17 -12.3 383 STANDAIRDIZED'EMCS ENERGY SAYINGS CALCULATIONS(U) 1/2NEWCOMB AND BOYD CONSULTING ENGINEERS ATLANTA GA

CORNELIUS SEP 82 NCEL-CR-82.838 N62474-8i-C-9382

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

1.0 Summary 1N 2.0 Field Survey Data 2

2.1 Field Information Checklist 6 -i

3.0 Data Development 11

3.1 Climate - Based Factors 113.2 Building - Specific Factors 28

8 3.3 Miscellaneous Factors 35

4.0 Savings Calculations Algorithms 36

4.1 Scheduled Start/Stop 38

4.2 Duty Cycling 444.3 Demand Limiting 45

5 4.4 Optimum Start/Stop 464.5 Outside Air Limit Shutoff 47

4.6 Ventilation And Recirculation 48

4 4.7 Economizer (Dry Bulb or Enthalpy) 50

4.8 Day/Night Setback 504.9 Reheat Coil Reset 52

4.10 Hot Deck/Cold Deck Temperature Reset 54

4 4.11 Hot Water Outside Air Reset 56

4.12 Boiler Optimization 57

4.13 Chiller Optimization 584.14 Chiller Water Temperature Reset 584.15 Condenser Water Temperature.Reset 59 "

4.16 Chiller Demand Limit 624.17 Lighting Control - ,. 624.18 Run Time Recording - ., 63

4.19 Safety Alarm rT T;" V 63 -, -

5.0 Sample Calculations ;.ot o 66

val-,iCodes No "" "

Dist I &pe~ax ,'::i::"

.- . : . . .. ... ... . .. .. ... .... . . ... . ... .

.- C r'r W V *.*.. U..' - .i

FIGURES

1 Building Description Data Form 3

2. System Description Data Form 4

3. Energy Conservation Program Applications 54. Climate-based Factors Form 13

5. Sample Weather Data - Cooling Season 146. Sample Weather Data - Heating Season 15

7. Percent Runtime (PRT) vs. Heating Degree Days 26

8. Building-specific Factors Form 29

9. Equipment Runtime vs. Heating Degree Days 33

for Light Construction

10 Equipment Runtime vs. Heating Degree Days 34

for Heavy Construction

11. DHW Offtime Temperature Drop 43

12. Percent Efficiency Increase of Chiller vs. 61

Reduction in Condenser Water Temperature

13. Primary System - Savings Calculations 64

and Costs Reference Form

14. Secondary System - Savings Calculations 65

and Costs Reference Form

APPENDICES

A.1 Blank Forms 133 -A.2 Enthalpy of Air at Given Wet Bulb Temperatures 140

A.3 Variable Glossary 141

-.° . -. . . .- .-

.... . " ..- .1"''

V - - -

"--- ". ";w .""

.........................................

Unclassified _____________

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION Of THIS PAGE (II7N* DNS4 Fnte..d) READ____ INSTRUCTIONS_______

1REPORT NUMBER 2VACESSION NO. 13 1]f C ALOG NUMBER

4. TITLE (and S.sblSS.)S.TP OiRE RTA EIDCVRD

Standardized EMCS Energy Savings ___________

Calculations PEFRIGOGRERTNMR

7. AUTHOR(S) 8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(s)

Catherine Cornelius N27-1C98

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME ANO ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT PROJECT. TASK

Newcomb &Boyd, Consulting Engineers AREA II WORK UNITNUBR

One Northside 75 Z0371-01-221DAtlanta, GA 301R __________

11. I CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE

Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory Sep 1982Port Hueneme, CA 93043 UMEO

IA MONITORING AGENCY NAME & ADDRESS(it different ro- ConI,.Iiin# Offi-.) 1IS SECURITY CLASS. (.1 tis eoP.,r)

UnclassifiedS.DECLASSIFICATION DOWNGRADING

SCHEDULE

IS, DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (o.f this Report)

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of IIh. abstract entered in, Block 20. it differentI fr~ Report)

10. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

19 KEY WORDS (Continue ort reverse side if nece*ssay nd idetlify by block number) C

Calculations, EMCS, Energy

20 A PSTRMACT7 (Continue. on reverse. sifi necessary .Snd idw~tify by block nim'S.')

/This report describes standardized methods for determining* energy savings obtainable from EMCS applications programs using

manual and computerized algorithms. The methods will providereasonable approximations of savings but not detailed energy

* analyses of building operations.

DD I Fj .0 M 1473 EDITION OF' I NOV 3 IS OBSOLETE UcasfeSECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE Date, .1 Entered)

loop3

%.

-. r lr r . r r . - .'-.

1.0 SUMMARY

This document is prepared in accordance with Contract

N62474-81-C-9382, Task 3, from the Civil Engineering Labora-

tory, Port Hueneme, California. It describes standardized

time-based and climate-based methods for determining energy

savings obtainable from EMCS energy conservation programs

utilizing manual and computerized algorithms. It is

intended that these methods will provide reasonable approx-

imations of savings and not detailed energy analyses of each

building. When applicable, computer methods are recommendedover manual methods to provide better accuracy.. For energy

conservation strategies, for which computer adgorithms exist

and manual methods are unreliable, use of a computer is

requiied. These circumstances are spelled out in Section 3of ths report. The methods are applied to typical examples

of the systems identified in the Tri-Service Design Manual

for EMCS, TM 5-815-2/AFM 88-36/NAVFAC DM-4.9. Field datarequired for these calculations and forms which may be used

in recording the field data and performing the savings

calculations are included. General information about Energy

Monitoring and Control Systems, descriptions of the energy

conservation programs, and schematics of the typical systems

may be found in the Tri-Service Design Manual referenced

above. Section 5 details a hypothetical installation and completed

sample forms using the manual methods discussed in this report.

. ~~ .. -. .1.

-771

2.0 FIELD SURVEY DATA

A field survey of the facility under study is required to

determine what systems are present in each building being

considered for EMCS connection. As-built drawings and

equipment lists obtained from facility personnel need to beverified. The operation of each system and the building it

serves must be determined in sufficient detail to determine

which EMCS functions may be applicable to each system.

These and other tasks to be performed during the field

survey are listed on page 200 of the Tri-Service Design

Manual for EMCS, TM 5-815-2/AFM 88-36/NAVFAC DM-4.9. Build-

ing and system survey forms which may be used in this

endeavor are shown on the following two pages, in Figures 1and 2. Blank forms are also included in Appendix A.1.

Twenty-nine typical HVAC systems to which EMCS conservationprograms may be applied have been identified. System sche-

matics and I/O summary tables for these systems may be found

in the Tri-Service Design Manual for EMCS, TM 5-815-2/AEM

88-36/NAVFAC DM-4.9, pages 105 to 163.

Figure 3 lists those energy programs which may be applied to

a particular system type and a page reference where the

calculation method may be found. Information, specific to

system type, which is required for calculation of energy

savings is shown on the checklist on pages 6 to 8.

2...... ...

2 .- • -- ,

FIGURE 1

BUILDING DESCRIPTION DATA

BUILDING NUMIBER:___________________________

-, ~BUILDING DESCRIPTION:__________________________

GROSS AREA (SQUARE FEET):

MBER OF FLOORS:___________________________

TYPE CONSTRUCTION:____________________________

* APPROX. FLOOR TO FLOOR HEIGH' (FT):

* GLASS TYPE:

* ~CRITICAL AREAS:__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

OCCUPANCY SCHEDULE: ____________________________

3.

FIGURE 2

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION DATA BUILDING NUMBER_________

SYS # _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ SYS _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

TYPE __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ TYPE _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

MFGR. MOD. _________ MFGR. MOD. *__________

-~ CAPACITY __________ CAPAC ITY_____________

-HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE)

HP (TYPE) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ HP (TYPE)_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

HP (TYPE) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ HP (TYPE)_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

AREA SERVED_________ AREA SERVED____________

CONTROLS____________ CONTROLS________________

NOTES:___________ NOTES:_____________

SYS* _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ SYS _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

TYPE __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ TYPE _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

MFGR. MOD. #________ MFGR. MOD.#__________

-: CAPACITY ______ _____ CAPAC ITY_ _____________

HP (TYPE) __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ HP (TYPE) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

* HP (TYPE)_ _____ HP (TYPE)_ _______

HP (TYPE) __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ HP (TYPE) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

AREA SERVED__________ AREA SERVED____ ________

* CONTROLS_______ ____ CONTROLS ___ __________

* NOTES: _______ ____ NOTES:______________

4.p

FIGURE 3

ENERGY CONSERVATION PROGRAM APPLICATIONS

REFER CE. E w .0A M I 0 a. en u. .1

+

40.4L'

a.. r -

. C .4 44 ., .4

In 0 0 X~gl ~ 4No. Syte Tvp V) a4

1 Single Zone 0 0

2 UTerminal Re- 'beat At33o teVariablev Air 0 • U

4 Multi-Zone 0 e0 • " -"0

*UU Zone. ' 0L 44 0 ~

6 Mul t-Zone

DX-Alc ••@••••• •-

7 Vaoribe Fanr

,. ~~~Coil Unit •••• •"

'. i " ~ ~8 F o u r P i p e F a n • • •• •" .. .".. ~~Coil Unit ".!9 Heating ent.Ilatin Unit.

i 10 steam unit-: |8eat - :""

-* .. 10 teamUni

11 Electricunit Heater

12 Not WaterUnit Heater

13 SteamRadiation S .

14 ElectricRadlation 0 0 0

Radiation 0 "16 Stem - -.-- -

l iler -,-'-

17 Not Water" l o l l e r '

e18 rect Fired * * O * O •Furnace

19 Direct Fired * * * * * *Roller -

20 Stem H"

converter 021 3WSen - - - - - - - - - - -

Converter '22 3711W NW 0

Converter 0 0

23 Water CooledDX Compressor 0 0 0

24 Air CooledDX Coupresmo, 0

2 55Air Cooled 0Chiller

26 Water Cooleo '

Chiller - -- - - - - .27 Lighting * *

Control26 Domestic HUOlectric 0 0 • 0

29 Doametic Mw

Gas or Oil

*Select Economizer or Enthalpy4Cmetrifugal Chiller$ only

5.

2.1 FIELD INFORMATION CHECKLIST

All Systems

--- area being served by the system

required schedule of operation if different from

normal building occupancy schedulereliability and schedule of any existing start/stop

K: control (manual or timeclock)manufacturer's model number

Types 1 to 6 Air Handlers

--- required summer setpoint if different t 78°F

--- required winter setpoint if different t' "8°F

--- required unoccupied low temperature limit it

different than 55°F

--- sources of heating and cooling media

cfm capacity

--- percent minimum outside air--- OA damper control and revisions necessary to

convert to economizer control

--- supply and return (if any) fan horsepower .

--- required unoccupieu period setpoints if system

cannot be shutdown*--- reasonable reheat system reset (OF) based on coil

capacity and space loads or use suggested estimates

from Section 4.+ reasonable hot and cold deck resets (OF) based on

coil capacities and space loads or use suggestedestimates from Section 4.

+ percent of system cfm passing through hot and cold

decks

* Terminal Reheat AHU only

+ Nultizone AHU and DX-A/C systems only

|6.

Types 7, 8, 11, 14 Systems with no outside air

--- required summer setpoint if different than 78OF

--- required winter setpoint if different than 68OF

required unoccupied low temperature limit if

different than 550F

--- sources of heating and/or cooling media-supply fan horsepower

--- required unoccupied period setpoints is system

cannot be shutdown

Types 9, 18, 19 Heating only fan units

--- required winter setpoint if different than 68cF

--- required unoccupied low temperature limit if

different than 550F

--- source of heating medium

--- cfm capacity--- percent minimum outside air

--- OA damper control

--- supply and return (if any) fan horsepower

required unoccupied period setpoints if system

cannot be shutdown

Types 10, 12, 13, 15 Heating Systems

--- required winter setpoint if different than 680F

--- source of heating medium

required unoccupied period setpoint*--- total maximum output of hot water radiators

* Only needed for consideration of hot water tempera-

ture reset on an independent hot water radiation loop;

otherwise, it will be reset at the hot water source.

7.V

Types 16, 17 Steam or Hot Water Boiler

--- maximum capacity of each boiler

--- type of energy source (fuel)

--- conditions of operation for estimation of efficiency

Types 20, 21, 22 Converters

--- maximum heat transfer capacity of converter

--- horsepower rating of all associated pumps--- source of steam or hot water

--- conversion efficiency (or assume 90%)

Types 23, 24, 25, 26 DX Compressors and Chillers

--- type of compressor(s)

--- horsepower of compressor motor(s) and any auxiliary

pumps

--- staging control

--- refrigeration capacity (tons)--- entering condenser water temperature setpoint

--- cycling or continuously running tower fan

S*-- cold water setpoint

• *- capacity control

--- double bundle condenser

• Water cooled systems only

•* Chillers only

Type 27 Lighting Control

--- total KW per lighting zone

8.

Type 28, 29 Domestic Hot Water

--- type energy source (fuel)--- tank height and diameter--- insulation thickness--- hot water temperature setpoint

--- average temperature of surroundingspossible shutdown schedule

9.

. . .

The savings calculations use motor horsepowers in calcula-

tion of auxiliary savings. If horsepower is not listed onthe motor nameplates then calculate it based on the electri-

cal data as follows:

HP = V x A x x 0.851000 watts/kw x 0.746 kw/hp

where,

V = voltage

A = full load or rated amperage

= number of phases

For motors 25 HP or greater, it is preferable to take field

measurements of the electrical consumption.

The air handling capacity in cubic feet per minute (cfm) is

required for analysis of most air handler systems. If this

information cannot be determined from the equipment name-plate, catalog data or as-built mechanical plans, thenassume a cfm value equal to the square feet of area being

served.

10.

-n-v-*V r-Sr ~ V~ r o. .,..

3.0 DATA DEVELOPMENT

Many factors which affect the magnitude of energy savingsachievable from the conservation programs are only dependent

on the climate of a particular location or the building

design and load characteristics. The determination of these

constant factors is discussed in this section.

3.1 Climate-based factors

Before beginning the savings analysis at a particular loca-

tion, those factors which are solely related to climateshould be calculated. The derived values of the climate-

based factors may be entered into the table shown in Figure4, for easy reference while performing the system analyses.A blank form is also included in Appendix A.I. The page

reference indicates the page in this report where a methodof determining the data is outlined. If actual weather data

for the facility under study is available it should be used

in preference to calculated data. For example, if a base

has a yearly schedule for turning central cooling equipmenton May 20 and off September 30 then that time period should

be used for the weeks of summer (WKS).

Several factors may be derived from weather data located inChapter 3 of the Engineering Weather Data, NAVFAC P-89/AFM88-29/TM 5-785. The following pages demonstrate methods for "

calculating each of the Climate-Based Factors using weather

. . . . . . . . . . . . .~ p~** . ; *.,.

data for Springfield MAP, Missouri. In each case, the

columns in the data tables are derived from the weather data

reproduced in Figures 5 and 6, from Chapter 3, pages 3-20and 3-21, of the Engineering Weather Data. The columnletter indices in each procedure correspond to the letters

on the columns in Figures 5 and 6. The Climate-Based

Factors for any location in the Engineering Weather Data can

be derived in a similar fashion.

Ire-

12.U U

FIGURE 4

CLIMATE BASED FACTORS

LOCATION: -_-_-_

PAGESYMBOL DESCRIPTION REF. VALUE UNITS

ACWT Average Condenser Water Temperature 16 *F

AND Annual Number of Days for Warmup 18 Days/Yr.

AST* Average Summer Temperature 19 OF

AWT* Average Winter Temperature 19

CFLH Annual Equiv. Full-Load Hrs. For Cooling 20 Hrs/Yr.

HFLH Annual Equiv. Full-Load Hrs. for Heating 22 Hrs/Yr.

HS Hrs. of Temp. Limit Shut-off for Summer 23 Hrs/Yr

BW Hrs. of Temp. Limit Shut-off for Winter 23 Hrs/Yr

OAH* Average Outside Air Enthalpy , 24 Btu/lb.

PRT* Percent Run Time for Low Temp. Limit 25

WKS* Weeks of Summer 27 Wks/Yr.

WKW* Weeks of Winter 27 Wks/Yr.

* Data not necessary if computer methods are used.

13.IV

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* . - . -o--.--.

Average entering condenser water temperature (ACWT):

The purpose of this procedure is to find the average enter-

ing condenser water temperature which can be obtained from a

cooling tower during the cooling season at a given location.

This value can then be used in the Condenser Water Temper-

ature Reset savings calculations for any cooling tower in

the same geographic location.

Using the Engineering Weather Data, compile a data table

like the one below for Springfield, Missouri. Find the Mean

Coincident Wet Bulb Temperatures corresponding to Temper-

ature Ranges above 550F. (Column A). Assume an approach

temperature (the difference in temperature between the

outside air wet bulb temperature and the entering condenser

water temperature) of 100F. Add this to the Mean Coincident

Wet Bulb Temperatures (Column B). For normal office hours

of operation consider the annual hours of occurrence during

the 09 to 16 period (Column C) and perform the following

calculations:

1'6

16.

, . i . . .

A. Mean B. Condenser C. 09 to 16 D. Temperature

Coincident Water Temp. Hours of HoursWet Bulb OF (A + 00° ) Occurrence (B x C)

77 87 0 0

74 84 1 84

74 84 4 336

74 84 39 3276

74 84 121 10164

72 82 232 19024

70 80 295 23600

68 78 279 21762

66 76 272 20672

62 72 228 16416

57 67 204 13668

52 62 181 11222

1856 140224

Average condenser water temperature = ACWT

•= Total of D/Total of C

= 140221/1856 = 75.60F.

- 3

U V-.:

F 1 .+

Annual number of days requiring morning warmun (ArID):

Results of this procedure will be used in savings calcula-

tions for Ventilation and Recirculation and Optimum Start/

Stop. Assuming the start-up time is early morning consider

only those hours of occurrence 01 to 08 for temperatures

below 600F. (Column F). Derive the following information

from the weather data:

E. Temperature F. 01 to 08 G. Annual

Range OF Hours of No. Of

Occurrence Days

(F 4 8)

55/59 235 30

50/54 208 26

45/49 206 26

40/44 219 28

35/39 235 30

30/34 237 30

25/29 195 25

20/24 107 14

15/19 74 10

10/14 46 6

5/9 19 3

0/4 13 2

-5/-1 4 1-10/-6 1 1

-11 & below 0 0

Total 232

The annual number of days that warmup is required is thetotal of column G: AND = 232.

18.

Average summer temperature (AST):

Results of this procedure will be used in the savings calcu-

lations for Scheduled Start/Stop. Find the annual hours

observed for time periods 01 to 08 and 17 to 24 (Columns F

and I), which correspond to the mean temperature in the 50

ranges (Column H) above 750F. Compile a table as follows:

H. Mean OF F. 01 to 08 I. 17 to 24 J. Annual Summer

In Range Hours of Hours of Degree Hours

Occurence Occurrence (H + I) x G

112 0 0 0

107 0 0 0

102 0 0 0

97 0 9 873

92 0 32 2,944

87 4 78 7,134

82 29 151 14,760

77 105 252 27,489

TOTALS 138 hr. 522 hr. 53,200 hr0 F

The average summer temperature is equal to: .

AST = Total of J/(Total of F + Total of I)

= 53,200/(138 + 522) = 80.6*F -:

Average winter temperature (AWT):

Results of this procedure will be used in the savings calcu-

lations for Scheduled Start/ Stop and Ventilation/Recircula-

tion. Find the annual total hours observed (Column K) at

temperatures below 650F (column H) and compile a data table

19.-- * .. * .* 1

as follows:

H. Mean OF K. Annual L. Annual Winter

In Range Total Hours Degree Hours

62 768 47,616

57 619 35,283

52 598 31,096

47 608 28,576

42 603 25,326

37 606 22,422

32 577 18,464

27 412 11,124

22 240 5,280

17 141 2,397 I

12 85 1,020

7 39 273

-*2 21 42

-3 6 -18

-8 1 -8TOTALS 5,324 hr/yr 228,893 OF-hr/yr

The average winter temperature is equal to: 640.

AWT = Total of L/Total of K

- 228,893/5,324 = 43.0*F

Annual equivalent full-load hours for cooling (CFLH):

Cooling full-load hours (CFLH) will be used in savings

calculations for Chiller Water Temperature Reset and and

Condenser Water Temperature Reset. A value can be chosen

from Table 3, p. 43.11, in the 1980 Systems ASHRAE Handbook,

or the following procedure can be used to determine the

value of the parameter. FInd the 2.5% Summer Design Data

Dry Bulb temperature for the location under study in Chapter

20.

L

1 of the Engineering Weather Data, AFM 88-29/TM 5-785/NAVFAC

P-89. For Sprinfield MAP, Missouri it is 93*F. For daytime

operation of the cooling systems consider the annual hours

of occurence above and equal to 650F for the 09 to 16 period

(Column C), as in the example. For 24-hour operation

consider the total observed annual hours of occurrence

(Column K). Develop the following data table from the

weather data:

H. Mean OF C. 09 to 16 M. Degree

In Range Hours of Hours

Occurence C(H-650 )

112 0 0

107 1 42

102 4 148

97 39 1,248

92 121 3,267

87 232 5,104

82 295 5,015

77 279 3,348

72 272 1,904

67 228 456TOTAL 20,532 OF-hr.

Annual equivalent full-load hours for cooling is calculated

as follows:

CFLH = Total of M

Cooling design temperature - 650

20,532/(93*-650) 733 hr/yr.

21.

.. .. . . ' ... u ° I I ... I I - °

Annual equivalent full-load hours for heating (HFLH):

Results of this procedure will be used in savings calcula-

tions for Hot Water Outside Air Reset. Find the 97.5%

Heating Design Data Dry Bulb Temperature for the location

under study in Chapter 1 of the Engineering Weather Data,

AFM 88-29/ TM5-785/ NAVFAC P-89. For Springfield MAP,

Missouri the heating design temperature is listed as 90 F.

For daytime operation of a heating system consider the

annual hours of occurrence below 65*F for the 09 to 16

period; this was assumed for the example. For 24-hour

operation consider the total observed annual hours of occur-

rence. Develop the following data table from the weather

data:

H. Mean OF C. 09 to 16 N. Degree

In Range Hours Of Hours

Occurence C(65 0-H)

62 204 612

57 181 144852 182 2366

47 191 3438 6

42 173 3979

37 160 448032 149 4917

27 92 3496 6

22 54 2322

17 28 1344

12 18 954

7 8 464

2 4 252

-3 1 68

-8 0 0

Total 30140 OF-hr.

22.

Annual equivalent full-load hours for heating is calculated

as follows:

HFLH = Total of N650 - heating design temperature

- 30140/(650 - 90) = 538 hr/yr

Hours for outside air temperature shutoff (HS and HW):

Results of this procedure will be used in savings calcula-

tions for Outside Air Shutoff Limit. For the heating sav-

ings consider the months during which heating auxiliaries

such as hot water pumps are scheduled to operate at the

facility under study and from the weather data determine the

total number of hours during that period that the tempera-

ture is above or equal to 650F. In a similar fashion deter-

mine the number of hours below the cooling season tempera-

ture limit. Cooling season shut off should only be con-

sidered for small skin-dominated buildings (low internal

heat gains compared to heat transfer through walls and roof)

and the temperature limit should be chosen accordingly. For

the Springfield example assume the heating pumps operate

November through April based on the 23.4 week winter deter-

mined on page 27. Assume the chiller for a skin-dominated

building with operable windows is turned on the 15th of May

and runs through September. A summer temperature limit of

750F is used. Only the 09 to 16 time periods are considered

for the example. The actual seasonal schedule for heating

equipment and cooling equipment should be used when known

for a facility.

Hours in summer outside temperature is below summer limit -

HS = 1/3 (144) + 64 + 31 + 31 + 99 = 273 hr/yr

Hours in winter outside temperature is above winter limit .

HW = 40 + 5 + 8 + 9 + 35 + 107 = 204 hr/yr

23.

q

Average outside air enthalpy (OAH):

The results of this procedure will be used in the savingscalculations for Scheduled Start/Stop. For normal daytime

hours of operation of the HVAC equipment consider the hoursof occurrence for the time periods 01 to 08 and 17 to 24

above 750F dry bulb temperature. Develop the following data

table from the weather data:

A. Mean F. 01 to 08 I. 17 to 24 0. Degree

Coincident Hours of Hours of Hours

Wet Bulb (OF) Occurrence Occurrence Ax(B+C)

77 0 0 0

74 0 0 0 I

74 0 0 0

74 0 9 666

74 0 32 236872 4 78 5904

70 29 151 12600

68 105 252 25276

Totals 138 hrs. 522 hrs. 45814 hrs-0 F

Average wet bulb temperature =

Total of O/(total of F + total of I) -

45814/(138 + 522) = 69.4 0 F.

The corresponding outside air enthalpy (OAH) can be obtained

by consulting Appendix A.2. For this example the OAH which

corresponds to 69.4 0 F - WB is 33.34 Btu/lb.

24.

Percent runtime for low temperature limit (PRT):

THe percent runtime (PRT) is the percentage of scheduled off

time during unoccupied periods when the fans and pumps must

come back on in order to maintain a 550F setback tempera-

ture. The determined value will be used in Scheduled Start/

Stop savings calculations. Find the annual Heating Degree

Days for the location under study in Chapter 1 of Engineering

Weather Data, AFM 88-29/TM 5-785/ NAVFAC P-89. The corres-

ponding percent run time (PRT) can be found on Figure 7,

page 26. For the Springfield example the number of heating

degree days are 4570, and the corresponding PRT is 15%.

40.

2 .

25.

us 20%-

zad'

* IL

* 1-0Z w

4c0 10%-

*0 2000 4000 6000 6000 10.000 12.000 *

HEATING DEGREE DAYS

FIGURE 7

26.2

-:.

Weeks of summer (WKS) and

Weeks of winter (WKW):

Results of this procedure will be used in the savings calcu-

lations for Scheduled Start/Stop, Ventilation/Recirculation,

Day/Night Setback, Reheat Coil Reset, and Hot Deck/Cold Deck

Temperature Reset. Find the annual total hours observed

below 550F (Column K) and make the calculations shown below:

E. Temperature K. Annual

Range, OF Total Hours

50/54 598

45/49 608

40/44 603

35/39 606

30/34 577

25/29 412

20/24 240

15/19 141

10/14 85

5/9 39

0/4 21-5/-l 6--

-10/-6 1

Total 3937 hr/yr

The weeks of winter are equal to:

WKW = (Total of K ) hr/yr

(24 hr/dy)(7 dy/wk)

= 3937/(24)(7) = 23.4 wk/yr

The weeks of summer are equal to:

WKS = 52 wk/yr - WKW

= 52 - 23.4= 28.6 wk/yr

27.IU

• r-.- rr .. rI

h.|

3.2 Building-specific Factors

Before beginning the savings for each system in a given

building it is best to calculate those factors which are

constant for that building. It is important when deriving

thermal parameters of a building to take account of any

proposed architectural modifications. These factors may be

entered in forms like the one shown in Figure 8 for easy

reference. A blank form is included in Appendix A.1.

Following is a discussion of those factors and their deriva-

tions.

Building thermal transmission (BTT):

This factor is not needed if computer methods are used.

The resultant answer for BTT in Btu/hrOF-ft2 is used in the

Scheduled Start/Stop and Day/Night Setback savings calcula-

tions.

BTT = [(Uo x AW) + (I x 1.08 Btu/cfm0 F-hr)]/AF

Where,

• Uo = combined U-factor for all exterior surfaces

(walls, windows, doors, roof) in Btu/ft2hrOF

AW = total area of exterior surfaces in ft2

•I = total infiltration for building in cfm

AF = total floor area of the building in ft2

• The values for these factors may be calculated by methods

discussed in ASHRAE Handbook, 1981 Fundamentals, Chapters 22

and 23.

28.

.U

FIGURE 8

BUILDING-SPECIFIC FACTORS

BUILDING: _______ ____

*BTT Building Thermal Transmission

(U-factor X exterior area) + (Infiltration X 1.08)/Total Floor Area

-(Btu/hr*F-ft 2 x ft2) + (cfm X 1.08)/ ft2

____Btulhx? F-ft2

ERT =Annual Run Time of Equipment for Morning Warmup

Heating Degree Days ________F-days

- ~Combined U-factor, Uo - ______Btu/hrOF-ft2

From Figure 9 or 10 ERT -_ ____ hr/yr

Primary Sources of Cooling Medium

*Sys. No System Type Systems Served CPT

7.~

Primary Sources of Heating Medium

*Sys. No System Typ Systems Served HEFF 11V

- * Data not necessary if computer method is used.

29.

"7

Annual equipment runtime for morning warmup (ERT):

The equipment runtime (ERT) is the number of hours per year

that a system must run in the mornings before occupancy to

bring the temperature up to comfort conditions. The calcu-

lated value will be used in savings calculations for Optimum

Start/Stop. Calculate the combined wall Uo factor by stan-

dard methods such as described in the ASHRAE Handbook

1981 Fundamentals, Chapter 23. Find the annual HeatingDegree Days for the location under study in Chapter 1 of

Engineering Weather Data, AFM 88-29/TM 5-785/NAVFAC P-89. Lg

The corresponding equipment runtime (ERT) can be found on

Figure 9 or 10, page 33 or 34. For a brick building with an

overall U-factor of .21 in Springfield, Missouri (HDD of

4570), the corresponding ERT from Figure 10 is 290 hours per

year.

Following are factors which may sometimes be the same for

all systems in a given building.

CPT = rate of energy consumption per ton of refrigera-

tion in kw/ton or lb/ton-hr.

This figure will be the same for all air handling

systems using chilled water from the same central

chiller. DX units or package units will be excep-

tions. Use a value derived from manufacturer's 0

catalog or nameplate data for the particular model

if available; or use the approximate power inputs

for compressors listed in Table 2, p. 43.10 of the

ASHRAE Handbook, 1980 Systems.

30.

For steam-driven refirgeration machines use:

steam absorption machine - 18 lb/ton-hr --

steam turbine driven machine - 40 lb/ton-hr

K' ' HEFF = heating efficiency of the system

When calculating heating savings for boilers and

domestic hot water heaters, use manufacturer's

data on efficiencies if available. Typically, the

seasonal efficiency of an oil or gas fired boiler

and hot water heating system is between .60 and

.70, and for coal fired boilers, somewhat lower.

For separate domestic hot water heaters, seasonal

efficiencies are about .70 for oil fired heaters,

.75 for gas fired heaters, and .95 for electric

water heaters.

When calculating heating savings for converters,

heat exchanger effectiveness must be included.

Use a factor of 0.90 combined with the efficiency

of the boiler which serves the converter if actual

equipment data is not available. For example, if

a boiler with an efficiency of 0.65 supplies steam

to a steam/hot water converter, then the total

heating efficiency (HEFF) of the converter will be.65 times .90 or .585.

When calculating heating savings for secondary

systems, the distribution losses also must be

taken into account. The distribution efficienciesof hot water systems may be estimated based on the -flow rate and the temperature difference between

the outlet of the boiler or converter and the

inlet to the air handler heating coil. If thisiI data is not available, assume a distribution --

31.

,Q A

efficiency of 0.90. This must be multiplied by

the boiler or converter efficiency to determinethe combined heating efficiency (HEFF) of the

secondary system.

For electrical resistance duct heaters assume a

heating efficiency of 1.0.

HV = heating value of fuel.

Actual heating values should be used when known;

otherwise, use the following values to convert

heating load in BTU's to actual fuel consumed at

the building. These numbers will be used for66 calculating the actual amount of fuel saved in

gallons, cubic feet, etc., which then will be used

to determine dollar savings, based on the priceper unit of fuel. Therefore, the numbers listed

below for Purchased Steam and Electrical Source

Fuel must be differentiated from the values for

off-site generated fuel (1390 Btu/lb and 11,600

But/Kwh), which are recommended for calculation ofenergy to cost (E/C) ratios in Energy Conservation

Investment Program (ECIP) economic analyses.

Distillate Fuel Oil ................. 138,700 BTU/gal

Residual Fuel Oil ................... 150,000 BTU/gal

Natural Gas ....................... 1,031,000 BTU/1000 cu.ft

LPG, Propane, Butane ................. 95,500 BTU/gal

Bituminous Coal .................. 24,580,000 BTU/Short TonPurchased Steam ....................... 1,060 BTU/lb S

Electrical Source Fuel ................ 3,413 BTU/KWH

32.

9 .I

600

U=.?25500-

U=.18S 400-

LI.I IJ=15

S 300 U=-

200

Or

* 100-

2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

HEATING DEGREE DAYS

LIGHT CONSTRUCTIONFIGURE9

33.

U=. 25600 U=. 23

U=. 21

U=.18 4

500-

U=. 15

U-. 1

300-

L&J 200- 1 ,00

100

200 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

6 HEATING DEGREE DAYS -

HEAVY C0NSTRUCTIUNhFIGURE 10

34.

3.3 Miscellaneous Factors

L = load factor

This takes into account the efficiency and partial

load of motors. For conservation savings estima-

tion use 0.8 based on,

L = partial load = .68 0.8efficiency at part load .85 0.8

Other values should be used if information on a

particular motor indicates such.

LTL = low temperature limit in OF for shutdown periods,

usually is 50°F or 550F.

SSP = summer thermostat setpoint in OF; 78°F is recommended

for normal occupancy

WSP = winter thermostat setpoint in OF; 65OF is recommended

for normal occupancy

35

35.

* - -. * . -.

4.0 Savings Calculation Algorithms

When calculating energy savings for systems on which more - n

than one EMCS function may be applied, care must be taken

not to duplicate savings. For example, the potential cool-ing savings from cold/hot deck reset is affected by the

operation of an economizer cycle. Therefore, it is neces- 0

sary to include an economizer cycle in the computer simula-

tion runs used for considering hot/cold deck reset savings

if the economizer cycle program is also going to be used on

the system. These type considerations are discussed with -wthe savings calculations for each energy saving function.

Also, care must be taken not to calculate the same heating

or cooling savings for both the secondary system and primary -

system serving it. For example, both an air handler and the

chiller providing chilled water to the AHU coil may be

considered for Scheduled Start/Stop. The cooling savings

for the space being served may be calculated in the savings '

analysiL for either system but not both.

The time event programs Scheduled Start/Stop, Day/Night

Setback, Ventilation/Recirculation, and Optimum Start/Stop

are closely related and the savings attributable to each is

dependent on how the function is defined. An attempt has

been made in the development of standard methods of deter-mining energy savings to differentiate among these programs

based on the descriptions found in Section II of the

Energy Monitoring and Control Systems(EMCS) Technical Manual,

TM 5-815-2/AFM 88-36/NAVFAC DM-4.9.

Scheduled Start/Stop may be applied to systems which can be

shut down during unoccupied hours, such as chillers and air

handlers serving non-critical areas. Day/Night Setback is

to be applied to systems which cannot be completely shut

down during unoccupied hours, but can have thermostat set-

36.

points set back. Optimum Start/Stop calculations are ap-

plicable only in conjunction with Scheduled Start/Stop for

systems having auxiliary pumps and/or fans. Some heating __Wand cooling energy may be saved by Optimum Start/Stop ap-

plied to night setback scheduling, however, estimation of

these savings would be difficult; therefore, only auxiliary

savings are considered. The Ventilation and Recirculation

program is applicable in conjunction with Scheduled Start/

Stop or Day/Night Setback for air handlers which have or are

to be retrofitted with outside air damper control.

Standard methods for calculating yearly savings from eachenergy conservation strategy, as they apply to individual

systems, have been developed. Computer methods are re-

commended for better accuracy, when a building energy simu-

lation computer program is available. The standard methods

are discussed in the following pages. A master variable

glossary of all the parameters used in the calculations is

included in Appendix A.3.

Each equation below results in an answer with units of

energy per year. In most cases, cooling savings will be in

kwh per year, except where an absorption or steam turbine

driven chiller is in ope;.ation. In that case, cooling

savings will be in pounds of steam per year and needs to beconverted to the primary fuel source units for the on-site

boiler, taking boiler efficiency into consideration. Heat-

ing savings calculations will result in an answer with units

of fuel consumption per year. The units could be cubic feet

of natural gas per year or gallons of fuel oil per year orany other primary source of heat on the facility. &

37.

4.1 SCHEDULED START/STOP

Manual Method:

The following savings calculations for HVAC equipment assume

a low temperature override to system shutdown. If no low

temperature limit is desired than use the average winter

temperature (AWT) in place of the low temperature limit

(LTL) and let percent runtime (PRT) equal zero.

Cooling savings =

BTT x AZ x (AST-SSP) x (168 hr/wk - H) x WKS x CPT x F12,000 Btu/ton-hr

Heating savings =

BTT x AZ x (WSP-LTL*) x (168 hr/wk -H) x WKW x FHEFF x HV

Ventilation cooling savings =

[CFM x POA x (4.5 lb/cfm-hr) x (OAH-RAH) x (168 hr/wk - H)

x WKS x CPT x F]/(12,000 Btu/ton-hr)

Ventilation heating savings = U[CFM x POA x (1.08 Btu/cfm°F-hr) x (WSP-AWT)

x (168 hr/wk - H) x WKW x F]/(HEFF x HV)

Auxiliary savings =

HP x L x (0.746 kw/hp) x (168 hr/wk - H)

x [WKS + (WKW x (l-PRT)] x F

Where,

AST = average summer temperature in OF (See page

19)38

38.

AWT = average winter temperature in OF (See page

19)

AZ = area of zone being served in ft.2

BTT = building thermal transmission in Btu/hr°F-ft2

(See page 28)3CFM = air handling capacity in ft /min

CPT = energy consumption per ton of refrigeration

in Kw/ton or lb/ton-hr (See page 30)

F = fraction of savings attributable to EMCS (See

page 42)

H = hours of operation per week (use present time

clock schedule or occupied hours plus two

hours each morning).

HEFF = heating efficiency of the system (total

system, including converters, transmission

system, boilers see page 31).

HP = motor nameplate horsepower (total of conti-

nuously running fans and pumps).

HV = heating value of fuel (in Btu/gal, Btu/kwh, -W4

etc. See page 32).

L = load factor (See page 35)

LTL = low temperature limit in OF; usually 50OF or

550F. *Use the average winter temperature in

place of LTL if AWT > LTL.

OAH = average outside air enthalpy in Btu/lb (See

page 24)

POA = present percent minimum outside air expressed

as a decimal 7

PRT = percent run time during heating season shut-

down period required to maintain a low limit

temperature of 55*F expressed as a decimal W

(See page 25). Use PRT = 0 if no low tempe-rature limit is planned.

RAH = return air enthalpy during normal operating

hours. Use 29.91 Btu/lb for 78OF and 50%

humidity. For other conditions, obtain

values from a psychrometric chart.

39.

*6"

SSP = summer thermostat setpoint in *FWKS = length of summer cooling season in weeks per

year (See page 27) 7WKW = length of winter heatng season in weeks per

year (See page 27)

WSP winter thermostat setpoint in °F

Computer Method:

Simulate building loads and system operation using a comput-

erized energy analysis program. In the initial run assume

that the systems run 24 hrs/day, 7 days/week. In the second

run, assume that systems run only during occupied hours plus

two hours in the morning for warm up or cool down. .Include

desired low limit temperatures when applicable. Do not

include fan KW in computer runs so that the difference in

results is representative only of heating and cooling energy

reduction. This heating and cooling energy savings can then

be proportioned on a per ft2 basis to other similar systems "

serving zones with similar building loads.

Cooling Savings = Difference in electrical consumption

of computer analysis runs.

Heating Savings = Difference in heating consumption

of computer analysis runs.

Auxiliary Savings = (See manual method)

The following procedure determines the yearly savings from

Scheduled Start/Stop of a domestic hot water heater.

w1. Calculate tank volume and surface area:

V = 0.785 x D2 x HT

A = (1.571 x D2 ) + (3.14 x D x HT)

40

40.I

2. Use Figure 11, page 43, to determine the quantity:

E T - Ts

To- Ts

3. Calculate the energy savings:

DHW heating savings =[(A x (To-Ts) x LSD x (.285 Btu-in/ft2hrOF/INS))

3- (V x 62.4 Btu/ft OF x (To-Ts) x (1-E))] x NSDx F/(HEFF x HV)

4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 for each different length of

shutdown period and then total the savings.

Where,

A surface area of tank in ft2

D = diameter of tank in ft

E = parameter determined from Figure 11F = fraction of savings attributable to EMCS (See

page 42)HEFF = heating efficiency of the system (See page

31)

HT = height of tank in ft

HV = heating value of fuel in Btu/gal, Btu/kwh,etc. (See page 32)

INS = thickness of insulation in inches

LSD = length of shutdown period in hours

NSD = number of shutdown periods per year of a

given length

T = water temperature at end of shutdown period

in OFTo = hot water temperature setpoint in OFTs = average temperature of surroundings in °F

V = volume of tank in ft3

41.

If the system is currently started and stopped by a time

switch or manually, full credit cannot be taken for the

above savings for the EMCS. Determining what savings may be -

attributed to the EMCS becomes a function of the reliability

of the time switch system. Time switches can be effective

devices for the reduction of energy consumption; however, 4

they have several disadvantages. They do not take into

account holiday operation, seasonal changes, or daily weath-

er variations. They are also easily tampered with, bypass-

ed, or overridden. The pins which activate actions mayslide, thus causing system operation and energy consumption

at unnecessary times. They must be checked often to ensure

proper operation and must be reset manually every time a

power outage occurs for any appreciable time period. Manual

operation is subject to human error and forgetfulness.

The EMCS is capable of performing the same operations but

without most of the difficulties described, since it is not

within the reach of tampering, and system operations are

monitored constantly by the console operator. Therefore,

the EMCS should be credited with some portion of these

savings due to the increased reliability and the EMCS'

ability to adjust and optimize start and stop times.

The fraction of savings attributable to the EMCS (F) shall

be used to account for present timeclock or manual operation

and future use of extended service capability of the system.

Let F equal 1.0 if the system is presently operating around

the clock and no extended service is projected. Otherwise,

the value shall be between 0 and 1.0 depending on extension

of operation and the reliability of the present control as

determined during the field survey.

42.

-4 7

LA

00

.LHDIaH >XNV 1L

00

En H

0

U-1-

E-4 E- $4

E-4-E-4

4-444

OD 0

43.

-7- - -1

4.2 DUTY CYCLING

This function is applicable to electrical loads under 30 hp

nameplate rating; however, the savings calculations apply

only to constant loads. Duty cycling of loads which already

cycle under local controls may save energy by essentially

overriding the local thermostat setting, but these savingswould be difficult to estimate and so are not included in

the analysis. For motors above 30 hp, the savings are

offset by added maintenance cost due to excessive wear on

belts and bearings caused by frequent cycling.

Manual method:

Assume the system may be shut down for an average of 10

minutes per hour. The savings resulting from this function

are fan or other auxiliary energy and outside air heating

and cooling energy. Outside air loads are difficult to

determine since they actually depend on space load condi- Vtions. If there is a net cooling load in the space, and the

outside air is below 750F, the outside air actually reduces

energy consumption, which is often the case in commercial

buildings during the heating season. Therefore, ventilation g

savings will not be credited by the manual method.

Auxiliary savings =

HP x L x 10/60 x (.746 Kw/hp) x H x (52 wk/yr)

Where,

H = Hours of operation per week (use number of hours

of occupancy assuming duty cycling is not desir-

able during warmup)

HP = motor nameplate horsepower (total of all con-

tinuously running fans and pumps)

44.iS

L = load factor (see page 35)10/60 = fraction of time system is shut down (assumes ten

minutes out of each hour)

Computer Method:

Simulate building loads and systems operation using a comput-

erized energy analysis program capable of calculating annual

energy consumption. In the initial run schedule the system

to run during occupied hours plus two hours in the morning.

On the second run, schedule the system to run for only 50 W

minutes of each hour except the first two. It is important

to use accurate actual ventilation air quantities as inputto the program if possible. Include dry bulb or enthalpy

economizer in both runs if either exists or is to be imple-

mented for the system by the EMCS. Do not include fan KW

input in the computer runs so that the difference in results

only represents heating and cooling energy reductions.

Cooling Savings = Difference in electrical consump-

tion of computer analysis runs.Heating Savings Difference in heating consumption

of computer analysis runs.Auxiliary Savings (See manual method)

4.3 DEMAND LIMITING

Assume by using a rotating group load shed scheme that the

system can be shed 25% of time under peak load conditions.

KW Savings = HP x L x (0.746 kw/hp) x 0.25 V

Where,

HP = motor nameplate horsepower (total of all motors

in system)

L = load factor (see page 35)

45.

-4

4.4 OPTIMUM START/STOP

Auxiliary savings from this function are derived by mini-

mizing the necessary warm-up or cool-down time prior to

occupancy and by shut down of the system as early as possi-

ble before the end of the occupancy period. Early shutdownis applicable only where ventilation is not critical and

most of the occupants vacate the building at the scheduled

time. Cooling and heating savings obtainable by keeping OA

dampers closed during warm-up/cool-down times are accounted

for in the Ventilation and Recirculation savings calcula- -]

tions. While a small amount of energy may be saved due toless run time of cycling loads (cooling tower fans or unit

heaters), it is difficult to estimate and is not included in

this analysis.

Warm-up Auxiliary Savings -

HP x L x (0.746 kw/hp) x ((WH x AND) - ERT) x (DAY/7 dy/wk)

* Cool-down Auxiliary Savings =

HP x L x (0.746 kw/hp) x (CH - .75 hr/dy) x (365 dy/yr -

AND) x (DAY/7 dy/wk)

Where,

AND =annual number of days total that warmup is re-

quired in days per year (See page 18)

CH = present cool-down time before occupancy in hours

per day. Use either the actual time presently

scheduled for cool-down by an existing timeclock

or 2 hours to correspond to Scheduled Start/Stop

savings calculations.

DAY = equipment operation in days per week

ERT = equipment run time total required for warm up in

hours per year (See page 30)

46.

____ ___ ____ ___ __ _ __ _ ___ ____ ____ ___

-u

HP = motor nameplate horsepower (total of continuously

running fans and pumps)

L = load factor (See page 35)WH = present warm-up time before occupancy in hours per

day. Use either the actual time presently sche-

duled for warmup by an existing timeclock or 2

hours to correspond to Scheduled Start/Stop sav-

ings calculations.

*This calculation assumes a 45 minute (.75 hours) cool-down

time is required per day during the days of the year not

requiring warmup. This is a conservative estimate; in most

parts of the country, a fifteen minute purge would probably

be sufficient in mild weather.

4.5 OUTSIDE AIR LIMIT SHUTOFF

Savings are derived from reduced hours of operation of

auxiliary equipment and reduction of system losses (heat ' V

transfer through pipe walls, leaking steam traps, etc.).

Whenever the system loss savings can be identified they

should be included in the analysis. However, generally it

is not possible to reasonably estimate what those losses

are. Auxiliary savings are derived from the shutting off of

pumps, fans, etc. The auxiliaries may be shut down whenever

the outside temperature crosses limits which, according to

the time of year, indicate that heating or cooling is not

required. Fans which provide necessary ventilation should

not be considered for these savings. Also cooling to inte-

rior zones should not be shutoff by this function.

S

Auxiliary Savings = HP x L x (0.746 kw/hp) x (HS + HW)

47.

Where,

HP = motor nameplate horsepower (total of continuously

running fans and pumps)

HS = hours in summer outside temperature is below

summer limit in hours per year (See page 23)

HW = hours in winter outside temperature is abov,,

winter limit in hours per year (See page 23)

L load factor

4.6 VENTILATION AND RECIRCULATION -

Savings from this function are a result of control of OA

dampers. All calculations assume that a 15 minute purge of

ventilation air is necessary prior to occupancy.

The following calculation is applicable to systems which are

shut down by the Scheduled Start./Stop function and is re-

stricted to the period of time during warm-up or cool-down

prior to occupancy. No cool-down ventilation savings is

included in the analysis based on the assumption that early

morning outside air adds a negligible amount to the cooling

load and in fact may lessen the load through an economizer

effect.

Warmup ventilation heating savings -

CFM x POA x (WSP-AWT) x (1.08 Btu/cfm0 F-hr) x AND x (WH-.25 hr/day)HEFF x HV

The next two calculations are applicable to fan systems

* which must maintain environmental conditions but may elimi-

nate outside air during building unoccupied periods.

Ventilation cooling savings =

[CR4 x POA x (4.5 lb/cfm-hr) x (OAH-RAH) x (UH-(.25 hr/dy x DAY))

x WKS x CPT]/(12,000 Btu/ton-hr)

48.

Ventilating heating savings =

[CFM x POA x (1.08 Btu/cfm°F-hr) x (WSP-AWT) x (UH-(.25 hr/dyx DAY)) x WKW)/(HEFF x HV) U

Where,

AND = annual number of days total that warmup is re-

quired in days per year (See page 18)AWT = average winter temperature in OF (See page 19)

CFM = air handling capacity in ft3/min.

CPT = energy consumption per ton of refrigeration in

kw/ton or lb/ton-hr (See page 30)DAY = equipment operation in days per week

HEFF = heating efficiency of the system (total system,

including converters, transmission system, -U

boilers. See page 31)

HV = heating value of fuel in Btu/gal, Btu/kwh, etc.

(See page 32)

OAH = average outside air enthalpy in Btu/lb (See page

24)POA = present percent minimum outside air expressed as a

decimalRAH = return air enthalpy during unoccupied hours. Use

29.91 Btu/lb for 780F and 50% humidity. For otherconditions obtain values from a psychrometric

cha t.

UH = uncccupied hours per week

WH = pre ent warmup hours before occupancy each day.

Use either the actual time presently scheduled for

warmup by an existing timeclock or 2 hours tocorrespond to Scheduled Start/Stop savings calcu- w

lations.

WKW = weeks of winter per year (See page 27)

WKS = length of summer cooling season in weeks per year

(See page 27)WSP = winter thermostat setpoint temperature in OF

49.W

4.7 ECONOMIZER (DRY BULB OR ENTHALPY)

Either the OA dry bulb economizer strategy or the OA en-

thalpy economizer strategy is applicable to air systems with

outside air and exhaust air dampers Use of a computer

simulation is required for accurate determination of savings

from economizer control; therefore, no manual method is

discussed here. Economizer control will not be economically

feasible for air handlers below about 12,000 cfm and may not

be feasible for systems even as large as 300,000 cfm. More

savings are obtained from economizers installed on energy

inefficient systems such as reheat systems, and also in

large buildings with high internal gains.

Computer Method: 6

Simulate building loads and system operation using a comput-

erized building energy analysis program. In the initial run

assume that no economizer is operable. In the second run,

simulate savings either from a dry bulb or enthalpy econo-

mizer operation. The runs should be made assuming the

system is operating the minimum number of hours necessary.Savings may be proportioned for similar systems serving

zones with similar building loads on a per ft2 basis.

Cooling Savings Difference in electrical consump-

tion of computer analysis runs.

Heating Savings Should be negligible

4.8 DAY/NIGHT SETBACK

This strategy would be applied, instead of Scheduled Start/Stop, to systems with no auxiliaries such as steam radia-tion. It is also applicable to systems which serve critical

• areas with temperature, humidity, or pressure requirements

50.S

that will allow a small setpoint adjustment, but the systemcannot be stopped altogether. If OA dampers can be closed

during the setback period, ventilation savings are possible

and should be calculated under the Ventilation and Recircu-

lation strategy.

Manual Method:

Cooling savings = BTT x AZ x SU x (168-H) x WKS x CPT12,001 Btu/ton-hr

Heating savings = BTT x AZ x SD x (168-H) x WKWHEFF x HV

Where,

AZ = area of zone being served in ft2

BTT = building thermal transmission in Btu/hroF-ft2 (see

page 28)

CPT = energy consumption per ton of refrigeration in

kw/ton or lb/ton-hr (See page 30)

H = hours of operation per week during which the

normal setpoint applies

HEFF = heating efficiency of the system (total system,

including converters, transmission system,

boilers. See page 31)

HV = heating value of fuel in Btu/gal, Btu/kwh etc.,

(see page 32)

SD = thermostat setdown for unoccupied periods during

the heating season in OF

SU = thermostat setup for unoccupied periods during the

cooling season in OF

WKS = length of summer cooling season in weeks per year

(See page 27)

WKW = length of winter cooling season in weeks per year

(See page 27)

51. U

-.

Computer Method:

Simulate building loads and system operation using a comput-

erized energy analysis program. In the initial run assume

the systems run 24 hrs/day, 7 day/week at present heatingand cooling setpoints. In the second run, assume that the

systems operate under control of the setback temperatures

during unoccupied hours plus one hour for warm-up or cool-

down. This heating and cooling energy savings can be pro-portioned on a per ft2 basis to similar systems serving

zones with similar building loads and the same setback

requirements.

Cooling savings = difference in electrical consumption

of computer analysis runs

Heating savings = difference in heating consumption

of computer analysis runs

4.9 REHEAT COIL RESET

Manual method:

A computer simulation is recommended for these savingscalculations and is required for accurately determining the

savings from Reheat Coil Reset, when economizer control isalso applied to the system. The cooling savings with an

economizer will be one-third to four-fifths of the savingswithout an economizer due to the reduction of mechanical

cooling already obtained by the economizer control.

*Cooling savings (no economizer) =

H x CFM x (4.5 min.lb/hr.ft3) x WKS x RHR x (0.6 Btu/lb) x CPT(12,000 Btu/ton-hr)

52.

** Heating savings

H x CFM x (1.08 Btu/cfm-hr°F) x (52 wk/yr) x RHRHEFF x HV

Where,I

3CFM = air handling capacity in ft /minCPT = energy consumption per ton of refrigeration (see

page 30)

H = hours of operation per week (assume hours of

occupancy plus one per day)

HEFF = heating efficiency of the system, (total system,

including converters, transmission system,

boilers. See page 31)

MV = heating value of fuel in Btu/gal, Btu/Kwh, etc.

(See page 32) JRHR = reheat system cooling coil discharge reset in IF.

Up to 50 or 60 is possible, dependent on the

system. If a better estimate of possible reset is

not available use 30F.

WKS length of summer cooling season in weeks per year

(see page 27)

*This equation assumes a IF cooling coil temperature in-

crease is equivalent to a 0.6 Btu/lb change in enthalpy.

**To account for holiday shutdown or for a system that does

not operate year-round, the 52 wk/yr term can be adjusted

accordingly.

Computer method:

Simulate building loads and system operation with a comput-erized energy analysis program. Preferably the program used

should have simulation routines for selecting the zones with

53.

7

the greatest cooling demand and calculating the necessary

cooling coil leaving air temperature or at least the capa-

bility of a reset schedule. In order to approximate the

savings from this function, run the program once using a

constant cooling coil setpoint temperature and then a second

time simulating variable reset based on a discriminator

scheme or a reset schedule. Be sure to include economizer

control when applicable.

Cooling savings = Difference in electrical consump-

tion of computer analysis runs

Heating savings = Difference in heating consumption

of computer analysis runs

4.10 HOT DECK/COLD DECK TEMPERATURE RESET

Manual Method:

A computer simulation is recommended for these savings

calculations, and is required for accurately determining the

savings from Hot Deck/ Cold Deck Temperature Reset when

economizer control is also applied to the system. The

cooling savngs with an economizer can be as little as one-

fifth of the savings without an economizer due to the reduc-

tion of mechanical cooling already obtained by the econo-

mizer control.

* Cooling savings (no economizer) =

H x CFM x CD x (4.5 min.lb./hr.ft ) x WKS x SCDR x (0.6 Btu/lb) x CPT

(12,000 Btu/ton-hr)

54.

Heating savings =

H x CFM x HD x (1.08 min. Btu/hr ft3 ,F) x (WKS x SHDR + WKW x WHDR)HEFF x HV

Where,

CD = fraction of total air passing through the cold

deck. Assume .50 if no other information is avail-

able.

CFM = air handling capacity in ft 3/min-

CPT = energy consumption per ton of refrigeration in

kw/ton or lb/ton-hr (See page 30)

H = required number of hours of operation per week

(assume hours of occupancy plus one per day)

HD = fraction of total air passing through the hot

deck. Assume .50 if no other information is

available.

HEFF = heating efficiency of the system (total including

converters, transmission system, boilers. (See

page 31)

IV = heating value of fuel in Btu/gal, Btu/Kwh etc.

(see page 32)

SCDR = summer cold deck reset in °F (The average reset is

a function of the system. If an estimate is not

available, use 2*F.)

SHDR = summer hot deck reset in *F (The average reset

that will result from this function is dependent

on the air handler capacity relative to the loads

in the space it serves. If an estimate of the

possible reset is not available use 3OF.)

WHDR = winter hot deck reset in °F (Again, the average

reset is a function of the system. If an estimate

is not available use 20F)

WKS = length of summer cooling season in weeks per year

(See page 27)

55.!V

WKW = length of winter heating season in weeks per year

(See page 27)

*This equation assumes a 1F cold deck temperature increase

is equivalent to a 0.6 BTU/lb change in enthalpy.

Computer method:

Simulate building loads and system operation with a comput-

erized energy analysis program. The program used should

have simulation routines necessary to select the zones with

the greatest heating and cooling demands and then calculatethe necessary hot and cold deck leaving temperatures. In

order to approximate the savings from this function, run theprogram once using constant deck setpoint temperatures and

then a second time simulating variable deck temperatures

based on a discriminator control scheme. Be sure to include

economizer control when applicable.

Cooling savings = Difference in electrical consumption

of computer analysis runsHeating savings = Difference in heating consumption

of computer analysis runs

4.11 HOT WATER OUTSIDE AIR RESET

Boiler temperature reset saves energy by reducing heat

losses through the heating system and flue gases and by

providing more exact control at the end use point. This

last item provides savings by reducing overheating of spaces

at less than maximum loads due to control valve insensitiv-

ity in those operating ranges. Reset of hot water supply

temperature from a converter produces savings similarly. No

exact means of quantifying these savings is known, however

experience indicates these savings should be a function of

56. 2

the annual equivalent full load hours of system operation

and the total capacity of the system.

Heating savings = HFLH x EI x CAP/(HEFF x HV)

Where,

CAP = maximum capacity of device(s) in Btu/hour.

EI = efficiency increase expressed as a decimal.

(use .01 if no better estimate is available.)

HEFF = heating efficiency of the system.

(Total system, including converters, transmission

system, boilers. See page 31)

HFLH = annual equivalent full load hours for heating in

hr/yr (see page 22)

HV = heating vaue of fuel in Btu/gal, Btu/kwh, etc.

(see page 32)

4.12 BOILER OPTIMIZATION S

EMCS monitoring of boiler operation aids the maintenance

personnel in keeping the boilers operating at peak efficien-

cy.

Heating Savings = HFLH x EI x CAP/(HEFF x HV)

Where,

CAP = maximum capacity of device(s) in Btu/hour.

EI = efficiency increase expressed as a decimal.

(use .01 for one boiler and .02 for multiple W

boilers, if no better estimate is available.)

HEFF = heating efficiency of the system.

(efficiency of boiler(s). See page 31)

HFLH = annual equivalent full load hours for heating in U

hr/yr (See page 22)

57.

HV = heating value of fuel in Btu/gal, Btu/kwh, etc.

(See page 32)

4.13 CHILLER OPTIMIZATION

These savings are applicable only to chilled water plants

with multiple chillers. The calculations assume a 1% in-

crease in efficiency attributable to the EMCS.

Cooling savings = CPT x TON x CFLH x 0.01

CFLH = annual equivalent full-load hours for cooling in

hr/yr (See page 20)CPT = consumption of energy per ton of refrigeration in

kw/ton or lb/ton-hr (See page 30)

TON = total capacity of chilled water plant in tons

4.14 CHILLER WATER TEMPERATURE RESET

Reset of chilled water supply temperatures results in energy

savings due to the increased efficiency of the refrigeration

machine. Check to be sure that a chilled water controller

may be applied to the particular manufacturer's chiller

being considered. The savings will vary depending on the

machine, the amount of reset, and the load on the equipment.

The amount of reset generally ranges between 20F and 50F, so

a conservative estimate of 20F was used in the calculation.

Cooling Savings = TON x CPT x CFLH x 20F x REI

Where,

CFLH = equivalent full-load hours for cooling in hours/

year (See page 20)CPT = energy consumption per ton of refrigeration in ]

kw/ton or lb/ton-hr (See page 30)REI = rate of efficiency increase per *F increase of

chilled water temperature.

58.

Use for:

screw compressor machine - .024 per OF

centrifugal (elec. or turbine) machine - .017 per OF

reciprocal machine - .012 per OF

absorption machine - .006 per OF

TON = chiller capacity in tons. If chiller capacity is

not available and nameplate electrical data on the

chiller motor is, use the full-load KW input in

place of (TON x CPT).

4.15 CONDENSER WATER TEMPERATURE RESET

Decreasing the condenser water temperature also increases

the efficiency of chillers, but care must be taken not to

exceed the equipments' limitations, particularly in absorp-

tion machines. The implementation of condenser water reset

may result in greater fan energy consumption. If a coolingtower fan cycles on and off, the on time will be increased

* consuming more auxiliary energy. If it runs continuously

l- with valve bypass control to maintain constant entering

condenser water temperature and can be cycled when the EMCS

function is applied, then additional auxiliary energy can be

saved. An adjustment to account for these conditions has

been included in the savings analysis.4Q

The calculation procedure requires four steps:

1. Calculate the average reduction in condenser water

temperature which is achievable:

RCWT = PCWT - ACWT

2. Use Figure 12, page 61, to determine the percent effi-

ciency increase (PEI) of the chiller based on RCWT from

above.

59.

3. Determine the adjusted efficiency increase (AEI) of the

chiller: 7_

If fan runs continuously, but will be cycled,

AEI = PEI + 5.5

100

If fan cycles,

AEI = PEI - 2.8

100

4. Calculate the cooling savings:

Cooling savings = TON x CPT x CFLH x AEI

Where,

ACWT = average condenser water temperature possible in OF

(See page 1G)

AEI = adjusted efficiency increase of the chiller due to

condenser water reset.CFLH = equivalent full load hours for cooling in hours/

year (See page 20)

CPT = consumption of energy per ton of refrigeration in

kw/ton or lb/ton-hr (See page 30)

PCWT = present condenser water temperature in OF (usually

set at 850F.)PEI = percent efficiency increase of the chiller

TON = chiller capacity in tons. If chiller tonnage is

not available for compression refrigeration

machines, but nameplate electrical data is, then

use the total full-load KW rating of the com-

pressor and auxiliary motors in place of

(TON x CPT).

RCWT = reduction in condenser water temperature which is

achievable, in OF

60. 9.

0

IU I

AD

Il-

ww

REDUCTION IN CONDENSER WATER TEMPERATURE (RCWT)

FIGURE 1

61.

-g,

4.16 CHILLER DEMAND LIMIT

These savings may be considered for centrifugal chillers

that are equipped with an adjustable control system for

limiting the available cooling capacity. The calculation

assumes by using a rotating group load shed scheme that the ""

chiller can be stepped down by 20% of its maximum cooling

capacity 25% of the time under peak load conditions.

* KW savings = (HP/0.9) x (0.746 KW/hp) x 0.20 x 0.25--S

Where,

HP = motor nameplate horsepower (of compressor)

*The 0.9 factor accounts for a 90% motor efficiency.

4.17 LIGHTING CONTROL

This function is applicable to relay operated zoned light-

ing. The following calculation is for one zone of lighting.

Electrical savings = KW x (168 hr/wk-H) x 52 wk/yr x F

Where,

*F = fraction of savings attributable to EMCS (see page 42)

H = hours of operation per week (use hours of occupancy)

KW = total KW consumption of lights in the zone

*This factor is a subjective measure of how diligently the

lights are turned off manually at the present.

62.

4.18 RUN TIME RECORDING

By scheduling maintenance based on actual operation, assume

the EMCS is able to save one man-visit per year to thesystem being monitored by the EMCS. Assume this man-visit

is 2 hours in duration. To which systems these savingsshould be applied, if any, is a judgement decision based on

present facility maintenance procedures.

Labor savings = 2 man-hours

4.19 SAFETY ALARM

The EMCS can save facility personnel from time spent con-

veying alarm information and diagnosing problems. Assume a

total of 2 hours per system per year. Whether credit is

taken for this savings is dependent on the individual system

and on facility policies.

Labor savings = 2 man-hours

To aid in the use of the calculation methods, forms have

been designed to simplify the analysis of each system. 0

There is one form to be used for primary systems, such as

boilers and chillers and one for secon&Ary (or unitary) air

distribution systems. Blank Savings Calculations and Costs

forms are included in Appendix A.2. 0

The forms provide a simplified version of each equation used

in the manual methods with blanks to be filled in with the

appropriate values. The variable symbols have been inserted

in the blanks of sample forms in Figures 13 and 14 on the

following two pages. They can be used for reference, along

with the Variable Glossary, while filling in the blank

Savings Calculations and Costs Sheets.

63.

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5.0 SAMPLE CALCULATIONS

In order to demonstrate the manual analyses methods dis-

cussed in this report, sample calculations have been per-

formed on each type of system discussed in the Tri-Service

Design Manual for EMCS, TM 5-815-2/AFM 88-36/NAVFAC DM-4.9,

assuming a hypothetical Navy facility located in

Springfield, Missouri. It is not possible to describe

completely all activities involved in an engineering design

process. For this reason, this section is meant only to be

used as a framework for EMCS analysis. Every military base

is different, and parts of the process described herein must

be adapted, added to, or ignored as the situation requires.

The judgement required to make these decisions requires

professional engineering personnel familiar with the mech-

* anical and electrical systems an EMCS is to control and how

that control is to be accomplished.

, 6

I 66.

The buildings which comprise the hypothetical NavalBase and the systems within each building are listedbelow:

BUILDING NUMBER: 100USAGE: PUBLIC WORKSSYSTEMS: Electric Unit Heater

Electric RadiationMultizone DX-A/CWater Cooled DX CompressorDirect Fired Boiler

BUILDING NUMBER: 200USAGE: BASE PERSONNELSYSTEMS: HTHW/Steam Converter

Heating and Ventilating UnitSingle Zone DX-A/CMultizone Air HandlerAir Cooled DX CompressorDomestic HW - GasDirect Fired Furnace

BUILDING NUMBER: 300USAGE: BASE HEADQUARTERSSYSTEMS: HTHW/HW Converter

Water Cooled Chiller "Single Zone Air Handler45 Two Pipe Fan Coil UnitsHot Water Unit HeaterDomestic HW - Electric

BUILDING NUMBER: 400USAGE: WAREHOUSESYSTEMS: 4 Steam Unit Heaters

Steam RadiationSteam Boiler

BUILDING NUMBER: 500 -USAGE: ADMINISTRATION BUILDINGSYSTEMS: Steam/HW Converter

Air Cooled ChillerTerminal Reheat Air HandlerVariable Air Volume AHU15 Four Pipe Fan Coil Units WHot Water Radiation

BUILDING NUMBER: 600USAGE: HEATING PLANTSYSTEMS: 3 Hot Water Boilers (High Temp.)

Completed survey forms for the hypothetical facilityare included on the following pages.

67.

The first step in the procedure is to derive the climate

based factors. The location of the hypothetical Navalfacility was chosen as Springfield, Missouri to correspond -

with the factors derived on pages 11-27 from weather data.

These values and the other climate-based data have been

entered in a sample form shown on page 69.

Next, the climate-based and miscellaneous factors should be

substituted into the equations for calculating savings. The

equations can be simplified and the constants entered onto

standard Savings Calculations and Cost sheets. This process

. is demonstrated below for those conservation strategieswhich can be simplified. The Savings Calculations and Costs

sheets with the simplified constants for the example are

shown on pages 73 and 74.

OA

68.'I

CLIMATE -BASED FACTORS

LOCATION:

PAGESYMBOL DESCRIPTION REF. VALUE UNITS

ACWT Average Condenser Water Temperature 16 75.6 O

AN4D Annual Number of Days for Warmup 18 232 Days/Yr.

AST* Average Summer Temperature 19 80.6

AWT* Average Winter Temperature 19 43.0 O

CFLH Annual Equiv. Fsall-Load Hrs. For Cooling 20 733 Hrs/Yr.

BFLH Annual Equiv. Full-Load Hirs. for Heating 22 538 Hrs/Yr.

HS lUrs. of Temp. Limit Shut-off for Summer 23 273 Hrs/Yr

HW Hrs. of Temp. Limit Shut-off for Winter 23 204 Hrs/Yr

OAH* Average Outside Air Enthalpy 24 33.34 Btu/lb._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _0

PRT* Percent Run Time for Low Temp. Limit 25 15

WK*Weeks of Summer 27 23.4 Wks/Yr.

WK*Weeks of Winter 27 28.6 Wks/Yr.

*Data not necessary If computer methods are used.

69.

SCHEDULED START/STOP

Cig: BTT x AZ x (80.60F-780 F) x (168-H) x 23.4 wks/yr

x CPT x F/(12,000 Btu/ton-hr)

= 0.00507 x BTT x AZ x (168 - H) x CPT x F

Htg: BTT x AZ x (650F-550 F) x (168-H) x 28.6 wks/yr

x F/(HEFF x HV)

= 286 x BTT x AZ x (168 - H) x F/(HEFF x HV)

V-clg: CFM x POA x (4.5 lb/cfm-hr) x (33.34 - 29.91 Btu/lb)

x (168 - H) x 23.4 wks/yr x CPT x F/(12,000 Btu/ton-hr)

= .0301 x CFM x POA x (168-H) x CPT x F

V-htg: CFM x POA x (1.08 Btu/cfm°F-hr) x (650F-43.0F) x

(168-H) x 28.6 wks/yr x CPT x F/(HEFF x HV)

= 679 x CFM x POA x (168-H) x F/(HEFF x HV)

Aux: HP x 0.8 x (0.746 Kw/hp) x (168-H) x [23.4 wks/yr

+ (28.6 wk/yr x (1-.15))] x F

= 28.5 x HP x (168-H) x F

DUTY CYCLING

Aux: HP x 0.8 x 10/60 x (.746 Kw/hp) x H x (52 wk/yr)

= 5.17 xHP xH

DEMAND LIMITING

KW: HP x .8 x (0.746 Kw/hp) x 0.25

= 0.149 x HP

70.Se

OPTIMUM START/STOP

WU Aux: HP x 0.8 x (0.746 Kw/hp) x ((WH x 232) - ERT)

x (DAY/7 day/wk)

= 0.0852 x HP x ((WH x 232) - ERT) x DAY

CD Aux: HP x 0.8 x (0.746 Kw/hp) x (CH-.75 hr/day)

x (365-232 day/yr) x (DAY/7 day/wk)

11.3 x HP x (CH-.75) x DAY

OUTSIDE AIR LIMIT SHUTOFF

Aux: HP x 0.8 x (0.746 Kw/hp) x (225 + 164)

= 0.597 x HP x (273 + 204)

VENTILATION AND RECIRCULATION

WT V-htg: CFM x POA x (650 - 43.00) x (1.08 Btu/cfm0 F-hr)

x 232 days/yr x (WH-.25 hr/day)/(HEFF X HV)- 5512 x CFM x POA x (WH-.25)/(HEFF x HV)

V-clg: CFM x POA x (4.5 lb/cfm-hr) x (33.34-29.91 Btu/lb)

x (UH-(.25 hr/day x DAY)) x 23.4 wks/yr x CPT

/(12,000 Btu/ton-hr)

- 0.0301 x CFM x POA x (UH-.25 x DAY) x CPT

V-htg: CFM x POA x (1.08 Btu/cfm *F-hr) x (65-43.0*)

x (UH-(.25 hr/day x DAY)) x 28.6 wks/yr/(HEFF x

HV)

- 679 x CFM x POA x (UH-.25 x DAY)/(HEFF x HV)

71.

I.

DAY/NIGHT SETBACK

T"Cig: BTT x AZ x SU x (168-H) x 23.4 wks/yr x CPT12,000 Btu/ton-hr

= .00195 x BTT x AZ x SU x (168-H) x CPT

Htg: BTT x AZ x SD x (168-H) x 28.6 wks/yr/(HEFF x HV)

=28.6 x BTT x AZ x SD x (168-H)/(HEFF x HV)

REHEAT COIL RESET

3-

Cig: H x CFM x (4.5 min.lb/hr-ft) x (23.4 wks/yr) x RHR

x (0.6 Btu/lb) x CPT/(12,000 Btu/Ton-hr)

= .00526x H xCFM xRHR xCPT

Htg: H x CFM x (1.08 Btu/crm-hr0 F) x (52 wk/yr)

x RHR/(HEFF x liV)

=56.16 x H x CFM x RHR/(HEFF x IIV) A

HOT DECK/COLD DECK TEMPERATURE RESET

Cig: H x CFM x CD x (4.5 min.lb/hr-ft 3 x (23.4 wks/yr)

x SCDR x (0.6 Btu/lb) x CPT/(12,000 Btu/Ton-hr)

= .00526x H xCFM xCDx SCDR xCPT

Htg: H x CF4 x HD x (1.08 min.Btu/hr-ft 3 .F) x (23.4 x SHDR

+ 28.6 x WHDR)/(HEFF x HV)

=1.08 x H x CF4 x HD X ((23.4 x SHDR) + (28.6 x

WHDR))/(HEFF x HV)

72.

00

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74.

The usual procedure would be to step through the analysisbuilding by building; first, deriving tne building specificfactors and then proceeding through the system savings forthat building. However, for ease of reference to the samplecalculations, all of the Building-specific Factors sheets

* are grouped together after the Field Survey Data. Then, theSystem Savings Calculations and Costs sheets follow, bysystem type, in the same order as in the EMCS Desig Manual,TM5-815-2/AFM 88-36/NAVFAC DM-4.9.

75.

75.

BUILDING DESCRIPTION DATA

BUILDING N-UMBER: /00

BUILDING DESCRIPTION: PZMic l/-*s

GROSS AREA (SQUARE FEET): /4 060 (/140t X A9W)'

NIMBER OF FLOORS: / _Ile

TYPE CONSTRUCTION: r1-/< e,/ '/f, e/ a 5 r / /krac "

I "-tI

, r e-; Vd5 ()'kA le,

APPROX. FLOOR TO FLOOR HEIGHT (FT): /,

GLASS TYPE: 5;Aae va e, e_1&9r

* CRITICAL AREAS: . M-

OCCUPANCY SCHEDULE: '7 3 0 _ O /616 3 0 " . " " , e n -0 .

* 76.

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION DATA BUILDING NUMBER /00"

sys / sYs # 2

TYPE elec rc ri1/kakr TYPE Eec/r,'c aa '' y

MFGR. MOD. # MFGR. MOD. #___

CAPACITY CAPACITY Z, r4/z'r" ez/t

HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE) ___

HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE)

AREA SERVED 5kraye room /oz AREA SERVED 2.m ,- , 5out) eO"

CONTROLS 7 y-,'*s0 / /,'-/ CONTROLS Te 1'r, d A e /ekZp e-n

K. NOTES: 710 e NOTES: e,'~AAd /19P jS

SYS # 3 SYS# 4TYPE 41 1 DX-A/ TYPE Wat/r 6m/,d i-e

MFGR. MOD. # MFGR. MOD. # 7")CAAIC R'IL4 020-I ::C1/.

CAPACITY 49 n(%64) CAPACITY ;? C. Sc CT/7-T

HP (TYPE) , ., e!PD/ Afl HP (TYPE) / hp ,ntumZ I.

HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE) h __ __ __ __ __ __ ___-

HP (TYPE)________ HP (TYPE) /I ht' CgV[e5,5br

AREA SERVED 5 el2d (740 -414) AREA SERVED 5 4s. # 3 ,, /4 4 ,t/tt

CONTROLS 19k7dy/CONTROLS Au'$,~(/tC

PY eodo a 7 A 7 Ae

77.

SYSTEM DESCRIPTTON DATA BUILDING NUMBER /t20SYS # 5 SYS #

TYPE Dir Cc i'rc / TYPE

MFGR. MOD. # MFGR. MOD.

CAPACITY 70X C/i (5% A) CAPACITY

HP (TYPE) .hP 5up/ f-41 HP (TYPE)

HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE) _"_

HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE)

AREA SERVED ,lo. e,,nd (670074z) AREA SERVED

CONTROLS 7er,-oStL /5 r CONTROLS

.550F ~l7 SKme/ 6~A _______h _________

etuced d1azun no/; daypr enn/e________________

NOTES: A- q h tjte ; , ( . NOTES:_ _ _ _ _ _

bQ

SYS # SYS #

TYPE TYPE

MFGR. MOD. #_MFGR. MOD. #

CAPACITY CAPACITY

HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE)

HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE) _

HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE)

AREA SERVED AREA SERVED

CONTROLS CONTROLS

NOTES: NOTES:

78.

BUILDING DESCRIPTION DATA

BUILDING NUMBER: zoo

BUILDING DESCRIPTION: d -

GROSS AREA (SQUARE FEET): / £0O (4'" /66")

NUMBER OF FLOORS: 2 /i,_ ,4__ n,'A

TYPE CONSTRUCTION: /5" / e w. 4" .*'. C-nc. 6/ck4 I" ks; .

Z-5 .. e V. s

APPROX. FLOOR TO FLOOR HEIGHT (FT):

(norl- a/erae- )GLASS TYPE: la,~/ - A?~~d~W D/27e'd

CRITICAL AREAS: 5,ndl' rAl',*i e, ..-&..I

aY ir Atd/fe 400

OCCUPANCY SCIEDULE: 7-3o _,i /A & -d @.

.9

1 79. *

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION DATA BUILDING NUMBER zoo

SYs # / sYs #

TYPE m// 6 lvo, .ler TYPE #e r Z/id

MFGR. MOD. # MFGR. MOD. #___

CAPACITY (t 00 S/v/Ar- CAPACITY _ _ _ _

HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE) '2 Dt// I

HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE) z I2d/ / ./u,

HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE)

AREA SERVED . Z, 5 AREA SERVED /s/ d -(It/o" rCJ7ronARE SEVD3/,,zd lorr.1-CONTROLS CONTROLS Ak o -,'k (J4$/ / / J

NOTES:/7"/W "/r'm iier; NOTES: e/6w_ /5Cr'ed A Svs.i/ -"

he,/,4 7 vlal A hea"1 4 OA

SYS # $' SYS # 4

TYPE , / ,,e. 14-A/c TYPE Ai- (/ed ZX 6' er ssr

MFGR. MOD. # MFGR. MOD. #

CAPACITY40 CA CAPACITY__

HP (TYPE) h /p Hcpl/ 4 HP (TYPE) 2 hP' nRre5ssr .t

H P (T Y P E ) _ __ _ _ _H P ( T Y P E ) _ _ _ _ _ _ _

HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE) .__

AREA SERVED AMA AREA SERVED lla. 3 4/tI

CONTROLS_ _ .Qnr (,I,£- / CONTROLS

NOTES: NOTES:

I., 80.

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION DATA BUILDING NUMBER Z"c

SYS # 5 SYS #TYPEA TYPE

MFGR. MOD. # MFGR. MOD. #__

CAPACITY 90O0 4 O/Woi eX) CAPACITY 4 ,/ih ldeeer' ! "s.

HP (TYPE) &2 ~~/ci HP (TYPE) _ ______1

HP (TYPE) / 6/rj,11/ HP (TYPE) _ _ _ _

HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE) __

AREA SERVED 7340 _/z AREA SERVED e'sfr-om3 (zoria/ccduanze)

CONTROLS Mth)cC d~jfr; CNRL 30Psef ~~)I, I

6,0o ei/ct deckc a. 46V 2/, hl ______17__17___

d k air 4O7t'. /vr, ,e' o/ /d,-Ao#

NOTES: eal' NOTES: .

m, n eL e Kut 1 -on Agm . o ,o,

SYS # 7 SYS # _ __"

TYPE TYPE ""_"_

MFGR. MOD. # MFGR. MOD. #_ _ _ _ _

CAPACITY ,,4&Vo c ( 2& 4oA) CAPACITY

HP (TYPE) l iD SUo#)/i /1 HP (TYPE) _ _ _ _

HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE) '_I

HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE)

AREA SERVED 1 (400 40) AREA SERVED

CONTROLS A/0 d'amL'- -/* CONTROLS

NOTES: 8O.5 mq o4e#e'5 Coo/eo NOTES:

win fiidow umits; ___-______-___

81.

BUILDING DESCRIPTION DATA

BUILDING NUMBER: 15,00

BUILDING DESCRIPTION: ___ __ __ __ __ ___ __ __ __ __

GROSS AREA (SQUARE FEET): /O 00 36/" _ -

NUMBER OF FLOORS: 2

TYPE CONSTRUCTION: /'// 4" ImAP? 4/ // i7Sat/if4 4" 1lC.

-mock. o W,,~d&oS; eCxf* bu#42 vl

lo-id 51eel, s dam awvsA--4 1e. -

APPROX. FLOOR TO FLOOR HEIGHT (FT): /#

GLASS TYPE: 6Mille- gal4r; cleat-4dWdO()

CRITICAL AREAS: ,._

* OCCUPANCY SCILEDULE:- 7X I /0 30, wee'daj5.,7o5/ /.

24411, 7-etdj {ccaparo i 4 cc-'a

04,e 530 1500 we,,

82.

82.

, - , , ".. .. . . . . . . - . . . . - .. ;,>. ,- -- • - . . = . - .' i . " .. . . . - -"

"i .

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION DATA BUILDING NUMBER --

sYs # / sYS # 2

TYPE AlrimL/VZ#//1 a4 w vetler TYPE Wa/kr d/1ed Chi/rMFGR. MOD. # MFGR. MOD. #_ _ _ _ _

CAPACITY 350 , i5A'/A4Y CAPACITY 56 -n,:

HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE) 50 e1141/Dz m

HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE) -Oqtn ce2 I

AREA SERVED Sam.# 34,5 AREA SERVED #3.4CONTROLS CONTROLS /A 6.j -alt , -.,

/7-NOTES:/rW 4 NOTES: ~n~

SYS 3 sYs# 4SYSTYPE TYPE rWo

MFGR. MOD. # MFGR. MOD. #

CAPACITY 5000 C&, (501e' CA) CAPACITY

HP (TYPE) . h --Spt'/q " HP (TYPE) A41 (e

HP (TYPE) -4h hD eqcA o HP (TYPE) 4/0DZID eah ell

I I,

AREA SERVED~' r(3 AREA SERVED.65 '

CONTROLSa 1/r-c/ts24 ' JQ/ CONTROLS Some. manual shub.axwn akt , ./ o ora~/e. D/-se/)# 5uvsle,-/W,,1/eC" t'a'e tald t

* oTES: eif,., o/-e-,,, ,$,. i N oTEs: ioe u47 r/$ ec utily .e ,ll/,r: Aet i /,%m SrS #i (/. 64zi / -4'Ws• i , --

83.

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION DATA BUILDING NUMBER g0

SYS _ sYs# # SYS#

TYPE /l 1a k e/- ar l'atle" TYPE A~m4esl 11 1- l/dJ'c .,

MFGR. MOD. # MFGR. MOD. #__

CAPACITY CAPACITY /. l 2 /A "

> HP (TYPE) i<,,t' -1k (cc e5) h o.,__ __ __J _ ._t4~ /?cJ COdY.il

HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE) __I_

HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE) "l,_

AREA SERVED AREA SERVED__

CONTROLS CONTROLS 4 -t 1/,ecck, 400 A /14o -"ir.

___<_,/_."_140_/5 S__o, >/. • .s rl'cs

NOE:/ 4n& , NOTES:dev e 661Ufld l 75,e&Ie a-.g 44717' X.y

SYS # SYS # "__

TYPE TYPE ""-_,"

MFGR. MOD. # MFGR. MOD. #__

CAPACITY CAPACITY

HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE)

HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE) ___

HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE)

AREA SERVED AREA SERVED

* CONTROLS CONTROLS L __ _

NOTES: NOTES: _

6 84.

BUILDING DESCRIPTION DATA

BUILDING NUMBER: 400

BUILDING DESCRIPTION: W/re -

GROSS AREA (SQUARE FEET): 320) o 4 (40 x ,go')

N'IIBER OF FLOORS: _

TYPE CONSTRUCTION: MeAtl onel walS ,,d c /t / p

-s/ooe4LP07 in hk t1d a w 4 /I .

APPROX. FLOOR TO FLOOR HEIGHT (FT):

GLASS TYPE: .

CRITICAL AREAS: None.

OCCUPANCY SCHEDULE: 73 0 " 1630 weeI n 2da ys /2 o7 4 C-

Zrea, k " f t'i d&Crn 0cc,2cn A4-

- dad~ in wareeu6se vrvPer

85.

rq I 85.

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION DATA BUILDING NUMBER __ _ _

SYS # / SYS #

TYPE 5/ 4, L4,/ // jS (4) TYPE i, ,

MFGR. MOD. # MFGR. MOD. #_ _ _ _ _ _

CAPACITY CAPACITY

HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE)

HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE)

AREA SERVED 5,el) .- AREA SERVED L- 77

CONTROLS dt4i.3d~kZm CONTROLS 444 a 1,e .5c71Adck $-

NOTES: /'_Z l nf ,rS., 3 NOTES: - 4t7 7 S. &,.3 " '

SYS # 3 SYS #

TYPE 5f4 / TYPE

MFGR. MOD. __MFGR. MOD. #__CAPACITY 225 L4I / /Ar- CAPACITY

HP (T'I&E) HP (TYPE)

HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE) _

HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE)

AREA SERVED j/I AREA SERVED

CONTROLS CONTROLS__

NOTES: Feled nai lz/ NOTES:__

86.

BUILDING DESCRIPTION DATA

BUILDING NUNBER: _ _ _ _ _---_

BUILDING DESCRIPTION: Adivi> 5/- 4 lIdn jGROSS AREA (SQUARE FEET): I,5X P (36'" "

NTJBER OF FLOORS: 3

TYPE CONSTRUCTION: W 4/ 4/I htyifll ,' k /",hs'e/Id". 4"c-nc.

2'", . e " :..7C ,/

APPROX. FLOOR TO FLOOR 1fEIGHT (FT): /2

GLASS TYPE: l4AClu/lf

CRITICAL AREAS:__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

OCCUPANCY SCiMDULE: 730 /u.36. I UJ edtUs ra

of bul'I y: $/ur.Sl 4w'eieed XCU,,P4Ay .

87.

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION DATA BUILDING NUMBER 5c-

sYs # / sYs# 2TYPE ett/W &,,verie r TYPE 41r (oe (//rMFGR. MOD. # MFGR. MOD. #

CAPACITY CAPACITY '5 7n

* HP (TYPE) z )/lPHP (TYPE) Mc h~p (each f? e~2HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE) 5 hD Ce/4) DwPu'2

HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE)

AREA SERVED /.5 &! /Ar14A 60//3 AREA SERVED 52 s ' 5 .CONTROLS ANo .ldn 4 CONTROLS__ _ _

pnr(.e I e xcep, Pr- .5 wcnal _ _

NOTES: 561mm zm X - NOTES: 2 ,,ve-i/ Dr .5 "3

$1s. # 3 bSo,/er ___________

SYS # __SYS# 4

TYPE 7" lmjn/ i&hoc 6#0L TYPE Vt7'a6/ 4-41r hIh/l e-/

MFGR. MOD. # MFGR. MOD. #

CAPACITY V5oo C4() CAPACITY 4000 Cffn kn 00Xy.HP (TYPE) ?lk2- h42 Sv/2y- 14 HP (TYPE) 2 /112 '4 1a

HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE) _

HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE)

AREA SERVED 2fdz ax- RE SEVE

____________ R SEED " sel ivr(&~A~CONTROLS,$,ncvk

OTOS~s~ -~e~~k erm'nt ~~e ~c/'tks cQ~ 430 Iv /6

U NOTES:7/CU ip NOTES: V77kV 4;~ AM~~ 2 dlL

V 1 1A/- C$Ak) -;m ei A'w.y Ja. of 2-

v 88.

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION DATA BUILDING NUMBER 5o49

SYS #6 sYs#

TYPE fw,- &e a e/1n/(/)YElt!M k tda4~iMFGR. MOD. # MFGR. MOD. # -

CAPACITY CAPACITY Id rad,k/ors 0 25/-

HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE) _

HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE) _

AREA SERVED ,c 1 /Po' 4~') AREA SERVED 24d-A4 oor - norH (115Lcvy)

CONTROLS ,9 Z9e't/ ,VudOaW A'! CONTROLS -a c4 M '

d/ /4 t o 1,010 1W14 Aa

SYS # SYS #

TYPE __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ TYPE _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

MFGR. MOD. #_MFGR. MOD. #

CAPACITY CAPACITY

HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE)

HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE)

HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE)

AREA SERVED AREA SERVED__

CONTROLS CONTROLS___ _

NOTES: NOTES:

89.

*4

BUILDING DESCRIPTION DATA

BUILDING NUIBER: _ _ _ _-__ _

BUILDING DESCRIPTION:

GROSS AREA (SQUARE FEET):

NUMBER OF FLOORS:

TYPE CONSTRUCTION: 6oncr"/. b/oc /St ""

APPROX. FLOOR TO FLOOR HEIGHT (FT):0

GLASS TYPE:

CRITICAL AREAS:

OCCUPANCY SCHEDULE: 24- , c zaD/, & , /eJ'y/ ee

* S

90.0 5

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION DATA BUILDING NUMBER _

SYS # / SYS #

TYPE A/( Ii/aI/r ) l/-s (3) TYPE

MFGR. MOD. # MFGR. MOD. #

* CAPACITY 150, 606 /oh4~i CAPACITY__________

HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE) -"__

HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE)

HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE)

f,0- Z,37i 3c -,, IAREA SERVED 500- 3 AREA SERVED

CONTROLS CONTROLS

14 NOTES:_________ NOTES:_ __________

wAcel il /t S ~ ilA-Aie/ ,,iI _______________

SYS # SYS #

TYPE TYPE

MFGR. MOD. # MFGR. MOD. #

CAPACITY CAPACITY

HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE)

HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE)

HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE)

AREA SERVED AREA SERVED

CONTROLS CONTROLS

NOTES: NOTES:

91.

NENCOMB AND BOYD CONSULTING ENGINEERS ATLANTA GAC CORNELIUS SEP 82 NCEL-CR-82.936 N62474-81-C-9382

UNCLASSIFIED F/G 12/1 N

END

UL 1

lm

1.25 I. 11.

MICRjOCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CH.ART

NATIONAL BUREAU Of STANDARS1963-A

. .. ~ _____.~-~. -7

BUILDING-SPECIFIC FACTORS

BUILDING: /00

* BTT - Building Thermal Transmission

- (U-factor X exterior area) + (Infiltration X 1.08)/Total Floor Area

" (.172 Btu/hrOF-ft2 X_/9,7,Oft2 ) + ( lZ cfm X 1.08)/14,000 ft'.

- .3/3 Btu/hr*F-f t2

ERT - Annual Run Time of Equipment for Morning Warmup

Heating Degree Days 4571) OF-days

Combined U-factor, Uo - .172 Btu/hrOF-ft2

From Figure 9 or 10 : ERT- 2 8 hr/yr

Primary Sources of Cooling Medium

Sys. No System Type Systems Served CPT

A DX &ECP. (oMP Uoi) __. KiJ

Primary Sources of Heating Medium

Sys. No System Type Systems Served HEFF HV

5 DiREr PiRpED &ILERx _67____ .1OA10) sly /4:

-L E_ R I- /JzAEAT- /. 34)3 8stiKwhI

* Data not necessary if computer method is used.

92.

41)

.H 44-"44J

'4.-'

o 40 ~4.)i...

44. 0 OD

.H.:3 41 NII$4- 'NI

4JJ w4 0.

'44 4-)O

%DO %r4 44 CD4

44 .. u~(4 '

4. n0 0 %D 0 04to r- nC4 0 Voo4 4O

r 0 ;m0 E 0u 00F

4+nT-

Ii.(A o-~ -4 0 . LnV ~iO4U I4 mfIU Ocn~O

0 t o~li - ' ~ ~ , 4 e 4 . 1 4 0 ~ , -0~~oo~rv~ oo-f A 0 % '

to 3 k4- 0in o)4+

0 4) U V ).-

0H $4 tOW W 4

4JJ 0A4)0 (4444- = r . 9:34-) N. ODf4000

4.D 1-4 0 u-0Fr- *.H,-4l0.4M

4 1 .4 41 Ni 4 4 *

to ~ 040(0f 4 0 t

-q 0 -a r. I. 1

BUILDiNG-SPECIFIC FACTORS

BUILDING:20

* TT -Building Thermal Transmission

-(U-factor X exterior area) + (Infiltration X 1.08)/Total Floor Area

- /e Btu/hr*F-ft 2 Xd j ft 2 ) + /57 J~fm X 1.8)/g.OWft2

- tu/hr*F-f t2

ERT -Annual Run Time of Equipment for Morning Warmup

Heating Degree Days 45 42.. F-days

Combined U-factor, Uo .10 Btu/hroF-ft2

From Figure 9 or 10 :ERT m hr/yr

Primary Sources of Cooling Medium

Sys. No System Type Systems Served CPT

A A i COOwn DX OOM? 44 &LIAIn W

Sii k.~2£c44Are L~t~ALE eAmuzew __94_______

Primary Sources of Heating Medium

Sys. No System Type Systems Served HEFF HV

Z mec nFmv rogyAceJ 7 /DiLJA

*Data not necessary if computer method is used.

-W /NCLOAC UDbP/57r2,8077A 1-055e7 OF P/P&$5 470AKI 70 4# v!S

94.

I144

M 44

4J

4J ~ 0

to

4J4.oH 0*' - l

to.) .. 0 -0

0 44 0 l +n Oif 4-J4-)U 04 OD J 4

'Uq 4U 44*9 *~ 4t

r-40'-4

r-4 N n Go-4

0

OD0%L N-Chl"~-'0 C-O.DO r-Lno L(V cD %oI='.O4OO-c0 0o'.N 0C OD .0 ODOMCD-4 %

-i 04 L - o oH 0 40 C%0 N c - %

'4-4 O

r-4 N-

A In 4

to -r 0 41 a 14

7A 4J44 1rr4 4

'444 r0144 #a toUI?14 r-'e4 r-4414 a * 4

w aU 4~- 3iE

444 to~w to -4r4( 4M -or4 p0 ~ 4L to41 t 4 -,OD- W k

Hr Cl C4.

* '4-I- 04J10 ON Irq 4~ iLn 4.4 0rO 0 0 ro 0 0

95.

-A

BUILDING-SPECIFIC FACTORS

BUILDING: _____,0_

9 .

* BTT - Building Thermal Transmission 5

" (U-factor X exterior area) + (Infiltration X 1.08)/Total Floor Area

" (., 7Btuhr'F-ftXL14 ft2) + (( )cfm X 1.08)/&. _ft2

- ~ . Btu/hr°F-ft2

ERT - Annual Run Time of Equipment for Morning Warmup

Heating Degree Days 4-570 F-days

Combined U-factor, Uo / 7 Btu/hrOF-ft2

From Figure 9 or 10 : ERT = 250 hr/yr

Primary Sources of Cooling Medium

Sys. No System Type Systems Served CPT

2 Wr~6'ote £~/EZ4 ~ 0~14A Ld

Primary Sources of Heating Medium

Sys. No System Type Systems Served HEFF HV

* Data not necessary If computer method is used.

'~ /CJ~~5 IS~I~Ufl~J LSS FRO~M P,/Pr5 6c&4 70 MUiJ!.

96.

. " _" " .' ' " ." - . ." "- .'. ." " "_ _- -t "."'.. ........ .... .... .•. .".. ."." ". .'. .-.. ." -.. . ..-.. . • " • .. .. . T • , *

'4.4N

1 '44

0 444-))

OD N

40) N0-

Eu4 04O 00 0r +

0)_4 - 441.r4 '4. 4.4 --

rA0 1.4'4- 0 44 F 0 ifl

r- -4 N + 40

4)~~V- I,-VU'"4

04. LI n Ln0 L % n r

o -4r-4 ** -4 %D %D*.D 4 - - 0 0 - % 0 + -

0 14'I V 0 C; .4 C; C; ; 00~~ HN O U 0iV(

044

to"

tv07-'

W) 0 ) ) -

44il4 0fU' 00o44 M44 a 0 -4w -rlr4 44 W 4 4w9N- r A 4

to 0- or4 r-4 0 to 4

8 m -4 C En n N

V 61

V-1 Vu li0 44 aO- r-4G 0r4V 0 H~-

*1 to P4A Nu~ Eu 61n14 '4 00 0 "4 Eu '.4 ~ ~ ~ '4

97.4rr44

BUILDING-SPECIFIC FACTORS

BUILDING: 400

*BTT -Building Thermal Transmission

-(U-factor X exterior area) + (Infiltration X 1.08)/Total Floor Area

P - Q23L.Btu/hr*F-ftXI t)+ ( cfm X 1. 08XO~t

- ~Btu/hrFft2

ERT -Annual Run Time of Equipment for Morning Warmup

Heating Degree Days 457 *_______F-days

Combined U-factor, Uo -Btu/hrOF-ft 2

From Figure 9 or 10 ERT - _ 100___ hr/yr

Primary Sources of Cooling Medium

Sys. No System Type Systems Served CPT

Primary Sources of Heating Medium

Sys. No System Type Systems Served HEFF HV

5 5IEAM 8AWLR ~_ _ &,ac

Data not necessary if computer method is used.7

V- NU4W IA( PAX"W7?ES /MCLL)DC-S 0/57-9/807709 405565

OF PPAMI 7V *H/jj)5

98.

4-)144

~44

r-4d.5,..

4

0 m :I

44 0 r- -

0- 0 eD .

.. 1.4 O -I f I

.5.4

44-.Pf a 44

r-I 0.

* 4 -)

.. ,,, o 1.40-i

m 0 N N4

o 4 o4° o

5. 0 N--

4,

444~

IdI 444y 0 t0 - 0 4 44

4)-

-a - I H rO,- - 4 r-4 o -

4 .4 to I H to.4t-d H M -

:3 4) a C) = 90 .to 0 r- X X:

o 0 44 045. 54 4* r4Uo * G4)1 . 4-1 1.

r4 - ~-4 Wl rII WN

I -04 r-I4 0 44-H r-4 r0 I 1i4-4

(a4' CDr~' 0 0

44 W~~r4 0r4 99. 0.4s )

- -)4 -) -)4 - - - -

BUILDING-SPECIFIC FACTORS

BUILDING: _________

*BTT -Building Thermal Transmission

-(U-factor X exterior area) + (Infiltration X l.08)/Tcotal Floor Area

- .. d~Btu/hrF-ft 2XL40. ft2 ) + ( c mXl0)/. _ft2

ZA jBtu/hrF-ft 2

ERT -Annual Run Time of Equipment for Morning Warmup

Heating Degree Days = 45~70 _ F-days

Combined U-factor, Uo 141____ Btu/hrOF-ft2

From Figure 9 or 10 :ERT - 26 hr/yr

Primary Sources of Cooling Medium

Sys. No System Type Systems Served CPT

2 A _______ etil'z k'W/1VAI

* Primary Sources of Heating Medium

Sys. No System Type Systems Served HEFF HV

BO 60t)l M W &1a (3 .5 4 )13-7,

*Data not necessary if computer method is used.

* ~ ( /NC40PES P/57RI8U77Co,1-05SES OF PiPIAl16 7D AHO!5.

100.

44-)

3~ VI0-

0- 0NL

0 U n

N 004. 0

4J- 44-004 H O

N CD0 N .JJ4+o HW 4-)N

r4 - 444f-'-

4141.161) U UU + 0o4 Ln to~ ) W0

r-f Nn 0 Go 11lif U (4.~

LA

co +Lo L 0 L 0 k (H

44,- O O OI 9-f

&4 0 cv

U u 0 4) t

4400 e Vr-l 4)044 to-4 e 0Ub 0y

14 444 i 44 .0~ a 0- 0o t (a to :1 4 4)44 1.4-r 0-f- -4 40 1.4-4)0 *t-4 9 $ 144-) ,. H0D(U (a tU) r-4 (D0U 40 4 0 a r HV0- 4

4J TO Ul (A r4fA 0%--4t *-fq 4 H N- 4- 4.)04 :fO 0 Vr- 01 "-, V O '*-, M .)4w0 W U U. *'-4 Vile V)U C1 ) y0rCI 0 -

N -41 11 4J101.

-Cz

01x rI-

0U2Qlof

b. Za o__ %

* enWIN

inx -

0

o

t., In6 4. %66%94 *0 L

x x I I x! 4'.- 1 fA ttwj

-4~~ b* i aK

II -

a I.~j1 wKcCO

v a -4 "d 0 a P-'a~~ I ' b.

44 .. u 0 v4 o U *.. *.. W. 0 >1

Pa 661 0 z IfC 50

ta 3) 4 al 9 at on

102.

I-ZIA

UI.

x .04x0

or-.

'0 00 a*41 x.3 x

%V V,01 x 4 -4

;A; -j (r. z IL n cc I--0*

C; co m 00Iz 916 m" w I

0 x.

In~i am .hi N b.

L2 L . 0..6-

.44 .s s ' U * 0 -C7. eS J N N0 #A U0 00 c 00 I- 1.

:1 1U - "3 3

C

0 a -C

-1 01 0 A a 062~~-. -. .,' ' 4

00 C6U &i ~ w

oi me "nol o w =0 Il

103.

u --

I--

4 - -4

0 .u

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129

Bldg. 300, System #6 DHW Savings:

1. V =0.785 x (21)2 x (6') =18.84 ft3

A [ 1.571 x (21)2 + (3.14 x 2' x 6') =43.9 ft2

2. Weekday shutdown (1530 to 430)

LSD =13 hour/night

NSD =(4 nights/wk)(52 wk/yr) -(2x6 holidays) =196

E =.94

Weekend shutdown (Fri at 1530 to Mon at 330)

LSD = 60 hours/weekend

NSD = 52 weekends/yr

E = .73

Holiday shutdown

LSD = 36 hours

* NSD = 6 holidays/yr

E =.83

3. [43.9 x (140-75) x LSD x (.285/2) -18.84 x 62.4 x (140-75)x (l-E)] x NSD x 1.0/(.95 x 3413 Btu/Kwh)

-[(406.1' x LSD) -(76,415 x (1-E))] x NSD/3242

Weekday shutdown savings=((406.6 x 13) - (76,415 x (1-.94))] x 196/3242 =42.3

Weekend shutdown savingn1. (406.6 x 60) - (76,415 x (1-.73))] x 52/3242 = 60.3

Holiday shutdown savings=((406.6 x 36) -(76,415 x (1-.83))] x 6/3242 = 3.0

total =105.6 Kwh/yr

* 130.

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131.

Bldg. 200, System #6 DHW Savings:

1. V = 0.785 x (1.51)2 x (4') = 7.065 ft3

A = [1.571 x (1.51)2] + (3.14 x 1.5' x 4') = 22.3 ft2

2. Weekday shutdown (1530 to 630)

LSD = 15 hour/night

NSD = (4 nights/wk)(52 wk/yr) - (2 x 6 holidays) 196

E .87

Weekend shutdown (Fri at 1530 to Mon at 530)

LSD = 62 hours/weekend

NSD = 52 weekends/yr

E = .55

Holiday shutdown

LSD = 38 hours

NSD = 6 holidays/yr

E = .70

3. [22.3 x (130-70) x LSD x (.285/1.5) - 7.065 x 62.4 x (130-70)

x (1-E)] x NSD x 1.0/(.75 x 1031 Btu/cf)

= [(254.2 x LSD) - (26,451 x (1-E))] x NSD/774

I

Weekday shutdown savings =

(254.2 x 15) - (26,451 x (1-.87))] x 196/774 = 94.8

Weekend shutdown savings =

[(254.2 x 62) - (26,451 x (1-.55))] x 52/774 = 259.3

Holiday shutdown savings =

[(254.2 x 38) - (26,451 x (1-.70))] x 6/774 = 13.3

total = 367.4 cf/yr

132.!0

APPENDIX A.1

BLANK FORMS

133.

* BUILDING DESCRIPTION DATA

* .* BUILDING NUNBER:___________________________

* ~~BUILDING DESCRIPTION:__________________________

GROSS AREA (SQUARE FEET):

NUNBER OF FLOORS:___________________________

TYPE CONSTRUCTION:___________________________

APPROX. FLOOR TO FLOOR HEIGHT (FT):

GLASS TYPE:______________________________

CRITICAL AREAS: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

OCCUPANCY SCHEDULE: ____________________________

134.

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION DATA BUILDING NUMBER_________

SYS, # _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ SYS # _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

TYPE __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ TYPE _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

- MFGR. MOD. *________ MFGR. MOD. *__________

CAPACITY _______ ____ CAPAC ITY_______________

* HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE)

HP (TYPE) __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ HP (TYPE)_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

HP (TYPE) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ HP (TYPE)_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

* AREA SERVED AREA SERVED

* CONTROLS___________ CONTROLS______________

NOTES: _________ ___ NOTES:_______________

* SYS# _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ SYS # _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

-TYPE __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ TYPE _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

- MFGR. MOD. _________ MFGR. MOD. *__________

- CAPACITY ___________ CAPAC ITY______________

HP (TYPE) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ HP (TYPE)_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

HP (TYPE) __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ HP (TYPE)_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

HP (TYPE) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ HP (TYPE)_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

* AREA SERVED__________ AREA SERVED_____________

CONTROLS____________ CONTROLS_______________

- NOTES: ____________ NOTES:______________

135.

CLIMATE -BASED FACTORS

LOCATION: ______________

PAGESYMBOL DESCRIPTION REF. VALUE UNITS

*ACWT Average Condenser Water Temperature 16 O

AND Annual Number of Days for Warmup 18 Days/Yr.

*AST* Average Sumer Temperature 19 O

*AWT* Average Winter Temperature 19 O

*CFLH Annual Equiv. Full-Load Hrs. For Cooling 20 Bra/Yr.

HFLH Annual Equiv. Full-Load Hrs. for Heating 22 Hrs/Yr.

HS Hrs. of Temp. Limit Shut-off for Summer 23 Ers/Yr

UW Hrs. of Temp. Limit Shut-off for Winter 23 Bra/Yr

*OAH* Average Outside Air Enthalpy 24 Btu/lb.

PRT* Percent Run Time for Low Temp. Limit 25 %

WKS* Weeks of Sumer 27 Wks/Yr.

WDW* Weeks of Winter 27Wk/r

4 *Data not necessary if computer methods are used.

136.

BUILDING-SPECIFIC FACTORS

* ~~~BUILDING: ___ _____

*BTT -Building Thermal Transmission

* -(U-factor X exterior area) + (Infiltration X 1.08)/Total Floor Area

I-(Btu/hr*F-ft 2x ft2) + (cfm X 1.08)/ ft2

____Btu/br0 F-ft2

ERT -Annual Run Time of Equipment for Morning Warmup

Heating Degree Days ________F-days

Combined U-factor, Uo - ______Btu/broF-ft2

* From Figure 9 or 10 :ERT h _____ r/yr

Primary Sources of Cooling Medium

Sys. No System Type Systems Served CPT

Primary Sources of Heating Medium

Sys NoSstem Type Systems Served HEFF HV

*Data not necessary if computer method is used.

137.

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139.

APPENDIX A.2

ENTHALPY OF AIR AT GIVEN WET BULB TEMPERATURES

WET BULB (OF) ENTHALPY (Btu/lb) WET BULB (OF) ENTHALPY (Btu/lb)

40.0 15.20 70.0 34.0041.0 15.66 71.0 34.8642.0 16.14 72.0 35.7443.0 16.62 73.0 36.6444.0 17.11 74.0 37.56

45.0 17.61 75.0 38.5046.0 18.12 76.0 39.4747.0 18.64 77.0 40.4648.0 19.17 78.0 41.4749.0 19.71 79.0 42.50

50.0 20.26 80.0 43.5751.0 20.82 81.0 44.6552.0 21.39 82.0 45.7753.0 21.97 83.0 46.9154.0 22.57 84.0 48.08

55.0 23.17 85.0 49.2856.0 23.79 86.0 50.5257.0 24.42 87.0 51.7858.0 25.07 88.0 53.0759.0 25.73 89.0 54.40

60.0 26.40 90.0 55.7661.0 27.09 91.0 57.1662.0 27.79 92.0 58.5963.0 28.51 93.0 60.0664.0 29.24 94.0 61.57

65.0 29.99 95.0 63.1266.0 30.76 96.0 64.7067.0 31.54 97.0 66.3368.0 32.34 98.0 68.0169.0 33.16 99.0 69.73

100.0 71.49

140.

o - I _ _.

-J .- .. . - L - - - i ; -- - - - - - -. . . .j ; i - - *- .* - . . .. j ,

APPENDIX A.3

VARIABLE GLOSSARY

A = surface area of tank in ft2

ACWT = average condenser water temperature possible, in OF

(See page 16)

AEI = adjusted efficiency increase of the chiller due to

condenser water reset

AND = annual number of days total that warmup is required

in days per year (see page 18)

AST = average summer temperature in OF (see page 19)AWT = average winter temperature in OF (see page 19)

AZ = area of zone being servied in ft2

BTT = building therme1 transmission in Btu/hrOF-ft 2 (see

page 28)

CAP = maximum capacity of device(s) in Btu/hr

CD = fraction of total air passing through the cold

deck. Assume .50 if no other information is avail-

able.

CFLH = equivalent full-load hours for cooling in hours/

year (see page 20)

CFM = air handling capacity in ft3/min

CH = present cool-down time before occupancy in hours

per day. Use either the actual time presently

scheduled for cool-down by an existing timeclock or

2 hours to correspond to Scheduled Start/ Stop

savings calculations

CPT = energy consumption per ton of refrigeration in

kw/ton or lb/ ton-hr (see page 30)

D = diameter of tank in ft.

DAY = equipment operation in days per week

E = parameter determined from Figure 11

EI = efficiency increase expressed as a decimal

ERT = equipment run time, total required for warm up in -.

hours per year (see page 30)

141.

II

F = fraction of savings attributable to EMCS (see page

42)

H = hours of operation per week.

' HD = fraction of total air passing through the hot deck.

Assume .50 if no other information is available.

HEFF = heating efficiency of the system (see page 31)HFLH = annual equivalent full load hours for heating in

hours/year (see page 22)

HP = motor nameplate horsepower

HS = hours in summer outside temperature is below summer

limit in hours per year (see page 23)

HT = height of tank in ft.

HV = heating value of fuel in Btu/gal, Btu/kwh etc. (see

page 32)

HW = hours in winter outside temperature is above winter

limit in hours per year (see page 23)

INS = thickness of insulation in inches

KW = total kw consumption of lights in the zone

L = load factor (see page 35)

LSD = length of shutdown period in hours

LTL low temperature limit in OF; usually 50°F or 550 F.

Use the average winter temperature in place of LTL

-if AWT > LTL.

NSD number of shutdown periods per year of a given

length

OAH average outside air enthalpy in Btu/lb (see page

24)

PCWT present condenser water temperature in OF usually

set at 85°F

PEI = percent efficiency increase of the chiller

POA = present percent minimum outside air expressed as a

decimal

PRT = percent run time during heating season shutdown

period required to maintain a low limit temperature

of 55F (see page 25). Use PRT = 0 if no low

temperature limit is planned.

142.

--4

RAH = return air enthalpy. Use 29.91 Btu/lb for 780F and

50% humidity. For other conditions obtain values

from a psychrometric chart.RCWT = reduction in condenser water temperature which is

achievable, in OF

REI = rate of efficiency increase per OF increase of

chilled water temperature

RHR = reheat system cooling coil discharge reset in OF.Up to 50 or 60 is possible, dependent on the sys-

tem. If a better estimate of possible reset is not

available use 30F.

SCDR = summer cold deck reset in 'F (the average reset

that will result from this function is dependent on

the air handler capacity relative to the loads in

the space it serves. If an estimate of the pos-

sible reset is not available use 30F)

SD = thermostat setdown for unoccupied periods during

the heating season in OF

SHDR = summer hot deck reset in OF (the average reset that

will result from this function is dependent on the

air handler capacity relative to the loads in the

space it serves. If an estimate of the possible

reset is not available use 36F)

SSP = summer thermostat setpoint in OF

SU = thermostat setup for unoccupied periods during the

cooling season in °F

T = water temperature at end of shutdown period in OF

To = hot water temperature setpoint in °F

TON = chiller capacity in tons

Ts = average temperature of surroundings in OFUM = unoccupied hours per week

V = volume of tank in ft3

WH = present warmup time before occupancy in hours per

day

WHDR = winter hot deck reset in OF

143.

WKS = length of summer cooling season in weeks per year

(See page 27)

WKW = length of winter heating season in weeks per year

(see page 27)

WSP = winter thermostat setpoint in OF

'U.

14

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