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(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
INTRODUCTION AND INTRODUCTION AND IMPROVEMENT OF POST- IMPROVEMENT OF POST-
HARVEST AND GRAIN STORAGE HARVEST AND GRAIN STORAGE SYSTEMS IN THE BAY REGION-SYSTEMS IN THE BAY REGION-
SOMALIASOMALIAPresented at the Regional Workshop on Dryland Presented at the Regional Workshop on Dryland
Farming Practices in Emergency and Post-Farming Practices in Emergency and Post-Emergency ContextEmergency Context
October 6-7, 08October 6-7, 08Nairobi, KenyaNairobi, Kenya
HUSSEIN HAJIHUSSEIN HAJI
(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
OVERVIEWOVERVIEW
IntroductionIntroductionPost-harvest lossesPost-harvest lossesGrain storage systemsGrain storage systemsExperiences and lessons learned from other Experiences and lessons learned from other
regions within the country using improved regions within the country using improved storage systemstorage system
A proposed plan for improving post-harvest A proposed plan for improving post-harvest and storage losses in the in the Bay Regionand storage losses in the in the Bay Region
(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
IntroductionIntroduction
Sorghum is the major Sorghum is the major crop crop
Production is low due Production is low due to to:to to: Moisture stressMoisture stress Lack of inputsLack of inputs Pre-harvest Pre-harvest
constraintsconstraints Post-harvest and Post-harvest and
storage limitations storage limitations
(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
Post-harvest LossesPost-harvest Losses
Post-harvest and storage grain losses are Post-harvest and storage grain losses are estimated as 20-30% of the total production. estimated as 20-30% of the total production.
In Southern Somalia, this translates to economic In Southern Somalia, this translates to economic losses ranging between 50,000 and 80,000 losses ranging between 50,000 and 80,000 tones per year tones per year
corresponding to an estimated value of US$ 15 corresponding to an estimated value of US$ 15 and 25 million, respectively. and 25 million, respectively.
These losses are mainly due to lack of proper These losses are mainly due to lack of proper handling of the crop soon after harvest and the handling of the crop soon after harvest and the use of the traditional storage structures use of the traditional storage structures
(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
Grain Storage systemsGrain Storage systems
I- traditional I- traditional Underground pits – Underground pits –
most commonly usedmost commonly used
II- OthersII- Others SacksSacks Drums (metal and Drums (metal and
plastic)plastic) bagsbags
(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
Tradition Storage systemTradition Storage system
Factors contributing to grain storage losses Factors contributing to grain storage losses in underground pits: in underground pits: TemperatureTemperatureHumidityHumidity
Higher temperature and higher humidity provide Higher temperature and higher humidity provide optimum conditions for disease development optimum conditions for disease development and spreadand spread
(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
Tradition Storage systemTradition Storage system
ProblemsProblems Migration of moisture from Migration of moisture from
the surrounding soil wallsthe surrounding soil walls Exposed to heavy rains Exposed to heavy rains
and floodsand floods Development of fungi and Development of fungi and
insectsinsects Conducive conditions for Conducive conditions for
rodentsrodents Multiplication of fungi Multiplication of fungi
called Aspergillus – deadly called Aspergillus – deadly to humansto humans
(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
Tradition Storage systemTradition Storage system
Grain discolorationGrain discolorationLoss of grain quantity and quality traitsLoss of grain quantity and quality traits
(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
Tradition Storage systemTradition Storage system
Post-emergency study conducted in the Bay Post-emergency study conducted in the Bay Region by GTZ indicate that in all tested Region by GTZ indicate that in all tested pits, moisture and temperature were pits, moisture and temperature were conducive for fungal development, conducive for fungal development, therefore, grains had potential aflatoxins therefore, grains had potential aflatoxins contaminationcontamination
(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
Tradition Storage systemTradition Storage system
How to improve the traditional system?How to improve the traditional system?1.1. Improving post-harvest practicesImproving post-harvest practices
2.2. Improving the storage systemImproving the storage system
(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
Tradition Storage systemTradition Storage system
I. Improving post-harvest practicesI. Improving post-harvest practicesMoulded and damaged grain should be Moulded and damaged grain should be
separatedseparated Improved sun dryingImproved sun dryingRapid collection in case of excessive rainRapid collection in case of excessive rainTransportation (grain damage and spelling)Transportation (grain damage and spelling)Packing, loading and handlingPacking, loading and handling
(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
Tradition Storage systemTradition Storage system
II. Improving the II. Improving the traditional systemtraditional system Coating pit wall with Coating pit wall with
maize/sorghum sticks maize/sorghum sticks or plastic sheetsor plastic sheets
Digging drainage Digging drainage system around the pitssystem around the pits
Establishment of pits Establishment of pits in elevated positionin elevated position
(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
Experience and lessons learnedExperience and lessons learned
Storage in drums and plastic containersStorage in drums and plastic containers Gaining popularity in parts of southern Somalia Gaining popularity in parts of southern Somalia
and Somaliland)and Somaliland) Inaccessible to rodents, efficient against insects Inaccessible to rodents, efficient against insects
and sealed against entry of waterand sealed against entry of water Grain conserve their market quality and value for Grain conserve their market quality and value for
up to 5 yearsup to 5 years Significant reduction in post-harvest lossesSignificant reduction in post-harvest losses In 2007, 78% of the beneficiary farmers in In 2007, 78% of the beneficiary farmers in
Somaliland were found utilizing the new drum Somaliland were found utilizing the new drum systemsystem
(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
Experience and lessons learnedExperience and lessons learned
Disadvantages:Disadvantages: Limited capacity Limited capacity
(max. 200 kg)(max. 200 kg) In high agriculture In high agriculture
potential areas like potential areas like the Bay region, bigger the Bay region, bigger storage capacity will storage capacity will be required be required
(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
Household metal silosHousehold metal silos Proposed storage Proposed storage
technology for the Bay technology for the Bay RegionRegion
Similar in concept to the Similar in concept to the drum storagedrum storage
Has been tested in many Has been tested in many countries with measurable countries with measurable successsuccess
It has helped many African It has helped many African countries reduce storage countries reduce storage losseslosses
It can be built locally with It can be built locally with different sizes of storage different sizes of storage capacitycapacity
(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
Household metal silosHousehold metal silos
It’s simple, efficient It’s simple, efficient and can store grain and can store grain for longer period of for longer period of time without altering time without altering grain qualitygrain quality
Will farmers to store Will farmers to store grain and sell product grain and sell product when the market price when the market price is highis high
(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
Household metal silosHousehold metal silos
Target groupsTarget groupsThe farmers within the project areaThe farmers within the project area artisans/craftsmenartisans/craftsmenSomali agriculture professionals and Somali agriculture professionals and
technicians involved in the implementation of technicians involved in the implementation of the actionthe action
(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
Household metal silosHousehold metal silos
The process:The process:Train master trainers on silos constructionTrain master trainers on silos constructionTrain artigans from different villagesTrain artigans from different villagesOrganize field tours and demonstrationsOrganize field tours and demonstrationsTrain farmers on proper use of the silosTrain farmers on proper use of the silosEstablishment of artigan centresEstablishment of artigan centresPromotion of the new technology through Promotion of the new technology through
available media outletsavailable media outlets
(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
SummarySummary
Improvement of pos-harvest and storage Improvement of pos-harvest and storage facilities are cost effective and contribute to food facilities are cost effective and contribute to food securitysecurity
Improved storage will allow a continues supply Improved storage will allow a continues supply of food throughout the year either for domestic of food throughout the year either for domestic consumption or for tradeconsumption or for trade
It will provide a reserve for contingencies such It will provide a reserve for contingencies such as drought as drought
Allow the farmers to sell at a time when prices Allow the farmers to sell at a time when prices are favorableare favorable
Will reduce the exposure to aflatoxinsWill reduce the exposure to aflatoxins
(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
THANK YOU