 I 1.S7 I 0.3/ 0.15
13.1 I 1.64 I· 0.61 0.3
27.0 I 3.371 0.410.2
10.917.012.1
40.4 I 5.05 10.51 0.25 I 4.6\ ;.3
19.0 2.37 0;4 0.20 ·4.4 2.2
1~:~81 ~:~~
HA
HA
HA
NA
NA
HA
HA
HA
0.2
NAI HA
NA I NA
.. I HA
NA
HAl HA
HA
HAl HA
HA
NA
HAl HA
HA
NA 1 NA
HA
HA
HAl HA
:: I ::
0.4' 0.2
0.0 I 0.0
0.41 0;2
NA' NA
I0.41 0.2
0.4 I 0.2
D.31 0.15HA HAHA HA
0.1 I 0.05
jo~0.851.1
1.0 I 0.5
0.0 I D.D1.1 0.550.4 0~2
1.4 I 0.7
loS' 0.9
1.21 0.6
~:~I ~:~51~:~ I g:~5
~:~I ~:; I ~:~ I ~:~
TABLE 3.1
1.41 0.7 I 1.4 r 0.7
0.81 0.4 I 0.8 I 0.4
1.61 0.8 1 1.6 I 0.8
0.51 0.251.1 0.550.7 0.35
Lsi 0.9
0.61 0.3 I -0.21_0.1
0.61 0.3 I -0.21 ~O.l
1.21 0.6 I 1.2 I 0.6
1.21 0.6
:::\1 :::1.1 085
1.01 0.5 I 0.41 D.2
1.D[ D.5 I 1.0 D.5
0.51 0.251 -0.4 I -0.20
0.71 0.35 I 0.6 0.3
NA
NA
NAHA
HAHA
..
..
1.DHAHA
HA
HA
NA
HA
NA I NA I 0.71 0.351 0.7 I 0.35
NA I RA I 0.61 0.3 I 0.6 J 0.3
HA
HAHA
HANA
HA
HA
NA
HA
HA
HA
NA I NA I NA I 1.21 0.6 I 1.2 I 0.6
HANA
NA I 0.9 1 0.45 I 0.51 0.251 0.2 I 0.1
HAHA
NA
NA I NA I NA I o.sl 0,4 I 0.6 I 0.3
HA
HA\ HAj HA I 1.'1 0.90 I 1.'[ D••O
NA NA NA 1.40.70 1.4 0.70
HA
3.851 2.DHA HAHA HA
4.D
3.4 I 3.1 I 1.55 I 0.41 0.2 I -0.41-0.2
3.55 I 1.341 0.67 I 0.61 0.3 I 0.01 0.0
NA
NA
HA
NA
(270°)'.0
7.513.751 7.707.3 3.65 NA7.1 3.55 NA
6.9 I 3.45) NA
7.8 I 3.901 NA
~:~81~(~91 ::;:~5! ~:~~I ::
1l1/ft3
89 at 0.15 1 1 6.5 I 3.251 (~~r) I 3.8 I 3~0 I 1.5
S7at 0.2'1 7.0 I 3.5 I NA I NA I NA I NA
ClATEO
96 at 0.16'1 6.513.251 NA
85 at 0.19'1 7.513.751 NA
96 at 0.13'1 6.9 ~ 3.451 7.1
105 at 0.19' I 6.91 3045
107 at 0.15'\ 7.4 3.70
Av dlaWet frOll&re8
density ~
JL~
105 at 7.5"NR
102 at 0.19 1 1 7.4 I 3.7 I NA I NA I NA I NA
101 at 0.21'1 7.9 I 3.45
119
108 at 0.14 1 1 6.913.451 NA I NA I NA I NA
114 at 0.18 1 1 7.7513.871 NA I KA I NA
107,5
108 at 0.,16'16.9 I 3.451 NA
118 at 0.19'1 7.213.6 I NA
102 at 7"114 at 0.32'
105 I 6.7 j 3.351 7.2 I 3.6 1 2.2 ! 1.1
107 at 0.18"1 6.8-1 3.4 I NA
101 at 0.20'1 7.7 I 3.851 NA I NAI NA INA
93atS"NR
102.5
102 at 0.15'I 7.6/3 .•
102 at 2.5' 8.1 4.05
104 at 0.16"1 7.2 I 3.6 1 NA
93.5 at 0.16'1 7.0 I 3.5 INA
91.1 at 0.18'/ 7.6 13.8 I 7.90 I 3.95l 2.2 I 1.1
93.3 at 0.14'1 6.313.151 6.S
5 at 0.18'7 at 2.3'
11 at 12'6 at 28"
12 at 12"7at 2&'
9 at 12"4.5 at 28"
10 at 12"2 at 28"
8 at 12"3 at 28"
Watercontent
11 at 12"7 at 22"
7.5 at l.0'10.8 at 1.0'
8.5 at 12"6.0 at 28"
12 at 12"9.5 at 28"
4 at 2.5'
7.5 at I'10.5 at 2'
12.5.at 12"4 at 34"
11.5 at 7"14·at. 22"
7·at 12"a.Sat 22"
4 at 0.19'9 at 22"
11 at 12"9 at 22"
11 at 12"9 at 22"
10 at 12"4 at 0.16'
8 at. 12"5 at 22"
9 at 12"7 at 22"
10 at 12"6 at 22"
9.5 at 12"1212 at 2'
9 at l'4 at 2'
10 at-2'
12.5 at LO'5 at 2.0'
10 at 12"6 at 28"
NRNRNR
108 at 075 at 0.13'
110 at 036 at. 0.14'
82 at. 075 at. 0.16'
47 at. 047 at. 0.16'
105 at. 063 at. 0.16'
lOa at. 097 at. 0.18'
$9 at. 082 at. 0.19'
NR
110 at 0.19'72 at 0.24'
no at. 12"62 at 34"
57 at 0.31'
52 at 0.21'
NR
NR63 at 0.32'
93 at 0'..J.6'40 at 22"
40 at 0.19'24 at 22"
NRNR
71 at 0.18'49 at. 2.3'
72 lit 0.042 at 0.15'
84 at 0.055 at 0.18'
66 at 0.034 at 0.19'
88 at 0.053 at 0.2'
110+ at 0.0110+ at 0.14'
32 at 028 at 0.21'
76 at 0.071 at 0.15'
Penetrometer
Ib (with1/4" dia tip)
2.0 I 1.0
2.0 I 1.0
2.51 L25
2.0 I 1.0
2.01 1.0
2.0 I 1.0
2.01 1.0
2.0 I 1.0
2.D I1.D2.0. 1.02.0 1.0
2.0 I 1.0
~:; I ~:;~
2.0 1 1.0
2.0 I 1.0
2.5: L25;
2.5 1 1.25
2.0 11.0
1.5 I 0.75
2.0 1 1.0
1.51 0.15
1.51 o.js
1.5 I 0.75
1.51 0.75
1.5 I 0.15
1,5\ b.75
1.51 0.75
1.51 0.75
Charge~ Dob
...!!2LIb ....i.L l!:..!LJ.
1.0 0.51.0 0.5
11-18-59
11-25-5910-21-5911-23-59
11-12-596-29-59
4~S-60
ll-lO-594-11-60
Shot:
lCie'
IV·4-2.0 I 4~20-60
lDIV-I-LS
P8A
IV-6-2.0 14-26-60
IEP2AP2'
IV-6-1.5 14-25-60
lV-5-2.0 14-21-60
IV-9-1.5 15-3-60
IV-3-1.5 14-18-60
IV-2-1.5 14-14-60
IV-4-1.5 14-19-60
IV-1-2.0 14-11-60
IV-1O-2.01 5-12-60
rV-8-1.5 14-28-60
IV-7-2.0 14-27-60
IF I 2-18~M
IV-S-1.5 14-21-60
IV-l-Z.5 I 4-14-60
IV-2-2.5 14-15-60
IV-2~2.0 14-15-60
P2C
IV-7-1.5 14-27-60
Ig
19·9..2.5 1'·12..60
19·10..2.5' '·13-60
101 at 0,L9' I 8.1 14.051 NA
102 at 0,14' I 7.2 I 3.6
Type II Crater
Type 1 Cuter
Type 1 Crater
Type J. Crater
Type III Crater
1ype 1 Crater
Type J Crater
Type 1 Crater
1108
NIl
1174
NIl
NIl
NIl
NIl
5.012.5
4.8 I 2.4
5.0 [ 2.5
5.0 1 2.5
5.0 t 2.5
5.212.6
4.7 \ 2.35
5.0 [ 2.5
0.5 j 0.25
0.6 \ 0,3
0.4 I 0.2
0.7 I 0.35
0.6 [ 0.3
0.6 I 0.3
2.57
2.52
1.61
4.4
4.71
4.8
20.6
35.4
12.9
38.2
20.2
38.4
22.9 I 2.86 I 0.6 I 0.3
22.0 J 2.75 I 0.4 10.2NANA
NAI NA
0.0 0.0
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
LalLa
i.0 I 1.0
1.6 \ 0.8
0.41 0.2 1-0.2 0.1
~.o I 0.0
1..41 0.7
0,6 \ 0.3
1.21 0.6
1.6\ 0.8
2.01 1.0
2.01 1.0
1.010,5
1.4) 0.7
0.61 0.3
1.21 0.6
0.9\ O.4S
NA
NA
N.
NA
o~, INAI
NAINA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0.'
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
3.'
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
7.8
7.5 \3.75
7.813.9
7.213.6
7,9613.98
1.713.85
1.5 i 3.75
9~ at 0.14 1
87 at 0.15'
8\1 at 0.18'
tl9 at 0.19'
105 at 0.15'
108 at 0.16'
9.5 at Uti3,0 at 34"
12 at 12"6 lot 34"
<I at 12"3 at 34"
8at Un3 at 34"
9at 12"4 lit 34"
8d 12"J at 34"
\I at 12"7 at 3411
7at 12"3 at 34tt
'0 u a35 at 0.18'
'8 at 0.031 lit a.t9'
12 at 0,060 at 0.14'
110 at 0.0110 at 0.16'
100 at 0.055 at 0.15'
82 at 0,082 at 0.15'
101 at 0,078 at 0,19'
101 at 0.083 at 0.14 1
2,511.25
2.,\ 1.25
2.5\ 1.25
2.511.2.5
2.5 11.25
2,5 1.25
2,5 11.25
2.511.25
'-2·60
4·26 ..60
4·28·60
4-20-60
4·19·60
4-25 ..60
n·7·2.5
n-4~2,'
n ..a..2,1
19-5·2,.5
19..'·2,5
1.... ·2.'
IllooO.S I 6-8-60 I 2!6
l:n~. 7S 1 6.. 17·60 I 256
111-1.00' 7-26-60
In-a.OOb 8-22-60~U-l.2Sb .·.-60
n"-3.0 7·28-60
116 It 7.S" I 7.l 13.551 (~~g) I 0.5118 at ·5.5" 8,98 4.49 NA NA
Type tIl Crater
Type I Crater
Type III Crat.ri
Type I Cr.ter
type I Crater
Type I Crater
Type I Cr.t.rType I Crat.r'l'ype I CreteI'T')"tHl I Cret.l:Type 1 Crat.r
'P:rPe 1 CraterType I"Creter
Mound
Type 1 Creter
'rype 1 Crater
Type I Crat.r
Type I Crat.r
MoUDd
.....d
""=d
2.24
2.15
2.172.032.432.141.86
2.15
'.641.86
.....'i211«
901"
NO
NO
NIl
NIl
NIl
NO
NO
45,770
2.122.14NIl
2.51NO
1.89
2.45
2.572.17
'.04
12.0
13.0
13.513.6NIl
16.0NIl
15.6
16.413.8~:~ Ig:~~
1.6 J 0.25
0.8 10.13
1.2 [0.19
1.61 0.251.5 0.24.. NIt
1.1 0.17....2.07
2.122.112.122.522.49
'.44
2,602.12
NA
1.89
2.6
NA I 50l
5.' 1 •.85.8 2.9
S.2 I 2.6
NA l 'NA
5.0 ! 2.5
5.0 I'.'4.6 2.3
NAINA
'.2
NA
12,0
16.513'.5
13.2
13.513.813.516.015.8
15.5
NANA
LO I 0.16
NAINA
NAI NA
0.' 10.30.8 0.4
NA NA
2.0 0.31
2.0 0,31L8 0.282.1 .331.5 0.252..5 .n
2.5 0.39
2.5 0,392,5 0.39
0.4 I 0.2
2.51
3.24
2.72
3,56
3.S44.733.'413.224.58
2.15
1.714.45
NA
2.32
0.78
25.9
21.8
,..
NA
•. , 11.11 1 0.41 0.'66.3 8,29 1.0 0.5
4.' I 0.56 I 0.41 0.'53.0 .6.62 0.8 0.4
18.6
"0
643
9lJ
550
'"1210904'24
1172
4381139
NA
NA
NANANANANA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NANA
0.7
0.8
0.7
0.4
NA
NA
1.4
..0
1.'
0.'
-0.7
4.5 I 0,71 [ N4
'.0 1.10 Nol
S.S 0.81 NA5,7 0.90 HA.5.1 0,80 NA3.2 0.50 ItA5.1 0.77 fIlA
2.0 0.31 fIlA
LO 0.16 NA".1 0.82 NA
0.4 0.2 HA
0.0 ..4 I -0.2.
0'410
"12 0.6
-1.4 ·0.7
·1;6 I -0.8
-J.'I
O.O[ 0.0
NAI NA
0.01 0.2 I ..~.81·0.4 11.0 I 0.'2.2 1.1 2.2 1,1 NA NA
0.8[ 0.4
0.4! 0.2
4.51 0,71
1.0\ 0.'1.2 0.6
0.2 0.1
0"1 0.25 I .,.61-<'" 10.8 I 0.42.2 1.1 1:.2 1.1 NA NA
7.0 1.10
',5 0.875.7 0.90.5.1 0.803.' 0.554.9 0.71
2,. 0.44
2,6 0.415,2 0.82
NA
NA....
NO
NIt
NA
NA
NA
NA....NANANA
....
..
•..
NANA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NANANANANA
NIl
NA
5 1 •. 5NA NA
NA
NA
..>I.'
NA
NANANANANA
NA
NA
NANA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0.34.7
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA..
NA
NA..NANANA
NA
NA
••0
,.,
NANA
7.6 1 3.8
8.0614.03
"1'''/ (laoe
) I 40• • 8.0 .7.92 3.96 NA NA
114 .t ~.231
NIl
109 at 10"
94-105 .t 0.14' 21.4 3.37
98-100 .t 0.18' 22.2 3.5086-109 at 0.17' 23.4 3.68
NI 23.4 3.6896-101 at 0.11' 25.3 3.98
RI. 23.8 J.75
92·10••t 0.18' 23.2 3.65
88-91 at 0.2 ' 23.8 3.7591-10,5 It 0.2' 22.8 -'.59
106 at 0.18 ' 1 6,6 I 3.3
94 at 0~18'1 a
9' .t 0.18 1 l....a
97 ..123 .t 0.15 ' 1 8,1 , 4.05
at 0 to 0."91.5-123.'
lOa·US '•.t O~l'
111-114 at 0.15'1 20.2 I 3.18
11 at. t'11 at 5,5"
'·9 I.e O.lS'
8 .t J'
10 at 10"
7 at 0.23'
6~8 .t 0.15'
5.5·8 .t 0'.18'3 ..6 .t 0.15'
4.48 av4·5 at 0.11'
4.48 av
1.5 at 0.16'9.5 ar. 0.34'
6..8 at .1 1... 22.'-5 at 0.2'
0.5 at 12"2.0 at 401
'
1.5-3.0 It 0-12"5 .t 40"
1.5 .t 0.13'
7.•t 12"11 at 52"
5 ·at Uti.5 I.e. 5111
8.5 .t 12"5 .i: 52"
110 .at 0..0.17'
no at 0..0.13'
86 at 0.18'
70..110 .t 0.18'
..
4...106 .t 0-0.2 1
36·76 It 0-0.2"
60 at 0.17'
110 at 0.0110 .t 0.18'
90 at 0.084 "t 0.15'
'RNO
NIl
NO
3, ..ao .t 0.034 ..108 at 0.15'
67 at 0.062 at 0.15'
53-108 at 0.0.15 1
45-110 at 0.0..64-110 .t O.H'..
'.0 I 2.5
3.0 J loS
'.171 0.5
4.0 I '.0
4.0 I '.0
3.011.53,0 1.5
4.0\ '.04.0 2.0
,.0\' ..'.0 l.~
4.0 2.0
4.76 0:75
6.35 1.01.94' 1.251.94 1.25'.S2 1.59.53 1.5
12.7 2.0
12.7 2.01.94 1.U
.........
6-13·60 1U.7-11·60 25'7..16·62* U66..15-60 2567 ·18 ..'2* 256
11-'-59
1·26-60
6-23 ..60
12 ..7 ..59
1-27"60
1-12..60
7-28-60
7·ag ..60
6"21-60
o.h-,o
111-1.001I1 ..1.IS61~IlI..l,SO62-35
D-"""".O
11'005-".0
1'-6-1.0
19"1~.O
" ..a...o
.......P)A
".
.,....
..... •hota tin. firld II • part of a ••p.r.t.....dmant.
-mtATlClIf:II. _ ..-r UCOIDIDu. _lin' '\p'UCAU
I • Olt lUll Of CIA'1'I1
20
r
lII
•IiiI
1•
· ,•;;•i;.
•;;1
MN
NN
r.a.r---------------------------,
X 258 LIS
8 LBS
,.0
~.......~
'"....l!I.......c
".0.5
..
x.
•
Iot"----------"i0'~5r_---------,I~.0'----------f,;-----------.SCALED 008 (f'T tWl/') .5 2.0
'.0
3.0
1.0
Figure 3.5 Single-charge scaled depth-of-burst curve for scaled crater depth
• 8 Las
)( 256 LBs
0~0------.......,-~--;!O.';5----------..."l;.o.......,---------..J,.'O'5----------...J•.oSCALED OOB (FT/Wt/'l
Figure 3.4. Single-charge l!Caled depth-or-burst curve for scaled crater diameter
N
'"
-f •NO: X
4
~
'";::~ /;.. I..:l0>0.. ·... ·:l /- ·· ·m ·
/ ·/
/ · <1·/
0· •0
/ 00
/ •0
00 0.5 1.0 I."
SCALED D08 (FT/WIll)
2e6 LIS
8 LBS TYPE 1
8LBS TYPE II8 LBS TYPEm
..::I
Figure 3.6 Single-charge scaled depth-of-burst curve for scaled crater volume
Dl-4- 2.0
Dl"-2-2.0
Dr-3-2.0
fiZ-10-2.0
Dr -1-2.0
I!l"- 5- 2.0
Figure 3.7 Right angle profiles of craters from single charges buried at 2 feet
27-2R
3.2 Craters from Rows of Spaced Charges
The row... charge series consisted of 40 shots as lis ted in Table 3.2) and itspurpose was to obtain crater parameters (width, depth, and voltune) as a functionof spacing and depth of burst. Topography of the row-charge craters is includedin AppendixB. Profiles of the row charges together with those of the 256-poundsingle· charges are inc luded in Appendix C.
Figure 3.8 shows how crater dimensions have been defined for row-chargecraters. A typical row-charge crater, where the spacing is large enough for linecharge equivalence to be exceeded) is widest and deepest at the charge location,and shallowest and narrowest at a saddle between charge locations. A uniform channel, one which is equivalent to a continuous line-charge crater, results when thecharges are spaced close enough so that there is essentially no difference in thedimensions at and those between the charge locations. In the discussion whichfollows we have defined the unifonnchannel in terms of the ratios of the dimensionat the saddle to the dimension at the charge, where) in each case, the dimensionsused are the average of all. dimensions except those about the end charges.
Because it is desirable for reasons given below to consider the row-chargecraters in terms of their line-charge equivalents) the line-charge equivalent valuesof Table 3.2 are given in Table 3.3. The last two columns indicate the degree ofline-charge equivalence with r,espect to crater width and depth.
Two regions. may be delineated: (1) the region of line-charge equivalence,and (2) the region of line-charge disparity,. They are separated by a boundary ofline-charge equivalence. Where line':'charge· equivalence is maintained, the lineardimensions vary as . W1 / 2 •
w"Ja = (~ta.
where w is the weight of a line charge in pounds per linear foot, W is the weightof a single charge ina row, and S is the spacing·between.charges in the row.*
There are two restrictions on the region of line-charge equivalence,--that isthe region. throughout which the, crater exhibits the uniform channe 1 appearance ofa line-charg'e crater, or in other words, where it shows no evidence of the separatecontributions of the individual charges (Figure 3.9).
The first restriction is that for a given burst depth the row of charges mustbe long enough So that a significant portienof the crater is two dimensional, i.e ~ ,it must be free from the effects of the end of the crater. To maintain a linearcrater. row charges must be lengthened with increasing burst depth. If the chargeis too short, the yielded crater will approach that from a single charge. Fig-ure 3.10 illustrates this, showing a line-charge crater from a charge of 10.9 lb/ft,6.42-foot-long, at a burial depth of 3.3 feet. The crater has been filled withwater to the original ground level so its surface contour is readily apparent.Carlson defines a relationship between charge length and burst depth such that the·center one-third of the crater, was two dimensional. His results are include4 inFigure 3.11 together with data from an earliar series of line-charge craters.' Theshaded area in the figure represents the uncertainty between the area abo,Ve wherethe craters are essentially two-dimensional and the area below where they are morenearly three-dimensional. In the latt'er case, the craters have a surface contoursimilar to that of Figure 3.10.
*See Reference 5 for additional information concerning scaling of linecharges.
29~30
TABLE 3.2
Density
96-103 at .19'
NR
NRo to 6" 91
NRNRNRNR
Water
~
5.710.88
NR4.13.8
NR
5-6 at .19'
NRNRNRNRNRNRNR
Penetrometer
1.681.721.881.781.681.96
NR20812486
Total Mass'f
Fallout
4.04.05.54.23.74.73.0
5.34.14.54.44.03.5
0.0-3.0
0.3>0.2
0.20.40.4
>0.20.2
0.80.60.80.60.80.60.8
1.191.791.081.851.340.941.94
1.211.711.191.751.141.061.61
1.591.531.050.90.60.40.04
1.64L71.121.51.01.01.2
1.852.11.81.61.21.21.4
6.66.15.05.63.32.40.4
6.66 ~ 15.05.54.54.2
l.S2.53.04.05.05.07.0
1.01.01.01.01.01.01.0
5-17-60
6-22-597-16-599-1-5910-14-5910-5-599-24-5910-16-59
DistanceAv depth Av depth to max 11at charge at saddle Volume of
Av Av width Av width Max (less outer (less outer Total central Height S.ideSpacing width at charge ~ ~~~ volume section of li From
Shot 0 f F 3/lb H E~d Av -width x av depth Ibs (with_"'__ ~ _ -!... _'__e t Area of profile 1/4" dis tip) ~ Ibs/ft3 Remarks
i 0.53 I 0.43 '11S-60 at 0,0 l - _4
26-51 a.t 0.19'
6.66.15.05.44.85.05.6
llA-2
IIC-1.5lIe-2.SIIC-3lIe-4lIc-SlIe-SBllC-7
0.8 I 0.20.8 -0.2
0.8 I 0.21.4 0.2
IID-]IID-) .5
lIE-3.0IIE-4.0
IIE-S;.O
11-10-593-9-60
12 ~9-59
3-10-60
5-24-60
l.S1.5
2.02.0
2.0
3.03.5
3.04.0
5.0
7.16.1
8.37.7
6.0
7.16.3
8.37.8
6.6
7.16.0
8.37.6
5.1
1.82.0
2.02.8
2.0
1.61.8
1.B2.5
1.8
1.61.7
1.72.3
1.4
2.392.45
3.434.8
3.3
2.472.60
3.805.9
4.0 0.8 0.6
4.84.5
6.06.0
6.5
5.04.5
4.76.0
6.5
47906462
1.721.79
1.431.62
L50
NRNR
NRNR
110 at 0'95 at .15'
7.07.0-8.0
12.55.0-12.0
3~O-I1.0
8'110-117
112.5104-111
87-108
IIE-7.0 5-27-60 2.0 7.0 5.3 6.6 2.8 1.5 1.3 0.4 2.3 2.4 1.0 0.2 2-5 4.5 1.64 100 at 0'90 at .16' 4.0-11.0 92-107
IIF-) .5IIF-4.0IIF-4.S
11-13-593-11-603-30-60
2.52.52.5
3.54.04.5
8.018.058.02
8.018.058.02
8.018.058.02
2.02.42.4
1.92.12.3
1.82.12.3
3.644.665.91
3.535.196.28
0.6 >0.21.2 0.21.2 0.2
5.65.86.0
5.04.75.5
496016,200
L831.631.65
NRNRNR
5.0-10.54.0-12.03.0-10.0
106102-10692-115
Same ilS lI-J-7.0 with mOunds betwe",n charges.
IIG~3 .0IIG·3.SIIG-4.0AIIG-4.DClIG-4.0BIIG-4.5IIG-4.5IIG-6.0IIG-8.0
IIG-9.0
1-29-6011-10-5912-11-592-16':'604-4-602-19-602-25-603-4-603-9-60
5-25-60
713
.
07 3.07 3.07 3.07 3.07 3.07 3.07 3.07 3.0
3.0
3.03.54.04.04.04.54.56.08.0
9.0
9.328.98.19.039.478.458.477.686.36
9.328.98.19.039.478.458.478.128.0
9.328.97.99.039.478.458.477.323.2
3.02.41.8/2.93.02.82.82.22.0
2.41.81.22.62.82.62.52.11.7
2.41.81.22.62.82.52.31.80.7
4.284.002.965.986.826.666.786.424.70
5.434.213.126.968.227.05.956.34
1.20.80.81.01.01.21.21.21.2
0.4 6.50.2 6.00.2 6.00.2 6.20.4 6.70.2 6.50.8 6.00.4 5.40.6 4.5
5.55.04.85.05.04.55.55.55.0
'5110NR
52306884
19,207
6219
1.541.661.561.691.611.731.921.78
NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR
104 at 0.068 at 0.17'
117-127
123-117-92-93-93-10.5
5-12
III99
101112109-120107-113122-130110.590-103
102-112
IIH-4.0 3-28-60 3.5 4.0 9.59 9.6 9.6 2.6 2.0 2.2 5.11 6.72 1.2 0.2 I 6.6 5.4 5600 1.498 NR 3-11 110-115
IIJ-3.5IIJ-4,O
3-3-604-6-60
4.04.0
3.54.0
10.19.93
10.19.55
10.19.77
2.82.0
2.51.24
2.61.5
6.394.37
7.2511.05 ~:~ I >~:~ I ;~~
5.515,485
1.55.616
NRNR
3-105-8
113-119107-115 Mound in channe I
IIJ-5.0 6-2-60 4.0 5.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 1.2 1.9 2.0 4.93 5.24 1.6 0.2 J 7.0 5.0 1.8688 at 0'85 at .15'
3-12 100
Mound in channel
Hound in channelHound in channel
89-102
113-115
9] .5-118.5
94 .5-Il2
106.5-115118-12599-100.6
4 ~ 11
3-3.5
3-9
2-<;
1-61.5-5.52.5-6.0
60-110
56 at 0.0'.67 at 0.18'
NR62-110
53-11065~11074-110
o to 110
.748
1.49.608
1.18
1.52
Original ground level
1.634.98 1.79
5.0
5.5
6.0
7.515
0.4 8.0
1.0 201.0 16
0.2 7.50.2 8.00.2 7.5
1.81.21.6
1.6
3.04.0
1.2 ..>0.2 f 5.7
5.4
1.832.203.28
6.425.10
2.54
3.543.013.60
6.425.14
4.86
1.87
0.680.331.05
1.8
6.56.0'
0.52
0.660.31.03
L7
6.56.0'
0.47
2.0l.B1.8
2.2
1.2
8.0'7.6'
7.748.028.33
4.25
28.8'24.5'
5.23
Fall back fill",d crater leaving anuncven surface at original ground level.,
5.11
9.4 I 9.1 9.0Mound .... ith max height of 2.. 2'.
28.8' ,. 28.8'24.5' 24.5'
9.32 I 7.899.72 9.588.5!. 8.61
I
4.04.0
6.0
3.53.54.0
7 .0
14.3'15.87
4.0
5.05.0
I•. 0
4.54.54.5
9.52'9.52
2562Sb
8-17-6012-30-60
3-14-61
6-1-603-20-61
3-1-61 I3-6-61) ~9-61
5-20-60
IIL-4.0IIL-4.0B
II-K~3 .SAII-K-3.SBII-K-4.0
V-i4.3-9.52V-iS .87-9.52
IIJ-7.0
IlJ-6.0
31-32
SADDLE DEPF"
I---- .. --1l--- i ----+----t----1-
Figure 3.8 Definition of row charge crater dimensions
~i?l
~~
8i~
~P!
~'ii
i~
";i,"
'.0
.!-:,1
..
=~a
..;"..:..;
~~~
~
~S:C!'!!
~~~.
::;~~~
~~
:u:;.::
00
0..
~e:~~
~~I:~~
~:::3~~
~~~~
~~~~<!:
Ii8i~8i~
~::~5::5~
'4.!i"'1;i~;:~~~
~~~
~~~
~~~::;
::::~~~
~~
~~~~
~~~
8~'~~~~'~
;;;~:;6
8'
~=~~
;88
88
88
8,:a
;0
00
00
00
~o
00
00
o~~
~~~~~oooo
~~;It----.---
--_.
.._._
-'I!
I,I
~lI!l!
I!l!!l!!ll!
Ill!!III
III
~l
ZZ~
=~~~11
=~!2
~!2Z!~~Z!;~~
~~!Z~
~
j~l,9Q9~9ij,,i
;~~;~;i;;;~;;;i;~;;
;~~~
=========
==
=============
==
==
===
j~~~Ir--:---'-
--
ljl'l~,"",',
".,a
:".,;""~~.
11~
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The three-dimensional limit is at:
where J • L/w1jt 11 the _caled length of the chuge in feet.
Typical row-charge crater in the region of linecharge disparity~~seven 8-pound charges buried1 foot, spaced 7 feet apart
Figure 3.12
~
I.U 10.0SCIlLED DEPTH OF ,uIln ,,,.,,,,11'1
Scaled explosive length venus scaledburst depth [or craters which are linecharge equivalent lind thOle ....hLeh are not
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The lecond re.trLction is that the spacini between charge. in the. row lIlU8tbe small enough to prevent eha separate contribution of each individual chargefrOlll beLng notic.eable.
If the spacing iI increased beyond the limitation of line-charge equivalencethe crater evidences ridges or 8addles between the: individu.al charges (Figure 3.12~and hall croilled into tlw region of line-charge dilparity. tha definition of theboundary between tNlle two regions as a f\mction of bur.t depth WIlli a minor objective of tha ••per1t:lent. AI the Ipacing i8 increa.ed further, 1IIOWld8 tend to formbetween the charglll.
The two dimen.ional I1Jl'11t, if we use Carlson's criteria that at !.etllst the centerthird lIIUlt be two d1menllonal, is:
36 37
",.,average depth at mid~o1ntl between charge•• 1
4veragc dept at cl\lirg.c ccnters •
Figure 3.13
Typical crater at a depth approaching containment in theregion of line-charge disparity-seven a~pound charges, buried3 feet deep, spaced 9 feet apart(1/2 of crater shown)
< 1.avera e width at 1II1d oinu between char es saddles
average t at c arge centerl
In many applications w~re linear crate.rI are to be uied as channell, it ilnot necessary to have an entirely uniform chanllll!l··.one variation in channel dimensions is permt.ssible. Tnke, for example, II ship eham'lal through land "'hoseelevati011- above water level is small. Under such conditionl. a chanT"K!l fOnlled byexplosive cratering "'ill have InOre than the required depth when a satisfactory",idth has been achieved. Thus, it Is the dcpth at the saddle that governs thespacing of the charges, snd charge spacing "'hlch Cl'eUU relatively high SAddlesis permissible. Tht'oughout the region of line-ch3rge disparity, we have definedlatet: the following ratios of ",idths, where aU meaturClIIenu weA ..de in planesperpendicular to the axil of the row;
A s1nlilar ratio bas been denned for depth.
For the region of linl:l-charge equivalence the spacing must be close enough
In the determination of the ratios. the dLJ.enlions ahout the end eharge. wereneglected.
\o1h1l.e linear charge scding (dimension. proportional to ",1/_) can be used forrow charges throughout the region of line-r.hatge equivalence, it ill not truly ap_preciable throughout the region of line-cl~Fg. disparity; over this region it ispTeferable to seale linear dimensions al wlfS • ..mere W iI the weight of an individ-·usl dlSTge in the row, rather than by (W/S)V'. Herdtt- hall Ihown that the twotypes of scaling are mathematiclllly equivalent for rOWl or .paced charge••
While the two type8 of 8caling are equivalent, the application should belimited to the region of l1ne-ch3rge equivalence. Cle.rly, in the region of line-charge disparity, there is for the deeper burst depths, I sp8cina 80 larsc that.although the individual charges would crater, lin equiv3 lent line charge would beso srru111 that it would be contained tlt that depth.
As the depth at which the explosion will be contained 111 approached, thelIlOunds over individual charges are clearly definable in the region of line-chargedisparity (FiguTe 3.13), but in the line-charge equivalent region the mound takeson a linear characteT c0lllf>8rilble to that of containment of a true line charge(Figure 3.lA).
Fastax motion pictures of the ground-surface IlJOtilm show thlt, in t.htl regionof linc-charge disparity, the lurface <!yer each indt.vidu.l:ll charge r15e& ahead ofthat between the charges. In the Teaion nf line-charge equivalence where S < dob,the effect of the individual charges is not evidenced, S\laze.ting that the explosion cavities of the charges coalesce bel<noo groLmd r4hing the surface uniformly.Between S m doh a.nd the boundllTy oC l1ne·ch3rge equivalence a& it 18 defined inChapter 4, there is slight lurfil.:ial evidence of the effect of individual chargesevidencing a tranSition between the two C4508. Thill lIuggests that 8 uniform cratermay be obtained a.t a spacing slightly beyond that where the ro", charge' behnve asa line charge.
Part I Part II
Figure 3.14 Typical crater at a depth approaching containment inthe region of line-charge equivalence-·seven a-poundcharges, buried 4 feet deep, spaced 7 feet apart
38 39.
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All of the shots were fired when there was little wind; however, the effectof wind is still evident anrnast shots at low density concentrations. The densitypatterns were also influenced in many cases by the tendency of the ejecta to formrays of throwout rather than a circumferentially unifom distribution as a functionof distance.
To achieve some degree of· uniformity, the raw data obtained from the throwout collectors were plotted on semi log paper and a line faired through the datapoints from. each radial line of collectors. By use of this procedure, values ofconstant density were obtained and plotted as constant density contours. (Theplots are included as Appendix D). From these plots, plots of density as a functionof area were obtained.
Sin~le Charges -- Figures 3.15 through 3.20 show the area-density plots forthrowoutor each depth of· burst on the single charge shots. The values plottedare circumferential averages 6 The 256-j>0und data have been superimposed by scalingthe density by W1 /
3 and the area by waf • The plots show that reproducibility wasfairly good; however, the 256-pound data indicate, after scaling, that less throwout material was deposited at the greater scaled distances than on the 8-poundshots.
Row Charges -- One of the features of the crater fODDed from charges spacedclose enough to yield line-charge-type craters was the small amount of ma'terialejected off the ends (Figure 3.21). The full extent of this is illustrated byShot C-7, where colored beads were buried at a depth of I foot (the charge depth)and located I foot from the end charge as shown in Figure 3.22. The majority ofthe beads were recovered closer to the charge center than they had been originallyplaced.
In an attempt to discover the cause of this inward movement of displacedmaterial, pictures were taken of an end view and a side view of each shot. Theview down the long axis (Figure 3.23) was very little different from that whichwould be taken of a single charge (Figure 3.24). However, the broadside view showsa nearly vertical path 'for the material on the ends (Figure 3.25).
This end effect was elsa noted on the line-charge series in Nevada (Toboggan).'The amount of throwout material off the crater ends seems to be related to depthof burst and spacing. Figure 3.26 shows a widely spaced line-charge series thatexhibits an amount of throwoutmaterial off the ends more nearly comparable to thatfor sing],e charges. It appears that, as a wide spacing is reached, the end chargesbeglnto behave as single charges rather than· as a part of the row~. This may beconsidered as further evidence that the comparison of row..chargecraters with line ..charge craters should be reStricted to row charges with close charge spacing--theregion of line-charge equivalence.
40
..
""c-----,.------.-----~
Figure 3 .19 Figure 3.20 Throwout area-density curvesfor single charges at a scaledburst depth of 2.0 ft/lb'"
,,',,',,'
SHOT 12" 4-2.11(8#1
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ISHOT Ill'-1'-2.11 HI")
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Figure 3.17 Throwout area-density curvesfor single charges at a scaledburst depth of 1.0 ft/lb'j,
Figure 3.18 Throwout area -densi tv curvesfor single charges at a' scaledburst depth of 1.25 ft/lb'/3
5••~•,• zo;
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CHAPTER 4. DISCUSSION
4.1 Craters from Single Charges
Departures frolll cube root scaling of crater dimensions were found experimentally for the NTS alluvium.?, e If these deparc=es are a manifestation of theeffects of grtlvity on crater dimensions rather than the effects of che medium,then one would noc be surprised to find similar depilrtures fer the Albuquerqueseil. Hcwever, the range of charge welghts used in this experiment was too smallto pcr1llit detection of such departure", e"pecia11y in view of the large scatter incrater dimensions of the g-pound charges.
It is appropriate at this point to compare craters in the Albuquerque fandelta alluvium with those in the most extensively cratered medil.llll--the desertalluvium of Area 10 of the Atomic Energy COlmlission's Nevada Test Site. Figures 4.1,4.2, and 4.3 show the radii depth and volume dcpth-of~burst curves for the 256-poundcharge craters. The comparisons have been made using actual dimensicns of 256-poundcharge craters for both media to avoid confusion arising from uncertainties inscaling.
The depth and radius depth~of-burst curves for the Albuquerque soil reachmaxima at shallower burst depths than those for the NI'S soil, the difference between the depths of che peaks for the two soils being slightly greater in the caseof crate.r depth.
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Fi~e 4.1 Crater depch depth-of-burs~ curve, 256-pQund charges
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Figure 3.26 Motion. sequence, broadside view, 8-pound row oharge,spaced S teet, buried ) r.et
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Although row-charge crater data can be considered in terms of either the singlecharge in the row or in terms of the equivalent line charge, the former has been usedin the preparation of information for Figures 4.4 and 4.5. T1'e figures show theratios of -average saddle dimensions to average charge center dimensions as functionsof charge spacing and burst depth. The figure identifies the regions of line-chargeequivalence and line-charge disparity; it indicates approximately the boundary between the region of explosion containment and the region of cratering.
The difference in the dimensions is a measure of the relative "hardness" of thetwo soils. The average wet density for the Albuquerque alluvium (101 1b/ft') isabout the same (99.5 1b/ft·) as that listed by Piper" for the region from the surface to a depth of 16 feet in Area 10, and less than the average (110 1b/ft') overa wider range of depths examined for the Project Stagecoach experiment .10 Since thedensity of the Albuquerque soil is about the same as or slightly less than that oftheNTS alluvium) one must: seek some explanation other than density for the sourceof the differences in crater dimensions. Not enough information is now available toevaluate the relative importance of other soil proper~ies, especially shear strength.Ratios obtained from the curves of Figures 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3, together with subsequent information, can be used to predict the dimensions of row-charge craters inNTS desert alluvi\.DQ.
Figure 4.3 Crater volume depth-af-burst curve, 256-pound charges
4.2 Craters from Rows of Charges
0' 8URST (nET I
The region of explosion containment is that from which no crater results. Theground may be disturbed or even mounded, but has no relief below the original level.
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Within. the region of cratering 'are a number of craters which s.how a moundwithin a crater or other indication of approaching containment .
The ratios of average saddle, dimensions to average charge center dimensionshave been delineated throughout the region of line-charge disparity. We have chosento use straight lines paralleling the boundary of line-charge equivalence to represent lines of constant ratio, even though considerably more data than were obtainedin this experiment may show later that a straight line is not the best descriptionof the constant ratio. No shots in this series were fired with spacings so greatthat separate craters were formed by each charge, that is, that the saddle width anddepth were zero.
The remaining region, .that of line-charge equivalence, is the only regionwithin which a rigorous comparison with craters from continuous line charges may bemade. Using dimensions of only those row charges which showed clear channels, to'"gether with similar dimensions from an earlier series using rows of 2-pound charges,the equivalent line charge depth-af-burst curves (linear dimensions proportional tow' /" ~ (W/S)'/') are given in Figures 4.6, 4.7, and 4.8 for scaled radius, depth,and volume. The maximum dimensions are achieved at scaled-burst depths between 2 and3 ft/w ' /O , and are at different scaled-burst depths depending upon whether craterradius, depth, or volume is being considered. As in the case of single-charge craters,7 the scatter increases greatly between the peak value and containment, andgreat differences in dimensions are encountered among shots fired at the same burstdepth. Because tbe variations are attributed to the fact that the so11 inhomogeneities are large relative to the small charge size, one woul,d anticipate smaller variations with larger charges. Even so J single charge data 'have shown10 , 11 that apenalty of greater uncertainty (larger scatter) is always paid for choosing a burstdepth greater than that which gives the maximum crater dimensions.
Figure 4.6 Line-charge-e'luivalent scaled depth-of-burst curvefor scaled row-charge crater width
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53
4.0
for width: s < 1.0 +~W
for depth: s < 0.6 +~W
Figure 4.8 Line-charge-equivalent scaled depth-of-burst curvefor scaled row charge crater volume
°b I~ Jo bSCALED CHARGE DEPTH (W;~~)lf2
From Figures 4.4 and 4.5, the bmmdary (limit) of line-charge equivalence canbe described as follows
where s is the scaled spacing at the boundary in ft/W ' /3 , and dob is the actualburst depth.
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55
Rows of charges spaced closely enough to interact (S <3W~/3) willl>e contained when
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RUlON 0" LIMECHK:/lItelDN Of' UNE
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4.3 Craters from Single Charges and Row Charges Compared
For both single and r9w charges, the crater radius (Figures 4.2, 4.6) is maximized at a burst depth greater than that which maximized crater depth (Figures 4.1,4.7). Max,imum volume (Figures 4.3,4.8) occurs at a burst depth bet....en thosedepths which maximize radiU5 and depth. From Figure 4.8, it is clear that the two"9ws of 256-po"nd charges were at til\! depth (9.52 feet) of maximum crater volume.When the most efficient charge spacing was used, the optimum burial depth .for rowcharges was 10 percent greater than the burial depth which optl,miZ~d .crater dl.mensions from a single charge of the same weight (Figure 4.3). For 256-pound charges
dob;row 9.5,", = 8.5 = 1.1 •
single •
Figure 4.10 Nl,llIlber of charges necessary to give a channelwhose 'depth is two dimensional over at leastone third its length as a function o.f scaledspacing and scaled burst depth
1t1ll10HOFt.IlEctlAIl8E DI.IPAItITY
/~/ 'ltl!tlONOFLlNI:
/ CIWIIE!QUIYALENCE
Nl,llIlber of charges necessllry to give a channelwhOse .width is tWO dl.mensional OVer at leastone third its length as a function of scaledspacing and scaled burst depth
SCALED Dol I'TjW'")
f~ a
Figure 4.9
REll'ION OFCIiATEItINI
Note that Figures 4.4 and 4.5 define the largest spacing which will yield aunifonn crater and Figures 4~6, 4_7, and 4.8 define the burst depths which maximizethe crater dimensions. Together they describe the most efficient employment ofchemical explosives ~ In the figures· the region of most efficient ,employment is mosteasily defined by the location of the solid squares representing the 256-pound chargecraters.
The curved lines in Figures 4.9 and 4.10 indicate the number of charges required at each burst depth and the spacing necessary to give a channel-type craterwhose center one-third is two-dimensional as defined by Figure 3.11.
~6 57
Hence, a row-charge crater is optimized at a burst depth 10 percent greater thanthat which optimizes single charge· volume, when, as was .the case with the two rowsof 256-pound charges, the charge spacing is close to the boundary cif line..chargeequivalence. A still closer spacing would, of course, result in an increase in theabove ratio.
In Figures 4.5 and 4.6, one observes that the 256-pound row charge with.thewidest spacing (15.87 feet) is at the boundary of line-charge equivalence for unifonn crater width which will be referred to here as Case I. The row charge withthe closer spacing (14.3 feet) was about 5 percent greater than that which wouldhave been at the boundary of line-charge equivalence for uniform· crater depth, herecalled Case. II. A charge spacing of about 13.6 feet would have been closer to line ..charge equivalence for crater depth. From the dimensions of 256-pound charge cratersfrom the burst depths above, ratios of radius and depth can. be obtained for the twocases:
Case I (Row charges· optimized for uniform width)
Craters from single charges are ordinarily considered to be paraboloids ofrevolution and the cross sections of linear craters to be parabolas. It can besho;m that, while craters from single charges in NTS desert alluvium are almostparabolas they depart from the shape of a parabola toward that of a cone. By comparing rrr~d/V for all such craters, one finds that the value shifts with burst depthfrom nearly 2.4 at the surface to about 2.1 at the optimum burst depth. Althoughthere is considerable scatter (Figure 4.11) in the shape of the ten 256-pound singlecharge craters reported here, there is nothing to refute the observation made on theNTS craters.
ROW CHARGES RfAO LEfT.:ALLj SCALED SPACI...' HILS"·
o 0.1'5
A.I.a
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.. 2.25
0. 2.11
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PARABOLA " 0 _----~---- 0 0
lw~ row ~ 2~.8/2
single 1.75 ~ 1.20
oo row ~ 6.5
single D ~ 1.25
!,wR row ~ 24.5/2
single II:"75 ~ 1.05
Case II (Row charge optimized for uniform depth)
o~ 6DSingle ~ D ~ 1.15
For Cases I and II the spacing can be defined in terms of single-charge craterradius at the burst depth which optimizes crater radius,*
Case I IJ!l 1.10 1.'5 al.o JA
~~ 15.87 ~ 1.3single 12.1
Case II
SCALED BURST OEPTH FT/L8'/I
Figure 4.11 Trends in shape of single and row-charge craterprofiles with scaled burst depth and scaled chargespacing
~_13.6single - 12.1 ~ 1.1
There is, of course, no assurance that the ratios given here will apply too'ther media.
Similar scatter was encountered in ·the shape of the row-charge craters(Figure 4~ 11). Nonetheless, a similar trend toward a parabola with increased burstdepth is discernible. When one examinefj (Figure 4.12) the trend with spacing at oneconstant scaled burst depth (1.5 ft/lb~/3), a trend from a parabolic cross sectiontoward a triangular one is suggested.
*Note in Figure 4.3 that, if the burst depth (8.5 feet) which optimizes ,cratervoll..IIIJe is used in Figure 4.1, the radius is less than the maximum value and thespacing is closer by a corresponding amount.
585."
19
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......o.~ ..,.. "' ..."' .... ,.., .. .,.or ...00 ..or..,
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'"" ...."'0:;:
§
OEHSlTY (GN/fTtl
,I I I I II 1.8 • '.5 •
SC"LI!D ,,,.. 'CINO n/Lel1l
The ejecta is given its initislvelocity by the shock wave followed by anadded impetus frolD the gas pressure. It might be expected that the 111/lterial whichhas a high angle of ejection would fall close, but this is precisely the .,""terialwhich has the largest initial velocity. It has been shown'o that the met.erial illthe region near the surface and about one-third of a crater radius from the surfacezero is ejected farthest. In the case of a-pound single charges (Figu", 4.13), lessmaterial fell at the close distances for the shallowsst shQt, and l.ss at· the. farthest distance~ for the deepest shot. In the case of the 256-pound charges also(Figure 4.14), it has been obs.rved. that Ius material r.aches the great.r distanceand more fa-lis at the closer distances as buriJ:il depth is increased.
4.4 Throwout
4.4.1 Single Charges
The throwout. from an explosion in the Albuquerque alluvium ranges from clods,which are relatively insensitive to drag forces, to fine aerosol material the displacement of which 1s greatly dependent on wind conditions. The fine material mayalso be influenced by the air blastH, while in its trajectory, it is within theblast wave. The particle size distribution i. also a function of burst depth, sincea larger percentage of the material ejected bya surface or near surface burst isclose to the charge, is crushed more by the shock wave, and is dispersed as finematerial. No attempt was made in this experiJnent to distinguish between that material which emerged as fines or clods since clods were usually further broken onimpact.
I
IIQ
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tI
i
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..,...~............
<: ~I-i00"............. 0o ""sc: UtOtn er~0-'"eo.,.... " ..tn:l :JI"T Q.ff,l...0. .. ..,........'O:l IrtOO 0.:.::J"",",,...........,
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00
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Trends in the shape of row-charge crater profileswith scaled spacing at a constant scaled burst depth
Figure 4.12
60
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~; g;t........1~a" 0. ...... ".. ""."0n '"DIo~.ftl.... :l:l.. '" ..0.11 co ...... , "CT(1''''''<" 0';:~§e:n t1oP-Ul
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The accumulated percentage of throwout volume is plotted against the distancefrOlll the crater edge in terms of the crater radius (Figure 4.15). The results showthat for 2S6-pound charges three times as many crater radii must be reached for thedeepest shot before accoWlting for 90 percent of the throwout volume as is the casefor the two shallower shots. The 90-percent level for the a-pound charge was reachedat nearly four times as many c:r;ater radii a:::> for the 256-pound charge at 'the corresponding burst depth. However, the 50-percent level for' the 8-pound charge wasreached at only about two times as many radii. These observations suggest that nosimple method of normalizing the throwout for the two different charge weights isinvolved. Clearly, however, the same scaling does not apply to both the craterradius and the radial distance to which the same percentage of total throwout volumeis ejected.
The distribution of ejecta from row charges laterally differs from the distri....bution off the end of the row. Figure 4.16 shows the density-distance curves ofejecta for rows of six 8-pound charges spaced 4 feet apart and buri.ed 2, 2.5, 3,3.5,and 4 feet deep measured normal to the midpoint of the row. The density-distancecurves of ejecta off the end of the row are shown in Figure 4.17. Distances. off 'theend of the row are measured from the end charge.
Certain observations concerning ejecta patterns can be made. First, as mentioned earlier, there is less material ejected off the end of the·· row. This isespecially true only at the closer distances. At the greatest distances ,the densities are about the same as those perpendicular to the axis of the row (comparisonof Figures 4.16, 4.17). This suggests that most of the material collected at thegreatest distances was airborne ~ in contrast to that which has a ballistic trajectoryand falls closer to the crater. Second, the material was ejected laterally to distances which generally decrease as burst depth is increased (Figure 4.16) . Ex;ceptions occur at the shallower burst depths where higher densities at the greater distances are obtained at the expense of those at the closer locations. Third,' off theend of the row the pattern is either inconclusive or suggest that throwout "is maximized at one depth of burst, since the shot at the 3-foot burst depth gave thegreatest thrawout over most of the range.
•.-.---.--
FiguTe 4.15 Percent of crater volume ejected to a given scaled distancefor· single charges at three scaled burst depths
4.4.2 Row Charges
..;1
~~
~.......
O-CTt10t-im~Oi"tl::r'0 t1 f: Hl'1".. 0:Jt&nn-£fD o.::r::ro.... c..... ""OQ".. :l 0.< o.lD
.. .. :l"'1"00 tlJ.... llJ:Tt-'001»,.,CRl'1'-<;(I) Q.(JQ I
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62
Wh.encharge burst depth is held constant, the influence of charge spacing onthrowout is demonstrated. Generally,. the greater the spacing the· less the densityof ejecta perpendicular to the long .axis of the row (Figure 4.18) and the greaterthe density at the intepnediate ranges off the ends. Densities off the ,end showless variation with charge spacing (Figure 4.19).
• It 8-3 1101.11 "T/L.I,n,+:It 0-4tAV}ll'2.01'T/lBIII ,oD. 8-11 (103,0I'T/I.i"lj
BURST D!PTH 31'1:
.1 1 I I ~' II 10 KID 1000
Figure' 4 .19 Throwout density-distance plotsoff the end of an 8-pound rowcharge buried at 3 feet withvarious spacings between charges
Two 6-pound row charges (II-6-4.5) were exploded at the same cube-root-scaledburst depth and spacing as one of the 256-pound row charges. Unfortunately noth~owout measure~~ts were ma~e,on ~ither of' the two .~hots. In order to- make, forrow-cliarge throwout, a comparison similar to that made in Figure, 4.15 for singlecharges, the results of the 256-pound row-charge throwout may be compared (FigUre4.20) with results. of an 8-pound row charge at the same scaled-burst depth but at aslightly smaller spacing (II-G-4). At the very close distances the percentage ofthrowout is equal to that fx:om the larger ~harges, and: at the' greater d,lstancelf' itis .c0t:lsid.erablr ·less .. Obviously, the distance to which ,a given' percentage of t0t:a1throwout is ejected scales in a different manner from the cr.ater radius.
Figure 4.20 illustrates the effect of va~ing the scaled budd depth whilekeepin~s~acing c'onstantfor three shots o£S-powcl roweharges. ~t is inte,reS'tingto not~ thatt!u; ..percentageof thr"wout of one of the 6-pound sho.ts (n-J-4) agreeswell"i~h that d:i'the larger clulrge rpw, even though the Slllall~r charges were buriedrelatively 'more <leepl:!, .. THis e>;periment did not provide enoUghiilformation to permit us to determine whether a different scaling law for charge burial deptH wouldnormalize the percentage ejected to a, given scaled distance from row charges.
.r! ,In linn b\~or'TANel: tnl
DISTANCE IH)
Throwout density.distan~e plotsnormal to an 8-poundrow chargeburied at3 feet with variousspacings between the charges
Figure 4.16
1000
'0
'00;;t
i::;;zl!l
DENSiTY PfRPENDICULU TO CHARGE AT t-
10,000 I ~~~"'G_~';':~:;~~~Gj" I
r"'·""·"""'"•\ GURn O!PT" OFT
6564
of ~ "0 ,Is ~.-.-.00 1 'I I I ! ! III !! I! ! ! " I \1 I ! !II I I I
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~
~
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,oal I \.
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4.4.3 Comparison of Throwout from Row Charges and Single Charges
The comparison between row- and single-charge throwout is evidenced by Figure4.22, which compares the throwout-density-versus-distance curve for a Single 256-poundcharge with that for a row of 256-pound charges, the charges in 'both cases beingburied at 9. S2 feet. Values are given for both a line off one end of the row and aline normal to the axis of the row at its midpoint. Again, distances off the endare measured from the end charge and the lateral distances from the axis of the row.At the closest distances the density off the end of the row is the same as would beencountered with a single charge and the density is everywhere else greater for therow charge. Part of the reason for this lies in the fact that the unit crater vol\DDeof the single charge (3.21 cu ft/lb) is exactly half that of the row charge(6.42 cu ft/lb). It is interesting to note that the slope of the density-distancecurve for the row charge approaches, at the greater distances, that for the: singlecharge.
Jl • CRATtR WIDTH/2
•• .cA,UU WIIJT"/it
.-....(4••U"/~
:-1:.. t_~. 2n,I.8"',(""·'1"11.."'111,_lnAI"'!
-,---'--..- _ ~O po -=tl.
, d>
,.~.
Figure 4.20 Percent of crater vol1.une ejected to a given scaleddistance for row charges at nearly the' same scaledspacing and at three scaled burst depths
l_~ _ 2 "/1.II~1
Jl-"t ••
l"O".2FT/L.I III ,
Ilp02:l11n/IJ""I'1[ 14J-I.!li-. /~~~~/~~===-~~-=~=--
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/.1 "-'-a ,... ,m,,""i!' ,.,.,,,,,,n,
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In Figure 4.~1. are results similar to Figure 4.20 for the same 256-pound rowcharge together witI-. those from thrie rows of. 8-pound charges, all at the same cuberOot scaled burst depth (1.5 ft/lb 1 ;]) but with different charge spacing. Allthrowout densities :or the small charges are less than those of the larger charge,and the same reversal in the trend with charge spacing is observed as was notedearlier in Figure 4.20.
Figure 4.21 Percent of· crater volume ejected to .a given scaleddistanc~ for row charges at a scaled burst depth of1.5 ft/lb'/> at four different scaled spacings
Figure 4.22 Comparison density~distance plot for256-pound single and row charges
66 67
The wide scatter in the 8-pound, single-charge crater dimensions) especiallythe dimensions for crater depth and volume, is attributed to the relatively greaterimportance of strength properties of the soil for small charges. Because of thescat,ter, heavy reliance was placed on the dimensions obtained from 256-pound chargecraters in defining the depth-of-burst curves for Albuquerque fan-delta alluvium.
CHAPTER 5. CONCLUS IONS
end of a row charge at the closest distances" the density of ejecta, is the same forsingle charges and row charges. Everywhere else the density of material is greaterin the case of the row charge. This is in part because the volume of crater perpound of explosive is greater by a factor of two in the case of the row charge thanin the case of the single charge.
The burst depth and spacing for the most efficient employment of row chargeswas defined. The loss in cratering efficiency as a result of failing to work atthe optimum burst depth or spacing can be evaluated from the infonnation obtainedfrom this experiment.
68
If too few charges are used in a row, the effect approaches that of a singlecharge. If there are a sufficient number of charges in a row, the crater approachesthat of a line-charge crater, provided the spacing between charges meets the requirements for line-charge equivalence. A noticeable lack of throwout off the endsof row charges, similar to that observed on Project Tobaggon, was noted for thosecharges where the spacing was such that it provided line-charge equivalence. As thespacing was increased above the boundary of line-charge equivalence, the amount ofthrowout off the ends of the row increased.
A comparison of the depth-of-burst curves for the Albuquerque fan-delta alluvium with the NTS desert alluvium shows that the Albuquerque material is a"harder"one. Crater dimensions are smaller and the peaks afthe depth-of-burst curvesappear at a shallower burst depth in the case of the Albuquerque material. Ratiosobtained from this comparison can be used to, predict the results of row';'charge craters in the NTS desert alluvium.
The region of line-charge equivalence of row-charge craters is defined as thatof spacing and burst depth which gives a crater of uniform dimension, either widthor depth. The boundary of line-charge equivalence is obtained where, for width, thescaled charge spacing a~P'roximatelY equals 1 + dob/W'/3. For crater depth the valueis S/W'/3 = 0.6 oj- dob/W 73 • , As the spacing is increased beyond this value, there isan .increasing difference between the crater dimension at a point between charges inthe row and that measured at the charge location.
The optimum burst depth for row charges was found to be 10 percent greaterthan that for an eq,ual size single charge.
A row-charge crater with a uniform width was obtained where the charge spacingis 30 percent greater than the maximum single-charge crater radius. A uniform crater depth is obtained where the spacing is 10 percent greater than the single-chargemaximum radius.
At the spacing which is 30 percent greater than the ma;"imum single-chargecrater radius, one-half the width of the row-charge crater is 5 percent greater thanthe single-charge crater radius which results from a burst at the depth which maximizes crater volume; the row-charge crater depth at the same spacing is 15 percentgreater than the single-charge crater depth which results from a burst at the depthwhich maximizes crater vOlume. At the spacing which is 10 percent greater, one-halfthe row-charge crater width is 20 percent, greater and the row-charge crater depthis 25 percent greater than ,;he single-charge crater radius and depth, respectively;which result from a burst at the depth which maximizes crater volume.
The 256-pound single charges ejected less throwout material to the greaterdistances and more 'to the closer distances as burial depth was increased.
Although there was less material ejected off the end of the row-charge crater,the densities at the greatest distances are about the same as those normal to thecharge. This is probably because the material blown to the greatest distances ismore dependent upon wind transport than that which fall. at the closer distance••Normal to the axis of the row charge, the material is ejected to distances whichdecrease as burst depth is increased. Densities of throwout of,f the end of a rowcharge show little variation with charge spacing. Normal to the axis of the rowcharge, however, a larger spacing results in a lesser density of ejecta. Off the
69
8.
LIST OF REFERENCES
1. "Ditching and Field Clearing with Dynamite," E. t. du Pont .de Nemours al\dCompany (Inc.), Wilmington, Delaware, 1955.
2. Hahneman, Ditching a Swamp with Dynamite for a Banana Plantation,: Engi.neeringNews Record, November BJ 1928.
3. Mainevsky) Formulas for Using Dynamite in Canal Excavation, Civil Engineering,December 1933.
4. Vortman, L~ J., and-L. N. Schofield, "High Explosive Cratering in Fan-DeltaAlluvium, SCTH 60-59(51), Sandia Corporation, 1959.
5. Carlson, R.. H., High-Explosive Ditching from Linear Charges, SC-4483(RR),Sandia Corporation, July 1961.
6. Merritt, M. L., B. F. Murphey, andL. J. Vortman, CraterinR with ChemicalEXPJ..osi~s, J'roce~4j..n&s .ol_the Second _Plow$J~re sygJposium,Part II,EXcaviii:ion~-UCro:;=5676~-Miiy~.
7. Chabai, A. J., Crater Scaling Laws for Desert Alluvium, SC-4391(RR},Sandia Corporation, 1959.
Chabai, A. J., Gravity Scaling "Laws for Explosion Craters, SC-4541(RR),Sandia Corporation, 1960.
9. Piper. Arthur M.• Geolo ic H dro1o ic and Thermal Features of the Sites,Operations Windstorm andJangle,Project 1 a, WI-343, United StatesGeological Survey, Portland, Oregon, May 1952.
APPENDIX A
SINGLE-CHARGE CRATER TOPOGRAPHY
10.2.
11./ Murphey. B. F., High Explosive Crater Studies:. Desert A11uvimn, SC-4614(RR),Sandia Corporation, May 1961.
70 71-72
I+-Z~
Figure A.1 Crater topography 256-paandcharge bUried 3.17 teet
SHOT m-o.sDATE 1-1'10lEA.. ZSI La: CIiAIi8E001 I.,,,'DIPTH' 4~5'WID?H 20.2'VOLUIlE 1.5 FT'
13
74
1L-.~
Figure A.2 Crater topography 256-poundcharge buried 4.76 feet
SHOT m-0.752!l6 LB. SPHEREDOB4.76' 10.1511W10TH 21.4'DEPTH 7.0'VOLUME 913 FT 3
1.L"-l
Figure A.3 Crater topography 256-poundcharge buried 6.35 feet
SHOT Dl· ,1M LB.SPHI!:.EDOl "1&' (11).tOTH 22.1'
~a.:~FT.·
i',·:--*
75
T2'
+-2'--l
Figure A.5
Crater256- tor~graphypound h
buried 7 c arge.94 feet
e'"...........
...OD
SHOT 62-34266* SPHERE008 -7.94 FT.DlMAXI -6.1 FT.R lAYE.) -11.7 FT.Y - 904 FT."
Figure A.6 Crater topography 256-pound charge buried 7.94 feet
coo
allOT "-55"~LY,18. 19622116. SP!tE1IE008 US FT.DeMAX)" 4.9 FT.
~,(AVE).~II~::i··
Figure A.8 Crater topography 256-pound charge buried ;9.53 feet
liN
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ATE
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AP
HY
83
-84
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-*-2'-1SHOTII-A-ZDATE 5-17-607-8 La CHARGESOOB aDSPACING zitWIDTH 4.3 lINE.DEPTH I.Z MAllVOLUME Z4 FT3
I1--2'-04
Figure B.l
~..J
\Figure B.2
Crater topography a-pound row chargeburied 0 feet, spaced 2 feet
Crater topogr~phy 8-pound row chargeburied 1 foot, spaced 1,5 feet
DATE 6-21-59SHOT lI·e!.!7 ~'TS(8L8.EA.)1.5' SPACING1.0' 008DEPTH l8S'
=~E6::r.~:rvr-m:~~:~~ UIFTS,Ut.
85
FigureB.4 Crater topography 8~pound row chargeburied 1 foot, spaced 3 feet
DATE 1-1-51SHOT IE-C!1 CHARlES, 3' SPACINtDOl-I'DEPTH - 1.1'WIDTH IAYE) -5.0:5YOLUME • '1. I FT.
~:~~~ARLE y~~E:TI.O~"".' ILl
t,-,-+Jl'1gureB.6 Crater topography a-pound row charge
buried 1 foot, spaced 5 feet
OAT! 10-'-"SHOT 2C,7 CHARGES 5' SPACINGDOB I'
~ci~;?:;114j.f,MOISTURE 4.1%DEPTH 1.2'CENTRAL VOl.UME 1.!4FT J /L8
DATE 10-14-5'SHOT 2C44 1 SPACIN8i II DoeTEACH 8 Ul CHAIl8£SVOUJlllr. 97.IFT sWIDTH IAYE.1 !l.5 FT.
~~~'~:~ME 1.85 "'/L8
Figure 8.5 Crater topographT 8-pound row chargeburied 1 foot, .paced 4 feet
Figure 8.7 Crater topography 8-pound row chargeburied 1 foot, spaced 5 feet
DATE 9-24-59SHOT 2C5 - 61 CHARGES, 5' SPACINGDoe I'VOLUME 59.4 FT
3
WIDTH 4.2 FTDEPTH \.2 + FTMOiSTURE 3_8'\CENTRAL VOLUME 0.94 n 3/LB
t2
-2-+
DATE 10-16- 59SHOT n-c 77 EA. B LB CHARGESCHARGE SPACING l'DEPTH OF BURST I'DEPTH 1.4'VOLUME 90.0 FT 3WIDTH 5.6'CENTRAL VOLUME 1.94 FT 3/LB
Figure a.1I Crater t,ppography a-pound row charge buried 1 foot. spaced 7 feet
91-
"7.1'
1.8'
134 n'2.47 FT~L8
92
T~
.!-2'-ol
Figure B.9 Crater topography 8_pound row chargeburied 1.5 feet. spaced 3 feet
SHOT n: 03DATA 11-IO-~9
7 EA. 8 LB CHARGESOOB 1.5'SPACING
WIDTHDEPTH
VOLUME
CENTRAL VOLUME
DATE 3 w l w lOSHOT 20·).15001 I.a'SPACING J.e'WIDTH 1.1'D£PTH2.0'VOLUME 137 'T5
CENTER YCLUME el') 2.80 FT Ii ILl
wc.!l«Q..
~
z«....JCO
1·- •.-4-
Figure B.IO Crater topography 8-pound rOw chargeburied 1.5 fee.t, spaced ·3.5 feet
FiKUre B.12
Figure B.ll
Crater topography 8_pound row chargeburied 2 feet. spaced 4 feet
Crater topography 8_pound row chargeburied 2 feet, spaced 3 feet
o
DATE 3-10-60SHOT 2 E04008 2'SPACING 4'WIDTH 7.7'
e~~..~ ~.:~ .• n.' 4.IFT,' Ill.VOLUME (It. 8'1 5.' FrS/LB
SHOT 2E3DATE 12·9-591 EA. 8 LB. CHARGE"S008 2'SPACING 3'DEPTH 2.0'
~6~~~:'~~2FT.3
CENTRAL VOLUME 3.80 FT 3/LI
SHOTnE5DATE 5-24-607 EA. 8 La CHARGESD08 2 FTSPAC1NG 5.0 FT
WIDTH 5.3 (AVEIDEPTH I. 5 (MAXIVOLUME 185 FT 3
Figure B.13 Crater topography 8-pound row chargeburied 2 feet, spaced 5 feet
I2
_2~
o
o
Figure B.14 Crater topography 8_pound row charge buried 2 feet, spaced 7 feet
LITTLE DITCHSHOT n-E-7.0DATE 5- 27-60DOB 2'SPACING 7'7 EA. 8 LB. CHARGESWIDTH AT CHARGE 6.6'WIDTH AT SADDLE 2.8'DEPTH AT CHARGE 1.3'DEPTH AT SADDLE 0.4'VOLUME 131 FT 3
q?
T2'
J.-2·-ooj
Figure 8.15 Crater topograpqy a-pou..,!! row chargeburied 2.5 feet. spl!.ced 3,5 feet
SHOT II F 3.5DATE 11·13·597 EA. .. LB. CHARGESSPACING 3.5 'Doe 2.5'WIDTK 8.01'DEPTH 2.0'
~~~'¥=:L2~~lC~M~T·3.53 FT l/lS
'"'"Eigure B.16 Crater topography 8-pound row charge buried 2.5 feet, spaced 4 feet
I
....8 1.
- •.-+
o
o•
o
Figure B.18
SHOT· IIIDATe: '''11·10fl!AI LI CHAR.'DOl s'IPAC1Q a'.IDTH CAY.l •. 12'
=:I!(-=~~SI.II,T.'I'l YOWN! arT'n.a» 1.41
Crater topography 8-pound row charge buried 3 feet, spaced 3 feet
SHOT 2F.4.5G'TE I-~to
7·· ..... SPHERESooa 2.5'SPAaMe 4.5'.font AREA ..02' t (t't 1.5'
=:EM~~I~~t~:~~;/L8 t(5.9t FT:I/LBl
Figure 8.17 Crater topography 8-pound row chargeburied 2.5 feet, spaced 4.5 feet
....ow
....o
'"
Figure B.20
Figure B.19
SHOT 214 ...7 EA.• LB. CHAitGEI4 FT. SPACING, a' 0011DATE· '2~ 11- 51WIDTH'."
:~~~=~.~~. H. I
CENTItALVOLUME a.I2 FT.·/La.
Crater topography 8-pound row charge buried 3 feet, spaced 4 feet
DATE II~IO·"
SHOT lIG 3.~
7 CHARGES
3.~' SPACING
00. •DEPTH 2.4'WIOTH 8.9'
VOLUME 224 FT'CENTRAL VOLUME 4.21 FT'/LB
Crater topography a-pound row charge buried 3 feet, spaced 3.5 feet
.-......,t
1
T l.2
-2,-1-
Figure 8.22 Crater topography a-pound row chargeburied :3 feet. spaced 4 feet
SHOT NO. 204 CCArE' 2-ll!I-eO7EA.• LB. CHARQR
ooe "SPACING 4'DEPTH IMAXI 2."WIDTH (All) '.OS'
:!i':~~~r~;::a~16.96
SHOT 2G4 eDATE 4-4-807-ILI cHARGESD08 3'SPACI~G 4'WIDtH '.47'DEPTH 3.0'VOLUME 312 n.'
Figure 8.21 Crater tonography 8-pound row charge buried :3 feet, spaced 4 feet
T2'
.!-2'--I
Figure B.:» Crater topography 8_pound row chargeburied) teet. spaced 4.5 feet
SHOT 2G-4.5DATE: 2-25-607 8 LB CHARGESWIDTH (AVE) 8.47'DEPTH (MAX.) 2.8'VOLUME 379.8 FT3
~ VOLUM!; 5.95 FT3/LB{DEPTH 2.4'DOB 3'SPACING 4.5'
107
~
1·_.e-!
'kvAYE. WIDTH 8.4$'MAX. DEPTH 2."VO~.. sn.fT.!t 18'1 VOLUME .7.0 '.T. 3 ' .....
Figure 5.24 Crater topography a-pound ro>< chargeburied 3 feet. spaced 4.5 feet
f-2J
nFigure B.25 Crater topography 8-pound row charge buried 3 t'eet, spaced 6 t'eet
SHOT 26-6.0DATE 3-4-607 EA. 8 LB SPHERESDOB 3.0'SPACING 6.0'AVE. WIOTH 7.68'MAX. DEPTH 2.2'VOLUME 359.4 FT'VOLUME lit. 12') 6.34 FT'ILB
10
_tJ'
Q
SHOT 2G8.0DATE 3- 9-607 8LB CHARGESSPACING 8'DOB 3'
t AVE WIDTH 8.0'VDLUUE 263.5 n S
DEPTH 2.0'AVE SADDLE WIDTH 3.2'
figUft 8.26 CratAtr topography 8--pounc1row charp buried J teet. $P!l~ed 8 feet
v
.........Figure B.27 Crater topography 8-pound row charge
buried 3.5 feet, spaced,4 feet
IttOT JlJ-I.OT~ lLa SPMERD
OATE .·.·so()014'IMCINII.II'wiDTH 10.1'OEI'TH UVoWIIIE 1.1 PT'WLlIIII! It .'11.2. FT'iLI
'HOT IJ4OAT! 4-"SO'-'LI II'HERIS0014'tltAClNt 4'WLlIME 144.1
Crater topograJlb7 8-pow1d row cbarge buried· 4 tnt. spaced 4 tpt~gure B.Z9
Figure 8.28 Crater topography 8-pound row cbarge 1:lar1ed4 teet. spaced 3.5 tnt
I "'---
o
o
ngure B.30
SHOT It J~~
DATE: 6-2-607 fA. 81,.1. CHAMES008 4'SPACING "WIDTH 8.0'DEPTH 2.2'VOLUME 27& FT 3 (4.1t! "'/lllVOLUWE (~.l !S.U f'T '/ll
Crater topography 8-pound row charge buried 4 feet. spaced 5 feet
o
T2'
-4-2'--1
o
o
~-
_0) ~ ..
Figure B.31 Crater topography 8-pound row charge buried 4 reet, spaced 6 reet
SHOT IIJ-Ii.ODATE 3-14-lil9 E;A. 8 LB. CHARGESDOB 4'SPACING Ii.O'VOLUME I 34. (l FT.a
us
116
1·_.~
Figure B.32 Crater topography 8-pourld row charge buried 4.5 feet, spaced 3.5 feet
T.'L-.'-f
SHOT JI-K·S.5B
,JDATE I ...•••
. IEA.-.• LB. CHARla.008 4.15"
SPACiNG I.S·VOWME 211.• ,,1
....~
TI'
.i.-2'-of
o
J,4-1'-'
$HOT .n 1.-4DATE 8~ 1~80
7 EA. 8 LB. CHARGESDOB 15'SPACING .'
~ . ~~~~r 9.4'~ e· 2
.2
VOLUME 272 FT.3
JI'1gure B.35 Crater topography 8-pound row charge buried 5 feet, spaced 4 feet
Figure B.)4 Crater topography 8-pound row charge buried 4.5 feet. spaced 4.0 feet
f10'
"""0'-1
SHOT ll:- 15.87 - 8.52• EA. 258 LB. SPI£RES008 8.52 FT.SPACING 15.87 FT.AYE. WIDTH 24.5 FT
~U~~PT~5287'~r'iT
Figure B.J7 Crater topography 256-pc>und row charge buried 9.52 teet. spaced 15.87 teet
...No
T10'
'*'-10"'"1
SHOT ][-'4.3 • 9.528 EA. 258 L8. SPHERESD08 9.52'SPACING 14.3'WIDTH (AYE.I 28.8'
egrrMtM~;)I!5g·0~T.5
Figure B.36 Crater topography 2.56-pc>und row charge buried 9.52 teet. spaced 14.3 teet
APPENDIX C
CRATER PROFILES
256 #
T5'
~5'~
123-124
Figure C.l Profiles of 256-poundsingle-charge craters
125
L'lT
... ".
en 0'":110%om~z':s:IG> ,,,-..0~:--'~
'" C.~
<neVI,,0%.... 00"-1Z_NQ.,.n11-1 I.. ...",.,
oHI
coI
'0oC::l."
...ofn
5...~n...lU...to.....
:.-~...lU
~....lU
~...lU....n...o....I..
ton.......g'0...oHI........to..
'>j.....
in~
D08: 0 FT.SPACING ;- 2 FT.AVERAGE CROSS-IECTtON U·'-2
r"~.'1
lL.,~
Figure C. 2 Profiles of 256-pound single-charge craters
Figure C.3 Average" lateral cross-section profile, of8-pound row-charge craters
aN....
.. ..m ~........ ........ ....0 0~
~
'" '"~ .. ~ ..o ~ o ~
.... m .... m"" ""oro Orom~ m~
':'0 ':' 0.. " .. ".. '" .. '"o ~ o ~
~~ ~~0 0.... . .....
ro ~ 1l~~O" ~ " ~"
..,ro'tl ro'tl.... ~ .... ~
~ ,,5" 0"'''' "''''ro 0 ro ,~'" ~'"
" ">.... > ....<0 < 0
~ uu
" ".. ~
~ ~
'" '".... ...... ...
....N00
SHOT U -D-3OOB ' I.~ FT.SPACING' 3 FT.
SHOT 2-0-3.~
OOB' 1.5 FT.SPACING , 3.~ FT.
SHOT 2- E-4OOB' 2 FT.SPACING = 4 FT.
Figure C.5 Average lateral cross-section profiles of 8-pound row-charge craters
ott
F~l!""" C.lO Average lateral cross-section profilesof 256-pound row-chaTge craters
Figur<! C. 9 Average lateral cross-section profilesof 8-pound row-charge craters
10--1'""1
1
"l
fn.OD
a.
i1'1
lfn
~~
iii~...naIIIII
~rt
i
i
131 '
......N
II-A-2OOB 0.0SPACING 2.0'
II-c-I.eOOB 1.0SPACING 1,51
II-C-2.eOOB 1.0SAlCING e.e'
II-C-'OOB 1.8SPACING 3'
II-C-.DOS IISPACING 4 1
Figure C.l1 Longitudinal cross-section profiles of row-charge craters
2C5DOB.(SPACING 5'
2C50081'5PAClt«l 5'
2 C7008.(SPACING 7'
203008 l5'SPAClNG·3'
2 E3008 2'SPACING 3'
.2E4llOB2'SAACING ..'
OOB2'SPACING 5'
~42.5'sPACl 4'
2 F45OOB 25'SPACING ··lJff
263OOB 3'SPAer«> 3'
~~~--~~---'='-~~~~~~-+-~--'-~~---j-=-~~-----.-
2 G35008 3'SPACING 35'
2G4AOOB 3'SPACING 4'
264B0083'.SPAC1NG4'
-------...;::-----+------=--_._--~
2G4.5AOOB 3'SPACING 45'
-----.....-~-----'----+_-----_r--~--.~~
2G4.5BDOB 3'SPACING 45'
--"'->~_.~----
2G6.0DOB 3'SPACING 6'
-~e::-, -------+-------r=----~--~
-----~-----+-------~.. -2 J3.5DOB 4'SPACING 35'
2 J4DOB 4'SPACING 4'
MB~~'SPACING 3.5'
2 J5DOB 4'
~_. SPACING 5'
2 J6DOB 4'SPACING 6'
2K35BDOB 45'SPACING 35'
2 K4DOB 4.5'SPACING 4'
--~::--~==~I------;~--~--2 L4DOB 5'SPACING 6'
-----"'" -----+_-----F--.--.---5 143 9.52
~~2Cr~2;43'
5 15.87 9.52DOB 952'SPACING 15.87'
F11W'" C.12 Longi,t.Ud1nal CJ'0S8-secUon profiles or "",-charge craters
APP
EN
DIX
D
THJl.
OWOU
TD
EPP
SIT
ION
13
5-1
36
<'.£
t
Figure D.3 Throwout deposition, 256-pound single charge,buried at 9.52 f'eet__contours are in gm/f't2
Figure D.2 Throwout deposit1(jtl,2.5~poundsingle charge, buried 7.94 f'eet-contours are in gm/f't 2
SHOT IIJ;-1.2S
i'1;1
~
II..."It~1-..311it:
ii~tI"~J
~_-1
I
iiii,..b•
01lt
1t-~
""gure P.5 Thrt»l()Ut !leposition. 256-pc.mndsing1!' clulrge.burietiat 12.7 1'ee~..Ilt>ntours are in".I1't 3o
.'HOT .~ 2.0-'
141
f'L'
100'----1
Figure D.6
SHOT I-C
Throwout deposttion. 8_pound single charge.buried at 1 foot--contours are in gm/ft
2
0.1
L~Figure 0.8
1.Loo'~
Figure 0.9
Throwout deposition, 8-pound single cherge,buried at 1.5 feet--contours are in f!}tI/ft"
Throwout deposition, 8-pound single cherge,buried at 1.5 feet - -contours ati>.;;~n f!}tIl ft"
.,.',
SHOT 11-1-1.5
SHOT m-4-'"
~"'t
fl:I
~
S'~
ijjIt ...:i\,.1i~rsA"
Ii511,~t;0__i
~i.
I~I
";'
U.
r8
I
9fIt
SHOT m-4-ID
SHOT 1It -'-1.0
FigureD.12 Throwout deposition, 8-pound single eharge,buried at 2 feet--contours are in g}D/ft2
I'L,DO'~
1L~.~
r~~
8
IUJ%
".....I
"
f?......
2':;1~~Dol!II'"
:~","8
OJ
:t'~CD ...... 0, ::sI •()00>::s I
S''S'" g~'p.
II OJ
~ t;.........::s tI
'; ()__5~i
Figure 0.13 Throwout deposition, 8-pound single_ charge,buried at 2 feet--contoursare in 'l}D/ft2
147
oI..
rl.
i
J~~
•oj
ti
........
""
Figure D.14 1'hrowou~ deposition, 8-poundsingle charge, .buried a~ 2 £ee~-contours are :1!, p/ftZ
Figure D.15 1'hrOlOOU~ deposition, 8-poundsingle charge, buried at 2 £eet-COn1:<>ursare in p/ftZ
SItOT:Ilt - 2-4.0
SHOT tit -1-4.0
SHOT Dr -3-4.0
Throwout deposition-, 8-pound single charge,buried at 4 feet--contours are in gJD/ft 2
Figure D. 24 Throwout deposition, a-pound single charge,buried at 4 feet--contours are in f!}tI/ft2
Figure D.2S
1.L,~~
t'L100'~Throwout deposition, 8-pound single charge,
buried at 4 feet--contours are in gm/ft 2Figure D. 23
I·-t-z0 41
154 iSS
~
~
1+-aiLoof
Figure D.20 ThrowOl1tdeposition. 8_pound single charge.buried at :3 teet--cont011rs are in gm/nt.
SHOT Il[ - 4 - 5.0
JL~
SHOT 1Il-4-1.1
IL,oo~
SHOT 1%-7- 2.S
Figure n.18 Throwout deposition, 8-poundsingle charge, buried at 2.5 feet-cOntour s are in gml f t 2.
Figure D.19 Throwout deposition. 8-poundsingle charge, buried at 2.5 feet-contours are in gm/ft Z
F1preD.2l
SHOT llr- •• ..0
1-+-21'~
Tbrowout. ~POlli tiel!. a-pound single chai'g8.~r1.d at J te&t--centours are inp!tt 2
T,L-el~
FigureD.22
SIlOT Ilt-I- 1.0
Throwout depoIl1t:len,s..pound single eharpbUried at :3 teet--eontours are lngmltt 2
153
M
1P1glU'lI D.26 'l'hrowout deposition. 8.PQl1Ild "'" charge.buried 1 toot. spaced 2.Steet-contollrs al'e in .../tt Z .
SHOT'le-a
I-k--~~
Figum D.27 'l'hrowout deposition, 8-poundrow charp,burl~d 1 toot •. spaced l t_t;..,.contours are tn· .../ttZ
lS7
Il·~.----<
P1gure D.29 Throwout deposition, 8-pound row charge, burled 2 feet,spaced 4 1'eet--contours are in gm/ft2.
110
Figure D.28 Throwout deposition, 8-pound row charge, burled 2 feet,spaced 3 feet--contours are in gm/ft2.
...0o
SHOT 1t F-4
Fi.gure D. 30 Throwout: deposit:ion. 8-pound row charge. buried 2.5. feet: •spaced 4 feet:--cont:ours are in sm/ft:z
Z91
LL,oo'~
Figure 0.33
Throwout deposition,a-pound row charge,buried 3 feet J spaced4 feet --contours arein gm/ft'
SHOT :n: - 1-4- A
Figure D.34
Throwout deposition,8-pound row charge,buried 3 feet, spaced4 feet--contours arein gm/ft'
SHOT II -G-4b
r'L,OO~!'l..,...
..~
~~8
1
?'"'"
:l'1r~'8I InI ,.,.o ..0"::s 0.. ::so.~ OJIn I
.. '8~ §.. I>::S'1
~ ~__ 0
:H"''1
"Ol
gil<11I>-
'"i:>
~i
In~
1~1>-8"'''
163
SHOT JlG-4C
P1pnil D.35 '1'browollt depoa1U_.8-.patlIDll tQWcbarp. bllried 3 1'_t.spaced 4 1'eet-.contours aN 1np!f't2
166
1,
L~
Figure D.37 Throwout deposition, 8_pound row charge,buried 3.5 feet, spaced 4 feet-contours are in gm/ft Z
SHOT II-H-4
1100'
L,oo~
Figure D.38
SHOT :!I-J-4
0.1
Throwout deposition, 8-pound rowcharge, buried 4 feet, spaced4 feet--contours are in gm/ft Z
167
I
'ft~
FigUl'B D.39 'nlrowout deposltion, 256.pounclrow charge, burled 9.52 feet,spacl1d 14.) fl1et~.contours arelnf,lll/ft2.
'IIOT V·I4.....U
