Saul Bellow 1

Saul Bellow

Saul Bellow

Bellow at the Miami Book Fair International of 1990

Born Solomon Bellows10 June 1915Lachine, Quebec, Canada

Died 5 April 2005 (aged89)Brookline, Massachusetts, United States

Occupation Writer

Nationality Canadian/American

Almamater University of ChicagoNorthwestern UniversityUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison

Notableaward(s)

Nobel Prize in Literature1976Pulitzer Prize for Fiction1976National Medal of Arts1988National Book Award1954, 1965, 1971

Spouse(s) Anita Goshkin (193756), Alexandra (Sondra) Tschacbasov (195659), Susan Glassman (196164), Alexandra BagdasarIonescu Tulcea (197485), Janis Freedman (19892005)

Signature

Saul Bellow (10 June 1915 5 April 2005) was a Canadian-born American writer. For his literary contributions,Bellow was awarded the Pulitzer Prize, the Nobel Prize for Literature, and the National Medal of Arts.[1] He is theonly writer to win the National Book Award for Fiction three times and he received the Foundation's lifetime Medalfor Distinguished Contribution to American Letters in 1990.[2]

In the words of the Swedish Nobel Committee, his writing exhibited "the mixture of rich picaresque novel and subtle analysis of our culture, of entertaining adventure, drastic and tragic episodes in quick succession interspersed with philosophic conversation, all developed by a commentator with a witty tongue and penetrating insight into the outer and inner complications that drive us to act, or prevent us from acting, and that can be called the dilemma of our

Saul Bellow 2

age."[3] His best-known works include The Adventures of Augie March, Henderson the Rain King, Herzog, Mr.Sammler's Planet, Seize the Day, Humboldt's Gift and Ravelstein. Widely regarded as one of the 20th century'sgreatest authors, Bellow has had a "huge literary influence."[4]

Bellow said that of all his characters Eugene Henderson, of "Henderson the Rain King," was the one most likehimself.[5] Bellow grew up as an insolent slum kid, a "thick-necked" rowdy, and an immigrant from Quebec. AsChristopher Hitchens describes it, Bellow's fiction and principal characters reflect his own yearning fortranscendence, a battle "to overcome not just ghetto conditions but also ghetto psychoses."[6][7] Bellow'sprotagonists, in one shape or another, all wrestle with what Corde (Albert Corde, the dean in "The Dean'sDecember") called "the big-scale insanities of the 20th century." This transcendence of the "unutterably dismal" (aphrase from Dangling Man) is achieved, if it can be achieved at all, through a "ferocious assimilation of learning"(Hitchens) and an emphasis on nobility.In 1989, Bellow received the Peggy V. Helmerich Distinguished Author Award. The Helmerich Award is presentedannually by the Tulsa Library Trust.

Early lifeSaul Bellow was born Solomon Bellows[8][9] in Lachine, Quebec, two years after his parents, Lescha (ne Gordin)and Abraham Bellows, emigrated from Saint Petersburg, Russia. (He changed his name in 1936.) Bellow celebratedhis birthday in June, although he may have been born in July (in the Jewish community, it was customary to recordthe Hebrew date of birth, which does not always coincide with the Gregorian calendar).[10] Of his family'semigration, Bellow wrote:

The retrospective was strong in me because of my parents. They were both full of the notion that they were falling, falling. They had beenprosperous cosmopolitans in Saint Petersburg. My mother could never stop talking about the family dacha, her privileged life, and how all thatwas now gone. She was working in the kitchen. Cooking, washing, mending... There had been servants in Russia... But you could alwaystranspose from your humiliating condition with the help of a sort of embittered irony.[11]

A period of illness from a respiratory infection at age eight both taught him self-reliance (he was a very fit mandespite his sedentary occupation) and provided an opportunity to satisfy his hunger for reading: reportedly, hedecided to be a writer when he first read Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin.When Bellow was nine, his family moved to the Humboldt Park neighborhood of Chicago, the city that formed thebackdrop of many of his novels. Bellow's father, Abraham, was an onion importer. He also worked in a bakery, as acoal delivery man, and as a bootlegger. Bellow's mother, Liza, died when he was 17. He was left with his father andbrother Maurice. His mother was deeply religious, and wanted her youngest son, Saul, to become a rabbi or a concertviolinist. But he rebelled against what he later called the "suffocating orthodoxy" of his religious upbringing, and hebegan writing at a young age. Bellow's lifelong love for the Bible began at four when he learned Hebrew. Bellowalso grew up reading William Shakespeare and the great Russian novelists of the 19th century. In Chicago, he tookpart in anthroposophical studies. Bellow attended Tuley High School on Chicago's west side where he befriendedfellow writer Isaac Rosenfeld. In his 1959 novel Henderson the Rain King, Bellow modeled the character KingDahfu on Rosenfeld.[12]

Education and early careerBellow attended the University of Chicago but later transferred to Northwestern University. He originally wanted tostudy literature, but he felt the English department was anti-Jewish. Instead, he graduated with honors inanthropology and sociology.[13] It has been suggested Bellow's study of anthropology had an influence on his literarystyle, and anthropological references pepper his works.Wikipedia:Citation needed Bellow later did graduate work atthe University of WisconsinMadison.

Saul Bellow 3

Paraphrasing Bellow's description of his close friend Allan Bloom (see Ravelstein), John Podhoretz has said thatboth Bellow and Bloom "inhaled books and ideas the way the rest of us breathe air."[14]

In the 1930s, Bellow was part of the Chicago branch of the Works Progress Administration Writer's Project, whichincluded such future Chicago literary luminaries as Richard Wright and Nelson Algren. Many of the writers wereradical: if they were not members of the Communist Party USA, they were sympathetic to the cause. Bellow was aTrotskyist, but because of the greater numbers of Stalinist-leaning writers he had to suffer their taunts.[15]

In 1941 Bellow became a naturalized US citizen. In 1943, Maxim Lieber was his literary agent.During World War II, Bellow joined the merchant marine and during his service he completed his first novel,Dangling Man (1944) about a young Chicago man waiting to be drafted for the war.From 1946 through 1948 Bellow taught at the University of Minnesota, living on Commonwealth Avenue, in St.Paul, Minnesota.[16]

In 1948, Bellow was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship that allowed him to move to Paris, where he began writingThe Adventures of Augie March (1953). Critics have remarked on the resemblance between Bellow's picaresquenovel and the great 17th Century Spanish classic Don Quixote.Wikipedia:Citation needed The book starts with oneof American literature's most famous opening paragraphs,Wikipedia:Citation needed and it follows its titularcharacter through a series of careers and encounters, as he lives by his wits and his resolve. Written in a colloquialyet philosophical style, The Adventures of Augie March established Bellow's reputation as a major author.In the late 1950s he taught creative writing at the University of Puerto Rico at Ro Piedras. One of his students wasWilliam Kennedy, who was encouraged by Bellow to write fiction.

Return to ChicagoBellow lived in New York City for a number of years, but he returned to Chicago in 1962 as a professor at theCommittee on Social Thought at the University of Chicago. The committee's goal was to have professors workclosely with talented graduate students on a multi-disciplinary approach to learning. Bellow taught on the committeefor more than 30 years, alongside his close friend, the philosopher Allan Bloom.There were also other reasons for Bellow's return to Chicago, where he moved into the Hyde Park neighborhoodwith his third wife, Susan Glassman. Bellow found Chicago vulgar but vital, and more representative of Americathan New York.[17] He was able to stay in contact with old high school friends and a broad cross-section of society.In a 1982 profile, Bellow's neighborhood was described as a high-crime area in the city's center, and Bellowmaintained he had to live in such a place as a writer and "stick to his guns."[18]

Bellow hit the bestseller list in 1964 with his novel Herzog. Bellow was surprised at the commercial success of thiscerebral novel about a middle-aged and troubled college professor who writes letters to friends, scholars and thedead, but never sends them. Bellow returned to his exploration of mental instability, and its relationship to genius, inhis 1975 novel Humboldt's Gift. Bellow used his late friend and rival, the brilliant but self-destructive poet DelmoreSchwartz, as his model for the novel's title character, Von Humboldt Fleisher.[19] Bellow also used Rudolf Steiner'sspiritual science, anthroposophy, as a theme in the book, having attended a study group in Chicago. He was elected aFellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1969.

Saul Bellow 4

Nobel Prize

Saul Bellow (left) with Keith Botsford, around1992

Propelled by the success of Humboldt's Gift, Bellow won the NobelPrize in literature in 1976. In the 70-minute address he gave to anaudience in Stockholm, Sweden, Bellow called on writers to bebeacons for civilization and awaken it from intellectual torpor.

The following year, the National Endowment for the Humanitiesselected Bellow for the Jefferson Lecture, the U.S. federalgovernment's highest honor for achievement in the humanities.Bellow's lecture was entitled "The Writer and His Country Look EachOther Over."[20]

Bellow traveled widely throughout his life, mainly to Europe, which hesometimes visited twice a year. As a young man, Bellow went to Mexico City to meet Leon Trotsky, but theexpatriate Russian revolutionary was assassinated the day before they were to meet. Bellow's social contacts werewide and varied. He tagged along with Robert F. Kennedy for a magazine profile he never wrote, he was closefriends with the author Ralph Ellison. His many friends included the journalist Sydney J. Harris and the poet JohnBerryman. Wikipedia:Citation needed

While sales of Bellow's first few novels were modest, that turned around with Herzog. Bellow continued teachingwell into his old age, enjoying its human interaction and exchange of ideas. He taught at Yale University, Universityof Minnesota, New York University, Princeton University, University of Puerto Rico, University of Chicago, BardCollege and Boston University, where he co-taught a class with James Wood ('modestly absenting himself' when itwas time to discuss Seize the Day). In order to take up his appointment at Boston, Bellow moved in 1993 fromChicago to Brookline, Massachusetts, where he died on 5 April 2005, at age 89. He is buried at the Jewish cemeteryShir HeHarim of Brattleboro, Vermont.Bellow was married five times, with all but his last marriage ending in divorce. His son by his second marriage,Adam, published a nonfiction book In Praise of Nepotism in 2003. Bellow's wives were Anita Goshkin, Alexandra(Sondra) Tsachacbasov, Susan Glassman, Alexandra Ionescu Tulcea and Janis Freedman. In 1999, when he was 84,Bellow had a daughter, Rosie, his fourth child, with Freedman.While he read voluminously, Bellow also played the violin and followed sports. Work was a constant for him, but heat times toiled at a plodding pace on his novels, frustrating the publishing company.His early works earned him the reputation as a major novelist of the 20th century, and by his death he was widelyregarded as one of the greatest living novelists.[21] He was the first writer to win three National Book Awards in allaward categories.[] His friend and protege Philip Roth has said of him, "The backbone of 20th-century Americanliterature has been provided by two novelistsWilliam Faulkner and Saul Bellow. Together they are the Melville,Hawthorne, and Twain of the 20th century." James Wood, in a eulogy of Bellow in The New Republic, wrote:[22]

I judged all modern prose by his. Unfair, certainly, because he made even the fleet-footedthe Updikes, the DeLillos, the Rothsseem likemonopodes. Yet what else could I do? I discovered Saul Bellow's prose in my late teens, and henceforth, the relationship had the quality of alove affair about which one could not keep silent. Over the last week, much has been said about Bellow's prose, and most of thepraiseperhaps because it has been overwhelmingly by menhas tended toward the robust: We hear about Bellow's mixing of high and lowregisters, his Melvillean cadences jostling the jivey Yiddish rhythms, the great teeming democracy of the big novels, the crooks and frauds andintellectuals who loudly people the brilliant sensorium of the fiction. All of this is true enough; John Cheever, in his journals, lamented that,alongside Bellow's fiction, his stories seemed like mere suburban splinters. Ian McEwan wisely suggested last week that British writers andcritics may have been attracted to Bellow precisely because he kept alive a Dickensian amplitude now lacking in the English novel. [...] Butnobody mentioned the beauty of this writing, its music, its high lyricism, its firm but luxurious pleasure in language itself. [...] [I]n truth, Icould not thank him enough when he was alive, and I cannot now.

Saul Bellow 5

Themes and styleThe author's works speak to the disorienting nature of modern civilization, and the countervailing ability of humansto overcome their frailty and achieve greatness (or at least awareness). Bellow saw many flaws in moderncivilization, and its ability to foster madness, materialism and misleading knowledge.[23] Principal characters inBellow's fiction have heroic potential, and many times they stand in contrast to the negative forces of society. Oftenthese characters are Jewish and have a sense of alienation or otherness.Jewish life and identity is a major theme in Bellow's work, although he bristled at being called a "Jewish writer."Bellow's work also shows a great appreciation of America, and a fascination with the uniqueness and vibrancy of theAmerican experience.Bellow's work abounds in references and quotes from the likes of Marcel Proust and Henry James, but he offsetsthese high-culture references with jokes. Bellow interspersed autobiographical elements into his fiction, and many ofhis principal characters were said to bear a resemblance to him.

Criticism, controversy and conservative cultural activismMartin Amis described Bellow as "The greatest American author ever, in my view".[24]

His sentences seem to weigh more than anyone else's. He is like a force of nature... He breaks all the rules [...] [T]he people in Bellow's fictionare real people, yet the intensity of the gaze that he bathes them in, somehow through the particular, opens up into the universal.[25] For Linda Grant, "What Bellow had to tell us in his fiction was that it was worth it, being alive."

His vigour, vitality, humour and passion were always matched by the insistence on thought, not the predigested cliches of the mass media or ofthose on the left, which had begun to disgust him by the Sixties... It's easy to be a 'writer of conscience'anyone can do it if they want to; justchoose your cause. Bellow was a writer about conscience and consciousness, forever conflicted by the competing demands of the great cities,the individual's urge to survival against all odds and his equal need for love and some kind of penetrating understanding of what there was ofsignificance beyond all the racket and racketeering.[26]

On the other hand, Bellow's detractors considered his work conventional and old-fashioned, as if the author wastrying to revive the 19th-century European novel. In a private letter, Vladimir Nabokov once referred to Bellow as a"miserable mediocrity."[27] Journalist and author Ron Rosenbaum described Bellow's Ravelstein (2000) as the onlybook that rose above Bellow's failings as an author. Rosenbaum wrote,

My problem with the pre-Ravelstein Bellow is that he all too often strains too hard to yoke together two somewhat contradictory aspects of hisbeing and style. There's the street-wise Windy City wiseguy and thenas if to show off that the wiseguy has Wisdomthere are theundigested chunks of arcane, not entirely impressive, philosophic thought and speculation. Just to make sure you know his novels haveintellectual heft. That the world and the flesh in his prose are both figured and transfigured.[28]

Sam Tanenhaus wrote in New York Times Book Review in 2007:

But what, then, of the many defectsthe longueurs and digressions, the lectures on anthroposophy and religion, the arcane reading lists? Whatof the characters who don't change or grow but simply bristle onto the page, even the colorful lowlifes pontificating like fevered students in theseminars Bellow taught at the University of Chicago? And what of the punitively caricatured ex-wives drawn from the teeming annals of thenovelist's own marital discord?

But, Tanenhaus went on to answer his question:

Shortcomings, to be sure. But so what? Nature doesn't owe us perfection. Novelists don't either. Who among us would even recognizeperfection if we saw it? In any event, applying critical methods, of whatever sort, seemed futile in the case of an author who, as Randall Jarrellonce wrote of Walt Whitman, is a world, a waste with, here and there, systems blazing at random out of the darknessthose systems asbeautifully and astonishingly organized as the rings and satellites of Saturn.[29]

Saul Bellow 6

V. S. Pritchett praised Bellow, finding his shorter works to be his best. Pritchett called Bellow's novella Seize theDay a "small gray masterpiece."Bellow's account of his 1975 trip to Israel, To Jerusalem and Back: A Personal Account, was criticized by NoamChomsky in his 1983 book Fateful Triangle: the United States, Israel & the Palestinians. Bellow, Chomsky wrote,"sees an Israel where almost everyone is reasonable and tolerant, and rancor against the Arabs is rare, where thepeople think so hard, and so much as they farm a barren land, industrialize it, build cities, make a society, doresearch, philosophize, write books, sustain a great moral tradition, and finally create an army of tough fighters. Hehas also been criticized for having praised Joan Peters's book From Time Immemorial, which denied the existence ofPalestinians and was exposed almost immediately after publication as containing gross falsifications of the sources itcited.[30][31]

As he grew older, Bellow moved decidedly away from leftist politics and became identified with culturalconservatism. His opponents included feminism, campus activism and postmodernism. In 1995 along with Lynne V.Cheney and other noted conservatives, he helped found the American Council of Trustees and Alumni (ACTA)based in Washington, D.C. and funded by the conservative Bradley Foundation and John M. OlinFoundation.Wikipedia:Citation needed Promoting the Core Curriculum view of liberal education, the ACTA is bestknown for its 2001 report, Defending Civilization . . . , which met with wide criticism and accusations ofneo-McCarthyism, because it served as a broadside against a "liberal academia" that the report authors saw as beinginsufficiently patriotic and "soft" on international terrorism. Following a barrage of criticism, ACTA published a"revised and expanded" version.Bellow also thrust himself into the often contentious realm of Jewish and African-American relations. In Mr.Sammler's Planet, Bellow's portrayal of a black pickpocket who exposes himself in public was criticized, by someactivists, as racist. In 2007, attempts to name a street after Bellow in his Hyde Park neighborhood were scotched bylocal alderman on the grounds that Bellow had made remarks about the neighborhood's current inhabitants that theyconsidered racist.[32]

Bellow sparked a controversy when he asked, concerning multiculturalism, "Who is the Tolstoy of the Zulus? TheProust of the Papuans? I'd be glad to read him." The taunt was seen by some as a slight against non-Westernliterature. Bellow at first claimed to have been misquoted. Later, writing in his defense in the New York Times, hesaid, "The scandal is entirely journalistic in origin... Always foolishly trying to explain and edify all comers, I wasspeaking of the distinction between literate and preliterate societies. For I was once an anthropology student, yousee." Bellow claimed to have remembered shortly after making his infamous comment that he had in fact read a Zulunovel in translation: Chaka by Thomas Mofolo (an inaccuracy remains in this: Mofolo's novel is in Sesotho, notZulu).Despite his identification with Chicago, he kept aloof from some of that city's more conventional writers. In a 2006interview with Stop Smiling magazine, Studs Terkel said of Bellow: "I didn't know him too well. We disagreed on anumber of things politically. In the protests in the beginning of Norman Mailer's Armies of the Night, when Mailer,Robert Lowell and Paul Goodman were marching to protest the Vietnam War, Bellow was invited to a sort ofcounter-gathering. He said, 'Of course I'll attend'. But he made a big thing of it. Instead of just saying OK, he wasproud of it. So I wrote him a letter and he didn't like it. He wrote me a letter back. He called me a Stalinist. Butotherwise, we were friendly. He was a brilliant writer, of course. I love Seize the Day."

Saul Bellow 7

Awards and honors 1948 Guggenheim Fellowship 1954 National Book Award for Fiction 1965 National Book Award for Fiction 1971 National Book Award for Fiction 1976 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction 1976 Nobel Prize in Literature 1988 National Medal of Arts 1989 PEN/Malamud Award 1990 National Book Foundation's lifetime Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters

BibliographyFor a complete list of works, see Bibliography of Saul Bellow.

Novels and novellas Dangling Man (1944) The Victim (1947) The Adventures of Augie March (1953), National Book Award for Fiction[33]

Seize the Day (1956) Henderson the Rain King (1959) Herzog (1964), National Book Award[34]

Mr. Sammler's Planet (1970), National Book Award[35]

Humboldt's Gift (1975), winner of the 1976 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction[36]

The Dean's December (1982) More Die of Heartbreak (1987) A Theft (1989) The Bellarosa Connection (1989) The Actual (1997) Ravelstein (2000)

Short story collections Mosby's Memoirs (1968) Him with His Foot in His Mouth (1984) Something to Remember Me By: Three Tales (1991) Collected Stories (2001)

Plays The Last Analysis (1965)

Saul Bellow 8

Library of America editions Novels 19441953: Dangling Man, The Victim, The Adventures of Augie March (2003) Novels 19561964: Seize the Day, Henderson the Rain King, Herzog (2007) Novels 19701982: Mr. Sammlers Planet, Humboldts Gift, The Deans December (2010)

Translations Gimpel the Fool (1945) by Isaac Bashevis Singer (trans. by Bellow in 1953)

Non-fiction To Jerusalem and Back (1976), memoir It All Adds Up (1994), essay collection Saul Bellow: Letters, edited by Benjamin Taylor (2010), correspondence

Works about Saul Bellow Saul Bellow's Heart: A Son's Memoir, Greg Bellow, 2013 ISBN 978-1608199952 Saul Bellow, Tony Tanner (1965) (see also his City of Words [1971]) Saul Bellow, Malcolm Bradbury (1982) Saul Bellow Drumlin Woodchuck,Mark Harris, University of Georgia Press. (1982) Saul Bellow: Modern Critical Views, Harold Bloom (Ed.) (1986) Handsome Is: Adventures with Saul Bellow, Harriet Wasserman (1997) Saul Bellow and the Decline of Humanism, Michael K Glenday (1990) Saul Bellow: A Biography of the Imagination, Ruth Miller, St. Martins Pr. (1991) Bellow: A Biography, James Atlas (2000) "Even Later" and "The American Eagle" in Martin Amis, The War Against Clich (2001) are celebratory. The

latter essay is also found in the Everyman's Library edition of Augie March. 'Saul Bellow's comic style': James Wood in The Irresponsible Self: On Laughter and the Novel, 2004. ISBN

0-224-06450-9. The Hero in Contemporary American Fiction: The Works of Saul Bellow and Don DeLillo , Stephanie Halldorson

(2007) Saul Bellow a song, written by Sufjan Stevens on The Avalanche

References[1] University of Chicago accolades National Medal of Arts (http:/ / www-news. uchicago. edu/ resources/ arts/ ). Retrieved 2008-03-08.[2] "Distinguished Contribution to American Letters" (http:/ / www. nationalbook. org/ amerletters. html). National Book Foundation. Retrieved

2012-03-12.[3] (http:/ / nobelprize. org/ nobel_prizes/ literature/ laureates/ 1976/ press. html) Press Release: The Nobel Prize in Literature, 1976, Swedish

Academy[4] Obituary: Saul Bellow (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 1/ hi/ entertainment/ arts/ 1023266. stm) BBC News, Tuesday, 5 April 2005[5] (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2005/ 04/ 06/ books/ 06bellow. html), Mel Gussow and Charles McGrath[2005] , in Saul Bellow, Who Breathed

Life into American Novel, Dies at 89."[6] Arguably: Essays (http:/ / books. google. co. uk/ books?id=2f9ECP49MLIC& pg=PT54& dq=""to+ overcome+ not+ just+ ghetto+

conditions+ but+ also+ ghetto+ psychoses. "& hl=en& sa=X& ei=5xZvUbmjDMbE0QXf84GQBQ& ved=0CEYQ6AEwBA), ChristopherHitchens[2011], "Saul Bellow: The Great Assimilator", Atlantic Books, 2011 ISBN 9780857892577

[7] "Jewish American titan from the ghetto" (http:/ / www. thejc. com/ comment-and-debate/ comment/ 61213/ jewish-american-titan-ghetto) ByChristopher Hitchens, 30 December 30, 2011

[8] Library of America Bellow Novels 19441953 Pg.1000.[9] Mel Gussow and Charles McGrath, Saul Bellow, Who Breathed Life Into American Novel, Dies at 89 (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2005/ 04/

06/ books/ 06bellow. html), The New York Times 6 April 2005. Retrieved 2008-10-21.

Saul Bellow 9

[10] The New York Times obituary, 6 April 2005. "...his birthdate is listed as either June or July 10, 1915, though his lawyer, Mr. Pozen, saidyesterday that Mr. Bellow customarily celebrated in June. (Immigrant Jews at that time tended to be careless about the Christian calendar, andthe records are inconclusive.)"

[11] Saul Bellow, It All Adds Up (Penguin, 2007), pp. 2956.[12] "Isaac Rosenfeld's Dybbuk and Rethinking Literary Biography" (http:/ / www. bu. edu/ partisanreview/ archive/ 2002/ 1/ zipperstein. html),

Zipperstein, Steven J. (2002). Partisan Review 49 (1). Retrieved 2010-10-17.[13] The New York Times obituary, 6 April 2005. "He had hoped to study literature but was put off by what he saw as the tweedy anti-Semitism

of the English department, and graduated in 1937 with honors in anthropology and sociology, subjects that were later to instill his novels."[14] timesonline.co.uk: Saul Bellow, a neocons tale (http:/ / www. timesonline. co. uk/ tol/ news/ article379354. ece)[15] Drew, Bettina. Nelson Algren, A Life on the Wild Side. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991[16] (Life and Works) (http:/ / www. saulbellow. org/ NavigationBar/ LifeandWorks. html). Saul Bellow Journal.[17][17] The New York Times Book Review, 13 December 1981[18] Vogue, March 1982[19] Atlas, James. Bellow: A Biography. New York: Random House, 2000.[20] Jefferson Lecturers (http:/ / www. neh. gov/ whoweare/ jefflect. html) at NEH Website . Retrieved 22 January 2009.[21] 'He was the first true immigrant voice' (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ books/ 2005/ apr/ 10/ fiction. saulbellow) The Observer, Sunday 10

April 2005[22] Wood, James, 'Gratitude', New Republic, 00286583, 25 April 2005, Vol. 232, Issue 15[23] Malin, Irving. Saul Bellow's Fiction. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1969[24] Martin Amis Author of Yellow Dog talks with Robert Birnbaum (http:/ / www. identitytheory. com/ interviews/ birnbaum135. php) 8

December 2003, by Robert Birnbaum[25] Martin Amis Author of Yellow Dog talks with Robert Birnbaum, Identity Theory, December 8, 2003, by Robert Birnbaum[26] 'He was the first true immigrant voice' (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ books/ 2005/ apr/ 10/ fiction. saulbellow) Linda grant, The Observer,

Sunday 10 April 2005[27] Wood, James (1 February 1990) "Private Strife." (http:/ / books. guardian. co. uk/ reviews/ biography/ 0,,99383,00. html) Guardian

Unlimited.[28][28] Rosenbaum, Ron. "Saul Bellow and the Bad Fish." Slate. 3 April 2007[29] Tanenhaus, Sam (February 4, 2007) "Beyond Criticism." New York Times Book Review.[30] Review: The Joan Peters Case (http:/ / links. jstor. org/ sici?sici=0377-919X(198624)15:22. 0. CO;2-W), Edward W. Said,

Journal of Palestine Studies, 15:2 (Winter, 1986), pp. 144150. Retrieved 2008-03-27.[31] The Fate of an Honest Intellectual (http:/ / www. chomsky. info/ books/ power01. htm), Noam Chomsky (2002), in Understanding Power,

The New Press, pp. 244248. Retrieved 2008-03-27.[32] Ahmed, Azam and Ron Grossman (5 October 2007) "Bellow's remarks on race haunt legacy in Hyde Park." (http:/ / archives.

chicagotribune. com/ 2007/ oct/ 05/ image/ chi-bellow05oct05) Chicago Tribune.[33] "National Book Awards 1954" (http:/ / www. nationalbook. org/ nba1954. html). National Book Foundation (NBF). Retrieved

2012-03-03. (With essay by Nathaniel Rich from the Awards 60-year anniversary blog.)[34] "National Book Awards 1965" (http:/ / www. nationalbook. org/ nba1965. html). NBF. Retrieved 2012-03-03. (With acceptance speech

by Bellow and essay by Salvatore Scibona from the Awards 60-year anniversary blog.)[35] "National Book Awards 1971" (http:/ / www. nationalbook. org/ nba1971. html). NBF. Retrieved 2012-03-03. (With essay by Craig

Morgan Teicher from the Awards 60-year anniversary blog.)[36] "History" (http:/ / www. pulitzer. org/ bycat/ History). Past winners & finalists by category. The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved 2012-03-30.

External links Works by Saul Bellow on Open Library at the Internet Archive Works about Saul Bellow (http:/ / worldcat. org/ identities/ lccn-n79-78646) in libraries (WorldCat catalog) Mr. Sammler's City, City Journal, Spring 2008 (http:/ / city-journal. org/ 2008/ 18_2_urb-sammler. html) Nobel site with two speeches (one of which is an audio recording) & longer biography (http:/ / nobelprize. org/

literature/ laureates/ 1976/ index. html) Annotated Bibliography of Criticism (http:/ / saulbellow. org/ NavigationBar/ titlepage. html) by the Saul Bellow

Society Bellow's 1955 autobiographical statement for reference book (http:/ / www. hwwilson. com/ Print/ 10bellowsa.

html) Gordon Lloyd Harper (Winter 1966). "Saul Bellow, The Art of Fiction No. 37" (http:/ / www. theparisreview.

org/ interviews/ 4405/ the-art-of-fiction-no-37-saul-bellow). Paris Review. JM Coetzee on the early novels (http:/ / www. nybooks. com/ articles/ 17110)

Saul Bellow 10

Slate's assortment of other writers' takes on Bellow (http:/ / slate. com/ id/ 2116446), mostly eulogistic Joyce Carol Oates on Saul Bellow (http:/ / www. usfca. edu/ jco/ saulbellow/ ) Saul Bellow 'Bookweb' on literary website The Ledge, with suggestions for further reading. (http:/ / www.

the-ledge. com/ flash/ ledge. php?prsn=65& lan=UK) Blogpost on Bellow's Russian family nameBelo or Belov? (http:/ / www. languagehat. com/ archives/ 001827.

php) Review of Bellow's collected letters (http:/ / www. haaretz. com/ culture/ books/ fine-jewish-whine-1. 336040) Saul Bellow, a neocons tale (http:/ / www. timesonline. co. uk/ article/ 0,,2092-1562185,00. html) by John

Podhoretz Reflections with Saul Bellow (http:/ / www. archive. org/ details/ ReflectionsWithSaulBellow) by Dejan

Stojanovi Saul Bellow's grave, Brattleboro, Vermont (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr&

GRid=10725873) 'Between Fiction and Autobiography' (http:/ / www. oxonianreview. org/ wp/ between-fiction-and-autobiography/

), review of Letters in The Oxonian Review "Leaving the Yellow House" (http:/ / narrativemagazine. com/ issues/ winter-2007/ leaving-yellow-house), a short

story in Narrative Magazine, (Winter 2007). "Bellow and Trotsky" (http:/ / www. berfrois. com/ 2011/ 06/ judie-newman-bellow-and-trotsky/ ), Judie

Newman, Berfrois (http:/ / www. berfrois. com/ ), 1 June 2011

Article Sources and Contributors 11

Article Sources and ContributorsSaul Bellow Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=607103793 Contributors: 140.186.103.xxx, 209.150.29.xxx, 6afraidof7, AKeenEye, Aboudaqn, Aboutmovies, Accotink2,Adochka, Adrian.benko, Airplaneman, Al Silonov, Alex Middleton, All Hallow's Wraith, Andre Engels, Angela, Angr, Anna Roy, Aristophanes68, Arxiloxos, ArzelaAscoli, AshcroftIleum,Avaya1, BD2412, Bearcat, Beetstra, Bellower, Bender235, Benw, Berasategui, Beresford One, Bhadani, Biruitorul, Blanche of King's Lynn, Blondeonblonde, Brokenwit, Brother Bartleby,Calton, Canuck85, Caprosser, CaptainCanada, Charles Matthews, Chisme, Christian Roess, CiscoLeo, ClamDip, Clariosophic, Classicfilms, Clubjuggle, Cmalaspina, Conversion script,Crocodiledundee, Css, D Monack, D6, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, DGtal, Da nurky, Danjryan, Darwinek, DavidCane, Davshul, Dawn Bard, Defrosted, Delirium, Delotrooladoo, Dhbr, Dicdoc,Dimadick, Doctor Johnson, Docu, Dr. Morbius, Dralwik, Dvyost, EPadmirateur, Earl Andrew, Edcolins, El C, Emeraldcityserendipity, Eranb, Everyking, Evil Monkey, Faridounnia, Fat&Happy,Fatboy74, Favonian, Ffffjjja, Fl1942, Focus, FrenchieAlexandre, Fvasconcellos, G-Dett, Gabbe, GabrielF, Gail, Gamaliel, Gavia immer, GcSwRhIc, George Al-Shami, Giachen, Giftlite,Gilabrand, Gmarsden, Goethean, Goldie2223, Gpareja, Graham87, GrahamHardy, GrantNeufeld, Green Cardamom, Greg jinkerson, Griot, Grunge6910, Guat6, Hathawayc, Headbomb, HenryFlower, Hippocamp, Hmains, Homagetocatalonia, Howicus, Ikyork, Infrogmation, Inoculatedcities, Iridescent, Irregulargalaxies, Ishboyfay, Iulianu, JPX7, JaGa, JaJim, Jacj, Jack O'Lantern,Japanese Searobin, Jayjg, Jdavidb, Jeanenawhitney, Jivecat, Joey80, John, John Fancher, John K, JohnnyLurg, Johnpacklambert, Jonaslopes, Josh Parris, Joshdboz, Jpers36, Juicifer, Julia Rossi,Kalki, Kalupinka, Kbdank71, Kevin, Kevinalewis, Khazar2, Kimiko, KingTT, Koavf, Kosher12, Kotzker, Kowalmistrz, Kross, Kukec, L Kensington, LilHelpa, Lockley, Look2See1, Lowellian,M. Alexander, MBisanz, MDCarchives, MTLskyline, Mack2, Malpaso, Manuel Anastcio, MarnetteD, Martarius, Masalai, Mattis, Mav, Mayumashu, Mcshadypl, Megasept, Michael Hardy,Mirv, Mlaffey, Modernist, Mona, Moncrief, Montrealais, Monty Cantsin, Mountain, Mountlovcen8, Mr Stephen, Mthwaite, Myrthe, Natcase, Nick Dillinger, NickCatal, Nikthestunned, Nlu, Obli,Oda Mari, Oliver Chettle, Omphaloscope, Ownlyanangel, P64, PDH, Padrick3, Panda, Paopp, PastAura, Paul Klenk, Perdita, Philip Cross, Philippe, Plaws, Pokrajac, Postcard Cathy, Pristinegoal,PseudoIntellectual, QuartierLatin1968, Rexprimoris, Rich Farmbrough, Rjwilmsi, Robertvan1, RogDel, Rothorpe, Roy Johnson, Russavia, Rydel, Sadads, Santoshpath, Scewing, ScudLee,ShelfSkewed, Shirt58, Shoecream, Shsilver, Sid99, SimonP, Sir Paul, SlimVirgin, Smw543, Srleffler, StanZegel, Stantonesque1, Steppeprins, Sunray, Supergee, Sverdrup, TOO, Tarquin, TedWilkes, Tented, Teply, Tfine80, The wub, Thedavid, Theosopher7, TiMike, Tired time, Tollhurst, Tomas e, Tommy wheel, Tony1, TonyTheTiger, Tpbradbury, Tprwiki, Twas Now, Untwirl,VanceHalldorson, Venk2591, Versus22, Viriditas, Vulturell, Wahabijaz, Wassermann, Weasel75, Wfeidt, Widr, Wikidokman, Williesnow, Woohookitty, Yarikata, Zain, Zeno Gantner,Zenohockey, ZephyrAnycon, , , 322 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Saul Bellow, 1990 (cropped).jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Saul_Bellow,_1990_(cropped).jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0Contributors: MDCarchivesFile:Saul Bellow signature.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Saul_Bellow_signature.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Saul Bellow Created in vector formatby ScewingImage:SaulBellowAndKeithBotsford.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:SaulBellowAndKeithBotsford.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Contributors:Keith Botsford

LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

Saul BellowEarly lifeEducation and early careerReturn to ChicagoNobel PrizeThemes and styleCriticism, controversy and conservative cultural activismAwards and honorsBibliographyNovels and novellasShort story collectionsPlaysLibrary of America editionsTranslationsNon-fiction

Works about Saul BellowReferencesExternal links

License