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Chapter 47 VECTOR AUTOREGRESSIONS AND COINTEGRATION* MARK W. WATSON Northwestern University and Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago Contents Abstract 2844 1. Introduction 2844 2. Inference in VARs with integrated regressors 2848 2.1. Introductory comments 2848 2.2. An example 2848 2.3. A useful lemma 2850 2.4. Continuing with the example 2852 2.5. A general framework 2854 2.6. Applications 2860 2.7. Implications for econometric practice 2866 3. Cointegrated systems 2870 3.l. Introductory comments 2870 3.21 Representations for the I(1) cointegrated model 2870 3.3. Testing for cointegration in I(1) systems 2876 3.4. Estimating cointegrating vectors 2887 3.5. The role of constants and trends 2894 4. Structural vector autoregressions 2898 4.1. Introductory comments 2898 4.2. The structural moving average model, impulse response functions and variance decompositions 2899 4.3. The structural VAR representation 2900 4.4. Identification of the structural VAR 2902 4.5. Estimating structural VAR models 2906 References 2910 *The paper has benefited from comments by Edwin Denson, Rob Engle, Neil Ericsson, Michael Horvath, Soren Johansen, Peter Phillips, Greg Reinsel, James Stock and students at Northwestern University and Studienzentrum Gerzensee. Support was provided by the National Science Foundation through grants SES-89-10601 and SES-91-22463. Handbook of Econometrics, Volume IV, Edited by R.F. Engle and D.L. McFadden © 1994 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved

saspol caves a0 - archresearch.tugraz.at · Buddhist Architecture in the Western Himalaya The Drikung Kagyu (’Bri-gung bKa’-brgyud) school of Tibetan Buddhism was foun-ded at

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Buddhist Architecture in the Western Himalaya

The Drikung Kagyu (’Bri-gung bKa’-brgyud) school of Tibetan Buddhism was foun-ded at Drikung in Central Tibet by the Drikung Rinpo-che Jigten Gönpo (’Bri-gung Rin-po-che ’Jig-rten-mgon-po, 1143–1217). Focusing on meditative prac-tice, the Drikung school also concentrated its activities from its earliest days in the region around Mount Kai-lash in West Tibet.While after a century of poli-tical dominance the school lost its primary position in Central Tibet, in Ladakh it has continued to be promi-nent to the present day. The numerous monuments pertaining to this school pre-served in Ladakh date from the earliest phase of Drikung influence to the present day, making the Drikung tradi-tion the oldest in the region and Ladakh the region pre-serving the major part of its cultural heritage.Even during the lifetime of Drikung Rinpoche the influ-ence of this school became manifest in the art of the region. In a lineage preser-ved on the third storey of the Alchi Sumtsek (gSum-brt-segs) Drikung Rinpoche is mentioned as the last in the lineage, making the temple relatively well dateable to the early 13th century (ca. 1200–1220). In addition, the later temples of the Alchi Group of monuments, at least the gSum-brtsegs and the two mchod-rten of Alchi as well as the Assembly Hall of Sumda Chung, already show some Central Tibetan influence in their iconogra-phy and the depiction of the priests (Luczanits, 1998).During the 13th and 14th centuries the small West Tibetan kingdoms and their monasteries became part of the newly established schools of Tibetan Buddhism and their political quarrels. Although very little is known of regional history for these centuries the western Hima-layas apparently served as a stronghold for the Drikung order.Besides a temple at Lamay-uru, a major centre of the school today, numerous temples were founded provi-ding evidence that the school had established itself in the region. Important early foun-dations are particularly fre-quent in Lower Ladakh, in the region around Lamayuru, for example the early temples preserved at Wanla, Kanji, Lamayuru, Alchi, Saspol and Phyang.

Text: Christian LuczanitsFotos: Neuwirth / Luczanits / Auer

The Caves of SaspolFWF - FSP - University of Vienna / University of Technology Graz / Holger Neuwirth

ground plan of the 1° cave

Layout Carmen Auer c Jänner 2006 / www.archresearch.tugraz.at

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ground plan of the 2° cave ground plan of the 3° cave ground plan of the 4° cave

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