saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa

da kinos saxelmwifo universiteti

Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film

Georgian State University

saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa

Ziebani

#3 (48), 2011

ART SCIENCE STUDIES#3 (48), 2011

gamomcemloba `kentavri~

Tbilisi _ 2011

UDC(uak) 7(051.2)

s-364

saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos

saxelmwifo universiteti

saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani #3 (48), 2011

saredaqcio sabWo

lela oCiaurimaia kiknaZenino sanadiraZe

literaturuli

redaqtori

mariam iaSvili

garekanis dizaini

levan dadiani

dakabadoneba

ekaterineoqropiriZe

gamomcemlobis

xelmZRvaneli

maka vasaZe

krebulisaTvis mowodebuli

masala uzrunvelyofili unda

iyos Sesabamisi samecniero

aparatiT. Tan unda axldes

monacemebi avtoris samecniero

kvalifikaciis Sesaxeb qarTul

da inglisur enebze, agreTve

naSromis inglisurenovani

reziume.

krebulis stamburi gamocema

egzavneba sxvadasxva

saerTaSoriso kvleviT centrs.

naSromebi mogvawodeT da

cnobebisaTvis mogvmarTeT:

0102, Tbilisi, daviT aRmaSeneblis

gamziri #40, saqarTvelos SoTa

rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos

saxelmwifo universiteti,

II korpusi.

tel/faqsi: +995 (32) 936 408

mob: +995 (95) 305 060

+995 (77) 288 750

E-mail: kentavri@tafu.edu.geWeb: www.tafu.edu.ge

Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University

Art Science Studies #3 (48), 2011

Editorial GroupLELA OCHIAURIMAIA KIKNADZENINO SANADIRADZE

Literary EditorMARIAM IASHVILI

Cover DesignLEVAN DADIANI

Book BindingEKATERINE OKROPIRIDZE

Head of Publishing HouseMAKA VASADZE

Materials supplied for the volume should be provided with corresponding scientific appliance. Paperwork concerning author’s academic qualification and summary of work should be attached in Georgian and English languages.

Printed version of the volume is sent out to various international research centers.

Works should be supplied under the following contact:0102, Tbilisi, Davit Agmashenebeli Avenue #40Georgian Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film State UniversitySecond Block

Tel/Fax: +995 (32) 936 408Mob: +995 (95) 305 060 +995 (55) 288 750E-mail: kentavri@tafu.edu.geWeb: www.tafu.edu.ge

4

sarCeviT e a t r m c o d n e o b aTamar bokuCavaXIX-XX saukunis TeatrmcodneobiTi kvlevis zogierTi

tendencia Teatri da rituali ................................................9

mixeil kalandariSvilivis sWirdeba Teoria? ...............................................................28

k i n o m c o d n e o b alia kalandariSvili`es ar aris vaSli~... anu ekranuli

saxis orazrovneba ...................................................................50

manana lekboraSviliswrafva dokumentalurobisken da

dokumentalizmis `ganleva~ ....................................................62

a n i m a c i avladimer sulaqveliZegermanuli modernizmi .............................................................73

u n i v e r s it et i s s a do qtoro p ro gr a m a

dramis reJisuranino lipartiani

postmodernistuli Teatraluri xelovnebis

zogierTi sakiTxebi ...........................................................81

msoflio kinos istorianaTia mefariSviliholivudi kulisebs miRma .......................................................89

saTeatro Jurnalistikis istoriamariam CubiniZe

saqarTveloSi Jurnalisturi azrovnebis

Camoyalibebis zogierTi sakiTxi ............................................94

avtorTa Sesaxeb ......................................................................106

5

CONTENTS

THEATRE STUDIESTAMAR BOKUCHAVASome Trends of Theatre Studies in XIX-XX Centuries Theatre and Ritual ................................109MIKHEIL KALANDARISHVILIThe complete professor in the direction of criticism and theory The doctor of art study ..............................................111FILM STUDIESLIA KALANDARISHVILI“This is an apple i.e. ambiguity of film image” ....................112MANANA LEKBORASHVILIStriving for documentalism and its exhaustion ....................113

ANIMATIONLADO SULAQVELIDZEGerman modernism .............................................................114

U N I V E R S I T Y ’ P h . D P R O G R A M

DRAMA DIRECTIONNINO LIPARTIANISome Postmodernist Theatrical Art Issues ...........................116HISTORY OF WORLD THEATRENATIA MEFARISHVILIHollywood: Beyond the Coulisses .......................................117

THEATRE JOURNALISM HISTORYMARIAM CHUBINIDZESome issues of journalistic thinking in Georgia ...................118

6

7

Teatrmcodneoba

8

9

Tamar bokuCava

XIX-XX saukunis TeatrmcodneobiTi kvlevis zogierTi tendenciaTeatri da rituali

Teatrisa da Teatris istoriis samecniero Seswavlis

erT-erTi mTavari niSani Teatris `filologiuri~

istoriidan Teatralur warmodgenaze yuradRebis

gadatana iyo. germanelma Teatrmcodnem maqs hermanma

1914 wels gamocemul wignSi `Sua saukuneebisa da

aRorZinebis epoqis germanuli Teatris istoriis

kvlevebi~, Teatraluri speqtaklis rekonstruqciuli

meTodi Seqmna. Teatraluri warmodgenisa da msaxiobis

Semoqmedebis bunebis kvlevam yuradReba dramaturgiidan

speqtaklis struqturul, esTetikur da saSemsruleblo

aspeqtebze gadaitana. Teatris gageba dramaturgiuli

safuZvlidan mis performatiul (warmodgeniT) bunebaze

gadaerTo. aman ganapiroba Teatralur xelovnebaSi

saSemsruleblo da vizualur-gamomsaxvelobiTi mxaris

avtonomiurobis gacnobiereba.

ganaTlebis epoqaSi (XVII_XVIII ss.) safuZveli

Caeyara samecniero codnisa da informaciis

enciklopediuri klasifikaciisa da diferenciaciis

tendenciebs. aman biZgi misca mecnierebaTa ganviTarebas,

maT Soris arqeologiursa da eTnografiul kvleva-

Ziebebs. indoeTis, amerikisa da afrikis qveynebis

kolonizaciam, samecniero eqspediciebma xeli Seuwyo

sxvadasxva tipis codnis dagrovebas, maT Soris

geografiis, arqeologiis, eTnologiis, eTnografiis,

primitiuli kulturebis Seswavlis sferoSi.

kembrijis anTropologiur skolaSi eduard

teilorisa (1832-1917) da jeims freizeris (1854-

1941) mier eTnografiis, SedarebiTi religiisa da

socialuri da kulturuli anTropologiis kvlevis

10

sferoSi warmoebulma samecniero kvleva-Ziebebma

gansakuTrebuli gavlena moaxdina rogorc sakacobrio

kulturis, ise adamianis anTropologiuri warsulisa

da sawyisebis xedvaze. aman dasabami misca primitiuli

sazogadoebebis xelovnebisa da kulturisadmi

Seunelebel interess, maT Tanmimdevrul kvlevas.

primitiuli adamianis cxovrebaSi civilizaciis

samyaros idiliuri alternativa dainaxes.

miT ufro, rom XVIII saukunidan moyolebuli, didi

popularobiT sargeblobda frangi filosofosis Jan

Jak rusos Tvalsazrisi. ruso skeptikurad uyurebda

civilizaciisa da kulturis saeWvo sikeTeebs da bunebrivi

adamianisa da Tavisufali aRzrdis ideas aviTarebda. misi

bunebrivi adamiani erTgvari harmoniuli `veluria~,

romelic tyeebsa da mTa-velebSi bednier cxovrebas eweva.

rusosave gavleniT, evropul azrovnebaSi damkvidrda

erTgvari `anticivilizaciuri~ saxelmwifos, rogorc

Zalmomreobis institutis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli

ganwyobebi, romlebic sxvadasxva socialur TeoriaSi

gamoixata, maT Soris marqsizmSic, romlis ideali

_ komunisturi sazogadoeba _ saxelmwifos auqmebs.

XIX saukunis Sua wlebSi gansakuTrebiT moduri iyo

saxelmwifos ideis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli radikaluri

revoluciuri Teoriebi, maT Soris anarqizmi.

swored rusi anarqistis _ mixeil bakuninis mier

daarsebulma anarqistulma Jurnalma `avangardi~,

romlis saTauri samxedro terminisagan warmosdga

(avangardi mowinave razms niSnavs, romelic pirveli utevs

mters), misca SemdgomSi saxelwodeba XIX-XX saukuneebis

meamboxe xelovnebis mTel mimdinareobas, romelic dResac

aqtualuria da arsebobs.

avangardis warmomadgenlebis reformistuli

ganwyobebi xelovnebis reformirebis tendenciaSi

gamoixata. bevri maTgani, avangarduli revoluciuri

xelovnebis gziT, rogorc zeamocanas, sazogadoebisa

Tamar bokuCava

11

da adamianis gardaqmnas isaxavda miznad.

saTeatro avangardis warmomadgenlebs surdaT

tradiciuli dramaturgiisa da saTeatro

gamomsaxvelobis reformireba. isini cvlidnen piesisa

da warmodgenis tradiciul struqturasa da esTetikas,

mxatvruli modelirebis meTodebs, mayurebelTan

urTierTobis xerxebs, warmodgenis gasamarTavad

iyenebdnen alternatiul sivrceebs, mimarTavdnen

epataJs (fr. epatage – ganzrax skandaluri saqcieli,

romelic yuradRebis miqcevas isaxavs miznad) –

mayurebelze zemoqmedebis moulodnelsa da Sokis

momgvrel formebs. simbolistebi, eqspresionistebi,

dadaistebi, siurealistebi, futuristebi da sxvebi

xelovnebis enobrivi da funqcionaluri arsisa da

sawyisebis gaazrebas cdilobdnen.

am tendenciaTa gaZlierebas kulturologiisa

da istoriis filosofiis sferoSi Seqmnili

Teoriebi uwyobda xels. istoriis Seuqcevadi

formaciuli evoluciis rwmena Seirya, es ganwyoba

gansakuTrebiT gaaZliera msoflio omebisa da XX

saukunis avtoritarizmis gamocdilebam, romelmac

Tanamedrove dasavluri modelebis mimarT skeptikuri

damokidebuleba warmoSva. primitiul kulturebs,

romlebic dResac arsebobs okeaniis, amazoniisa

da afrikis zogierT regionSi, Sexedes ara rogorc

sazogadoebis formaciuli evoluciis erT-erT

stadias, aramed rogorc dasavluri civilizaciis

alternativas.

aranakleb interess iwvevda aRmosavluri kulturebis

specifika da maTi tipologiuri niSnebi. maqs veberma

(germaneli sociologi, 1864-1920) kulturaTa

tipologias safuZvlad subieqtis aqtivobis xasiaTi

daudo. amis safuZvelze man kulturis sami tipi

gamohyo:

1. indobudisturi, romelsac axasiaTebs adamianis

XIX-XX saukunis TeatrmcodneobiTi

kvlevis zogierTi tendencia Teatri da rituali

12

cxovrebisagan gandgoma;

2. Cinur-konfuciuri, romelic emyareba adamianis

Seguebas samyarosTan, garemomcvel bunebriv da

socialur garemosTan;

3. qristianuli, romelsac axasiaTebs adamianis

mier samyaros Secvla-gardaqmnaze orientacia.

kulturaTa tipologiis es, Tu sxva Teoriebi

adamianis fsiqo-socialuri arsebobis alternatiuli

formebisadmi aRviZebdnen interess, bevri (iseve,

rogorc Tavad veberi) am gansxvavebas religiuri

msoflgancdis gansxvavebaSi eZebda.

Sesabamisad, primitiuli kulturebis mimarT

interesis paralelurad, gamoikveTa swrafva aRmosavluri

kulturebis `saidumlos Seswavlisaken~. XX saukunis

mravali cnobili reJisori da Teatris moRvawe gaitaca

primitiuli sazogadoebebisa da aRmosavluri kulturebis

Temam, isini swavlobdnen miTebsa da ritualebs, tradiciul

aRmosavlur Teatrs – iaponur kabukisa da nos, indur

katakalisa da sxv. da Tavis saTeatro Sexedulebebsa

da msaxiobTan muSaobis meTodebs ayalibebdnen. 1931

wels antonen arto – XX saukunis Teatris erT-erTi

yvelaze epataJuri warmomadgeneli, sisastikis Teatris

Teoriis Semqmneli, kunZul balidan Camosuli dasis

(eTnografiuli ritualuri cekvebis Semsruleblebis)

warmodgenas daeswro. am movlenam udidesi gavlena

moaxdina artos saTeatro SexedulebaTa Tvisobriv

ganviTarebaze.D`dResdReobiT, rodesac kritikosebi

Tanamedrove dramaturgias Tu Tanamedrove avangardisti

reJisorebis mier primitiuli ritualis Teatraluri

funqciis xelaxali aRmoCenis cdebze msjeloben, artos

saxeli pirvelia, romelsac axseneben~, _ wers avangardis

Teatris Tanamedrove mkvlevari kristofer inesi.

iqmneboda Teatraluri laboratoriebi, sadac

Teatris miTo-ritualuri bunebis spontanurobis

miRweva surdaT da amisaTvis aRmosavluri Teatris

Tamar bokuCava

13

fsiqo-fizikur da sulier `teqnikebsac~ iyenebdnen.

aseT Ziebebs eweoda artos mimdevari, XX saukunis

saTeatro avangardis umniSvnelovanesi warmomadgeneli

poloneli reJisori eJi grotovski Tavis Teatralur

laboratoriaSi, sadac msaxiobTa jgufTan erTad,

TiTqmis gandegiliviT cxovrobda. Tanamedroveobis

erT-erTma udidesma reJisorma piter brukma afrikaSi

imogzaura, raTa saTeatro elementebis `tabula~

Seedgina. rihard vagneris mier inicirebuli sinTezuri

Teatris ideis sapirispirod (Gesamtkunstwerk –

xelovnebis krebiTi nawarmoebi), grotovskim Raribi

Teatris Teoria Camoayaliba, romlis mTavar figuras

msaxiobi da misi Semoqmedeba warmoadgens. grotovskis

laboratoriul TeatrSi gaurbodnen speqtaklis

gaformebisas Tanamedrove teqnikuri saSualebebis

gamoyenebas, minimalurad mimarTavdnen rekvizitsa da

dekoracias. TiTqmis yvelanairi gamomsaxveloba da

xmovaneba mis speqtaklebSi ̀ msaxiobismieri~ iyo. piter

bruki grotovskis Teatrs, Teatris mis mier Seqmnili

tipologiis mixedviT, `wminda~ Teatrs uwodebda.

miTo-simboluri modelebiT kulturisa da fsiqikis

fenomenTa axsna filosofiasa da fsiqologiaSi

damkvidrda. 1872 wels fridrix nicSem dawera

naSromi `tragediis dabadeba musikis sulidan~, sadac

filosofosi berZnuli miTologiuri panTeonis ori

RmerTis, xelovnebis mfarvelebis – apolonisa da

dionises Tvisobrivi Sepirispirebis gziT cdilobs

axsnas Teatris, berZnuli da zogadad sakacobrio

kulturis safuZvelSi mdebare farul ZalaTa moqmedebis

kanonzomierebani. adamian-xelovanSi is or sawyiss

ganasxvavebs – apolonursa da dionisurs, romlebic

mudmiv WidilSi arian, dionisuri sawyisi, nicSesTvis

bunebas, yofierebis safuZvelSi arsebul sasicocxlo

Zalas ukavSirdeba, romelic borotebisa da sikeTis

kategoriebs miRmaa, apolonuri _ mSvenierebas, wesrigs,

XIX-XX saukunis TeatrmcodneobiTi

kvlevis zogierTi tendencia Teatri da rituali

14

harmonias, eTikas ganasaxierebs. erTis stiqia Trobaa,

meoresi _ mSvenieri iluzia. nicSes azriT, es ori

sawyisi erTmaneTs berZnul tragediaSi daukavSirda.

XX saukunis Teatrisa da dramis ganviTarebaze

udidesi zegavlena moaxdina zigmund froidis

fsiqoanalizma da karl gustav iungis analitikam

(analitikurma fsiqologiam), romlebic adamianis

fsiqikur da socialur qcevas miTis, arqetipisa da

simbolos fenomenTa meSveobiT xsnidnen.

alternatiuli saTeatro formebis Seqmna dRemde

grZeldeba. XX saukunis 50-an wlebSi Camoyalibda

Teatraluri sanaxaobis iseTi formebi, romlebic

hefeningisa da performansis saxeliTaa cnobili.

isini radikalurad gansxvavdeba dramatuli Teatris

warmodgenisagan rogorc Catarebis adgiliT, ise

sanaxaobis formiTa da xangrZlivobiT. hefeningi da

performansi uars ambobs piesaze, rogorc sanaxaobis

literaturul safuZvelze, maTi ganxorcieleba,

tradiciulad, avtoris TanamonawileobiT xdeba

da mxatvruli aqciis saxes atarebs. performanss

Teatraluri da saxviTi xelovnebis mijnaze ganixilaven

da e. w. konceptualur xelovnebas miakuTvneben. Teatris

Tanamedrove mkvlevari Carlz Tis lemani avtoria

wignisa `postdramatuli Teatri~ (1999 weli). lemanis

azriT, XX saukunis II naxevarSi gamoikveTa iseTi

saTeatro fenomeni, romelsac postdramatuli Teatri

SegviZlia vuwodoT da romlis elementebi mravali

reJisorisa da Teatraluri moRvawis SemoqmedebaSi

gvxvdeba. postdramatuli Teatris kategoriaSi lemani

aerTianebs iseT saTeatro movlenebs, romlebSic

literaturuli safuZveli dominantur funqcias

kargavs da warmodgenis erT-erT, xSirad, meorad

komponentad iqceva.

Tanamedrove Teatraluri xelovnebis avangarduli

Stos genezisis gzebis gasagebad, aucilebelia

Tamar bokuCava

15

mivmarToT primitiuli da arqauli kulturebis

saTeatro praqtikasa da gamocdilebas, raTa davinaxoT,

Tu rogor xedavs Tanamedrove Teatraluri kultura

Tavis warsulsa da fesvebs.

Teatri da rituali

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Teatraluri xelovneba,

rogorc mxatvruli, socialuri da anTropologiuri

fenomeni, Tavisi universalurobiTa da formaluri

niSnebiT, pirvelyofili ritualis sinkretul

(Serwymul) mxatvrul bunebasa da mis mravalfunqciur

daniSnulebas mogvagonebs, rodesac xelovnebis

dargebi adamianis erTiani mxatvruli saqmianobis jer

kidev aradiferencirebul aspeqtebs warmoadgendnen

da organulad iyvnen CarTulni pirvelyofili

kulturebis yofiTi, socialuri Tu religiuri

cxovrebis mTlianobaSi. bunebrivia, Teatri gamoeyo

kults, magram man SeinarCuna adamianis sulieri da

socialuri cxovrebis maorganizebeli fenomenis niSan-

Tvisebebi. Sesabamisad, imisaTvis rom Teatraluri

xelovnebis arsi da funqcia gavigoT, SeZlebisdagvarad,

unda CavwvdeT mis fesvebs, gavacnobieroT samyaros

mxatvruli aRqmisa da modelirebis uadresi formebi da

maTi daniSnuleba,UuZvelesi adamianis damokidebuleba

samyarosTan, misi yofisa da qcevis modelebi.

Teatraluri kulturis sawyisebis, ritualis

warmoSobisa da moqmedebis mizezTaAda formaTa

Zieba damwerlobamdeli primitiuli pirvelyofili

kulturebis wiaRis SeswavliT iwyeba, romelTa

Sesaxebac mxolod materialuri kulturis ZeglebiTa

da artefaqtebiT (xelTqmnili sagnebi) SeiZleba

msjeloba.

anTropologebisa da kulturologebis azriT,

XIX-XX saukunis TeatrmcodneobiTi

kvlevis zogierTi tendencia Teatri da rituali

16

uZvelesi ritualebis formireba jer kidev zeda

paleoliTis epoqaSi daiwyo. am droidan mecnierebs

mxolod arqeologiuri masala moepovebaT – Sromis

primitiuli iaraRebi, kldeze Sesrulebuli

gamosaxulebebi da reliefebi, Zvlisa da qvis figurebi

da sxv. mxolod am arqeologiur masalaze dayrdnobiT,

Znelia raime utyuari daskvnis gakeTeba imis Taobaze,

Tu rogor cxovrobda, ras grZnobda da rogor

acnobierebda gare samyarosa da sakuTar Tavs zemo

paleoliTis adamiani. am problemis gadasaWrelad

anTropologebma e. w. SedarebiT meTods mimarTes da

arqeologiuri monacemebi Tanamedrove primitiuli

kulturebis cxovrebis wesTan (amazoniis, avstraliis,

okeaniisa da sxv. tomebis), ritualebTan, Semoqmedebisa

da urTierTobis formebTan mimarTebaSi ganixiles. isini

im daSvebidan amodiodnen, rom pirvelyofili adamianis

kulturasa da xelovnebas, ase vTqvaT, sayovelTao

universaluri xasiaTi aqvs.

arqeologiuri nimuSebisa da Tanamedrove

primitiuli erebis yofisa da kulturis, ganviTarebuli

sazogadoebebis saritualo da ceremoniuli kulturis

formebis Seswavlis safuZvelze Seiqmna winaistoriuli

adamianis cxovrebisa da rwmena-warmodgenebis savaraudo

suraTi da gamokveTa ritualis adgili da funqcia maT

cxovrebaSi.

rituali (laTinuri ritualis _ sakulto, ritus – sazeimo ceremonia, sakulto qmedeba) eTnologiisa

da kulturuli anTropologiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi

cnebaa. sityvebi kulti da zeimi ritualis

mniSvnelobasa da sazogadoebis cxovrebis msvlelobaSi

gamorCeul daniSnulebaze migvaniSneben. Tanamedrove

civilizaciaTagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic aseve icnoben

da iyeneben ritualis ceremoniul formebs, magram

maT mxolod gansakuTrebul viTarebebSi mimarTaven,

rituali primitiuli kulturebis yoveldRiuri

Tamar bokuCava

17

cxovrebis Tanmxlebi fenomenia. `kulturis yvelaze

arqaul safexurebze adamianis cxovreba Tavad aris

religiuri qmedeba, radganac sakvebis miRebas,

sqesobriv urTierTobebsa da Sromas sakramentuli

Rirebuleba gaaCnia~, wers religiisa da miTologiis

mkvlevari da anTroplogi mirCa eliade1 primitiuli

kulturebis Camoyalibeba zeda paleoliTis (paleoliTi

– qvis xana, iyofa qveda, Sua da zeda periodebad) epoqaSi

moxda. uZvelesi adamianis mxatvruli saqmianobis

nimuSebi aTeul da aseul aTas wels iTvlis. espaneTSi,

altamiras gamoqvabulSi aRmoCenili gamosaxulebebi,

sxvadasxva SexedulebiT, 200 000-mde wlisaa. am bunebriv

`taZars~ erT erTma mkvlevarma paleoliTis `siqstis

kapela~ uwoda. Tumca, sxvadasxva anTropologiur

gamokvlevaTa Tanaxmad, adamianis biologiuri evolucia

Homo sapiens-is (gonieri adamianis) formirebiT,

daaxloebiT 40 000 _ 35 000 wlis winaT dasrulda.

Tavisi winaprebisagan mas, anatomiur maxasiaTebelTa

garda, materialuri kulturis ganviTarebis xarisxi

(Sromis iaraRebi, mxatvrul-mamodelirebeli

saqmianobis elementebi), danawevrebuli metyvelebisa

da abstraqtuli azrovnebis unari ganasxvavebda.

mirCa eliade fiqrobs, rom winaistoriuli adamianis

`gaadamianureba~ Semgroveblobidan monadireobaze

gadasvlam gamoiwvia. gaiyo qalisa da mamakacis Sroma,

nadiris sistematurma devnam da xocvam msxverplsa da

monadires Soris urTierTobis unikaluri sistemis

formireba, mistikuri solidarobis gancdis Camoyalibeba

gamoiwvia. mkvlevrebis erT nawils miaCnia, rom zeda

paleoliTis adamians ukve hqonda religiuri cnobiereba

da rwmena-warmodgenebi, romlebic garemomcveli

samyaros bunebisa da adamianTa urTierTmimarTebis wesis

1 “La Nostalgie des Origines”, 1969, gv. 7.

XIX-XX saukunis TeatrmcodneobiTi

kvlevis zogierTi tendencia Teatri da rituali

18

warmosaxuli suraTis elementebs Seicavda. adamiani

samyaros sakralur ZalebTan mudmiv urTierTqmedebaSi,

mudmiv dialogSi imyofeboda da misi sasicocxlo

aqtivoba – nadiroba, Sromis iaraRebis damzadeba Tu

sxva, yofieris erTian arsebobasTan Tanamonawileobis

gancdiT iyo ganmsWvaluli. uZvelesi adamianebis

nadirobasTan dakavSirebul ritualebSi aqtiurad iyo

CarTuli SemoqmedebiTi mxatvruli elementi, razec

kldeze gamosaxuli naxatebis, Zvlisa da qvisagan nakveTi

gamosaxulebebis forma da Sinaarsi mowmobs.

primitiuli ritualis religiuri, praqtikuli,

socialuri Tu fsiqologiuri funqciebi xilul

da uxilav samyarosTan sagangebo komunikaciis

formebiT xorcieldeboda, rituali komunikaciis

mravalveqtorian formas warmoadgenda, xolo misi

praqtikuli daniSnuleba da qmediTi buneba ritualuri

magiis saxeliTac aris cnobili. religiis pirvelyofil

formebs – animizms, fetiSizms, totemizms da magias

protoreligiebsac uwodeben. magiis mistikuri Zala

adamianisa da obieqtis urTierTmimarTebis ZalaSi

mdgomareobs, fiqrobs bronislav malinovski2, xolo

freizeris azriT, pirvelyofil adamianebs miaCndaT, rom `mosalodneli safrTxis Tavidan acilebis

saSualebebi, Tavad maT xelSi iyo da rom magiuri

ritualis meSveobiT maT SeeZloT weliwadis droebis

cvlilebis daCqareba Tu Seneleba~3 primitiuli

kulturebis ritualebze Tavisi dakvirvebebidan da

jeims frezeris kvlevebidan gamomdinare, malinovski

daaskvnis, rom magiuri rituali garemoze verbaluri

Tu fizikuri saSualebebiT zemoqmedebas isaxavs miznad

da Tavis emociur damokidebulebas dramatuli formiT

avlens. es forma ritualis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare

icvleba. Tu jadoqars vinmesTvis an raimesTvis zianis

2 Малиновский. Магия, наука и религия. М.: «Рефл-бук», 19983 Д.д. Фрэзер, «Золотая ветвь», М.1980, gv. 362.

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miyeneba aqvs ganzraxuli, is am sityvis pirdapiri

gagebiT, amtvrevs, `asaxiCrebs~, anadgurebs simbolur

msxverpls. am moqmedebebs is TvalsaCino mrisxanebis,

brazisa da siZulvilis gamoxatulebiT axdens. Tu

sasiyvarulo magiiTaa dakavebuli, sasiyvarulo vnebis

simboluri obieqti moferebisa da alersis sagani

xdeba, xolo Tavad ritualis Semsrulebeli giJurad

Seyvarebuls ganasaxierebs. samxedro magiis saweso

qmedebebSi win modis mrisxanebis gamomxatveli mkacri da

Semtevi moqmedeba da emocia, boroti Zalebis gandevnas

Tavzardacemuli adamianis SiSis gamoxatuleba axlavs,

Sesabamisi moZraobebiTa da plastikiT – SekrTomiT,

konvulsiebiT, tanjviT. zogjer jadoqari magiur

ritualSi ara mxolod zemoqmedebis mizansa da emocias

asaxavs, aramed ritualuri msxverplis damarcxebisa da

mokvdinebis suraTsac, momakvdavi adamianis fizikuri

mdgomareobisa da gancdebis Sesabamisi gamosaxviT.

malinovskis aRwerebidan aSkarad Cans ritualis

saSemsruleblo formis e. w. performatiuli,

gamomsaxvelobiTi da mimeturi xasiaTi. ritualuri

magiis yvelaze `qmediT~ komponentad, malinovski mis

verbalur, SelocviT nawils da warmoTqmuli sityvis

Zalis rwmenas miiCnevs.

kanadeli neirofsiqologi merlin donaldi4, sakacobrio civilizaciis Semdeg fazebs gamoyofs:

epizodurs, mimeturs (baZviT), miTiursa da Teoriuls.

adamianis evoluciis yvelaze adreul etapze, romelsac

is epizoduri kulturis nawilad ganixilavs, adamiani

mxolod aq-da-am wuTs arsebobas ganicdis. misTvis ar

arsebobs arc warsuli, arc momavali. rac Seexeba mimetur,

igive imitaciur qcevas, misi niSnebi, mecnierebis azriT,

jer kidev primatebis qcevaSi SeimCneva. imitaciuri

qceva adamians gadarCenisaTvis aucilebeli codnis

4 Merlin Donald, “Origins Of the Modern Mind: three stages in the evolution of cuture and cognition”, Harvard University press, 1993

XIX-XX saukunis TeatrmcodneobiTi

kvlevis zogierTi tendencia Teatri da rituali

20

SeZenis SesaZleblobas aZlevs. amave dros, mibaZvas

SeiZleba Tan axldes sxvadasxva saxis, maT Soris

TamaSiT gancdili siamovnebis grZnoba. civilizaciis

mimetur fazas axasiaTebs araverbaluri (arasityvieri)

komunikaciis iseT formebi, rogorebicaa Jesti, poza,

mimika da saxis gamometyveleba.

rogorc filip zarilis, brius makkonahis, hari

uiliamsisa da karol fiSer zorgenfrais `Teatris

istoriis SesavalSi~ vkiTxulobT, `orive am models

– aq-da amwuTas yofierebasa da mimetur qcevas

sayovelTaod centraluri adgili ukavia moTamaSisa

(avtorebi termin performers iyeneben) Tu msaxiobis

qcevaSi, rogorc istoriul, ise zogadkulturul

WrilSi. epizoduri da mimeturi qceva warmodgenis

aucilebeli winapirobebia ritualiT dawyebuli da

dramiT damTavrebuli~.5 rogorc vxedavT, am Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, ritualis

sakomunikacio modelebi Teatraluri komunikaciis

samsaxiobo mxaris sakomunikacio modelTa msgavsia, rac

ritualidan saSemsruleblo Teatraluri xelovnebis

genezisis erT-erTi damadasturebeli niSania.

Teatraluri qmedebac `aq da amwuTs~ mimdinareobs da

baZviTi, mimsgavsebiTi xasiaTi aqvs.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, mkvlevarTa umravlesobis

azriT (mirCa eliade, klod levi-strosi da sxv.),

primitiul kulturebs ukve dawyebiT safexurze aqvT

garkveuli religiuri miTo-simboluri msoflgancda.

xSirad, rituali SeiZleba miTis erTgvar inscenirebas

warmoadgendes. maT Soris kosmogoniuri miTebisa,

romlebic samyaros miTologiuri warmoSobis modelebs

warmoadgens. ritualis meSveobiT adamiani samyaros

ganaxlebaSi, mis ganmeorebad SeqmnaSi monawileobs. es

monawileoba simboluri qmedebiT xorcieldeba, radgan

5 Theatre Histories, An Introduction; by Phillip Zarilli, Bruce Mc- Theatre Histories, An Introduction; by Phillip Zarilli, Bruce Mc- Histories, An Introduction; by Phillip Zarilli, Bruce Mc-Histories, An Introduction; by Phillip Zarilli, Bruce Mc- An Introduction; by Phillip Zarilli, Bruce Mc-An Introduction; by Phillip Zarilli, Bruce Mc- Introduction; by Phillip Zarilli, Bruce Mc-Introduction; by Phillip Zarilli, Bruce Mc- by Phillip Zarilli, Bruce Mc-by Phillip Zarilli, Bruce Mc- Phillip Zarilli, Bruce Mc-Phillip Zarilli, Bruce Mc- Zarilli, Bruce Mc-Zarilli, Bruce Mc- Bruce Mc-Bruce Mc- Mc-Mc-Conachie, Gary Jay Williams, Carol Fisher Sorgenfrei, gv. 5

Tamar bokuCava

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rituali sagnebsa da movlenebs simbolur mniSvnelobasa

da niSan-Tvisebebs aniWebs. eTnologebis, _ malinovskisa

da diurkgeimis SexedulebiT, rituali pirovnebisa da

sociumis Seqmnasa Tu ganaxlebas, koleqtivebis mTlianobis

SenarCunebas emsaxureba. am mTlianobis SesanarCuneblad

ki ritualur qmedebaTa mTeli sistema moqmedebs:

samyaros ganaxleba, RmerTisa da winaparTa pativiscema,

momadliereba da momxroba, bunebis gansulierebul

Zalebze zemoqmedeba da maTTan kavSiris damyareba,

gmiris saqmeTa gandideba-ganmeoreba, senisgan gankurneba,

dacva, zianis miyeneba, piris statussa da mdgomareobaSi

mimdinare cvlilebis aRniSvna – dabadebis, simwifis

miRwevis (iniciacia), axali urTierTobis damyarebisa Tu

sikvdilisa da sxv.

eTnologTa, anTropologTa da religiis mkvlevarTa

umravlesoba Tanxmdeba, rom ritualis sakraluroba

samyaroseuli da sazogadoebrivi wesrigis SenarCunebas

emsaxureba. arqauli adamianuri koleqtivebis

gamocdileba SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas, rogorc ori

ZiriTadi mdgomareobis monacvleoba – mowesrigebul

da stabilur kosmosSi cxovrebisa da saqmianobis,

romlis wminda centrebi usafrTxoebasa da qaosisagan

dacvas uzrunvelyofen (igulisxmeba, rom qaosi

mowesrigebuli da dalagebuli samyaros farglebs miRma

aris gandevnili) da kosmosis perioduli qaotizaciisa,

rodesac kosmosi Tavisi arsebobis kritikul wertilebs

gadis. `samyaros droebiTi ustruqturoba, romelic

arqaul dResaswaulSi vlindeba, produqtiulia _

is uzrunvelyofs sakraluri obieqtebis siZlieres.

swored samyaros sazeimo ganaxlebis formas warmoadgens

rituali arqaul realobaSi. is iwyeba miRebuli

normebis damrRvevi moqmedebiT, riTac daberebul

kosmoss, droebiT, nayofier qaosSi abrunebs, Semdeg

ki Tanmimdevrulad aRadgens saganTa da movlenaTa

tradiciul pirvandel wesrigs. arqauli rituali

XIX-XX saukunis TeatrmcodneobiTi

kvlevis zogierTi tendencia Teatri da rituali

22

warmoadgens sinkretul moqmedebas, romlidanac iRebs

saTaves ufro gviandeli saqmianobis specializebuli

formebi – sawarmoo-ekonomikuri, samxedro-

politikuri, religiur-sakulto, mxatvruli da

sxv.~6

rac ar unda iyos ritualis daniSnuleba, amerikeli

Teatrmcodnis, performansis specialistis, reJisoris

– riCard Sexneris azriT, is yovelTvis Seicavs

Tanmxlebi siamovnebisa da garTobis elements. SeniRbva,

kostiumireba, gardasaxva, cekva, musika, Txroba, –

yovelive es, ara mxolod praqtikuli da mistikuri

miznis miRwevas emsaxureba, aramed RmerTis, winaprebis,

monawileebisa Tu damswreebisaTvis siamovnebis

miniWebasac. amasTan, sargebeli da siamovneba erTmaneTs

ki ar upirispirdeba, aramed avsebs.

pirvelyofili da tradiciuli xelovnebis

mkvlevari vil mirimanovi miiCnevs, rom pirvelyofil

sazogadoebaSi sulieri saqmianobis TiTq mis yvela

sfero xelovnebas ukavSirdeba da Tavis Tavs xelovnebis

meS veobiT gamoxatavs, `mxatvrulad formdeba~.7

moisei kagani adamianis mier samyaros mxatvruli

aTvisebis sawyis safexurze or Taviseburebas ganasxvavebs.

pirvel rigSi is zogadad yvela tipis sulieri

saqmianobis sinkretulobaze saubrobs, cxovrebiseul-

praqtikulis, komunikaciuris, religiurisa da sxva.

is aRniSnavs, rom am dawyebiT safexurze adamianis

saqmianobaTa Soris sazRvrebi an Zalian bundovani iyo

an ar arsebobda.

meore Taviseburebad is Janrul-saxeobrivi

struqturebis ararsebobas asaxelebs. sityvieri

xelovneba masSi jer kidev ar aris diferencirebuli

musikalurisagan, epikuri - lirikulisagan, istoriul-

6 Новейший Философский Словарь, 2009. http://iph.ras.ru/elib/1474.html7 http://artyx.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000013/st030.shtml

Tamar bokuCava

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miTologiuri yofiTisagan.

yvela am mosazrebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom Teatraluri xelovnebis ritualidan

warmoSobis sasargeblod, sakmaod bevri garemoeba

metyvelebs: ritualis imitaciuri buneba, masSi

gaTamaSebuli movlenebis aq-da-amwuTierebis gancda,

ritualSi monawile adamianis sxeulis mxatvruli

modelirebis SesaZleblobebis gamoyeneba –moZraobis,

xmis JReradobis, plastikis; ritualuri qmedebis

qsovilSi mxatvruli saqmianobis yvela misawvdomi

saSualebisa da masalis CarTva – cekvis, pantomimuri

elementebis, simReris, sakravebis, sxeulis moxatvisa

da mokazmvis, saxis SeniRbvisa da yvela sxva mxatvruli

Cvevisa da teqnikis gamoyeneba.

Teatraluri warmodgenis bunebasTan rituals misi

ganaxlebadi bunebac anaTesavebs – rituali yovelTvis

drosa da sivrceSi Semofargluli qmedebaa, romelsac

aqvs garkveuli ritmi da dinamikuri struqtura,

axasiaTebs saganTa da movlenaTa esTetikur-mxatvruli

simbolizacia da Sinagani logika, saWiroebs

SemsrulebelTa garkveul gamocdilebasa da ostatobas,

qmnis yoveldRiuri garemomcveli realobisagan

gansxvavebul da mniSvnelovan realobas.

amas garda, pirvelyofili adamianis msoflgancdidan

gamomdinare, rituals, Teatris msgavsad, sakomunikacio

universalizmi gamoarCevs. adamiani Tavis Tavs garemos

kosmogoniur ZalebTan, bunebriv movlenebTan da cocxal

Tu uCinar arsebebTan universalur kavSirSi SeigrZnobs.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom masSi gansakuTrebiT Zlieria gareSe

Tvalis (bunebis ZalTa, RmerTebis, winaprebis mzeris)

mudmivi Tandaswrebis SegrZneba. misi arseboba mudmivi

mayureblis winaSe TamaSdeba, yvela mis moqmedebas

mfarvelebi da mowinaaRmdegeebi hyavs. is jer kidev

ar grZnobs sakuTari arsebobis gankerZoebulobas,

yovelTvis garkveul samokavSireo qselSia CarTuli da

XIX-XX saukunis TeatrmcodneobiTi

kvlevis zogierTi tendencia Teatri da rituali

24

adamianebisa Tu mistikuri mfarvelebis wreSi da maT

winaSe moqmedebs.

filip zarili, brius makkonahi, hari viliamsi

da karol fiSer zorgenfrai `Teatris istoriis

SesavalSi~ Teatris sawyisebs koleqtiuri ritualis

garda, oralursa da Samanur `warmodgenebSi~ xedaven

(sityva Samani cimbireli tungusebis enidan aris

nasesxebi da niSnavs `mas, vinc aRtkinebiT rokavs da

iweva~. Samanebs uwodeben im adamianebs, vinc religiur

praqtikas misdevs da tomis wevrTa Soris mkurnalis,

calkeul pirTa Tu mTeli koleqtivis problemebis

momgvareblis, ubedurebis amrideblisa da sulier

ZalebTan mediatoris saxeliT sargeblobs.) Samanuri Tu

ufro gviandeli religiebis transuli da meditaciuri

praqtikebiT daintereseba msaxiobis xelovnebis bunebisa

da Teatraluri sanaxaobis zemoqmedebis fsiqologiuri

aspeqtebis kvleviT aris ganpirobebuli.

rac Seexeba oralur warmodgenas, Zvel saberZneTSi

is rafsodTa xelovnebad yalibdeba. rafsodebi

homerosisa da hesiodes poemebis mTqmelebi da

improvizatorebi iyvnen. platonis dialogi `ioni~

rafsod ionTan xelovnebis bunebis Sesaxeb sokrates

saubars gadmogvcems. mkvlevrebs oralur warmodgenaSi

Cadebuli miTis gacocxlebis potenciali ainteresebT,

romelic msmenelebs movlenaTa Tanamonawilobis

uSualo gancdas uCens.

Teatrisa da zogadad kulturis qceviTi,

biologiuri sawyisebis kvlevebze didi zegavlena

iqonia holandieli mecnieris iohanes heizingas 1938

wels gamoqveynebulma kvlevam “Homo Ludens” (moTamaSe

adamiani). hoizingas mixedviT, kulturis safuZvelSi

devs adamianis TamaSisadmi TanSobili swrafva,

TamaSuri sawyisi, romelic kulturis formirebis

winapirobaa. pirvelyofil sazogadoebaSi man udidesi

roli Seasrula miTologiis, magiis, sxvadasxva tipis

Tamar bokuCava

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ritualisa da saweso qmedebebis CamoyalibebaSi.

es Teoria axlos dgas mosazrebebTan, romlebic

pirvelyofil sinkretul xelovnebas adamianis

sulieri aqtivobis uadres formad miiCneven. swored

am adreuli Semoqmedebis wiaRSi Camoyalibda pirveli,

xSirad fantastikuri Sexedulebebi da intuiciebi

droisa da sivrcis, mizezisa da Sedegis, movlenaTa

urTierTmimarTebebis Sesaxeb. pirvelyofili

sinkretuli xelovnebis socialurma bunebam xeli

Seuwyo zogadad kulturisa da sazogadoebrivi

Tanacxovrebis formaTa ganviTarebas.

mkvlevari eli roziki, Teatris ritualuri

warmomavlobis Teoriis mowinaaRmdegea, is miiCnevs,

rom ritualsa da Teatrs Soris kavSiris Sesaxeb

Teoriebi ufro poetursa da metaforul xasiaTs

atarebs, vidre mecnieruls. Tumca is ar uaryofs, rom

Teatris `warmomavlobis ritauluri Teoriis gavlena

mkafiod aisaxa Teatris reJisorTa mniSvnelovani

jgufis Semoqmedebaze, romlebic emxrobodnen Teatris

ritualis elementebiT gacocxlebasa da ganaxlebas. am

gzas, _ ambobs roziki, _ mivyavarT iseT reJisorebamde,

rogorebic arian piter bruki, eJi grotovski, ariane

mnuSkine, riCard Sexneri da eujenio barba.~8

rozikis es sityvebi kidev erTxel adasturebs,

rom imisda miuxedavad, dasturdeba Tu ara ritualisa

da Teatris urTierTmimarTebis faqti sakmarisi

samecniero argumentaciebiT, Teatris ritualidan

warmoSobis Teoriebma udidesi zegavlena moaxdines

Tanamedrove saTeatro procesis praqtikul Tu

Teoriul aspeqtebze.

8 The Roots of Theatre.The Journal of Religion and Theatre, Vol. 2, No. 1, Fall 2003 http://www.rtjournal.org.

XIX-XX saukunis TeatrmcodneobiTi

kvlevis zogierTi tendencia Teatri da rituali

26

М. А. Коростовцев, Литература Древнего Эгипта, История • всемирной литературы. - Т., М., 1983. с. 54-82.История Древнего Востока. Авдиев В.И., М.: Высшая школа, • 1970.3.Египетский театр и Драматургия, • http://www.slovco.ru/sin/e/EGIPETSKIY-TEATR--I--DRAMATURGIYA.--P-1657.html4.. http://historic.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000054/st111.shtml - • Религиозная поэзия. 5. • http://godsbay.ru/egypt/osiris.html6. Лауэнштайн Дитер, Элевсинские Мистерии, М. Энигма, • 1996. стр.3687. Эдуард• Шюре, Великие Посвященные. Очерк эзотеризма религий. Калуга, 1914.8. • Александр Мень. История религии. т.4. Издательство «Слово». 1992.9. В• .В.Латышев «Очерк греческих древностей».

http://lectures.edu.ru/default.asp?ob_no=1682• 410. Вячеслав Иванов, «Дионис и Прадионисииство», Баку, • 1923. 11. Джеймс Фрезер, «Золотая Ветвь», М. 1980. • 12. История Веры и Религиозных идей. Том 1-ый. От каменного • века до Элевсинских мистерии. Перевод H.H.Кулаковой, В.Р.Рокитянского и Ю.Н.СтефановаМ.: Критерион, 2002.13. Бронислав Малиновский, « Магия, наука и религия», М.: • «Рефл-бук», 1998.14. Theatre Histories, An Introduction; by Phillip Zarilli, Bruce • McConachie, Gary Jay Williams, Carol Fisher Sorgenfrei, Routledge, 2006.15. Christopher Innes, Avant Garde Theatre, 1892-1992. London-• New-York, Routledge, 1996. 16. • gilgameSiani, Tbilisi, 1984.

Tamar bokuCava

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17. dimitri janeliZe, qarTuli Teatris xalxuri sawyisebi, • Tbilisi, 1948.

18.• Иохан Хейзинга, “Homo Ludens”, М., 1992.19. • manana xidaSeli, `samyaros suraTi arqaul

saqarTveloSi~, Tbilisi, 2001.

20. • Mircea Eliade, Rites and Symbols of Initiation, Woodstock, 1995. 21. Eli Rozik, • The Roots of Theatre.The Journal of Religion and Theatre, Vol. 2, No. 1, Fall 2003. 22. А. Аникст, Возникновение научной истории театра в XX •

веке, М. 1977.

XIX-XX saukunis TeatrmcodneobiTi

kvlevis zogierTi tendencia Teatri da rituali

28

mixeil kalandariSvili

vis sWirdeba Teoria?

ar gegonoT ritorikuli SekiTxvaa. igi saWiroa

zogierTisTvis da SesaZloa, usargeblo iyos

danarCenisTvis. rogor gaverkveT amaSi? Teorias xom

isic axasiaTebs, goneba gaunaTos erTs da sabolood

daabrmavos meore; orive SemTxvevaSi Teoria Tavis saqmes

akeTebs, radgan misi Zalis gareSe veravin mixvdeba mTavars

– ratom miiRo savalalo Sedegi maSin, roca, TiTqos,

da yvela mosalodneli dabrkoleba gaiTvaliswina?

istoriasa da Teorias Soris gansxvaveba didia.

erTi gvaswavlis faqtebis mniSvnelobas, meore ki,

kanonzomierebebis gamovlenaa. istoria unda icode,

magram saWiroa gesmodes, rom igi verafers Secvlis,

radgan faqtebis damowmeba adamians cxovrebiseul

gakveTils ver miscems. istoriuli faqtebis

damaxsovreba SesaZlebelia, Tumca es procesi atarebs

informaciuli xasiaTis faseulobas; Zala ar Seswevs

movlenebi ganazogados da maTi logikuri dinebis

xasiaTi aRniSnos.

ase rom ar iyos, istoriis magaliTebi Zalian

bevr rames gagvagebinebden, gvaswavlidnen; pirvel

rigSi ki imas, rom unda gviyvardes sxvebi: adamianebi,

sazogadoeba, samyaro, buneba. samwuxarod, warsulis

gakveTilebi aravis arafers aswavlis, radgan

istoriuli gamocdileba uzomo da uazro Secdomebis

gameorebisken miiswrafvis.

ratom? SekiTxvas damajereblad artur Sopenhaueri

pasuxobs, romelic istoriis rols Semdegnairad

gansazRvravs: _ istoria uamravi Secdomisa da

danaSaulis matianea. Sopenhaueri uaryofs istoriasac

da saerTod, progresis yovelgvar saSualebas, acxadebs,

29

rom istorias araviTari mniSvneloba ar gaaCnia;

kacobrioba cxovrobs mojadoebul wreSi, amitom,

mxolod filosofias aqvs Zala mogvces codna cxovrebis

ubedurebis Sesaxeb; radgan filosofias, e. i., Teorias,

romelsac Tu davujerebT, SesaZlebelia mivendoT da

virwmunoT. Sopenhaueris es mosazreba, mWidrodaa

dakavSirebuli xelovnebis problematikasTan da,

pirvel rigSi, dramaturgiasTan, TeatrTan.

istoriis gamocdileba vinmes rom gaeziarebina

Cven avicilebdiT: omebs, saSinelebebs, mougvarebel

konfliqtebs da msgavs tragikul movlenebs. maSin

artur Sopenhaueri ar gamoitanda adamianis mimarT

aseT mkacr da pesimistur ganaCens. igi ambobs, rom

adamiani veluri, saSineli cxovelia, romelsac

vxedavT moTvinierebul mdgomareobaSi, amas ki

civilizacia hqvia. xolo im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac

adamianis WeSmariti buneba iCens Tavs, Cven saSinelebis

SegrZneba gveufleba: rodesac sadme irRveva wesrigi,

SemoiWreba anarqia. swored maSin, advilia mixvde, _

ra aris sinamdvileSi adamiani. imaT, visac surT amaSi

darwmundnen, SeuZliaT isargeblon uamravi Zveli da

axali istoriuli xasiaTis moxmobiT, _ mixvdebian,

rom adamiani Tavisi sisastikiT da daundoblobiT arc

vefxvs da arc afTars Camouvardeba. da Tu es asea, maSin

cruoben dramaturgebi, rodesac gviCveneben dadebiT

personaJebs. homerosTan Sopenhaueri ver poulobs verc

erT idealur gmirs, SeqspirTan _ mxolod kordelias

da koriolans.

istoriaze da adamianze aseTi mkacri Sexeduleba

Sopenhaueris filosofiuri sistemis urRvev safuZvels

warmoadgens, razedac man pesimizmis idealizaciis

iseTi nageboba aago, romelmac mTlianad Secvala XX

saukunis xelovnebis bedi: modernizmi da dekadansi

Sopenhaueris ideebiT ikvebebodnen da wina saukunis

30

musikis, Teatris, mxatvrobis, poeziis da literaturis

ganviTarebis ZiriTadi tendenciebi gansazRvres.

istoria da Teoria sapirispiro polusebze

aRmoCndnen – erTi meores mowyvetili. isini agrZeleben

usasrulo gzas, romlis gavla rTulia im mizezis gamo,

rom i s t o r i a arafers gvaswavlis, xolo Teoria

cdilobs gagvagebinos cxovrebis daniSnulebisa da

adamianis zneobrivi saxe.

isev mivadeqiT mTavar kiTxvas: v i s s W i r d e b a

T e o r i a ? zogierTs albaT hgonia, rom am SekiTxvis

dasmis pirdapiroba zedmetad tendenciuria. isini

cdebian – damajerebel, mwyobr Teorias SeuZlia

gaarRvios labirinTis gauvaloba. obieqturi Sedegis

mopoveba TiTqmis SeuZlebelia, magram logikuri

msjeloba, dialeqtikuri xedva dagvexmareba nanatri

codnis miRebaSi.

Tu Teoriis saWiroeba aRar arsebobs, maSin istoriis

mniSvnelobas saerTod ekargeba fasi – vis ainteresebs

romel wels da romel dRes daibada Seqspiri, Caikovski,

Tu rusTaveli. am codnas bevrad naklebi mniSvneloba

aqvs, vidre imas, Tu ra Semates genialurma pirovnebebma

kacobriobas da mis kulturas.

pasuxis ZebnaSi mivadeqiT iuri lotmanis werils,

romelmac sruliad originalurad ganazogada sakiTxi

da daukavSira yovelive TiTqos kerZo magaliTs –

`siarulis Teorias~, magram amave dros, moaxerxa

eCvenebina Teoriuli azrovnebis daniSnuleba da misi

arsobrivi mniSvnelovnebac. cnobili mecnieri wers:

`Teoria naklebad saWiroa iq, sadac pirvel planze

gamodis praqtikuli Cveva. imisTvis, visac siaruli

SeuZlia, siarulis Teoria saWiro ar aris... xom

ar niSnavs es, rom siarulis Teoria saerTod aravis

sWirdeba? ara, igi Zalian gamoadgeba eqims, fiziologs,

fizikoss, Tumca bavSvs, romelic siaruls swavlobs an

mixeil kalandariSvili

31

moZraobadakargul invalids, amgvari Teoriis codna

bevrs arafers miscems~.1

lotmanis azri dramis Teoriis saganze rom ganvavrcoT,

misi saWiroeba TeatrmcodnesTvis, reJisorisTvis,

xelovnebadmcodnesTvis araviTar eWvs ar iwvevs,

Tumca, saubarma imaze, Tu ramdenad aucilebelia igi

msaxiobisTvis, romlis SemoqmedebaSic praqtikuli

Cveva bevrad win dgas Teoriul azrovnebaze, an darbazSi

mjdomi rigiTi mayureblisTvis, SesaZlebelia, isev misi

rolis uaryofamde migviyvanos.

dramis Teoria, rogorc specialuri disciplina,

romelic axalgazrda xelovans – reJisors,

Teatrmcodnes, – azrovnebis unarCvevebs uyalibebs,

exmareba xelovnebis kanonzomierebebis dadgenaSi da

amiT Cvenc gviadvilebs ganviTarebis ganzogadebuli

suraTis danaxvas. Tavis mxriv, iTxovs rogorc ama

Tu im epoqaSi Camoyalibebuli wesebis codnas, aseve

`damrRvevebis~ mier Setanili wvlilis Seswavlasa

da Sefasebas, romlebic, xSir SemTxvevaSi, xelovnebas

axal miznebs usaxavdnen. am rTuli procesis

gaazrebisas gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens

pirvelwyaroebTan Sexeba, terminologiasa da mTavar

cnebebSi garkveva, mimarTulebebis, skolebis, stilebis

formirebis principebis, da zogadad, saTeatro azris

mravalsaukunovani gzis aTviseba.

mecniereba ricxvebis Sesaxeb – a r i T m e t i k a

_ ver itans uzustobebsa da Secdomebs. mis mier

Seqmnil kanonebs axasiaTebs mkacri logika da

simtkice. amitomac, aseT disciplinarul farglebSi,

SeuZlebelia warmoidgino TiTqos da orjer ori oTxi

ar aris. sxvagvaradaa saqme xelovnebaSi, romelic Tavis

mier dawesebul aqsiomebs dro da dro warmatebiT

amsxvrevs. gavixsenoT Tundac qrestomatiuli magaliTi

1 Ю. Лотман. Об искусстве, Спб., 2005, с. 603

vis sWirdeba Teoria?

32

– mxatvarma daxata grandiozuli masStabis spilo,

romelsac tiloze udidesi zomis farTobi ukavia. vis

SeuZlia am naxatis aRqma mTlianobaSi?

aristotelesaTvis sruliad dauSvebeli iyo

nawarmoebis fragmentuli gaazreba. mxatvruli

mTlianobis kanoni saukuneebis manZilze

ucvlelad moqmedebda rogorc savaldebulo da

gasaTvaliswinebeli moTxovna, romlis darRveva

ganasxvavebda ama Tu im qmnilebis namdvil faseulobas.

Tanamedrove xelovneba principulad uaryofs ara

mxolod mxatvruli mTlianobis kanons, aramed yvela

cnobil danarCen normasac, romlebic klasikuri

ganviTarebis periodSi aucileblobas warmoadgendnen.

Cven Tvalwin dRes iqmneba uamravi satelevizio serialis

nimuSi, romelic Tavisi masStabebiT mogvagonebs ukve

naxseneb `spilos~; maTi aRqma SeuZlebelia, rogorc

garkveuli saxis mTlianobisa. rasakvirvelia, amgvari

produqciis udides nawils xelovnebasTan saerTo

cota aqvs, Tumca maT Soris gvxdeba iseTi calkeuli

nawarmoebebi, magaliTad: `saswrafo~, `sopranos

klani~, `dakargulebi~, `axali msxverpli~, romelTa

aseTi niSniT ugulebelyofa arqaul azrovnebasTan

migviyvans.

postmodernizmis epoqaSi SesaZlebeli xdeba ara

mxolod mTlianobis darRveva, aramed moqmedebis,

dramaturgiuli struqturisa da kompoziciis

kardinaluri dekonstruqcia, romelic zogjer,

mravalmxriv da mniSvnelovan, axal mxatvrul

RirebulebebTan gvaziarebs.

maSasadame, xelovnebaSi sruliad dasaSvebia ori orze

gaamravlo, pasuxad ki ariTmetikisaTvis daujerebeli

ricxvi miiRo, _ gamaognebeli rezultati, romelic

sicrueze ki ar metyvelebs, aramed, mxolod dinamizmze

da mudmiv cvalebadobaze. sxvagvarad rogor avxsnaT

mixeil kalandariSvili

33

kanonebis dadgenis uamravi mcdeloba da aranaklebad

gamarTlebuli nabijebi _ miRebuli wesebis gauqmeba,

Secvla, an Tundac ngreva?

akademikosi losevi xSirad imeorebda erT sasacilo

ambavs: mewaRem da mkeravma lori Wames. pirveli imave

dRes gardaicvala, xolo meore gadarCa. mosulma eqimma

dawera daskvna: loris Wama dauSvebelia mewaReebisTvis,

Tumca, SesaZlebelia mkeravebisaTvis. magaliTi

gvaxsenebs analogiur movlenebs axlo istoriaSi,

Tundac, sabWouri ̀ ukonfliqtobis Teorias~, romelmac

udidesi ziani miayena xelovnebas. amgvari primitiuli

xasiaTis daskvnebis dakanoneba saxifaToa, radgan sul

male igi ganviTarebis Semaferxebel faqtorad iqceva,

xolo misi xangrZlivi moqmedeba mZimed da uaryofiTad

aisaxeba mTlianad xelovnebis bedze.

rodesac ideologia sazogadoebas karnaxobs

cxovrebis `optimistur morals~, maSin xelovnebaSi

ikrZaleba tragedia, rogorc Janri, izRudeba mZafri

dramatuli konfliqtis areali, Teatri da drama

kargaven Tavis ZiriTad funqcias – aRbeWdon sinamdvilis

udidesi winaaRmdegobebi da emsgavsebian `msubuq~ da

umniSvnelo gasarTob saSualebas an ideologiuri

dogmebis gamaJRerebel rupors. aseT SemTxvevebSi

Teoriac xels uwyobs miRebuli normebis gamarTlebas

da sruliad ar ewinaaRmdegeba maT.

ase iyo Sua saukuneebSi, rodesac tragediis

Janri `mavned~ gamocxadda, radgan mas `arasasurvel

aRgznebamde~ miyavs mayurebeli: RmerTma Seqmna

harmoniuli samyaro, romelSic adgili ar aqvs

borotebas. masSi arsebobs mxolod `sruli da

arasruli sikeTe~, rac pirdapir migvaniSnebs tragediis

Janris zedmetobaze.

sabWoTa imperiis periodSi igive xdeboda,

rodesac gamonaklisis saxiT daiwera mxolod ori

vis sWirdeba Teoria?

34

tragediis nimuSi – pirveli saTaurSive gvarwmunebs

tragikuli paTosis absurdulobaSi (vsevolod

viSnevskis `optimisturi tragedia~), xolo meore

(Salva dadianis `TeTnuldi~) _ mowmobs dramaturgis

marcxze; Janrobrivi Taviseburebebis gauazreblobam

gamoiwvia xasiaTebis funqciebis iseTi mZime aRreva,

ramac avtorisaTvis moulodneli da sawinaaRmdego

Sedegi ganapiroba: dadebiTi gmirebis sruli usaxoba,

xolo uaryofiTi personaJebis datvirTuli da

mravlismTqmeli mxatvruli siRrme.

tragediis ararsebobam, `ukonfliqtobis Teoriis~

gavrcelebam, romelic sul male aRiarebuli iqna wamyvan,

TiTqosda novatorul midgomad sabWoTa `jansaR~,

optimistur xelovnebisTvis, gamoiwvia konfliqtis

dayvana nulamde, gauqmebamde, msubuq miniSnebamde, rac

TviT dramaturgiul bunebasac ki ewinaaRmdegeba.

man warmoSva uamravi variacia Temaze – kolmeurneobaSi

mxolod erTi zarmacia, romelsac male daayeneben gzaze

da gamoasworeben; miviReT: `abezarebi~, `WriWinebi~ da

sxva msgavsi produqcia, romlis simravle imdroindeli

xelovnebis saxis ganmsazRvrel faqtorad iqca.

davaneboT Tavi ukve ararsebul sabWoTa kavSirs. msgavsi

procesebi mimdinareobda sxvaganac. aba riT avxsnaT

maSin aseTi xangrZlivi da sicocxlisunariani `hepi

endis~ holivuduri fenomeni?

vaRiaroT, rom qveyanas da epoqas am SemTxvevaSi

naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs, vidre zRapars harmoniuli

samyaros Sesaxeb, romlisTvisac tragikulis arseboba

miuRebelia ara imitom, rom igi bunebaSi ver moiZebneba,

aramed ubralo mizezis gamo, _ optimisturi morali da

tragikuli msoflmxedveloba ver iTavseben erTmaneTs;

maTi arabunebrivi siaxlove mxolod moCvenebiTia, _

miT ufro gaugebari, mtkivneuli da absurdulia, rac

ufro mZlavria cru optimizmis ideologiuri wnexi.

mixeil kalandariSvili

35

sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, sazogadoeba, romelic

ewinaaRmdegeba tragikulis asaxvas xelovnebaSi,

ganwirulia dasaRupad, radgan mis wevrTa umravlesobas

mudam amyofeben araadekvatur realobaSi, romlis

acdena sinamdvilesTan drois ganmavlobaSi sul ufro

cxadi xdeba. ra SeuZlia aseT mdgomareobaSi Teoriul

codnas? Zalian bevri ram, da pirvel rigSi, pozitiur

da damajerebel Teorias ZaluZs gaaTavisuflos

sazogadoeba dogmaturi kanonebis tyveobidan, misces

mas arCevanis SesaZlebloba.

rogor unda SeviswavloT dramis Teoria? ras

mivaqcioT yuradReba? ra cnebebi, terminebi,

koncefciebi unda gaviazroT da sworad ganvsazRvroT,

rom yovelive es dagvexmaros momaval profesiul

moRvaweobaSi? daviwyoT iqedan, rom gamovyoT calke

rigad da ganvmartoT is ZiriTadi cnebebi da terminebi,

romlebic gvxdeba jer kidev aristoteles pirvel

sistemur Teoriul traqtatSi `poetika~.

m i m e s i s i (anu mibaZva) – erT-erTi centraluri

cnebaa, romlis gansazRvriT iwyebs aristotele

msjelobas xelovnebis Sesaxeb. debuleba, rom

mibaZva bavSvobidan axasiaTebs adamians, romelic,

misi meSveobiT eufleba pirvel codnas arsebuli

sinamdviles Sesaxeb, aristoteles naSromSi iZens

gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas, radgan sul ramdenime gverdis

Semdgom, igi ambobs, _ drama moqmedebis mibaZvaa da mis

arss gansazRvravs f a b u l a . tragediis eqvs ZiriTad

elements Soris fabula ikavebs pirvel adgils da iRebs

Tavis Tavze wamyvanis funqcias.

`poetikis~ VI TavSi aristotele wers: `fabulas

me vuwodeb faqtebisa da movlenebis saerTo qargas~.

igi marTalia imitom, rom fabula mxolod movlenaTa

jaWvia, romlis ganviTarebas amoZravebs momxdari

ambebis Tanmimdevroba; anu, movlenebis dinebis dros

vis sWirdeba Teoria?

36

ra ris mere xdeba; ra movlenebi cvlian erTmaneTs da

rogor ebmevian jaWviviT erTi meores? yovelive es qmnis

fabulas, romelic saWiroa ganvasxvavoT siuJetisgan da

kompoziciisgan. zogierT wignSi fabulas warmoadgenen

rogorc nawarmoebis ConCxs, movlenaTa rigs, Tumca,

nebismier SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia gvaxsovdes fabulis

mTavari Tavisebureba – misi urRvevi damokidebuleba

movlenebis Tanmimdevrul msvlelobasTan.

fabula SeiZleba ganmeordes ramdenime an bevr

nawarmoebSi, magram s i u J e t i da miT ufro

k o m p o z i c i a inarCuneben gansxvavebul saxes.

ratom xdeba ase? ra iseTi Tavisebureba axasiaTebs

siuJetsa da kompozicias, rom is ar meordeba fabulis

msgavsad? saqme imaSia, rom siuJeti, iseve, rogorc

kompozicia, ufro metad dakavSirebulia avtoris xedvis

individualobasTan, movlenebis misebur aRqmasTan da

ara Tanmimdevrul svlasTan. aseT SemTxvevaSi siuJeti

xdeba Sinaarsobrivi Sris amsaxveli faqtori, xolo

kompozicia kidev ufro `Tavisufalia~ im gagebiT, rom

mTlianad damokidebulia avtoris individualobaze,

mis fantaziaze da a. S.

magaliTad, dramaturgs SeuZlia daiwyos Tavisi piesa

mTavari gmiris sikvdiliT da gaagrZelos misi warsuli

cxovrebis gaxsenebiT da mogonebiT. am SemTxvevaSi Cven

miviRebT ambavs, romlis ganviTareba daiwyo `bolodan~

da es iqneba kompoziciis uCveulo, magram savsebiT

gamarTlebuli da dasaSvebi ganlageba, romelic

avtoris individualur xedvas, mis mier arCeul formas

da kompozicias gvTavazobs.

fabula SesaZlebelia iyos m a r t i v i d a

d a x l a r T u l i . martivSi Cven gveZleva erTi

p e r i p e t i a da erTi a m o c n o b a, an igi

SeiZleba iyos saerTod peripetiisa da amocnobis

gareSe, xolo daxlarTulSi aucileblad iqneba

mixeil kalandariSvili

37

ramdenime peripetia da amocnoba. ganvmartoT es

terminebi, radgan maTi mniSvneloba imdenad didia,

rom maT gareSe warmoudgeneli xdeba dramaturgiuli,

literaturuli, Tu Teatraluri an kinematografiuli

nawarmoebis gageba da gaazreba.

peripetia bedis cvlilebas niSnavs. aristoteles

sityvebiT rom vTqvaT _ es aris gadasvla ̀ bednierebidan

ubedurebaSi~, an piriqiT, rogorc magaliTad es xSirad

xdeba komediaSi. peripetia, mdgomareobis radikalur

Secvlas afiqsirebs, radgan gadasvla SeiZleba moxdes

mtrobidan – megobrobaSi da a. S.

a m o c n o b a c gadasvlaa, oRond ucodinarobidan

codnamde; misi oTxi ZiriTadi tipis CamoTvlisas

aristotele mxolod meoTxes aZlevs upiratesobas,

Tumca, ganviTarebis saerTo gamocdileba mowmobs,

rom oTxives aqvs ufleba daikavos adgili WeSmariti

xelovnebis sivrceSi.

pirvelia _ amocnoba garegani niSnebis da nivTebis

saSualebiT, romelic Zalian gavrcelebulia

istoriuli ganviTarebis nebismier etapze _ yvela

drosa da epoqaSi. ras gulisxmobs amocnobis es

tipi? niSans an nivTs – naiarevs, xals, beWeds, werils,

samaxsovro medalions, cxvirsaxocs, Tu kidev sxvas?

yvelafers, gmiris amneziasac, romlisganac igi, adre

Tu gvian, gaTavisufldeba. aristotele ar afasebda,

magram Cven xom viciT, aseTi amocnobis WeSmariti

mniSvneloba; gavixsenoT magaliTisTvis `baSi aCuki~, an

`otelo~.

meore tipia _ amocnoba mogonebebis meSveobiT,

romelsac didi adgili ukavia xelovnebis sivrceSi.

gmirma gaixsena iseTi ram, ramac Tavis droze,

mTlianad Secvala misi cxovreba. msgavsi amocnobac

mniSvnelovania, radgan es gmiri, dagvianebiT mainc,

Rebulobs sanatrel codnas, Tavisi danaSaulis

Sesaxeb.

vis sWirdeba Teoria?

38

a m o c n o b i s mesame, damaxasiaTebel Taviseburebas

warmoadgens _ amocnoba logikuri msjelobis

meSveobiT. aseTi saxis elementi rom ar yofiliyo Cven

ver veRirsebodiT iseT popularul Janrs, rogoricaa

d e t e q t i v i . bolos da bolos, ar daiwereboda

maSin Teodor dostoevskis `danaSauli da sasjeli~.

meoTxe tipia – codna, miRebuli TviT movlenebis

msvlelobis procesSi, rac imas niSnavs, rom movlenebma

tragediis gmirs daanaxes Tavisi danaSaulebebis

koSmari. aristotele aZlevda upiratesobas msgavsi

tipis amocnobas da magaliTad mohyavda misTvis

sayvareli tragedia sofokles `oidipos mefe~.

fabulis Semdgom aristotele asaxelebs tragediis

darCenil xuT aucilebel elements, esenia: xasiaTi,

gonivroba (an azrovneba), scenuri garemo, sityvieri

gamosaxva, musikaluri kompozicia anu stili.

`poetikis~ VI TavSi igi ganmartavs: `raki tragedia

moqmedebis mibaZvaa da raki moqmedeba TavisTavad

gulisxmobs moqmed pirT, romelTac aucileblad

unda gaaCndeT sakuTari raoba xasiaTisa Tu azrovnebis

unaris mixedviT (vinaidan maTi wyalobiT ganvsazRvravT

Cven ama Tu im moqmedebis raobasac), amitomac arsebobs

moqmedebis ori bunebrivi mizezi: azrovneba da xasiaTi,

romlebic ganapiroben yvela moqmedis warmatebas Tu

warumateblobas. [...] tragediis sawyisi da [...] misi

suli aris fabula. meore adgili ekuTvnis xasiaTebs,

vinaidan tragedia moqmedebis mibaZvaa, xolo am

mibaZvis wyalobiT is, upirveles yovlisa, moqmed

pirT baZavs. tragediis mesame nawili azrovnebaa.

azrovneba niSnavs amtkico is, rac saqmis arss exeba

da esatyviseba. [...] tragediis meoTxe nawilia azris

sityvieri gamoxatuleba. [...] mexuTe – musikaluri

kompozicia – tragediis umniSnelovanesi samkauli~ da

`scenuri garemo~ _ dekoracia, butaforia, kostiumebi,

mixeil kalandariSvili

39

romlis gareSe SeuZlebelia tragediis ganxorcieleba

scenaze~.

`poetikis~ XXVI TavSi ki aristotele ganazogadebs

tragediis mniSvnelobas, mis Rirsebebs: `tragedia

ufro cxadia da TvalsaCino, rogorc kiTxvis, ise

scenaze warmodgenis drosac. egec ar iyos, tragedia

eposze maRla dgas imiTac, rom ufro (mcire - m. k.)

moculobiT aRwevs poeturi xelovnebis mizans,

radgan yovelive is, rac ufro Sekrulia, gacilebiT

ufro sasiamovno STabeWdilebas axdens vidre is, rac

drois grZel manZilzea gaWimuli da gaWianurebulia...

tragedia eposze ufro mTliani da erTiania. amis

sabuTad isic kmara, rom [...] epopea SeiZleba ramdenime

tragedias daedos safuZvlad~.

dramis gansazRvris dros naTeli xdeba, rom

samive ZiriTadi dramatuli moqmedebis elementi, -

p e r i p e t i a , a m o c n o b a d a t a n j v a ,

– nebismier tragediaSi mocemuli unda iyos

erTobliobaSi.

aristotele amtkicebs, rom laparakia ara fizikur

moqmedebaze, romelsac moaqvs tkivili da daRupva,

aramed sulier tanjvaze, romelic zogjer zneobriv

gamarjvebas niSnavs. Tumca, aq, asarCevi araferia:

samive elementi moqmedebs nebismier dramaturgiul

struqturaSi – erTobliobaSi qmnian aucilebel

safuZvels imisTvis, raTa vixiloT tragedia, romelic

gvaziarebs esTetikur siamovnebasTan.

medeam unda daxocos Tavisi Svilebi, otelom

daaxrCos dezdemona, oidiposma Caidinos danaSaulTa

mTeli kaskadi, fedram ki Seiyvaros ipolite, radgan

sxvagvarad tragedia ver Sedgeba da ar mogvaniWebs

Tavis gansakuTrebul xibls da zneobriv efeqts.

aristoteles pozicia am SemTxvevaSi sakmaod myaria.

XVII TavSi wers: `aucilebelia Caidino an ar Caidino

vis sWirdeba Teoria?

40

danaSauli, da, Tanac, _ Segnebulad an Seugneblad.

am moqmedebaTagan yvelaze uaresi isaa, roca gmiri

Segnebulad apirebs danaSaulis Cadenas, magram ar

sCadis. es gulSemzaravia, magram ara tragikuli, vinaidan

aq gamoricxulia tanjvis momenti... yvelaze ukeTesi

mainc isaa, roca gmiri Seugneblad, ucodinarobis gamo

sCadis danaSauls, xolo gamocnoba danaSaulis Cadenis

Semdeg xdeba, vinaidan aq araferia gulSemzaravi,

gamocnoba ki SemaZrwunebel STabeWdilebas axdens~.

tragediaSi aristotele xasiaTebTan SedarebiT

upiratesobas moqmedebas aniWebs. misi azriT, tragedia

moqmedebis gareSe ver iarsebebs, xolo xasiaTebis

gareSe misi arseboba SesaZlebelia. davukvirdeT am

gamonaTqvams: ras gulisxmobda filosofosi, rodesac

amtkicebda tragediis arsebobis SesaZleblobas

xasiaTebis gareSe? rasakvirvelia, igi ar Tvlida, rom

tragediaSi gmirebi aRar iqnebodnen, ubralod, am

gmirebis xasiaTebs daakldebodaT mkveTri Tvisebebi.

gaivlis saukuneebi da lesingi aristoteles am

mosazrebas eWvqveS daayenebs – igi miscems upiratesobas

xasiaTs da ara moqmedebas. magram es moxdeba XVIII

saukuneSi, _ ganmanaTlebluri klasicizmis dros,

rodesac prioritetul adgils tragediaSi ganaTlebuli

monarqis saxe daikavebs. lesingis Tvalsazrisi

gasagebia axali moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, magram

am cvlilebas mxolod xelovnebis erTi mimarTulebis

farglebSi SeeZlo emoqmeda. is ki, rac aristoteles

uTqvams – uryevi da mudmivi darCa _ tragedia umoqmedod

iseve warmoudgenelia, rogorc kolizia ukonfliqtod,

gadazrdis da momwifebis procesis gareSe. arafrisgan

araferi ar iqmneba – es, iseTi WeSmaritebaa, romlis

citatis saxiT moyvana uxerxulic kia. magram, yvela

dros, yvela epoqaSi, saukuneebis manZilze, cvlilebebi

`anaTeben~ da gamWvirvales xdian kulturis axal

mixeil kalandariSvili

41

areals. SesaZlebelia, kanonebma aRar ̀ ikanonon~, Tumca

k a n o n z o m i e r e b e b i aucileblad daibruneben

TavianT mniSvnelobas, radgan isini Seqmnilia ara

imitom, rom SeezRudaT xelovneba, aramed imisTvis,

rom ganaviTaron misi SesaZleblobebi.

davubrundeT tragediis gmiris xasiaTs. ra Tvisebebi

unda gaaCndes mas? aristoteles azriT, igi unda

iyos Rirseuli, amaRlebuli, niWiT dajildovebuli

piroivneba, magram ara kristalurad sufTa. unda

gaaCndes adamianuri sisusteebi, romlebic tragikuli

Secdomis daSvebis saSualebas miscemen. am procesSi,

personaJis raRac mniSvnelovani garemoebebis arcodna

udides rols TamaSobs.

medeas xasiaTi ar moswons aristoteles imis gamo,

rom es gmiri danaSauls Segnebulad sCadis. oidiposi ki

piriqiT, ucodinarobiT Cadis aranakleb danaSaulebs.

aristotelec mis mxarezea, radgan Tvlis, rom gagebisa

da garkvevis procesi am SemTxvevaSi STambeWdavi da

gasaocaria.

unda vaxsenoT kidev ramdenime kanonzomiereba,

romlebsac aristotele normebis xasiaTs aniWebs

– Sinagani mTlianobis, fabulis dasrulebisa da

moqmedebis mTlianobis kanonebi, romelTa xangrZlivi

sicocxle saukuneebs iTvlis da saerTod, xelovnebis

ganviTarebis klasikur etaps moicavs (yovel SemTxvevaSi

XIX saukunis 50-ian wlebamde, sanam gaCndeba

n a t u r a l i z m i ). aq mTavaria yuradReba mivaqcioT

moTxovnas fabulis moculobis Sesaxeb: is moculoba

sakmarisia, sadac movlenebis msvlelobis dros SeiZleba

moxdes gadasvla bednierebidan ubedurebaSi, an piriqiT.

aranakleb mniSvnelobas iZens moqmedebis mTlianobis

kanoni, romlis mixedviTac, is, risi yofna an aryofna

SeumCnevelia, ar aris organuli mTlianobis nawili. es

norma rom Tanamedrove reJisorebs gaeTvaliswinebinaT,

vis sWirdeba Teoria?

42

maTi speqtaklebi uvargisi scenebis didi nawilis gareSe

darCebodnen.

ras niSnavs mTlianoba? am kiTxvaze pasuxs

aristotele damajereblad asabuTebs – misTvis

mTliania is, rasac gaaCnia dasawyisi, Sualedi da

bolo. es etapebi dramis struqturaSi warmoadgenen

sam aucilebel elements – k v a n Z i s S e k v r a s ,

k u l m i n a c i a s d a k v a n Z i s g a x s n a s .

kvanZis Sekvra gveZleva dasawyisidan pirvel

peripetiamde, anu, pirvel gadasvlamde bednierebidan

ubedurebaSi, xolo kvanZis gaxsna am gadasvlis

dasawyisidan – finalamde, anu (tragediis SemTxvevaSi),

– k a t a s t r o f a m d e .

sainteresod svams aristotele SekiTxvas imis

Sesaxeb, Tu rogori movlenebi iwveven mayurebelSi

SiSisa da Tanagancdis grZnobas? pasuxic am SemTxvevaSi

aranakleb originaluria: Tu mteri mters awamebs, es

ver gamoiwvevs Tanagancdas; da TviT tanjvas mxolod

fizikuri xasiaTi eqneba. ar gamoiwvevs Tanagancdas

aseve iseTi gmirebis Sejaxeba da konfliqti, romlebic

erTmaneTis mimarT sruliad gulgrilni arian.

namdvili tanjva Cndeba maSin, rodesac konfliqti

axlobel adamianTa Soris viTardeba (Zma klavs Zmas,

Svili mamas, deda Svils da a. S.). aristoteles azriT,

amas unda eZebdes dramatuli poeti. Tu gadavxedavT

am TvalsazrisiT Seqspiris dramaturgias, SeiZleba

vaRiaroT, rom geniosi ingliseli moqmedebda

aristoteles rCevebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

tragediis gmiris xasiaTis ganxilvisas,

aristotele yuradRebas aqcevs or moments –

d a m a j e r e b l o b a s d a T a n m i m d e v r o b a s ;

igi samarTlianad Tvlis, rom mxatvrul simarTlesa

da cxovrebiseul simarTles Soris gansxvaveba

didia; maT sruliad sxvadasxvagvari moTxovnebi

mixeil kalandariSvili

43

gaaCniaT – mxatvruli simarTle iTxovs xasiaTis

g a r k v e u l o b a s d a m n i S v n e l o v n e b a s .

vaRiaroT, rom dRevandel xelovnebaSi aristoteles

postulatma kanonis Zala dakarga, magram isic

vTqvaT, rom misi debulebebi moqmedebdnen saukuneebis

manZilze, xolo zogierTi maT Soris dResac inarCunebs

mniSvnelobas. XIX saukunis filosofiidan SemoWril

axal ideebs – pesimizms (Sopenhaueri), nihilizms

(nicSe), egzistencializms (kirkegori), aristoteles

`poetika~ nawilobriv gadaurCa. Tumca naturalizms,

simbolizms, eqspresionizms, modernizms, absurdis

Teatrs, surealizmis, postmodernizmis koncefciebma

mas bevri ram gamoacales.

dramis Teoriis ZiraTadi cnebebi, kategoriebi

da struqturuli elementebi warmoadgenen rTul

sistemas, romelic universaluria Tavisi xasiaTiT da

amitomac iTxovs Tanmimdevrul da logikur ganxilvas.

`poetikis~ yvelaze `bnel~ da idumalebiT mocul

adgils warmoadgens kaTarsisis, anu ganwmendis cneba,

romelsac aristotele exeba mxolod erTi winadadebiT:

`SiSisa da Tanagancdis meSveobiT (tragedia - m.

k.) gvaTavisuflebs amgvari afeqtebisagan~, _ erTi

fraza, romelmac gamoiwvia Teoriuli `bumi~,

qariSxali, interpretaciebis uamravi mcdeloba da,

rac mTavaria, T e o r i e b i s simravle: `eTikuri~,

`inteleqtualuri~, `samedicino~, `esTetikuri~,

`struqturuli~ da kidev bevri sxva.

aristotele tragediis saboloo miznad

gansazRvravda ganwmendas, kaTarsiss, romelic

unda miRweuliyo TanagrZnobisa da SiSis gancdis

Sedegad. dramatuli nawarmoebis es uZvelesi forma

Tavidanve Camoyalibda, rogorc seriozuli gamocdis

modeli adamianis cxovrebis gzaze; rogorc bedis

cvalebadobisa da pirovnebis mier masze reagirebis

vis sWirdeba Teoria?

44

individualuri arCevani. tragediis struqtura,

fabulis ZiriTadi elementebi emsaxurebian tragediis

gmiris RirebulebaTa prezentacias, mis moCvenebiT, Ria

da WeSmarit arss, romelic adamianis cxovrebis etapze

aucileblad gamJRavndeba.

rogorc wesi, tragedias win uZRvis faruli

konfliqtiT damuxtuli koliziuri realoba,

siuJeturi kvanZis warmoqmna, peripetia, romelic

gmirs, qmedebisken, arCevanisken, sakuTari Rirebulebebis

garkvevisken ubiZgebs. tragediis am nawilebidan gmiris

arCevans iziarebs mayurebelic, TanagrZnobiTa da

SiSiT gulSematkivrobs, radgan gmirisgan gansxvavebiT,

konfliqtis masStabebi da SesaZlo qmedebebi misTvis

ufro TvalsaCinoa.

amgvarad, mayureblisTvis dramaturgis

mier warmodgenili Rirebulebebi, nawarmoebis

ganviTarebasTan erTad, TandaTanobiT ufro misaRebi

da mniSvnelovani xdeba. ramdenadac metis gaRebaa

saWiro maT SesanarCuneblad, miT ufro matulobs

maTi fasi. arCevanis Sedegad mopovebul tragikul

gamosavals ki gmiris saxe maradiulis rangSi ahyavs. ra

aris mniSvnelovani _ sulieri Rirebuleba, romelsac

mgznebared iziarebs, ara mxolod uSualod Semswre

misi Tanamedrove mayurebeli, aramed, sxva drosa da sxva

epoqaSi mcxovrebi ucxo msoflmxedvelobis mqonec, Tu

Tavganwirva am RirebulebaTa ukvdavsayofad?!

kaTarsisis Teoriebi saukuneebis manZilze

formirdebodnen da maT mniSvnelobaze xelovnebis

ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapi migvaniSnebs.

renesansisdroindeli (vinCenco majis) `eTikuri

Teoria~ gvaswavlis, rom Cven ar unda gveSinodes piradi

ubedurebis, radgan igi bevrad ufro ioli gadasatania,

vidre is, romelic tragediaSia aRwerili.

kaTarsisis `inteleqtualuri~ Teoria (romlis

mixeil kalandariSvili

45

avtoria haupti), gvarwmunebs, rom igi unda gavigoT ara

rogorc `ganwmenda~ aramed, rogorc ganmanaTlebloba.

tragedias ar SeuZlia yovelTvis moaxdinos eTikuri an

esTetikuri zemoqmedeba, magram igi ucvlelad moqmedebs

gonebaze, ris gamoc mayurebeli Rebulobs saTanado

gakveTils; xvdeba, rom Tu ar imoqmedebs tragediis

gmiris msgavsad, maSin mas aRar elis tragikuli bedi.

yvelaze popularuli kaTarsisis Teoria ̀ samedicino

Teoriaa~ (bernaisi), romlis avtori irwmuneba, rom

antikur xanaSi kaTarsisis cnebiT kurnavdnen sulierad

daavadebulebs: amRerebdnen himnebs da am procesSi

isini SeigrZnobdnen Semsubuqebas, ganwmendas, romelic

ukavSirdeba s i a m o v n e b a s , gaTavisuflebas

afeqtebisagan.

XX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi samedicino Teoriam

evropis ramdenime qveyanaSi (ungreTi, poloneTi,

Sveicaria) Tavisi ganxorcieleba hpova: iwereboda ama

Tu im avadmyofobis mimdinareobis amsaxveli piesebi

da patara Teatris darbazSi epatiJebodnen seniT

daavadebulebs. ar vici moyveboda Tu ara yovelive amas

Sedegi, magram `samedicino Teoriis~ gamoyenebis faqts

udaod didi mniSvneloba aqvs.

`esTetikuri Teoria~ (buTCeri), romelic aerTianebs

wina sam Teorias da umatebs maT esTetikur efeqts,

gvaswavlis, rom kaTarzisis funqcia sulac ar aris

mcdeloba gvimkurnalos, gagvaTavisuflos SiSisagan

an Tanagancdisgan. ara, man unda mogvaniWos pirvel

rigSi esTetikuri siamovneba, ganaxorcielos ganwmenda

xelovnebis meSveobiT.

ufro Tanamedrove amerikuli kaTarsisis Teoria

`struqturuli, anu, formaluri~ (jerald

elsi) miuxedavad Tavisi originalobisa, naklebad

damajereblad meCveneba. avtori cdilobs

dagvarwmunos, TiTqos, aristotele ar gulisxmobda

vis sWirdeba Teoria?

46

ganwmendaSi mayurebels. jerald elsis TvalsazrisiT,

kaTarsisi xdeba TviT dramaturgiul nawarmoebSi da

dakavSirebulia mxolod personaJebis grZnobebTan.

Tu yovelive amas davumatebT lesingis, goeTes da

Sileris kaTarsisis gagebasa da ganmartebebs, miviRebT

sakmaod rTul da winaaRmdegobriv suraTs, romelic

metyvelebs imaze, rom aristoteles naTqvamma erTma

frazam gamoiwvia `qarbuqi~ xelovnebis TeoriaSi.

lesings miaCnda, rom aristoteles mxedvelobaSi

hqonda SiSis amgvari gageba: es SiSi warmoiSveba Cveni

gmirTan msgavsebis Sedegad, romelic tragediaSi

itanjeba. anu, es Cveni SiSia imis gamo, rom male,

SesaZloa Cvenc gavxdeT TanagrZnobis obieqti. amitomac

kaTarsisis formula, romelsac lesingi gvTavazobs

sityvebis gadaadgilebaSi mdgomareobs, Tumca es

gadaadgileba sul axal da axal azrobriv datvirTvas

iZens: `tragikuli Tanagancda – Cveni Tanagancdaa.

tragikuli SiSi – Cveni SiSia. tragikuli Tanagancda –

Cveni SiSia. tragikuli SiSi – Cveni Tanagancdaa~.

1827 wels goeTe wers naSroms `SeniSvnebi

aristoteles `poetikis~ Sesaxeb~, sadac amtkicebs

rogor martivad unda gavigoT idumalebiT moculi

kaTarsisis adgili `poetikaSi~. Turme, rodesac

tragedia amowuravs Tavis saSualebebs, romlebic

SiSsa da Tanagancdas aRZraven, man unda daaboloos

saqme v n e b e b i s S e r i g e b i T . advili axsnaa,

magram aq ukve laparakia ara g a n w m e n d a z e ,

aramed Serigebaze, mayureblis simSvidesa da

dasrulebulobaze, romelic winaaRmdegobaSi Sedis

tragediis finalTan, anu, k a t a s t r o f i s

aucilebel molodinTan da dadgomasTan.

kaTarsisis promlemas exeba erik bentlic Tavis

SesaniSnav wignSi `dramis cxovreba~. igi wers: `im

SemTxvevebSic, rodesac aristotele msjelobs iseT

mixeil kalandariSvili

47

siuJetur xerxebze, rogorebicaa: `peripetia~ da

`amocnoba~, romlebsac moixseniebs, rogorc emociuri

interesis gaRvivebis uZlieres xerxebs, maSinac gasagebi

xdeba, rom mas mxedvelobaSi aqvs raRac bevrad ufro

mniSvnelovani, vidre cnobismoyvareobis grZnoba.

aristotele laparakobs mayurebelze, romelic

TrTis saSinelebis gamo da xdeba lmobieri, `rbili~

Tanagancdis meSveobiT. SiSisa da Tanagancdis grZnobebi

aq figurireben cnobil da amave dros yvelaze

gaugebar aristoteles gamoTqmaSi – Tanagancdis da

SiSis meSveobiT tragediaSi xdeba `ganwmenda amgvar

afeqtebisagan~. aq sakmarisia aRvniSnoT, rom rac ar

unda sxvadasxvagvari ganmarteba mieces am frazas,

aravis TavSi ar mouva misi gageba, rogorc ubralo…

(cnobismoyvareobis aRZvra)~.1

vladimir saxnovski-pankeevi `ganwmendis~ Sesaxeb

wers: ̀ aucilebeli araa romelime koncefciis gaziareba

an terminis (kaTarsisis - m. k.) axali ganmarteba. [...]

sakmarisia SemovifargloT im ZiriTadiT, rac ueWvelad

devs am cnebaSi. araviTar eWvs ar iwvevs is, rom aq

kavSiria esTetikur da eTikur sawyisebs Soris, xolo

tragediis umaRlesi mizania zneobrivi efeqtis miRweva.

es efeqti mzaddeba tragikuli konfliqtis mTliani

gaSliT, romelic realizacias poulobs kvanZis

gaxsnaSi, anu, konfliqtis gadawyvetaSi. kaTarsisis

cnebas aristotele ukavSirebda mxolod tragedias,

magram Tu amas gavigebT ufro farTod, igi unda

gavrceldes dramaturgiis sxva Janrebzec~.2

sruliad samarTliani SeniSvnaa, radgan zneobrivi

`ganwmenda~ axasiaTebs komediasac, romelic ara SiSis

meSveobiT, aramed siciliTa da dacinviT aRwevs imave

Sedegs. magaliTisTvis sakmarisia gavixsenoT molieris

1 Э. Бентли. Жизнъ драмы, М., 2004, с., 50-512 В. Сахновский-Панкеев. Драма, Л., 1969, 116

vis sWirdeba Teoria?

48

`tartiufi~. `Tu tragedia da komedia polaruli

Janrebia, maSin zneobrivi ganwmendis efeqti unda

axasiaTebdes agreTve Sualedur Janrebsac.~1 bentli

wers: `dResac grZeldeba kamaTi imis Sesaxeb, Tu

ras niSnavs sinamdvileSi sityva kaTarsisi, magram

mgonia, dapirispirebuli mxareebi erT raRacaSi unda

SeTanxmnen – aristotele uaryofs warmodgenas, romlis

mixedviT Cven davemsgavsebiT nervebis `gundas~... igi

formulirebas ukeTebs sul sxva daskvnas: tragedia

ara mxolod aRZravs aRelvebas, aramed gvaTavisuflebs

am aRelvebisagan.~2

dabolos, dramis Teoria daanaxebs SemoqmedebiTi

profesiebis studentobas saTeatro azris saerTo

dinebas; sirTuleebiT da winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse

gzas, romelzec upirispirdebian erTmaneTs goneba da

grZnoba, gemovneba, moda, stili, skola, filosofiuri

ideebi da msoflmxedvelobiTi konceptebi. am gzis

dasawyisia – antikuri xana, xolo dausrulebeli svla

grZeldeba Tanamedrove dramisa da Teatris cxovrebaSi.

ase rom gavyveT gzas da igi migviyvans...

1 iqve, gv. 1172 Э. Бентли. Жизнъ драмы, М., 2004, с. 254

mixeil kalandariSvili

49

kinomcodneoba

50

lia kalandariSvili

`es ar aris vaSli~... anu ekranuli saxis orazrovneba

2011 wels qarTvel telemayurebels saSualeba

hqonda telekompania `mzis~ eTeriT enaxa ukanaskneli

wlebis qarTuli filmebi da moesmina, rogorc Tavad

avtorebis Tvalsazrisi warmodgenil namuSevrebze, ise,

specialurad miwveuli kritikosebisa da mayureblis

mosazrebac. yvelasTvis cnobilia, rom dRevandeli

erovnuli kinoproduqcia daxvavebuli problemebis

TvalsaCino magaliTia, amitom, kinoxelovnebis

mtkivneuli, SemoqmedebiTi procesis xelisSemSlel

problemebze orive mxaris profesionalTa msjeloba,

maT gadasawyvetad gadadgmul nabijad unda CaiTvalos.

marTalia, am Sexvedrebs naklebad SeiZleba ewodos

dialogi, Tumca, garkveul sakiTxebs naTeli mainc

mohfines: samwuxarod, finansuri problemebis,

auwyobeli sawarmoo procesisa da materialur-

teqnikuri bazis simwiresTan erTad, xSir SemTxvevaSi,

araprofesionalizmic vlindeba, _ im enis arcodna,

romliTac axalgazrda kinoreJisorebi sakuTari azrisa

da TvalTaxedvis gadmocemas cdiloben. TvalSisacemia,

ara mxolod erTi nawilis siyalbe da arafris momcemi

maneruloba, aramed, maTi sapirispiro xedvis mqone

meore nawilis e. w. `dokumenturi~ gadaRebis siRrme

da gamomsaxvelobiTi simwire, anu, is faqti, rom maT,

obieqturi sinamdvilisa da sinamdvilis ekranuli

saxis erTmaneTisgan gansxvaveba uWirT.

vfiqrob, saWiroa dafiqreba imaze, rom kino

xelovnebaa. erTi SexedviT, es martivad gasagebi azria,

magram mxolod erTi SexedviT, radgan, aseTi zogadi

fraza, sinamdvileSi metad umniSvnelo informacias

51

gvaZlevs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris kino da ratom aris

igi xelovneba. an, ra aris Tavad xelovneba? es xom

uzarmazari, mravalferovani sivrcea, mTeli samyaro,

romlis erTbaSad mocva SeuZlebelia. ras vgulisxmobT

am sityvaSi? Cven amaze ar vfiqrobT, Tumca, ukve adreuli

asakidan, gaucnobiereblad vcnobT aseT moRvaweobas _

vxedvaT, rogor usmens adamiani xmebiT avsebul samyaros

da musikad gardaqmnis, uyurebs garemos da asaxavs

xazebiTa da feradi laqebiT, moZraobis silamazes

cekviT gamoxatavs, gancdas da nafiqrs poeturi sityviT

gadmoscems...

ras akeTebs igi? daxatuli vaSli, SesaZloa,

Zalian hgavs namdvils, magram,

saWmelad uvargisia. ratom

qmnis mxatvari usargeblo

sagans, ra miznebi amoZravebs? 1

pirvel rigSi, am movlenaSi

Cvens yuradRebas ipyrobs,

realobis mimarT gavlebuli

gamyofi sazRvari: udidesi

msgavsebis miuxedavad,

kinoxelovnebis, rogorc

sxva xelovnebaTa, Tvisebebi

da kanonebi, niSanTa logika

ar SeiZleba gavaigivoT

obieqtur realobasTan, im

kanonzomierebebTan da WeSmaritebasTan, romelic

fizikur samyaroSi arsebobs. kargad viciT, rom ekrani

mxolod brtyeli fonia, mis miRmac namdvilad ar arsebobs

is sivrce, romelsac Cven perspeqtivaSi vxedavT: arc

Senobebi, arc relsebi, romelzec matarebeli pirdapir

Cveni mimarTulebiT moZraobs, sazareli mkvleli

1 rene magriti. es ar aris vaSli. This is not an Apple-1964

52

sinamdvileSi ver gvxedavs da araferi gvemuqreba.

dRes, Cven Rimils gvgvris legenda Zmebi lumierebis

kinoseansis gulubryvilo SemTxvevaze, rodesac

ekranze warmodgenilma `matareblis Semosvlam~

`gacocxlebuli gamosaxulebis~ aRsaqmelad

fsiqologiurad moumzadebel sazogadoebaSi aurzauri

da panika gamoiwvia. viciT, rom kino realobis iluziaa,

magram gvajadoebs da gvaocebs udidesi msgavseba,

moCvenebiTis Serwyma sinamdvilesTan... Tumca, zogjer,

piriqiT, _ masTan gaucxoeba kidev ufro metad

gvakvirvebs... Cvens cnobierebaSi realurisa da Seqmnilis

konturebi erTmaneTs efinebian da edarebian, xolo,

maT Soris arsebuli damokidebulebebi: msgavsebebi da

gansxvavebebi CvenSi raRac sazriss badebs, _ mixvedris,

`amocnobis~ sazriss, romelic orive realobas Tanabrad

exeba da aerTianebs.

realobisa da ekranuli saxis urTierTmimarTeba,

identifikacia kinoTeoriis erT-erTi sawyisi da

arsebiTi problemaa, romlis prizmaSic tydeba

kinoxelovnebis TiTqmis yvela fundamenturi sakiTxi:

mxatvruli struqturis, saxeTa pirobiTobis, sazrisis,

formis, stilis, subieqturisa da obieqturis

damokidebulebebi Tu sxva; am safuZvelze ixsneba Tavad

kinematografis dualisturi bunebac: misi, erTi mxriv,

arsebulis, faqtobrivad, avtomaturad aRbeWdvis

unikaluri unari da meore mxriv, am anabeWdis

iluzoruloba da misgan gamomdinare SemoqmedebiTi

Tavisufleba. es winaaRmdegobrioba gansazRvravs Tavis

mxriv, or sawyiss, ekranul paradigmas: pirvels _

koncentrirebuls obieqtur, realisturi saxierebis

principze - Zmebi lumierebis gzas; da meores –

gamonagons, subieqturs da fantaziurs, pirobiTobis

maRali xarisxiT - JorJ meliesis Semoqmedebis

princips.

lia kalandariSvili

53

orive SemoqmedebiTma meTodma Tavisi ZiebebiTa da

mignebebiT gazarda kinoxelovnebis SesaZleblobebi,

Caswvda mis unikalur gamomsaxvelobas. msjeloba

sinamdvilis SemoqmedebiT asaxvaze, SesaZleblobebsa

da formebze, kategoriebsa da kanonebze adamianuri

kulturis ganuyofel nawilad iqca. federiko

felini aRniSnavda: `sityva realizmi arafers niSnavs.

garkveuli xarisxiT yvelaferi realuria. sazRvari

fantaziasa da realobas Soris ar arsebobs~. magram

arsebobs sxva mosazrebebic, gansxvavebuli feliniseuli

realizmisgan da yvela maTgans ufleba aqvs hqondes

sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi principi, avtoris ufleba -

ar iziarebdes magaliTad, arc `dogma-95~-is mkacrad

gansazRvrul debulebas, romlis Tanaxmad: `kino –

iluzia ar aris~1 da arc jeims kemeronis mier Seqmnil

pandoras fantastikur samyaros.2

rac ufro metad vuRrmavdebiT im qmedebas,

rasac Cven filmis gadaRebas vuwodebT, miT ufro

amouwuravi, mravalmxrivi da rTuli gveCveneba

amsaxvel sagansa da asaxvas Soris damokidebuleba.

miT ufro mravalazrovani xdeba mayureblisTvisac

samyarodan guldasmiT SerCeuli da `amoRebuli~,

ekranze garkveuli saxiT warmodgenili aRqmis sagani.

erTi SexedviT, kinematografSi saqme TiTqos Zalian

martivadaa. kamera uSualod afiqsirebs, `xelovneba

sarkea~. magram ras aireklavs igi? am gamonaTqvamSi,

Cveulebriv, pirdapir zerele msgavsebas vgulisxmobT

da ar viTvaliswinebT adreul, ufro siRrmiseul

da simbolur damokidebulebebs. warmoidgineT,

ra darCeboda, aseTi gaazrebis SemTxvevaSi, andrei

1 `dogma-95~-is manifestidan. Цыркун Н. Догма 95 . Искус-ство Кино. — 1998. — № 12.2 igulisxmeba j. kemeronis filmi `avatari~

`es ar aris vaSli~...

anu ekranuli saxis orazrovneba

54

tarkovskis filmidan!1

sarkis cneba metad farToa, dakavSirebulia agreTve

adamianis mier sakuTari Tavis aRqmasTan, identifikaciis

rTul problemasTan, romelic SeiZleba, piriqiT,

`mesTan~ gaucxoebasac niSnavdes, cnobierebis

winaaRmdegobriv gaorebas, rogorc, magaliTad, Jak

lakaniseuli `sarkis stadia~2 ganixilavs.

sarke, garda amisa, arqetipuli gaazrebis fenomenia

da mravalmxriv ipyrobs kulturis yuradRebas:

gvxvdeba yofaSi, miTologiaSi, xelovnebaSi, magiaSi...

`sarkis efeqts, anareklis mocemis unars adamianebi

uxsovari droidan awerdnen magiur Tvisebebs.

SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom sityva `magias~ (magia) da

`saxes~ (image) saerTo Ziri aqvT, gamomdinare sityvidan

- `saxe~ `asaxva~. avtoris miswrafeba mibaZos bunebis

movlenebs da fenomenebs, wminda ideebs, _ es aris

mimesisis esTetikuri koncefcia, sinamdvilis asaxva,

idealizacia. sarkes gaaCnia mniSvneloba, romelic

Sors scdeba misi funqcionalurobis sazRvrebs.

uZvelesi droidan sarke moiazreba, rogorc, raRac

winaaRmdegobrivi, Zveli warmodgenebis mixedviT –

samyaroebis sazRvarze myofi da anareklsa da asareklTan

magiurad dakavSirebuli. sarkis anarekli ganixileba,

rogorc, ara mxolod sinamdvilis saxe garemomcvel

samyarosTan mimarTebaSi, aramed, rogorc erTgvari

miRmuri ram. samyaroSi yvelaferi xiluli da uxilavi

kavSirebiTaa daxlarTuli; yvelaferi raimes anareklia,

Sedegi, an _ mizezi~.3

1 igulisxmeba andrei tarkovskis filmi `sarke~2 `sarkis stadia~ - frangi filosofosis da fsiqoanali-

tikosis Jak lakanis (1901–1981) termini. bavSvi 6-dan 18

Tvemde iwyebs sakuTari Tavis gacnobierebas sarkeSi. mas uy-

alibdeba is, rasac lakani warmosaxvas uwodebs, anu saku-

Tari `mes~ saxes. 3 Светлана Леончук. З Е Р К А Л О. Рассмотрение произведений

lia kalandariSvili

55

cxadia, Cven SevejaxeT metad bundovan da farTod

gafantul mosazrebas, romelsac SeiZleba sruliad

sapirispiro realiebi moargo. amave dros, Znelia

winaaRmdegoba gauwio aSkara faqtobriv msgavsebas

kinogamosaxulebasa da im fenomens Soris, romelsac

sarkes vuwodebT. abram vulisi niSandoblivad

migvaniSnebs amgvari `sarkis~ zedapiris damatebiT

siRrmeebsa da sirTuleebze: `kinoteqnikis

warmoqmnasTan erTad, gaCnda axali gamomsaxvelobiTi

ena, romlis fizikuri safuZveli – sarkis principia.

gacocxlebuli sarkis gamosaxuleba, ise miiswrafvis

Tavisuflebisken, rogorc boTlidan amosuli jini,

– Tu SeiZleba Tavisufleba vuwodoT pirobiTobaTa

gardauval tyveobas, kanonzomierebebs da wesebs,

romelTa SerCevac mas mouwevs~1.

ras warmoadgens kinorealoba? sinamdvilis

sarkisebur anarekls? Tu arsebulis mibaZvas, mimesiss2, an

piriqiT, _ ararsebul fantazias? zigfrid krakaueri3

kinos gansazRvravda rogorc `fizikuri realobis

reabilitacias~, magram fizikuri samyaroc SeiZleba

iluziad warmogvidges, xolo misi kanonzomiereba viwro,

SemTxveviTi dakvirvebis Sedegad, subieqtur aRqmad.

brwyinvale mxatvrul mignebas SesaZloa, saerTod ar

hqondes kavSiri arsebul mizez-SedegobriobasTan. Tu

kinoxelovnebas, Cven, mxolod `mibaZvis~ an Tundac,

`fizikuri realobis reabilitaciis~ farglebSi

ganvsazRvravT, misi mniSvneloba adreul SexedulebaTa

msgavsad, SeiZleba, Zalian viwrod da araarsebiTad

mogveCvenos.

искусства, связанных с зеркалом. http://www.leon-chuk.w-r.ru/pocherk_mirror.htm © 2004–20101 Вулис А. В. Литературные зеркала. М., 1991, гл.XII2 mibaZva, mimesisi aristoteles gagebiT.3 Зигфрид Кракауэр - Природа фильма. Реабилитация физической реальности. м. искусство, 1974

`es ar aris vaSli~...

anu ekranuli saxis orazrovneba

56

Cven SegviZlia `gavamarTloT~ kinos arseboba

sinamdvilis faqtis `wmindad~ dafiqsirebis, Senaxvisa

da warmodgenis gansakuTrebuli unariT, magram, maSin

misi sazRvrebis miRma darCeba TviTon dokumenturi

kinoxelovnebis Sedevrebic! iseTi ukiduresi

mizandasaxuli faqtobriobiTac ki, rogoric,

magaliTad, Ziga vertovis «Кино-глаз»-ia, seriidan

`cxovreba ucabedad, waswrebuli~,1 _ metad obieqturi,

`Caurevel-ganurCeveli~, `SemTxveviTi~ gadaRebiT,

romelsac, sinamdvileSi, sabWoTa avangardis epataJuri,

gamomwvevi principebi, am mimarTulebis ganzrax,

kategoriul qaoturobasTan ucnauri kontrastulobiT

Serwymuli ideologia warmarTavs. rasakvirvelia,

mayureblisTvis sainteresoa, rogori iyo faqtobrivad,

axali, im droisTvis metad uCveulo saxelmwifos _

sabWoTa kavSiris realoba ocian wlebSi, Camoyalibebis

etapze, Tumca, rodesac Ziga vertovis films vuyurebT,

sinamdvileSi, gvizidavs ̀ kinoaparatiani adamianis~ mier

danaxuli realoba, misi obieqturoba da subieqturoba,

mis mier dafiqsirebuli mtredebi qvafenilze da asvla

koSkuraze, saidanac im samyaros didi perspeqtiva Cans,

romlis CvenTvis Cveneba, am kinoenTuziasts, uzarmazar

energiad da sakuTari sicocxlis safrTxeSi Cagdebis

fasad uRirs.

saubaria imaze, rom aseT, uSualod warmodgenil

realobasac ki gaaCnia raRac sxva, damatebiTi

mniSvneloba. yoveldRiurobaSi xSirad vawydebiT

faqts, rodesac erTsa da imave suraTs gverdiT myofi

sxvagvarad aRiqvams, vidre Cven. SesaZloa, aseTi sxvaoba

sruliad radikaluric ki gamodges. adekvaturi, Tu,

araadekvaturi aRqmis sirTuleebisa da subieqtur-

obieqturi mizezebis garda, rac, arsebiT rols

1 Ziga vertovis «Кино-глаз» dokumenturi filmi seriidan «Жизнь врасплох».

lia kalandariSvili

57

asrulebs. am SemTxvevaSi, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs

agreTve, Tavad, ekranuli gamosaxulebis pirobiTobas

_ obieqtis Cveul semantikas, Tu am wuTas, Cven winaSe

warmoqmnil axal sazrisebs.

davuSvaT, ukve gavacnobiereT da SevTanxmdiT, rom

ekranuli gamosaxuleba, Tundac, yvelaze pirdapir

da uSualod dafiqsirebuli, materialuri realobis

niSania, iluziaa da ara Tavad is realoba, romelSic

vimyofebiT, magram, SegviZlia Tu ara, amave dros,

erTazrovnad ganvacxadoT, rom es niSani, swored

im obieqtur realobas warmogvidgens, romelsac

faqtobrivad gviCveneben? swori iqneba, Tu ara,

gamovTqvaT varaudi, _ rodesac rene magriti xatavs

Tavis `arsebobis pirobiTobebs~ da warmogvidgens

`oTaxisa~ da `gare samyaros~ mijnas – Ria kars,

romlis miRma, napirisa da zRvis peizaJi ucnaurad

erwymis da mTlianobas qmnis

im naxatTan, romelic sxva

sivrceSi, oTaxSi molbertzea

damagrebuli,1 rom, mxatvari

amiT xazs usvams realobisa

da misi niSnis uSualo

pirdapirdamokidebulebas,

realizms (anu daxatuli zRva

asaxavs realurad arsebuls)?

Tu, ufro misaRebi iqneba,

gvevarauda piriqiT, _ erTic

da meorec iluziaa... da

sinamdvile sadRac Cvens

SigniTaa, razec migvaniSnebs

karis zRurblze dagdebuli Savi burTi, anu mxatvris

Tu, ukve Cvenive sakuTar TvalTan gaigivebuli guga _

ori realobis sazRvarze da mesame, kargad sagrZnobi

1 rene magriti. arsebobis pirobiTobebi 1933

`es ar aris vaSli~...

anu ekranuli saxis orazrovneba

58

Sinagani subieqturi ganzomilebidan mxedvare. kiTxvis

dasmac ki _ romel realobas asaxavs `arsebobis

pirobiTobebi~ obieqturs Tu subieqturs – azrs

kargavs.

`realisturis~ cneba zogjer sinamdvilis

mistifikaciis mniSvnelobasac iZens! sabWoTa epoqis

xelovnebis ideologizirebul TeoriaSi, romelic

XX saukunis 30-90-ian wlebSi qarTul kulturasac

`bejiTad~ `meTvalyureobda~, xazgasmiT iyo wamoweuli

realizmis aqtualobis problema. Tumca, masSi ukve aRar

igulisxmeboda ociani wlebis msgavsi realisturoba,

STagonebuli principiT _ `cxovreba ucabedad,

moulodnelad waswrebuli~, «Кино-глаз», `faruli

kamera~... socialisturi kritika miznad isaxavda

mxatvrul saxeTa sinamdvilesTan mxolod, TiTqosda,

msgavsebis niSnebis gamovlenas, ̀ axali~, dadgenilebebis

Suqze SeTxzuli sqematuri personaJebisa da utopiuri

Sinaarsebis `garealisturebas~. arsebiTad, maqsim

gorkis mier normad gansazRvruli `socialisturi

realizmis~ meTodi saxelmwifo ZalauflebiT

dakanonebuli ideologiisa da propagandis saimedo

meqanizmi iyo, _ realizmis imitacia, romelic,

winaswar Seicavda Sinaarsis savaldebulo sqemas,

kontrols uwesebda avtoris ideas, Semoqmedebis

Tavisuflebas da sawyisSive gamoricxavda sinamdvilis

asaxvis rogorc obieqtur, ise subieqtur princips.

dadgenilebaSi, romelic, upirobo brZanebad da

sastik muqarad iqca socialisturi aRmSeneblobis

saxelmwifoSi moRvawe mwerlebisTvis da xelovanTaTvis,

ewera: `socialisturi realizmi amtkicebs yofierebas,

rogorc Semoqmedebas, romlis mizania adamianis yvelaze

Rirebuli individualuri SesaZleblobebis uwyveti

ganviTareba bunebis Zalebze gasamarjveblad, misi

janmrTelobisaTvis da xandazmulobisTvis, dedamiwaze

lia kalandariSvili

59

cxovrebis udidesi bednierebisTvis~.1

mxatvruli sabWoTa `sinamdvile~ ar unda

gascdenoda ideologiuri optimizmis paTosis

sazRvrebs. erTi SexedviT, am sruliad uwyinari

dadgenilebis mizani masebisTvis sasurveli ganwyobis

Camoyalibeba iyo, mouwyobeli cxovrebis Canacvlebis

mcdeloba mSvenieri mxatvruli gamonagoniT, romlis

Sedegad, zRapari realobasTan unda gaigivebuliyo,

siyalbe _ sinamdvilesTan. mogvianebiT, samocian

wlebSi, rodesac saxelmwifo reJimi odnav Serbilda,

am movlenis gadafasebamac aRar daayovna, maT

Soris qarTul kinoSic: qarTveli `samocianelebi~ rezo gabriaZe da eldar Sengelaia `araCveulebriv

gamofenaSi~2 Seecadnen socialisturi xelovnebis am

`mkvdari~, dogmaturi, yalbi arsis gamovlenas. filmis

maxvilgonivrul saxeebSi ikiTxeba kinoxelovanTa

damcinavi, ironiuli Tvalsazrisi `sinamdvilisa~

da `realisturis~ cnebebze da dixotomia: `hgavs -

Tu ar hgavs~, mxatvruli nawarmoebis funqcionalur

konceptad, komikuri situaciis mamoZravebel wamyvan

elementad iqca.

romeli principi agvixsnis ra damokidebulebaSia

Cvens cxovrebaSi arsebuli realuri sagani da misi

ararsebuli analogi,

misi mxatvruli asaxva?

raSia im paradoqsis arsi,

rodesac, rene magriti

xatavs Cibuxss da iqve

miuTiTebs, rom `es ar

aris Cibuxi~?,3 xatavs

1 Первый Всесоюзный съезд советских писателей. Стенографи-ческий отчет, 1934, с. 17.2 rezo gabriaZe, eldar Sengelaia `araCveulebriv gamofena~ 19683 rene magriti The Treachery of Images 1928-29

`es ar aris vaSli~...

anu ekranuli saxis orazrovneba

60

vaSls da ganmartavs rom `es vaSli ar aris~? magritis

TvalTaxedva, idea realobis iluzorulobaze,

SegviZlia ganvavrcoT kinematografisTvis aseve

aqtualur paradoqsul principTan _ realobis

iluziasTan mimarTebaSi, radgan, umetesad, ekranze

gadatanili realoba, magritis Cibuxis msgavsad, is ar

aris, rasac warmogvidgens. ekranuli sibrtye, kinos

pirobiTi samyaro iluziis damatebiT Sreebs warmoqmnis,

rogoricaa, magaliTad, iluziuri da STambeWdavi,

erTimeoreSi areklili sarkeebis derefani kristofer

nolanis ̀ dasawyisSi~,1 sadac, am usasrulobas reJisori

ufro metad aRrmavebs damatebiTi sazrisiT, migviTiTebs,

ra, kidev sxva, kadrs miRma arsebul kulturul sivrceze

_ kinomexsierebaSi samudamod aRbeWdil kadrze:

sikvdilis win mdidrul, oqros sarkeebSi mraval

nawilad daSlil, sulierad ganadgurebuli keinis

gasaocar aRlumze orson uelsis `moqalaqe keinidan~2,

riTac, garda imisa, rom nolani didi klasikosisadmi

1 krist. nolanis filmi `dasawyisi` Incep�on 20102 orson uelsis filmi `moqalaqe keini~ Ci�zen Kane 1941

lia kalandariSvili

61

Tayvaniscemas gamoxatavs, saxeobrivad warmogvidgens,

agreTve, kinematografiisadmi Tavis aRtacebul

mimarTebasac. kristofer nolanis `sarkis derefnis~

konceptSi ikiTxeba Tavad kinos saxeli – `didi

iluzioni~, rogorc realobisa da sizmrebis, _ sarkis

warmoudgeneli, usasrulo iluziis `feierverki~.

`es ar aris vaSli~...

anu ekranuli saxis orazrovneba

62

manana lekboraSvili

swrafva dokumentalurobisken da dokumentalizmis `ganleva~

daibadnen ra TiTqmis erTdroulad, dokumenturi

kino, mainc SeiZleba CaiTvalos mxatvruli kinos ufros

Zmad; magram amis Semdeg, umcrosma Zmam gacilebiT

swrafad daiwyo zrda, nayofierad aiTvisa ufrosis

mier SemuSavebuli xerxebi da intensiurad CaerTo

xelovnebis sferod aRiarebisTvis brZolaSi.

mxatvrulisgan gansxvavebiT, dokumenturma kinom,

miuxedavad misadmi mudmivi interesisa, TandaTanobiT

ukana planze gadainacvla; Tumca, misi gavlena mxatvrul

kinoze mudmiv Tanamdev xazad mihyveba mxatvruli kinos

ganviTarebis gzas.

dokumentalurobisadmi swrafva sxvadasxva dros

da sxvadasxva avtoris SemoqmedebaSi garkveuli

periodulobiT aRiniSneba; magram 50-60 wlebSi

msoflio kinematografSi am procesma imdenad farTo

gaqaneba miiRo, rom mogvianebiT kritikosebma mas

`dokumentalizmis~ afeTqeba uwodes. man moiara mTeli

evropa, gadaWra okeanec da Seexo TiTqmis yvela met-

naklebad ganviTarebul kinematografiis mqone qveyanas.

es iyo mxatvruli da dokumenturi kinos

urTierTdaaxloebis procesi, romelSic gamoikveTa

mxatvruli kinos moZraoba dokumentursiken. amave

dros, mkveTrad matulobs mxatvruli filmebis ricxvi,

romelTac safuZvlad udevT istoriuli movlenebi da

realuri faqtebi.

am moZraobaSi pionerad SeiZleba miviCnioT italiuri

kinematografi, romlis wiaRSic ibadeba realobasTan

maqsimalurad miaxloebis, yoveldRiuri realobis

`mxatvrulad gaformebis~ gareSe aRbeWdvis mZlavri

63

tendencia, romelic sul male mTels msoflioSi

gaxdeba cnobili italiuri neorealizmis saxeliT.

dokumenturi kino xelovnebis avangardad iqceva.

safrangeTSi ibadeba `sinema-verite~ (Cinema-verité), atlantikis miRma _ `pirdapiri kino~ (direct cinema), did britaneTSi _ `Tavisufali kino~ (free cinema), _

kinomoZraobebi, romlebmac arsebiTi gavlena iqonies

ara marto dokumenturi kinos Semdgom ganviTarebaze,

aramed mxatvrul kinematografzec.

msoflio kinoprocesis saerTo paTosi xdeba

daubrunon films, misi bunebidan gamomdinare,

dokumenturoba. 50-60-iani wlebisTvis mxatvruli

filmis scenari TandaTan Tavisufldeba mkacri

siuJeturi agebis moTxovnidan. SeiZleba iTqvas,

zogjer prozasac ki uaxlovdeba. Tumca, rogorc

xSirad aris xolme axali gzebis Ziebisas, xSirad saqme

meore ukiduresobamde midioda – scenaris da, ufro

metic, siuJetis srul uaryofamde.

kinoprocesSi da kinokritikaSi aqtiurad

mkvidrdeba terminebi: ̀ cxovrebis nakadi~, ̀ antifilmi~,

`dedramatizacia~. `spontanuri~ kinos momxreebi

zogjer cdilobdnen pirdapir gadaetanaT qronikis

gadaRebis meTodebi mxatvrul kinoSi. magram ufro

xSirad, es mcdelobebi, mainc met-naklebad warmatebul,

eqsperimentebad rCeboda. Tumca arc is unda daviviwyoT,

rom am eqsperimentebma mniSvnelovnad gaamdidra

mxatvruli kinos ena dokumenturi kinematografis

gamocdilebiT, maT Soris xeli Seuwyo kinodramaturgiis

evolucias, ris Sedegadac mxatvrul kinoSi mkveTrad

gaizarda distancia fabulasa da siuJets Soris.

aseve TvalsaCino cvlilebebi ganicada filmebis

saxviTma gadawyvetis stilma. imata miswrafebam

dokumenturi esTetikisken, romelic miznad

isaxavda mieRwia mxatvrul filmSi iseTive

64

damajereblobisaTvis, rac gaaCnia dokumentur masalas

da mayurebeli aeZulebina erwmuna ekranze mimdinare

movlenebis realuroba.

gadaRebis dokumenturma meTodma moiTxova filmis

plastikuri gadawyvetis ubraloeba. am SemTxvevaSi ukve

uadgilod moCanda kadris ferweruli kompoziciebi,

upiratesoba eniWeboda bunebriv interierebs, bunebriv

ganaTebas. xSirad gamoiyeneba dokumenturi kinos kidev

erTi xerxi – faruli kamera, gansakuTrebiT qalaqis

scenebSi; qalaqi Tavisi quCebiT, maRaziebiT, kafeebiT,

gamvlelebiT ara mxolod fonia filmis moqmedebisTvis,

aramed – misi aqtiuri monawilec.

sul ufro farTod ixmareba e. w. xelis kamera, _

msubuqi, portatuli kameriT moZraobaSi gadaReba, rac

scenebs gansakuTrebul damajereblobas aniWebs, axdens

ra adamianis Tvalis imitirebas.

mxatvrul kinoSi gavrcelebul meTodad iqca

qronikis, dokumenturi scenebis CarTvac, rac films

drois, epoqis sunTqvas aniWebda, garkveul emociur

ganwyobas badebda mayurebelSi; magram amave dros,

es meTodi Tavis TavSi Seicavs garkveul risksac:

samsaxiobo filmis qsovilSi CarTvisas qronika

myisierad aaSkaravebs mis sadadgmo xasiaTs, Tu mTlianad

kinosuraTis gadawyveta ar aris agebuli dokumenturi

gadaRebis ritmsa da stilze. Tumca, xSirad dokumenturi

kadrebi swored stiluri kontrapunqtis Sesaqmnelad

gamoiyeneba.

`dokumentalizmis afeTqebis~ talRam Caiara, magram

mis mier dagrovili gamocdileba kinematografiuli

gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis arsenalSi samudamod

darCa. misi damsaxurebaa, rom kinos am or saxeobas

Soris sazRvari imdenad myife da gamWvirvale gaxda,

rom sul ufro pirobiTi xdeba. maTi gzebi gamudmebiT

ejaWveba erTmaneTs. TiToeulis miRweva sul male

manana lekboraSvili

65

saerTo monapovari xdeba.

kinos romel saxeobas SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT,

magaliTad, soso CxaiZis ̀ TuSi mecxvare~ (1976). filmSi

TuSi mwyemsebis yoveldRiuri yofaa aRwerili, realur

garemoSi, realurad arsebuli gmirebiT; filmSi

mxolod erTi profesionali msaxiobia, danarCeni _

realurad arsebuli TuSi mwyemsebi, da Tumca, isini

Tavis Tavs ansaxiereben, mainc dawerili scenaris

mixedviT TamaSoben. marTalia, scenari emsaxureba

erT mizans, gagvacnos am garemos, am xalxis Sinagani

poeturi buneba, maTi xifaTiTa da yoveldRiuri patara

gmirobebiT datvirTuli cxovreba, magram arsebobs

scenari, arsebobs rolis momenti da dokumenturi

garemo, romelsac erwymis misi mxatvruli inscenireba.

am SemTxvevebisTvis Cndeba termini mxatvrul-

dokumenturi (docu-fiction).Tumca termini SedarebiT axalia, mas aqamde

dokumenturad wodebuli bevri klasikuri filmi

SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT: ̀ nanuki~, ̀ kaci aranidan~, ̀ tabu~

da sxva. flaertis `nanuki~, ra Tqma unda, gadaRebulia

eskimosebis cxovrebis xangrZlivi Seswavlisa da

masze dakvirvebis Sedegad, magram imdroindeli mZime

da mouqneli aparatura xSirad SeuZlebels xdida

mimdinare movlenebis uSualo dafiqsirebas. magaliTad,

patara, oTxmetrian iglus interierSi gadaReba

SeuZlebeli iyo da flaertis TxovniT eskimosebs

xelaxla mouwiaT uCveulod didi uglus ageba, rac

sxva araferia, Tu ara dekoracia.1

mxatvrul-dokumentur filmebTan axlos dgas,

e. w., dokudrama (Docudrama), romelic aseve axali

terminia, _ pirvelad gamoCnda amerikul-inglisurSi

1961 wlebSi inscenirebuli dokumenturi filmis

aRsaniSnavad da farTo gavrceleba hpova 70-iani

1 Жорж Садуль. Всеобщая история кино. Т.4 (2. Голливуд. Ко-нец немого кино. 1919-1929). «Искусство». М.1982. с.274

swrafva dokumentalurobisken da dokumentalizmis `ganleva~

66

wlebidan, Tumca aqamdec kinos istoriaSi SeiZleba

moiZebnos filmebi, romlebic Tamamad SeiZleba moxvdes

dokudramis kategoriaSi.

am terminis irgvliv kamaTi dRemde mimdinareobs

da Wirs misi sazRvrebis dadgena. Zalze xSirad

xdeba misi da mxatvrul-dokumenturi kinos zonebis

gadafarva, magram ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis moniSvna

mainc SesaZlebelia: dokudrama xazs usvams aRwerili

faqtebis, personaJebis realurobas. ufro zustad, es

aris realuri faqtebis inscenireba, rekonstruireba

msaxiobebis an realuri moqmedi pirebis meSveobiT,

damatebiTi komentarebis da interpretaciis gareSe.

sxva mxriv, es aris filmi, romelic TamaSdeba dawerili

scenaris mixedviT, _ msaxiobebiT, dekoraciebiT da

amdenad, mxatvruli kinos sferos ufro ganekuTvneba,

vidre dokumenturs.

realur faqtebze aseve dafuZnebuli mxatvruli

filmebisgan dokudrama imiT gansxvavdeba, rom masSi

msaxiobebs realuri personaJebis saxelebi da gvarebi

aqvT (aucilebeli piroba dokudramisTvis); yovelTvis

igrZnoba Zalisxmeva msaxiobebis prototipebTan

garegnuli msgavsebis mimarTulebiT; dafiqsirebulia

movlenebis zusti dro da adgilic. magaliTisTvis

SeiZleba davasaxeloT ron houardis filmi `apolo13~

(1995), romelic detalurad da realur movlenebTan

maqsimaluri miaxloebiT aRwers 1970 wels sahaero

xomaldis ̀ apolo13~ astronavtebis mTvareze gadasvlis

warumatebel mcdelobas.

dokudrama myarad dafuZnda televiziaSi, sadac

mas xSirad sakmaod Tavisufali interpretacia eZleva

inscenirebuli biografiuli filmebidan dawyebuli

realiTi-SouebiT damTavrebuli.

dokudramasTan erTad dokumentalizmze Setevas

axorcielebs moqumentaric (mock - inglisurad

manana lekboraSvili

67

dacinva). gansazRvreba rob reineris filmTan `es _

spaniel Tebia~ (This is Spinal Tap, 1984) dakavSirebiT 80-

ian wlebSi gaCnda, Tumca rogorc fenomeni, terminze

gacilebiT adre warmoiSva. magaliTad, moqumentaris

erT-erT adreul magaliTad SeiZleba ganvixiloT

orson uelsis 1938 wlis 30 oqtombris cnobili

radiodadgmac.

termini ixmareba gamogonil mediateqstTan

mimarTebaSi (iqneba es kino Tu satelevizio beWduri

teqsti), gamoiyureba rogorc dokumenturi, anu,

axdens dokumenturis imitacias. moqumentari iyenebs

dokumenturisTvis damaxasiaTebel kodebs da stils:

sadiqtoro teqsti an kadrSida komentatori, saarqivo

dokumentebisa da fotoebis gamoyeneba, TviTmxilvelTa

an eqspertTa interviuebi da sxva.

Tavisi xasiaTiT moqumentari xSirad parodia an

satiraa, Tumca ara yovelTvis; magaliTad SeiZleba

davasaxeloT mcirebiujetiani saSinelebaTa filmi

`alqaji bleridan~ (“The Blair Witch Project”, 1999,

reJ.: deniel mairiki, eduardo sanCesi). am SemTxvevaSi

mistificirebis xerxs filmi iyenebs SiSis efeqtis

gasaZliereblad. filmis mixedviT, 1994 wels damwyebi

dokumentalistebi miemgzavrebian tyeSi alqajis

gadasaRebad, romelic adgilobrivi mcxovreblebis

mixedviT bavSvebs itacebs. male dokumentalistebi

Tavadac ukvalod qrebian da mxolod erTi wlis Semdeg

pouloben maT mier tyeSi gadaRebul masalas. filmis

qsovils swored es masala warmoadgens, romelSic

avtorebi Tavad personaJebis mier dafiqsirebul

movlenaTa mimdinareobas gvTavazoben da amgvarad

cdiloben realobis sruli iluzia Seqmnan.

moqumentaris forma SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc

erTgvari pasuxi _ dokumenturi kinos privilegiaze

moaxdinos realobis zusti reprezentireba. is mkafiod

swrafva dokumentalurobisken da dokumentalizmis `ganleva~

68

aCvenebs, dokumenturi meTodis da xerxebis gamoyenebiT,

ra martivad da warmatebiT SeiZleba realobis gayalbeba.

magram, rac ar unda Rrmad aRwevdes dokumentalizmi

msgavsi tipis filmebSi, ramdenad mravalferovani saxec

ar unda hqondes mas, dokumentalurTan miaxloebuli

muSaobis meTodi, _ xazgasmiT damajerebeli da realuri

atmosferos Seqmnis miswrafeba, dokumenturi masalis

CarTva Tu dokumenturis mistificireba, – produqcia

mainc mxatvrul kinosuraTebad rCeba. SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom misi saxiT mxatvruli kino sul ufro ifarTovebs

Tavis areals da Tu radikalurebi viqnebiT gamonaTqvamSi,

axdens dokumenturobis `diskreditacias~, ukargavs ra

mayurebels orientirebs da mijnebs gamogonilsa da

ara-gamogonils Soris.

dokumentur kinos kidev erTi mZlavri dartyma

televiziam miayena, jer kidev televiziis axal,

mZlavr mediad Camoyalibebis sawyis etapze, rodesac

Tavisi operatiulobiT da mobilurobiT nel-nela

gamodevna kinoJurnalebi kinoTeatrebidan. dReisaTvis

reportaJuli gadaReba satelevizio eTeris sayrdenad

iqca. amJamad ukve kinematografs uxdeba mimarTos

televizias saarqivo masalebisTvis. erTi SexedviT is

daxmarebis xelsac uwvdis dokumentur kinematografs.

maSin, roca arsebuli gaqiravebis pirobebSi iSviaTi

gamonaklisebis garda, verc kreatiuli dokumenturi

kino midis mayureblamde, is Tavis auditorias mxolod

specializirebul kinoTeatrebSi da SezRuduli ricxvis

safestivalo Cvenebebze poulobs. am viTarebaSi mis

ZiriTad popularizatorad iqceva televizia, romelic

auditorias milionebamde zrdis. magram, amave dros,

televizia sxva safrTxisa da axali problemis winaSe

ayenebs dokumentur kinos: praqtikaSi mimdinare

procesebis kvaldakval, mas xelaxla uwevs Tavisi

sazRvrebis dadgena, amjerad ukve telegadacemebTan

manana lekboraSvili

69

konkurenciaSi, romlebic imave teritoriaze muSaoben.

80-iani wlebidan televizia amkvidrebs dokumenturi

produqtis axal formats, romelsac mogvianebiT

`realiTi Tivi~ (Reality TV) ewoda. msgavsi seriebis

klasikuri nimuSia: `samaSvelo samsaxuri 911~ (“Rescue 911”, 1989) da `policielebi~ (“Cops”, 1989), romelic

am samsaxurebis profesiul saqmianobas aRwers da

mis popularizacias emsaxureba. Tumca, SeiZleba

dasaxeldes sxva uamravi magaliTic: ganvlili periodis

manZilze `realiTi Tivim~ radikalurad Secvala

televiziis landSafti, erT-erT yvelaze reitingul

formatad iqca da Tavisi ganStoebac ki Seqmna: ̀ realiTi

Sou~.

`realiTi Tivi~ hibriduli Janria, romelic

eyrdnoba dokumentur masalas, realur faqtebs. masSi

monawile personaJebi Tavis Tavs asaxiereben, magram amave

dros xdeba masalis dramatizeba, sanaxaobrivi mxaris

gaZliereba. rogorc wesi, masala rekonstruirebulia

(realuri faqtebi xelaxla TamaSdeba kameris win) da

rodesac realuri moqmedi piri miuwvdomelia, arc

misi msaxiobiT Canacvlebaa gamonaklisi. Tumca, am

SemTxvevaSi, dokumenturi kinosTvis safrTxe naklebia:

axali Janri, Tavisi saxelwodebiT, Camoyalibebuli

kanonebiT, sazRvrebiT, SeiZleba konkurencias uwevs

dokumenturi filmis Janrs, magram ar iwvevs misi

sazRvrebis rRvevas. ufro didi safrTxis Semcvelia

is, rom garda amisa, televizia Tavad iqca dokumenturi

filmebis mwarmoeblad.

es filmebi iwodeba dokumentur filmebad,

Tumca, ZiriTadad agebulia telegadacemis da

ara kinoesTetikis specifikis gaTvalsiwinebiT.

amasTan, televiziis bunebidan gamomdinare, rogorc

wesi, upiratesoba eniWeba sensaciurs, skandalurs,

sanaxaobrivad mimzidvels; orientirad naklebad

swrafva dokumentalurobisken da dokumentalizmis `ganleva~

70

aris aRebuli movlenis, faqtis Tu pirovnebis

siRrmiseuli Sreebis Zieba da gaxsna. televizia,

warmoebis wesis mixedviT, aseve naklebad aris

ganwyobili xangrZlivi dakvirvebis, Seswavlisa da

momentis daWeris procesisken. aseT SemTxvevaSi is

amjobinebs mimarTos inscenirebis an rekonstruqciis

xerxs, riTac xdeba dokumentisadmi damaxasiaTebeli

maRali damajereblobis xarisxis miTviseba da misi

niRbiT mayureblisTvis modelirebuli realobis

wardgena, romlis sinamdvilesTan Sesatyvisoba

mTlianad proeqtis avtorTa keTilsindisierebazea

damokidebuli.

amiT televizia, erTi, _ Slis sazRvrebs

ekranul saxeobebs Soris da axdens dokumenturi

kinos diskreditacias (sTavazobs ra auditorias

dokumenturi kinos nacvlad mis surogats) da meore,

_ dokumentur kinos gzas uketavs potenciuri

mayureblisken.

axalma teqnologiebma kidev ufro mniSvnelovani

Zvrebi gamoiwvia dokumentur kinoSi. dRevandeli

cifruli kamerebi saSualebas iZleva miviRoT maRali

xarisxis gamosaxuleba sinqronuli xmiT. es kamerebi

kompaqturia da amasTan maTi garCeva samoyvarulo

kamerebisgan TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. amdenad maT SeuZliaT

SeaRwion iq, sadac SeiZleba ar dauSvan profesiuli

jgufi mravalricxovani aparaturiT, mis winaSe

gacilebiT komfortulad grZnoben Tavs gadaRebis

obieqtebic, kamera Zalian male xdeba `Cveuli~ da

`SeumCneveli~.

zemoT xsenebulma faqtorma ara marto mniSvnelovnad

gaaiafa dokumenturi kinos warmoeba, aramed, arsebiTad

Secvala misadmi midgomac, _ xelmisawvdomi gaxda ara

marto damoukidebeli, mcire studiebisTvis, aramed

adamianebisTvisac, romlebisTvisac kino profesias

manana lekboraSvili

71

ar warmoadgens. dokumenturi masalis nakadi imdenad

wyaluxvi gaxda (gansakuTrebiT internetis sivrceSi),

rom misi profesiuli niSniT daxarisxeba, gamorCeva

da Sefaseba Seudareblad gaZnelda. Tumca, amave

dros, axalma teqnologiebma Tavisuflebis meti

xarisxi mianiWa saavtoro, kreatiuli dokumenturi

kinos reJisorebs, misca maT cxovrebis axali,

aqamde auTvisebeli mxareebis moxelTebis saSualeba

dokumenturi xelovnebis obieqtivSi.

informaciuli bumis epoqaSi dokumenturi kino

ganagrZobs sakuTari niSisa da Tavisi auditoriis

Ziebas. am ZiebaSi 50-60-iani wlebisgan gansxvavebiT,

ukve dokumenturi kino iwyebs moZraobas mxatvruli

esTetikis mimarTulebiT. moqmedebis dramatizacia,

meti qmedeba (`eqSeni~), xSirad saspensic, meti

sanaxaobrioba, miswrafeba garTobisa da refleqsiis

Serwymisa da mayureblis emociebiT manipulirebisken, _

Tanamedrove dokumenturi kinosTvis Cveul meTodebad

iqcnen.

swrafva dokumentalurobisken da dokumentalizmis `ganleva~

72

animacia

73

vladimer sulaqveliZe

germanuli modernizmi

pirveli msoflio omis periodSi evropeli mxtvrebis

nawili Sveicarias Seefara, sadac Tavs usafrTxod

grZnobdnen. erTmaneTTan saubrobdnen rogorc am uazro

omis saSinelebebze, aseve xelovnebaze. garkveulma

jgufma gadawyvita mimdinareoba Seeqmna, romelic Tavis

namuSevrebis SinaarsiT garemos da mimdinare movlenebs

protests gamoucxadebda. erTxel, rodesac mxatvrebi

tristan zaras Sexvdnen, gadafurcles leqsikonis erT-

erTi gverdi da pirvelive sityva amoirCies _ `dada~,

romelsac daamates daboloeba _ `izmi~ da gaCnda

axali mimarTuleba: `dadaizmi~.

mogvianebiT zara ganmartavda: `dada~ franguli

sityvaa, xis saTamaSo cxens niSnavs, SavkanianTa erT-

erTi tomis krus enaze ki wminda Zroxis kuds. mesame

versiiT, italiis ramdenime provinciaSi, `dada~ dedas

niSnavs. sabolood, `dadas~ ganmartavdnen rogorc xis

saTamaSo cxens.

dadaistebis principebi: yvelafris uaryofa, _

dogma iqneba es Tu kanoni; ver itandnen burJuazias,

mis esTetikur normebs, ampartavnobas, keklucobas,

gemovnebas, siyalbes, _ Tvlidnen ra mas omis

gaCaRebis mTavar monawiled. dadaistebi gansakuTrebul

protests gamoxatavdnen akademiuri naxatis mimarT.

xSirad skandalur situaciaSi vardebodnen, romlis

provocirebasac ZiriTad TviTonve axdendnen.

omis damTavrebis Semdeg mxatvrebis nawili

berlinSi gadasaxlda. daiyvnen sxvadasxva jgufad da

TavianTi saqme gaagrZeles. aRsaniSnavia, rom germanuli

kinoavangardi ufro adre ganviTarda, vidre sxva

qveynebisa. ramdenadac mxatvrebis garkveul nawils

aRar akmayofilebda TavianTi abstraqtuli naxatebis

74

statikur mdgomareobaSi xilva, gadawyvites namuSevrebi

firze gadaetanaT da kinos saSualebiT aemoZravebinaT.

am saqmeSi pionerebi iyvnen: viking eggelingi da hans

rixteri, agreTve valter ruTmani, bela bartoSi,

mogvianebiT oskar fiSingeri.

hans rixteri (dab. 1880 w.) _ germaneli grafikosi,

reJisori iyo. swavlobda jer berlinis, Semdeg vaimaris

samxatvro akademiaSi. 1916-1918 wlebSi Sedioda

ciurixis (Sveicaria) dadaistebis jgufSi. rixteris

pirveli filmi `ritmi 21~ iyo, Semdeg – `ritmi 23~,

mogvianebiT ki, _ `ritmi 25~ (numeracia gulisxmobs,

Tu romel wlebSi Seqmna man esa Tu is filmi, _ vl. s.).

rixteri dakavebuli iyo ritmis problemebiT, qmnida

moZravi kvadratebis serias: zogi pataravdeboda, zogic

diddeboda, icvlida ferebss, _ xdeboda xan Savi, xan

TeTri feris. amdenad, hans rixteri cdilobda epovna

ritmis plastika da Semdeg firze gadaetana.

cvalebadi xazebis vertikaluri ganlagebis

plastikur principze muSaobda sxva dadaisti viking

eggelingi (1980 w.) _ Svedi mxatvari. vikingi pirveli

msoflio omis dros ciurixis erT-erT skolaSi

bavSvebs aswavlida xatvas da tanvarjiSs. ciurixSi

dadaistebis jgufs SeuerTda, _ monawileobda maT

dadgmebSi da perfomansebSi. cdilobda plastika da

ritmi moenaxa kinoSi, sadac eqsperimentebis keTeba jer

kidev 1919 wels daiwyo. pirveli filmi `diagonaluri

simfonia~ man, iseve rogorc rixterma, 1921 wels

gadaiRo. filmis xangZlivoba iyo 7 metri, anu, 2 wuTi

da 20 wami. eggelingis meore naSromia ̀ horizontaluri

simfonia~, romelic man 1924 wels gadaiRo. mesame filmi

`paraleluri simfonia~ ki _ 1924 wels. amis Semdeg

eggelingi male gardaicvala. ratomRac kritikosebis

umravlesoba eggelings mxolod ori filmis gadaRebas

miaweren, xolo rac Seexeba zemoaRniSnul `paralelur

vladimer sulaqveliZe

75

simfonias~, _ saerTod ar axseneben.

1921 wels berlinSi abstraqcionist valter

ruTmanis filmis `opus I~ premiera Sedga. es iyo

pirveli eqsperimentaluri filmi (imave wels gamovida

rixterisa da eggelingis namuSevrebic). rac Seexeba

ruTmans, is 1887 wels daibada qalaq frankfurtSi

mainze. swavlobda arqiteqturas, mogvianebiT muSaobda

rogorc grafikuli dizaineri. ̀ opus I~ Semdeg gadaiRo:

`opus II~ (1923 w.) da `opus III~ (1924 w.). amis Semdeg

ruTmani gadavida dokumentur kinoSi samuSaod, magram

avangards mainc ar uRalata. 1927 wels dawyo muSaoba

dokumentur filmze ̀ berlini - didi qalaqis simfonia~,

romelic dRes kinos klasikad iTvleba. ruTmani

hitleris politikis mxardamWeri iyo, nacional-

socialisturi partiis wevri. muSaobda propagandis

saministroSi. 1927-1941 wlamde man kidev ramdenime

dokumenturi filmi gadaiRo. erTi periodi hitleris

sayvareli reJisoris, leni rufenStalis, asistentad

muSaobda. 1941 wels valteri wavida frontze, zustad

ar viciT meomrad Tu kinoqronikis gadasaRebad. imave

1941 wels ruTmani smolenskTan daiRupa.

amgvarad, dadaizmi 1925 wels kinoSic da mxtvrobaSi

daiSala da gaqra, rogorc cxovrebis uarmyofeli da

meqanikurobis propagandisti mimdinareoba. avangardul

xelovnebaSi dadaizmis adgili daikava eqspresionizmma

germaniaSi da suirealizmma _ safrangeTSi.

kinematografSi dadaizmis CrdilSi gasvlas ZiriTad

xeli iman Seuwyo, rom eggelingi gardaicvala, ruTmanma

dokumentur kinoSi gadainacvla, xolo rixterma

animacias Tavi daaneba da mxatvruli filmebis gadaReba

daiwyo (nawilobriv dadaisturis). rixteri sxvadasxva

dros TanamSromlobda koktosTan, leJesTan da sxva

cnobil pirovnebasTan. ormoci wlis ganmavlobaSi

rixteri iyo erT-erTi yvelaze gavleniani pirovneba

germanuli modernizmi

76

msoflio kinoavangardSi.

oskar fiSingeri, _ eqspresionist paul ruTmanis

moswavle, erTaderTi reJisori, romelic zemoT

xsenebuli reJisorebidan animacias SemorCa da

bolomde misi erTguli darCa, daibada 1900 wels

qalaq gleqxauzenSi. franqfurT mainze swavlobda

manqanaTmSeneblobas, saswavlebeli warmatebiT

daamTavra, xatvac exerxeboda. man gadaiRo ramdenime

eqsperimentaluri novela. berlinSi CasvlisTanave

gaagrZela sxvadasxva filmze muSaoba. fiSingeri eZebda

dialeqtikur kavSirs filmis ritmul da vizualur

saxeebs Soris. agreTve axal enas kinematografsa da

im periodSi gacilebiT ganviTarebuli xelovnebis -

ferweras Soris. aRsaniSnavia, rom fiSingeris yvela

filmi klasikur musikaze iyo awyobili.

1923-27 wlebSi ekranebze gamovida fiSingeris

pirveli, uxmo, _ musikis ritmze awyobili

filmebi: `cvilis etiudebi~, `morakrake xazebi~ da

`spiralebi~.

1929 wels fiSingerma gadaiRo pirveli feradi

filmi `cisartyela~, romelSic man xuTi proeqtoris

sxivi gamoiyena, _ aq erTmaneTis miyolebiT, fiSingeris

mier Seqmnili ritmuli sqemis mixedviT, irTvebodnen

proeqtorebi. meTodma gaamarTla, _ Seiqmna iqamde

arnaxuli sivrculi efeqti. 1929 wlidan oskari

iRebda cnobili klasikosebis: mocartis, bramsis,

listis musikaze awyobil `etiudebs~. am periodisTvis

kinoSi xma Semovida, ramac avtors saSualeba misca

misi filmebi mayureblisTvis ufro momxibvleli

gamxdariyo. 1934 wels pirveli saerTaSoriso aRiareba

moipova fiSingeris suraTma ̀ rafsodia bluzis stilSi~

(j. gerSvinis musikis mixedviT), romelmac veneciis

saerTaSoriso kinofestivalze pirveli premia miiRo.

es feradi filmi warmoadgens sabaleto variaciebis

vladimer sulaqveliZe

77

rigs, romlis gmirebi arian samganzomilebiani

geometriuli elementebi. isini ekranis SezRudul

sivrceSi moZraoben zustad ise, rogorc scenaze. 1935

wels fiSingeri muSaobda daxatul xmaze. is firis

xmovan bilikze kawravda ara spontanurad, aramed

winaswar gaTvlili sqemiT. rodesac man es meore

firTan daasinqrona, romelzedac pirdapir daxatuli

fazebi iyo amokawruli, fiSingerma miiRo im droisTvis

arnaxuli vizualuri da tonaluri efeqti.

2010 wels disneis studiam sazeimod aRniSna

filmis `fantazia~ 70 wlis iubile. filmi, romelic

klasikuri musikis TanxlebiT sruldeba, eqvsi

novelisgan iyo Sedgenili. novelebs Soris mcire zomis

naturalurad gadaRebul intermediebSi orkestris

diriJori stakovski mayurebels warudgenda momdevno

musikalur kompozicias. iwyeboda naxati siuJeti

da orkestric saTanado musikas ayolebda. siuJeti

grafikul abstraqcias warmoadgenda, romlis

gamosaxuleba viTardeboda baxis tokata da fugis re

minoris TanxlebiT. es abstraqcia kanonzomieri iyo.

minda mogaxsenoT, rom am filmis ideis avtori oskar

fiSingeri iyo. 1936 wels fiSingeri amerikaSi gaemgzavra

sacxovreblad. is muSaobda holivudis erT-erT patara

studiaSi, romelic male gakotrda. erT dRes oskari

estumra diriJor stakovskis da gaando Tavisi didi

xnis ocneba - animaciuri filmis gadaReba, romelic

baxis musikaze iqneboda Seqmnili. stakovskim SesTavaza

finansuri daxmarebisTvis uolt disneisTvis miemarTa.

disneim idea moiwona da filmis gadaReba fiSingers

Caabara. jgufi ver, an ar ahyva fiSingeris diad ideebs da

erTi wlis Semdeg oskari wavida studiidan. xolo disneim

abstraqtuli epizodi ise gadaakeTa, rom fiSingerma

mas uari ganucxada titrebSi moxseniebaze. asec moxda.

rac Seexeba disneis, man gadakeTebuli epizodis garda,

germanuli modernizmi

78

kidev 5 epizodi moigona da films daamata. amgvarad

Sekowiwda filmi `fantazia~. sainteresoa, rogori

filmi gamovidoda fiSingerisTvis Tavisufleba rom

miecaT. miuxedavad amisa, fiSingeri damoukideblad

hqmnis films ̀ moZravi ferwera I~, romelsac safuZvlad

baxis brandenburgis mesame koncerti daedo. am filmis

Semdeg, imis miuxedavad, rom es nawarmoebi oskaris

erT-erT saukeTeso filmad iTvleba, fiSingeri midis

animaciidan. 1949 wels baxis musikaze Seqmnilma filmma

`moZravi ferwera II~ briuselSi eqsperimentaluri

kinos saerTaSoriso festivalze pirveli premia miiRo.

miuxedavad am didi warmatebisa fiSingeri animaciaSi

aRar dabrunebula. dRes fiSingeris filmebs aCveneben

sxvadasxva Cvenebaze, simpoziumebze, seminarebze, misi

filmebis garSemo imarTeba diskusiebi. fiSingeris

ramdenime filmi Sedis animaciuri kinos klasikaSi da

faqtia, rom aravis tovebs gulgrils.

oskar fiSingeri Tvlida: `me vqmni axals _ droSi

feradi ritmis da ritmuli feris xelovnebas.~

Модернизм - Aнализ и критика основных направлений • (дадаизм и сюреализм). Mосква, 1973.http• ://prometheus.kai.ru/fishin_r.htmhttp://inoekino.ru/author.php?id=881• 1http://www.inoekino.ru/author.php?id=74• 9

vladimer sulaqveliZe

79

universitetis

sadoqtoro programa

80

naSromi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelebis rekomendaciiT

statiis stili daculia

programis xelmZRvanelebi _ prof. giorgi margvelaSvili,

prof. vasil kiknaZe

dramis reJisura

81

nino lipartiani

doqtoranturis III kursi

postmodernistuli Teatraluri xelovnebis zogierTi sakiTxi

postmodernizmis patriarqad umberto ekos

moiazreben. pirvelad, xelovnebis postmodernistuli

gaazreba mis mier iqna SemoTavazebuli. naSromis

mTavari Tema iyo: rogor reagirebs xelovneba XX

saukunis cvlilebebsa da Tanamedrove cxovrebis

Taviseburebebze. saubaria ara brma da damRupvel

qaosze, aramed `nayofier areulobaze~, romlis

pozitiuroba Tanamedrove kulturam gamoavlina.1

umberto ekos azriT, imisaTvis, rom nawarmoebi

iyos Tanamedrove, aucilebelia gaxsnili iyos Tavisi

damokidebulebiT samyaros mimarT. xelovneba aRar

aris SezRuduli. Tavisufali xelovnebis nimuSi

mkiTxvels da mayurebels aZlevs srul Tavisuflebas

Seiqmnas samyaros Tavisi modeli. Tanamedrove

xelovneba SeiZleba CaiTvalos progresulad,

radgan cdilobs daixsnas Tavi fsiqologiuri da

kulturuli Cvevebis CarCoebidan.2 xelovneba cdilobs

mayurebels samyaros Sesaxeb axali warmodgena

Camouyalibos. daamsxvrios azrovnebis stereotipebi

da xeli Seuwyos individis gamovlenas. am kuTxiT,

Tanamedrove xelovneba adamianis SesaZleblobebisa

da TviTgamovlenis aRmzrdeladac gvevlineba.

umberto eko aRniSnavs, rom teqsti mravali

mniSvnelobis matarebelia, magram aqedan arc erTi

maTgani ar SeiZleba iyos dominanturi. teqsti mxolod

saSualebas aZlevs mkiTxvels TviTon moaxdinos misi

1 umberto eko. Tanamedrove esTetikis ganviTarebis prob-

lemebi, Targmanebis da referatebis krebuli, 1976 gv. 22.2 iqve. gv. 23.

82

aqtualizacia, romelic damokidebulia mkiTxvelis

interpretaciul strategiaze.1 es ideebi ekom

warmogvidgina romanSi `vardis saxeli~, romelic

postmodernistuli romanis klasikuri magaliTi gaxda.

avtorebi wignisa `anti-oidiposi~ J. delezi da

f. gvatari ganixilaven xelovnebis apoTeozs, rogorc

libidos energiis wvas. xelovneba xelovnebisTvis –

amaSi xedaven isini umaRles formas. isini gvTavazoben

fsiqoanalizisagan gansxvavebuli kvlevis axal

meTods – Sizoanalizs. gansakuTrebul aqcents

delezi Teatralur xelovnebaze akeTebs. italiel

dramaturgTan, reJisorTan da msaxiobTan karmelo

benesTan erTad wers wigns «gadakveTa»,2 romelic

eZRvneba Teatraluri xelovnebis Sizoanalizs.

delezi gvTavazobs gavTavisufldeT teqstis

despotizmisgan, reJisoris avtoritarizmisgan,

msaxiobis narcisizmisgan da SevqmnaT axali

Teatraluri formebi, _ `Teatri arc warmodgenis,

arc warmosaxvis~, _ gancalkevebuli, mayureblisgan

barieriT gamoyofili. nimuSad is antonen artos,

robert vilsonis da eJi grotovskis Teatrs da

`living Teatrs~ gvTavazobs. Teatris adamiani,

delezis azriT, ar aris arc dramaturgi, arc msaxiobi

da arc reJisori. es aris qirurgi, operatori,

romelic akaTebs amputacias, operacias, Tavisi

Sizoiduri interesebis realizebაs.3 tradiciuli xelovnebis yvela sfero Taviseburad

reagirebs postmodernistul situaciaze. Teatraluri

avangardi modernistul etapze Tavis winamorbed

1 umberto eko. `vardis saxeli~, gamomcemloba `diogene~,

Tbilisi, 2011.2 J. deliozi; f. gvatari. postmodernistuli epoqis

filosofia, Tbilisi, 1996, gv. 6-31.3 J. deliozi; f. gvatari. ra aris filosofia?, Tbilisi,

1998.

nino lipartiani

83

tradiciul TeatrTan opoziciaSi ganviTarda, rac

TavisTavad tradiciuli stereotipuli formebis

damsxvrevis aucileblobas iwvevda. postmodernistul

etapze gaCnda mTavari Tviseba – TamaSi azrTan, ramac

gamoiwvia aucilebloba Camoyalibebuliyo Teatris

axali ena. Teatri aRar warmoadgenda adgils,

sadac gaiJRerebda garkveuli azri. aq xdeboda

azris adgilzeve formulireba. moxda Teatralur

xelovnebaze Sexedulebis fundamentaluri cvla.

Teatris erT-erTi gavleniani Teoritikosi

patris pavi Tanamedrove Teatraluri avangardis

or tips gamohyofs. azris sivrcobrivi warmoCenis

Teatri, rac dakavSirebulia klasikur tradiciasTan

da `radikaluri~ Teatri, sadac mTavaria dro,

ritmi da xma.1 gansxvaveba maT Soris xilvadobasa

da smenadobaSi, komunikaciasa da kakafoniaSia.

`radikalur~ TeatrSi mayurebeli ara marto aRiqvams

informacias, aramed monawileobs SemoqmedebiT

aqtSi, azris dabadebis procesSi. postmodernistul

situaciaSi xelovnebasa da azrs Soris qreba

erTmniSvnelovani damokidebuleba: es aris TamaSis

xerxi. aqcenti _ azris formulirebaze, _ keTdeba

adgilze. sazRvari cxovrebasa da xelovnebas Soris,

mayurebelsa da msaxiobs Soris sakmaod moZravi

xdeba. mravalmniSvnelovania aRqmis mTavari pirobac,

rac mayurebels interpretaciis Tavisuflebasa da

SemoqmedebiTi procesis Tanamonawiled gaxdomis

saSualebas aZlevs.

sasceno xelovnebaSi postmodernizmis

damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa kavSiri tradiciasTan.

Tu modernistul periodSi iyo midrekileba

siaxleebisken, amjerad, cdiloben daicvan yvelanairi

1 Пави П. Игра театрального авангарда и семиологии // Как всегда — об авангарде: Антология французского театрального авангарда. М., ГИТИС. 1992

postmodernistuli Teatraluri xelovnebis zogierTi sakiTxi

84

tradiciis balansi. yovelmxrivi akrZalva ganixileba

rogorc ukanonoba. tradiciebTan Sexeba gamoixateba

TamaSis xerxiT. Teatri aRar ganixileba warmodgenisa

da warmosaxvis saSualebad. is kargavs Tavis tradiciul

amocanas. rolan barti am fenomens esTetikuri niSnis

`dezintegracias~ an `gamofitvas~ uwodebda, amiT

xazs usvamda TamaSis xerxis araseriozulobas. Tavis

droze barti amtkicebda, rom simbolos sistemas,

romelic dasavluri samyarosTvis isev aqtualuria,

unda CamoerTvas mravalsaukunovani privilegiebi.

is gvTavazobs dramas sacdel poligonad, sadac

SesaZlebeli iqneba poeturi cdebis Catareba.1

modernistul da postmodernistul Teatrebs

Soris fundamenturi gansxvaveba, s. isaevis azriT,

imaSia, rom pirveli agebulia denotaciis, xolo

meore konotaciis safuZvelze. pirvel SemTxvevaSi

gamoxatvis umaRlesi esTeturi forma aris metafora,

xolo meore SemTxvevaSi – metonimia, roca aRsaniSnavi

da aRmniSvneli ar ikveTeba, misi ganzomileba

virtualuria.2

J. f. liotari Teatraluri xelovnebis

cvlilebebTan dakavSirebiT wers ̀ energiul Teatris~

Sesaxeb, romelsac igi ganmartavs, rogorc Teatrs,

sadac ar igrZnoba `dramaturgis~, aseve damdgmelis,

rogorc dominantis, qoreografisa da mxatvris

Zala.3

bernard dorti `ganTavisuflebul warmodgenaSi~

saubrobs Teatrze, romelic ganTavisuflebulia

1 Барт Р. Драма, поэма, роман // Называть вещи своими имена-ми: Программные выступления мастеров западноевропейской литературы ХХ века. М., Прогресс. 1986.2 s. isaevi // rogorc yovelTvis avangardze; franguli

Teatraluri avangardi. 1992. 3 Лиотар Ж.-Ф. Возвышенное и авангард // Метафизические исследования. Вып.4.

nino lipartiani

85

uaxloesi warsulis reJisoruli tiraniisgan da midis

daskvnamde: `SesaZlebelia dadga dro `aqtiorul

TeatrTan~ dabrunebisa, magram ara imisTvis, rom

uarvyoT reJisoris mniSvneloba da am ukanasknelis

roli warmodgenaSi, aramed imisTvis, rom gavaZlieroT

masSi sxva komponentebis mniSvneloba, (kerZod

msaxiobis).1 reJisori kargavs suverenul xelisuflebas,

magram es `aqtiorul TeatrTan~ dabrunebas sulac ar

niSnavs.

postmodernistuli situaciis mxatvrebs

surT maqsimalurad moxsnan `avtoris zewola~ da

amisTvis mTel rig axal xerxebs iyeneben: neitralur

werils, gaxsnili nawarmoebsa da a. S. maT surT,

rom totalurobas ascdnen, _ SesaZlebloba miscen

mkiTxvelsa Tu mayurebels Tavad daasrulon teqstis

kiTxva. am orientaciis mxatvrebi fiqroben, rom

xelovnebis samyaroSi yvelaferi ukve Seqmnilia,

aRmoCenilia yvelanairi mxatvruli forma da

amitom maT araferi darCeniaT, garda imisa, rom ukve

aRmoCenili garkveuli kombinaciebiT gaimeoron.

mxatvari efeqts avtoris CamoSorebiT, garkveuli

distanciis demonstraciiT axdens. es Taviseburi

gamowvevaa, protesti xelovnebis erTferovnebis

winaaRmdeg mimarTuli.

postmodernistuli literaturis erT-erTi

centraluri Temaa sikvdilTan TamaSi. swored

sikvdilis Tema TamaSobs mniSvnelovan rols marisa

blanSos SemoqmedebaSi,2 sadac is mocemulia

metafizikuri interpretaciiT, rogorc ararsebobis

usaxuri stiqia, rogorc metafora, romelic

1 И. Ильин.Постмодернизм. Словарь терминов.// ТЕАТРАЛЬ-НОСТЬ СОВРЕМЕННОГО СОЗНАНИЯ И ПОСТМОДЕР-НИСТСКИЕ ТЕОРИИ ТЕАТРА2 Колесников А.С. Постмодернизм Мориса Бланшо // Проблемы интеграции философских культур в свете компаративистского подхода. 1995 C. 16–22

postmodernistuli Teatraluri xelovnebis zogierTi sakiTxi

86

sazRvris ideis warmodgenaSi gvexmareba nicSe werda:

`autanelia, roca avtori mudmivad gvaxsenebs, rom es

misi nawarmoebia~.1 blanSos azriT: `xelovnebisaTvis

sasurvelia ar arsebobdes aranairi pirovnuli `me~.

es aris ara avtoris sulieri mdgomareoba, aramed

Tanamedrove mxatvruli kulturis aucilebloba.

SemdgomSi am movlenas nawarmoebSi ̀ avtoris sikvdilis~

saxeli daerqva.2 blanSos ̀ avtoris sikvdili~ gagebuli

aqvs, rogorc mxatvruli Semoqmedebis arsi. is

gamoTqvams azrs, rom Semoqmedeba, _ es aris procesi,

sadac sakuTari yofierebis gancda ikargeba. es aris

`metafizikuri TviTmkvleloba~, mxatvarma ganaCeni

gamoutana Tavis Tavs. is wyvets kavSirs normalur

samyarosTan. izolirebas ukeTebs Tavs samyarosgan

imisTvis, rom Seqmnas da mokvdes bednieri. blanSo

Tvlis, rom `dakmayofilebuli sikvdili~ aris

jildo xelovnebisTvis. nicSes azriT, ̀ moazrovne~ da

`Semoqmedi~ saukeTeso ̀ me~ aris, romelic Camalulia

Tavis nawarmoebSi da ganicdis siamovnebas imisgan, rom

misi suli da sxeuli nel-nela iwrToba da irRveva

droSi.~ amave dros, misi wigni `cxovrobs, rogorc

arseba gabrwyinebuli gonierebiT da sulierebiT.~3

blanSos azriT, arsebobs mxatvruli Semoqmedebis

garTulebis situacia, roca xedav azris simartives

da fizikurad uZluri xar is azriT gadmosce.

magaliTad mas artos Semoqmedebis is periodi mohyavs,

rodesac am ukanasknels Tavisi azrebis marTva aRar

SeeZlo. swored es miiCnia blanSom artos sikvdilis

mizezad.

sikvdilisa da Semoqmedebis erTianoba yvelaze

1 Ницше Ф. Злая мудрость // Ницше Ф. Соч. в 2-х т. М., Мысль. 1990. Т. 1. 2 Бланшо М. Смерть как возможность // Вопросы литературы, 1994. Вып. 3. C. 194.3 f. nicSe „adamianuri, erTob adamianuri~, 1879.

nino lipartiani

87

mimzidveli literaturis xelovnebisTvis gaxda. Tavis

naSromSi blanSo gamoxatavs azrs, rom xelovnebaSi

avtori Tavisi enis patroni ar aris. is mxolod

emorCileba enas da am procesSi Tavad mTlianad

waSlilia. `...me vSli Tavs enaSi. erTdorulad var da

arc var enis patroni~.1

xelovnebis istorias protestis Zalian bevri

forma axsovs. postmodernizmi gvTavazobs protests

samyaros aRqmis racionaluri formebis, tradiciebis

winaaRmdeg. adamiani ususuria dagrovili

kulturuli faseulobebis winaSe. dagrovilma

teqstebma aqtualoba dakarges da muzeumis sacavSi

gadainacvles. TamaSis xerxiTa da ironiiT xelovneba

cdilobs SeniRbos adamianis dRevandeli arsebobis

tragizmi da katastrofa.

saxezea Tanamedrove xelovnebis ukiduresi

spontanuroba, Tumca, is mainc emorCileba mxatvruli

procesis logikas. Tanamedrove xelovnebis bevri

movlena laboratoriis rols asrulebs. Tanamedrove

xelovnebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani Tviseba ki

eqsperimentia.

1 Бланшо М. Смерть как возможность // Вопросы литературы, 1994. Вып. 3. C. 197.

postmodernistuli Teatraluri xelovnebis zogierTi sakiTxi

88

naSromi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelis rekomendaciiT

statiis stili daculia

programis xelmZRvaneli _ prof. zviad doliZe

msoflio kinos istoria

89

naTia mefariSvili

doqtoranturis III kursi

holivudi kulisebs miRma

holivudi – es sityva bevrisTvis asocirdeboda da

asocirdeba marmarilos sasaxleebTan, lamazmanebTan,

SuSxuna RvinosTan, auzebTan, mosamsaxureebTan, _

erT sityviT, yvela amqveyniur brwyinvalebasTan. es

nawilobriv xelovnurad damkvidrebuli stereotipia,

romlis SeqmnaSic bevrma niWierma adamianma miiRo

monawileoba da risTvisac aTasobiT metri kinofiri

daixarja.

qveyanam, romelsac ar hqonda didi xnis istoria,

rogorc amas amboben sxva diadi kulturis da istoriis

mqone qveynebis warmomadgenlebi, Seqmna didi amerikuli

ocneba, romelsac holivudi ewoda. kinematografi

iqca yvelaze moqnil iaraRad amerikuli istoriis

miTis SeqmnaSi. is aris `supermenis~ samSoblo. manve

daipyro amerikuli erovnuli fsiqika da xorci Seasxa

revoluciis gmirs jorj vaSingtons, keTilSobil yaCaRs

jo luiss da qeraTmian lamazmans merilin monros. aseTi

iyo 60-iani wlebis zogadi sazogadoebriv-politikur

suraTi manam, sanam masis esTetikuri moTxovnebi ar iyo

didi. axalgazrda kinoindustrias mohqonda arnaxuli

fuladi mogeba, holivudi akmayofilebda yvelas: iyo

warmatebuli biznesi, iyo sanaxaoba da bolos yovelTvis

`hefi endi~.

1945 wels mayurebelTa ricxvma kinoTeatrebSi

Seadgina 90 milioni, 1963 wlidan ki moulodnelad

es ricxvi ganaxevrda, ramac gamoiwvia kinowarmoebis

mkveTri Semcireba: amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi

20 000 kinoTeatridan 1963 wels moqmedi mxolod

9250 darCa. amis mizezi iyo ekonomikuri, politikuri,

da socialuri mdgomareoba. pirvelad Tavi iCina

politikurma problematikam. mZime dartyma

holivudis ekonomikas umaRlesi sasamarTlos 1942

90

wlis gadawyvetilebam miayena. es iyo warmoebisa da

distribuciis gancalkeveba, ris Sedegadac holivudma

dakarga ufleba kinoTeatrebis mflobelobaze da Tavisi

filmebis gaqiravebaze. 50-an wlebSi mniSvnelovani

ziani miayena `Zvel holivuds~ televiziebis swrafma

ganviTarebam. gaCnda arCevani da alternativa. ratom

unda wasuliyo mayurebeli kinoTeatrSi isev da isev

gangsteruli kinosuraTis an vesternis sayureblad1

maSin, rodesac saxlidan gausvlelad satelevizio

arxebi sTavazobdnen imave filmebs. amas mohyva didi

finansuri danakargebi da damoukidebeli kinoimperiebi,

imis gamo rom ver gaumklavdnen sirTuleebs, aRmoCndnen

bankebis da mwarmoeblebis sakuTrebaSi.

rogorc amerikeli literatori l. boldmani werda:

`es iyo yvelaze rTuli periodi amerikis cxovrebaSi,

romlic TiToeul amerikels Seexo~.2

isev daiwyo moqmedeba antiamerikulma komisiam,

romelic miznad isaxavda devnas yvela im pirovnebis

winaaRmdeg, vinc Tundac simpaTiiT iyo ganwyobili sabWoTa

kavSiris mimarT. daiwyo masobrivi devna gansxvavebuli

azrisa. es movlenebi Seexo kinomoRvaweebsac – e. w.

`holivudis aTeuls~. amerika moicva SiSma da SiSis

faqtorma seriozuli ziani miayena kinematografs.

`makartizmi da antikomunizmi gamoiyenes rogorc seni

da dasaxes mis winaaRmdeg brZola, raTa es yofiliyo

sababi amerikelebis yuradRebis gadasatanad~ _ werda

amerikuli kulturis erT-erTi TvalsaCino moRvawe

norman meileri.3

gansxvavebuli politikuri Sexedulebebis gamo 1940-

50-an wlebSi arsebul `holivudis Sav siaSi~ moxvda

1 Gomery D. Movie History: Shared Plesure. Madisson, University of Wisconsin Press, 1992, p. 2802 Schrecker E. The Age of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Docu- E. The Age of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Docu-E. The Age of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Docu- The Age of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Docu-The Age of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Docu- Age of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Docu-Age of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Docu- of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Docu-of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Docu- McCarthyism: A Brief History with Docu-McCarthyism: A Brief History with Docu- A Brief History with Docu-A Brief History with Docu- Brief History with Docu-Brief History with Docu- History with Docu-History with Docu- with Docu-with Docu- Docu-Docu-ments. New York, Palmagrave, 2002, p. 2423 Golenopolski T. and Shestakov V. USA: Cinematograph of 70s. Moscow, Znanie, 1978, p. 6

naTia mefariSvili

91

kulturisa da xelovnebis araerTi moRvawis saxeli.

siaSi holivudis bevri sxvadasxva studiis mflobeli

moxvda, aseve amerikis kompartiis wevrebi, xolo yvela

danarCeni, vinc gansxvavebul azrs afiqsirebda, aseve

moiazrebodnen qveynis mtrebad. siaSi iyvnen isinic,

vinc uars acxadebda eTanamSromla mTavrobasTan da ar

Tanxmdeboda gamoZiebasTan TanamSromlobas.

pirveli `Savi sia~ holivudis studiebma Seadgines

1947 wlis 25 noembers. am siaSi moxvedril adamianebs

aiZulebdnen eTanamSromlaT gamoZiebasTan. da vinc

uari ganacxada TanamSromlobaze da aseTi aTi

kinematografisti aRmoCnda, maT miusajes erTwliani

patimroba. 1950 wels gamoCnda kidev erTi sia

sadac ukve 151 adamianis saxeli da gvari ewera, da

moixseniebodnen rogorc, `wiTeli faSistebi da maTi

gulSematkivrebi~. yvela, vinc am siaSi xvdeboda,

awydeboda did winaaRmdegobebs, kargavda samuSao

adgilebs, gansakuTrebiT kinoindustriaSi, iblokeboda

am adamianebis kinoscenarebic.

1947 wlis Semodgoma is periodia, rodesac komisiam

daiwyo gamoZiebaTa mTeli cikli holivudSi. 1947 wlis

20 oqtombers Sedga saxalxo mosmenebi vaSingtonSi.

komisiam Seadgina 43-kaciani sia, yvela maTgans

Txovdnen Cvenebas. holivudis moxeleTa jgufma Seqmna

`konstituciis pirveli cvlilebis dacvis komiteti~,

romelSic gaerTiandnen reJisorebi: uiliam uaileri,

jon hiustoni, msaxiobebi: hamfri bogarti, jin keli

da sxvebi. isini moiTxovdnen, rom pirveli cvlileba

yofiliyo garanti sityvis Tavisuflebisa da Sekrebisa

da rom kinematografistebisaTvis ar moeTxovaT

Cvenebis micema. 19 adamianma uari ganacxada Cvenebis

micemaze da 11 maTgani gamoZaxebuli iyo mosmenaze.

mogvianebiT bertold brexti daTanxmda mis mimarT

arsebul kiTxvebze pasuxebis gacemas. man ganacxada,

rom ar iyo komunisti da datova qveyana. 10 darCenili

braldebuli ganagrZobda upirobo moTxovnas, pirveli

cvlilebis Setanaze amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis

konstituciaSi. maT uari Tqves, gaecaT pasuxi dasmul

holivudi kulisebs miRma

92

SekiTxvaze, iyvnen Tu ara isini komunisturi partiis

wevrebi. amis Sedegad yvela maTgani aRiares kongresis

mimarT upativcemulobaSi.

amerikis kinokompaniis prezidentma erik jostonma

ganacxada, rom verc erTi komunisti ver miiRebda

samuSao adgils, rom ̀ isini warmoadgenen destruqciul

Zalas da me ar minda vixilo isini Cems irgvliv~.1

kinomsaxiobTa umaRlesi gildiis xelmZRvanelebma:

ronald reiganma da uolt disnim ganacxades, rom

komunistebi uqmnian seriozul safrTxes holivuds.2

msaxiobTa umaRlesma gildiam mimarTa Tavis wevrebs

ar eTanamSromlaT komunistebTan. ase Seiqmna pirveli

`Savi sia~ dakompleqtebuli aTi kinematografistiT,

romlebmac uari ganacxades kongresis komisiasTan

TanamSromlobaze.

maSin, rodesac kinos moyvarulebisTvis holivudi

amerikis ocnebisa da varskvlavuri cxovrebis epicentri

iyo, `amerikuli aTeulis~ procesi rCeba burusiT

moculi da Sav laqad gamoiyureba amerikuli kinos

istoriaSi.

kinofilmi ara marto kargad gasayidi produqtia,

aramed es aris Zlieri ideologiuri instrumenti,

romelic zemoqmedebas axdens masebis fsiqologiaze.

swored amitom amerikuli kinoeqspansia unda

ganvixiloT ara marto ekonomikur, aramed ideologiur

eqspansiadac.

1 Tracy T. and Flynn R. John Huston: Essays on a Restless Director. Jefferson, McFarland, 2010, p. 49.2 Krutnik F., Neale S., Neve B. and Stanfield P. (ed.) "Un-American" Hollywood: Politics and Film in the Blacklist Era. Piscataway, Rut- Politics and Film in the Blacklist Era. Piscataway, Rut-Politics and Film in the Blacklist Era. Piscataway, Rut- and Film in the Blacklist Era. Piscataway, Rut-and Film in the Blacklist Era. Piscataway, Rut- Film in the Blacklist Era. Piscataway, Rut-Film in the Blacklist Era. Piscataway, Rut- in the Blacklist Era. Piscataway, Rut-in the Blacklist Era. Piscataway, Rut- the Blacklist Era. Piscataway, Rut-the Blacklist Era. Piscataway, Rut- Blacklist Era. Piscataway, Rut-Blacklist Era. Piscataway, Rut- Era. Piscataway, Rut-Era. Piscataway, Rut- Piscataway, Rut-Piscataway, Rut- Rut-Rut-gers University Press, 2007, p.245.

naTia mefariSvili

93

saTeatro Jurnalistikis

istoria

naSromi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelis rekomendaciiT

statiis stili daculia

programis xelmZRvaneli _ prof. giorgi CarTolani

94

mariam CubiniZe

doqtoranturis III kursi

Jurnalisturi azrovnebis Camoyalibebis zogierTi sakiTxi

(saqarTvelo, 1819-1870 ww.)

presis ganviTarebis istoria evropaSi me-18

saukunidan iwyeba, ruseTSi sagazeTo saqmes safuZveli

amave saukunis bolos Caeyara. miuxedavad imisa, rom

saqarTveloSi, am periodSi, ruseTis imperiis gavlena

cxovrebis yvela sferoze aisaxeba, 1819 wlamde

qarTulenovani Jurnali da gazeTi ar gamoicema. rac

Seexeba qarTul sazogadoebas, misi mowinave nawili

informacias ramdenime rusuli da evropuli Jurnal-

gazeTis saSualebiT iRebs, xolo ubralo xalxisTvis

`am ukanasknelis daniSnulebas asrulebs e. w.

`salaybo~, sadac antikuri qveynebis msgavsad ikribeba

sazogadoebrivi azri Tu axali ambavi.1

sagazeTo saqmis warmoebiT mowinave sazogadoebis

daintereseba ar Cans. miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobs

varaudebi saqarTveloSi am dromde arsebuli

gazeTebis Sesaxebac (z. WiWinaZe: `istoria qarTulis

gazeTebis da Jurnalebisa~, 1902 w.) mkvlevrebi

erTaderT angariSgasawev cnobad ganixilaven mxolod

i. batoniSvilis mier giorgi meTormetesadmi

warmodgenil proeqts administraciuli mmarTvelobis

gaumjobesebis Sesaxeb, sadac vkiTxulobT: ̀ ibeWdebodes

gazeTi TveSi orjel, aqedamac iqneba Semosavali da

xalxnic SeeCveviano~.2 am proeqtis ganxorcieleba ar

moxerxda.1 v. kotetiSvili, `rCeuli nawerebi~, `sabWoTa saqarT-

velo~, Tbilisi, 1965, wigni I, gv. 502 d. gamezardaSvili, `narkvevebi qarTuli realizmis isto-

riidan~, `saxelgami~, Tbilisi, 1953, gv. 22

95

1819 wels ki, saqarTveloSi mefis ruseTis

mmarTvelobis damkvidrebis Semdeg, dRis wesrigSi

dadga qarTulenovani beWdviTi organos daarseba, raTa

qarTvel mosaxleobas saSualeba miscemoda mSobliur

enaze gascnoboda oficialur gankargulebebs. amisaTvis

daarsda yovelkvireuli organo `saqarTvelos gazeTi~.

am gazeTma 1822 wlamde iarseba. miuxedavad imisa, rom

konkretuli statiebisa da avtorebis saxiT, am gazeTma

Jurnalisturi azrovnebis nimuSebi da cnobili saxelebi

ar dagvitova, misi funqcia da roli im periodisaTvis

mainc mniSvnelovania. is gamocemis pirvelive wels

erT-erT nomerSi aqveynebs gancxadebas, sadac weria:

`ricxvi am gazeTze xelis momwerTa aRmoaCens, Tu

raoden Sors gavrceldeba aqaur mcxovrebTa wadili,

raTa daaaxlovon Tavni Tvisni CveulebaTa Sina erTa

Tana adriT JamiTgan ganaTlebulTa~.1 amgvarad, gazeTs

Tavidanve aqvs mcdeloba mosaxleobaSi daamkvidros

Jurnal-gazeTis kiTxvis kultura da erTgvar

TviTreklamasac eweva, iyenebs ra amisTvis imdroindeli

socialur-kulturuli garemos upirveles sazrunavs, _

sazogadoebaSi ganaTlebis gavrcelebis aucileblobas.

Tumca gazeTi am etapze am mxriv warmatebas ver aRwevs.

amis mizezi TviTon gazeTis mimarTuleba da Sinaarsia,

romelmac xalxSi gazeTis mimarT interesi ver aRZra

da man swored xelismomwerTa simciris gamo, maleve

Sewyvita arseboba. Tumca, wlebis Semdegac Jurnal-

gazeTebis mesveurebs didi Zalisxmevis gaweva uxdebaT

imisaTvis, rom sazogadoebaSi presis kiTxvis kultura

damkvidrdes. Jurnalistebi ki am problemasTan

erTad kidev mravali dabrkolebis winaSe dadgebian,

sanam saqarTveloSi es profesia Tavis mniSvnelovan

sityvas ityvis. oficialuri Tu `Zvelis mociquli~

1 m. gocaZe, `qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoria~, Tbilisi,

1954, gv. 60

96

sazogadoebis cenzurasTan brZola, muSaobis autaneli

pirobebi da uamravi teqnikuri saxis sirTule, mravali

wlis ganmavlobaSi, qarTuli Jurnalistikis Tanamdevi

problemebia. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom Jurnalisturi

saqme Tavad qarTveli sazogado moRvaweebisTvisac

aqamde praqtikulad ucnobi sferoa (gansxvavebiT 60-

ianelTa Taobisgan, romelic ukve ruseTis Tu evropis

qveynebis periodul gamocemebSi muSaobis praqtikuli

gamocdilebiT modis qarTul JurnalistikaSi), amitom

sainteresoa rogor da ra mimarTulebebiT yalibdeba

saqarTveloSi TviTon Jurnalisturi azrovneba da

eTika.

ruseT-iranis omis (1826 w.) dawyebas ukavSirdeba

meore qarTulenovani gazeTis gamocema. es aris

`tfilisis uwyebani~ (1828 w.). TurqeTis, inglisis

da safrangeTis dazvervis mier gavrcelebuli

dezinformacis Sedegad mosaxleobaSi gamowveuli

gaugebrobebis Tavidan asacileblad, saWiro gaxda maTi

informireba oficialuri organos saSualebiT, isev da

isev qarTul enaze. 1829 wlidan gazeTis redaqtorobas

solomon dodaSvili ibarebs. am periodSi gazeTs ukve aqvs

imis mcdeloba, rom, garda mTavrobis mier dawesebuli

funqciisa, mosaxleobisTvis sxva mxrivac gaxdes

saWiro da amis Sedegad, saintereso. is iTvaliswinebs

yvela fenis interess da Tavis furclebze msubuq

sakiTxavebsac beWdavs. Tumca, ufro mniSvnelovania is,

rom aq ukve vxvdebiT publicisturi xasiaTis werilebs

da cnobil avtorebs: giorgi erisTavi, dimitri yifiani,

aleqsandre orbeliani, konstantine mamacaSvili.

aRsaniSnavia aseve Targmanebi sazRvargareTuli da

rusuli Jurnal-gazeTebidan, garda amisa sayuradReboa

Targmnili mxatvruli literaturis nimuSebi.

SedarebiT saintereso etapi qarTul JurnalistikaSi

dgeba im dros, rodesac gamodis `saliteraturo

mariam CubiniZe

97

nawilni tfilisis uwyebaTani~ (1832 w.). 1832 wlis mexuTe

nomerSi solomon dodaSvili misi daarsebis mizezebze

wers da aRniSnavs, rom igi daarsda imisaTvis, raTa:

`miscemoda ese guarsa sasargeblosa gamocemasa mtkice

safuZveli Sesawevnad ganaTlebisa, ganvrcelebisaTvis

bunebiTisa enisa Cuenisa miaxloebisaTvis

ganbrZnobilTa mcxovrebTa evropisaTa~.1 miuxedavad

imisa, rom `saliteraturo nawilis~ mxolod 5 nomeri

gamovida, is sakmaod popularuli gaxda imdroindel

sazogadoebaSi. `saliteraturo nawilma~ saxeli

gaiTqva ruseTSic. aRsaniSnavia, rom mas `dodaSvilis

Jurnalsac~ uwodebdnen, maSasadame unda vivaraudoT,

rom saqme gvaqvs Jurnalisa Tu gazeTis im komponentze,

romlis gareSec warmoudgenelia nebismieri perioduli

organos arseboba. es aris misi mimarTuleba, _ erTgvari

sacnobi da garanti ama Tu im Jurnal-gazeTis mkiTxvelTa

wris Seqmnisa. amgvarad, dodaSvilis `saliteraturo

nawilni~, rogorc Cans, epoqis sazogadoebrivi

interesebis gamomxatvelia. marTlac, qarTuli

Jurnalistikis istoriaSi `dodaSvilis Jurnali~

aris pirveli, romelic kargad xvdeba sazogadoebis

ganwyobas da Tavis furclebze axerxebs im didi

erovnuli movlenis Sesaxeb amcnos xalxs, romelsac

sazogadoebis mowinave fena amzadebs da romelic,

Semdgom, istoriaSi 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis saxeliT

Seva. am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania is Jurnalisturi

xerxebi, romelsac am Jurnalis mesveurni iyeneben.

`saliteraturo nawilSi~ dabeWdili originaluri

Tu Targmnili literaturis nimuSebSi imdroindeli

sazogadoebac advilad amoikiTxavda SeTqmulTa

ideebs.

vinaidan, dapyrobil qveyanaSi sityvis Tavisuflebaze

1 m. gocaZe, `qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoria~, Tbilisi,

1954, gv. 182

Jurnalisturi azrovnebis Camoyalibebis zogierTi sakiTxi

(saqarTvelo, 1819-1870 ww.)

98

fiqric ki ararealuri iyo, Jurnal-gazeTebi kidev didi

xnis ganmavlobaSi mimarTaven sxvadasxva xriks, raTa

TavianTi saTqmeli mkiTxvelamde miitanon. aRsaniSnavia,

rom qarTuli Jurnalisturi azrovneba da erovnuli

Jurnalistikis niSan-Tvisebebi, am periodSi swored

cenzurasTan Widilis fonze yalibdeba. imdroindel

sacenzuro pirobebze ki vaxuSti kotetiSvili wers:

`nu dagvaviwydeba, rom es nikoloz pirvelis epoqa

iyo, romlis 1826 wlis sacenzuro debulebas `Tujis~

epiTeti Searqves da cenzori glinka ki ambobda, rom am

debulebiT ̀ mamao Cvenos~ akrZalvac SeiZlebao~.1 rogorc

Cans, es problema qarTul presas didi xnis manZilze

awuxebs, radgan gazeT `droebis~ redaqtoris, sergi

mesxis kirile lorTqifaniZisadmi miweril werilSi,

romelic 1869 wlis 17 maisiT TariRdeba, aseT sityvebs

vkiTxulobT: `Sen ver warmoidgen, rogor gvaviwrovebs

cenzura da Cven, Cvenda samwuxarod, ise wera ar viciT

jer, rom mkiTxvelma striqonebs Sua gaigos Cveni

azrebi~.2 cxadia ̀ droeba~ am sakiTxebSi gacilebiT metis

gakeTebas axerxebs, vidre ara Tu `tfilisis uwyebani~,

aramed mogvianebiT gamocemuli `ciskaric~ ki, magram

am mxriv yvelaze gamorCeuli Jurnal `krebulis~

saqmianobaa, Tumca, cxadia arc is unda dagvaviwydes,

rom `krebulis~ amgvari momzadeba, garkveulwilad

zemoT CamoTvlili organoebis damsaxurebacaa, ufro

metad ki `saqarTvelos moambis~, saidanac `krebulis~

publicistikam aiTvisa `sazogadoebrivi movlenebis

daxasiaTebis literaturul-mxatvruli meTodi...

istoriuli magaliTebis moSveliebiT is unergavda

mkiTxvels sityvis Tavisuflebis azrs da uCvenebda

mas SefarviT gamoTqmuli ideebis gagebis gzas~. mag: i. 1 v. kotetiSvili, `rCeuli nawerebi~, `sabWoTa saqarTve-

lo~, 1965, wigni I, gv. 562 simon xundaZe, `masalebi qarTuli literaturisa da sa-

zogadoebrivi azrovnebis istoriisaTvis~, Tbilisi, 1949, gv. 57

mariam CubiniZe

99

WavWavaZe `mesmis, mesmis~, n. nikolaZis mier Targmnili

erTi Tavi CerniSevskis akrZaluli Txzulebidan `ra

vakeToT?~, romelsac avtoric da saTauric Secvlili

aqvs da `saaxalwlod~ iwodeba. aRsaniSnavia samgzavro

werilebis formiT dawerili Txzulebebi: ilias

`mgzavris werilebi~, g. wereTlis `kikoliki, Cikoliki

da kudabzika~, n. nikolaZis `sxvaTa Soris~ da sxva.1

ra unda gaego imdroindel mkiTxvels da ra

saSualebebiT? sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, ra Temebze

unda gaemaxvilebina qarTul periodikas yuradReba da

rogor miewodebina is mkiTxvelisTvis.

1832 wlidan, rodesac `tfilisis uwyebanis~

gamosvla Sewyda, 1852 wlamde, Jurnal `ciskris~

daarsebamde aRar arsebobs qarTulenovani arc gazeTi

da arc Jurnali, aris mxolod maTi gamocemis ramdenime

uSedego mcdeloba. ase rom 50-ian wlebSi, garkveuli

gamocdilebis miuxedavad, qarTvel Jurnalistebs

yvelafris Tavidan dawyeba uxdebaT. miTumetes, rom am

periodSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebia qveynis socialur-

politikur cxovrebaSi, gardatexa xdeba mowinave

sazogadoebriv azrSi; mefis ruseTis winaaRmdeg aSkara

brZolas enacvleba erovnuli Rirebulebebis dacvis

programa, _ erTdroulad mizanic da saSualebac.

yvelaferTan erTad, aRsaniSnavia mefisnacval

voroncovis `miTom kaikacuri~ politikis aqamde

ucnobi formebi.

voroncovis politikur miznebze amJamad ar

SevCerdebiT, mxolod faqtis saxiT, vityviT, rom

qarTuli Teatris daarsebis Semdeg (1850 w.), misi

daxmarebiT moxerxda qarTulenovani saliteraturo

Jurnalis ̀ ciskris~ gamocemac (redaqtori g. erisTavi).

miuxedavad imisa, rom literaturuli nimuSebis

1 al. kalandaZe, `narkvevebi qarTuli Jurnalistikis isto-

riidan~, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi, 1965, gv. 191

Jurnalisturi azrovnebis Camoyalibebis zogierTi sakiTxi

(saqarTvelo, 1819-1870 ww.)

100

TvalsazrisiT `ciskarma~ marTlac umniSvnelovanesi

memkvidreoba datova, aqtualuri sazogadoebrivi Temebis

rupori Jurnali ver gaxda. es misia srulyofilad

verc ivane kereseliZis `ciskarma~ Seasrula, Tumca

am mxriv masSi aSkarad wingadadgmul nabijebsac

vxvdebiT, Tundac TanamSromlobisTvis im dros ukve

cnobili Jurnalistis, mixeil TumaniSvilis (beWdavda

`kavkazSi~) miwveva, romelmac `molaybis~ fsevdonimiT

`salaybos furclebze~ uaRresad saintereso da

rac mTavaria, im dros Zalze aqtualuri sakiTxebi

wamoWra da publicisturi werilebis SesaniSnavi

nimuSebi dagvitova. giorgi erisTavis `ciskari~ ori

wlis Semdeg daixura. sagareo mizezis (TurqeTTan

omis dawyeba) garda, ufro sayuradReboa is saSinao

pirobebi, ramac misi daxurva gamoiwvia. p. guguSvili

mimoixilavs ra `ciskaris~ ori wlis nomrebs, mokle

bibliografiis saxiT, askvnis, rom Jurnali TandaTan

Raribdeba literaturuli nimuSebis TvalsazrisiTac:

`es garemoeba gvafiqrebinebs, rom Jurnal `ciskaris~

gamocemis SewyvetaSi umniSvnelovanes rols iTamaSebda

Tanamedrove inteligenciis tonis mimcemi nawilis

dawretiloba da siRatake, misi uZlureba aqtualuri

sakiTxebis gaSuqebaSi. inteligenciis sxva jgufSi

ridi aseT sakiTxebze werisa, ridi cenzurisa da

TviT lagamic cenzurisa. xolo mTlianad aRebuli

maSindeli samxedro-Tavad-aznauruli inteligenciis

kidev jerovnad moumwifebloba da moumzadebloba

saJurnale cxovrebisTvis1.

am mxriv `momzadebuli~ 60-ianelebis

Jurnalistur asparezze gamosvlamde (konkretulad

gazeT `saqarTvelos moambis~ da Semdeg `droebis~

gamocemamde) `ciskari~ 1857 wlidan kidev erTxel

1 p. guguSvili. `qarTuli Jurnalistika~, 1941 w., gv. 126-

127; dis. axmetelis sityvebi.

mariam CubiniZe

101

Seecdeba sazogadoebis informaciuli Tu SemecnebiTi

vakuumis Sevsebas, amjerad ivane kereseliZis

redaqtorobiT. rogorc, zemoT aRvniSneT, am Jurnalis

erT-erTi yvelaze Rirseuli monapovari mixeil

TumaniSvilia, da ara mxolod rogorc niWieri avtori,

aramed rogorc Jurnalistur azrovnebaSi gadadgmuli

udidesi nabiji. vgulisxmobT `salaybos furcels~

da mis avtors `molaybes~. fsevdonimad `molaybis~

SerCeva ukve sruliad gaazrebuli Jurnalisturi

xerxia. `molaybe~ iseTi adamianis epiTetia, romlis

laparaks seriozulad aravin aRiqvams. Tumca ̀ ciskris~

`molaybe~ Tavis funqcias ase gansazRvravs: `risTvis

meZaxian molaybes. amisTvis, rom marTlisaTvis, rasac ki

simarTlezed vilaparakeb gulmxurvaled da xangrZliv,

molaybe var?~1 amgvarad, avtorma es fsevdonimi imitom

airCia, rom seriozul sakiTxebze misi msjeloba,

`saWiro SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa uvnebel saubrad, drois

mokvlis ubralo saxeobad miCneuliyo, raki molaybis

xelmoweriT qveyndeboda~.2 Tuki mis werilebs Tvals

gadavavlebT, davinaxavT rogor ostaturad axerxebs

is mkiTxvelamde saWirboroto sakiTxebis mitanas. mas

moZebnili aqvs ara marto sazogadoebasTan, aramed

cenzurasTan urTierTobis formebic; Tu pirvel or

werilSi SeiZleba gagvaRizianos mis mier mTavrobis

gadametebulma qebam, Semdeg werilebSi arc erTi sityva

araa maT Sesaxeb. amgvarad, `molaybe~ odnav adunebs

cenzuris yuradRebas, waradgens ra Tavs mefis erTgul

pirovnebad, da amiT saSualebas itovebs, Semdeg

SedarebiT advilad isaubros mtkivneul sakiTxebze.

mis feletonebs sazogadoebaSi didi gamoxmaureba

1 molaybe, `salaybos furceli~, Jurnaili `ciskari~,

Tbilisi, 1857,#112 gr. kiknaZe, `qarTuli satirisa da iumoris ganviTarebis

istoriisTvis~, Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 195

Jurnalisturi azrovnebis Camoyalibebis zogierTi sakiTxi

(saqarTvelo, 1819-1870 ww.)

102

mohyva, bevri mowinaaRmdege gaCnda e. w. Sinaur cenzorTa

Soris. saqme iqamde mivida, rom `molaybem~ werili

dawera, sadac werda, rom yvelasgan aTvalwunebulma

Tavis daxrCoba gadawyvita, magram Semdeg `ciskris~

mkiTxveli xabazi da mis garSemo Sekrebili xalxi

dainaxa, da gadaifiqra. mis am werils `TerTmeti

mebuke~ gamoexmaura, romlebmac daweres, rom Tuki

`molaybes” moklavdnen: `masukan gadareuli dawers,

ufro uaresad da garkveviT, amasac rom moklavT, mere

Tavxedi da bolomdisin ase vivliT, sanamdis sul

erTianad ar gagvwyvetT~.1 marTalia, ̀ molaybis~ msgavsi

mZafri werilebi maT aRar daubeWdavT (Tu ar CavTvliT

ilias werilebs `mamebis~ winaaRmdeg), magram cxadia,

rom sazogadoebis da erovnuli interesebis dacvis

tendencia qarTuli JurnalistikaSi am periodidan

iRebs saTaves, rac, erTi mxriv, 1863 wels ilia WavWavaZis

Jurnalis `saqarTvelos moambis~ dros ganmtkicda,

xolo meore mxriv, akakisa da ilias satiruli

formis werilebSi gagrZelda. Tumca `mTlianobaSi

`ciskari~ mainc ver iqca Tanamedroveobis moTxovnebis

gamomxatvelad da gamtareblad. miuxedavad imisa, rom

man qarTul JurnalistikaSi Semoitana da daamkvidra

sxvadasxva Jurnalisturi forma: feletoni, esse,

piradi mimowera, reportaJi, korespondenciebi,

Jurnalisturi gamoZieba, droTa ganmavlobaSi mis

mimarT Tanmimdevrulad yalibdeba azri, rom `ciskari~

darCa umTavresi funqciis, _ mimarTulebis, gareSe,

risi mizezic gaxldaT is, `rom ara hqonia imodena

Rone da mixvedra, rom miegno, ra uWirs sazogadoebas...

ukan darComia cxovrebas~ (ilia). amis Sesaxeb sxva

imdroindeli sazogado moRvaweebic aqtiurad

werdnen (giorgi wereTeli, nikoloz berZenovi,

petre umikaSvili). cxadia isini kargad xvdebodnen

1 `TerTmeti mebuke~, Jurnali `ciskari~, Tbilisi, 1859, #2

mariam CubiniZe

103

xelisSemSlel faqtorebsac, imas, rom is erTaderTi

qarTulenovani organo iyo da xSirad iZulebuli iyo

urTierTgamomricxavi Sinaarsis statiebic ebeWda.

aRiarebdnen `daWmaxebuli patriotebis~ (avt: anton

furcelaZe) mudmiv muqaras xelmoweraTa Sewyvetaze;

kirile lorTqifaniZe aseve aRiarebda, rom TviTon

isinic ver asazrdoebdnen `Jurnals~ masalebiT, Tumca,

sayvedurobs rom, rac kargi CauvardebodaT xelSi,

imasac ar beWdavdneno. am mxriv, `saqarTvelos moambe~

namdvilad gamorCeuli gamocema iyo. man gaagrZela

`ciskris~ mier dawyebuli enis gamartivebis tendencia da

ilias `sazogado Jurnali~ (i. WavWavaZe.) TiTqmis yvela

sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis sakiTxs Seexo. masalis

SerCevis principi aq erTian mizans emsaxureboda,

sazogadoebis gamofxizlebas, amoqmedebas, masSi

`Segnebis Suqis~ (vaxuSti kotetiSvili) Setanas.

`saqarTvelos moambe~ sul 12 nomeri gamovida. Semdeg

mas, rogorc arasasurveli gavlenis mqone organos,

problemebi Seeqmna da daixura. miuxedavad aseTi

reaqciisa, Tavad ilia Tavisi Jurnalis saqmianobiT

kmayofili ar iyo, radgan Tvlida rom Jurnali bolomde

ver `Cavida cxovrebis mdinaris ZirSi~ da ver SeZlo

saWirboroto sakiTxebis bolomde gamomzeureba. cxadia,

amis mizezi Jurnalis garSemo Sekrebili adamianebis

ama Tu im sakiTxSi Teoriuli moumzadebloba ar unda

yofiliyo. aq Tavs iCens isev Jurnalisturi Cvevebis

Camouyalibebloba. am adamianebis inteleqtualuri

done sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeboda maSindeli

sazogadoebis didi nawilis gonebrivi ganviTarebis

donidan. cxadi gaxda, rom maTTan sxva formebiT

saubari iyo saWiro (am SemTxvevaSi ar vgulisxmobT

enis gaxalxurebas), amitom Cven vxedavT, rom 1866 wels

daarsebuli gazeTi ̀ droeba~ gacilebiT demokratiuli

xdeba da amave dros, is nel-nela amzadebs mkiTxvels

Jurnalisturi azrovnebis Camoyalibebis zogierTi sakiTxi

(saqarTvelo, 1819-1870 ww.)

104

iseTi seriozuli publicistikisTvis, rasac Jurnal

`krebulSi~ vxvdebiT (1871 w.).

Jurnalistikis mniSvnelobaze saubari xSirad

gvxvdeba am drois moRvaweTa Teoriul naSromebSi.

Tumca am periodis Jurnalisturi saqmianobis

detalebi gansakuTrebiT kargad sergi mesxis

werilebSi gamoikveTa. es werilebi SesaniSnavi masalaa

imisaTvis, raTa warmodgena Segveqmnas, Tu rogor

yalibdeba saqarTveloSi wmindad Jurnalisturi

azrovneba da eTika. `droebis~ redaqtorobam mas

udidesi praqtikuli gamocdileba misca. sainteresoa

misi sityvebi ilia WavWavaZeze, rogorc moqmed

Jurnalistze, igi werda: `ilia ori Tvea mpirdeba da

arafers beWdavso. ver mouxerxebia erTi ubralo ramis

dawera. es xalxi sruliad JurnalistikisTvis ar aris

gaCenili. dawynarebuli Sroma eWirvebaT da Cvens droSi

amgvari Sroma TiTqmis SeuZlebelia~.1 daaxloebiT

imaves sayvedurobs sergi mesxi kirile lorTqifaniZes,

romelic Turme iSviaTad werda, radgan Tvlida rom

raime `saganze~ rom daewera, jer mravali wigni unda

waekiTxa da yvelaferSi safuZvlianad garkveuliyo:

`saSinlad zantia, mZime weraSi... gana, Cven ara vgrZnobT

rom is sagnebi, romlebzedac vwerT Cven garkveviT

gacnobili ar gvaqvs, magram yvela sagnis safuZvlianad

gacnobas Tu vucadeT, Cven dReSi veraferi dagviweria~2.

cxadia, es mxolod redaqtoris damaxasiaTebeli

ukmayofilebaa, romelic JurnalistisTvis aucilebeli

Tvisebis, _ operatiulobis arqonas sayvedurobs

gazeTis TanamSromlebs (sxva werilebidan irkveva,

zogadad rogor maRal Sefasebas aZlevs mesxi maT

publicistikas). am SemTxvevaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia is

1 s. mesxi, `werilebi~, i. bocvaZis redaqciiT, `soxumi~,

1950, gv.207

2 s. mesxi., `werilebi~, bocvaZis redaqciiT, gv. 25

mariam CubiniZe

105

moTxovnebi, rasac gazeTis formati iTvaliswinebs. is

ki Tavidanve gansazRvrulia. 1866 wlis 16 ianvars niko

RoRoberiZe kirile lorTqifaniZes wers: `advilad

mixvdebiT ra mosazrebis gamo viTxoveT gazeTis neba da ara

Jurnalis. Cveni azriT, gazeTi ufro sasargeblo iqneba,

minam Jurnali. gazeTis mokle statiebi da cxovrebis

Sesaxeb axal-axali ambebi rasakvirvelia uswavlel

kacs ufro gaarTobs, vinem grZeli traqtati romelime

saganze~.1 am mizeziT iTxovs mesxi avtorebisgan met

aqtiurobas, met konkretulobas da simZafres (am mxriv

misi favoriti akaki wereTelia). risi Sedegic iqneba

is, rom mkiTxvels amgvarad mravali sakiTxis mimarT

gauCndeba interesi, rac saerTod da gansakuTrebiT im

periodSi gazeTis umTavresi amocanaa.

`droebam~ es misia namdvilad Seasrula, is gaxda

mediatori sazogadoebasa da inteligencias Soris,

romelsac qveynis ukeT mowyobis grandiozuli gegmebi

hqondaT. Jurnalebi `krebuli~ da `iveria~ momavalSi

saukeTesod iTvisebs im tradiciebs, rac `droebam~

da, ufro adre, `saqarTvelos moambem~ daamkvidra.

Cven vxedavT, rom am Jurnalis statiebi aSkarad ufro

momzadebuli mkiTxvelisTvis aris gankuTvnili, rac,

pirvel rigSi, Jurnalisturi azrovnebis progresis

Sedegia.

1 d. CikvilaZe `werilebi~, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi,

1989, gv. 5

Jurnalisturi azrovnebis Camoyalibebis zogierTi sakiTxi

(saqarTvelo, 1819-1870 ww.)

106

avtorTa SesaxebTamar bokuCava _ xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori. SoTa

rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitetis

sruli profesori. monawileobas iRebs msoflio Teatris

kvlevebSi da aris bakalavris, magistris da doqtoranturis

pedagogi, aseve xelmZRvanelobs Teatris samecniero kvleviT

samuSaos da aris kritikuli statiebis avtori.

rogorc Teatris kritikosi, samjer dajildovda

saqarTvelos Teatraluri sazogadoebis wlis saukeTeso

statiebis avtorad. (1987, 1998 da 2002ww.)

aris 20-ze meti samecniero statiis, 70-mde kritikuli

analizisa da intervius avtori.

muSaobs studentTa sauniversiteto saxelmZRvaneloebsa

da damatebiT wyaroebze. TiTqmis 15 weli muSaobda SoTa

rusTavelis saxelobis Teatris saliteraturo nawilSi.

gamocdileba aqvs aseve, rogorc satelevizio produsersa

da Teatraluri programis wamyvans.

mixeil kalandariSvili – daibada q. TbilisSi, 1952 wlis 11

ivliss. 1969 wels daasrula Tbilisis 50-e saS. skola, 1974

wels – SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo Teatraluri

instituti da Cairicxa leningradis Teatris, musikisa da

kinematografiis (лгитмик) institutis aspiranturaSi. 1979

wels amave institutSi (лгитмик), icavs disertacias s.

axmetelis reJisuris problematikaze xelovnebaTmcodneobis

kandidatis xarisxis mosapoveblad. 1979 wlidan SoTa

rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo Teatraluri institutis

pedagogi da mecnier-muSakia. 1993 wels SromiT `qarTuli

Teatris ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi~ icavs disertacias

xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtoris xarisxis mosapoveblad.

aris oTxmocamde Teoriuli da istoriuli xasiaTis

samecniero publikaciebis da agreTve rusuli da franguli

Teatraluri enciklopediebis werilebis avtori. amJamad

SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos sruli profesoria

kritikis da Teoriis mimarTulebiT.

107

lia kalandariSvili _ kinomcodne, xelovnebaTmcodneobis

doqtori.

saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo

universitetis mkvlevari kinos Teoriis mimarTulebiT.

daamTavra SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis Teatraluri

institutis kinomcodneobis fakulteti. profesiul da

samecniero JurnalebSi werilebs aqveynebs 1974 wlidan.

1979-80 wlebSi staJirebas gadis moskovis kinos istoriisa

da Teoriis samecniero institutSi esTetikisa da Teoriis

ganxriT. 1990 wels iRebs kinematografistTa kavSiris

premias `wlis saukeTeso naSromisaTvis kinomcodneobisa

da kritikis dargSi~. wlebis manZilze msaxurobda kinos

Teoriisa da istoriis samecniero centrSi.

tel: +995 (32) 298 57 06

manana lekboraSvili _ xelovnebis mecnierebaTa kandidati,

kinomcodneobis asocirebuli profesori,moRvaweobs

dramis da kinos SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis saqarTvelos

saxelmwifo universitetSi, daamTavra moskovis saxelmwifo

kinematografiis instituti (ВГИК 1993), dainteresebis

sfero:Teoriis Janri, media mcodneoba. bolo namuSevrebi:

`qarTuli kinematografiis Janris tendenciebi~ – ̀ stagnaciis

epoqis drama~ (kavkasieli misioneri # 9) `pirovnulobis

kultidan~ ̀ otepelamde~ – qarTuli kinematografiis Janris

sistemis Taviseburebani (Teatrisa da filmis kvleviTi

Sromebi # 1) Janris meqanizmis warmoeba kinematografiaSi

(Teatris da kinos kvleviTi Sromebi # 2) wigni: ucxouri

kinematografiis istoria (leqciebi), 2004

tel: + 995 (32) 276 61 98

el-fosta: manon@pochta.ru; manon_lek@yahoo.com

lado sulaqveliZe _ asocirebuli profesori, animaciis

reJisori.

1976 wels daamTavra Tbilisis iakob nikolaZis samxatvro

saswavlebeli qandakebis fakulteti, 1981 wels saqarTvelos

Teatrisa da kinos institutis kinosareJisoro fakultetis

multiplikaciis ganyofileba. 1981 wlidan muSaobda

kinostudia `qarTuli filmis~ multiplikaciuri filmebis

108

gaerTianebaSi damdgmel reJisorad. 1990 wlidan muSaobda

sxvadasxva telekompaniebSi. 2008 wlidan muSaobs SoTa

rusTavelis Teatris da kinos universitetis kino–tele

fakultetis animaciis reJisorebis jgufis xelmZRvanelad

asocirebuli prifesoris Tanamdebobaze.

filmebi da jildoebi:

Citbatona (2007 w.) – animaciuri, scenaris avtri da

reJisori. prizi – festivali `tindirindisi~ (vilniusi,

2007 w.); legenda Rvinoze (2007 w.) – animaciuri, scenaris

avtori da reJisori. prizi – festivali `bimini~ (baTumi,

2008 w.); rogor gaCnda mTvare (2007w.) – animaciuri. scenaris

avtri da reJisori; ratom aris zRva mariliani (2007 w.)

– animaciuri. scenaris avtori da reJisori; germanuli

saTvistomo (2002 w.) – dokumenturi. scenaris avtori da

reJisori; qarTuli zarebi (2002 w.) – dokumenturi. scenaris

avtri da reJisori. momavali (2002 w.) – dokumenturi.

scenaris avtori da reJisori; didi daviTis jaWvis perangi

(1990 w.)– animaciuri. scenaris avtri da reJisori; modis

(1988 w.) – Tojinuri, scenaris avtri da reJisori; `oCokoCi~

(1986 w.)– animaciuri. scenaris avtori da reJisori; mefe

da Citi (1985 w.)– animaciuri. prizi–festivali `troa~

(portugalia, 1986 w.); didi talRa da patara talRa (1984

w.) – animaciuri. reJisori. miwa Tavisas moiTxovs (1983 w.)–

animaciuri, scenaris avtri da reJisori. prizi – festivali

`amirani~ (Tbilisi, 1983 w.); prizi – festivali `Mladost~ (ukraina, 1984 w.) portreti (1981 w.) – animaciuri.

109

THEATRE STUDIES

Tamar Bokuchava

SOME TRENDS OF THEATRE STUDIES IN XIX-XX CENTURIES THEATRE AND RITUAL

Summary

The Article outlines the trends and tendencies of theatre studies development in XIX-XX centuries. In the first part of the article titled “Some Trends of Theatre Studies in XIX-XX Centuries» there are discussed the factors and theories what influenced the development of the new critical and historical attitudes to the task: the socio-philosophic theories, social anthropology, psychoanalyses, etc. The goal of the article is to show how the interest of theatre researchers has turned from the philological attitude to the history of drama towards the history of performance. In the turn of XIX-XX centuries German literary and art historian Max Herman has founded the performance reconstruction method he used in his historical explorations of the German theatre past practice in medieval era and later.

The other important sources influenced the theatre history and criticism were the new theories interpreting the essence of culture and history itself. As an example of such theories the article introduces Max Weber’s three typological schemes of human culture understood by him as: Hindu-Buddhist, Chinese-Confucian and Christian models. This and other attitudes to human culture and history affected the art and theatre practices, criticism and theory and caused the emergence of new tendencies and developments in the mentioned spheres. The theatrical avant-garde with the all various forms of its manifestations from symbolism, dada-surrealism, and absurd, the different theatre

110

laboratories and post-dramatic developments were essentially bound with social and humanitarian science development. The avant-garde theatre stress was more on the performance as a process than as a product.

The strong emphasis on a theatrical process was connected with the mythic-ritual and anthropological understanding of the theatrical art’s function.

In the second part of the Article “Theatre and Ritual” one can find the discussion of different attitude to the theatre functional essence and mythic-ritual roots on the basis of the points of views of anthropologists and ethnologists Bronislav Malinovski, James Frazer, and Mircea Eliade, as well as theatre researchers Richard Schechner, Christopher Innes, Eli Rozik, Phillip Zarilli, Bruce McConachie, Gary Jay Williams, Carol Fisher Sorgenfrei and others. In the article is used the scientific approach by Canadian neuropsychologist Merlin Donald.

ABOUT AUTHORFull professor at the Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film State University. She works in World Theatre studies and teaches on all three stages – BA, MA, and PHD. Together with the teaching practice she leads the scientific work in theatre studies and writes critical assays and articles. As a theatrical critic she is three times awarded for the best article of the year by Georgian Theatrical Society – in 1987, 1998, and 2002. Tamar has published more than 20 scientific articles and about 70 critical assays and interviews. She works on university textbooks and supplementary sources for the students. For almost 15 years Tamar worked as dramaturge at The Shota Rustaveli State Theatre, Besides, she has experience as TV producer and Theatrical programs’ host.

111

Mikheil Kalandarishvili

THE COMPLETE PROFESSOR IN THE DIRECTION OF CRITICISM AND THEORY THE DOCTOR OF ART

STUDY

Summary

In the letter ‘who needs theory’ is examined basic problems of drama’s theory – notions, categories, structural elements, which represent a complicated system and is universal by it’s nature.

It requires consecutive and logical understanding. Its attempt is being provided by the given article.

The theory of drama as the special discipline which forms skills to the young artist, searches and determines regulatories of art, this way it facilitates us to see the generalized picture of development.

ABOUT AUTHORwas born in 1952,july 11. In 1969 he finished the secondary school of Tbilisi, number 50, In 1974 he graduated from ShotaRustaveli Theatre and Film State University. He entered and enrolled on post-graduate school of Leningrad theatre, music and film institute. At the same year, in 1979 he maintained a thesis about Akhmeteli direction problems to receive a PhD degree. Since 1979 he has been a teacher and scientist. In 1993 he maintained a thesis to get a doctoral degree of art study, with the work “The basic directions of Georgian theatre”. He is author of eighty theatrical and historical c haracteristic scientific publications and also Russian and French theatrical encyclopedia letters’. Nowadays he is the complete professor of Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film in the direction of critics and theory.

112

FILM STUDIES

Lia Kalandarishvili

“THIS IS AN APPLE I.E. AMBIGUITY OF FILM IMAGE”

Summary

One of the characteristic error by the principle of reality of a Georgian film of the latest years is poverty of justified art thought or unexhistance of expressive cinematography.

Young authors are unable to distinguish from one another the notions: rality of film image. They confuse mechanical fixation and real facts with each other.

The letter – “this is an apple i.e. ambiguity of film image is dedicated to the matter of mutual relations of the film image and ambigious nature of cinematography, so called real and conditional reflecting problems. Actually the principles of reflection of reality of “social realism” are reviewed, that equals falseness of Soviet Georgian cinema methodology.

ABOUT AUTHORCinema historian, Ph. D. in Art History. Graduated from Shota Rustaveli University of Theatre and Cinema in the field of cinema studies in 1977. Her publications appear in professional and scientific magazines from the year 1974. In the years from 1979 to 1980 is an intern in Moscow State Scientific Institute of Cinema Studies and Theory in the field of esthetics and theory. In 1999 received an award of Cinematographers’ Union for the best annual research in the field of cinema studies and criticism. Worked for a number of years in the scientific center for cinema theory and history. Lia Kalandarishvili is currently an assistant professor in Shota Rustaveli University of Theatre and Cinema. Tel: +995 (32) 298 57 06

113

Manana Lekborashvili

STRIVING FOR DOCUMENTALISM AND ITS EXHAUSTION

Summary

Documental and art cinematograph were born, similteniously is just being developed and actively influence each other with exchanging expressive means.

Though in a recent space of time the very mutual sharing process lead us even to rub out boarders i.e. in the branch of art cinematography and TV.

ABOUT AUTHOR

Candidate of Art Science. Associated Professor in Film Studies at Shota Rustaveli Georgian State University of Theatre and Film. Graduated Moscow State Institute of Cinematography (VGIK, 1993). Area of interest: Genre Theory, Media Studies. Recent publications: Genre Tendencies of the Georgian Cinema - the Drama of the Stagnation Epoch (Caucasian Messenger, N9), From “Cult of Personality” to “Ottepel” - Features of Genre System of the Georgian Cinema (Theatre and Film Research works N1), Mechanisms of Formation of Genres in a Cinema (Theatre and Film Research works N2). Book: History of foreign cinema (Lectures), 2004. Tel: + 995 (32) 276 61 98 E-mail: manon@pochta.ru; manon_lek@yahoo.com

114

ANIMATION

Lado Sulaqvelidze

GERMAN MODERNISM

Summary

The part of European artists seeked shelter in Switzerland during the period of first world war, where they felt safely. They used to talk about, as for senseless disaster of this war,but also about the art. The part of groups decided to create a course, Which would announce protest against surroundings and current events by its content of work.

Once when painters met Tristan Tzara and turned over one of the pages of the dictionary, they chose the first word “Dada” then added ending “ism” to it, therefore a new course “Dadaism” was born.

After the end of the war, the part of artists moved to Berlin. They devided into different groups and continued their work. German vanguard of film had been deveped earlier than the rest of countries.

The part of painters weren’t content with seeing their abstract paintings in condition of statics. They decided to record works on tape and put in motion by the means of the film.They used to be pioneers in their work: Viking Eggeling, Hans Richter, Walter Ruttman, Bella Bartosh and later Oskar Fischinger.

The current work reviews the above mentioned creative features of art.

ABOUT AUTHOREducation: Iakob Nikoladze Art School, department of sculpture (1976); Georgian State university of Theatre and

115

Film, department of animation (1981);Filmography: The portret (1981), animation film; Earth demands its own (1983), - animation film. screenplay, director. Festival - “Amirani’’, Tbilisi (1985), festival - “Mladost’’, Ukrain (1984); The big wave and the small wave (1984) - animation film, director; The king and the bird (1985) - animation film, screenplay, director; Ochokochi (1986) - animation film. screenplay, director; Coming (1988) - animation film. screenplay, director; David the great’s chain-mail (1990) - animation film. screenplay, director; Georgian bell (2002) - documental film. screenplay, director; Future (2002)- documental film. screenplay, director; German diaspora (2002) - documental film. screenplay, director; Angalo (2007) animation film. screenplay, director; How the moon appeared (2007) - animation film. screenplay, director; A legend about vine (2007) - animation film. screenplay, director; Goldfish (2007)- animation film. screenplay,director, Festival - “tindirindis 2007”, - prise_the best internet film.

116

U N I V E R S I T Y ’ P h . D P R O G R A M

DRAMA DIRECTION

Nino LipartianiThird year PhD student

SOME POSTMODERNIST THEATRICAL ART ISSUES

Summary The artists of postmodern situation want to remove the

“pressure of the author” as much as possible with the following new methods: neutral letter, opened work and etc. They want to give the chance to the reader and the audience to complete the reading of the text themselves. The artists of this orientation think that everything has already been created in the world of art, all the art forms have been discovered and nothing is left but to repeat already discovered with definite combinations. The artist makes effects with removal of the author and demonstration of definite distance. This is a peculiar challenge, protest against uniformity of art.

According to Blanchot’s opinion: “It is desired to have existence of no “personal me” in art. This is not the spiritual state of the author but necessity of contemporary artistic culture. Later this event was named as “death of the author”. This is a process where the sense of self existence is lost. This is a “metaphysical Suicide”.

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HISTORY OF WORLD THEATRE

Natia MefarishviliThird year PhD student

HOLLYWOOD: BEYOND THE COULISSES

Summary

The word Hollywood was associated, and still is associated, with worldly luster in many people’s minds. This is an artificially designed stereotype in part, in the creation of which a multitude of talented individuals have taken part and for the sake of which thousands of feet of film were sacrificed.

Due to the different political views, the names of a number of distinguished persons in culture and art wound up in the so-called Hollywood blacklist in the forties and fifties of the past century. Everyone with an unorthodox standing was considered a public enemy. People on this list were forced to co-operate with investigation.

While Hollywood has been the heart of the American dream and celebrity life, the Hollywood Ten trial remains a mystery and a black spot in the history of American movies.

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THEATRE JOURNALISM HISTORY

Mariam ChubinidzeThird year PhD student

SOME ISSUES OF JOURNALISTIC THINKING IN GEORGIA

Summary

The history of press development started since 18th century in Europe. At the end of the same century the newspaper job was laid a foundation in Russia.

In spite of the fact that in those days the influence of the Empire of Russia was reflected upon all the spheres of life in Georgia, Georgian journals and newspapers wouldn’t be published till 1819

Ever since time by time various newspapers used to be published, one of them ”notification of Tbilisi” was distinguished from others.

Since 1832 when the edition of the above-mentioned newspaper was stopped, Georgian society still remained without press, till the foundation of the journal “Tsiskari” in 1852. Therfore in 50-ers in spite of particular experience Georgian journalists would have to start everything anew.

In defiance of the fact, that George Eristavi’s “Tsiskari” left the most important heritage indeed from the point of view of litaerary models, the journal couldn’t get wide response of the subjects of an actual society.

The very mission wasn’t perfectly fulfilled by Ivane Kereselidze either, Though progressive steps were evidently shown.

In the Georgian journalism the journal “Tsiskari” established different journalistic forms: newspaper satire, essay, private

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correspondence, reporting correspondences, journalistic investigation and since 1963 the forms got more and more refined and developed in the Georgian journal “Moambe.”

The newspaper “droeba established in 1866 was one more step made in the Georgian journalism. The main fact was that it became far more democratic, different, using the more understandable language for people.(about what Ilia Chavchavadze used to write in “Tsiskari.” Though it’s important that the journal “Droeba” at the same time gradually prepared readers for such a serious publicism as we met in the journal “Krebuli” (1871)

SInce 1877 the journal “Iveria” started informing and thinking of problematical matters for readers. Ilia Chavchavadze became the head of that journal.

In those difficulties were ceaused, from one hand, by severe censorship, and, from the other, poor technical possibilities and human resource.

In spite of the problems, Georgian periodical press was still skilled in filling in public informative,cognitive vaccume, and time by time if formed, improved those professional standards, which at present the Georgian journalistic branch based on.

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