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Fleming Training Center Training and Certification of drinking water

and wastewater plant operators

Planning AssistanceSolid Waste Plan Monitoring Program

Office of Environmental Assistance Programs

Prevention, Reduction, Recycling, and Compliance AssistanceRecycling Programs

America Recycles DayState Employee Recycling ProgramWood Waste (Composting, Mulching,

Etc.)


Pollution Prevention Programs Tennessee Pollution Prevention

Partnerships Pollution Prevention (general,

government, schools) Household Hazardous Waste

Program


Small Business Environmental Assistance Program

• A technical, administrative and regulatory support program on pollution issues for small business

• Circulation of regulatory and other information

• Work with trade Associations Training Workshops



• Permitting Assistance• Explaining Clean Air Act Amendment

Requirements• Notifying affected industry of new

regulations• Help with technical & compliance

problems



• Referrals• Advocate for small business during

regulatory process• Development of brochures,

manuals, fact sheets, etc.• Training


Why Practice Energy Conservation ?

Saving energy prevents pollution

Saving energy also saves money

Pollution Prevented

Every Kilowatt-hour saved prevents 1.5 lbs. of carbon dioxide (one of the

Greenhouse Gases) 5.8 Grams of sulfur dioxide (one of the

leading causes of acid rain) 2.5 Grams of nitrogen oxides (one of the

main components of smog)

Energy Production

To produce $100 worth of electricity 1700 lbs. of coal are mined 2500 lbs. of carbon dioxide is produced

(Greenhouse gas) 21.3 lbs. of sulfur dioxide is produced

(acid rain) 9.2 lbs. of nitrogen oxides are produced

(smog)

Ways You Can Save Money Through Energy Conservation

Replacing older lights with more efficient lights

Replacing incandescent lights with new compact fluorescent lights

Replacing older appliances with Energy Star Labeled products.

Determine your savings

$ Compile the previous 12 months of bills

$ Compare to bills after the upgrade$ Spot metering$ Account for expansion

Retrofitting and Upgrades

$ Retrofitting is upgrading a fixture, room, or building by installing new parts or equipment

$ Upgrading refers replacing older items with newer items that are better than the original item

Five Steps of Energy Star Upgrades

Lighting Building Tune-up Load Reduction Heating and Cooling Distribution Heating and Cooling Plant

Upgrading Lighting

Lighting Choices Properties of Lights Measures of Lighting Quality Ballasts Other Lighting Related Upgrades Disposal and Recycling

Methods and Principles

Lighting Upgrade Methods

Determine whether maintenance or capital

Determine different lights (fluorescent, compact fluorescent, metal halide)

Measure light levels

Three main principles to lighting upgrades

Efficient production and delivery of light

Target light levels

Lighting controls

Upgrading Lighting

Methods and Principles

Lighting Choices

Lighting Choices

Fluorescent Tube lampsCompact Fluorescent lamps (CFL)High Intensity Discharge lamps (HID)Halogen lamps Incandescent

Fluorescent Tube Lamps

Most commonly used for large office type areas

Not very effective for lighting high ceiling areas

Very commonly used therefore reasonably cheap

New tubes contain less mercury and meet EPA mercury standards

F32T8

F - indicates Fluorescent32 - is the wattage

T - - indicates it’s a tube8 - refers to diameter in 1/8 of an inch

Reading a Fluorescent light

Alto lamps are

some of the newer

T8 lamps that also

meet the EPA

mercury standard

Compact Fluorescent lamps (CFL)

Last longer and use less energy (about 1/4th) than incandescent bulbs

Can be used in most all locations that incandescent bulbs can be used

High-Bay compact fluorescent luminaires can be used for high ceiling areas

Most not capable of dimming or starting at low temperatures

Example of a High Bay CFL Fixture

High Intensity Discharge (HID)

Includes Mercury Vapor, Metal Halide, and High Pressure Sodium lamps

Traditionally used for high ceiling applications and street lights

Extremely efficient especially as compared to incandescent lights

Halogen Lamps

Longer lasting than incandescent and more efficient

Good choice when CFLs cannot be used Dimmable, operate in low temperatures,

good for spot lighting Provide a nice "sparkle" for highlighting

retail (most often used on jewelry)

Incandescent bulbs

Only five percent of energy put into an incandescent bulb is converted to light.

Operate on principle of resistance, the least efficient method

Just what are the numbers?

In Tennessee the average cost of electricity is about $0.063 per kWh

Most businesses use indoor lighting 3650 hours a year.

Here is an example comparing the costs of operating a F40T12 lamp as compared to a F32T8 lamp (and a F32T8 lamp combined with a 75% output ballast)

Example Calculation

1 F40T12 lamp costs: 1 lamp x 40 watts/lamp x 3650 hours/year x

1 kWh/1000 watts x $0.063/kWh = $9.20/year

1 F32T8 lamp costs (w/ 75% ballast): 1 lamp x 32 watts/lamp x 3650 hours/year x

1kWh/1000 watts x $0.063/kWh = $7.36/year ($5.52/year)

Savings of $220.75/year ( $448.40/year) for replacing 120 lamps

Upgrading Lighting

Methods and Principles Lighting Choices

Properties of Lights

Properties of Lights

Color rendering Color temperature Life Expectancy Efficacy

Color Rendering Index (CRI)

The CRI is a relative scale indicating how perceived colors match actual colors.

75-100 CRI is excellent color rendition 0-55 CRI is poor color rendition Most T8 lamps have a CRI of 75-85+ Cool white T-12 lamps have a CRI of 62 CFLs have a typical CRI of 82-86

Color Temperature

Color temperature refers to the degree of "warmth" or "coolness" provided by a lamp

Lower temperatures are considered "warm" because they are reddish.

Higher temperatures are "cool" and look bluish.

Warm lights are generally around 2700 K Cool lights have a "temperature" of around

4100 K

Life Expectancy

Measured in hours of expected operation Incandescent bulbs are rated at 750 to

2000 hours Fluorescent lamps last 7500 to 24000

hours, 10 times as long as incandescents

Ballasts may last as long as 40,000 to 100,000 hours

Efficacy

Efficacy is a measure of light output compared to energy consumption (measured as lumens/watt)

Incandescent bulbs typically have a low efficacy of 6 to 24 lumens/watt

Fluorescent lamps have efficacies of 50 to 100 lumens/watt

HID lamp efficacies range from 25 to 180

T-12 lamps with magnetic ballasts are a technology that hasn't changed much since fluorescent lights were introduced in 1940

Advances in technology like the newer T-8lamps with electronic ballasts provide

significant improvements in quality and energy efficiency

Why are T-8 lamps better than T-12s?

T-8 lamps use about 20% less energy than older T-12 lamps.

T-8 lamps usually have greater color rendering.

How do CFLs compare to incandescent bulbs

CFLs use about 75% less energy than incandescent bulbs

CFLs last ten or more times as long, reducing maintenance hassles

CFLs don't produce as much heat which will lower cooling costs

Can estimate what wattage CFL to use by dividing incandescent wattage by 4

Upgrading Lighting

Methods and Principles Lighting Choices Properties of lights

Measures of Lighting Quality

Measures of lighting quality

Average light level Uniformity of illumination direct/reflected glare color rendering color temperature

Recommended Light Levels

AverageReading/writing

20-30-50 foot-candles (fc)

Officesw/computers

50 fc (1/2 from tasklighting)

Hallways 10-15-20 fcStockroom Storage 20-30-50 fcHigh-volume retail 100 fcLow-volume retail 30 fcConference rooms 20-30-50 fc

Adjusting light levels

Decrease Light level delamping partial output ballasts lower wattage

Increasing Light Level Use reflectors clean luminaire Upgrade lens or louver

Delamping

Delamping is simply the removal of one or more lamps in a fixture

One of the simplest and cheapest energy saving methods

Problems to watch for: light levels too low, wiring scheme such that remaining lamps no longer work, and "snap-back"

Upgrading Lighting

Methods and Principles Lighting Choices Properties of lights Measures of Lighting Quality

Ballasts

Ballasts

Ballasts are used with discharge lamps such as HIDs and fluorescent lamps

Provide correct starting voltage and then reduce the current once started

Match the line voltage to the operating voltage of the lamp

Points to consider about Ballasts

Electronic vs. Hybrid and Magnetic Ballasts

Number of lamps per Ballast Series vs. Parallel wiring Rapid-start or instant start Power Quality (ballast factor, power

factor, THD)

Electronic Ballasts

Electronic ballasts improve fluorescent lamp efficacy by increasing the input frequency.

This produces the same amount of light while using less power

Also decreases audible noise and lamp flicker

Hybrid Ballasts

Also known as cathode-cutout ballasts Are high-efficiency magnetic ballasts

with electronic components that cut off power to the cathode heater after the lamp is lit

Nearly as efficient as some rapid-start electronic ballasts

Number of lamps

Electronic ballasts can be found that operate three or four lamps at once

Allows for tandem wiring, using the same ballast to operate two lamps in two different fixtures

Most magnetic and hybrid ballasts only operate two lamps

Series vs. Parallel wiring

Series wiring schemes cause all lights to go out in that fixture if one light goes out

Parallel wiring keeps all lights lit even if one should go out

Rapid start vs. instant start

Rapid start ballasts have a warm-up time between first being switched on and full output

Instant start ballasts provide a higher starting voltage for no warm-up time

Instant start ballasts provide slight increases in efficiency and output

Lamp life is decreased some with instant start ballasts. Dependent on time on

Ballast Factor

Ballast factor is the ratio of the lamp's output vs. its standard output

Partial output ballasts have a ballast factor of 0.47 to 0.83

High output ballasts can have a ballast factor of 1.00 to 1.30

Power Factor

Power factor is the ratio of real power to apparent power

Power factors result from the current and voltage being out of phase with each other

The closer the power factor is to one the closer the power is to being in phase

Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)

Harmonics can cause interference in some sensitive equipment

Can also induce hazardous currents in neutral wiring, increasing chance of fire

Electronic ballasts have a THD from 5% to 30% with some going lower than 5%

Upgrading Lighting

Methods and Principles Lighting Choices Properties of lights Measures of Lighting Quality Ballasts

Other Lighting Related Upgrades

Other Lighting related Upgrades

Luminaire upgrades Exit Signs Lighting controls

Luminaires

Luminaire refers to the actual fixture consisting of the lamps, lamp sockets, ballasts, reflectors, lenses or louvers, and the housing

Upgrades include delamping, adding reflectors, and changing the lens

Reflectors

Delamping is often combined with the addition of reflectors

Factors having the greatest affect on improvements due to reflectors are Reflector material Reflector design Efficiency of the base luminaire

Lens/Louver Upgrades

Lens completely cover the luminaire (the most common is the prismatic lens)

Louvers refer to covers such as small cell parabolic louvers

Both types affect visual comfort (glare-control) and luminaire efficiency

Other options

In cases where several luminaire components are going to be replaced, consider a completely new fixture

Indirect luminaires are an option in partioned office space or where computers are commonly used

Task lighting with delamping

Exit Signs

Several low energy exit sign retrofit/upgrades are available

LED exit signs can last for many years and use only 4 W as compared to 30 W

Another option is electroluminescence

Lighting controls

Controls include daylighting, occupancy sensors, timers

Timers could be useful in offsetting heavy use equipment to lower demand charges

Demand charges are determined by energy use at peak time and are often very high

Upgrading Lighting

Methods and Principles Lighting Choices Properties of lights Measures of Lighting Quality Ballasts Other Lighting Related Upgrades

Disposal and Recycling

Lighting recycling and disposal

Fluorescent lamps contain mercury and are usually classed as a hazardous waste

Guidelines controlling lamp and ballast disposal are RCRA and CERCLA

Recycling provides a safe means of disposal, limits liability, and is environmentally responsible

L&C Tower upgrade

They replaced the older F40T12 lights with F32T8 Phillips Alto lamps

The old ballasts were replaced with Magnetek 4 lamp instant start electronic ballasts at 75% output

Payback of about two years with savings estimated at over $40,000 per year and a 41% reduction in electrical usage

Prevented over 450 tons of CO2

Building Tune-up

Just like a car, buildings need maintenance to keep them operating efficiently

Cleaning filters and checking thermostats and timers are a couple of routine checks

Keep track of monthly bills. Excessive increases might indicate a problem

Energy Star labeled equipment can reduce energy use due to special

features like sleep mode and low power standby mode.

Energy Star Equipment

Typical Savings with Energy Star

OfficeEquipment

AnnualSavings

Percentage ofOperating cost

Computer $19 49%

Fax Machine $13 52%

Printer $39 65%

Copier (med) $57 57%

Copier (large) $130 58%

Other energy saving practices

Encourage machines to be turned off for the night or weekend if they are not needed

Use double sided printing and copying Insulate water heaters, consider on-

demand water heaters Clean refrigerator coils

Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning Systems

HVAC Terminology Types of Heating Systems Tennessee Average Fuel Costs Relative Costs Corrected for efficiency Types of Air Conditioning Systems Relative costs corrected for efficiency Practical applications

HVAC Terminology

British Thermal Unit ( BTU ) Unit of heat energy 1 BTU raises 1 pound of water 1 deg. F

Watt Unit of electrical energy Volts X Amps =Watts 1 watt -hour =3.410 BTU 1 kilowatt hour = 1000 watt - hour =3410 BTU

Ton of refrigeration = 12,000 BTU/Hr

HVAC Terminology

Energy Efficiency Ratio ( EER ) Measure of air conditioner efficiency BTU/Watt 8 EER Window unit pumps 8 BTUs per watt of

electric power used

Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio ( SEER ) Measure of air conditioner efficiency BTU/Watt 16 SEER Central unit pumps 16 BTU per watt of

electric power used

HVAC Terminology

Annual Fuel Use Efficiency ( AFUE ) Furnace BTU out/BTU in

Coefficient of Performance ( COP ) Electric Furnace or Heat Pump watts out/watts in

Heat Source Performance Factor ( HSPF) Electric heat BTU out /watts in

Types of Heating Systems

Solar

MTSU Center for Energy Efficiency

True Geothermal (rare in Tennessee]

Electric

Combustion

Electric Power Rates

50 Kilowatt Service or less ~6.2 cents per kilowatt-hour energy charge

Larger than 50 Kilowatt service ~3.1 cents per kilowatt-hour energy charge ~$11 per kilowatt demand charge

Demand is the highest 15 minute average power consumption during the billing period.

Common Heating SystemsElectric

Electric Resistance COP = 1.0

Air Source Heat Pump COP ~ 2.5 Also air conditions

GeoExchange Heat Pump COP ~ 3.5 Also air conditions

Electric Resistance HeatingHeaters and Electric Furnaces

Hot wire heating elements

Lowest initial cost

Highest energy cost

Cost can be exorbitant if on demand billing

Electric Resistance Heating on Demand Billing

250 Kw electric boiler =

$2750 per month plus $7.50 per hour

15 Kw Residential Size Electric Furnace

$165 per month plus $0 . 45 per hour

9.0 Kw water heater =

99.00 per month plus $0 . 27 per hour

Common Heating SystemsCombustion

Gas engine driven heat pump COP = 1.3

Gas Combustion Furnace AFUE ~78 -

95%

Natural or Propane

#2 Oil Combustion Furnace AFUE ~80 - 85%

Gas Engine Driven Air Source Heat Pump

One model only York Triathlon Estimated Heating COP ~1.3 Estimated AC SEER is 15.7 Uses R-22 CFC refrigerant Higher maintenance may be justified by

electrical demand reduction.

Gas Furnace

Least maintenance of combustion systems

New 90 + AFUE condensing furnaces recover latent heat from water in flue gas

Some do not require flue, can vent through pipe. More flexible installation

Oil Combustion Furnace

Slightly less efficient than best gas units Slightly higher burner maintenance Higher installed first cost (oil tank) Liability if underground tank

Waste oil heaters available which burn used motor oil.

Common Cooling Systems

Evaporative ( Swamp Cooler) Absorption Vapor Compression

Gas Engine Air Source Heat Pump Air Source Heat Pump

GeoExchange Heat Pump

Evaporative Cooling

Lowest cost Sprays water directly into airstream Raises humidity instead of lowering it Not effective when humidity is high Industrial applications such as furnace

rooms and dry cleaners where air conditioning is impossible.

Absorption Air Conditioning

Old proven technology Can be run on any heat source Reduce peak electrical demand Low maintenance Do not use CFC refrigerants Chilled water units only 3 -1000 tons

Natural Gas Engine Driven Chillers and Heat Pumps

May be most cost effective when gas is cheap.

High maintenance on internal combustion engine

One small 3 ton+ package unit available which is a heat pump. (Triathlon)

Air Source Heat PumpsAdvantages

Most widely used here Service readily available Newer units have SEER competitive with

GeoExchange Highest efficiency to date is 18 SEER in

a split system

Air Source Heat PumpsAdvantages

Some new high efficiency units available

with new 410a HFC ozone safe

refrigerant.

Carrier/Bryant/Day and Night ( Puron)

Rheem/Ruud ( Prozone )

Lower first cost than geoexchange

Air Source Heat Pumps Disadvantages

Heating efficiency drops in cold weather when needed most Efficiency decreases as heat exchangers

deteriorate More complex because of reversing for

defrost cycle High maintenance and noise Use resistance heat during defrost

Not good if on demand billing

Air Source Heat Pump Efficiency Loss

Air Source Heat Pumps Disadvantages

Heating efficiency drops in cold weather when needed most Efficiency decreases as heat exchangers

deteriorate More complex because of reversing for

defrost cycle High maintenance and noise Use resistance heat during defrost

Not good if on demand billing

GeoExchange Heat Pump Advantages

Lowest total life cycle cost Least overall pollution ( EPA Study ) Lowest maintenance

Small - No heat exchanger cleaning Large - No boiler or cooling tower maintenance

Highest efficiency Least noise Expected longest life ( indoor installation)

GeoExchange Heat Pump Advantages

Sizes from 1/2 to over 1000 tons Installation flexibility

Many small units on one loop allows individual control at small cost premium -or-

One large unit Retrofits may use some existing

equipment

1995 Residential and Light Commercial Energy Costs

Electricity $17.33

LP Gas $11.72

Heating Oil$9.74

Natural Gas $6.60

$ per million BTU

Heating Costs Corrected for Efficiency ( $ per million BTU )

$0

$2

$4

$6

$8

$10

$12

$14

$16

$18

$20

Cooling Costs Corrected for Efficiency

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Lowest Cost /Least Polluting Units

Geoexchange heat pump/water heater

High efficiency gas furnace and high efficiency electric AC ( split system )

Gas water heater

High efficiency electric heat pump Gas water heater

News You Can UseDecrease Solar Load

Plant trees ! Whole house fan Adequate Attic Ventilation Adequate insulation Awnings over windows Light colored roofs Light colored blinds/shades/window film

News You Can UseMaintain Systems

Clean and comb heat exchangers

Pull disconnect Beware double feed

Replace and tighten screws on cabinets

Seal ducts in unconditioned spaces

Timed thermostats

News You Can Use

News You Can UseMaintain Systems

Clean and comb heat exchangers

Pull disconnect Beware double feed

Replace and tighten screws on cabinets

Seal ducts in unconditioned spaces

Timed thermostats

Check Equipment Ratings

Use the Energy Star web sitehttp://www.energystar.gov/

Tennessee Energy Consumption

0.00E+00

5.00E+14

1.00E+15

1.50E+15

2.00E+15

2.50E+15

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

BT

U

Energy Consumption Corrected for Economic Growth

Total Energy Consumption per Dollar of Gross State Product

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Year

BT

U p

er

Do

lla

r G

SP

Series1

Resources for more information

EPA's Energy Star Program on the web at http://www.energystar.gov/

Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation at www.tn.gov/environment

TVA at http://www.energyright.com/ Pacific Northwest National Labs at

http://www.pnl.gov/cfl/

More resources

U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Efficiency and Renewable Resources Network at http://www.eren.doe.gov/

Lawrence Berkley Labs Home Energy Saver at http://hes.lbl.gov/

Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium at http://www.ghpc.org/

ASHRAE at http://www.ashrae.org/

1-800-734-3619

CALL US IF YOU NEED US

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Save Electricity Save Money Save the Earth Make it Work For You