SBL 100 Dr. Tapan K. Chaudhuri (course co-ordinator) Cellular organizations Cells Prokaryotes are believed to be the more primitive form and include bacteria and certain kinds of algae. Eukaryotes are believed to be more advanced and include the cells of the higher plants and animals. The main difference between the two types is whether or not a cell has internal compartments. Prokaryotes do NOT have internal compartments while eukaryotes do. Ribosomes are made up of proteins and that special kind of RNA called rRNA from the nucleolus section above. That consist mostly of two parts: a large subunit and a small subunit with a groove formed between them. Mitochondria function as the primary site of energyproduction in cells. The rough ER produces proteins on the ribosomes while the smooth ER functions in lipid production. Plant Cells These three structure are: (1) a cell wall made of cellulose, (2) the presence of chloroplasts, and (3) large central vacuoles. The cell wall is actually found exterior to the plant cell and gives the cell its shape. The chloroplast, as above, are the sites of photosynthesis. The central vacuole is used to store materials such as in the potato cell where starch is stored. Central Dogma DNA RNA Protein Transfer of Genetic information The sense strand (coding strand) has the same base sequence as mRNA with uracil instead of thymine. The antisense (template) strand is transcribed. DNA to RNA conversion/ Transcription Genetic Code Processing of RNA (Eukaryotes) eukaryotic RNA needs the removal of introns to form mature mRNA Translation RNA to polypeptide (Translation) Each amino acid has a specific tRNA-activating enzyme Cloning strategy Cloning Recombinant protein preparation in Bacteria Protein Purification Protein Structure Determinataion X-Ray Crystallography NMR spectroscopy of Proteins 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy Hetero Nuclear Single Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC) The largest structure determined by X-ray crystallography is the ribosome.The Protein Data Bank includes many structures of ribosomes, the largest more than 2,000 kilodaltons. One of the largest structures determined by NMR is malate synthase G, with a mass of 82 kilodaltons. Methods of protein structure Determination 3D structure of proteins Hemoglobin 3D structure of proteins Green Fluorescent Protein