Satoshi Konishi and Yasushi Yamamoto, Institute for Advanced Energy, Kyoto University Jan.25, 2006

Satoshi Konishi and Yasushi Yamamoto, Institute for Advanced Energy, Kyoto University

Jan.25, 2006

Fusion energy introduction: Impacts on grid and hydrogen production

Contents

1.Introduction of fusion electricity and its impact on grids 2.Hydrogen production by fusion update

US-Japan Workshop on Power Plant Studies and RelatedAdvanced Technologies with EU Participation

Photo by K. Okano

Introduction

In order to maximize the market chance of fusion, we study 0. Socio-economic aspects of fusion 1. Improvement in adoptability to electricity grid 2. Development of hydrogen production process

3. High temperature blanket with SiC-LiPb system.

Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University

1. Study on the impacts on grids1. Study on the impacts on grids

Startup powerStartup power

Grid capacity and sourcesGrid capacity and sources Future trendsFuture trends

Energy flows in fusion reactorEnergy flows in fusion reactor

Q=50, Pi=60MW → auxiliary power ratio = ~13%Q=50, Pi=60MW → auxiliary power ratio = ~13%

Pc ＝ Pi+P

PlasmaQ

BlanketM

Generatore

Driving Systemd

Auxiliary System

anc

P= Pf / 5

Pi = d Pd

Pf + Pi

Pn

MPn

Pnet=(1-)Pe

Pe=ePth

Pth=Pc+MPn

Pd

Paux

Pcir=Pee

60MW0.5

1.13

120MW

3060MW

3372MW

0.41450MW

~5% 80MW

200MW

1250MW

Grid

Grid

Fusion needs power to start and continue to run.Fusion needs power to start and continue to run.


Auxiliary power in power plantsAuxiliary power in power plants

Coal Oil Nuclear Fusion

Control system

Condensate water pump

Cooling water pump

Coal feeder Oil feeding pump

Coal crusher

Exhaust gas treatment system

Current drive / Auxiliary heating

Recirculation pumpMagnet cooling

Tritium handing

Others


Auxiliary power ratio of various systemAuxiliary power ratio of various system

SystemSystem Capacity Capacity [MW][MW]

utilization utilization of facilities of facilities

[%][%]

Auxiliary Auxiliary power ratio power ratio

[%][%]

FusionFusion 1,0001,000 7575 ~13.0~13.0

Nuclear FissionNuclear Fission 1,0001,000 7575 3.43.4

Oil thermalOil thermal 1,0001,000 7575 6.16.1

LNG thermalLNG thermal 1,0001,000 7575 3.53.5

Coal thermalCoal thermal 1,0001,000 7575 7.47.4

HydroHydro 1010 4545 0.250.25

geothermalgeothermal 5555 6060 7.07.0

wind powerwind power 0.10.1 2020 1010

PhotovoltaicPhotovoltaic

utilityutility

homehome

1.01.0

0.0030.003

1515

1515

55

00

Source ：内山洋司；発電システムのライフサイクル分析，研究報告，（財）電力中央研究所 (1995)


Electric GridsElectric Grids

Electricity can not be stored.Electricity can not be stored.Generation must respond to the demand.Generation must respond to the demand.Grid capacity is different for each regionsGrid capacity is different for each regions

United StatesUnited StatesJapanJapanEuropeEuropeAsia Asia

Grid capacity changes time-to-time.Grid capacity changes time-to-time.Response time of the grid is limited.Response time of the grid is limited.


Electric grid capacitiesElectric grid capacities

Physics Today, vol.55, No.4 (2002)

Eastern Grid~500GW

Texas Grid~53GW

Western Grid~140GW

East Japan~80GW

West Japan~100GW

UTPTE~270GW

Thailand~20GW

Vietnam~8GW


Electric Grid in Japan –Structure –Electric Grid in Japan –Structure –

Hokkaido5,345MW

579MW

Tokyo64,300MW

1,356MW

Chubu27,500MW

1,380MW

Hokuriku5,508MW

540MW

Kansai33,060MW

1,180MW

Chugoku12,002MW

820MW

Shikoku5,925MW

890MW

Kyushu17,061MW

1,180MW

Tohoku14,489MW

825MW

600MW

600MW

300MW

West Japan Grid60Hz, ~100GW

Utility NameUtility NameMax. demand (~2003)Max. demand (~2003)Largest Unit (Nuclear)Largest Unit (Nuclear)

DC connectionDC connection

East Japan Grid50Hz, ~80GW

Comb structure due to geographical reasonComb structure due to geographical reason


De

ma

nd

(GW

)

HourHour

Grid capacity is almost a half of maximum at early morning.Grid capacity is almost a half of maximum at early morning.

Requirements different in each country.Requirements different in each country.

Electric Grid in JapanElectric Grid in JapanInstitute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University

Demands in the southasian countriesDemands in the southasian countries

ThailandThailand

Pea

k P

ow

er (

MW

)

VietnamVietnam* Source JBIC report 18

CambodiaCambodia LaosLaos

Pea

k P

ow

er (

MW

)

Pea

k P

ow

er (

MW

)P

eak

Po

wer

(M

W)


Fusion startup powerFusion startup power

Power demand in ITER standard operation scenario

Active power

P = ~300MW

dP/dt = ~230MW/s

Reactive power

Q > 600MVA

by on-site compensation

Qgrid = ~ 400MVA


Power generation controlPower generation control

In Japan, usual value of spinning In Japan, usual value of spinning reserve is ~3% of total generationreserve is ~3% of total generationSpectrum of Demand changeSpectrum of Demand change

TimeTime

Dem

and

Dem

and

Demand curve

Sustained Element

Fringe element

Cyclic element

> ~10min > ~10min ELD or manual ELD or manual

3min< t < 10min 3min< t < 10min AFCAFC

< ~3min < ~3min governorgovernor of each UNIT of each UNIT (spinning reserve)(spinning reserve)

< ~0.1min< ~0.1min

Self-regulatingSelf-regulating


Calculation modelCalculation modelThermal Generator

Demand

100km Transmission Line

Fusion Reactor

Hydroelectric Generator

10km

10km

Reference Capacity : 1000MVATransmission Voltage : 115kVSystem capacity : 7-15GWeImpedance per 100km : 0.0023+j0.0534[p.u.]Capacitance : jY/2 = j0.1076[p.u.]

Calculation modelCalculation modelInstitute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 10 20 30time(sec)

activ

e po

wer(M

W)

Demand of active power

200MW/s

- 0.16- 0.14- 0.12- 0.10- 0.08- 0.06- 0.04- 0.020.00

0 20 40 60 80time(sec)

frequ

ency

(Hz)

12GWe系統

56GWe系統

Frequency deviation

Frequency deviation by Fusion reactor Frequency deviation by Fusion reactor startupstartup

12GWe Grid12GWe Grid

56GWe Grid56GWe Grid


- 0.5

- 0.4

- 0.3

- 0.2

- 0.1

0.0

0 20 40 60time(sec)

frequ

ency

(Hz) 5MW/ sec

23MW/ sec

77MW/ sec230MW/ sec

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 20 40 60time(sec)

activ

e po

wer(M

W) 5MW/ sec

23MW/ sec

77MW/ sec

230MW/ sec

Grid Capacity ： 8.3GWe

Deviation becomes small with decrease of load variation rateThere exists large difference between 23MW/s and 77MW/sAt 5MW/s, generators response to the load increase.

Load variation pattern

Effects of load variation time Effects of load variation time

Frequency deviation


Influence to the power gridInfluence to the power grid Maximum Frequency Fluctuation [Hz] for 7GW gridMaximum Frequency Fluctuation [Hz] for 7GW grid

Load change rate [MW/s] Load change rate [MW/s]

2323 7777 230230

Pe

ak Loa

d P

eak Lo

ad

[MW

][M

W]

130130 0.050.05 0.070.07 0.080.08

230230 0.080.08 0.150.15 0.160.16

330330 0.110.11 0.300.30 0.330.33

Maximum Frequency Fluctuation [Hz] for 15GW gridMaximum Frequency Fluctuation [Hz] for 15GW grid

Load change rate [MW/s] Load change rate [MW/s]

2323 7777 230230

330330 0.030.03 0.050.05 0.060.06


- 1.2- 1.0- 0.8- 0.6- 0.4- 0.20.0

0 20 40 60 80time(sec)

freq

uenc

y(H

z)

5MW/ sec23MW/ sec77MW/ sec230MW/ sec

- 1.2- 1.0- 0.8- 0.6- 0.4- 0.20.0

0 20 40 60 80time(sec)

freq

uenc

y(H

z)

5MW/ sec

23MW/ sec

77MW/ sec230MW/ sec

Maximum load : 230MW

・ When maximum load exceeds some value, large frequency deviation is observed.　　（ Setting of spinning reserve configuration largely affects ）・ If variation rate is small, 330MW demand which is almost same as spinning reserve capacity, does not cause large frequency deviation.

Effects of maximum load value Effects of maximum load value

Grid Capacity ： 8.3GWe

Maximum load : 330MW


The grid capacity of 10-20GW is required to supply startup The grid capacity of 10-20GW is required to supply startup power of ITER like fusion reactor. In the small grid, more than power of ITER like fusion reactor. In the small grid, more than the usual value (3% of total capacity) of spinning reserve is the usual value (3% of total capacity) of spinning reserve is required required

The influence also depends on the grid configuration, as The influence also depends on the grid configuration, as response time of each power unit is different.response time of each power unit is different.

Response speedResponse speed

HydroHydro fast 10~50%/minfast 10~50%/min

OilOil 5%/min 5%/min

CoalCoal slow 1%/min slow 1%/min

NuclearNuclear not allowed now in Japannot allowed now in Japan

Solar/WindSolar/Wind No responseNo response

Effects of grid configurationEffects of grid configurationInstitute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University

Fusion role in the gridFusion role in the grid

Thailand Thailand Japan Japan

Solar/WindSolar/Wind

CoalCoal

OilOil

GasGas

HydroHydro


FusionFusion

CoalCoal

OilOil

GasGas

HydroHydro


FissionFission

CoalCoal

OilOil

GasGas

HydroHydro


FissionFission

FusionFusion

CoalCoal

OilOil

GasGas

HydroHydro


Difference in Grid CompositionDifference in Grid Composition

Kansai, night 　： 14GWeKansai, daytime 　： 30GWeThai 　　： 15GWe

Composition of grid

Frequency change

Grid Capacity

・ Grid in Thailand is smaller than Kansai, but has more capacity to accept fusion load.

Change of the Load200MW, 200MW/sec


0

5

10

1520

25

30

35

Kansai,night Kansai,day Thai

outp

ut(G

W) Nuclear

HydroFossil fire

-0.16-0.14-0.12-0.10-0.08-0.06-0.04-0.020.00

0 10 20 30time(sec)

frequ

ency

(Hz)

Kansai, NightKansai, daytime

Thai

・ Large and fast load affects grid. Small capacity cannot respond.

Starting fusion plant can be a major impact on Starting fusion plant can be a major impact on some small grids.some small grids.

- fusion must minimize startup demand.- fusion must minimize startup demand.

Response and reserve of the grid are different.Response and reserve of the grid are different.

- grids in developing countries could be suitable - grids in developing countries could be suitable for fusion introduction.for fusion introduction.

Fusion must study the characteristics of futureFusion must study the characteristics of future

customers.customers.

study “best mix” for each country.study “best mix” for each country.

Conclusion and suggestionsConclusion and suggestionsInstitute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University

・ Carbon-free fuels required－　 Exhausting fossil resources－　 Global warming and CO2 emission

・ Future fuel use　　－　 Fuel cells for automobile　　－　 aircrafts

・ Dispersed electricity system　　－　 Cogeneration　　－　 Fuel cell, 　　－　 micro gas turbine

(could be other synthetic fuels)　

Hydrogen market

Aircraft

Automobile


21000

5

10

15

20

25

2000 2020 2040 2060 2080Year

ElectricitySolid FuelLiquid FuelGaseous Fuel

Ener

gy d

eman

d(G

TOE)

Example of Outlook of Global Energy Consumption by IPCC92a

Market 3 times larger than electricity

Substitute fewer than electricity source


◯Processing capacity　・ 4240t ／ h waste 280t of H2◯endothermic reaction converts both biomass and fusion into fuel.　・ 2.5GWt 5.1GWe equivalent with FC(@70%) 　　

Fusion can produce Hydrogen

2120 t/h

H2 280 t/h

600℃

FusionReactor2.5 ＧＷｔｈ

biomassCO 2.0E+06 kg/hH2 1.4E+05 kg/h

CO2 3.1E+06 kg/h

ChemicalReactor

Heat exchange,Shift reaction

cooler

Turbine

Steam(640 t/h)He

1.16E+07 kg/h

H2O

Proposed reaction : (C6H10O5 )+H2O+814kJ = 6CO+6H2

6CO+6H2O = 6H2+6CO218.6Mt/y waste←60Mt/inJapanFeeds 1.1M FCV /day or 17M FCV/year*

(*assuming 6kg/day

or 460g/year, MITI,Japan)

From 3GW heat efficiency electricity Energyconsumption

Hydrogenproduction

300C-electrolysis 1GW 28 6kJ/ mol 25 t / h900C-SPE electrolysis 1 .5GW 23 1kJ/ mol 44t /h900C-vapor electrolysis 1 .5GW 18 1kJ/ mol 56t /h

33 %50 %50 %

900C-biomass ーー 60 kJ/ mol 34 0t / h

Energy Eficiency

◯amount of produced hydrogen from unit heat　・ low temperature （３００℃） generation 　　　 → conventional electrolysis　・ high temperature （９００℃） generation　　　→ vapor electrolysis　・ high temperature （９００℃） → thermochemical production 　


Conversion of Cellulose by HeatInstitute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University

n(C6H10O5) + mH2O H2 + CO + HCs

0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

700 800 900 1000 1100Temperature [℃]

Gas

pro

duct

ion [

×10

-3m

ol]

H2

CO

CH4CO2

Gas flow rate 85ml/sCellulose0.15gVapor concentration 4%

Convers

ion r

ati

o

50%

Current result is 37% conversion efficiency, w/o catalyst.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000time[s]

Th

e ga

s ge

ner

atio

n r

ates

[vol

.%]

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

COCO2CH4H2Tempareture

Heat BalanceInstitute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University

Absorbed heat was measured with endothermic reaction.

Estimated heat efficiency was ca. 50%. (not limited by Carnot efficiency)

Measure heat transfer was19 kw/m2.

-80

-30

20

70

120

170

220

270

320

0 50 100 150 200

[Time]

[Tem

pera

ture d

iffe

ren

ce d

ue t

o e

nd

oth

erm

ic r

ea

cti

on

]

8/10-0.05g

8/10-0.15g

8/10-0.3g

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

(C6H10O5)[g]

Hea

t q

ua

nti

ty o

f en

do

therm

ic

rea

cti

on

[kJ

] (8/10mm) (17/19mm)

100% H2 Generated H2

Hydrogen Production by Fusion

Fusion can provide both high temperature heat and electricity - Applicable for most of hydrogen production processes

There may be competitors…As Electricity　 -water electrolysis, SPE electrolysis 　 : renewables, LWR　 -Vapor electrolysis : HTGR

As heat　 -Steam reforming:HTGR(800C), -membrane reactor:FBR(600C)　 -IS process :HTGR(950C)　 -biomass decomposition: HTGR

　　


Reactor DesignInstitute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University

Reference reactor design Heat transfer pipes : 20mm diameter Heat exchange surface : 12.5m2/m3 Per unit volume. Height : 20m (reaction section : 10m) Diameter : 10m Heat flux : 19kw/m2 Total heat consumption : 170MW Processing rate :80t/hr (at 100% conversion) of cellulose (dry weight): 210t/hr (at 40% conversion)H2 production rate : 11 t/hr(at 100% efficiency) 4 t/hr(at 30% efficiency)

He (high temperature)

Waste Feed(×4)

High temperature steam

Product (CO+H2) gas

HeChar

With fusion reactor generating 2.5GW heat,

25 of above reactor can be operated.

Energy Source Options

　　　　　　　　　　　　 renewables 　 LWR 　 fusion(HTGR) FBR 　Conv.electrolysis ○ 　　　　　○　　　　　　○　　　　　　 ○Vapor electrolysis × 　　　　　 × 　　　　　　○ ×IS process × 　　　　　 × 　　　　　　○ ×Steam reforming × 　　　　　 × 　　　　　　○　　　　　　 ?Biomass hydrogen × 　　　　　 × 　　　　　　○　　　　　　 ?

For hydrogen production, some energy sources provide limited options.


Renewables (PV, wind, hydro) cannot provide heat.LWR temperature not suitable for chemical process.

Fusion (with high temperature blanket) has stronger advantage in hydrogen production applications.

Advantage of fusion over other energy

○Possible high temperature　・ impossible for PV, wind or LWRs.　・ higher than FBR.　・ Equivalent to HTGR.


○Site and location, deployment in developing country　・ less limitation of nuclear fuel cycle, nuclear proliferation.　・ while nuclear policies differ by the governments, fusion is internationally pursued.　・ possible location near industrial area.　・ independent from natural circumstance.

Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto UniversityUse of Fusion Heat

Blanket option temperature technology efficiency challenge

WCPB 300 ℃ 　　 Rankine 33% proven

HCPB/HCLL ~500℃ 　 Rankine ~40% proven

Supercritical 500 ℃ 　　 SCW >40% available

DCLL ~700 SC-CO2 ~50% GEN-IV℃

LL-SiC 900 ℃ SC-CO2 50% IHX?

900 ℃ Brayton ~60% GEN-IV

900℃ H2 ?? ??

Blanket and generation technology combinationrequires more consideration.

Development of SiC-based intermediate heat exchanger started.

mill

/kW

h

65

92

109125

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100

year

Poss

ible

Intr

oduc

tion

pric

e

145

Fusion is introduced into the market at this crossover probably with fossil.

When fusion will be used?Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University

Possible introduction price of Fusion : increases with time as fossil price increases.

Current target of the development

year

pric

e

technology

resource

renewable

Investment and contribution factor

・ various sponsors provide funding・ fusion must look for sponsors from future market. is it electricity?

1960

transfer

６．２％For R&D

industry

utilityResearchinstitute

Basic research

Fission reactor casesales

Further competitivenessimprovements

commercialization

Researchinstitutes


basic

5.4%

2.4%

1.9%

1.4%

4.0%

5.9%

5.7%

6.8%

8.4%

14.7%

8.1%

6.3%

4.0%

5.4%

5.8%

2.7%

4.0%

0.7%

59.3%

68.4%

78.0%

85.0%

71.6%

66.7%

83.8%

73.5%

95.1%

40.7%

31.6%

22.0%

15.0%

28.4%

33.2%

16.3%

26.6%

5.0%

26.0%

23.5%

15.7%

11.0%

23.0%

27.4%

13.6%

22.6%

4.3%

R&D/total sales

Basicresearch

appliedresearch

commercial

developmentIndustry

Chemical

ceramics

steel

Metal

machinery

electricalElectronic/instruments

Fine machinery

softwares

Research contribution

R&D budget to total sales

ConclusionInstitute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University

Socio-economic study suggests more advantages andTechnical challenges for fusion. For electricity generation, characteristics of fusion shouldbe improved in terms of grid operation.

Hydrogen production has advantage, but needs significant development. -market study -components and processes -material, tritium contamination

High temperature blanket and energy application may bekey issues.

What will happen in Reactor Design Studies

International activities toward DEMO - Updated plasma data from physics - Concepts on timetable (within 25 years?) - “Broader Approach” activity

Needs to respond to Socio-Economic requirements - safety - electricity cost and quality - hydrogen production Correlated technology developments - high temperature blankets - power conversion - high temperature divertor - tritium compatible power train


Documents

Satoshi Konishi and Yasushi Yamamoto, Institute for Advanced Energy, Kyoto University Jan.25, 2006