idrÓ

2014

m%ldYkh

uOHu m<df;a ixialD;sl lghq;+ fomd¾;fïka;+j

i

2014 j¾Ih12 jeks l,dmh

ljrfha Ñ;%h( yÕ=rkafl; fmd;a.=,a úydrfha .,a W¿jiai

uqøKh(Tuelaia uqøKd,h - uykqjr

ii

ixialdrl igyk

m<d;a iNd l%uh furgg y÷kajdoS fï jk úg oYl follg wêl ld,hla .;ù

;sfí¡ tu iïmQ¾K ld, mßÉfþoh uq¿,af,ysoSu tlsfkl m<d;a iNd uÕska ish mßmd,k

lghq;=j,g wod< m%ldYk b;d jeä jYfhka m<fldg we;s kuq;a lsisÿ m<d;a iNdjla úiska

fujeks jd¾Isl Ydia;%Sh m%ldYkhla ksl+;a lrk nj olakg fkd,efí¡ tu lreKska

muKlau jqj;a uOHu m<d;a iNdj úiska m<lrkq ,nk —idrÒ˜ kue;s fuu jdr

m%ldYkfhys mj;akd úfYaI;ajh l+ulaoehs hkak myiqfjka flfkl=g jgyd .; yelsh¡

fuu Ydia;%Sh iÕrdfjys fodf<dia jeks l,dmh f,ig fuh m<lsÍug bvlv

ie,fikafkao tu úfYaI;ajh ksidu nj b;d i;+áka i|yka lruq¡

fun÷ jeo.;alulska hqla; fuu Ydia;%Sh iÕrdj m<lsÍu i|yd ish fkduiqre

wkq.%yh ksr;+rej ,ndfok uOHu m<d;a iNdjg iïnkaO lsysm fokd ms<sn|j fuysoS

úfYaIfhka isysm;a lsÍu w;HdjYHh¡ YS% ,xldfõ úYajúoHd,j," uOHu m<df;a msysá mdie,a

mqia;ld,j," fmdÿ mqia;ld,j, iy oyï mdie,aj, msysá mqia;ld,j, Ndú;h i|yd

fkdñf,a ,ndoSug úfYaIfhka ie<iqï fldg jd¾Islj m<lrkq ,nk fuu iÕrdj uOHu

m<df;a wdKavqldr OQrkaor .re álsrs fldínElvqj ue;s;=udf.a" uOHu m<df;a m%Odk

wud;H ir;a talkdhl ue;s;=udf.a iy m%Odk f,alï tï' tia' fma%ujxY uy;audf.a yd

m%Odk wud;HdxY f,alï mS' î' úchr;ak uy;audf.a fukau m<d;a ixialD;sl lghq;=

wOHlaI whs'tï' fiakdkdhl uy;audf.a mQ¾K lemùfuka yd wëlaIKfhka mj;ajd f.k

hk iÕrdjla nj;a fuu l,dmh i|ydo tu mia fokdf.ka Wmrsudldrfhys odhl;ajhla

iy iyfhda.hla ,enqKq nj;a b;d i;+áka i|yka lruq¡ fuu i;ald¾hh Ndrj isák à' tï'

ã' fla' r;akdhl uy;df.ka fï i|yd ,enqKq iyfhda.h iy Wkkaÿj w.h lsÍugo fuh

wjia:djla lr .ksuq¡

uOHu m<d;a iNdfõ w;sYh wk¾> m%cd i;aldrhla jk fuu iÕrdj i|yd úúO

;rd;srfï mdGlhska /ilf.ka b,a¨ula mj;akd kuq;a úYajúoHd, yd mdie,a <uqka i|yd

úfYaIfhka m<flfrk jdr m%ldYkhla jk neúka fuu iÕrdj iEu wxYhlskau

;;ajfhka by< ks¾udKhla f,i m<lsÍug yels Wmßu W;aidyhla .;suq¡ wka;¾.;

lreKqj, muKla fkdj NdIdj yd jHdlrK kS;SÍ;s ms<sn|j;a fuysoS yels Wmßudldrhlska

wm ie,ls,su;a ùuQ¡ tneúka m<mqreÿ f,aLlhskaf.ka iy úYajúoHd, wdpd¾hjrekaf.ka

,sms ,nd .ekSu flfrys fujr;a úfYaI Wkkaÿjla olajd we;s w;r wdOqksl f,aLlhska

Èßu;a lsßfï wruqKska tjeks lsysm fofkl+go fuys wjia:djla ,nd ÿksuq¡ b;sydih"

mqrdúoHdj" ixialD;sh" wd.u" idys;Hh iy l,dj jeks úúO úIhhka w<,d rpkd fldg

we;s tu iEu ,smsshlau b;d by< Ydia;S%h w.hlska hqla; nj wm b;d i;+áka i|yka lruq¡

tneúka fuu l,dmh i|yd tu wk¾> ,sms fm< b;d flá l,lska imhd ÿka f,aLl

uvq,a,g ia;+;s lsÍug;a fuh wm wjia:djla lr .ksuq¡ idrÒ hkq ud¾f.damfoaYlhd hk

wre; we;s mohla jk neúka fuys we;=<;a jk ,sms lsheùug muKla iSud fkdù fujeks

Ydia;S%h ,sms f,aLk rpkd lsÍu i|yd wjYH fmr mqyqKqjo fuuÕska mdie,a isiqkg yd

wkd.; mrmqrg ,efíjdhs hkq wmf.a tlu m%d¾:kdjhs¡

m%Odk ixialdrl

uydpd¾h uyskao fidau;s,l

iii

WmfoaYlm<d;a ixialD;sl lghq;= wOHlaI

whs'tï'fiakdkdhl

m%Odk ixialdrluydpd¾h uyskao fidau;s,l

iyh ixialdrljreà'tï' ã' fla' r;akdhlà'tï'kdñKs nKavdrchdks .=Kr;akmS'Ô' r;ak;s,l ueKsfla

úuiquixialD;sl lghq;= fomd¾;fïka;+j

uOHu m<d;a iNdj - uykqjrÿrl:kh( 081-2238476

fuys we;=<;a fldg ;sfnk ish¨ ,smsj, i|yka lreKqj, j.lSu wod< f,aLlhska i;=jk w;r

tajdhska m%ldYlhskaf.a fyda ixialdrjrekaf.a fyda woyia ms<sônq fkdjk nj lreKdfjka i,lkak

iv

v

uOHu m<d;a m%Odk yd ixialD;sl weu;s;=udf.a iqNme;=ï mKsúvh

fodf<dia jk jrg;a wm yuqjg meñfKk zidrÓZ fjkqfjka iqn me;Sug

,eîu uy;a i;=gg lreKla jkafka yqfola iïm%odhhla jYfhka muKlau

fkdfõ' j¾Ihla mdid fkdfhla lafIa;%hkays m%ùKhkaf.a m¾fhaIK u; mokï

jQ kejqï f;dr;=re iuqodhla tys leájk nj fyd`Èka okakd neúks' tneúka fujr

idrÓ Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh 2014 j¾Ifha jmq< ìcq jáka fk<d .kq ,nk idr

wiajekaklau fjhs'

wm idvïnr b;sydihlg Wreulï lshkafka;a" ta ms<sn`o ksrka;r

idlÉPdjkag fhduqjkafka;a idys;H yd mqrdúoHd;aul jYfhkq;a" ckY%e;s

jYfhkq;a úúO wdldrfhka ta oekqï iïNdrhka iqrlaIs;j we; neúks' je<,S .sh

oekqï iïNdrh Bg jvd fnfyúka jeäúh yels kuqÿ fYaIj we;s m%udKh mjd wm

cd;sfha fm%!V;ajh ;r lrk idOlfhda fj;a' tneúka oekqu iqrlaIs;lrKh

j¾;udkhg fukau wkd.;hgo fnfyúka M,odhS wdfhdackhls' bka w¾:j;a

flfrkqfha tla mrïmrdjla i;= w;aoelSï yd {dk .fõIKhka ;j;a mrmqrla

fj; Ndrlr ,Sfï ioald¾hhhs' zidrÒZYdia;%Sh ix.%yh wdrïN lrk ,oafoao fï

W;=ï wruqK bgqlsÍfï wNs,dIfhks' bl=;a tfldf<dia jirla foi kej; yeÍ

n,kafkl=g fï wruqK flf;la idOkSh ù we;soehs jgyd .; yels jkq we;'

uOHu m<d;a iNdj oekqñka imsß mrmqrl ìysùu ksrka;rfhka m%d¾:kh

lrhs' udkj iïmf;ys w.h ;SrKh jkqfha yqfola tys ixLHd;aul j¾Okfhka

muKla fkdfõ' Tjqka flfrys wka;¾.; nqoaêuh l=i,;djkayso iajrEmh

fya;=fjks' nqoaêu;a udkj iïm;la ìyslsÍu msKsi hym;a foa lshjk" .%yKh

lrk yd th uekeúka m%dfhda.sl lrk uÜgula lrd iudch /f.k hd hq;=h'

fndfyda ksr¾:l oE nyq, iudchl wre;a nr oE Tjqka fj; ióm l< hq;=h' ta

Wfoid wmf.a tla jHdhduhls zidrÒZ'

udf.a wud;HdxYfha úIh m:hg .efkk ixialD;sl lghq;= ms<sn`oj jk

fuu .%ka:h iïmdokh lsrsu i`oyd jd¾Islj lghq;= lrk m<d;a ixialD;sl

wOHlaI;=uka we;=¿ ld¾h uKav,fha iyfhda.fhkao tys lghq;= fkdwvqj

bgqùu i;=gg lreKls' ish jákd ld,h lemlrñka fï i`oyd wjYH Ydia;%Sh ,sms

iïmdokh l< úoaj;=kao" fodia ksfodia lrñka ukd ixialrKhl ksr; jQ

fmardfoKs úYajúoHd,fha b;sydi wOHhk wxYfha wxYdêm;s uydpd¾h uyskao

fidau;s,l ue;s;=ukao fï fudfydf;a f.!rjfhka isysm;a lrk w;r idrÓ idr

ix.%yh 12 jk jrg;a t<soelaùu ms<sn`o udf.a iqNdYsxik mqo lrñ'

ir;a talkdhluOHu m<d;a m%Odk yd ixialD;sl wud;H

mgqk

ixialdrl igyk

1¡ uOHu l÷lrfha ngysr uqyqKf;a mQ¾j yd uq,a ft;sydisl miqìuwd¾'ã' wreK Ydka;

2¡ › ,xld b;sydifha W!KmQrl( jxil;d Ndú;fhysoS we;sjk .eg¨ fk¨ï ch;s,l

3¡ merKs › ,xldfõ nÿ m%;sm;a;sh iy Bg wod< kS;srS;s tka'ta' úu,fiak yEf,da.u

4¡ fmdf<dkakre l;sldj; ms<sn| ft;sydisl ú.%yhlauÿrdj, fidaNs; ysñ

5¡ fmdf<dkakre hq.fhysoS rdc;ajh i`oyd jQ wr., iy NslaIqjf.a l%shd l,dmh

ta 'tï' tï' pkaøsld

6¡ .v,dfoKsh yd ,xld;s,l úydr m%;sixialrK iy fldaÜfÜ hq.hg wh;a jk ì;+is;+jï uyskao fidau;s,l

7¡ uykqjr is;=jï iïm%odfhys uyshx.k ia;+m ksrEmKhví'bIxL u,aisß

8¡ kdhlal¾ rcjre irKxlr ix>rdc ysñ iy ishï Wmiïmodjwð;a ;,aj;a;

9¡ hdf,af.dv iSÜgqj Ô' mS' iór m%ix.

10¡ f*%dhsähdkq ufkdao¾Ykh¦ jHqySh rEml yd o<od fmryer iqks,a úl%uisxy

11¡ nqÿoyu iy mrsirh wdY%s; udkj iïnkaO;d wd¾'Ô' ã' chj¾Ok

12¡ iageka,s lsrskafoaf.a Ydia;%d,Sh iy kQ;k Ñ;% l,d Ndú;h iqo¾Yk nKavdr

13¡ l;r.u foúhkaf.a › ,dxflah wkkH;dj frdays; oikdhl

14 Y%S o<od ukaÈrh yd ne¢ Wvrg ixialD;sfha i;r uyd ux.,HhWmq,a ÿkq;s,l

15' fl!á,H w¾:Ydia;%fhys tk uKav, kHdh bIdrd .=Kfialr

vi

mgqk

01-12

13-28

29-52

53-61

62-70

71-91

92-105

106-111

112-122

123-134

135-147

148-161

162-167

168-173

174-186

f,aLl j.;=.

wd¾'ã'wreK Ydka; iyh lÓldpd¾h" mqrdúoHd wOHhkdxYh" fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,h

fk¨ï ch;s,l ysgmq iyh lÓldpd¾h" udkj Ydia;% wOHhkdxYh" rcrg úYajúoHd,h" ñyska;f,a

úu,fiak yEf,da.u fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" b;sydi wOHhkdxYh" fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,h

uÿrdj, fidaNs; ysñ fcHIaG lÒldpd¾h" b;sydi wOHhkdxYh" fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,h

ta'tï'tï' pkaøsld fcHIAG lÓldpd¾h" b;sydi wOHhkdxYh" fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,h

uyskao fidau;s,l uydpd¾h iy wxYdêm;s" b;sydi wOHhkdxYh" wOHlaI udkj ysñlï wOHhk flakaøh" fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,h

ví' bIxL u,aisß ysgmq iyh lÓldpd¾h" mqrdúoHd wOHhkdxYh" fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,h

wð;a ;,aj;a; lÓldpd¾h" udkj Ydia;% wOHhkdxYh" rcrg úYajúoHd,h

Ô' mS' iór m%ix. iyh lÓldpd¾h" b;sydi wOHhkdxYh" fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,h

iqks,a úl%uisxy iydh lÓldpd¾h" isxy, wOHhkdxYh fmardfo‚húYajúoHd,h

wd¾' cS' ã' chj¾Ok fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" md,s yd fn!oaO wOHhkdxYh"fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,h

iqo¾Yk nKavdr fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" ,,s; l,d wOHhkdxYh" fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,h

frdays; oikdhl fcHIaG lÒldpd¾h" b;sydi wOHhkdxYh" fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,h

Wmq,a ÿkq;s,l ixialD;sl ks,Odß" uOHu m<d;a m%Odk yd ixiald;sl lghq;= wud;HdxYh

bIdrd .=Kfialr iyh lÓldpd¾h" b;sydi wOHhkdxYh" fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,h

vii

uOHu l÷lrfha ngysr uqyqKf;a mQ¾j yd uq,a ft;sydisl miqìu

wd¾' ã' wreK Ydka;

bl=;a oYl lsysmfhys Èjhsk mqrd isÿ lrk ,o mqrdúoHd wOHhkhkaf.ka ,sÅ; uQ,dY%j, i`oyka b;sydifhka Tíng úysfok wjêfha Ôj;a jQ ñksiqka fukau Tjqkaf.a iudc - wd¾Ól Ôú;h m%;sks¾udKh úIfhys ±kqï moaO;shla f.dvkÕd .ekSug mqrdúoHd{hka iu;aj ;sfí' woH;kh jk úg tys jeä keUqrejla fmkakqï flfrkafka ixl%dka;slr ;dË‚l fukau ixialD;sl wjëka ms<sn| wOHhkhka flfrysh' furg m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.h iïnkaOfhka fï olajd isÿj we;s m¾fhaIKhkag wkqj uOH Ys,d hq.h ms<sn| jk jvd;a wdikak;u idOl ls%'mQ' 3800

1olajd uE; ld,hlg wh;a fjhs' tfy;a f,dj wfkl=;a rgj, fuka uOH Ys,d hq.fhka miq t<fUk kj Ys,d hq.h ms<sn`o im%udKsl idOl furáka fmkakqï fkdflf¾' tA fjkqjg Ys,d m%Odk ;dË‚l udOH lr.;a wjêfhka miq hlv m%Odk ;dË‚l udOH lr.;a wjÈhlg ú;ekaùula ms<sn| idOl y÷kd.; yelsh' wdpd¾h ±r‚h.,hka fuh y÷kajkafka ixialD;sl msïula jYfhks' furg hlv ksIamdokh ms<sn| mer‚;u idOl ls%'mQ' 10jk ishji olajd wE;g Èfjk nj y÷kd

2f.k we;s w;r uE;ld,Sk m¾fhaIKhkaf.ka th ls%'mQ' 1350 olajd ;j;a Tíng

3úysfok njla fmkakqï flf¾' tfy;a udOH ms<sn| Wmßu ;dË‚l ;;a;ajh ke;fyd;a jdfka ksIamdokh olajd <Õdùu ft;sydisl hq.h t<fUk f;la m%udo ù ;sfí' tneúka fuu wjêh uq,a hlv hq.h jYfhka y÷kajkq ,efí'

øjHd;aul idOl wkqj uq,a hlv hq.h yd idfmaËj isÿ jQ ixialD;sl m%.ukh m%Odk wjê oaú;ajhla Tiafia idlÉPd l< yelsh' tAjd kï mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.h yd uq,a ft;sydisl hq.h hkqhs' ÿrel;r fjf<`odu" ld, rla; j¾K ueá Ndck ksmoùu" iq¿ mßudK lDIsl¾udka;h" i;aj md,kh" l=vd mrsudK c, l<ukdlrKh" w¾O udKslH mdIdK Ndú;h yd fuj,ï ksIamdokh" Ys,d

4iqidk ixialD;sh wdÈh mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.fhys m%Odk ,laIK fõ' wk;=rej t<ô uq,a ft;sydisl hq.h tysu È.=jlaa jk w;r rdcH yd rdcH;ajfha m%Njh ms<sn| woyi" k.r ìysùu" wËr l,dj wdrïNh yd úêu;a wd.ñl ixia:d ia:dms; ùu

5jeks kj wdh;ksluh m%jK;do y÷kd.; yelsh' Èjhsfka hf:dala; ixl%dka;slr ft;sydisl wjëkag wh;a mqrd idOlj, jHdma;sh iïnkaOfhka wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï§ mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.hg wh;a nj y÷kdf.k we;s mqrd fËa;% 45lg jeä

6ixLHdjla Èjhsfka úúO m%foaYj,ska jd¾;d ù ;sfí' bka nyq;rh iqidk fËa;% jk w;r ckdjdi fËa;% ms<sn| idOl ,eî w;af;a b;d w,am jYfhks'

1 S.U Deraniyagala, The prehistory of Sri Lanka, Department of Archaeology, Colombo, 1972, Part.II, p.709.

2 Ibid, p.709. 3 R. Somadeva, Archaeology of the Uda Walave basin, PGIAR, Colombo, 2010, p 67. 4 Seneviratne, “The archaeology of the Megalithic black and red ware complex in Sri Lanka,”

Ancient Ceylon, Department of Archaeology, Colombo, No 5, 1984, pp.237-307. 5 Ibid, p.292. 6 S Seneviratne and DK Jayaratne, “A shared ritual cultural symbol; the Megalithic memorials of

South India & Sri Lanka,” Alternative Archaeology, ed. DK Jayaratne and others, Department of Archaeology, University of Peradeniya, 2006, pp. 1-14.

idrÓ

01

fïjdfha jHdma;sl wjldYh uOHu l÷lrfha ngysr nEjqï m%foaYh" .sksfldk È. ;eks;,dj" W;=reueo yd jhU È. l,dmh" ol=Kq È. m%foaYh" hdmk w¾Ooaùmh iy uOHu l÷lr ngysr È. uqyqK;a wdY%fha y÷kd .ekSug ,efí' uq,a ft;sydisl hq.hg wh;a mqrdúoHd fËa;%j, jHdma;sh ie,lSfï§ Bg jvd mq¿,a wjldYhl úyso hdula fmkakqï lrhs' tA w;r fuys,d úfYaI wjOdkhg ,la flfrk uOHu l÷lr ngysr È. uqyqK; mQ¾j yd uq,a ft;sydisl hq.hkag wh;a mqrdúoHd fËa;%j, jeä jHdma;shla iys; wdl¾IK mßir l,dmhla f,i kï lsÍfï wjldY mj;S' tÉ'iS'mS' fn,a" tia' mrKú;dk" iS' f.dvl=Uqf¾" tia' fifkúr;ak iy iS' rUqlaje,a, ;;a N+ lKavfha m¾fhaIK meje;ajQ m¾fhaIlhka f,i y÷kd.; yelsh' fuu wOHhkh uÕska" mQ¾j m¾fhaIK o;a; fukau wm úiska jir lsysmhla ;siafia fËa;% wOHhkhkaf.ka tla /ialr.;a kj f;dr;=reo wdY%fhka hf:dala; fN!ñl wjldYfha mQ¾j yd uq,a ft;sydisl hq.h ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lsÍug wfmaËd flf¾'

mqrdúoHd wOHhkhkays N+f.da,Sh jYfhka wOHhk fËa;% w¾: ±laùu ÿIalr ld¾hhls' uOHu l`ÿlrfha jhU È. l,dmh jYfhka .;a l, tuÕska úYd, fN!ñl wjldYhla ksfhdackh fjhs' flfia kuqÿ fuys§ wOHhk l,dmh jYfhka y÷kd .efkkafka uOHu l÷lr jhU È. uqyqK; iïnkaO lrk jeo.;a úia;D; l,dmhla jk uOHu uyTh ksïk l,dmhhs' mQ¾j yd uq,a ft;sydisl hq.hkag wh;a fËa;% /il jHdma;shla fukau Bgu úfYaI mdßißl miqìula fmkakqï lsÍu tA flfrys mokï fjk nj fuys,d fmkajd Èh hq;= fõ' o< jYfhka uqyqÿ uÜgfï isg wä 300 isg 2500 olajd fjkia jk Wkak;dxYhla iys; fuys l÷" l÷ jeá" ksïk" LKavkhg ,la jQ idkq wdÈfhka iukaú; N+ o¾Ykhla olakg ,efí' Wkak;dxYhg idfmaËj uOH jd¾Isl WIaK;ajfha yd j¾Idm;kfhao fjkiaùï fmkakqï flf¾'

0 0 WIaK;ajfha fjkiaùu 27c isg 25'5 c mrdihl úyso hk w;r j¾Idm;kh ñ'ó' 73000 isg 5000l w.hl .kS' m%Odk fldg ksß; È. fudaifuka m%foaYhg jeis ,efí'

m%dfoaYslj jHdma;sl Wia l÷" Èjhsfka ngysr foig wkql%uKh fjk my;a ìïj,g uqyqK,d mej;Su fya;=fjka ksß; È. fudaiï iq<x yd ixjyk jdhq Odrd fuu l,dmfha§ /<s keÕSu wdrïN lrhs' tlS ,ËKh j¾Idj we;s ùu flfrys fnfyúka ys;lr fõ' ;jo" furg m%Odk foaY.=‚l l,dm fn§ug wkqj f;;a l,dmhg wh;a fjk fuys f;;a isis,a iÞyß; foaY.=Khla mj;S'

m%foaYfha c, jykh ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï§ c, iïm;ska ire" ukd c,jykhlska fyì" mgq ksïkj,g iSud jQ cd,dldr c, jyk rgdjla fmkakqï lrhs' l÷j,ska werfUk l=vd w;= YdLd /ilska ieÈ w;= YdLdjka oaú;ajhlska uy

7 National Atlas of Sri Lanka, Survey Department of Sri Lanka, Colombo, 2007, p.55

02

idrÓ

Th fmdaIKh fjhs' N+ úoHd;aul jYfhka .;a l, fuu l,dmh m%d.a flaïì%h hq.hg wh;a Wiaìï fY%aKsfha mdIKhkaf.ka ks¾udKh ù ;sfí' tfyhska khsia" nfhdaghsÜ khsia" .dkÜ nfhdaghsÜ khsia" lajdÜia" .dkÜ is,sukhsÜ jeks úmÍ;

8mdIK úfYaI wdxY=l l,dmfhka fmkakqï flf¾' m%foaYfha mdxY= jHdma;sh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï§ y÷kd .ekSug ,efnk m%Odk mdxY= ldKavh kï" r;= ly fmdâfid,sl mihs' tA yereKq úg wmßK; ÿUqre f,dï mi" r;= ÿUqre ,egfida,a mi

9hk mdxY+ l,dmj, jHdma;shla olakg ,efí ' fuys jk jDlaI,;d my;rg ksj¾;k jeis jkdka;r jDlaI,;d ,ËK m%lg lrjhs' fy,a jeis Ydldhkhla fmkakqï flf¾' kQ;k udkj l%shdlrlï ksid iajNdúl Ydldhkh fndfyda fihska úkdY ù we;;a" ;ekska ;ek fYaI ù we;s ;odYs%; jk m%jdyh ksÍËKh lsÍfï§ fydr (Dipterocarpus zeylanicus)" N+ fydr (Dipterocarpus hispidus)" Èh kd (Mesua ferrea)" ¥k ( Doona spp)" fudr ( Dimorcarpus congana)" u,fndv (Myrisica

10doctyoides) wd§ Bg wdfõksl m%uqL Ydl úfYaIfhka y÷kd.; yels fõ' tfukau w;rueÈ l,dmh ;=<ska yuqfjk we;eï Ydl úfYaIo fuys olakg ,efí'

Wla; o;a;j,g wkqj neÆ ne,aug mßirh mQ¾j yd uq,a ft;sydisl hq.fha Ôj;a jQ msßiaj, hemqï wd¾Ólh úIhfhys by< Wmfhda.S;djla fkdolajk nj fmfka' tA w;r lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= i|yd fhda.H mi" N+ o¾Ykh" wd¾ø;dj fukau j¾Idm;k rgdjla fkdue;s ùu lemS fmfkk ;;ajhla f,i ie,lSug mq¿jk' tfy;a wm úiska fuu l,dmfha isÿ l< udkj jxY úoHd;aul wOHhk wkqj fmkS .sh lreKla kï woH;kfha m%dfoaYslj Ôj;a jk f.dùka Tjqkagu wdfõ‚l l%ufõohka Tiafia b;d id¾:lj l=Uqre j.dj isÿ lrk njhs' o< nEjqï m%foaYj, we;s jk jeiau bj;a l< úg mj;sk yshquia mia ;Ügqj ù j.dj i|yd ys;lr fõ' f.dùka isyska c, myrj, ud¾.h ir, ueÈy;aùï uÕska fjkia fldg ifudaÉp f¾Ld Tiafia nEjqï yryd c,h Tnfudn f.k hdfuka" fy,au¿ l%uhg jHdma;j we;s l=Uqre i|yd myiqfjka c, iïmdokh lr .kakd wdldrh olakg ,efí' ;jo" c, uQ,dY%h ÿ¾j, jyk rgdjla fmkakqï lrk ia:dk wdY%s;j frdka uv tla /iaù ;sîu fya;=fjka tn÷ bvïj, jHdma; lr we;s l=Uqreo idrj;a fõ' ;;a l,dmfha jk uOHu m%udKfha c, uQ,dY% fomio idrj;a l=Uqre oel.; yels w;r ksrka;r msgdr .e,Sï ksid mi idrj;a ùu Bg fya;= ù ;sfí' tneúka mßirh yd ;okqnoaO mQ¾j yd uq,a ft;sydisl hq.fha Ôj;a jQ ñksiqka i;= ±kqu" fuu wxY=l l,dmfha ;u m%uqL hemqï ud¾.h jQ iq¿ mßudK lDIs l¾udka;h jHdma; lsÍu i|yd m%udKj;a jkakg we;s nj Wml,amkh l< yelsh'

hf:dala; ft;sydisl wjêj, Ôj;a jQ ckhdf.a m%Odk hemqï ud¾.h iq¿ mßudK lDIs l¾udka;h jqj;a uia ms‚i i;=ka ovhï lsÍfuka iïmQ¾K bj;a jQ nj fkdfmfka' tneúka fuys Ôj;a jQ msßiao wdydr wjYH;d i|yd ovhug fhduq jQ nj is;Su idOdrKh' úh<s l,dmh yd idfmaËj uia jeä m%udKhla ,nd.; yels l=r

10 National Atlas of Sri Lanka, Survey Department of Sri Lanka, Colombo,2007, p.72.

03

idrÓ

8 Ibid, p.21. 9 mS' Ô' wd¾' o is,ajd iy tA' wd¾' Èidkdhl" Y%S ,xldfõ f;;a l,dmSh mi" ixia' wd¾' î' udmd" YS% ,xld mdxY= úoHd ix.uh" fld<U" 2002" 102-151 yd 23 ms'

iys; i;=ka fkdue;s jqjo wdydrhg .; yels ËSrmdhska" mËSka" u;aiHhska" Wr.hska fuu mßir l,dmfhkao fmkakqï flf¾' ;jo" wdydrhg .; yels jk M," w, úfYaI yd T!IO Ydl úfYaI /ilao fuys y÷kd.; yelsh'

m%ia;=; wOHhk l,dmfhka mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.hg wh;a úh yels nj y÷kd .kq ,nk iqidk fËa;%hla yd ;j;a iaudrlhla fï olajd jd¾;d ù we;' Bg wm úiska ;;a hq.fha Ôj;a jQ nj Wml,amkh lrk ckdjdi mßY%hlao fuys msysáfhah' ;jo" uq,a ft;sydisl hq.fha§ rpkd jQ nj y÷kd .efkk we;eï wNsf,aLkj, hg;a msßfihska mrïmrd ;=kl j;a meje;aula wfmaËd l< yels f,ka ixlS¾K fmkakqï flfrk fyhska we;eï úg tn÷ ia:dko mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.fha Ôj;a jQ msßia ;u ckdjdi f,i Ndú; lrkakg we;s nj Wml,amkh l< yelsh'

.,aw;r ;;a wjêhg wh;a úia;D; l,dmfhka fmkakqï flfrk mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.hg wh;a m%Odk fËa;% oaú;ajh tlls' th lE.,a, Èia;%slalfha wrKdhl m%dfoaYsh f,alï fldÜGdYfha .,aw;r .%du fiajd jiug wh;aj msysáfhah' mer‚ m%dfoaYsh fn§ï wkqj .,aw;r wh;a jkqfha .,afndv fldarf<a tf.dvfmd; m;a;=jgh' uyTfha WmYdLdjla jk zr;au,a we<Z fËa;%hg W;=re foiska .,d nishs' 1967 j¾Ifha§ uq,ajrg fuu iqidk N+ñh y÷kdf.k we;s w;r .ïuqka úiska w.,a lmñka isáh§ mshka.,la yd tys wNHka;rfha ;sî l=vd j<x yd md;% yevh we;s Ndck" weg lgq" Èrd.sh wdhqO len,s" j<¨ len,s" wÕ=re wdÈh ,eî

11we;' tA nj .,aw;r" Wvqfj, uyd úoHd,fha m%Odk wdpd¾h tA' weia' fyÜáwdrÉÑ uy;dg mqrdúoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j ±kqj;a lÍfuka wk;=rej f.dvl=Uqf¾ fËa;%h jd¾;d lsÍug lghq;= lr we;' tfy;a Tyq úiska tjlg mej;s iqidk m%udKh ixLHd;aulj olajd fkdue;s w;r tn÷ jd¾;dlrKhla olakg ,efnkafka fomd¾;fïka;=j u.skau 1977 j¾Ifha§ isÿ l< fËa;% ióËKfha§h' tys§ Ys,d uxcq

12iqidk ^cist burial& 16la yd j< iqidk ^pit burial& mej;s nj jd¾;d lr we;' lk.dgqjg lreK kï woH;kh jk úg fuys tlÿ iqidkhla fyda ±l.; fkdyels ùuh'

uyTh iïnkaO lrk jeo.;a wdxY=l l,dmhl msysá moú.ïfmd< mqrdúoHd ia:dkh wh;a jkafka lE.,a, Èia;%slalfha rUqlalk m%dfoaYsh f,alï fldÜGdifha moú.ïfmd< .%du fiajd jiugh' merKs m%dfoaYSh fn§ug wkqj lsksf.dv

13fldar,fha j,a.ï m;a;=jg wh;aj msysáfhah' 1928§ fydaldÜ úiska uq,ajrg fuu fËa;%h jd¾;dlr we;s w;r 1961 § muK mrKú;dk fuys m¾fhaIK fufyhjd we;' Tyqg wkqj moú.ïfmd< msysá m%Odk fu.,s;sl iaudrlh m%d.a ft;sydisl

14hq.fha Ndú; jQ .,a ueiails' tfy;a fuh bkaÈhdfõ fu.,s;sl iqidk iaudrl yd

04

idrÓ

11 iS' f.dvl=Uqf¾" 1965-66 uqo,a j¾Ih i|yd mqrdúoHd flduidßiaf.a md,k jd¾;dj" ,xldKavqfõ uqøKd,h" fld<U" 1967" 23 ms' 12 S Seneviratne, p.292. 13 AM Hocart, “Epigrapical Summary,” Ceylon Jonrnal of Scince, ed. AM Hocart & S Paranavitana, Archaeological Commissioner, Colombo, 1928, pp.96 - 97. 14 S Paranavitana, Administration Report of the Archaeological Commissioner 1948, 15 Archaeological Survey of Ceylon, Colombo, 1948, p.17 ; Sinhalayo, Lake House Investments, Colombo, 1967, pp.7 - 8,

ii|k fifkúr;ak fvd,auka ^Dolmen& j¾.h wh;a jkakla njg wkqudk lr 15we;' th úYd, .,a ,E,s 3la u; tjeksu úYd, mshka.,la ;nd ilia lr ;sfí' 1987

fmardfo‚h úYajúoHd,Sh mqrdúoHd wOHhk wxYh uÕska isÿl< .fõIKhlska fuys kefÕkysr foiska msysá isria .,a m;=f¾ ;sî fu.,s;sl ixfla;hla ke;skï

16n%dyaó fkdjk ixfla;hla y÷kd .ekSug iu;aj we;' wmf.a ksÍËKhg wkqj th mQ¾j n%dyaó zYZ wËrhg iudk yevhla .kS' tfy;a fuh mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.hg wh;a iaudrlhlao hkak fï olajd ksYaph fldg f.k fkdue;' bkaÈhdfõ jqjo fun÷ yqol,d Ys,d uxpl fkdùu Bg m%Odk fya;=jls' ;jo" ;ÞY%s; m%foaYfhys ft;sydisl hq.hg wÞ<j ie,lsj hq;= ck .K;ajhla mej;s nj fmkS hk fyhska fuh miqld,Skj bÈjQjla ùugo bv ;sfí' tfy;a tuÕska ;ÞYs%; m%foaYh mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.h yd iïnkaO jkakla fkdjk nj woyia fkdflf¾' wdxY+l l,dmfhka ld,rla; ueá fuj,ï" w¿ ;ekam;a lr ;snQ nj Wml,amkh l< yels uqÜá wdÈh ,eî we;s nj jd¾;d fõ'

Wla; iqidk fyda iqidk njg Wml,amkh lrk iaudrl wkqj mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.h jk úg uOH l÷lr ngysr uqyqK; m%foaYh ckdjdij ;snQ nj fmfka' hf:dala; iqidk N+ñj, ñysoka l< wh fndfyda ÿrg fuysu Ôj;a jQ msßia ùug jeä iïNdú;djla mj;S' tfy;a Tjqkag wh;a ckdjdi ms<sn| fï olajd meyeÈ,s idOl y÷kdf.k fkd;sfí' f,aLlhd úiska .,aw;r wdxY+l l,dmfha isÿ l< fËa;% wOHhhk lghq;=j,§ .,aw;rg ls'ó' 2 muK ngysr foiska msysá wiauv, f,ka ixlS¾Kfhka mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.hg wh;a øjHd;aul idOl y÷kd

17.kakd ,oS¡ tA w;r yuq jQ ld, rla; j¾K yd rla; j¾K ueá n÷ka we;=¿ ;j;a ueá n÷ka fldgia mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.hg wh;aùug bv ;sfí' ;jo" wm úiska wiauv, f,ka ixlS¾Khg wh;a ls;=,a.y fyak f,k f,i y÷kajk m¾j; mshiafia wNHka;r f,kl ;sî y÷kd .kakd ,o ixfla;o fu.,s;sl hq.hg wh;a nj ms<s.efkk ixfla;j,g iudk;ajhla olajhs' fïjd m¾j; ì;a;sfha igyka lsÍu i|yd jqjo ±ä wdhdihla oerE nj fmkShdfuka hlv fuj,ï mßK;j fkdmej;s wjêhl fuu ixfla; flgjQ njh' we;eïúg th uq,a hlv hq.h ùug bv we;' tneúka mQ¾j ft;sydisl iufha ;;a wdxY=l l,dmfha Ôj;a jQ msßia i|yd

15 S Seneviratana, p.262. 16 iS rUqlaje,a," —moú.ïfmd< m%foaYfha m%:ñl hlv hq.fha mqrdúoHdj"˜ Ancint Ceylon, ed MB Herath, Department of Archaeology, Colombo, No. XVIII, 2005, 20 -25ms. 17 tu" 22ms¡

05

idrÓ

wiauv, f,ka mshis ckdjdi jQ nj Wml,amkh l< yelsh' mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.h iïnkaOfhka ;;= flfia jqj;a uq,a ft;sydisl hq.h jk úg fuu f,ka ixlS¾Kh ckdjdi jQ nj uq,a n%dyaóh wNsf,aLk we;=¿ ;j;a øjHd;aul idOlhkaf.ka fmkakqï flf¾' by; wiauv, ls;=,a.yfyak f,k f,i ye¢kajQ ia:dkhg Tífnka jk f,kl fï olajd yßyeá jd¾;d fkdjQ uq,a n%dyaóh ,smshla y÷kd.; yels w;r zmreul ÿY® ®h mreul¨ ;sYY f,fkZ jYfhka jk tys zm%uqL

18ÿY®f.a Nd¾hdj jQ m%uqL ;siaidf.a f,kZ hk woyi .eíj we;'

moú.ïfmd< mqrdúoHd fËa;%hg iómj msysá moú.ïfmd< lkafokao ckdjdi i|yd iyc jdisÞhl mdßißl miqìula imhk f,ka yd m¾j; msheis /ila fmkakqï flf¾' tajdfhka mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.hg wh;a øjHd;aul ksrEms;hkA y÷kd .ekSug fkdyels jqjo uq,a ft;sydisl hq.h jk úg ckdjdi jYfhka Ndú; jQ njg meyeÈ,s idOl we;' tys jk tla wNsf,aLkhlg wkqj hg;a

19msßfihska mrïmrd 4la ms<sn| f;dr;=re f.dvk.d.; yels w;r tuÕska fuu

20l,dmfha wju jYfhka wjqreÿ 200l meje;aula wfmaËd l< yelsh' tA yereKq úg uE;ld,Sk m¾fhaIKhlska lvq.kakdj udfj, kñka y÷kajk úydria:dkhg wh;aj msysá m¾j; mshiail ;sî mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.hg wh;a njg Bg iïnkaO

21m¾fhaIlhka úiska Wml,amkh lrk ixfla;hla y÷kdf.k we;' th mQ¾j n%dyaó znZ wËrhg iudk;ajhla olajk w;r ;rula r¿ iajrEmhlska ks¾udKh lr we;' fuu ia:dkfhkao uq,a n%dyaó wNsf,aLk ,eîu lemSfmfkk w;r tu.skao tys È.= ld,Sk Ndú;h wfmaËd l< yelsh'

fiiq l,dm yd iei£fï§ mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.hg wÞ<j y÷kd f.k we;s mqrdidOlj, m%udKsl nj ms<sn| .eg¨ mej;sho ,eî we;s idOl ksfhdackh lsÍu W.ygh' moú.ïfmd< Ys,d uxcßh ms<sn| y÷kd.ekSu flfia jk kuqÿ hg;a msßfihska mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.fha ckm%sh iqidk iïm%Þhka folla j;a fuys Ndú; ù we;' tuÕska hf:dala; wjêh jk úg fiiq mdßißl l,dmhka yd fuys isá msßia ±lajQ wka;¾ iïnkaO;dfõ iajrEmh y÷kd.; yelsh' .,aw;ßka iqidk 16lg;a jvd ,eî ;sîu fya;= fldgf.k m%foaYfha m%ia;=; hq.hg wod< È.=ld,Sk meje;aula fukau ie,lsh hq;= ck .K;ajhla isá nj Wml,amkh lsÍug bv we;' we;eïúg iqidk iïm%Þhka folla Ndú; lsÍfuka hï iudc ia:r.;ùula jqjo fmkakqï lrkjd úh yelsh'

.,aw;r iqidk N+ñh wdY%s;j úêu;a mqrdúoHd wOHhkhla isÿj fkdue;s kuqÿ wúêu;a jd¾;d.; lsÍïj,ska ,efnk o;a; wkqj fuys Ôj;a jQ msßiao iqidk pdß;% ms<sn| ±k isg we;' f.dvl=Uqrg wkqj .,aw;ßka l=vd j<x yd md;%d yevh

18 fm!oa.,sl lsheùuls' 2010'4'03' 19 S Paranavitana, Inscriptions of Ceylon, Department of Archaeology, Colombo, 1970, Vol.I, 61; No.800. 20 rUqlaje,a," 25ms¡ 21 CB Ambanwala and M. Karunaratna, “Another approach to the Malaya Desa in ancient Sri Lanka: New archaeological revelation in and around Pahala Mavela temple at Kadugannava, Peradeniya University Research Sessions, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 2009. 06

idrÓ

we;s Ndck fukau tAjd we;=<; ;sî weg len,s" Èrd.sh hlv wdhqO" w`.=re wdÈh ,eî we;s w¿ uqÜá yereKq úg fiiq iqidk ;ekam;=j,ska tjl mej;s úúO wNspdr úê fmkakqï flfrkjd úh yelsh' flfia kuqÿ fuf,i y÷kd .efkk ueá n÷kaj,ska iuld,Skj tA flfrys mej;s Ys,am m%d.=KH;dj m%lg fjk w;r tAjdfha Wmfhda.S;dj l,amkd lsÍfï§ tjlg mej;s iq¿ lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= ms<sn|jo uQ,sl woyilg t<ôh yelsh' tkï iqidk NrKs yereKq úg fiiq §is" ;eá" j<x wdÈh fndfyda úg wdydr msiSu" wkqNjh yd ms<s.ekaùu jeks ld¾hhka i|yd Ndú; jQ tAjd ùug bv ;sfí' tneúka iuld,Skj m%ia;=; úia;D; l,dmh iq¿ lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= i|yd Ndú; jQ nj is;Su idOdrKh'

Ys,d fjkqjg mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.h jk úg bÈßhg meñKs hlv fuj,ï ms<sn|jo .,aw;ßka idOl ,eî we;' tuÕska hlv ;dlaIKh ms<sn|j ±kquo ;;a l,dmhg iïfm%aIKh ù ;snQ nj meyeÈ,sh' fndfydaúg fuysu ksIAmdokh jqKq" ;jÿrg;a mßK; ;;a;ajhg m;aj fkdmeñKs hlv fuj,ï by; i|yka l< wkaofï Ys,d ì;a;s u; fu.,s;sl ixfla; rEm igyka lsÍu i|yd Ndú;hg .kq ,nkakg we;' tfy;a uõ mdIdKhkaf.ka iqidk ks¾udKh lsÍug wjeis Ys,d m;=re fjkalr .ekSu i|yd wjeis ;rfï ÈhqKq hlv fuj,ï ful, mj;skakg we;s nj ms<s.efka' Wla; Wml,amkhkag t<öu i|yd mokï lr.kq ,enQ o;a;" ia:dk lsysmhlska muKla ,eî we;s kuqÿ fulS tuÕska Wla; mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.hg wÞ< l%shdldrlï tlS ia:dk i|yd muKla yqol,d jQ tAjd nj is;sh yelsh' ukao h;a" fuu fËa;%j, Ôj;a jQ msßia ;;a wjêhg wÞ<j Èjhsfka fiiq l,dmj, Ôj;a jQ msßia iuÕ iïnkaO;d meje;ajQjd fiau uOH l`ÿlr ngysr uqyqK; m%foaYfha wNHka;r iïnkaO;d Þuhlao f.dvkeÕS ;sfnkakg we;' tfyhska hf:dala; ;dlaIKsl fukau wdh;ksl ±kqu Tjqkago iïfm%aIKh jkakg we;' tfy;a ld,hdf.a wejEfuka Bg wh;a øjHd;aul ksrEms;hka úhelS hkakg w;s nj Wml,amkh l< yelsh'

uq,a ft;sydisl hq.h iïnkaOfhka ie,lSfï§ Bg wÞ< úYd, fËa;% .K;ajhla ;;a N+ñ l,dmfhka fmkakqï flfrk wdldrh y÷kd.; yelsh' tA w;r lgdrï fldgk ,o ckdjdi f,i Ndú; jQ f,ka" uq,a n%dyaóh wNsf,aLk" m¾j; mshis wY%s; ks¾ñ; mßir ;;a;ajhka" ia;+m yd ;j;a mqrdúoHd;aul idOl fõ' wmf.a ksÍlaIKhg wkqj th fï olajd uyTh ksïkfhka ckdjdi f,i Ndú; lsÍu fhda.H;djla olajk f,ka yd m¾j; msheis 400lg wdikak ixLHdjla jd¾;d ù

22we;' bka 200lg jeä ixLHdjla lgdrï fldgk ,o ia:dkh' tAjd ksiel jYfhkau uq,a ft;sydisl hq.fha ckdjdi f,i Ndú; jkakg we;' we;eï m¾j;

22 2008 j¾Ifha isg fm!oa.,slj isÿ l< fËa;% wOHhkhkaf.ka tla /ia l< o;a; wkqj'

07

idrÓ

msheis lgdrï flàfuka Tíng f.dia Ôj;a ùu i|yd WÑ; mßÈ oaú;Shsl ilia lsÍïj,g t<U we;' WÞyrK f,i f.ìug .,a m;=re we,a,Su" f,fkys wNHka;rh wdjrKh jk mßÈ ì;a;s ne£u" c,h nei hdug úfYAI úêúOdk fh§u jeks oE ±laúh yelsh'

uOH l÷lr ngysr uqyqK; wdY%fhka ,efnk uq,a n%dyaóh wNsf,aLk uq,a ft;sydisl hq.hg wÞ<j tys wdh;ksluh ;;= wOHhkh úfYaIfhka by< Wmfhda.s;djla olajhs' uOH uyTh ksïkh iïnkaO lrk WmYdLdjla jk ±È.u Th yd le,‚ .x.dfõ m%Odk YdLdjla jk w;a;k.¿ Th wdrïN jk Èh fnoafï msysá f,k., uq,a n%dyaó wNsf,aLkfha zwkqäZ kï .%duhla yd zn;Z kï jQ k.rhla

23ms<sn| i|ykah' .,s.uqj Th iómfha" j¾;udk hÜfgdaf.dv m%foaYfha msysá hgyf,k úydrfha we;s uq,a n%yaó wNsf,aLk j,o zWmd,sZ" zÿi;rZ" zmg,Z hk kïj,ska ye¢kajqKq .%duhka lsysmhlao zYsjZ yd zks,hZ hk kïj,ska ye¢kajQ k.r

24 oaú;ajhla ms<sn|jo úia;r wka;¾.;j we;' iaÓr ckdjdi ;kd .ekSug iu.dój .ï ìysùu uq,a hlv hq.h wdY%fhka fmkakqï flfrk úfYaI m%jK;djls' k.r ìysùu tys fojk wÈhr ke;fyd;a uq,a ft;sydisl iuhg wÞ<j lemSfmfkk ,ËKhla fõ' fuu wNsf,aLkj, i|yka k.r jvd;a ixúê; fyda ixlS¾K tAjd nj is;Su ÿIalrh' tfy;a iuld,Sk jYfhka isÿ jQ iudc wd¾Ól m%.ukh fya;= fldg f.k .ï ;;ajhg jvd fïjd úYd, fukau l%shdldß ckdjdi flakaø jQ nj Wml,amkh l< yelsh'

hgyf,kg iómj ngysr foiska udïmsg úydrfha msysá ;j;a uq,a n%dyaó wNsf,aLkhl we< ud¾.hla lrùu i|yd isÿl< lyjkq m%odkhla ms<sn| lshfjk w;r tuÕska hf:dala; ld, wjldYhg wÞ<j isÿjQ jdßud¾. moaO;sfha ÈhqKqj yd yqjudre wd¾Ól rgdfjka Tíng .sh jdksc l%shdj,sfha mq¿,aùu wjfndaO lr.; yelsh' we;eïyq fuu wNsf,aLkh furg úksuh udOHhla ms<sn| i|yka uq,au jd¾;djo úh yels nj fmkajd fo;s' ;jo m%ia;=; l,dmfha ;;a wjêh jk úg úfoaYsh jdKsc lghq;=j,g iïnkaO jQ fjf<kaf|l= ms<sn| f;dr;=re uyTh ±ÿreTh Èh fnoafï msysá N.jd f,k n%dyaó ,smsfha f;dr;=re wka;¾.;j we;' Bg wkqj tys f,ka mQcdjla isÿ l< mreuljrhd NdrelÉp jrdhg .sh uqyqÿ

26 hd;s%lfhls'

;jo" hgyf,k yd f,k., wNsf,aLkj, wka;¾.; lreKq úu¾Ykh lsÍfï§ tAjdfhka lshefjk m%odkhka iïnkaOfhka zrcZ f,i fmkS isá mqoa.,hl=f.a ueÈy;aùu lemS fmfka' Tyqf.a wdoS l¾;Djreka ms<sfj<ska z.ñlZ yd

23 S Paranavitana, No.786. 24 Ibid, No.792 – 796. 25 Ibid, No.617. 26 Ibid, No.1183.

08

idrÓ

zwhZ hk úreo kdu orEfjda fj;s' uq,a n%dyaó wNsf,aLk w;r fun÷ rcjreka ms<sn| lshefjk wNsf,aLk lsysmhla muKla Èjhsfka úúO m%foaYj,ska y÷kdf.k we;s w;r fnfydaúg tAjd mQ¾j rdcH flakaø jYfhka ixj¾Okh jQ ia:dk nj

27 m¾fhaIlhkaf.a u;hù ;sfí' ;jo wm úiska fuys,d fmkajdÈh hq;= jeo.;a lreK 28kï Wla; wNsf,aLkj, lshefjk rcq zfojkmshZ hk úreoho oerEfjl= njhs' tlS

úreoh" l%s'j' 3 jk ishji wi,ajeis wêrdcHd iuÕ rcrg md,lhd f.dvk.df.k mej;s foaYmd,ksl yd ixialD;sl in|;dfõ m%;sM,hla f,i Tyqg ,enqKq úreohla jk w;r Tyqf.a wkqm%dma;slhka lsysm fofklao tlS úreoh Ndú; lr ;sfí' neúka fuu ,smsj, rcq f,i fmkS isák ;eke;a;d tu úreoh ±Ífuka Tyqo rcrg md,lhka iuÕ lemSfmfkk in|;djka meje;a jQ mqoa.,hl= ùug bv ;sfí'

rc úreoh yereKq úg zwhZ zmreulZ yd z.ñlZ jeks mßmd,khg iïnkaOj j.lSï oEre msßia ms<sn| lshefjk uq,a n%dyaó wNsf,aLk /ila uOH uyTh ksïk l,dmfha jHdma;j we;' wh hkafka wdÈmdo hk w¾:h .eífjk w;r th iDcqj m%Odk md,khg iïnkaO ;k;=rla jQ nj is;sh yelsh' jxil:d.; f;dr;=re wkqj miqld,Skj fuu ;k;=rg rc mjqf,a ióm;uhka m;a lr we;' mreul hk úreofha m%Njh yd ld¾h idM,Hh ms<sn|j m¾fhaIlhka w;r fmdÿ ms<s.ekSula ke;;a th

29m%foaYsh mßmd,kh yd ienef|k jeo.;a ;k;=rla jQ nj ms<sf.k ;sfí' tA yereKq úg §fj, m%foaYfhka ,eî we;s wNsf,aLkhl wdpd¾hjrfhl= ksfhdackh l<

30mjq,l idudðlhka úiska isÿ l< f,ka mQcdjla ms<sn| úia;r wka;¾.;h tys wdpd¾hjrfhl= f,i y÷kajk mqoa.,hd hg;a msßfihska hï úIhla ms<sn|j m%.=K lrk ,o yelshdjla iys; mqoa.,fhl= jkakg we;'

uOH l÷lr" ngysr uqyqKf;a msysá fndfyda uq,a n%dyaóh wNsf,aLk ix>hd Wfoid isÿ l< f,ka mQcdjka ms<sn| lshfjk tajdh' tneúka uq,a ft;sydisl hq.h jk úg ;ÞYs%; m%foaYfhys NslaIQ jdiia:dk jHdma;j mej;s nj meyeÈ,sh' tAjd iómfhau NslaIQkaf.a f.dÿre .ïo msysgd ;sfnkakg we;' Wmdil yd Wmdisldjka ms<sn|j i|yka uq,a n%dyaóh wNsf,aLko fuu úia;D; l,dmfhka fmkakqï flf¾' jdih lsÍu i|yd WÑ; mßÈ lgdrï fldgjd" wNHka;r wjldYh wdjrKh jk mßÈ ì;a;s ne|" f.ñÿ, mqrjd ilia lrk ,ÿj NslaIq jdiia:dk f,i Ndú; f,ka mshis yereKq fldg nqÿka jykafia ixfla;j;a lr jkaokdudk lsÍu i|yd fldgk ,o isßm;=,a ,dxPko fun÷ f,ka ixlS¾K wdY%fhka y÷kdf.k ;sfí' wiauv," mqxÑoUq,a, lkao" le<e oUQ,a, lkao" mrfma" jdlsß.," hgyf,k" hl=m,a, jeks

27 RALH Gunawardana, “Prelude to the state: An early phase in the evolution of political institutions in ancient Sri lanka,” The Sri Lanka Journal of Humanaities, University of Peradeniya, 1982, Vol.III, pp. 1-39; S Bandaranayake, Continuities and transformations (Studies in Sri Lankan Archaeology and History), Social Scientists Association, Colombo, 2012, pp. 160-164.

28 S Paranavitana, No. 792. 29 Ibid, lxxiii; RALH Gunawardana, p.27; S Seneviratne, “Pre-state chieftains and servants of the

state: a case study of Parumaka,” The Sri Lanka Journal of Humanaities, University of Peradeniya, Vol. XV, 1992, pp. 99-131.

30 Ibid, No.797.

09

idrÓ

31ia:dkhkaf.ka ,efnk isßm;=,a ,dxPk Bg ksoiqka f,i ±laúh yelsh' tuÕska .uH jkafka hf:dala; hq.hg wod<j fuu m%%foaYfha nqÿ oyfï mq¿,a jHdma;shla fmkakqï flfrk njhs'

l%s' mQ' 3jk ishji muK jk úg Ndr;h yd ,xldj w;r f.dvkeÕS ;snQ rdcH ;dka;%sl in|;dj, m%;sM,hla f,i nqÿoyu furgg Þhdo jqKq w;r tuÕska úYd, f,i ixialD;sl mßj¾;khla we;s úh' tlS ;;a;ajhka uq,a jrg rcrg m%foaYfhka fmkakqï flfrk w;r jir 100la j;a blaujd hdug u;af;ka Èjhsk mqrdu jHdma; jQ wdldrh y÷kd.; yelsh' uq,a ft;sydisl hq.hg wÞ<j isÿ jQ tlS mßj¾;khka ta yd iu.dóju ;;a úia;D; l,dmfhkao fmkakqï flf¾' kso¾Ykhla f,i moú.ïfmd< wdxY=l l,dmfha msysá ±,sj, fldgfjfyr furg bÈjQ uq,au fn!oaO iaudrlhla ùu oelaúh yelsh' mrKú;dkhka tys ;sî uq,a n%dyaó

32wlaIr fh¥ .fvd,a y÷kdf.k we;s w;r uE;ld,Skj isÿl< ksrfmalaI ld,kS¾Khkaf.ka tys wdrïNh l%s' mQ' m<uq ishji olajd wE;g Èfjk nj y÷kd

33f.k ;sfí' we;eïúg ;;a m%foaYhgo iuld,Skju ixúê; wd.ula jQ nqÿoyu tA yd ne¢ ixialD;sh Þhdo ùu flfrys rcrgg ióm in|;djla ±la jQ msßia úiSu bjy,a jkakg we;' tfyhska Wla; lreKq wkqj uOHu l÷lr ngysr uqyqK; l,dmh uq,a ft;sydisl iuh jk úg Èjhsfka fiiq m%foaYj,ska fmkakqï flfrk iajrEmfhau wdh;ksluh m%.uKhla w;am;a lr f.k ;snQ nj meyeÈ,sh'

by; §¾> f,i idlÉPd l< lreKq wkqj mQ¾j yd uq,a ft;sydisl hq.hkag wÞ<j uOHu l÷lr ngysr uqyqK; l,dmh ckdjdij mej;s nj meyeÈ,sh' mQ¾j ft;sydisl iuh yd idfmaËj ie,lSfï§ ck .K;ajh yd ckdjdi jHdma;sh iS>%fhka by< .sh nj fmfka' tfy;a ixialD;sl yd ;dËKsl jYfhka ixl%dka;slr wjÈhlg wÞ<j ie,lsh hq;= ckdjdi jHdma;shla hf:dala; l,dmfhka fmkakqï lsÍu flfrys ;=vqÿka fya;= idOl tlajr y÷kd .ekSu ÿIalrh' Ôj;aùu i|yd ys;lr fi!uH mßirhla mej;Su" ckdjdi f,i Ndú; l< yels f,ka yd m¾j; msheis jHdma;j ;sîu" ovhu" wydr /ia lsÍu yd iq¿ mßudKfha lDIsld¾ñl lghq;=j,g wjeis iyc jdisÞhl mßir mokula mej;Su hk uQ,sl lreKq tA i|yd bjy,a jQ nj ksielh' flfia kuqÿ uykqjr idkqfõ isg iS.sß-oUq¨ l,dmh olajd l,dmfha uq,a hlv hq.h ms<sn| m¾fhaIK meje;a jQ fikúr;akhka Lksc j¾. we;=¿ iajdNdúl iïm;a fidhd ful, ðj;a jQ msßia l÷lr m%foaY lrd wdl¾IKh

34jkakg we;s nj fmkajd § ;sfí' fyf;u tA nj ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd ,sÅ; uQ,dY%h yd mqrdúoHd;aul idOlo Wmqgd olajk w;r miqld,Skj fmkakqï flfrk wdh;ksluh m%.ukhka /ila flfrys tls m%jk;djh bjy,a jQ nj wjOdrKh

31 2008 j¾Ifha isg fm!oa.,slj isÿl< fËa;% wOHhkhkaf.ka tla /ia l< o;a; wkqj' 32 S Paranavitana, Administration Report of the Archaeological Commissioner 1948,

Archaeological Survey of Ceylon, Colombo, 1948, p 17. 33 fm!oa.,slj mqrdúoHd fomd¾;fïka;=fjka ,nd.;a f;dr;=re wkqj' tia fifkúr;ak" —W;a;r u,h rÜGfha m%d:ñl hlv hq.fha Lksc iïm;a mßyrKfha ft;sydisl

mqrdúoHdj"˜ u,h rg mqkrdjf,dalkh" ixia( ã fla chr;ak iy tA'Ô' ohdj;s" uOHu ixialD;sl wruqo," uykqjr" 2013" 1-9ms'

34 tu" 1-9ms'

10

idrÓ

lrhs' tneúka Èjhsfka úh,s l,dmSh ;eks;,d ìïj, Ôj;a jQ msßia uykqjr idkqj yryd l÷lr iïm;a fËa;% fj; ióm jQjd fiau jhU È. l,dmfha Ôj;a jQ msßia uyTh ksïkh ta i|yd Ndú; l< nj is;Sug bv ;sfí'

jhUÈ. uqyqKf;ka uOHu l÷lrhg fiakaÿùfuka jqj wUf;alal" f*a,aâiamd¾" r;a;rka" ;,d;=ñ‚rka jeks Lksc iïm;a ,nd.ekSfï wjldY ie,fikakg we;' flfia kuqÿ uq,a ft;sydisl iuh jk úg ;;a l,dmh Lksc we;=¿ iajNdúl iïm;a yeisrùu i|yd ilS%hj Þhl jQ nj is;Sug lreKq we;' ukaoh;a moú.ïfmd< wdxY+l l,dmhg wh;aj msysá ±,sj, fldgfjfyf¾ ;ekam;a ksOka jia;= w;r tk we;eï mdIdK úfYaI ,nd.ekSu i|yd ksiel jYfhka uOHu l÷lrhg msúish hq;=h' rUqlaje,a, fmkajd fok lreKq i;H kï ±,sj,ska yuqfjk fld< meye;s udn,a úfYaIh yuqjkafka fyajdyeg m%foaYfhka mu‚' zi¾mkaàka udn,aZ mdIdKho we;eï ks¾udK i|yd Ndú; lr we;s w;r th ,nd.; yels

35wdikak;u ia:dk j¾;udk jia.uqj yd je,a,jdh m%foaYj, msysáfhah' flfia kuqÿ Lksc iïm;a úIfhys we;s jQ fulS wdl¾IKh mQ¾j ft;sydisl iuh jk úg wdrïNj mej;sfha kï uq,a ft;sydisl wjÈh jkúg m%dfoaYsl jYfhka biau;= fjk m%N+ msßia fulS l%shdj,sh yd inefokakg we;' th yqjudre ls%hdj,shla u; mokïj mej;s Lksc we;=¿ iajNdúl iïm;a yeisrùfï ld¾hh wd¾Ól ls%shdj,shla njg m;aùug;a Bg iïnkaO fjk úßia n,fhka yd wd¾Ól yelshdfjka hq;a msßila njg m;aùu;a wkqf,dau yd m%;sf,dau jYfhka n,mEula t,a, lrkakg we;'

by; ±lajQ mßÈ uyTh uOH ksïkfhka rc yd wh jeks mßmd,kh yd inef|k m%n, ;k;=re ±rEjkao jdih lr we;' Tjqka we;=¿ m%dfoaYsh mßmd,khg iïnkaO msßia" ;;a wd¾Ól ls%hdj,sh ienúkau il%Shj mej;sfha kï th yeisrùug ueÈy;a jkakg we;' ;jo" wNsf,aLkj, tk k.r yqjudre yd fnÞyeÍfï uOHia:dk jYfhka j¾Okh jQ ia:dk njg wkqudk l< yelsh' fulS m%jK;djh NsËqkaf.a f.dÿre.ïj, Ôj;a jQ msßiaj,g NsËqka fmdaIKh lsÍug wjYH ;rï w;sßla;hla /ia lr.ekSu flfrys bjy,ajkakg we;' fï yd iuld,Skj l÷lrfhao mQ¾j rdcH flakaø ìysj ;snQ njg nUr.," f.dakj;a; wd§ uq,a n%dyaó

36wNsf,aLkhka idËs orhs' ;ÞYs%; m%foaYfha Ôj;a jQ we;ao;a lrejka" l=U¨ka" ue‚lalrejka wd§ tla tla l¾udka; iïnkaOfhka úfYaI Ys,am m%d.=KH;djla

37iys; msßia ms<sn|j fõ.sßh Ys,d f,aLkfha f;dr;=re wka;¾.;j ;sfí'

;jo" wm úiska fuys,d wu;l fkdl< hq;= lreKla kï" uyTh yereKq úg ±ÿreTh yd le,‚ .Õ uOHu l÷lr ngysr uqyqK; l,dmh ksfhdackh lrK

35 iS rUqlaje,a," 33ms¡ 36 S Paranavitana, No. 813. 37 Ibid, No. 807.

11

idrÓ

njhs' tneúka mQ¾j yd uq,a ft;sydisl hq.hg wÞ<j uOHu uyTh ksïkfha isÿ jQ wdh;ksluh ixl%dka;Ska l÷lrh yd fukau fiiq .xÕd ksïk l,dm yd inef|kakg we;' ;;a wOHhk l,dmh úia;D; jYfhka ie,lSfï§ W;=re ;eks ìï yd ol=‚ka jk m%foaYh iïnkaO lrk l,dmhl msysá nj y÷kd.; yelsh' tneúka Lksc we;=¿ iajNdúl iïm;a nyq, j¾;udk r;akmqr" n,xf.dv m%foaYfj; ,Õd ùu i|yd ;;a l,dmh Ndú;d l< nj is;Sug bv ;sfí' tuÕska l÷lrh uÕyer tu m%foaYj,g ,Õdùfï iyc jdish ie,fikakg we;' tfukau ;j;a Tífnka msysá ol=Kq ,l iuÕ in|;d f.dvk.d .ekSugo wjldY ie,iqKq nj Wml,amkh l< yelsh' tneúka uyTh uOHu ksïkfha msysá hÜfgdaf.dv hgyf,k yd inef|k wkqrdOmqrfha isg m<d wd foajdkï msh;siai fidfydhqre uydkd. ms<sn| ckY%;s kej; úu¾Ykh l< hq;=h'

uOHu l÷lr jhUÈ. uqyqK; l,dmfha b;sydih wm úiska fuys,d wjOdkh fhduq l< wjÈfhka Tíng úyso hkakls' ukao h;a fufid,s;sl hq.fha ovhu yd wdydr /ia lsÍu m%uqL hemqï ud¾.h lr.;a msßia fuys cSj;a jQ njg im%ud‚l f;dr;=re ,eî we;s neúks' uyTh ksïkfha msysá w;a;kf.dv w¿f,k" forjl we;dne¢ f,k wdÈ ia:dk úêu;a mqrdúoHd;aul wOHhkhkaf.ka fufid,s;sl wjÈh ms<sn| o;a; y÷kd.;a ia:dk fõ' tfy;a mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.hg wh;a ixo¾N.; o;a; le‚ï uÕska fï olajd wkdjrKh fldg f.k fkdue;' flfia kuqÿ hg;a msßfihska Èjhsfka fiiq l,dmj, hlv m%uqL ;dË‚l udOHh lr.;a msßia jHdma;ùu yd iu.dój fuu m%foaYj,o mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.hg wh;a ckdjdi ia:dms; ùug bv ;sfí' ukaoh;a hf:dala; wjÈfha ckm%shjqKq iqidk iïm%Þhkau ;;a l,dmfhka fmkakqï flfrk neúks' tfy;a úh,s l,dmfha fuka újD; N+ñj, ckdjdi ks¾udKh lr .ekSu fjkqjg Tjqka m%foaYslj jHdma;j mej;s .,af,ka ckdjdi f,i Ndú; l< nj fmfka'

fndfyda úg ld,dkqrEmSj fuu l÷lr uqyqKf;a Ôj;a jQ fufid,s;sl ovhlalrejkau hlv Ndú; l< f.dùka njg mßj¾;kh jQ nj Wml,amkh l< yels fõ' fulS ixl%dka;sh mQ¾j yd uq,a ft;sydisl hq.j, fun÷ ixl%dka;slr foaY.=‚l l,dmj, isÿjQ nj fidaufoajf.a u;h fõ' flfia kuqÿ wNHka;ßl fuka ndysr jYfhkao mej;s iudc" wd¾Ól in|;d fiiq l,dmj, fukau fuys isÿjQ m%ia;=; mßj¾;khkag fukau m%.ukhkag fya;= jQ uQ,sl ldrKd jQ nj ksielh' tlS idOlu uq,a ft;sydisl hq.hg wÞ<j fuys fmkakqï flfrk iqúfYAIS ;;ajhkag bjy,a jkakg we;' flfia kuqÿ uOHu l÷lr uqyqKf;a mQ¾j yd uq,a ft;sydisl hq.h ms<sn| mßmQ¾K Ñ;%hla ks¾udKh fldg .efka kï ;j ÿrg;a úêu;a mqrdúoHd;aul fukau ft;sydisl m¾fhaIK meje;aùu w;HjYH fõ' th lsisfia;a ksIaM, ld¾hla fkdjkafka tuÕska Y%S ,xflah b;sydifha ixl%dka;slr wj§ka ms<sn| ±kqu mq¿,a lr .ekSfï wjldYh ie,fik neúks'

12

idrÓ

› ,xld b;sydifha W!KmQrl( jxil;d b;sydih Ndú;fhysoS we;sjk .eg¨

fk¨ï ch;s,l

b;sydih hkq w;S; udkjhd yd udkj ls%hdldß;ajfha úúO me;slv úêu;a yd l%uj;aj m%;sks¾udKhg odhljkq ,nk {dkh yd .fõIKh biau;= lrk úIh Odrdjls' tu úIh fCIa;%h yd w;S;fha úúO me;slv ms<sn| m%;sks¾udKh ksjerÈj" úêu;aj yd úYaf,aIKd;aulj kq;khg f.k taug b;sydii{hska úiska ft;sydisl uq,dY% Wmfhda.S lr.kS' ta wkqj mqrd;k YS% ,xldfõ b;sydih wOHhkh lsÍfï§ b;d jeo.;a uQ,dY% md¾Yajhla f,iska jxil;d ie,fla' tfy;a jxil;dj, wka;¾.; f;dr;=re Èjhsfka b;sydih m%;sks¾udKh lsÍug fhdod .ekSfï§ úúO .eg¨j,g uqyqK§ug b;sydi{hdg isÿfõ' jxil;dj, tk ks¾ft;sydisl lreKqj,ska ft;sydisl lreKq fjka lr.ksñka wfkl=;a uQ,dY% iuÕ ikaikaokh lrñka ksjerÈ b;sydihla m%;sks¾udKh lsÍug Tyq lghq;= l< hq;=h' tfia isÿ lsÍug kï jxil;dj, mj;sk ÿ¾j,;d iy tajd wOHhkh lsÍfï§ biau;= jk .eg¨ iïnkaOfhka wjfndaOhla mej;Su b;d jeo.;a jk w;r tajd ljf¾±hs hkak fuuÕska wjOdkh fhduq lr we;' furg jxil;d w;r jeo.;a fldg ie,flk §mjxih yd uydjxih weiqfrka m%ia;=; lreK ú.%yhg n÷ka lrñka ft;sydisl m¾fhaIKhl uQ,sldx.hjk ft;sydisl uQ,dY% mßYS,kh" ú.%y lsÍu yd úYaf,aIKh m%Odk m¾fhaIK l%ufõoh jYfhka fhdod .kakd ,oS'

Èjhsfka ft;sydisl iïm%odfha wdrïNh nqÿoyu furg ia:dms; ùfuka miqj isÿúh' ñysÿ ysñ furgg jevu l< wjêh jk úg bkaÈhdfõ ft;sydisl isoaê igyka lr ;eîfï l%uh ;yjqre ù ;snqKs' mqrdK .%ka:" Ys,d,sms iy jxil;d uÕska th ms<sônq úh' nqÿoyu furgg y÷kajd fok úg nqÿoyu yd ne÷Kq ixialD;sl wx.hkao ,enqKq w;r ,sùfï l%ufõoh ta w;r m%Odk fõ' th ,laÈj ixúê; f,aLK l,djl jeãug;a ft;sydisl jxil;d rpk iïm%odhl jeãug;a fnfyúka bjy,a úh' Y%S ,xldfõ jxil;dj, wdrïNh ms<sn|j ux., b,x.isxy uy;d fufia woyia olajd we;' —m<uqjk O¾u ix.dhkdfjka wdrïNù nqÿoyfï wdpd¾h jdo b;sydih bÈßhg f.k tafï mqreoao f:arjd§ NsCIqka jykafia,d úiska y÷kajk

1,oafoa jxi fkdfyd;a jxil;d jYfhks¡ ˜ jxil;d hkak mqrdK .%ka: wkqj hdula f,i we;eï W.;=ka úiska ms<s.;a;o b,x.isxy uy;d tu woyi iuÕ tlÕ fkdfõ' tys§ mqrdK .%ka: j¾;udk iajrEmhg ixialrKhjQfha ls%ia;= j¾I m<uq jeks yd y;r jeks ishjia w;r ld,fha§ nj;a tajdfha wdrïNh isÿjQfha ljr ld,hl§o hkak ksYaÑ;j lsj fkdyels nj;a tjeks wúksYaÑ; wdrïNhla we;s .%ka: fldgila wkq.ukh lsÍug furg NsCIqka jykafia,dg bv m%ia:djla fukau wjYH;djhla W!fhao hkak;a ie,lsh fkdyels nj Tyqf.a u;hhs'

1 ux., b,x.isxy" uydjxih iy YS% ,xldfõ b;sydi Wreuh" ;rxð ms%kag¾ia" uyr.u" 2003" 5ms'

13

idrÓ

tfukau Ndr;Sh b;sydi iïm%odh ms<sn| woyia olajk tia B md.s¾g¾ mqrdK .%ka: ms<sn|j bÈßm;a l< ks.ukh jQfha —b;sydi ix{dfjka f;dr ùu ksid

2 bka isÿjk tlu ld¾hh lreKq wjq,aùu muKlah˜ hkakhs' ta wkqj fmkS hkafka mqrdK .%ka: ms<sn| m%didoaul woyila fuu W.;=ka w;r fkdue;s njhs' tfukau Èjhsfka jxil;d iïm%odh mqrdK .%ka: wkqj hdula fkdjk nj;a tlS ud¾.fhka mßndysrj iajdëk uÕla Tiafia j¾Okh jQ nj;a W.;=kaf.aa ms<s.ekSuhs' ;jo uydjxi àldj jk jxi;a;mamldisksfha uydjxih ms<sn|j f.kyer olajd we;s újrKfhka fmkS hkafka uydjxih we;=¨ furg jxil;d mj;ajd f.k tafï ls%hdj,sh f:arjd§ wd.ñl mrud¾:hkag iSud jQ njh' ta nj uydjxih yd §mjxih jeks jxil;d wOHhkh lrk úgo fmkS hk lreKls'

jxil;d ms<sn| isxy, YíofldaIfhys tk újrKfhys—ft;sydisl jYfhka 3

jeo.;a jk mqoa.,hka fyda jeo.;a isÿùï ms<sn| mrïmrd l;d˜ hkqfjka tajd y÷kajd we;' tfy;a fuu újrKh úu¾Ykh lrk úg jxil;d yqfola mqoa., fyda jeo.;a isÿùïj,g muKla iSudù fkdue;s nj lsj hq;=h' jxil;d ;=<ska by; wxY wjOdrKh lrk w;r;=ru ;;ald,Sk foaYmd,k ixia:d" md,k ;ka;%h yd iudc ixia:d ms<sn|jo f;dr;=re bosßm;a lr we;' YíofldaIfhys tk újrKfhka ft;sydisl jYfhka jeo.;a mqoa., yd isoaê fj; muKla jxil;d l;=jrekaf.a wjOdkh fhduq ù ;sfnk nj .uH fõ' úfYaIfhkau Ydiksl jYfhka ,enQ ch.%yK" ta yd ine|s mqoa.,hka wd§ wxY flfrys iqúfYaIS jeo.;alula ,nd§ we;' tfukau miq ld,Skj iïmdokh lrk ,o jxil;dj,g jia;= îcù we;af;a mQckSh jia;=kah' isßud lsßnuqfKa uy;añh ta ms<sn| fufia olajd we;' —YS% uyd fndaêfha b;sydih Èjhsfka od.eíj, b;sydih jeks úIhhka uq,a lD;sj,ska Wmgd f.k

4fjk fjku jxil;d rpkd lsÍug ud;Dld lr.kakd ,o nj fmks hhs'˜ fuu iïm%odfhys tlS j¾Okhka :Qmjxih" md,s fndaêjxih" odGdjxih" o<odjxih" o<od mqcdj,sh hkd§ jxil;d uÕska meyeÈ,s fõ'

fuuÕska meyeÈ,s jkafka jxil;d iïnkaOfhka W.;=ka w;r tlÕ;djhla fkdue;s njhs' tfukau jxil;d iïm%odfha uQ,drïNh ms<sn|jo Tjqka w;r tlÕ;ajhla fkdue;' iïnqoaO mßks¾jdKfhka miqj nqoaO NdIs;h wdrCId lr ;eîug l;sld lr.;a ix> kdhlhka jykafia,d tys tla tla fldgia bÈßhg mj;ajd f.k hdfï j.lSu YsIH mrïmrdj,g mjrK ,oy' m<uq O¾u ix.dhkdjg iyNd.S jQ uyry;ka jykafia,d m%;HCIfhka ÿgq w;sYh jeo.;a Ydiksl isÿùu jQfha nqoaO mßks¾jdKhhs' taksid nqoaO mßks¾jdKh isÿjQ Èkh" udih yd j¾Ih Ydik b;sydifhys wdrïNh f,i .ekSug ;SrKh lsÍu ksjerÈh' Ydik

2 ux., b,x.isxy" iúia;r uydjxi wkqjdoh" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U" 2007" 8ms'3 isxy, YíofldaIh" ixia' mq[aÑnKavdr ikakia.," ixialD;sl fomd¾;fïka;=j" fld<U" 1991"

23 ldKavh" 6ms¡

4 isßud lsßnuqfKa" —uydjxYh yd ,laÈj merKs ft;sydisl iïm%odh"˜ b;sydifha w;S;h" ixia'

rKùr f,ia,s .=Kj¾Ok" weia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U" 2005" 106ms'

14

idrÓ

b;sydifhys wdrïNh nqoaO mßks¾jdKfhka wdrïNùu fn!oaOhka udkj b;sydifhys ls%hdldrlï m%;HCIh mokï lrf.k h:d¾:jd§ f,i ne,Su ms<sn| m%lg ksoiqkls'

fufia m<uq O¾u ix.dhkdfjka wdrïN ù nqÿoyfï wdpd¾h jdo b;sydih bÈßhg f.k tafï mqreoao f:rjd§ NsCIQka jykafia,d úiska y÷kajk ,oafoa jxi fkdfyd;a jxil;d jYfhks' ,laÈj nqÿiiqk msysgqùfuka wk;=rej ta ms<sn| f;dr;=re f,aLk.; lr mj;ajd f.k hdfï j.lSu uydúydrh fj; mejreKs' tu ld¾hfhys m%Odk wruqK jQfha Ydik b;sydih wLKavj jd¾;d lr ;eîuhs' fï wdldrhg nqoaO Ydikh yd ne÷Kq mQcd¾y jia;+ yd isoaOia:dkh ms<sn| úia;r j¾KkdÈh fy< niska ,shd ;eîfï isß; furg mej; ;sfí' tfia fy< niska rÑ; lD;s fy< wgqjd fyj;a iSy< wÜGl;d hkqfjka y÷kajd ;sfí' tfy;a md,s niska Ydik b;sydih rpkd lsÍu wdrïN ùu;a iuÕ uq,a l%ufõoh wNdjhg f.dia md,s jxil;d jvd;a ckms%h jQ nj fmkS hk lreKls' §mjxih yd uydjxih hk jxil;d tajd rpkd ùug fmr mej;s fy< wgqjd uq,a lr.ksñka rpkd lr we;s nj wka;¾.; lreKq ;=<ska meyeÈ,s fõ'

nqÿoyu furgg y÷kajd §fuka miqj Ydik lghq;= yd iïnkaO jeo.;a isÿùï f,aLk .; lr mj;ajd f.k hdfï isß; fn!oaO NsCIqka jykafia,d w;r mej;sh;a uq,ald,Sk lD;sj, fYaIhka olakg fkd,efnk w;r furg jxil;d iïm%odfha wdrïNl lD;sh jYfhka i,lkq ,nkafka §mjxihhs' merKsu jxil;dj jk §mjxih furg mdrïmßl f;dr;=re f.dKq lsÍug .;a m<uq m%h;akh f,i ie,fla' §mjxih l¾;Djreka lsysm fofkl=f.a W;aidyhla nj;a ls%ia;= j¾I mia jeks ishjfia fojeks Nd.fha§ rpkdlrkakg we;s nj;a úYajdi

5 flf¾' —YdlHuqkSkaø ckau ,dNh isÿjQ ksid uydrdc jxih kñka m%lg jQ YdlHrdc jxYdrïNfha mgka uyskaod.ukh olajd f;dr;=re;a hCI oukfha mgka YS% fï>j¾K rcq olajd ,laÈj f;dr;=re;a ll=ikaOd§ isjq nqÿjreka iufhys ,laÈj

6;;ajh yd nqoaOd.u msysgqùï wd§ jxYl;d;a fuys ieflúka i|yka lr we;¡˜ fuhska meyeÈ,s jkafka furg jeo.;a ;;= ,shd ;eîfï m<uq m%h;akh f,iska ie,flk §mjxifhys uq,sl wNsm%dh ù we;af;a iuld,Sk nqÿoyu yd iïnkaO f;dr;=re ix.Dys; lsßuhs'

foaYSh jxil;d b;sydifha ckdorhg md;% jQ jeo.;alñka wkQk uQ,dY%hla f,i uydjxih ie,lsh yelsh' fuys fndfyda lreKq §mjxihg jvd ksrjq,aj;a

5 LS Perera, “The sources of Ceylon history,”History of Ceylon, Ceylon University Press,

Colombo, Vol.I, 1959, p.47.6 isxy,dkqjdo iys; §mjxih" ixia' lsßwe,af,a [dKúu, ysñ" iSudiys; weï' ã' .=Kfiak

iy iud.u" fld<U" 1959" 5ms'

15

idrÓ

l%udkql+,j;a fm< .iajd we;s nj fmfka' mßÉfþo ;siay;lska iukaú; uydjxifha uq,a Nd.fha ls%ia;= mQ¾j yh jeks ishjfia muK isg uyfika rdcH wjêh olajd jQ Ydiksl b;sydih yd iïnkaO f;dr;=re wka;¾.; fldg

7;sfí' fuys we;s úfYaI;ajh jkafka §mjxih iuÕ ixikaokh lrk úg jvd;a ixCIsma; yd úêu;a whqßka f;dr;=re iïmdokh lsÍug W;aidy f.k ;sîuhs' tfy;a uydjxih W!Kmqrl rys; i¾j iïmq¾K lD;shla hk woyi thska .uH fkdfõ'

merKs md,s jxil;dj, tk jxYdj,sh miq ld,fha jxil;d rplhska úiskao wLKavj bÈßhg mj;ajdf.k hk ,oS¡ tys§ Tjqka fjku .%ka: fkd,shd uydjxi l¾;Djrhd wjika l< ia:dkfhka mgkaf.k kej; ,laÈj ms<sn| f;dr;=re rpkd fldg ;sfí' ta wkqj uydjxih wjika l< ia:dkh tkï uyfika rcqf.ka miqj rcjreka ms<sn| f;dr;=re we;=<;a fldgi ú,afy,aï .hs.¾ uy;d

8 pQ,jxih kñka y÷kajd ;sfí' tfia jqj;a iuyr úoaj;=ka fuu fn§ï l%uhg úreoaO

9 fõ' uydjxifha oaú;Sh Nd.fha kdulrKh iïnkaOfhka W.;=ka w;r tlÕ;djhla fkdue;s jqj;a mQ¾j wdpd¾hjreka úiska mj;ajd f.k .sh jevms<sfj< tf,iu bÈßhg mj;ajd f.k hdug .;a W;aidyhla thska èjksl fõ' fuho uydjxih fukau ;;ald,Sk wjëkays ;;= ix.%y lrk ,oaols'

fï whqßka l%udkql+,j furg jxil;d iïm%odfha wdrïNh isÿjQ w;r miqj úúO fCIa;%hka Tiafia th bÈßhg úldYkh úh' tys§ uq,ska ,shejqKq .%ka:j,g újrK iemhSu msKsi wÜGl;d ,sùfï iïm%odhla we;s jQ w;r iuka;mdidÈldj

10 tfia úkh msglhg md,sfhka ,shk ,o wÜG l;djhs' fuh fy< wgqjd md,shg keÕ= uydwÜGl:dpd¾h nqoaOf>daI ysñhka úiska rpkd lrkakg we;ehs úYajdi lrk kuq;a ta ms<sn| ksYaÑ; njla fkdue;'

wÜGl;d iïm%odhg .efkk .%ka: w;r jxi;a:mamldisksh fyj;a uydjxihg ,shk ,o àldj ft;sydisl jYfhka fnfyúka jeo.;a lD;shls' jxi;a:mamldiskS kï fuu .%ka:h uydjxi .d:djkaf.a wm%lg lreKq úia;r

11lrñka lrk ,o w¾: j¾Kkdjls' uydjxifha .eg¨ ia:dk úia;r lrñka lrk ,±hs ie,flk .KaÓmo-jKaKkd kï lD;shla .ek fuu .%ka:fha i|yka fj;;a

12 th ±kg úoHudk fkdfõ' —uydjxi àldfjys i|ykalr we;s wfkl=;a .%ka: w;r

13 ÈmjxiÜGl:d" iSudl:d" fÉ;shjxiÜGl:d'''.KaÓmo jKaKkdo fj;s'˜ fuhska fmkS hkafka md,s wÜGl:dpdÍka úiska m%fhdackhg .;a uQ,dY% ms<sn|j;a tajdfha

7 Perera, Opcit, pp. 47-48.

8 The Mahâvamsa, trans, Wilhelm Giger, The Ceylon Government, Colombo, 1950, p. xxix.

9 ÔiS fukaÈia"—,xldfõ md,s jxYl:d"˜ ,xld b;sydih" Y%S ,xld idys;H uKav,h" fld<U"

1967" 196ms'10 lsßnuqfKa" 2005" 115ms'

11 bkaølS¾;s isßùr" Y%S ,dxflah b;sydi ;rx." wdßh m%ldYlfhda" jrldfmd," 2004" 20ms' 12 pkaøodi ly`ojwdrÉÑ" ,xld b;sydi m%fõYh" wdßh m%ldYlfhda" jrldfmd," 2004" 10ms' 13 jxi;a:mamldiskS" wkq¡ wl=ráfha wurjxi kdysñ iy fyaupkaø Èidkdhl" tia f.dvf.a iy

ifydaorfhda" fld<U" 1994" ixms.

16

idrÓ

iajrEmh yd úIh ud,dj ms<sn|j;a jxi;a:mamldisksfhka fy<sjk njhs'

by; fmkajd§ we;s wdldrhg l%udkql+,j nqÿoyu y÷kajd §fuka wk;=rej furg ft;sydisl rpk iïm%odhl jeãu isÿ jQ w;r úúO jia;= îc tajd i|yd mdolù we;' uq,a wjêfha§ mQckSh jia;+ka w<,d wm%lg jxil;d lSmhla rpkd fldg we;s nj fmfka' md,s uydfndaêjxih" odGdjxih" :Qmjxih hkd§ jxil;d fï .Khg wh;a fõ' fï yereKq úg y;a:jk.,a, úydr jxih w;a;k.¨ úydrh uq,a lrf.k rpkd lr we;s w;r rdcdj,sh" rdcr;akdlrh" iq¨rdcdj,sh jeks lD;s Èjhsfka rdc mrïmrd ms<sn| wLKav b;sydihla mj;ajd f.k hdug .;a m%h;ak jYfhka ie,lsh yelsh'

Wla; i|yka l< wdldrhg YS% ,xldfõ ft;sydisl rpk iïm%odfha wdrïNh yd jeãu ieflúka f.kyer ±laúh yelsh' nqÿoyu furgg y÷kajd §fuka wk;=rej Ydikfhys ch.%yK ms<sn| jeo.;a f;dr;=re ix.Dys; lsÍug .;a W;aidyhkays m%;sM,hla jYfhka ft;sydisl jxil;d rpk iïm%odfha wdrïNh yd j¾Okh isÿúh' tys§ miq ld,h jk úg Ydiksl ch.%yK muKla fkdj fjk;a mqckSh jia;=" ia:dk mjd mdol lr.ksñka tajd ms<sn| f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lsÍug W;aidy ord we;' fï wdldrfhka jevqKq rpkdjkaf.a ft;sydisl j,x.=Ndjh ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= w;r tuÕska tu lD;s ms<sn|;a wka;¾.; f;dr;=re ms<sn|j;a uOHia: ks.ukhlg t<ôh yelsh'

kq;k w¾:fhka i,lk úg b;sydih hkakg wre;a folla we;' m<uq jekak b;sydih hkq iuia; hg.shdjhs' fojekak b;sydih hkq wOHhk Odrdjls hkakhs' mq¿,a w¾:fhka i,ld n,k úg b;sydih hkak ms<sn| úúO woyia m< lr we;' welagka kue;a;dg wkqj —fï jkdys oyku jeks ishji úiska u;= mrïmrdj fj; Wreu lr hkakg Tkak fukak lshd we;s msßmqka ±kqu jeäu fofkl=g jeäu m%fhdackh ,efnkq jia ,shd ;eîfï wmQre wji:djhs'' keKj;a Y%u úNckh uÕska tfia lr cd;Hka;r m¾fhaIKfha wjika ,smsho mßk; ;u ks.ukho yeu

14 ñksfil=gu jgyd fokakg neß fkdjkq we;'˜ fuysÈ welagka wka;su úlafgdaßhdkq ld,fha ksh; úYajdih ;=<ska l;d lrhs' tfy;a i¾ fcda¾Ê la,dla kï uyd we÷rd welagka lshQ mru b;sydih Wmojkakg hï ojil yels jkq hk úYajdih mokï lr .ksñka —miq mrïmrdjl b;sydi{fhda tjeks m%ia:djla ms<sn| n,dfmdfrd;a;=jlska l%shd fkdlr;s¡ fj;;a lD;s uÕska ;u lD;s mqk mqkd blaujd hkq we;ehs Tjqyq n,dfmdfrd;a;= fj;s' w;S;h ms<sn| ±kqu ñksia is;a tlla fyda jeä .Kkla ;=<ska mej; wd nj;a tajd uÕska msßhï ù we;s nj;a tu ksid th

14 tâjâ ye,Ü ld¾" b;sydih hkq l=ulao" mß( pß;d úfÊr;ak" cd;Hka;r m%ldYlfhda" fld<U" 1960" 1 ms'

17

idrÓ

lsis fohlska fjkia l< fkdyels øjH uQ,j,ska ksIamqoa., mrudKqj,skao iE§ ;sìh 15 fkdyels nj;a Tjqyq i,l;s'˜ hkqfjka b;sydih w¾: l:kh lr we;' fuhska

16 wefikqfha ysms mrïmrdfõ úlafIamfhao wdl+, Yxihjdofhao fodaxldrhhs'b;sydih hkak iuia; hg.shdj hk w¾:fhka .;a úg wOHhkh l< fkdyels fukau thska lsisÿ m%;sM,hlao fkdfõ' kuq;a b;sydih wOHhk Odrdjla jYfhka i,lk úg tuÕska w;S; udkjhd ms<sn| wOHhkh flf¾' fï ms<sn| w¾: ú.%yhl fhfok bkaølS¾;S isßùr uy;d GESCHICHTE hk c¾uka jpkfha b;sydih ms<sn| w¾: ;=kla .eíj we;s nj olajhs' tkï isÿ jQ foa" tu isoaëka ±k.; yels

17l%uh yd tfia ±k .;a foa m%ldY lsßu jYfhks' fuu ú.%yhg wkqj hñka t;=ud b;sydih hkq isoaëka ud,dj" tu isoaëka ud,dj ±k .kakd wdldrh iy tfia ±k.;a

18 isoaëka ud,dj ,shd ;eîu hkqfjka ;jÿrg;a ú.%y lrhs'

fuys§ .eg¨ lsysmhla mek k.S' tkï isoaëka hkqfjka woyia lrkafka l=ulao@" w;S;fha isÿjQ iEu isÿùulau b;sydi úIh ;=<ska wOHhkh l< yelso@" tfia fkdue;s kï hï f;dard .;a isoaê muKla b;sydih f,i i,ld .kafkao@" b;sydi{hdf.a j.lSu jkafka tu isoaê ;ukag ,efnk whqßkau ,shd ;eîuo@ hkdÈh ta w;r fõ' kQ;k l%ufõohg wkqj w;S;fha isÿjQ iEu isÿùulau b;sydih ,sùfï§ we;=<;a fkdlrk w;r hq.fha wjYH;djh wkqj th ;SrKh fõ' tys§ foaYmd,k" wd¾Ól" iudc yd ixialD;sl jYfhka jvd;a ;SrKd;aul w;S; isÿùï" mqoa., yd mqoa., ls%hdldrlï ms<sn|j ft;sydisl rpkd b;sydih f,i t<s ±lafõ' tu isÿùï tf,i ,shd ;eîfuka muKla kq;k b;sydi{hdg ksyv úh fkdyelsh' Tyq ;ukag ,efnk f;dr;=re úpdrhg n÷ka l< hq;= w;r tajd wkqidrfhka tfia isÿ jQfha wehs iy flfia isÿ jQfhao hkakg ms<s;=re ,nd Èh hq;=h' —j¾;udk ms<s.ekSug wkqj b;sydi .%ka:hla ,sùfï wjia:d ;=kla we;' thska uq,a mshjr lreKq /ia lsÍuhs' fojekak /ialr .;a lreKq újrKh lsßuhs' wjidk jYfhka

19 l< hq;af;a tfia /ia lr.;a lreKq újrKh lsßfuka miq .%ka:drEV lsßuhs¡˜ ta wkqj j¾;udk b;sydi lD;shla t<s olajk b;syd{hd fuu rduqj ;=< msysgd ish lD;Ska iïmdokh lsÍug j. n,d .; hq;=h'

fuu oDIaáhg wkqj j¾;udkfha b;sydih ,sùfï l%ufõoh iy jxil;d rpkd iïm%odh w;r fld;rï ÿrg .e<mSula mj;So hkak flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu jeo.;ah' bkaÈhdfõ ,shejqKq uq,au b;sydi lD;sh jQ rdc;rx.Ksh wdrïNfha l,ayK fufia olajd ;sfí' —Ya,d>H u tj .=Kjdka - rd.oafõI nysIalD;d-

20 N+;dÓl:fk hiH- iysfrj m%cdm;s˜ fuu m%ldYfhys ir, w¾: jkafka rd." oafõY wd§ ÿ¾.=Khkaf.ka f;drj hï .=Kjf;la isÿjQ foa ta yeáfhkau m%ldY lrkafkao ^b;sydih jYfhka ,shd ;nkafkao& Tyqu m%Yxid¾yh" Tyqu m%cdm;S

21jkafkah' ta wkqj isÿ jQ foa tmßoafokau ,shd ;eîu b;sydih f,i i,ld ;sfnk

16 fukaÈia" 2ms' 17 bkaølS¾;s isÍùr" b;sydih yeoEßu ;rx. wxl 08" ixia( f;ßmeye fidaudkkao ysñ" YS% ,xld

úoHd,h" fld<U" 1963 iema;eïn¾" 34ms' 18 tu'

19 b,x.isxy" 16ms'20 tu'21 tu'

18

idrÓ

15 tu'

w;r th W;=ï .=Kdx.hla jYfhkao i,ld ;sfí' tfy;a j¾;udk b;sydi oDIaáhg wkqj isÿ jQ foa tf,iu ,sùfuka iEySulg m;a fkdù isÿjQfha wehs iy flfiao hkakgo b;sydi{hd ms<s;=re Èh hq;=h' tfia fkdue;sj isÿ jQ foa ta whqßkau ,shd ;nkafka kï Tyq <x jkafka jd¾;dlrejl=gh' túg Tyq w;ska ìys jkafka yqÿ jd¾;djla muKs' fn!oaO rpkd iïm%odhg wkql+,j ,laÈj wdrïN jQ jxil;d rpk iïm%odh jvd;a <xjkafka ft;sydisl rpkd ffY,shgo ke;fyd;a w;S; isoaê tf,iu jd¾;d lr ;eîulgo hkak fuys§ mek kÕsk m%Odk .eg¨jls'

jxil;dj, tk f;dr;=re YS% ,xldfõ b;sydih iuÕ fld;rï ÿrg ksjerÈ fõo hkak i,ld ne,Sfï§ tajd rpkd lsÍfï mrud¾:" wka;¾.; lreKq wd§ wxY fj; wjOdkh fhduq lsßu jeo.;ah' ±kg b;sßù we;s jxil;d w;ßka jvd;a merKs jxil;d fol jkafka §mjxih iy uydjxihhs' úchd.ukfha isg uyfika md,k wjêh olajd Èjhsfka Ydiksl f;dr;=re;a md,lhska ms<sn| f;dr;=re;a fïjdfhys wka;¾.; fõ' fuu jxil;d foflysu foajdkï msh;siai rcqf.a md,k wjêhg fmr f;dr;=re ±laùfï§ wdrïNl isoaêh f,i f.k we;af;a nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a ,xld.ukh iy úch l;d m%jD;a;shhs' tu l;d m%jD;a;s flfrys úu¾Ykd;aulj wjOdkh fhduq lrk úg fmkS hk uQ,sl lreKla jkafkaa Bg fmr mej;s lD;s fyda ckm%jdo weiqfrka tajd rpkd lr we;s njhs'

jxil;d uÕska m%lg jk wdldrhg nqÿoyu furgg y÷kajd §fuka miqj l%udkql+,j jxil;d ,sùu wdrïN ù we;s w;r we;eï úg tlu úIhh w<,d rpkd jQ .%ka: lsysmhlao jQ nj §mjxifha mqk mqkd mejfik lreKq wkqj ks.ukh l< yelsh' tfukau uydjxifha l¾;D ;u ld¾hh úia;r lrñka —fmdrdfKys lf;d

22fmfid w;sú;a:dßf;d lajÑ w;Sj lajÑ ixÅ;af;da wfkl mqkre;a;sflda˜ hkqfjka olajd ;sfnk w;r th újrKh lrk uydjxi àld l;=jrhd fï uydjxih mqrdKdpd¾hhka úiskao lrk ,±hs iïnkaO lghq;=h' hï fm!rdKsl jQ iSy,ÜGl:d uydjxifhla fõo tys we;s úia;rd§ fodaIhkao neyer fldg iqL.%yK OdrKd§ m%ldrfhka hqla; fldg lshkafkñ hk fï wNsm%dhhs hkqfjka olajd ;sfí'

fï wkqj meyeÈ,s jkafka jxil;d rpkd ùug fmr fy< niska rpkd jQ .%ka:hla mej;s nj;a jxil;d ,sùug tajd mdol lr.kakd ,o nj;ah' uydjxifha wdrïNl .d:dj,§ th fmdrdKhska úiska ix.Dys; lrk ,o mq¾j uydjxihl ixialrKhla nj;a mQ¾j .%ka:fhys iuyr ;eka leá lr we;s nj;a ;j;a ;ekaj, w;sYh úia;r iys; nj;a fndfyda ia:dkhkays mqkrela;sj,ska .yK nj;a i|yka lr we;' w¨f;ka ilia lrk ,o uydjxih ;=<ska fuu fodaI bj;a lr rpkd lsÍug W;aidy f.k we;;a Èjhsfka uq,a ld,Sk ;;= iïnkaOfhka mQ¾j .%ka:hg

22 uydjxih" ixia¡ yslalvqfõ iqux., ysñ" weïã .=Kfiak iy iud.u" fld<U" 1956"

mß 1 .d:d 4-5'

19

idrÓ

fndfyda fihska .e;sù ;sfnk nj fmkS hk lreKls¡

úfYaIfhka uydjxifha i|yka jk lreKq flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrk úg úchd.ukfha isg foajdkï msh;siai wjêh olajd jeo.;a ft;sydisl isoaê jYfhka i,ld we;af;a úch mqrdjD;a;h ydmKavqldNh mqrdjD;a;hhs' uydjxih yd oSmjxih yereKq úg fuu isoaê fol w;r b;sydih ms<sn| f;dr;=re ,nd .; yels fjk;a uq,dY% fkdue;s ksid tu wjêh iïnkaO ft;sydisl;ajh biau;= lsÍfïoS fuu jxil;dj, iydh me;Sug isÿfõ¡ uQ,dY%j, mj;sk ÿ¾,N nj ksid uydjxifha ft;sydisl jákdlu ks¾Kh lsÍfïoSo tys tk f;dr;=re wkqj hñka ;¾ldkql+,j nei.kakd wkqudk ks.ukhkag t<öug isÿfõ' tfy;a ft;sydisl;ajh ms<sn| lrkq ,nk ks¾Khka ;¾ldkql+,j nei.kakd wkqudk ks.ukj,g t<öfuka fkdlg hq;=h' tu ksid uydjxifha i|yka jk úchd.uk m%jD;a;sh yd mKavqldNh mqrdjD;a;fhys lshefjk f;dr;=re wkqj is;Sfuka muKla tys ft;sydisl i;H;djh jgyd .ekSu myiq ld¾hhlao fkdfõ'

§mjxifha yd úfYaIfhka uydjxifha uq,a mßÉfþoj, i|yka f;dr;=re fl;rï ÿrg ft;sydisl jYfhka ms<s.; yelso hk .eg¨j fuys§ biau;= fõ' nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a ,xld.ukh" úch l;d mqj; wd§ isÿùï f.kyer ±laùfï§ tajdfha ft;sydisl j,x.=Ndjh ms<sn| t;rï ie,ls,su;a ù fkdue;s w;r fndfyda úg mQ¾jdpd¾hjreka wkqj hñka tajd rpkd lr we;s nj fmfka' Y%S ,xldfõ b;sydih Ndr; foaYhg;a nqÿka jykafiaf.a jxYhg;a iïnkaO lsÍug wjYH jQ furg jxil;d wdpd¾hjreka ,laÈj b;sydih Wkajykafiaf.a Ôjudk wjêh olajdu /f.k hdug W;aiql ù ;sfí' ta wkqj nqÿka jykafia Ôjudkj jev isáh§ f;jrla furgg jevu l< nj olajd we;'

hï w;S; isÿùul ft;sydislNdjh r|d mej;Sug kï th isÿ jQ ld,h" wjldYh ksYAÑ; úh hq;=h' tfia fkdjkafka kï thska èjks; jkafka yqÿ l;dkaorhla muKs' §mjxifha yd uydjxifha bÈßm;a lr ;sfnk nqÿka jykafiaf.a ,xld.ukh ms<sn| ±laùfï§ Wkajykafia ,laÈjg jevu l< nj olajd ;snqKo ksYAÑ; ld,jljdkq tuÕska .Kkh fkdfõ' tla w;lska ta ms<sn| Èk jljdkq olajd we;;a fjk;a lsisÿ uQ,dY%hlska tajdfha ksrjoH;djh fy<s fkdfõ' tfukau nqÿka jykafiaf.a ,xld.ukh ms<sn| i|yka jkafka jxil;dj, muKs' fjk;a Ndr;Sh uQ,dY%hl fyda fjk;a foaYdgk jd¾;djl fyda tfia i|yka fkdfõ' tjeks uQ,dY%hkays i|yka fkdfj;;a jxYl;dj, tk wfkl=;a fndfyda isÿùïj, ksrjoHNdjh ;yjqre ùu ksid fuu isÿùïo i;H úh yels hehs flfkl=g ;¾l lsÍug mq`Mjk' kuq;a b;sydifhys l%ufõoh jkafka tla idlaIshlska muKla iEySulg m;a fkdùuhs' ta i|yd yels ;rï idlaIs tla /ia lr.ksñka tajd úpdrhg n÷ka lrñka ksjerÈ b;sydih biau;= l< hq;=h' uydjxih kej; iïmdokh lsÍfï wruqK jQfha me/kakka úiska bÈßm;a lrk ,o lreKqj, fodaI bj;a lr kej; bÈßm;a lsÍu kï fujeks wxY flfrys ie,ls,su;a ùug ;snQ kuq;a uydjxi l;=jrhd ish mQ¾jdpdÍka wkqju hdu ksid fujeks wxY flfrys t;rï Wkkaÿ jQ njla fkdfmfka' nqÿka jykafiaf.a iïnqoaO mßks¾jdKh isÿ jQ j¾Ih jxil;dj,

20

idrÓ

iy ,xldfõ jHjydr j¾I l%uhg wkqj ls%ia;= mQ¾j 544§ isÿj we;' tfy;a wNHka;ßl jYfhka iy ndysr jYfhkao Èk jljdkq iei§fïoS fuys lsishï jer§ula isÿj we;s nj fmfka' fï ms<sn| m%:u j;djg fmkajd fok ,oafoa g¾k¾ m`äjrhd úisks' Tyq fmkajd fok wdldrhg fuu j¾Ih iy ksjerÈ j¾Ih w;r

23fjki wjqreÿ yeg wgls' pkaø udi yd iQ¾h udi .Kkh lsÍfï§ ld, mrdih w;r mj;sk mriamr úfrdaë;djhka ksid fuh isÿj we;s nj Tyq fmkajd§ ;sfí' kuq;a fujeks ielhg ;=vqfok Èk jljdkq wkqj w;S;h kS¾Kh lsÍug hdfuka tu isÿùï yd wod< ld,h w;r mriamr úfrdaê;djla biau;= fõ' jxil;d l¾;Dka úiska ,laÈj b;sydifha wdrïNh f,i i,ld we;af;a nqoaO mßks¾jdKh isÿ jQ Èkhhs' tÈku bkaÈhdfjka msgqjy,a lrk ,o úch we;=¨ msßi ,laÈjg meñK ;sfnk w;r t;eka isg furg b;sydifha wdrïNh f,i f.k we;' fï whqßkaa Èjhsfka ft;sydisl Èk jljdkq lrkafka kï iy nqÿka jykafiaf.a nqoaO mßks¾jdKh isÿ jQ j¾Ih ms<sn| mriamr úfrdaë;djhla mj;S kï Èjhsfka b;sydih iïnkaOfhkao .eg¨ mek kÕsk nj fmkS hk lreKls'

fujeks w;S; isÿùï f.kyer ±laùfï§ tajdfha ft;sydisl j,x.=Ndjh flfrys jxil;d l¾;Djrekaf.a t;rï ie,ls,a,la fhduqù fkdue;s nj fuhska fmkS hhs' fuys wNsm%dh jkakg we;af;a nqoaOd.u furgg jeo.;a jQ wldrh yqjd ±laùu úh yelsh' úchd.ukfha isg foajdkï msh;siai olajd ,dxlsl rcjrekaf.a ld,jljdkq olajd we;af;a u.O rcqkaf.a rdc j¾I wkqjh' ta wkqj fn!oaOd.ñl mrud¾:hkag wkql+,j isoaê fm< .eiaùu yd j¾I .e<mSug fm%d;aidySù we;s nj fujeks lreKqj,ska meyeÈ,s fõ'

úch l;d m%jD;a;sh .;a úgo fujeks ,laIK m%lg fõ' §mjxifha iy uydjxifha tk úch l=udrhdf.a W;am;a;s l;dj jvd;a ,xjkafka ft;sydisl isoaêhlg jvd ùr l;djlgh' jx. foaY rcqf.a ÈhKsh u.Oh n,d hk ;j,ul tlaù .uka lrk w;r;=r ,dg kï rfܧ tu ;j,ug myr ÿka isxyfhla l=udßldj meyer f.k hhs' isxyhdg odj l=ußhg isxyndyq kï mqf;la iy isxyiSj,S kï ÿjla Wm; ,enqfjdah' fuu orejka fofokd jeäúh meñKS miqj isxyhdf.ka ñ§ ujo legqj iShdf.a rdcOdkshg m<d hk w;r orejka fidhd meñKs isxyhd .ï okõ úkdY l< ksid isxyndyq l=udrhd úiska isxyhd urd ouk ,oS¡ miqj isxyndyq yd iSj,S újdy ùfuka miqj isxymqr kï kqjrl rc lrk úg ksjqka orejka oyih fofkl= Tjqka fofokdg ,efnk w;r jeäuy,a l=ure jQ úch fmr<sldrhl= úh' Tyq iy Tyqf.a mßjdr msßi uyckhdg ysßyer l< neúka Tyq;a mkaishhla jQ msßi;a ráka msájy,a lrk ,ÿj ,xldoaùmhg meñK ;sfí'

by; ieflúka f.kyer olajk ,oafoa Y%S ,xldj ckdjdiùu yd iïnkaO uydjxifha tk úia;rhhs' fuys ft;sydisl jYfhka ms<s.; fkdyels fukau jdia:úl jYfhka úYAjdi l< fkdyels fndfyda lreKq wka;¾.;j mj;S' isxyhl=

23 jxi;a;mamldiskS" 5ms'

21

idrÓ

iuÕ ukqIH ÈhKshla újdy ùu" wUq ieñhka f,i l,a f.ùu ta w;r fõ' fujeks ,laIK fndfyda úg jxil;dj, wka;¾.; lrkakg we;af;a l;d mqj;a úpdrCIsfhka f;drj tf,iu ish lD;shgo we;=<;a l< ksid nj is;sh yelsh'

;jo úchdj;rKh ms<sn| ,sheù we;s f;dr;=rej,§ biau;= jk ;j;a .eg¨jla jkafka tu msßi fuys meñK we;af;a ljr foaYhlskao hkakhs' uydjxifha tk ia:dk mÍCId lrk úg tajd ksh; jYfhkau l=uk m%foaYhl mej;sfhao hkak mejiSu wmyiqh' tys ld,sx.h" jx. foaYh yd isxymqrh ms<sn| i|yka fõ' kuq;a jx.rg ld,sx.h wi, msysá ia:dkhla f,i ie,l=j fyd;a úchf.a .uka ud¾.fha yuqjk NdrelÉp iy iqmamdrl hk jrdhka yuqúh fkdyelsh' mrKú;dk uy;d fmkajd fok wdldrhg fuh uOHÈ. bkaÈhdfõ msysáhls' fjiaika;r cd;lfha tk jxl mín; hkako fuh ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd fhdod .kS' tfukau isxymqrhka lsysmhla bkaÈhdfõ ngysr yd kefÕkysr we;' uydjxifha tk fuu N+f.da,Shuh kdu ksjerÈj y÷kd .; fkdyels w;r thg m%Odk fya;=j jkafka uydjxi l;=jrhdo ta ms<sn| wjfndaOhlska hq;=j tajd rpkd fkdlsÍuhs' b;sydi l%ufõohg wkqj ld,h yd wjldYh ms<sn| mriamr úfrdaë;djhka fkdmej;sh hq;= w;r ;ud bÈßm;a lrk tjeks f;dr;=rej, ksjerÈNdjh ;yjqre lsÍfï yelshdj ;sìh hq;=h' tfia fkdue;sj ;ud wid ±k.;a muKska fyda mqrd;kfha isg mej; wd muKska fyda úuiqug n÷ka fkdlr ,shd ;nkafka kï thska yqÿ jd¾;dlrejl=f.a N+ñldj biau;= fõ'

úchd.uk m%jD;a;sh mßoafokau m~q wnd mqrdjD;a;fhys tk f;dr;=rej, ft;sydisl;ajh ms<sn|jo .eg¨ biau;= fõ' §>dhq iy Wkaudo Ñ;%d l=ußh w;r fma%u in|;djh f.dvkeÕSfï§ l¾lgl hka;%fha keÕS rd;s%fha Ñ;%djf.a l=áhg meñKSu —ta f;fï ljq¿fhys ikaê fldg miqj jiajd rd;s%fhys l¾lgl hka;%hl

24keÕS fodr is÷jd thska we;=,a úh¡˜ fuys tk l¾lgl hka;%h l=ulao hkak wmyeÈ,s fiau lsisfjl=g;a fkdfmfkk mßÈ ieÕù .uka l< yels hka;% mej;sfhao hkak úYajdi l< fkdyelalls' fujeks hka;%hla ms<sn| wka uQ,dY%hl fyda ft;sydisl idCIs uÕska fyda wkdjrKh fkdùu fya;=fjka fuu lreKqj, ft;sydisl;ajh m%Yakd¾:hlg n÷ka fõ¡ tfukau fuu isÿùï jxil;d l¾;Djreka úiska bÈßm;a lrkafka isÿùï isÿù jir oyilg;a wêl ld, jljdkqjla .;jQ miqjh' t;rï §¾> ld,Sk f;dr;=re ckm%jdo uÕska fyda mqrdKdpd¾hjreka wkqj hñka fyda ix.Dys; fldg ;sfnk nj is;Su hqla;s hqla;h' hï isoaêhla yd tu isÿùu jd¾;d jk ld, mr;rh os.= jk úg tys ksrjoHNdjh fjkiaùug ;sfnk wjldYh by<h' isÿùu jgd f;dr;=re úYd, m%udKhla talrdYS ùu ksid wjidkfha wm w;g m;ajkafka uq,a isoaêhg jvd yd;amiska fjk;a fohls' b;sydi{hdf.a ld¾hNdrh úh hq;af;a f.;=Kq isÿùï ish,a, bj;a fldg i;H f,iskau isÿ jQfha l=ulao hkak biau;= lsÍuhs' tjeks wxY flfrys ie,ls,su;a

24 uydjxih ^isxy,&" ixia' fn!oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh" fn!oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh" foysj," 2003" 40ms'

22

idrÓ

fkdù we;eï isÿùï jxil;d l¾;Dka tf,iu bÈßm;a lsßu ksid tajd jd¾;duh iajNdjhla Wiq,hs' fujeks fya;= ksid tu f;dr;=re Èjhsfka uq,ald,Sk b;sydih ;SrKh lsÍfïoS jxil;dj, lreKq iïnkaOfhka muKla iEySulg m;aùu m%udK;a fkdfõ'

fufia jxil;d ;=<ska mqrdjD;a; ffY,Ska fmkakqï flfrk ;j;a tla wjia:djla m~q wnd l;d mqjf;kau m%lg fõ¡ Ñ;%d l=ußhg Wmka l=ure ish ududjrekaf.ka jika lrkq jia lr~qjl nyd odish úiska fodruv,djg /f.k hk úg uqj ovhfï .sh ududjreka w;ruÕ yuqù miqïìh mßCId lsÍug iqodkï jQ fudfydf;a Ñ;%rdc iy ld,fõ, hk hCIhska fofokd l=ure wdrCId lsßug W!re fõYhla f.k Tjqyq bÈßfhka hdu fya;=fjka m~q l=udrhdg wk;=rla isÿ fkdùh' —'''rc l=urefjda jyd l=urefjda jyd ;njhs wEg lsjqh' Ñ;%h ld,fõ<h hk hCIfhda fofok l=ureyq wrla msKsi kslañfhda tlfKys uy;a yQre fjila oelajQh' ta

25 l=urefjda W!re ̈ yqne| .sfhdah¡˜ fujeks isÿùï wh;a jkafka yqfola woaN=; isÿùï .Khgh'

by; ±lajQ úch yd mKavqldNh mqrdjD;a; l=uk wjêhl§ f.dvke.=Kso hkak úuish hq;= mekhls' ta iïnkaOfhka woyia olajk ÔiS fukaäia uy;d fmkajd fok wdldrhg fuu mqj;a f.dvkeÕS we;af;a ls%ia;= mq¾j m<uq jeks ishjfika miqjh' t;=ud isxy, hk jpkh ,xldjg;a" isxy,hkag;a fhdod we;af;a ls%ia;= mQ¾j m<uq jeks ishjfia isg nj olajhs' tfiau t;=ud úch mqrdjD;a;h f.dvkeÕ=fKa ,xldfõ uq,a ckdjdihkays wdrïNh .ek lSug fkdj isxy, hkafkys wdrïNh ±laùug nj olajhs' mKavqldNh mqrdjD;a;h f.dvkeÕ=fKa fuhg;a miqjh' mrKú;dk uy;do fuu woyi bÈßm;a lrñka uydjxi l;=jrhd ful, b;sydih w¨f;kau f.dvkÕd .; hq;=j ;snQ ksid ckm%jdohkays mej; wd f;dr;=re" ckl;d yd ùr ldjHo weiqre lr.ksñka mKavqldNh mqrdjD;a;h f.dvkeÕ= nj;a tys wdrïNl isoaêh f,iska úch.ukh olajñka th nqoaO mßks¾jdK Èkhg iïnkaO lrñka iaÓr Èkjljdkqjla we;s l< nj;a mjihs' kQ;k b;sydi l%ufõohg wkqj ft;sydisl;ajfhka f;drj w¨f;kau flfkl=g b;sydih f.dvkeÕsh fkdyelsh' isÿlrkafka w;S;fha isÿjQfhaa l=ulao" tfia isÿ jQfha wehs iy flfiao hkak f;areï .ekSug W;aidy lsÍu;a ta ms<sn| jdia;úl w¾:ksrEmk bÈßm;a lsßu;ah' ta wkqj jxil;dlrejka iuld,Sk wjêhg fmr b;sydih ,shd ;eîfï§ fm!oa.,sl wjYH;djhkag wkql+,j th ks¾udKh l< nj fmfka'

25 tu" 42ms'

23

idrÓ

fï wkqj fuu mqj;a yqÿ m%nkaOhka f,i úkd b;sydifha isÿùï jYfhka ms<s.ekSug wiSreh' uyskaod.ukhg fmr ,laÈj uq,a b;sydihg iïnkaO fujeks ckm%jdo uydNdr;h" rdudhKh wd§ ùrldjHhkays tk mqj;aj,g idudk whqßkau rpkd fldg merKs jxil;dj,g we;=<;a lr we;s nj fmkS hhs' jxil;dj, tk úch yd mKavqldNh fndfydaúg ft;sydisl mqoa.,hska ùug bv fkdue;s w;r foajdkï msh;siai rcq olajd rdc kdudj,sh msrùu i|yd jxil;d l¾;Dka úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o pß; ùug fnfyúka bv ;sfí' tla w;lska jxil;d uÕska Èjhsfka rdcH;ajh fï whqßka úfoaYSh uQ,hlg iïnkaO lr ;snqK;a miqld,Skj isÿlrk ,o ft;sydisl m¾fhaIKhkaf.ka fy<sù ;sfnk wdldrhg furg rdcH;ajh foaYSh uQ,hla iys;j wdrïNù ;sfnk w;r ld,Sk jYfhka biau;= jQ wjYH;d fya;= lrf.k kdhl;ajfha fjkialïo isÿù ;sfnk nj tu m¾fhaIK uÕska fmkajd§ ;sfí' úfYaIfhka uydjxih ;=<ska Èjhsfka iuia; foaYmd,k tallhla ks¾udKh lsÍug W;aidy f.k we;;a tlsfklg fjkia md,k tall .Kkdjla furg mej;s nj mqrdúoHd;aul m¾fhaIK uÕska wkdjrKh ù ;sfí' tu m¾fhaIKj,ska jxil;d ;=<ska biau;= jk f;dr;=rej,g fjkia tfy;a jdia;úl f;dr;=re fy<s ùfuka jxil;dj, tk fujeks mqrdjD;a; neyer lsÍug isÿfõ'

uydjxifha tk úia;r mßCId lrk úg biau;= jk ;j;a .eg¨jla jkafka uydjxih rpkd jQ wjêh yd by; fmkajd ÿka isoaê w;r mj;sk ld, mrdihhs' uydjxifha olajd we;s wdldrhg ,xld b;sydifha wdrïNl isoaêh úch l=ure we;=¨ msßi ,laÈjg f.dvneiSuhs' tys§ uydjixh bÈßm;a lrk fM;sydisl Èkh jkafka nqoaO mßks¾jdK Èkhhs' t;eka isg ls%ia;= j¾I mia jeks ishji olajd ld,h jir oyila muK fõ' ta wkqj uydjxih rÑ; ld,h iy fuu isoaê w;r mr;rh jir oyila muK fõ' ta ksid fldf;la ÿrg fuu isoaêkays i;H /`§ mj;Soehs hkak iel iys;hs' tfukau i;H isÿùu fndfyda w¾:l:khkag tjeks rpkdj,§ tajd we;=<;a lrkq ,nkafka yqfola wid ±k .;a wdldrfhka fyda Bg fmr ix.D; lrk ,o lD;s wdY%fhka ùug mq`Mjk' tfia wid ±k .ekSfuka fyda fjk;a uQ,dY%hkays i|yka f;dr;=re b;sydih ,sùug fhdod .kafka kï tajdfha ft;sydisl j,x.=Ndjh yd i;H;djh flfrys ie,ls,su;a úh hq;=h' kuq;a jxil;d rplhska ;ukag fmr wjêj, f;dr;=re wka;¾.; lsßfï§ w;S; isÿùïj, ft;sydisl Ndjh flfrys t;rï i,ld fkdue;s w;r ;uka w;g m;a jQ mqj;a tf,iu ,shd ;nd ;sfí'

jxil;dj, wka;¾.; lreKq úuiSfï§ biau;= jk ;j;a .eg¨jla jkafka mqoa., noaO;djhhs' uydjxi l¾;D uydkdu ysñ fn!oaO NsCIqjla ùu ksid

24

idrÓ

fn!oaOd.u flfrys fl;rï keUqre jQfhao@ tuÕska Wkajykafiaf.a wNsu;d¾: imqrd .; yels jQfhao jeks m%Yak tys§ mek kÕS' uydkdu ysñhkaf.a fm!oa.,sl reÑ wreÑlï uydjxihg we;=<;a lr we;s nj uekúka m%lg jk ;j;a wjia:djla jkafka ÿÜG.dñKs mqrdjD;a;hhs' uydjxi àldj jk jxi;a;mamldisksfha i|ykaj we;s wdldrhg úydruyd foaúhg .dñKS iy ;siai hk l=udrjre fofokdu l=i ms<sis| .;a miq we;s jQ fod<ÿlla ms<sn| iSy,ÜGl;dfõ i|ykaù we;' kuq;a uydjxifha .dñKsS l=ure ms<sis| .;a wjia:dfõ we;a jQ fod<ÿlla .ek muKla ±lafõ' uydkdu ysñhkaf.a ùrhd njg m;a jQ ÿÜG.dñKS pß;h ùr pß;hla f,i yqjd ±laùug l;=jrhdg wjeis jQ ksid iSy,ÜGl;dfõ i|yka jQ kuqÿ ;siai l=ure ms<sn| i|yk bj;a lsÍug is;du;du lghq;= lr we;s nj uekúka mila fõ'

ld,a udlaia b;sydifha fojÕk ;rï fndre lshk lDDr flfkl= ;j;a fkdue;s nj olajhs' weh ;u wjYH;d yd wruqKq bgqlr .ekSu i|yd fndfyda úg i;H hgm;a lrk neúks' tfukau w;S;fha uQ,h ;u wruqKq bgqlr .ekSu i`oyd ksrjoH hgm;a fldg fjk;a idCIs iy f;dr;=re ,nd§ug fnfyúka bv ;sfí' uydkdu ysñhkaf.a wNsm%dhhka ;=<o tu ,CIK fnfyúka mej;s nj fmfka' b;sydi{hd fm!oa.,sl woyia yd reÑ wreÑlïj,ska úks¾uqla;j ienE ;;= fy<s orõ lrñka yels;dla i;H bÈßm;a lsÍug m%fjda;aidyS úh hq;=h' tfia fkdue;sj fm!oa.,sl reÑ wreÑlïj,g wkql=,j isoaê ks¾udKh lsÍfuka iy mj;sk isÿùï neyer lsÍfuka b;sydifha i;H hgm;a fõ'

§mjxih iïnkaOfhka mejish hq;af;ao thuh' kuq;a Èjhsfka ;;= md,sfhka rpkd lsÍug .;a m%:u W;aidyh ksid tys by; fodaI mej;Su iajNdúl úh yelsh' kuq;a uydkdu ysñhkag tjeks ÿ¾j,;d bj;a lsÍug wjldY ;snqKs' uydkdu ysñhka ;=< ish wdpd¾h mrïmrdj flfrys mej;s f.!rjh fya;=fjka Tjqka blaujd fkdhkakg wlue;s ùu ksid;a tl, iudc.;ù mej;s u;djo fjkia lsÍu t;rï myiq l¾;jHhla fkdjQ ksid;a tu l%ufõohu wkqlrKh lsÍug fm<fUkakg we;ehs is;sh yelsh' tfukau fuu jxil;d ±ä wd.ñl Nla;shlska ix.Dys; fldg ;sîu ksid ft;sydisl;ajhg jvd j¾Kkd;aul yd mCImd;S f;dr;=re wka;¾.; lrkakg we;ehs is;Su idOdrKh' miqj rpkd lrkakg fhÿkq jxil;dj,§o fuu ms<sfj<u wkq.ukh lsÍu ksid tajdfha ft;sydisl j,x.=Ndjhg ydks isÿù ;sfí' nqÿka jykafiaf.a ,xld.ukh" úch l;d mqj; jeks uq,a wjêfha isoaê f.kyer ±laùfï§ fuu ;;a;ajh jvd;a m%lg fõ'

—iuHla iïnqoaOhka jykafiaf.a YS% ,xldoaùmd.uko i¾j`{Od;=ka jykafia,df.a iu ^oCIsK YdLd& fndaêyqf.a wd.ukho wdpd¾hjdo ix.%yho YS% ,xldoaùmfhys YS% iïnqoaO Ydik.ukho ^YS%u;a úchdÈ& krfY%aIaGhkaf.a wd.ukh iy úuiSuo ^fï .%ka:fhys ieflúka& lshkafkñ ^idOqks& ud iómfhka f;ms th

26Y%jKh lrõ' ''úis;=re fldg fkdfyd;a wdor nqyquka fldg ud iómfhka f;dms 26 isxy,dkqjdo iys; §mjxih" 112ms'

25

idrÓ

Y%jKh lrõ˜ hkqfjka §mjxih wdrïNfha iy úáka úg tfia olajd ;sîfuka fmkS hkafka fuu .%ka:h iïmdokh fldg ;sfnkafka wkHhkaf.a Y%jKh lsÍfï mrud¾:fhka njh'—Y=oaO jxYfhys Wmka ^il, laf,aYhka flfrka& w;Hka; mdßY+oaO jQ''' m%ido Wmojkakd jQ ;kays tfiau ixfõ. ckl ;kayso myka is;a yd Nh

27 lïmd Wmojñka Y%jKh lrõ˜ hkqfjka uydjxifhyso i|yka lr ;sîfuka jxil;dj, wNsm%dh iaMqg fõ'

Y%jKhg Y%e;s NdId ffY,shlao fhdod f.k ;sîfuka th jvd;a ;yjqre fõ' úfYaIfhka msßia uOHfha lshjk ,o nj;a tfia lshùfï§ we;eï úia;r foaYlhd úiska wikakkag meyeÈ,s l< nj;a fmkajk idCIs /ila fuhska biau;= fõ' tfukau tajd f;areï .; yels jkafka l:lfhl= úiska úia;r lrkq ,enqfõ kï muKs' ksoiqka jYfhka fmkajd fokafka kï §mjxifha kjjeks mßÉfþoh wjika jkafka úch rcq bkaÈhdfõ isá ;u fidhqfrl=g ,smshla hjk ,o nj i|yka lrñks' tfy;a kej; oyjeks mßÉfþoh wdrïN jkafka mKavqjdiqfoaj rcqf.a rdcH wjêh ms<sn| lrk úia;rfhks' ta wkqj tys úch rcqf.a urKh fyda mKavqjdiqfoaj úch w;r jQ in|;djh fyda wka;¾.; fkdfõ' fuhska fmkS hkafka tu isoaê úia;r lsÍfï ld¾hh l:lhd úiska isÿlr we;s njls' fn!oaOd.fï ch.%Kh yd Èjhsfka jxi mrïmrdj msßia uOHfha bÈßm;a lsÍu;a ta ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd§u;a jxil;dj, m%Odk wruqK jQ nj fmfka' ta yereKq úg Èjhsfka b;sydih ix.Dys; lsÍu m%uqL wNs,dIh jQ njla fuhska èjks; fkdfõ'

;jo lsishï isoaêhla u;l ;nd .ekSug OdrK mdG ke;fyd;a jkfmd;a wdOdrl .d:do §mjxifhys olakg ,efí' ody;a jeks mßÉfþofha ;=ka jeks .d:dfõ isg úismia jeks .d:dj olajd jQ .d:d tn÷ OdrK mdGhka nj fmfka' —§mx mqrxp rdcdp -WoafoaYslxp Od;=fhda - :Qmx §mx mín;xp - Whshdkx fndaê NsCLqKs˜ —oaùmh yd mqrho rcq yd WoafoaYslho Od;=yqo ^f,da jeishkag& msysg jQ ffp;Hho m¾j; yd

28 WoHdko fndaêh yd NsCIq ix>hdo˜ hkqfjka lsisÿ iïnkaOhla fkdue;s kdumo muKla fuys olajd ;sfí' ls%hdmo fyda jdlH w;r iïnkaOhla fkdue;s fuu .d:d msßia uOHfha wkqiaurKfhka lshùfï§ tu mo yd iïnkaO f;dr;=re meyeÈ,s lrk ,o nj ksielh'

§mjxifha olakg ,efnk ;j;a ,CIKhla jkafka tlu isoaêh ms<sn| úia;r jd¾;d folla fyda ;=kla we;s wjia:d olakg ,eîuhs' mqkrela; fodaIj,ska hq;= fuu jd¾;d tlsfklg fjkia f;dr;=rej,ska iukaú; fõ' ksoiqka jYfhka foajdkï msh;siai rcqf.a fojeks wNsfIalh i|yd wfYdal rcq tjk ,o NdKav

27 uydjxih isxy," 1ms'28 isxy,dkqjdo iys; §mjxih" 226ms.

26

idrÓ

ms<sn| i|yka jk m<uq wjia:dfõ we;=<;a fkdjQ ñßjeä iÕ, fojeks i|yfka§ we;=<;a fldg we;' tfukau ;=ka jeks O¾u ix.dhkdj ms<sn| úia;rh ±laùfï§o th ±l.; yelsh' y;a jeks mßÉfþofha ;siay;a jeks .d:dfõ isg y;,sia ;=k olajd m<uq jeks úia;rfha ix.dhkdj isÿjk wjia:dfõ fu!¾h wêrdc wfYdal ms<sn| lsisÿ i|ykla we;=<;a lr fkdue;' kuq;a ta ms<sn| fojeks úia;rh we;=<;a y;,sia y;f¾ isg mkia kjh olajd .d:dj, mdG,Smq;% k.rh flakaø lr.ksñka O¾udfYdal rcq nqÿiiqkg buy;a wkq.%yhla ±lajQ nj;a t;=ud úiska mdG,Smq;%fha bÈlrk ,o wfYdaldrdufha§ fY%aIaG jQ fud.a.,Smq;a; ;siai f;reka jykafiaf.a uq,sl;ajfhka f;jeks O¾u ix.dhkdj meje;a jQ nj;a i|yka fõ' ;jo tlu mqj; wjia:d foll§ olajk ,o ;j;a wjia:djla jkafka uydúydrh bÈlsÍu ms<sn| ±lafjk úia;rfha§h' tla úia;rhlg wkqj uydúydrh ÿgq.euqKq rcq úiska bÈfldg ;sfí' fojeks úia;rhg wkqj th ksujd we;af;a ioaOd;siai rcq úisks'

§mjxifha fï wdldrfhka mqkrela; yd tlsfklg fjkia úia;r wka;¾.; jkafka l=uk fya;= ksido hk m%Yakh mek kÕS' tys§ úúO wdpd¾h mrïmrd úiska mj;ajd f.k tk ,o rdcjxY iy YdikjxY ms<sn| úia;r lsisÿ ixialrKhlska f;drj §mjxihg we;=<;a lsÍu fujka fodaIj,g ;=vq§ ;sfí hehs is;sh yelsh' fuhska fmkS hkafka ;ud úiska f;dr;=re ,nd.;a uQ,dY%j, wka;¾.; lreKq iïnkaOfhka §mjxi l;=rjhdo t;rï ie,ls,su;a ù fkdue;s njhs' tfukau me/kakka úiska mejiQ foh yd ;ud bÈßm;a lrk lreKq iïnkaOfhka ksYaphNdjhla fkdjQ nj;a ta fya;=fjka tu lreKq fyda merKs uQ,hka ms<sn| mQ¾j ú.%yhlg t<öu isÿlr we;s nj fkdfmfka' b;sydi l%ufõofha uQ,sldx.h jkafka uQ,dY% u; mokï ùu;a uQ,dY% ú.%y lsÍu;ah' w;S;h ms<sn| f;dr;=re uq,dY% uÕska ,nd fok kuq;a th b;sydih fkdfõ' tajd b;sydifha uQ,hka muKs' §mjxifha by; lreKq iïnkaOfhka wjOdkh fhduq lrk úg uQ,dY% fyda tajdfha wka;¾.; lreKq ms<sn| ú.%yhla lsÍfuka ks.ukhlg t<U we;s nj fkdfmfka' w;S;fhka ;uka w;g m;a jQ f;dr;=re tf,iskau §mjxihgo we;=<;a lr we;' úpdrCIsfhka f;drj ;ud wid oek.;a foh tf,iskau jd¾;d lsÍu jQ l,S b;sydilrK ,CIK hgm;a ù jd¾;djl iajNdjh m%lg lrkakls' fuu uq,a jxil;d wkqj hñka miqld,Skj rpkd lrk ,o jxil;dj,§o uyskaod.ukhg fmr Èjhsfka iy ish jxi mrïmrd ms<sn| f;dr;=re yer fjk;a hula fyda tu f;dr;=re ú.%yhg n÷ka l< njla fkdfmfka'

by; úia;rj,ska m%lg flfrk wdldrhg Èjhsfka ft;sydisl ;;= jxil;dj,ska fy<s fkdfõ hehs flfkl=g yeÕS hd yelsh' kuq;a fuys§ isÿj we;af;a b;sydih ,shd ;eîfï l%ufõofhka neyerj tajd rpkd lr ;sîuhs' mQ¾j rpkd u; mokï ùu" we;eï wjia:dj,§ muKla uQ,dY% ú.%yfha fh§u" mQ¾jdmr ixê fkd.e<mSu tu ,CIK w;r m%uqL fõ' ft;sydisl uQ,dY% u; mokï ùu b;sydi l%ufõofha uQ,sldx.h jk kuqÿ tu uQ,dY% iy tajdfha wka;¾.; lreKq ú.%yhg n÷ka lrñka b;sydi l%ufõohg fhdod .; hq;=h' uydjxifha iy §mjxifha uyskaod.ukhg miqj i|yka lr we;s fndfyda isÿùï ft;sydisl

27

idrÓ

jYfhka j,x.= fõ' uyskaod.ukh ms<sn| lshefjk úia;rfha§ w,xldfrdala;s iy úÑ;% j¾Kkd wka;¾.; jqjo mqrdúoHd;aulj ft;sydisl isÿùula ;yjqre lrf.k we;' ix>ñ;a;d.ukho tjeksu ft;sydisl isoaêhls'

YS% ,xldfõ jxil;d rpkd iïm%odh fj; wjOdkh fhduq lrk úg jd¾;duh ,CIK fnfyúka m%lg fõ' úfYaIfhkau l¾;D wid ±k .kakd ,o f;dr;=re úuiSug n÷ka fkdfldg tf,iskau olajd we;s w;r ;uka rpkd lrkafka l=ula o hkak ms<sn|jo we;eï wjia:dj,§ ie,ls,su;a jQ nj fkdfmfka' mqkrela; fodaI ±l.; yels jkafka fï fya;=fjks' tlu isoaêh wjia:d follÈ tlsfklg fjkia f,i ±laùu fï i|yd lÈu kso¾Ykfhda fj;s' tfukau jdia;úl NdId ffY,sfhka neyerj w,xldrd;aul iy j¾Kkd;aul fhÿï Ndú; lsÍu nyq,j ±l.; yelsh' tfukau ft;sydisl jYfhka ksjerÈ isÿùï wka;¾.; jqjo tajd isÿjQfha wehs@ flfiao@ hkd§ wxY fj; wjOdkh fhduq fldg fkdue;' ta ta isÿùï ms<sn| ,efnk isoaê fm< .eiSu muKla fldg we;s kuqÿ ta ms<sn| úpdrYS,S ùu fyda ish ±lau bÈßm;a fldg fkdue;'

tfia jk kuqÿ ,laÈj wLKav ,sÅ; rpk iïm%odhlg Wreulï lshkq ,nkafka jxil;d iïm%odh fya;=fjks' furg b;sydih kej; m%;sks¾udKh lsÍfuys,d kq;k b;sydi{hskag fïjdfhka ,efnk msgq n,h w;suy;ah' kQ;k oDIaáfldaKfhka n,k úg jxil;d l¾;Djrekaf.a mrud¾: iy b;sydi l%ufõofha mrud¾: w;r lemS fmfkk wdldrfhka fjkialï mj;S' tneúka Tjqkaf.a mrud¾: yd ft;sydisl mrud¾: w;r .e<mSula we;s lsÍug hdu t;rï ;¾ldkql+, fkdfõ' ukao j¾;udk b;sydi l%ufõoh iy ta ms<sn| oDIaáh fnfyúka fjkia fukau ÈhqKq ;;a;ajhlg m;aj we;s neúks' b;sydih ms<sn| oDIaáh fkdfurE wjêhlska tjekakla wfmaCId lsÍu W.ygh' by; fmkajd§ we;s wdldrhg jxil;d ;=< úúO fodaI mej;=Ko miqld,Sk isÿùï f.kyer oelaùfï§ ft;sydisl;ajh biau;= fõ' kQ;k oDIaáfldaKhg wkqj jxil;d ;=<ska jd¾;duh ,CIK èjks; jqjo tajd yqÿ jd¾;d f,i i,ld neyer lr,sh fkdyelsh' ´kEu uQ,hla ks¾u,j wm w;g m;a fkdjk ksid;a tfia mej;sh fkdyels ksid;a kq;k b;sydi{hd fuu uQ,dY% b;sydih m%;sks¾udKh lsÍfï wuqøjH f,i i,ld ksrjoH;djh biau;= lsÍug fhdod .; hq;=h' úfYaIfhkau Y%S ,xldfõ b;sydih jkdys jxil;d ;=< ix.Dys; lr we;s foa hkqfjka idudkH ck;dj w;r mj;sk l;sldj fjkia lsÍugo b;sydi{hd fm%da;aidyS úh hq;=h' Wla; jxil;d ;=<ska m%ldY jkafka furg b;sydifha tla me;slvla muKla nj fmkajd§uo j.lSuls' ;jo furg b;sydih ms<sn| ck;dj ;=< ksjerÈ ±laula we;s lsÍug kï Ydia;%Sh iSudfjka Tíng hñka idudkH ckhdf.a oDIaáfhka jxil;d ms<sn|j;a furg b;sydih wOHhkhg tajd fhdod .kakd wdldrh ms<sn|j;a mila lr,Su kQ;k b;sydi{hdf.a j.lSu fõ'

28

idrÓ

merKs › ,xldfõ nÿ m%;sm;a;sh iy Bg wod< kS;srS;s

tka' ta' úu,fiak yEf,da.u

merKs bkaoshdkq kS;sfõoSkaf.a tla kHdhla jQfha rcq ck;djf.a wdrlaIlhd jQ ksid rcq fjkqfjka hïlsis úêhl f.ùula l< hq;= njhs. th Tjqka ye|skajQfha nÿ hkqfjks. fuu kHdh uQ,sl jYfhkau mokï ù we;af;a md,lhd iy md,s;hd w;r jQ .súiqula ms<sn| ixl,amhlsks. tksid rcqg nÿ f.ùu f.!;uO¾u Ydia;%fhys

1 idOdrKSlrKh lrkq ,nkafka rcqf.a ld¾hh ck;dj wdrlaId lsrSu jk neúks.úIaKq iauD;shg wkqj laI;%shhd f,dalh wdrlaId l< hq;= nj;a ta fjkqjg ;Hd.

2jYfhka nÿ .; hq;= nj;a i|yka fõ. bkaoshdkq kS;s odhlhska úiska úoyd olajk nÿ mekùu iy wdrlaIdj merKs ld,fhys isg Y%S ,xldfõ Ys,d,smsj,skao ;yjqre ù

3;sfí. thg n,mdkakg we;af;a fn!oaO ;%smsglfhys iy bkaoshdkq idys;Hfhys woyiah. hQ tka f>daId,a fmkajd oS we;s mrsos fn!oaO ;%smsglfhyso w¾: Ydia;%fhyso, uydNdr;fhyso i|yka jk rdc;ajh ms<sn| tk f;dr;=rej,oS ck;dj úiska úfYaIs; jQ nÿ f.ùu iy rcq úiska imhk ,o wdrlaIdj m%dfhda.slj uq,a neif.k

4we;af;a md,lhd iy hg;a jeishka w;r jQ uQ,sl .súiqï m;%hla jYfhks.

nÿ wh lsrSu rdcHfha w;HjYH;djka iy rdcHfha ixj¾Okhg wdOdrl jk w;ru ck;djf.a Okh ySk ùugo n,mdhs. tu ksid rdcHfha jeishdf.a ld¾hh jkqfha md,lhskaf.a wjYH;djka iuÕ m%;sikaOdk .; ùuh. rdcH ixia:dj iïnkaOfhka jQ yskaÿ lD;sj,oS;a fuu ldrKh i,ld n,d ;sfí. tfia i,ld n,d rcq úiska ck;djf.ka hïlsis nÿ m%udKhla ,nd .; hq;= nj kshu lr ;sfí. jisiaG O¾u iQ;%hg wkqj ck;dj md,kh lrk rcq Tyqf.a jeishdf.ka idOdrKj

5 OdkHj,ska yfhka tll fldgila ,nd .; hq;= nj i|yka fõ. fn!Odhk O¾u iQ;%h rcqg ck;djf.ka yfhka tll fldgila tk wdldrhg nÿ wh l< hq;= nj

6ksfhda. lr ;sfí. fuu yfhka tll m%udKh úIaKq iauD;sh iy w¾: Ydia;%ho

7 fy<s lrhs. udkj O¾u Ydia;%hg wkqj yosis wjia:dj,oS ,nd .kakd yfhka tll fldgi yefrkakg ksIamdokfhka y;frka tll fldgil=;a rcqg ,eîu

8idOdrKSlrKhlg ,la lr we;. ta yd iudkju nÿ wh lsrSu iïnkaOfhka jQ kHdhd;aul úYajdihka kS;srS;s Y%S ,xldfõo mj;ajd f.k wd njla oelsh yelsh.

1 Gautama Dharmasâstra, ed. Adolf Friedrich Stenzle, Trubner, London, Vol.X, 1876, p. 28.2 Vishnu Smrti, ed. Julius Jolly, Bapt. Mission, Calcutta, Vol.III, 1881, p.12.3 EZ, Vol. I, 1912, No.2; Ibid, Vol. IV, 1939. No.13; Ibid, Vol. I, 1912. No.20; MV,1912,

LXIV, 2-3.4 UN Ghoshal, Contributions to the History of the Hindu Revenue System,

University of Calcutta, Calcutta, 1929, p. 18.

5 Vasistha Dharmasûtra, I, Aporisms of the sacred law of Aryas as taught in the school of Vasistha, edited with critical notes etc, by Alois Anton Fuhrer, Government Central Book Depot, Bombay, 1883, p 42.

6 Baudhâyana Dharmasûtra, I E Hultsh (ed.), Brockhaus, Leipzig, 1922, pp.10, 48.7 Vishnu Smrti, Julius Jolly (ed.), Bapt. Mission, Calcutta, III, 28;Arthasastra1923. R.

Shamasastri(Tr), Weslyan Mission Press, Mysore, 1881, p. 108.8 Manusmrti,X, The Laws of Manu, G. Buhler (Tr.), Clarendon Press, p.118.

29

idrÓ

fmdf<dfjka ,efnk ksIamdokfhka yfhka tll fldgi rcqg oSu idOdrK 9f.ùula f,i nq;airK i|yka lrhs. m<uq jeks úchndyq isxydikdrEV ùfuka

miq rc;=ud jHjydrhkag iy iïm%odhhkag wkql+, jk mrsoafoka nÿ tl;= lrk 10f,i Tyqf.a weu;sjrekag ̂h:d kHdhx lrx .kays;=x fhdfcis& m%ldY fldg ;sfí.

fmdf<dkakrefõ fõff,laldr wNsf,aLkfhysoS m<uq jeks úchndyq rcq 11

wjqreÿ 55 la oi rdc O¾uhg wkqj rg md,kh lr we;s nj i|yka fõ. 12

mQcdj,sfhys nÿ tl;= l< hq;af;a O¾uj,g wkql+,j nj i|yka fõ' fuu .%ka:fhys i|yka jk O¾u hkq w¾: Ydia;% iy udkj O¾u Ydia;% jeks bkaoshdkq lD;sj, y÷kajd we;s rdc O¾u úh yelsh. uydjxifhys tk i|yka wkqj fmdf<dkakrefõ rc l< rcjrekaf.a ld,h ;=<o w¾: Ydia;%h iy udkj O¾u

13 Ydia;%h oek isá nj iy wOHhkh l< njg f;dr;=re yuq fõ. l|jqre isrsf;ys u, fkd;,d meKs fndk ó ueiafil= fuka rcq ck;dj mSvkhg m;a fkdlr

14ck;djf.ka nÿ wh l< hq;= nj i|yka fõ. ukqO¾u Ydia;%fhyso fï iïnkaOfhka bÕs lr ;sfí. ukq l+ve,a,d, jiq megjd iy óueiaid hk i;=ka Tjqkaf.a wdydr áflka ál .kakdla fuka rc;=udo Tyqf.a rdcHfha jd¾Isl nÿ wh

15l< hq;= nj i|yka lrhs.

flfia fj;;a tl;= l< ksIamdok m%udKh m%dfhda.slj iEu ld, mrsÉfþohla ;=<u tl yd iudk fkdùh. tfukau osjhsfka hï hï m%foaYhkaf.ka wh l< m%udKho tl yd iudk fkdùh. iuyr md,lhska ck;djf.ka nÿ nr bj;a l< w;r iuyr rcjreka ;u nÿ nf,ka ,nd .kakd ,oS¡ tfukau iuyrla rcjre nÿ wh lsrSfïoS lreKdjka; jQy. m<uq jeks úchndyq iy m<uq jeks mrdl%undyq hk rcjrekaf.a rdcH iuhka w;r jQ fidfydhqre >d;k ^Nd;D& hqo iuh ;=<oS úl%undyqf.a iy ñ;a;df.a mq;a;= b;d úYd, nÿ nrlska ck;dj mSvkhg ,la l<y. jxYl:dlreg wkqj Wla .iaj,ska Wla meKs ñrsld .kakdla fuka ck;dj w;sYhska

16mSvkhg ,la lr nÿ ,nd .;a nj i|yka fõ. tfukau jxYl:dlrejd ck;dj

17mSvkhg ,la lr w;a;fkdau;sl f,i nÿ ^wnoaO lr& wh l< nj fpdaokd lrhs. ksYaYxlu,a, rcq Tyqg fmr isá rcjreka widOdrK f,i nÿ mkjd ck;dj mSvkhg m;a l< nj;a ;uka úiska b;du iykodhs nÿ m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh l<

18 nj;a i|yka lrhs. Tyq fyaka iïnkaOfhka jQ nÿ kS;Hkql+,j bj;a lsrSu;a msiUqre

10 MV,1912. LIX, 13. 11 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XVIII, Rao Bahadur H. Krishna Sastri and Hirananda Sastri (ed), British India Press, Bombay, 1925-26, No. 38.12 mQcdj,sh, ixia¡ î ioaOd;siai ysñ, mdkÿr uqøKd,h, mdkÿr, 1930, 685 ms.13 MV,1912. LXIV, 2-3, LXXX, 9.14 l|jqre isrs;, isxy, idys;H ,sms" ixia¡ ãî. ch;s,l" iuka uqøKd,h, uyr.u, 1956, 66ms.15 Manusmrti, VII, The Laws of Manu, G. Buhler (Tr.), Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 120.16 MV,1912, LXI, 53.17 MV,1912, LXXIII, 3.18 EZ, Vol. II, 1928, pp. 131, 135.

30

idrÓ

9 nq;airK ixia¡ ,nq.u ,xldkkao ysñ,.=Kfiak iud.u, fld<U, 1923, 281ms.

kï jQ noaola bj;a l< nj;a i|yka fõ. tfukau w¨f;ka jkdka;r t<s lr j.d 19l< l=Uqrej,ska ̂ j,a fldgd .;a fl;a wh& nÿ wh lsrSu bj;a l< nj i|yka lrhs. 20iuyr wNsf,aLkj,oS ksYaYxlu,a, rcq wjqreÿ myla i|yd nÿ wh fkdl< nj;a

21iuyr Ys,df,aLkj,oS wjqreÿ y;lg nÿ wh fkdl< nj;a i|yka fõ.

iuyr isxy, .%ka:j,oS nÿ hkqfjka y÷kajd we;af;a wh m~qre, lrõjr, 22 23

n,s, lr iy wh hk mdrsNdIsl jpkj,sks. ioaO¾ur;akdj,sh iqka.ï hkqfjkq;a 24 rdcr;akdlrh iy rdcdj,sh nÿ hkqfjkq;a y÷kajkqfha whnÿ .ekh. rejkau,a

25 ks>Kavqjg wkqj wh nÿ hkak n,s, nÿ, lï iy lr hk moj,g iudk fõ. 26 27 28

Ys,df,aLkj,o wh, lrõjr iy nÿ hkqfjka olajd ;sfí. iuka; mdidosldfjys fuh y÷kajd we;af;a iqxl hk kñks. tys whnÿ iïnkaOfhka jk kS;srS;s fufia i|yka fjhs. t;ekska wh noao ki;akqhs iqxl>d; kï whnÿ wh lrk ;ekg fï kuls. hï fyhlska t;ekska whnÿ oSug iqÿiq jQ ta NdKavh whnÿ fkdoS f.k hkakdyq rcqf.a wh noao ki;ao jki;ao tfyhska iqxl>d;hs lshk ,oafoah. tys múis;ajd hkq tys m¾j; LkavdoSka w;=frys rcq úiska msrsis|Su fldg ;nk ,o whnÿ .kakd ;ekg msúi rdc.a> Nkavx rcqg iqÿiq jQ NdKavhla hï NdKavhlska rcqg mia uiaila fyda mia uiaig jeä ;rï jQ fyda w.kd wh noao osh hq;= fõo ta NdKavh hk w¾:hs. rdclx hkqfjkao mdGhla fõ. th fï w¾:hu fõ. f:hH Ñ;af;d fï NdKavfhka rcqg whnÿ fkdfokafkñhs fidris;a Wmojd ta NdKavh myido ÿlalgh fõ. ;enQ ;ekska f.k :úlhl fyda nydo jeiS ;snQ ;ekloS fyda l,jh yd n|So :q,a,Éph fõ. whnÿ .kakd ;ekska msrsis|s neúka Gdkdjdpkfhla fkdfõ. iqxl ia:dkh msrsis|s ;ekska fojk mh blaujdo mdrdcslh fõ. nys iqxl>d;x mdf;;s rdc mqreIhkaf.a wkHúys;Ndjh oel we;=<; isáfhau msg;g jefgkq msKsi f.fkk ,o hula nydo taldka;fhka msg;g jefka. th w;ska ñÿKq weis,af,ys mdrdcslh fõ. boska ta NdKavh refll fyda lKqfjl fyda jeÿfKa n,j;a jd; fõ.fhka k.k ,oaolaj fyda kej; we;=<gu jefÜo rlshs kej; f.k nydo fmr lshQ khskau mdrdcslh fõ. ìu jeà fmrf<kafka kej; we;=<g msúfiao mdrdcslhu fõ. l=rekaos ixlafIamd¾: l:djkays jkdys msg; jegqKla isg fmr fiñka msúfiao mdrdcslh fõ. boska /|S fkdisákafkau fmr<S msúfiao rlS hhs lshk ,oS¡

19 Ibid, Vol. II, 1928, No. 15.20 Ibid, Vol. V, 1963, Pt. III, No.4; Ibid, Vol. II, 1928., pp. 105, 135, 165-178.21 Ibid, Vol. V, 1963., Pt. III, No. 43. 22 o<od isrs;, ixia¡ jcsrd r;akiQrsh, wefmd;slrSi,a fld<U,1949; cd;l wgqjd .egmoh, ixia¡ ã î ch;s,l" ,xldNskj úY%e; uqøKd,h, fld<U 1943, 168ms; Oïmshd wgqjd .egmoh, ixia¡

ã î ch;s,l" ,xldNskj ysñ" mdkÿr uqøKd,h, mdkÿr, 1930,31ms; lÙldú;rKs msgm;, ixia¡ fla m[a[dfialr" uydfndaê hka;%d,h, fld<U, 1936

úY%e; uqøKd,h, fld<U, 1932,31ms; mQcdj,sh, ixia¡ î¡ ioaOd;siai

22 wgodikakh, ixia¡ úu,ls;a;s iy fidñkao ysñ" .=Kfiak iud.u, fld<U, 1954, 184ms.

23 ioaO¾ur;akdj,sh, ixia¡ ã î ch;s,l" iajfoaY ñ;%hd, fld<U, 1930,473ms. 24 rdcr;akdlrh, ixia¡ mS tka ;sfiard, fld<U, 1929,15ms; rdcdj,sh, ixia¡ta ù iqrùr, f,ala yjqia,

fld<U, 1976, 43ms.25 rejkau,a ks>Kavqj, ixia¡ ã mS w,aúia úfÊfialr" úoHdid.r, fld<U, 1914, 65ms.26 EZ, Vol. II, 1928, pp.86-87, 105, 135.27 Ibid, Vol. I, 1912, No. 9;Ibid, Vol. III, 1933, No. 27.28 Ibid, Vol. III, 1933, No. 32.

31

idrÓ

we;=f<ys isg w;ska fyda mhska fyda háka fyda fmr<do, wfkll= ,jd fmr<jdo, boska fkdisg fmrf<ñka .sfhao mdrdcslh fõ. we;=<; isg msg;g hkafka rlshs fmr<S hkafka hhs fyda wfkflla th fmr<kafka hhs fyda we;=<; ;enQ NdKavhla miqj ;uka úiska fyda fmr<kq ,nkafka wfkll= úiska fyda fmr<k ,oafoa msg;g fhao rlSuh. msrsisÿ is;ska ;enQ NdKavh tfia fmr<S hk l,ays lsh hq;a;lau ke;af;ah. f.dgq folla taldnoaO fldg whnÿ .kakd ia:dk iSudj ;=< ;ndo, fldhs f,ilska kuq;a tys msg; f.dgqfjys whnoao mdohla w.So, ta iuÕ taldnoao neúka we;=<; ;enQ f.dgqj msg; ;ndo mdrdcslh fõ.

lfoyso lo fl<jr /yeKska ne| taldnoaO fldg ;enQ l,ays fï khu fõ. boska jkdys fkdne| lo fl<jr ;enQ ud;%fhlau fõo mdrdcslh fõ. fidryqf.a m%fhda.hla ke;sj ;uka hkakd jQ hdkdjl fyda tfia hk wiqkaf.a msg wdosfhys fyda msg;g f.k hkafkakqhs. ;ndo f.k .sh l,ayso wjydrhla ke;af;ah. Nkav fohHo fkdfõ. l=ula fyhskao h;a fu;kays msúishyqf.a whnoao .Ks;ajdhs lshQ neúks. fïo whnÿ .kakd ia:dkhdf.a msg; ;nk ,oafoao Tyq úiska f.k hk ,oafoa fkdfõo tfyhska NkavfohH fkdu fõ. mdrdcslh fkdfõ kej;S isá hdkdjkays ;enQ l,ays Tyqf.a m%fhda.hla ke;sj .sh l,ays fidr is; we;s l,aysÿ wjydrhla ke;af;au boska jkdys hkdosfhys NdKav ;nd mojkafka whnÿ .kakd ;ek blaujdo yia;s YslaIdosfhys fyda l< mqreoao we;s neúka bosrsfhys isg fnd, tjhs le|jdo iSudj blaófuyso mdrdcslh fõ.

M,lf,dau YslaIdmofhys hg lshQ hkdosh lrK fldg lshQ f,iska hjk fu;ekays wfkll= ,jd f.k hjdo weje;a fkdfõ. fï wo;a;dodk YslaIdmofhys mdrdcslh fõ. ta M,lf,dau YslaIdmofhys fkdokakd jQ wfkllayqf.a hdkfhl fyda NdKavfhl fyda nyd ;=ka fhdÿkla blaujdo hula fya;= fldg t¨f,dï ksiai.a.sh fj;akqhs mdÑ;a;sh fõ. fï YslaId mofhys weje;a fkdfõ. wh nÿ .kakd ;kays whnÿ oS,du hEu iqÿiq fõ. tflla whnÿ fokafkï fkdlsh;a kï hkafkñhs l,amkd fldg fhao tfia hk Tyq oel tla whnÿ .kafkla fï uyK hkafkah. Tyqf.ka whnÿ .Ksjq hhs lshdo wfkflla meúoaoyqg whnÿ fldhskao fhajdhs lshkafkao ,nk ,oao lemù hdhq;=h. whnÿ fkdoS uyKqkag hEu fkdjáhs. Wmdilhsks whnÿ .Ksõhs lS l,ays whnÿ .kakjqka úiska uyKyqf.a md isjqre .;hq;= jkafkah. ta .eKSfuka lsu, fhajdhs lS l,ayso ,nk ,oao lemuhs. boska whnÿ .kafkda kso;a fyda ¥ fl<s;a fyda fl<s;ao, hïlsis ;ekl .shdyq fyda fj;ao, fï uyK f;fïo whnÿ .kafkda fldysoehs le|jdo, fkdolSo ,nk ,oao lemuh.boska whnÿ .kakd ;ekg meñK wkH úys; jQfha fyda lsisjla is;kafka fyda yodrkafka fyda ukialdrfhys fhÿfKa fyda fidre we;a isxy fldá wdoSka úiska jyd ke.S isg tlajka ¨yq n|sk ,oafoa fyda kx.d jQ fï>hla oel bosrsfhys

32

idrÓ

Yd,djlg we;=,ajkq leu;sj fyda t;ek blaujd fhao ,nk ,oao lemuh. iqxlx mrsyr;s hk fuys whnÿ .kakd ;ekska msg; yd;ami f,vvqmd; follayqf.a Wmpdrhg nei lsisfia;a mrsyrKh flf¾o wjydrhuehs. l=rekaos w¾:l:dfjys lshk ,oafoah. uyd w¾:l:dfjys jkdys rdc mqreIfhda mrsyrKh lrkakyq fjfyi;a hhs yqfola wdoSkjh olajd Wmpdrhg nei mrsyrKh lrkakyqg ÿlalgh fõ. fkdnei mrsyrKh lrkakyqg weje;a fkdfõ hehs lshk ,oS¡ fï l%uh fm< yd

29iu fõ. fï iqxl>d; ia:dkfhys f,vvqmd; fofllska Wmpdrh msrsis|sh hq;af;ah.

rdcHfha m%Odk;u nÿ w;rska jeo.;a jQfha bvï noaohs. úúO j¾.SlrKhkag wh;a j.d lsrSïj,ska fuu noao ,nd .kakd ,oS¡ fïjdhska b;du;au jeo.;a noao jQfha l=Uqre bvïj,ska ,nd .;a noaohs. ksoiqkla f,i .,afmd; wNsf,aLkfhysoS iy j÷remafm mqjre wNsf,aLkfhysoS ksYaYxlu,a, rcq b;du;a idrj;a bvïj,ska ,nd

30.kakd OdkH noao wuqKla iy ;=ka mE,lg fkdblauúh hq;= nj olajd ;sfí. tfukau uOHia: f,i ire jQ bvïj,ska tla wuqKla iy mE, follska hq;a OdkH noaolao, wuqKlg ukaorïj,ska wl yhlska hq;a uqo,ska noaolao, tfukau ireidr bvïj,ska wuqKla iy tla mE<lska hq;a OdkH noaolao, ukaorkaj,ska wl ;=kl

31noaola uqo,skao f.úh hq;= nj kshu lr ;sfí. iuyr Ydia;%{hska fuu lreKq 32idudkH noao f,i i|yka l<;a fndfyda úg fuu wh nÿ .kakg we;af;a

33l=Uqrej,ska hehs lSu ksjeros nj bkaølS¾;s isrsùr m%ldY lr ;sfí. ksYaYxlu,a, rc;=ud by; i|yka l< wNsf,aLkj,oS fukau ;j;a wNsf,aLkj,oS fyakaj,ska

.34,nd .;a whnÿ kS;Hkql+,j wj,x.= l< nj i|yka lrhs fmd,aj;= iy mqjla j;=j,ska wh lrk nÿ l%uhla ;snqfKa kï l=Uqrej,ska nÿ wh lr .kakd l%uhg jvd th uksk tallh fjkia jkakg bv ;sfnkakg mqÙ?jk.

ksYaYxlu,a, rc;=ud úiska y÷kajd fokq ,enQ l=Uqre iïnkaOfhka jQ kjH;u nÿ l%uh fuu bvï iïnkaOfhka l%shd;aul jQ nÿ l%uh ms<sn| w;s úYd, o;a; m%udKhla tla /ia lsrSug wdOdrl fõ. Tyqf.a rdcH iuhg;a fmr mjd l=Uqrej, ksIamdokfhka ie,lsh hq;= fldgila nÿ f,i wh lr .kakd ,oS¡ kuq;a fuu rcqf.a fldgi ksrka;rfhka yfhka tlla ùoehs ia:Sr jYfhka m%ldY lsrSu myiq fkdfõ. flfia fj;;a tjeks l%uhloS bvfï l=uk fohla ksIamdokh l<;a wiajkq /ia lr .kakd úg iEu m<d;loSu rdcH ks,OdrSka úiska th wëlaIKh l< ksid nÿ .Kkh lsrSu iïnkaOfhka m%Yakhla jQfha ke;. ksYaYxlu,a, rcq úiska y÷kajd fok ,o nÿ l%uh hgf;a th ;SrKh jQfha tl;= lr .kakd ,o wiajekak u; fkdj jemqrE OdkH iy mfiys idrj;a Ndjh wkqjhs. fuu l%uh wvq wiajekakla we;s msrsig iy OdkH ysñ jQ whg hï lsis oSukdjla f,i ÿkakdoehs fkdokS. tjeks iykhla fkd;snqfKa kï ielhla fkdue;sj f.dùka ÿlg m;a jkakg we;. fjk;a wdldrhlska lsjfyd;a fuu l%uh ld,fhka ld,hg rcqf.a

29 iuka;mdidosldj, ixia¡ wïn,kaf.dv Oïul=i, ysñ" iaj¾Kud,s, fld<U" 1975" 334ms.30 HW Codrington, Ancient Land Tenure and Revenue in Ceylon, Colombo, 1938, p.53.31 EZ, Vol. II, 1928, p.105; Ibid, Vol. V, 1963, Pt. III, No. 4.32 Ibid,Vol. II, 1928, p.105.

33 WI Siriweera, “Land Tenure and Revenue in Mediaval Ceylon” Ceylon Journal of Historical and Social Studies, New Series, Vol. II, 1972, p. 36.

34 EZ, Vol. II, 1928, p.285; Ibid, Vol. V, 1963, pt. III, No. 4.

33

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wdodhu wkqj WÉpdjpkh ùh. tfukau f.dúhdf.a foam< j¾Okh úh. thg fya;= jQfha w;srsla;h Tyq i;= ùuh. flfia fj;;a lDIsl¾udka;fhaoS ñksia Y%uh fhoSfïoS merKs ,xldfõ iqÙ? fjkila isÿ úh. bvu iïnkaOfhka jQ j.lSuo fjkia fkdjqKs. tu ksid .%dóh ck.yKfhysoS øjHd;aul fjkila isÿ úh.

ksYaYxlu,a, úiska y÷kajd fok ,o fuu kj;u nÿ l%uh miqld,Sk md,lhska úiska fjkilska f;drj mj;ajd f.k .sfha oehs m%ldY lsrSug idlaIs ysÕh. mrKú;dk is;kqfha tfia fkdjQ njhs. uE; wkqrdOmqr hq.fha mdÜg ,oaoka jeks wh nÿ tl;= lrkakjqka msrsila fï hq.fha fkdisàfï fya;=j fumrsoafoka ;rula ÿrg f;areï .; yelsh. f.dúhl= j.d l< l=Uqrl jQ wiajekaku l=Uqre ysñhdg whs;s jk njla .ek mQcdj,sfha lshd ;sîfuka fmfkkafka rcq fkdfyd;a l=Uqre ysñhd .fïu wiajekafkka fldgila fjkqjg tla l=Uqre fldgil jQ

35wiajekaku ,nd .ekSfï isrs; oUfoKs hq.fhysoS mej;s njhs. fuu m%ldYkh ;SrKd;aul f,i ikd: l< fkdyelsh. fmdf<dkakrefõ rcjrekaf.a ld,h ;=< nÿ tl;= lrkakjqkaf.a mka;shla ms<sn| i|ykla ke;;a ksYaYxlu,a,f.a Ys,df,aLkj, tu rcjrekaf.a iufhys bvï noaola ;snQ nj meyeos,sj i|yka lrhs. 36mQcdj,sfhys wiajekak tl;= l< miqj w| N=la;s l%uhg wkqj f.dúhdg Nd.hla

37fyda ;=fkka fldgila fyda bvï whs;slrejdg f.úh hq;= nj m%ldY fõ. rcqf.a bvï iïnkaOfhka th úfYaI i|ykla fkdlrhs. n,dmq ù kï yeuu ù ysñhkag ÿk uekj' hk m%ldYkfha wiajekafkka ,nd .;a iïmQ¾K fldgiu l=Uqre whs;slrejdg ÿka nj i|yka l< yelsh. tfukau tu m%ldYkfhka bvï whs;slrejkaf.a l=Uqre ,ndf.k j.d l< f.dú msrsila isá njo i|yka l< yelsh. fudjqkaf.a n,dfmdfrd;a;=j jQfha ksIamdokfhka fldgila ,nd .ekSuhs. lDIsl¾uh /lshdjla f,i w;S; ,xldfõoS mj;ajd f.k .sfhah. ioaO¾ur;akdlrh ffoksl jegqma fjkqfjka ;j;a flfkl=f.a l=Uqrl jev l< mqoa.,hl= ms<sn|

38f;dr;=re fy<s lrhs.

ck;djf.ka nÿ wh lsrSu i|yd rdclSh ksfhdacs;hka .sh nj mQcdj,sh 39i|yka lrhs. ioaO¾ur;akdj,sh i|yka lrkafka rdcOdksfhys jd¾Isl nÿ rcq

40úiska tl;= lrk ,o njhs. úfYaIs;j i|yka fkdl<;a fuu úu¾Ykhka bvï nÿ ùug mqÙ?jk. 14 jeks Y; j¾Ihg wh;a jk ,laosõúêh kue;s ;,am;l rcjreka j.d l< bvï m%udKhka i,ld ne,Sfuka iy ,shú,s i;rla mrSlaId fldg ^i;r

41f,alï n,d& rfÜ ck;djf.a nÿ m%udKhka ^wh mvqre& wh l< nj i|yka lrhs. fldaÜfÜ hq.hg wh;a jk iuka foajd, ;U ikakfiys 'fu .ïj, nÿo n,so urd,o kshu jQ .ï mvqre' hkqfjka fuu .ïj,ska ov urd, nÿ iy .ï m~qre ia:dms; l<

42nj m%ldY lrhs. fuu jd¾;dfjys we;s fu .ïj, nÿ hkak bvï noao úh yelsh. ksYaYxlu,a, rcq úiska y÷kajd fok ,o l%ufha l=Uqre bvï fldaÜfÜ hq.fha

35 UHC 1, Pt. II, p. 741. 36 EZ, Vol. II, 1928, pp.77, 105, 285. 37 mQcdj,sh" ixia¡ î ioaOd;siai ysñ, mdkÿr uqøKd,h, mdkÿr, 1930, 355ms.

34

idrÓ

38 ioaO¾ud,xldrh, ixia¡ fla {dKúu, ysñ" .=Kfiak, fld<U, 1954,598ms. 39 mQcdj,sh, ixia¡ î ioaOd;siai ysñ" mdkÿr uqøKd,h, mdkÿr, 1930, 31ms. 40 ioaO¾ur;akdj,sh, ixia¡ ã î ch;s,l" iajfoaY ñ;%hd, fld<U, 1930,68ms.

41 Codrington, Op.Cit, 1938, p. 29.42 fla {dKúu, ysñ" inr.uqfõ merKs ,shú,s" fld<U, 1942, 43ms.

rcjrekao nÿ m%fhdackh i|yd mj;ajd f.k .sh nj lsj yelsh. ta yd iudk mdrsNdIslhka jk W;af;, ueoafo iy miafi fuu ld,hg wh;a l< yels mems,shdk

43Ys,df,aLkfhka olakg ,efí.

ksYaYxlu,a, fyakaj,ska ,nd .;a nÿ bj;a l< nj i|yka ùfuka yefÕkqfha Tyqf.a rdcH iuhg fmr fyakaj, ksIamdokfhka noaola wh l< njhs. fuu nÿ y÷kajd we;af;a fifyka lgq ir wh, fifyka fldgd .;a ;ek wh, le;s

44 wv, flgq lkn wh hkqfjks. kuq;a fldmuK m%udKhla nÿ jYfhka wh lr .kakd ,ooehs m%ldY lsrSug idlaIs fkdue;. flfia fj;;a ksYaYxlu,a, rcq úiska nÿ ke;s lsrSu fyaka f.dú;ek i|yd uy;a msgqjy,la úh. Tyq rclug m;a jQ od isg wm idlÉPd lrk ld,h wjidk jk f;la lsisu uQ,dY%hlska fyakaj,ska ,nd .;a wh nÿ ms<sn| i|ykla olakg fkdue;.

mrKú;dk .,md; úydr wNsf,aLkfhys i|yka jk fld,fj,a wh hkak miq ld,Skj j;= nÿ hkqfjka i|yka jk j;=j,ska wh l< noaola nj wkqudk

45lrhs. lyU,a l=¨ ñkao,akd iy Tyqf.a mjq, úiska .,md; úydrhg m%odkh lrk ,o bvï len,s iy fuu Ys,df,aLkfhys i|yka ù we;s wfkl=;a m%odkhka w;r fld,fj,a wh kñka ye|ska jQ len,s lSmhla ms<sn| we;=<;a lr we;. fun÷ .Kfha bvï len,s muqKq .Khg wh;a úh. ' wm iS mrmq/j j<|d wdl=Uqr yd fuys fmd,a mqjla we;=Ù? jQ fld,fj,a wh' hk j.ka;sfhka whs;slrejka m%odkh lr we;af;a

46fmd,a iy mqjla j;=j, noaola fkdj l=Uqre iy wdodhuhs. fuu w¾:l:kh ms<s.kakjd kï fld,fj,a wh hkq rcq úiska j;=j,ska wh lrk ,o noaola f,i tlÕ ùug ÿIalr;djla ;sfí. kuq;a mrKú;dkf.a w¾:l:kh Ndr .;fyd;a rc;=ud óg fmr lyU,al=¨ ñkao,akdf.a mrïmrdfjka ,nd .;a fldgi yqjudre lr .kakg we;s nj;a miq ld,Skj ñkao,akd iy Tyqf.a mjq, Tjqkaf.a whs;sh úydrhg m%odkh lrkakg we;s nj;a is;sh yelsh. fldârskagka úiska w¾:l:kh fldg we;s oy jeks Y; j¾Ihg wh;a jk ñyska;f,a mqjre wNsf,aLkj, iy o<odf.a wNsf,aLkfhys we;s iuyr f;dr;=re wkqj j;=j,ska wh l< nÿ ms<sn|

47f;dr;=re fy<s fõ.

bvï nÿj,g wu;rj fj<|dfuka ,nd .;a nÿo rcqf.a wdodhfuys b;d jeo.;a ;ekla .;af;ah. l%sj fojeks Y; j¾Ihg wh;a jk f.dvmj; Ys,df,aLkh

43 HW Codrington, “Some documents regarding Papiliyana,” Vidyodaya, Vol. I, pp. 374-375.44 EZ, Vol. II, 1928, p.105; Ibid, Vol. V, 1963. Pt. III, No. 42; Ibid, Vol. II, 1928, pp.77,87, 138- 139, 285; Ibid, Vol. I, 1912, No. 9.

45 UHC 1, Pt. II, pp. 548-549. 46 EZ, Vol. IV, 1939, No. 13.

47 Codrington, Op. Cit, 1938, p. 42.

35

idrÓ

fï iïnkaOfhka jeo.;alula orhs. f.dvmj; kï jrdfhka wh lrk ,o ;Sre nÿ m<uq jeks .cndyq rc;=ud úiska ̂ l%s j 114-136& ta wi, msysá úydrhlg mQcd lrk

48,o nj oelafõ. thska .uH jkafka tlaflda wdrduh úiskau nÿ tl;= lrkakjqka m;a l< njhs. ke;fyd;a rcqf.a ks,OdrSka nÿ tl;= fldg wdrduhg ÿka njhs. fojeks mrdl%undyqf.a rdcH iufha ,d ie,lsh yels fojqkaor Ys,df,aLkh 'uyd mKaä;' kï úreohla oerE ks,Odrshl= úiska foúkqjr jrdh md,kh l< nj;a, Tyq

49úiska ;Sre nÿ kshu l< nj;a jd¾;d lrhs. l%sj yh jeks Y; j¾IfhysoS fldiauia bkaäfldamaf,iagia ;efm%dfíkays jrdhj, ;Sre nÿ tl;= l< ks,OdrSka isáh nj

50i|yka lrhs. 14 jeks Y; j¾Ifhys uyd;s;a:fhys nÿ tl;= lsrSu i|yd rcq úiska 51

ks,Odrshl= m;a l< nj ioaO¾ur;akdlrh jd¾;d lrhs. ;Sre nÿ tl;= lsrSu ms<sn| idlaIs we;af;a fumuKls. wdkhksl iy wmkhk fj<| NdKavj,ska l=uk wdldrfha ;Sre noaola wh lf<aoehs hkak m%Yakhla ù we;. m<uq jeks mrdl%undyqf.a khsk;sõ Ys,d,smsh jrdhg meñKs úkdYhg m;a jQ fj<| keõj,ska ,nd .;a nÿ iïnkaO f;dr;=re bosrsm;a lrhs. fuu Ys,df,aLkfhys úfoaYSh fj<÷kg wdrlaIdj iemhSu iy úkdY jQ keõ wdrlaId lsrSu hk kS;s wvx.= fõ. w,ska iy wYajhska f.k tk ,o keõj,ska y;frka tll fldgila rdcH NdKavd.drhg iemhsh hq;= nj m%ldY lr ;sfí. NdKav mgjk ,o fj<| keõj,ska tys we;s NdKavj,ska

52Nd.hla rdcH NdKavd.drhg f.úh hq;= úh.

nÿ iïnkaOfhka idlaIs l%sj oyjeks Y; j¾Ihg wh;a nÿ,a, 53Ys,df,aLkfhka fy<s fõ. fuu Ys,df,aLkh fj<÷kaf.ka nÿ fkd.;a nj;a

fydamsá.uq fj<| uOHia:dkh yryd .ukd.ukh l< fj<÷kaf.ka muKla nÿ ,nd .;a nj;a i|yka lrhs. nÿj,g ^iq;aj;a& wh;a NdKav wjirhla fkdue;s ia:dkj,oS wf<ú fldg fkdue;. fuhska fmkS hkqfha f¾kao nÿ f.jkq ,enQfha ksYaÑ; fj<| NdKav lSmhlg muKs. nÿ wh lrkakg we;af;a jdKsc ia:dkj, iy k.rj, yd úúO jQ lvj;aj, isá fjf<÷kaf.ka jkakg we;. wkqrdOmqrfhka yuqjk l%s j oyjeks Y; j¾Ifhys fojeks Nd.hg wh;a fia ie,lsh yels Ys,df,aLkhl wkqrdOmqr k.rhg f.k tk ,o iEu ùu,a,lskau ù m;la .; hq;=

54nj olajd ;sfí.

f.dùkg Tjqka úiska mdúÉÑ l< c,h fjkqfjka noaola f.ùug isÿ úh. rc;=ud Tyqf.a jdrsud¾.j,ska ie,lsh hq;= wdodhula ,nd .;af;ah. l%s j y;a jeks

55Y; j¾Ifha wdrïNh f;la fuu f.ùu 'olm;s' hkqfjka ye|skaùh. fuh kS;Hkql+,j f.úh hq;= noaola úh. merKs ld,fhys nÿ kS;sh iïnkaOfhka wOHhkfhysoS b;d jeo.;a ;ekla .kakd fhÿï folla f,i 'fndclm;s' iy

49 Archaeological Survay of Ceylon Memoires, Vol. VI, pp. 66-70.50 The Christian Topography of Cosmas, JW McCrindle, London, p. 388.51 ioaO¾ud,xldrh,ixia¡ fla {dKúu, ysñ" .=Kfiak, fld<U, 1954, 670ms.52 K Indrapala, “The Nainativu Tamil Inscription of Parakramabahu I,” University of Ceylon

Review,Vol. XXI, 1963, pp. 63-70, No. I.

53 EZ, Vol. V, 1963, No. 16.54 bid, Vol. III, 1933, No. 9.

36

idrÓ

48 Ceylon Journal of Science, Section G, Vol. II, A. M. Hocart and S Paranavitana (ed), The Archaeological Commissioner, Colombo, 1928, p. 197.

55 LS Perera, Institutions of Ceylon from inscriptions, University of Ceylon, Peradeniya, 1949, pp. 271-274.

'olm;s' i|yka l< yelsh. tu ksid fuu mdrsNdIsl jpk fol úu¾Ykhg ,la lsrSu b;du jeo.;a fõ.fuhska 'fndclm;s' kue;s mdrsNdIslh 'fndcshm;s' iy 'fncfm;' hkqfjkq;a Ys,d f,aLk j, fhfoa. 'olm;s' hkak fodm;s f,io ^ixia oaú m%dma;s& fhfoa. 'fNdcl' hkak ixialD; iy md<s NdIdfjys we;s 'N=Ê' hk uQ,hkaf.ka mej; ths fuys w¾:h Ndú;h whs;sh lEu iy mrsfNdackhhs.'m;s' hkak ì|S we;af;a ixialD; iy md<s NdIdfjks.'m;s' hkafkys w¾:h jkqfha wêm;shd iajdñ mqreIhd fyda whs;slrejd hkakhs. 'm%dma;s' fyda 'm;a;s' hkafkka w¾:j;a jkqfha ,nd .ekSu meñKSu wkd.;h iy m%fhdackhhs. md<s NdIdfjys m;a;sl hkqfjka woyia jkqfha fldgila whs;sh hkakhs. ixialD; NdIdfjys i|yka jk 'm%dma; Wol' hkafkka c,h ,nd .ekSula hk w¾:h ,nd fohs. fuh 'olm;s' hkakg wdikak jYfhka iudk fõ.

'fndclm;s' hkak wjia:d y;rloS fhfoa. m<uq jeks wjia:dj jkqfha 'fndclm;s' hkak bvï iy l=Uqrej,g muKla fkdj jeõ iy we<j,a m%odkfhaoSo

56fhfoa. kd.srslkao Ys,df,aLkh jeõ y;rl 'fncsfm;' ms<sn| i|yka lrhs. tfukau ynrK iy .,afldaú, Ys,df,aLk jeõj, 'fndcshm;s' ms<sn| jd¾;d

57lrhs. mrKú;dk m%ldYhg m;a fkdlrk ,o Ys,df,aLkj,o fuu mdrsNdIslh 58

jeõ iuÕ fhfok nj i|yka lrhs. 'fndclm;s' hkafkka woyia jkqfha bvulska muKla hïlsis fohla wh lsrSu fkdjk nj t,a tia fmf¾rdf.a woyihs. th 'olm;s' hkakgo iudkj fhfoa. kd.srslkao wNsf,aLkfha tlu jejl wh lsrSï i|yd 'olm;s' iy 'fndclm;s' hkak tlg fhfoa. tu ksid 'olm;s' hkafkys w¾:h 'fndclm;s' hkafkys w¾:hg jvd fjkia fõ. 'fndclm;s' hkq bvul jejl fyda we<lska ,nd .kakd ksIamdokfhka wh flfrk noaols. fuh fndfyda fj,djg rcqg fok noaols. tfukau thska w¾:j;a jkqfha jefõ whs;slrejdg fyda ysñlrejdg fokq ,nk fldgi f,iskq;a i|yka l< yelsh. kuq;a th jefjka ,efnk wdodhula f,io ie,lsh yelsh. fuu w¾: jHdl+, nj 'olm;s' hkakg fhfok w¾:l:khkaf.ka úi|sh yelsh. 'fndclm;s' hkak nÿ whs;slrejd N=la;s ú|sk fldgi hkqfjka w¾: .ekaúh fkdyelsh.

'fndclm;s' hkafkys fojeks wjia:dj jkqfha iuyr úg 'fndclm;s' hkak lr lvh fyda lrlvjh iuÕ fhoSuhs. mrKú;dk fï iïnkaOfhka b;d jeo.;a .fõIKhla lr ;sfí. lr lvh hkak rcq úiska l< m%odkhka f,i;a fojekak

59fm!oa.,sl m%odkhka f,i;a i|yka lrhs. fojekak m%fhdacH l%shd w¾:hla .kS.

'fndclm;s' hkafkys f;jeks wjia:dj jkqfha 'fndclm;s' hkak lr hk jpkh iuÕ muKla fhoSuhs. tu ksid lr hkq fjk;a noaola f,io ie,lsh

60yelsh. fuu i|yk 'fndclm;s' hkak rcqg fyda mqoa.,hskag noaola fyda wdodhula

56 EZ, Vol. IV, 1939, No.14, pp. 115-128. 57 E Muller, Ancient inscriptions in Ceylon, Trubner, London, 1883, No. 61, pp. 41-42-70;

Ibid, No. 98, pp.51-77.58 EZ, Vol. III, 1933, p.117.59 Ibid, Vol. III, 1933, pp.117-118.60 Ibid,Vol. III, 1933, p. 117.

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jQfha flfiao hkak úia;r lrhs. wdrïNfhaoS fïjd mqoa.,hka fj; msrskeuQ w;r w;r miqj tajd úydrj,g msrskeuqKs. weu;sjrfhl=f.a mq;l= úiska lrkq ,nk

61tjeks m%odkhla ynrK Ys,df,aLkfhka úia;r fõ.

isõ jeks wjia:dj jkqfha whs;sh ñ<oS .ekSu iïnkaO jQ m%Yakhhs. 62kd.srslkao wNsf,aLkfhys fldgia folla we;. m<uq jeks wjia:dj jkqfha jejir

y;rla ñ,g f.k ^flKú& fïjdfhys 'fncsfm;' nuK.srsh úydrfhys NslaIQkag m%odkh lsrSuhs. Tyqg fïjd ñ,oS .ekSfuka whs;s jQjd kï m%odkh lrk ,o 'fncsfm;' noaola fkdúh yelsh. kuq;a Tyqg whs;s fldgi fyda wdodhu úh yelsh.

63fojeks fldgfiaoS Tyqg wh;a jQ jeõ ^u w;fkd isfu& m%odkh l< nj oelafõ. fuh tfia jQfha kï Tyq úiska m%odkh l< 'fncsfm;' wksjd¾hfhkau Tyqg wh;a jQ fldgihs. noao fkdfõ. tu ksid fuu Ys,df,aLkfhys fhfok 'fncsfm;' hkak b;d ,sys,aj ^fkdmeyeos,s f,i& fhfoa. tu ksid 'fndclm;s' hkq lDIsld¾ñl wdodhu u; jQ m%Odk noaola f,i;a bkaoshdkq kS;s .%ka:j, i|yka jk Nd. hkakg iudk nj;a i|yka l< hq;=h. kuq;a th f.jkq ,enQfha bvï fukau jeõ yd we<j,a mokï fldg f.kh. tu ksid th wdodhfuka tk noaola ñi bvï noaola fkdfõ. th uQ,sl jYfhkau rcqg m%odkh lrk ,oaola jk w;r miqj wd.ñl wdh;kj,g iy fm!oa.,sl ;eke;a;kago m%odkh lrk ,oS¡ fmrsñhkal=,u wNsf,aLkh fuu

64noao ms<sn| ksYaÑ; idlaIs ,nd fohs. th jejl wdodhï m%Odk fldgia ;=kla ms<sn| i|yka lrhs. tkï 'ucsìl' ^u;aiH whs;sh&, 'olm;s' ^c,fhka ,efnk wdodhu ms<sn| whs;sh&, 'i fldgiys tl fldgi m;s' ^yfhka tll fldgil whs;sh& hkqfjks. merKs ld,fhysoS idudkHfhka ksIamdokfhka yfhka tll fldgi fhdokakg we;s nj;a wkqudk l< yelsh. bkaoshdfõoS th y;frka tl iy wfgka tl jYfhka fjkia jQfhah.

65 'olm;s' hkafkys ksrela;sh ,nd .ekSu ÿIalr fkdfõ. 'ol' hkq c,h hk w¾:h ,nd fok ixialD; Wol fyda ol hk jpkj,ska ì|S wdjls. m;s hkq iajdñhd iy whs;slrejd hk w¾:ho, m%fhdack iy jdish fukau fldgi hk w¾:fhka hq;a 'm%dma;s' yd 'm;a;s' hk ixialD; yd md<s hk jpkj,ska ì|S wdjls. tfukau tys w¾:h c,fhka ,efnk ,dNh f,i w¾: .ekaúh yelsh. Ys,df,aLkj, iy uydjxifhys i|yka jk mdrsNdIslhka 'olm;s' hkakg iudk neõ mrKú;dk i|yka lrhs. y;r jeks Y; j¾Ihg muK wh;a jk mS<s.u wNsf,aLkfha md<s NdIdfjys 'olNd.'

66f,i ye|skafjk moh 'olnl' hkqfjka i|yka fõ. jiN rc;=ud we<yer wef<ys c,fhka fldgila NslaIQkag ÿka nj ^wd,sidfr olNd.x úydriai wodmhS& i|yka fjhs. Od;=fiak rc;=ud Tyqf.a ifydaorhd jQ l=udrfiakg ld,jdmsfhka Nd.hl

67fldgila ̂ld, jdmsïys Nd.oaOï& m%odkh lf<ah. kj jeks yd oy jeks Y; j¾Ij,

61 E Muller, Ancient inscriptions in Ceylon, London, Trubner, 1883, No. 61, pp. 41-76.62 EZ,Vol. IV, 1939, No.14, pp. 115-128.

63 Ibid,Vol. IV, 1939, pp. 127-128.64 Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (Ceylon Branch), New Series, Vol. V, pp. 129-136.65 EZ, Vol. I, 1912, pp.71-72.66 Ibid,Vol. IV, 1939, p. 126.67 MV 1912, 35:84, 38:54.

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68Ys,df,aLkhkays tu w¾:fhkau 'osh fnÿï' hkqfjka i|yka fõ. ksrela;s úoHdjg wkqj 'olm;s' yd 'olNd.' tl yd iudk f,i fmkS .sh;a m%dfhda.slj tu w¾:fhkau fhÿkdoehs ielhla u;= fõ. fuu mdrsNdIslh fhfok Ys,df,aLkhl kshu f,i c,h fnod yrsk wdldrh i|yka lrhs. th i|yka jkafka oy jeks Y;

69j¾Ihg wh;a y;r jeks uyskaof.a fjiai.srs mqjre wNsf,aLkfhysh.

tu ksid 'olm;s' 'olNd.' iy 'osh fnÿï hk mdrsNdIslj, w¾:h úúO iajrEmhla .kakd nj meyeos,s fõ. tla w;lska fuys w¾:h f,i jejlska fyda we<lska fyda ksoyia lrk c,h fjkqfjka jQ fldgi f,i w¾:l:kh l< yelsh. ;j;a w¾:hla jkqfha c,fhka ,efnk m%fhdack hkakhs. tkï c,h ,nd .ekSu fjkqfjka m%odkh lrk ksIamdok fldgi fyda uQ,Huh fldgihs. fï i|yd úl%uisxy f;jeks w¾:l:khl=;a ,nd fohs tkï th rcqg f.jk ,o jdrsud¾.

70noaola f,ihs.

'olNd.' iy 'osh fnÿï' c,h fjkqfjka ,efnk fldgi f,i w¾: .ekaúh yels jqj;a 'olm;s' hkafkys idudkH w¾:h th fkdjk nj fmkS hhs. ksrela;s úoHdjg wkqj tjeks w¾:l:khla m;a;s hk mofhka fldgi hk w¾:h ,efnk ksid j,x.= fõ. ix>hd jykafia,dg fok ,o w;s úYd, jQ jeõ iy we<j,a m%odkhka i|yd tjeks w¾:l:khla j,x.= jkafka Tjqkag jeõ fyda we< ud¾.j,ska j.d l<

71 bvï whs;sj ;snqKd kï muKs. fuh fkdjkakla nj idOdrKj is;sh yelsh. tu ksid fuu m%odkhkaf.ka w¾:j;a jkqfha jejl fyda we<l whs;shlska ,efnk fldgi m%;s,dNshdg udre lsrSuhs. tu m%odkh lrkq ,en we;af;a ;j;a úfYaI jQ m%fhdackhla ,eîu mssKsih. jiN rcq Wfmdai:d.drhl myka i|yd f;,a iemhSu

72fjkqfjka jejla m%odkh lf<ah. .cndyq rc;=ud wNh.srs úydrfhys oka lghq;=

73mj;ajd f.k hdu fjkqfjka jejla m%odkh lf<ah. f;jeks uyskao r;ak 74

m%didofhys ksrka;r w¨;ajeähd lghq;= fjkqfjka we<la ,nd ÿkafkah. is,dfï>jKaK wNh.srs úydrfhys nqÿ ms<suh wdrlaId lsrSu fjkqfjka iy

75 wdh;kfha W;aij fjkqfjka ld,jdms jej m%odkh lf<ah. uydjxifhys olm;s hkakla ms<sn| i|yka fkdjqKd kï fuysoS lrk ,o m%odkh jQfha jej i|yd

76ysñlug wh;a jQ iïmQ¾K ,dNhhs. jiNf.a úydf¾., iy fmrsñhkal=,u 77wNsf,aLk m<uq jeks .cndyqf.a :Qmdrdu wNsf,aLkh, lKsÜG ;siaif.a

fÊ;jkdrdu wNsf,aLkh hk fi,a,smsj,o 'olm;s' hkak i|yka jk w;r m%odkfha wruqK jQfha f.dvke.s,s w¨;ajeähdj lr f.k hdu fyda NslaIQkag wjYH

78isõmih iemhSu nj m%ldY fõ.

68 EZ, Vol. I, 1912, pp. 168, 170, 197, 199, 205.69 Ibid, Vol. I, 1912, 2iii, 2A, pp. 29-38.70 Ibid,Vol. I, 1912, p. 72.71 MV1912, XXXV, 5, 47, 86; XXXVI, 2-3,130; XXXVIII, 51; XXXXI,31, 100; XXXXII, 15- 16; XXXXIX, 31, 39.

72 Ibid, XXXV, 86.73 Ibid, XXXV, 120.74 Ibid, XXXXIX, 41.75 Ibid,XXXXIV, 69.76 EZ, Vol. III, 1933, No.15b, pp.165-169. 77 Ibid, Vol. I, 1912, No.6, pp. 66-74.78 Ibid,pp. 252-259.

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tlu jejl fyda we<l 'fndclm;s' yd 'olm;s' tlu wjia:dfõu m%odkh lr we;s ksid fuh m%Odk jYfhkau jdrsud¾. i|yd jQ noaola f,i ie,lsh fkdyelsh. 'fndclm;s' hkq m<uqj rcqg f.úh hq;= noaola fyda fldgila f,i .;fyd;a 'olm;s' hkak noaola fkdfõ. we;a; jYfhkau 'olm;s' jejl fyda we<l c,h fjkqfjka jQ noaola f,i .;fyd;a 'fndclm;s' hkak foam< N=la;s ú|skakdf.a fldgi f,i .; fkdyelsh. tlu we<la fyda jejla i|yd th fhÿj fyd;a th muKla noaola úh yelsh. wfkla noao l=ula jQfha oehs f;dr;=re úuish hq;=h. tu ksid fuu mdrsNdIslh fhdok ,oafoa c,h iemhSu fjkqfjka jQ f.ùula f,igh hkak i|yka l< yelsh. tfukau jefõ fyda wef<a whs;sh thska fmkS hhs. tu ksid 'fndclm;s' hkq jej wh;a jQfha mqoa.,hka iuQyhlg kï wdodhu fyda noao úh yelsh. rcqg jej wh;a jQfha kï th foam< N=la;s ú|skakdf.a fldgi fõ.

'olm;s' hkak Ndú;fhaoS b;du jeo.;a ,laIKh jkqfha iajNdjfhkau th fhoS we;af;a jeõ yd we,j,a i|yd muKla fkdfõ. th l=Uqre i|ydo fhdod ;sfí. m<uq jeks .cndyqf.a :Qmdrdu mqjre wNsf,aLkfhys 'f.dk.srs W;úh olm;s'

79hkqfjka i|yka fõ. lKsÜG ;siaif.a fÊ;jkdrdu wNsf,aLkh lrSi fod<ylska 80hq;a bvï len,s foll 'fodm;s' m%odkhla ms<sn| jd¾;d lrhs. kd.srslkao

81wNsf,aLkfhys jejir y;rl 'olm;s' ms<sn| i|yka fõ. bvï i|yd jQ 'olm;s' hk noao ms<sn| osh yels ia:Sr ks.ukh jkafka bvï N=la;s ú|skakdg fyda j.d lrkakdg thg c,h iemhSu fjkqfjka fokq ,enQ f.ùu njhs. fuu w¾:hu uydjxi àld l;=jrhd;a i|yka lrhs. th ,nd oS we;af;a 'm;a;s' hkak ú.%y

82lsrSfuks. fuysoS m;a;s hkak w¾:kh fldg we;af;a c,h fjkqfjka jQ ^Wol m;a;s& f.ùula f,isks. tu ksid iqÿiq jpkhla fkdue;af;a kï tjeks bvï m%odk ms<sn| woyia wjq,a jkafkah. fuu m%odk i|yd osh yels idudkH w¾:l:kh jkafka c,h ,nd .kakd jQ ud¾. i|yd flfrk f.ùula f,ihs. tu ksid kd.srslkao wNsf,aLkfhys i|yka jk jejirj, olm;so uydjxifhys i|yka jk .uo c,h ,nd .kakd ud¾. f,i ie,lsh yelsh. fuu w¾: folska 'olm;s' hkqfjka woyia jkqfha .fï whs;slrejka úiska jeõ fyda c,h fjkqfjka jQ l< f.ùuls. fï ksid 'olm;s' hkakg ;j;a w¾:l:khla osh yelsh. tkï c,h fnod yerSu fjkqfjka wdmiq ,enqKq f.ùuhs. WodyrKhla f,i we<la m%odkh lrk úg ^olm;s mjd i|yka lr we;ss& we<l c,h ,enQ msrsia úiska f.jk ,o fldgi fyda we< i|yd c,h ,nd .;a ud¾.hg wef,a whs;slrejd úiska f.jQ fldgihs. we<l 'olm;s' m%odkh iïnkaO jQ fojeks w¾:l:kfha oS whs;sfhys yqjudrejla ms<sn| yeÕùula fkdflf¾. we;eï úg 'olm;s' m%odkh lsrSu fjkqjg wj,x.= ^lvú& fldg ;sfí. tjeks WodyrK olm;s hkafkys fojeks w¾:h f,i .; yelsh.

79 Ibid, Vol. III, 1933, No.6, pp. 114-119. 80 Ibid, Vol. I, 1912, No.18, pp. 252-259. 81 Ibid, Vol. IV, 1939, No. 14, pp. 115-128. 82 Va?sattappakâsini, G. P. Malalasekara (ed.), London, 1935, Vol. II, p. 46.

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kd.srslkao Ys,df,aLkhg wkqj fï iïnkaOfhka ;j;a ÿIalr;djka mek k.S. fuu Ys,df,aLkh fldgia follska hqla; fõ. m<uq jeks fldgfiaoS rcq úiska ñ,g .;a jejir y;rla i|yka lrhs. tajdfhys 'olfm;' wj,x.= fldg we;s w;r 'fncsfm;' m%odkh fldg we;. 'olm;s' hkak fuysoS tu l=Uqrej, ^fjjir& c,h fjkqfjka l< f.ùula f,i .; yelsh. 'fndclm;s' hkak foam< whs;sh ms<sn|j yÕjk úg 'olm;s' wj,x.= jk nj lsj yelsh. fojeks fldgfiaoS rcqg wh;a jQ jeõ y;frys 'olfm;' yd 'fncsfm;' m%odkh lrk ,os. rcq foam< ysñlrejd jQ ksid 'fncsfm;' hkqfjka woyia jkqfha foam< ysñlrejdf.a fldgi fyda wdodhuhs. fuysoS 'fndclm;s' hkafkka jeõj, whs;sldrhd jQfha rcqh hkafkka woyia jk ksid 'olm;s' hkakg iudk hehs i|yka l< yelsh. tu ksid fï i|yd jk tlu w¾: l:kh jkqfha jeõj,ska c,h ,nd .ekSu fjkqfjka ,nd .kakd ,o f.ùuls.

'olm;s' hkak w¾: ;=klska fhfok nj fmkS hhs. tu ksid th w¾: lSmhla iys; jpkhls. tys w¾:h ia:dkfhka ia:dkhg fjkia ù ;sfí. flfia fj;;a fïjd Ndú;fhaoS hïlsis úêhl tald.%;djla ;snqfKaoehs úNd. lsrSu is;a .kakd iq¿ fõ. fuh ksis f,i wjfndaO lr .ekSug kï jdrsud¾. moaO;sh fl;rï ÿrg tlsfklg iïnkaO jQfhaoehs isys lghq;=h. fïjd fl;rï tlsfklg iïnkaO jQfhaoehs lsj fyd;a .xÕdj,ska .,d hk c,h we<j,g f.dia ta yryd jeõj,g .uka lrhs. bka miq tajdfhys isg l=vd jeõj,go t;eka isg .ï jeõj,go tajdhska l=Uqrej,go c,h .,d .sfhah. úYd, mrsudKfha jeõ rc;=udg wh;a jQ w;r l=Uqre wh;a jQfha tajd j.d l< f.dú ck;djgh. jdrsud¾.j, c,h ,nd .ekSu ksuùfuka miq 'olm;s' hkqfjka woyia jQfha c,h fjkqfjka l< f.ùula f,isks. tkï c,h ksl=;a lsrSu wjika jQ miqj c,h ksl=;a lsrSu fjkqfjka l< f.ùula f,ih. úYd, ixLHdjlska hq;a l=vd jeõ iuQyh jeys c,h u; fyda iuyr c,dY u; r|d mej;=Ks. tjeks lreKq ksid by;ska i|yka l< wdldrfha jdrsud¾.sl l%shdoduhla ;sìh fkdyelsh. kuq;a l=Uqrej,g fl,skau c,h iemhqfõ jefjks.

Ys,df,aLkj,oS 'fndclm;s' iy 'olm;s' iuÕ lr kue;s mdrsNdIslhl=;a olakg ,efí. uydjxifhys fujekakla i|yka fkdfõ. ixialD; NdIdfjka lr

83hkq noaohs. ukq kS;sfhysoS fuh y÷kajkqfha 'Nd.' fyda 'n,s' jYfhks. idudkH bvï noao f,i thska w¾:j;a lrhs. w¾: Ydia;%fhysoS th iuyr fj,djg úfYaIfhka fhdod we;. tys i|yka jkafka nÿ hkq uqo,aj,ska f.jk ,o nÿ fyda jevjiï

84 md,lhska úiska f.jQ nÿ f,ihs. 'msKavlr' hkak ks¾jpkh lr we;af;a 85.ïudkj,skau jd¾Islj ,enqKq nÿ f,ih. tu ksid fuu folskau fmkS hkqfha

jd¾Islj uqo,aj,ska f.jk ,o foam< i|yd jQ w;sf¾l noaola f,ihs. tfukau lr 86

kue;s mdrsNdIslh mk oyhlska hq;a uqo,a tallhlg iudk f,i olajd we;.

83 Monier Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1892, p.5.84 Arthasâstra,R Shamasastri (Tr), Weslleyan Misson Press, Mysore, 1929, Ch.VI, p. 58.85 Ibid,Ch.XV, p. 99.

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86 Ibid,Ch.II, p. 272.

iuyr úg lr hkak jpkhl w. fldgi f,i ^Nd.lr& iïnkaO fõ. ,dxflah wNsf,aLkj,oS lr hk moh iuyr úg 'fndclm;s' yd 'olm;s' hkakg miqj fhfoa. fuu lreK flfkl=g tu mdrsNdIslj, fldgila f,io tu jpkhg wu;r

87w¾:hla fkdue;sj nÿ hkqfjkao w¾: .ekaúh yelsh. ksoiqka f,i il, iuf;h lr lvh, olm;shp fndclm;shp lr lvh osks, fodm;sp W; l=nqr lr lvh osks

88hkak i|yka l< yelsh. fuhska fmkS hkqfha lr hkq 'olm;s' yd 'fndclm;s' hk mo folg wu;r jQ noaola f,ihs.

;j;a is;a .kakd iq¨ .fõIK folla lr kï moh iuÕ iïnkaO fõ. tkï lvh kue;s jpkh fhoSu wkqjhs. iuyr úg fuh LKavkh fldg hk w¾:h ^LKavhs;ajd& ,efí. fojeks wjia:dj mrKú;dk úiska ú.%y fldg we;s úia;rhhs. rcq noao wj,x.= lrk úg lvh hkqfjka fhdok w;r fm!oa.,sl ;eke;a;l= úiska noao wj,x.= lrjk úg lvjh kï jQ m%fhdacH l%shdfjka fhfoa. fuhska w¾:j;a

89jkqfha rcqg wh;a jQ noaola f,ihs. tu ksid rcq úiska fokq ,enQ m%odkhla kï lr fkdue;s noao;a iuÕ' fndclm;s' yd 'olm;s' m%odkh lrk ,oS. rcq úiska noao wj,x.= lrjkq ,enQfha hehs hk m%fhdacH l%shd w¾:fhka fhfokjd kï m%odkh l< ;eke;a;d fm!oa.,sl ;eke;af;ls. tjeks m%odkj,oS fndfyda úg m%odkh ,nkakd ix>hd jQ ksid 'fndclm;s' yd 'olm;s' ;ks mqoa.,hskag m%odkh lrk úg rcqg Tjqka úiska lr kue;s noaola f.jkakg isÿ jQfhah hkqfjka Wml,amkhlg t<ôh yelsh. tu ksid iuyr fj,djg rcq úiska ix>hd jykafia,d muKla fuu noao f.ùfuka ksoyia lrkakg we;. tfukau fuu noao uqo,ska f.jkakg we;s neõ fmfka.

Ys,df,aLkj,oS 'olm;s' hkak;a iuÕ 'uf;r ucsnl' hk mdrsNdIslh fhfohs. th oekg m< lr we;s fmrsñhkal=,u ;sôrsjej fmrshlvq úydr

90wNsf,aLkj,oS olakg ,efí. úl%uisxy fmrsñhkal=,ï wNsf,aLkh ixialrKh lsrSfïoS 'uf;r' hkak 'uydf:r' hkqfjka ixialrKh lf<ah. fuu moh iïnkaOfhka woyia olajk mrKú;dk iïmQ¾Kfhkau Bg fjkia jQ w¾:hla ,nd fohs. Tyq 'uf;r' hkak md<s 'uf;r' hk jpkfhys w¾:h jk ldKqj fyda c, ud¾.h hk w¾:hg iudk neõ mjihs. 'ucs' hkafkka ixialD; u;aiH yd md<s uÉp hk jpkj,ska w¾:h fok ud¿jd hk w¾:hla ,nd fohs. 'nl' hkafkka ixialD; Nd. hkafkys w¾:h ,nd fok jpkhhs. 'm;s' hkqfjka w¾:j;a lrkqfha wdodhu fyda f.ùu hkakhs. tu ksid fï j.ka;sfhkau tk woyi jkqfha c, ud¾.hl we;s u;aiH Nd.h fyda we<l we;s u;aiH Nd.fha whs;sh hkakhs. Tyq fuh fhÿKq Ys,df,aLk kdudj,shlao bosrsm;a lrhs. riaklEj, .,ajej úydrh, my<

87 EZ, Vol. I, 1912, No. 22, p.257; Ibid, Vol. III, 1933, No.6. pp. 117-118; Ibid, Vol. IV, 1939, p.128.No. 14, 88 Ibid, Vol. I, 1912, No. 18, pp. 252-259; Ibid, Vol. IV, 1939, No. 28, pp. 232-228; E Muller, inscriptions in Ceylon, Trubner, London, 1883, No. 61, p.76.Ancient 89 EZ, Vol. III, 1933., No.6. pp. 117-118.

90 Ibid, Vol. I, 1912., No. 6, pp. 66-74 ; Ibid., Vol. IV, 1939., No. 28, pp. 223-228; E Muller,

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;ïuekakdj Ys,df,aLk fol fmrshlvq úydr hk Ys,df,aLk f,i Tyq bosrsm;a fldg ;sfí. mrKú;dk ;u w¾:h meyeos,s lsrSu i|yd fuu úu¾Yk fhdod .kshs. fuu ksoiqkaj,ska fmkS hkqfha iuyr m%N+jreka úúO jQ m%fhdack fjkqfjka ix>hd jykafia,dg u;aiH whs;sh m%odkh fldg we;s njhs. fuu ksoiqkaj,ska fndfyduhl mrïmrdfjka meñKs whs;sh olajd ;sfí. fmrsñhkal=,u wNsf,aLkfhysoS wdodhï wx. ;=kla olajd we;. fïjdhska folla kdñlj i|yka fldg fkdue;s jqj;a 'olm;s' yd 'fndclm;s' i|yka ù ;sfí. fï ksid 'olm;s' yd 'fndclm;s' noao nÿ kS;sh ;=<oS b;d jeo.;a ;ekla .kakd njla i|yka l< yelsh. fmdf<dkakre ld,fhys rcjreka fuh 'oshov' hkqfjka ye|skaùh. rcq úch kue;s weu;sjrfhl=g m%odkh l< bvï ms<sn| i|yka jk ksYaYxlu,a,f.a mqjre wNsf,aLkhl c, nÿ fkdf.jk ,o ;=ka. Nød kue;s we<la ms<sn| ^osh ov kqÿka

91;=ka. Nød we<& jd¾;d fõ. fuhska oelafjkqfha tu we<j,a iy c,dYj,g fok ,o c, noao osh ov hkqfjka y÷kajk ,o njhs.

ksYaYxlu,a, Tyqf.a wNsf,aLk lSmhloSu 'msiUqrej;' fyda 'úiUqrej;' 92 kñka hq;a noaola ke;s l< nj m%ldY lrhs. fuhska fmkS hkqfha Tyqf.a rdcH

iuhg fmr fuu kñka hq;a noaola ;snQ njhs. ã tïo bfiâ úl%uisxyf.a woyig 93wkqj fuh mqrka l=Uqrej,ska iy ksire ìïj,ska ,nd .;a noaols. tfy;a úYd,

c,dY yd iïnkaOfhka fuu jpkh fhoS we;s úg ^uyjE;ek& Tyqf.a w¾:l:kh ms<s.ekSu ÿIalrh. ksYaYxlu,a,f.a j÷remafm wNsf,aLkfhys uyjE;ekska .kq ,enQ 'msiUqrej;' ^uyjE ;ekska .kakd msiUqrej;& rcq úiska ke;s l< nj i|yka

94fõ. uyjE;ekska hkak úYd, c,dYj,ska hk w¾:h ,nd fok neõ f.dvl=Uqf¾ mjihs. tfukau Tyq 'msiUqrej;' hkq c,dYhkays u;aiHhka fjkqfjka wh l<

95noaola neõ i|yka lrhs. ksYaYxlu,a, rc;=ud 'msiUqrej;' yd 'úiUqrej;' fhÿï tlu Ys,df,aLkhl bvï nÿ hkqfjka fhdod we;s ksid fojekak tfia jQ noaola

96 f,i ms<s.ekSu ÿIalrh. tu ksid th c, noaola fyda úYd, c,dYj, u;aiHhka

97fjkqfjka f.jk ,o noaolao úh hq;=h. mrKú;dkf.a woyig wkqj 'msiUqrej;' fyda 'úiUqrej;' hkq c,dYj,ska w,a,d .kakd ,o udÙ? fjkqfjka f.jk ,o

98fldgihs. l%sia;= j¾I m<uq jeks Y; j¾Ih muK ld,fhaoS;a c,dYj, iy we<j, u;aiHhka fjkqfjka f.jk ,o noaola ;snqKs. th fuhg by;ska i|yka l< 'uf;r ucsnl' kï noaohs. mrKú;dk úiska we<j, iy c,dYj,ska w,a,d .kakd ,o u;aiH Nd.h fjkqfjka fok ,o fldgila f,ig fuh w¾: ksrEmKh fldg AncientInscriptions in Ceylon, Trubner, London, 1883, No.8, p.74; Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (CeylonBranch), New Series, Vol. V, pp. 129-13.91 EZ, Vol. V, 1963., No. 17, p. 204.92 Ibid, Vol. II, 1928., p.93, 105, pp. 138-139, 144, 147, 154, 285.93 Ibid, p.117, note 11.94 Ibid, Vol. V, 1963, Pt.III No. 42.95 Ibid, No.42,p. 429.96 Ibid,Vol. II, 1928., No. 15;Ibid., Vol. V, 1963., Pt.III No. 42.97 A. Appadurai, Economic Conditions in Southern India, University of Madras, Madras, 1936, p. 221.98 S Paranavitana, “Civilization of the Perod: Economic, Political and Social Conditions”, University of Ceylon History of Ceylon, Vol. I Pt. II, Colombo, 1960, p. 548.

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99;sfí. tu w¾:hu ,nd fok 'uÉp Nd.' hkak l%sj mia jeks Y; j¾Ifhys uÊCcsu 100ksldhg àldjla l< nqoaOf>daIf.a mm[apiqoksfhys i|yka fõ. flfia fj;;a

iuyr wNsf,aLkj,ska ksYaYxlu,a, rcq c,dYj, isák m%dKSkag ksoyi ÿka nj 101m%ldY lrhs. tu ksid fuysoS tla lreKla m%ldY l< yelsh. 'msiUqrej;' hkq

c,dYj, u;aiHhka we,a,Su fjkqfjka f.jk ,o noaola kï th ke;s lsrSu ëjr l¾udka;hg ffO¾hhla jkakg we;. ksYaYxlu,a,f.a Ys,df,aLkj,ska c,dYj, isák m%dKSkag ksoyi oSu jeks woyila fuhska w¾:j;a fkdfõ. fjk;a úêhlska lsjfyd;a fuu m%ldYkj,ska meyeos,s jkafka ksYaYxlu,a, rcqf.a .=K j¾Kkdj i|yd jQ w;sYfhdala;suh j.ka;s njhs. fuu lreK fkdfõ kï 'msiUqrej;' hkq c,dYhkays c, Ndú;h fjkqfjka jQ f.ùula f,i i|yka l< yelsh. ueosrs.srs Ys,df,aLkho fï iïnkaOfhka f;dr;=re úuiSfïoS b;d jeo.;a fjhs. tys i|yka jk mrsos fndfyda c,c i;a;ajhska isák ia:dkhlska u;aiHhska w,ajd .kq ,enqjfyd;a iïorejka úiska Tjqka w;awvx.=jg f.k jeõ fufyfhys fhoúh hq;=h. msisïnq¾j;a /flk ;efkle uiqka uerejka .;a i|e fjoa iïorejka iy

102msrsjykakd f.dia jE fufylrjkq bid yiq uiqka fjoay,Ü .kq bid. fuysoS ;j;a kshuhla jkqfha w,a,d .k ,o u;aiHhska wdfrda.H Yd,djg ,nd osh hq;= njhs. fuhska fmkS hkqfha wdydrhg .ekSu i|yd w,a,k ,o udÙ? iEu c,dYhlskau we,a,Sug fkdyels jQ njhs.

103o<od isrsf;ys 'biarka' 'uiarka' iy 'ojiarka' hkqfjka i|yka fõ. 104 mQcdj,sho 'biarka' iy 'uiarka' hkqfjka i|yka lr ;sfí. cd;l wgqjd .eg

mofhys “ysilg uiaila ÿk uekjhs ke;fyd;a fuf;la rka ÿk uekjhs lshd 105ñksiqka w;ska .kakd ysia rka” hkqfjka m%ldYhla ;sfí. fuysoS ysia rka hkak

úia;r fldg we;af;a rcq úiska .kq ,enQ uiailska hq;a noaola fyda hïlsis m%udKhlska hq;a r;arka m%udKhla f,ighs. fldârskagka 'biarka' hkak mD;=.Sis

106 hq.h ;=< ;snQ weÕ noao f,i y÷kajhs. 'uiarka' yd 'ojia rka' hkq udislj ,nd .;a nÿ f,i mrsj¾;kh l<yelsh. fldârskagka fuu mdrsNdIslj, w¾:h f,i uil

107uqo,a iy oskl uqo,a hkqfjka w¾: .kajd ;sfí. rdcH ixia:dj iïnkaOfhka jk yskaÿ lD;sj,g wkqj leghï Ys,amSka iy fjk;a Ys,amSka úiska fldgia follg wkqj rcqg f.ùï l< hq;=h. m<uq jekak fiajdfjka jk w;r fojekak jkqfha uqo,skah. f.!;uO¾u Ydia;%fhys iy ukqO¾u Ydia;%fhys iEu uilu tla ojila

108 leghï Ys,amSka úiska rcq fjkqfjka fiajh l< hq;= nj i|yka lrhs. úIaKq iauD;sfhys leghïlrejka, lïlrejka iy Y=øhka úiska iEu uilu tla ojila rcq

101 EZ, Vol. II, 1928., No. 14, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27.102 Ibid, Vol. VI, 1991. p. 50.103 o<od isrs;, ixia¡ jcsrd r;akiQrsh, wefmd;slrSia, fld<U, 1949,52ms.104 mQcdj,sh, ixia¡ î ioaOd;siai ysñ" mdkÿr uqøKd,h, mdkÿr, 1930, 22, 685ms.105 cd;l wgqjd .egmoh, ixia¡ ãî ch;s,l" ,xldNskj úY%e; uqøKd,h, fld<U, 1943,12ms. 106 Codrington, Op. Cit, 1938, p. 47.107 Ibid,p. 37.108 Gautama Dharma Sûtra, Adolt friedrich Stenzler, London:Trubner, Vol. X, 1876, p. 31; Manusmrti, Ganganatha Jha (ed.), Culcutta, Vol. VII, 1920- 1926, p. 138.

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99 S Paranavitana, “Perimiyankulam Rock Inscription of Vasabha”, Journal of the Royal (Ceylon Branch), New Series, Vol.V, Pt. II, 1958, pp. 129- 137.Asiatic Society 100 Papancasudani, J. Wood & J Kosambi (ed.), P.T.S, London: 1928, p. 349.

109 fjkqfjka jev l< hq;= nj m%ldY lr ;sfí. jIsYaG O¾u iQ;%hg wkqqj

110leghïlrejka úiska udislj noaola f.úh hq;=h. ta yd iudkju ,xldfõ leghï Ys,amSka iy fjk;a Ys,amSka rcqg udislj f.ùula lrkakg we;. th mia jeks Y; j¾Ifhys rÑ; mm[apiqoksfhys i|yka jk .ï wêm;shl= úiska ,nd

111 .kakd ,o 'udilydmK' hkak;a iuÕ iudk fõ. fuh o<od isrsf;ys iy mQcdj,sfhys i|yka jk uiarka hkak úh yelsh. 'ojia rka' hk jpkh ú.%y lsrSu b;d ÿIalrh. fuhska woyia lrkqfha oskm;d ;Sre nÿj,ska ,nd .kakd ,o nÿh. kuq;a tu ú.%yh w;sYhskau wúksYaÑ; tlls.

y;r jeks uyskaof.a ñyska;f,a mqjre wNsf,aLkj, rcqf.a ksfõokhla we;=<;a fldg ;sfí. tys ix.aje,a,f.a ksfjia l=,sh ^ix.aje,af,ys f.l=,S&

112ñyska;f,a úydrhg m%odkh l< nj i|yka fõ. oy jeks Y; j¾Ifhys m<uq jeks ld¾;=jg ld,kSs¾Kh l< yels l;r.u Ys,df,aLkh 'f.oâ' hkakg iudk jQ 'f.;â' hk mdrsNdIslh úia;r lrhs. fuhska woyia jkafka ksfjia fjkqfjka jQ

113noaoh. y;r jeks nqjfklndyq rcqf.a ̂ l%sj 1341-1351& ,xld;s,l Ys,d,smsh ksYaÑ; m%foaYhlska ,nd .kakd ,o 'msfoaks mkï' hkqfjka jQ f.ùula ms<sn| jd¾;d lrhs.

114 'msfoaks mkï' hkqfjka woyia jQfha iEu ksjilskau ,nd .;a noao nj uydpd¾h 115isrsùr m%ldY lrhs. th rcq úiska ,xld;s,l úydrhg m%odkh lr ;sfí. hdmkfha

fou< nÿ kS;sfha ksfjia noao y÷kajkq ,enQfha 'jdpd, mkï' iy 'uffkl=,S' hkqfjks.

fl,skau nÿ f,i lsj fkdyels jqj;a ov hk mdrsNdIslfhka y÷kajk ,o 116 117

rcfha wdodhïo úh. ov f.ùug kshñ; jQfha uqo,sks. tfy;a y;r jeks uyskaof.a ñyska;f,a mqjre wNsf,aLkj, jeroslrejkaf.a ov f,i c,dY f.dvke.Sï iy w¨;a jeähd lsrSï jeks úúO ld¾hhkays fhdojk ,o nj i|yka

118fõ.

rc;=ud fmdf<dj hg ;snQ iïm;aj,skao wdodhula ,nd .;a nj rijdyskS, 119ioaO¾ud,xldrh iy ioaO¾ur;akdlrfhys we;s l:d jia;=j,ska fy<ss fõ. rdcH

111 Papañcasudani, J. Wood & J Kosambi (ed.), P.T.S, London: 1928, p. 349.112 EZ, Vol. I, 1912., No.7.113 Ibid, Vol. III, 1933., No.21, pp. 219-225. 114 S Paranavitana, “Lankatilaka Inscriptions”, University of Ceylon Review, 1960,pp. 5-6. 115 WI Siriweera, “Land Tenure and Revenue in Mediaval Ceylon” Ceylon Journal of Historical and Social Sciences, New Series, Vol.II, 1972, p. 42.116 mQcdj,sh,ixia¡ î. ioaOd;siai ysñ" mdkÿr uqøKd,h, mdkÿr, 1930, m.s 73; ioaO¾ur;akdj,sh, ixia¡ ã.î.ch;s,l" ixia¡ iajfoaY ñ;%hd, fld<U, 1930, ms. 826;wgodikakh, ixia¡úu,ls;a;s iy fidañkao ysñ" .=Kfiak iud.u, fld<U, 1954, ms. 103; cd;l wgqjd .egmoh, ixia¡ ã. î. ch;s,l" ,xldNskj úY%e; uqøKd,h, fld<U, 1943,235ms.

117 tu"ms. 235; wgodikakh, ixia¡ úu,ls;a;s iy fidañkao ysñ" .=Kfiak, fld<U, 1954,103ms; mQcdj,sh, 118 ixia¡ î. ioaOd;siai ysñ" mdkÿr uqøKd,h, mdkÿr, 1930, 73ms.119 EZ,Vol. I, 1912, No.7. rijdysks, ixia ¡irK;siai, cskd,xldr uqøKd,h, fld<U, 1928, 31ms; ioaO¾ud,xldrh, ixia¡ fla. {dKúu, ysñ".=Kfiak iud.u, fld<U, 1954,436ms.

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109 Vishnu-Smrti, Julius Jolly (ed.), Vol. III, Calcutta, University of Calcutta, 1881, P. 32.110 Vasistha Dharmasûtra, Alois Anton Fuhrer (ed.) Bombay. Vol. XIX, 1883, p. 28.

ixia:dj iïnkaOfhka jQ bkaoSh lD;sj, tjeks ksOdk iïnkaOfhka ;snQ rcqf.a whs;sh ms<sn| úúO úia;r we;=<;a jk kuq;a ta yd iudk úia;r ,xldfõ idys;H yd wNsf,aLkj, olakg fkdue;. tu ksid tla lreKla lsj yelsh. uq,ska i|yka l< Y%S ,dxlsl uQ,dY%j, tk fmdf<dj hg wdodhï ms<sn| f;dr;=re ,xldjg wdfõKsl tajd fkdj bkaoshdkq l:djkaf.ka Wmqgd .;a tajd ùug mqÙ?jk. tfia fkdue;s kï bkaoshdkq lD;sj, tk rcjrekaf.a l:d jia;=j, ms<sìUqjla ld,fhka ld,hg bosrsm;a lrkakg we;. whs;slrefjl= fkdue;s foam< iïnkaOfhka jk rcqf.a iïmQ¾K whs;sh .ek jQ bkaoshdkq kHdh Y%S ,dxlslhskao oek isá nj iy l%shd;aul

120l< nj mQcdj,sh iy Wïu.a. cd;lh fmkakqï lrhss. f>daId,a úiska fmkajd fok wdldrhg fuu kHdh f.k yer olajd we;af;a jIsiaG f.!;u n%yiam;s fn!Odhk

121iy ukq jeks kS;s odhlhskah. tu lD;s bvï whs;slrejl= fkdue;s foam< ms<sn| f;dr;=re ,nd fohs. rc;=ud tn÷ foam< fld;rï l,la ;nd .; hq;=o, rcq ,nd .;

122hq;= fldgfiys m%udKh fldmuKo jeks f;dr;=re tn÷ lD;sj,ska fy<s fõ. kuq;a wjdikdjlg ta yd iudk jQ úia;r ,dxlsl idys;H .%ka:j,ska fidhd .; fkdyel.

wju jYfhka 15 jeks Y; j¾Ifha uOH ld,fha isgj;a 'urd,' fyda 'u,dr' 123

kï jQ noaola rcq úiska ,nd .;a nj lsj yelsh. fuh mqoa.,fhl=f.a urKhloS ,nd .;a fldgils. u,dr iïnkaOfhka jk wdoS;u i|yk we;=<;a Ys,df,aLk jkqfha fiakd iïu; úl%undyqf.a .v,dfoKsh mqjre wNsf,aLkh iy yh jeks nqjfklndyqf.a ^l%sj 1470-1478& oeos.u mqjre wNsf,aLkhhs. igfkaoS fyda we;a ovhuloS fyda lsisjl= ñh .shfyd;a Wreulaldrhska ke;akï Tyqf.a bvï

124úydrdrduhkag mejrsh hq;= nj fuhska m<uq jekafkka i|yka fjhs. fuhska uereKq mqoa.,fhl=f.a foam< iïnkaOfhka rcqg ;SrKhla .; yels nj fmkS hhs. tfukau ñh.sh mqoa.,hdf.a foam< i|yd Wreulrejka isáhfyd;a 'u,dr' nÿ f,i hïlsis m%udKhla wh lr .kakd nj fmkS hhs. y;r jeks nqjfklndyqf.a oeos.u

125wNsf,aLkh 'u,dr' tllska Nd.hla Wreulaldrhdg ,nd oshhq;= nj jd¾;d lrhs. fuu 'u,dr' hk jpkh ì|S we;af;a ixialD; uD; ^u<& iy yr ^.kakd ,o& hk moj,sks. ksrela;s úoHdjg wkqj fuys w¾:h jkqfha ñh .sh mqoa.,hkaf.ka ,nd .;a

126fldgi hkakhs. merKs bkaoshdkq lD;sj,g wkqj rcq Wreulrejl= fkdue;s ́ kEu foam<la mjrd .; hq;=h. w;ayer ouk ,o bvï W.;a n%dyauKhskag mejrE nj i|yka

127fõ. Y%S ,xldfõoS bkaoshdfõ fuka b;d n,j;a f,i ixúOdkh jQ n%dyauK

120 mQcdj,sh, ixia¡ î. ioaOd;siai ysñ" mdkÿr uqøKd,h, mdkÿr, 1930, 395ms; Wïu.a. cd;lh, ixia¡ fla. m[a[didr" fld<U, 1929,34ms.

121 UN Ghoshal, Contributions to the History of the Hindu Revenue System,University of Calcutta, Calcutta, 1929, pp. 114-115.

122 Ibid, pp. 112-117.123 EZ, Vol. III, 1933., No.3,29; Ibid, Vol. IV, 1939., No.2; fla. {dKúu,"inr.uqfõ merKs ,shú,s,fld<U, 1942,41-45ms.124 EZ, Vol. IV, 1939., No.2, p. 15.125 Ibid, Vol. III, 1933., No. 29.126 Ibid, p. 285.127 UN Ghoshal, Contributions to the History of the Hindu Revenue System, University of Calcutta,Calcutta, 1929, p. 112.

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fldgila fkdùh. úfoaYSh yskaÿ rcjreka hgf;a yefrkakg ta yd iudk jrm%ido n%dyauKhskg ,enqKdoehs ksYaÑ;ju lsj fkdyel.

rc;=udf.a wdodhï Tyqg wh;a bvïj,ska iy ksYaÑ; jdKsc NdKavj,ska ,nd .;af;ah. óg by;oS wdodhï ud¾. ms<sn| idlÉPd lr we;s w;r fuysoS rcqf.a fj<| taldêldrh muKla úia;r lsrSu m%udKj;a fõ. tho kS;sfhys tla wx.hla jk ksidh. rcqf.a fj<| taldêldrh úYd, jYfhka mej;=fKa ueKsla, uq;=, l=re÷ iy we;=ka wmkhkh iïnkaOfhks. ueKsla m;,ao rdclSh taldêldrhg hg;a úh. fuu ueKsla m;,a wëlaIKh lsrSu i|yd ld,fhka ld,hg ks,OdrSka fhdojk ,oS. taldêldrh wdrlaId lsrSug ueKsla ;sfnk m%foaYj, ia:Sr jdiia:dk f.dvke.Su

128;ykï lf<ah. ueKsla m;,a wdrlaId lsrSu i|yd rcq úiska ñksiqka fhdojk ,o

129nj oy jk ishjig wh;a wnq ihsoaf.a f,aLkhl i|yka fõ. 16 jeks Y; j¾Ifhys wjidk oYl folg ld,ks¾Kh l< yels .v,dfoKsh Ys,df,aLkhlg wkqj rcq

130<Õu isá mqoa.,hskag mjd ueKsla m;,a yErSu ;ykï lr ;sfí. flfia fj;;a ueKsla i|yd m;,a leKSug idudkH mqoa.,hskg fokq ,enQfha .dia;=jla f.ùfï moku u;h. kuq;a jrm%idohla f,i ksYaÑ; jákdlulska iy nrlska hq;a ish¨u ueKsla rcqg wh;a úh. bíka n;=;dg wkqj rcqf.a ish¨u r;= leg iïnkaOfhka jk kS;sh jQfha mkï ishhlg jvd jeäúh hq;= njhs. ueKsla fidhd .kq ,enQjkag wvq

131ñ<la ,nd fok ,oS. 16 jeks Y; j¾Ifhys m<uq jeks oYlhg wh;a l< yels j¾f;audf.a ixpdrl jd¾;dj fufia i|yka lrhs. fjf<kaf|l=g ueKsla ,nd .ekSu i|yd leue;a;la we;s jQ úg Tyq m<uqfjkau rcqg ta iïnkaOfhka l:d l< hq;=h. bka miq iEu bvulau n%did tllg ñ,g .; hq;=h. bkamiq th ÿl;aia 5la i|yd úlsKsh hq;=h. by; i|yka l< bvu ydrk úg ñksil= isáh hq;=h. hïlsis úêhlska lr;aia 10 blaujd hk ueKslla ,enqKfyd;a th rcqg ,eìh hq;=h. th

132ish¨u fohska ksoyia fjhs.

Tfvdarsla msh;=ud iy i¾ fcdaka ueKavúf,a i|yka lrk mrsos rc;=ud úiska m;,aj, ueKsla fiùu i|yd j¾Ihlg j;djla fyda foj;djla wjir fok ,oS¡ tysoS

133yuqjk ueKsla rc;=ud ,nd fkd.;a w;r ÿmam;a ñksiqkagu mjrd oS ;sfí. tjeks m%ldYkhka i;H hehs Ndr .ekSu iqÿiq fkdfõ. fuu m%ldYkhka Tjqka úiska wid

128 CW Nicholas, “Historical Topography of Ancient and Mediaval Ceylon”, Journal Royal Asiatic Society Ceylon Branch,Special Number, Vol. VI, 1960, pp. 124-125. 129 E Renaudott (ed.), Ancient Accounts of India and China by Two Mohommedan Travellers, London,1883,p. 83.130 EZ, Vol. IV, 1939., No. 3.131 The Rehla of Ibn Batuta, Mahdi Hussain (ed.), Baroda, 1953, p. 220.132 The Travels of Ludorico di Varthema, J Winter Jones (ed.), Hakluyt Society, p. 190.133 Cathey and the Way Thither, Yule (ed.), pp. 98-99. Travels of Sir Jone Mandville, A.W Pollard (ed.), London, 1923, pp. 131-132.

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we;af;a rcqf.a wjir we;sj ueKsla fiùu i|yd hqyqiq¨ jQ mqoa.,hskaf.ks. Tjqka tu f;dr;=re ,nd fokakg we;af;a jeros wdldrfhks.

uq;= lsñoSuo rdcH taldêldrh hgf;a ;snqKs' ueKsla taldêldrh fukau th;a rdcH úiska yiqrjk ,oS¡ jeka.a-;d-hqjdkag wkqj uq;= lssñfokakkag Tjqkaf.a

134tl;=fjka Nd.hla rcqg oSug isÿ úh. bíka n;=;d wd¾h pl%j¾;s yuqùug hk úg 135rcqf.a jD;a;slfhda fyd| uq;= f;arSfuys iy j¾.SlrKfhys kshe,S isáhy.

lsñÿïlrejkag l=vd uq;=o, f,dl= uq;= rcqgo wh;a jQ nj 16 jeks Y; j¾Ifhys fojeks Y;lhg wh;a l< yels ÿrdÜ n¾fndaidf.a ixpdrl jd¾;djlska úia;r flf¾. uq;= lsñoSu i|yd wjir .ekSug Tjqka rcqg tla;rd .dia;=jla f.jQ w;r rcq

136uq;= taldêldrfhka úYd, wdodhula ,eîh. tu l;=jrhdu we;=ka úlsKSu;a rcfha taldêldrh hgf;a jQ nj i|yka lrk w;r .v,dfoKsh mqjre ,smsh fuu f;dr;=r

137ikd: lrhs. 16 jeks Y; j¾Ih wdrïNfhaoS rc;=ud fldrueKav,a ^fld,afudKafvd,a&, úchk.¾ ^k¾iHka.=wd&, u,nd¾, fvldka ^fvldï& iy

138leïfn fjf<÷kag we;=ka fj<|dï l< nj i|yka fõ.

bkaølS¾;s isrsùr Wmqgd olajd we;s mrsos ,xldfõ l=re÷ iïnkaOfhka jk wdoS;u úfoaYSh jd¾;dj jkqfha l%sj oyjeks Y; j¾IfhaoS 'nqIq.a bíka Irshd¾' úiska

139rÑ; wcd bí w,ayskaoa fyj;a bkaoshdfõ wisrsh kue;s lD;shhs. 13 jeks Y; j¾Ifhys wjidk ld¾;=fõoS fudkaáfldaúfkdays fcdaka úiska ,shk ,o ,shú,a,lo

140l=re÷ ms<sn| i|yka fjhs. bkamiqj bíka n;=;d udn¾ ck;dj rcqg ;Hd. jYfhka

141fros ,nd ÿka nj;a tafjkqjg osjhsfka l=re÷ ,nd ÿka nj;a i|yka lrhs. wvqu ;rñka 14 jeks Y; j¾Ifha isgj;a l=re÷ fj<|du;a rcqf.a wêldrsh hgf;a mj;skakg we;ehs fï wkqj is;d .; yelsh. bka Y; j¾I follg miq ,shejqKq n¾fndaidf.a jd¾;djg wkqj úfYaIfhkau l=re÷ j.dj rcq hgf;a ;snQ nj fmkS

142hhs¡

nÿ mrsmd,kh iïnkaOfhka i,ld ne,SfïoS f;dr;=re fok m%Odk uQ,dY%h jkqfha uydjxihhs. Nkavdr fmd;a:lska, wdos fmd;a:lska, uQ, fmd;a:lska iy cSú;

143fmd;a:lska jeks úúO jQ ks, úrEo i|yka fõ. uq,ska i|yka l< wdldrhg

137 EZ, pp. 167-168; Ibid., Vol. IV, No. 3.138 Ibid, PP. 167-168.139 bkaølS¾;s isrsùr, rcrg YsIagdpdrh iy ksrs;os. rdcOdks, ohdjxY chfldä, fld<U, 2001, ms. 295.140 Cathey and the Way Thither, Yule (ed.), p. 213.141 The Rehla of Ibn Batuta, Mahdi Hussain (ed. ), Baroda, 1953, p. 217.

142 Durate Barbosa, A Discription of the Coast of Easy Africa & Malabar in the Beginning of the SixteenthCentury, E J Stanly (tr.), London, 1886, p. 167.143 MV,1912. LXXXII, 182-196, LXXII, 27-160, LXXV, 139-140, LXXII,161-162, 173-174, LXXIV, 90.

134 Lionel Giles, “Notices of Ceylon in Tao-I-Chih-Lueh”, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society,(Ceylon Branch),Vol. XXVIII, No. 73, Pts. I-IV, 1920, pp. 31-36.

135 The Rehla of Ibn Batuta, Mahdi Hussain (ed.), Baroda, 1953, pp. 217-218. 136 Durate Barbosa, A Discription of the Coast of Easy Africa &Malabar in the Beginning of the Sixteenth Century, E J Stanly (tr.), London, 1886, p. 170.

48

idrÓ

fmd;a:l hk jpkh ì|S we;af;a fmd; hk w¾:h fok ixialD; mqia;l hk jpkfhks. tu ksid fmd;a:lska hkq .Kka jd¾;d ;enQ ks,Odrshl= jkakg mqÙ?jk.

144Nkavdr fyda NdKavdr hkak NdKavd.drh ye|skaùu i|yd fhfoa. tu ksid NdKavdr fmd;a:lska hkq NdKavd.drfhys fmd;a ;nkakd f,i ie,lsh yelsh. fmdf<dkakrefõoS fidhd .kakd ,o ksYaYxlu,a,f.a Ys,df,aLkhl;a Nkavdr

145 fmd;=ka hkqfjka i|yka fõ. tfukau l,HdKj;S /csKf.a mqjre

146wNsf,aLkfhysoSo Nkavdr fmd; hk mdrsNdIslh yuqfõ. cSú; fmd;a:lska hkak óg by;oS idlÉPd fldg we;s ksid th úia;r lsrSu wkjYH lreKls. thska yÕjkqfha osfj,a m%odk jd¾;d ;enQ ks,Odrshl= hkakh. wdoS iy uq, hk moj,ska yÕjkqfha m%Odkshd m<uq jekakd jeks woyiah. tu ksid fuu mdrsNdIsl folska fmd;a:lskajrekaf.a m%Odkshd yeÕfõ. flfia fj;;a uQ, hkafkka uqo,a hk w¾:h ,efnk ksid uQ,fmd;a:lska hkq uqo,a iïnkaOfhka .Kka ;nk ks,Odrshl= f,i

147w¾: .ekaúh yelsh. 15 jeks Y; j¾Ihg wh;a jk mems,shdk wNsf,aLkfhys uQ, 148

fmd;a:lska hk mdrsNdIslh tu w¾:fhkau i|yka fõ. Nkavdrfmd;a:lska ks,h oerE úúO mqoa.,hka ms<sn|j f;dr;=re ,efí. m<uq jeks mrdl%undyq rcqg iuld,Skj wju jYfhka fuu ks,h oerE mqoa.,hska fofofkl= .ekj;a uydjxih jd¾;d lrhs. Tjqka fofokd jkqfha Nkavdr fmd;a:lska N+; iy Nkavdr fmd;a:lska

149ls;a;s hkakkah. ta yd iudkju tu ld,h ;=< cSú; fmd;a:lska kue;s úreoh oerE mqoa.,hska ;sfofkl= .ek f;dr;=re yuqfõ. fudjqka f,i cSú; fmd;a:lska ukaoska, cSú; fmd;a:lska N=laL, cSú; fmd;a:lska ls;a;s hk ;sfokd i|yka l<

150yelsh. ksYaYxlu,a, rcqf.a ld,fhaoS;a fuu úreo Ndú; jk nj olakg ,efnk 151

w;r Tyqf.a Ys,df,aLkhl Nkavdr fmd;=ka hkqfjka i|yka fõ. by; oela jQ mrsos l,HdKj;S /csKf.a rejkaje,s iE mqjre wNsf,aLkfhyso Nkavdr fmd;e kï jQ

152úreoh oerE mqoa.,fhl= ms<sn|j f;dr;=re yuqfõ.

Nkavdr fmd;a:lska NdKavd.drfhys .Kka ñKqï wëlaIKh lsrSu muKla fkdj iuia; NdKavd.dr mrsmd,khu lrf.k .sfhah. rejkaje,s iE mqjre wNsf,aLkfhka Nkavdr fmd;e kue;s úreoh oerE úchdkdjka kue;af;l= m<uq jeks mrdl%undyq we;=Ù? fndfyduhla rcjrekaf.a NdKavd.dr md,kh l< nj

153i|yka fõ. oïmshd wgqjd .egmofhys NdKavd.drslÜGdk kue;s md<s jpkhg 154Nkavdr fmd;a ;k;=r kue;s w¾:h ,nd fohs.

144 EZ, Vol. IV, 1939., No. 33.145 Ibid, Vol. III, 1933, No.11, pp.149-152.

146 Ibid, Vol. III, 1933, No. 33.147 MB Ariyapala, Society in Medieval Ceylon, M. D. Gunasena and Company, Colombo, 1956,

p.109. 148 ã'î' ch;s,l" l;sldj;a iÕrd" fld<U, 1922,43ms.

149 MV,1912., LXXII, 196, LXXII, 182.150 bid, LXXIV, 161-162, LXX, 173-174, LXXIV, 90.151 EZ, Vol. III, 1933., No.11.152 Ibid, Vol. IV, 1939., No. 33.153 Ibid, No. 33.

49

idrÓ

154 Oïmshd wgqjd .egmoh, ixia¡ ã î ch;s,l" ,xldNskj úY%e; uqøKd,h, fld<U, 1932,160ms¡

úúO úrEo oerE m%Odk NdKavd.drsljreka ms<sn| uQ,dY%j,ska f;dr;=re 155

fy<sfõ. Tyq ms<sn| oUfoKs wiafkys i|yka jkafka Nkavdrkdhl f,isks. 156

tÙ?w;a;k.¨ jxih Tyq y÷kajd we;af;a Nkavdrkdhl f,isks. l|jqre isrsf;ys 157

Nkavdrkdhl iy uqo,akdhl hkqfjka úrEo follska Tyq y÷kajhs. mrKú;dkf.a woyig wkqj uqo,a kdhl NdKavd.drfhys uqo,a iïnkaOfhka lghq;= l< w;r

158Nkavdrkdhl .nvd iïnkaOfhka lghq;= l< neõ fmfka.

cd;l wgqjd .egmofhka NdKavd.drh Ndrj lghq;= l< NdKavd.drsl kï jQ 159

weu;sjrhl= ms<sn| f;dr;=re fy<sjk w;r isxy, fndaê jxifhys nÿ Ndr jQ 160whleñ kï jQ weu;sjrhl= ms<sn| f;dr;=re fy<s fõ. flfia fj;;a fuu úrEo

Nkavdrkdhl, nkavdrkdhl iy NdKavd.drkdhl hk moj,g iïnkaO jQfhao fudjqka weu;sjreka jQfhao hkak ksYaÑ;ju lSug idlaIs fkdue;. meyeos,sju fmfkk wdldrhg rcq fjkqfjka nÿ whlr .ekSug isáfha .fï m%OdkSkah. fojeks .cndyqf.a ̂l%sj 1133-1153& lmqrejevQTh geï ,smsh rdcH ks,OdrSka jd¾Islj nÿ tl;=

161lsrSu i|yd .ïj,g .sh nj jd¾;d lrhs. ioaO¾ur;akdj,sfhyso jd¾Islj nÿ 162

tl;= l< nj ^rg f;dgj,ska yjqreÿ fkdblaujd noao…fiau& i|yka fjhs. fojeks mrdl%undyq rdcH iufhys úúO .ïj,ska rdclSh nÿ tl;= l< ks,OdrSka

163ms<sn| uydjxih jd¾;d lrhs. we;eï úg .ï m%OdkSka úiska nÿ tl;= lrkakg we;s w;r rdcH ks,OdrSka jd¾Islj ixpdrh lrk úgoS tajd Tjqkg ,nd fokakg we; .

bvï nÿ tl;= lsrSu rdcH ks,OdrSka úiska md,kh lrkq ,enqj;a fuu nÿ l%uh n,y;aldrfhka Wÿrd .ekSula fkdùh. fuhg m%Odk;u fya;=j jQfha fldgila uqo,aj,ska nÿ wh lsrSu;a Okhg lEor jQ ks,OdrSka úiska wkshï wdldrhg lDIsld¾ñl ksIamdokh /ialr ;nd .ekSug fkdyels ùu;ah.

jrdhj,ska nÿ tl;= lsrSu jrdh Ndrj isá ks,OdrSkaf.a j.lSïj,ska tla lghq;a;ls. uyd;s;a: jrdfha nÿ tl;= lsrSfuys iy md,kh lsrSfuys kshe¨Kq

164ks,Odrshl= ms<sn|j ioaO¾ur;akdlrh jd¾;d lrhs. foúkqjr jrdh md,kh l< uyd mKaä; kï ks,Odrshl= ms<sn| fojeks mrdl%undyqf.a rdcH iuhg ld,ks¾Kh l< yels fojqkaor wNsf,aLkh jd¾;d lrhs. ta yd iudk ;;a;ajhla jdKsc

155 oUfoKs wiak, ixia¡ ã ã rKisxy".%ka: m%ldYl uqøKd,h, fld<U, 1928,5ms. 156 t¿w;a;k.¨ jxih, izia¡ tï l=udr;=x." .%ka: m%ldYl uqøKd,h, fld<U, nqj 2404, 14ms.

157 l|jqre isrs;, isxy, idys;H ,sms" ixia¡ãî ch;s,l" uyr.u, 1956,65-66ms. 158 S Paranavitana, “Civilization of the Perod: Economic, Political and Social Conditions”,

University of Ceylon History of Ceylon,Vol. I, Pt. II. Colombo, 1960, p.734.159 cd;l wgqjd .egmoh, ixia¡ ã î ch;s,l",xldNskj úY%e; uqøKd,h, fld<U, 1943, 7ms.160 isxy, fndaêjxih, ixia¡ ù fïOdkkao" fld<U, 1950, 4ms.161 EZ, Vol. V, Pt. III No. 38.162 ioaO¾ur;akdj,sh, ixia¡ ã î ch;s,l" iajfoaY ñ;%hd, fld<U, 1930, 85ms.163 MV,1912., LXXXVII, 50.164 ioaO¾ur;akdlrh, ixia¡ ã úu,ls;a;s ysñ" fld<U, 1955, 670ms.

50

idrÓ

uOHia:dkj,o ;snqKs. tajdfhys nÿ tl;= lsrSu i|yd ks,OdrSka m;a lr ;snqKs.

j¾;udk l=Uqre mk;g iudk kS;srS;s /ila wvx.= ,smshla f,i y;r jeks 165

omamq,f.a fldKavjÜgjdka geï ,smsh i|yka l< yelsh. ta wkqj by< ks,OdrSka meñfKk ;=re nÿ ;lafiarelrejka mrSlaIK i|yd nÿ bvïj,g we;=Ù? fkdúh hq;=h. nÿ ÿka bvïj,ska ,efnk wdodhu úkd wdodhu hhs i,ld fjk;a jia;= .ug f.k fkd wd hq;=h. nÿlrejka bj;a fkdfldg nÿo N=la;s úkao hq;=h. l,ska ov f.jd úi|k ,o jrog h<s;a ov kshu fkdl< hq;=h. osia;%slalfha iïu; isrs;g wkqj nÿ wh lrkqjd úkd wêl nÿ wh fkdl< hq;=h. úOdkhla meyer yerSfï jrog ov uqo, tl wlls. c,fhka l=Uqr hg lsrSfï jrog ov uqo, wl folls. isõ iS iEu ms<sn| jrolg ov uqo, l<|ls. m%udo ù iS iEu ms<sn| jrolg ov uqo, mia l,|ls.

fuu ,smshg wkqj fmkS hkqfha nÿ ks,OdrSkag iy f.dùkg iïnkaO kS;srS;s lSmhls. nÿ wh l< hq;af;a b;du;a idOdrK f,isks. hïlsis f.dúhl= úiska l,ska l< jrolg ov f.jd we;akï Tyqf.ka kej; ov wh fkdl< hq;=h. tfukau f.dùkaf.ka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ foa w;r úOdkhka ta wdldrfhkau l%shd;aul lsrSu, c,fhka l=Uqr hg fkdlsrSu, m%udo ù iS fkdiEu iy ;=ka ySh muKla iEuh. fuu ,smsfhys we;=<;a m%odkhka lr we;af;a i.a jE rl=ia fifkúrÿka kue;s ovkdhlhkagh.

nÿ fkdf.jkakka iïnkaOfhka .;a l%shd ud¾.o we;eï ;ekaj,oS i|yka lr ;sfí. mia jeks ldYHm rc;=udf.a .srs ,smsfhys .ï mdÜg je<ekaÿjka iÕ=ka lrd jk úpdr fldÜ.; hq;= Khla .kq;a uq;a fiiq ksÕd fkdlrkq bid hkqfjka i|yka

166fõ. fuys w¾:h jkqfha bvï nÿ N=la;s ú|skakka ix>hd fj; fkdmeñKsh fyd;a úpdrKh fldg .; hq;= Khla .kq ñi fiiq ks.%y fkdl< hq;= hkakhs. tfia kï fuhska fmkS hkafka nÿ fkdf.jqj fyd;a tu mqoa.,hdf.ka Khla .;a njhs. tfukau iuyr mqoa.,hka úiska fkdfhl=;a jQ ks.%yhkao l< nj fmkS hkakls. tfiau nÿ¨geï ,smsfhys 'fmdaod i,a l<dlayqf.ka jemqohÜ f;,a moaola .kakd bid'

167hkqfjka i|yka ù ;sfí. fuhska lshfjkafka fmdfyda oskfhys fj<|dï lrkakjqkaf.ka f;,a noaola .kakd f,ihs. tfukau tu f;,a j,ska uyshx.K

168ffp;Hhg mQcdjla l< hq;=h. ^ñhq.=Ka uyfjfyr jemqo mj;ajkq bid&. tfia fkdl<fyd;a fmr isrs;g wkqj myka mQcdj i|yd ov wh l< hq;=h. ^jemqohÜ

169fkd,enqfKl=f.ka fmfr isrs;a ov jemqohÜ .kakd bid&. tfia kï fuhska fmkS hkafka nÿ fkdf.jkakka i|yd hï hï kS;suh l%shd ud¾. .;a njhs. fojeks mrdl%undyqf.a mq;a jQ úchndyq l=udrhd nÿ f.ùï meyer yrskakka ksoyia lr Tjqkag ;u Okh mrs;Hd. l< nj uydjxifhys ^ta ta .%duhkays rdcdh;a; iqxlï

165 EZ, Vol. V, 1963, p. 124. 166 Ibid, Vol. I, p. 41. 167 Ibid, Vol. Vol. V, p. 177; Vol. III, p. 171.

168 Ibid, Vol. Vol. V, p. 177; Vol. III, p. 171.169 Ibid, Vol. Vol. V, p. 177; Vol. III, p. 171.

51

idrÓ

fkdf.jd meyer yerSfuka fidr jQjdyqo oel l=udr f;fï Tjqkag ish i;= Okfhka 170

jia;= oS& i|yka fõ. fuhska fmkS hkafka fjk;a rcjreka nÿ fkdf.jkakkag tfrysj hï hï l%shd ud¾. f.k we;s njhs.

170 uydjxih"LXXXVII, 47.

52

idrÓ

fmdf<dkakre l;sldj; ms<sn| ft;sydisl ú.%yhla

uÿrdj, fidaNs; ysñ

nqoaO idikfha fkdfhl=;a wm%;sm;a;s ^jerÈ ms<sfj;a& ÿIam%;sm;a;s ^nrm;< jerÈ& we;sjQ wjia:djkays§ ix> iudcfha ÑriaÓ;sh msKsi we;slr.;a jHjia:d l;sldj;a kñka ye¢kafõ' l;sld hk jpkfhys w¾:h jkafka l:dlr" idlÉPdlr t<fUk ;SrKhs' l;sldj;a m%Odk jYfhka fldgia follg fnod ±laúh yelsh'

1 tkï úydr l;sldj;a yd Ydik l;sldj;a hkqfjks' lsishï úydrhla fyda wdh;khla mj;ajdf.k hdfï§ wkq.ukh l<hq;= fmdÿ jHjia:d ud,djkaa úydr l;sldj;a jYfhkao" fmdÿfõ uyd ix>r;akh Wfoid mkjk ,o jHjia:d Ydik l;sldj;a jYfhkao ye¢kafõ' ta wkqj mia jeks ldYHm rcqf.a wkqrdOmqr mqjre

2 3 4,smsh" fjiai.sßfha mqjre ,smsh" Wouyhdf.a mq,shkal=,u mqjre ,smsh" isõjeks

5 6 fiak rcqf.a l¨Èh fmdl=K ,smsh" isõjeks ñysÿ rcqf.a wNh.sß mqjre ,smsh"

7 8isõjeks ñys÷ rcqf.a fjiai.srs mqjre ,smsh" ñyska;,d mqjre ,smsh" wNh.srs ixialD;

9 10,smsh" yhjeks mrdl%undyq rcqf.a mems,shdk Ys,df,aLkh wdosh úydr l;sldj;a .Khg wh;afõ' fï .Kfha l;sldj;aj, tu úydrfha jevjik uydix>hd jykafia úiska ms<smeÈh hq;= kS;sÍ;s" úydria:dkfha fiajlhkaf.a ld¾h yd whs;sjdislï rcfha ks,OdÍka tu úydria:dk ms<sn|j ls%hd l<hq;= wdldrh" úydria:dkh i;= bvlvï yd tajd md,kh lrk wdldrh .ek jHjia:d wka;¾.;ù

11we;' uydmrdl%undyq l;sldj; fyj;a fmdf<dkakrefõ .,aúydr ,smsh" 12ksYaYxlu,a, l;sldj; fyj;a fmdf<dkakrefõ yegodf.hs mqjre ,smsh" oUfoKs

13 14 15l;sldj;" ijeks mrdl%undyq l;sldj;" lS¾;s YS% rdcisxy l;sldj; yd YS% 16rdcdêrdcisxy l;sldj; hk l;sldj;a Ydik l;sldj;a .Khg wh;a fõ'

taù iqrùr" isxy, l;sldj;a yd NslaIq iudch" .=Kfiak iy iud.u" fld<U"1985" fojeks 1 uqøKh" 3ms'Epigraphia Zeylanica, Vol.1, ed. DMDZ Wikramasingha, Oxford University Press, London, 2 1912, no.4,pp.44-45.Epigraphia Zeylanica, Vol.1, no.2, p. 24.3Epigraphia Zeylanica, Vol.1, no.15, p. 185.4Epigraphia Zeylanica Vol.111, ed. S Paranavitana, Oxford University Press, London, 1933, 5no.27, p. 264.Epigraphia Zeylanica Vol.1, no.20, p.232.6Epigraphia Zeylanica Vol.1, no.2, p.31.7

8 Epigraphia Zeylanica Vol.1, no.7, pp.85-86.9 Epigraphia Zeylanica Vol.1, no.1, p.4.10 l;sldj;a i`.rd" ixia' ãî ch;s,l" weï' ã' .=Kfiak iud.u" fld<U" 1984" 40-41msgq'11 tu" 1-7 msgq'

53

idrÓ

12 tu" 39 ms'13 tu" 8-27 msgq'14 tu" 40-41 msgq'15 tu" 28-35 msgq'16 tu" 36-38 msgq'

fmdf<dkakre l;sldj; ìysùug n,mE miqìu msßlaiSfï§ wd.ñl" wd¾Ól" foaYmd,ksl fukau idudðl fya;=o ta i|yd n,md we;s neõ y÷kd.; yelsh' ix> iudch úldYh ù hdfï§ i¾jld,Skj tlu uÕla fkd.;a w;r th wjêfhka wjêhg iudc" wd¾Ól" foaYmd,k m%Yak yuqfõ fjkiaùug m;aúh' ls%ia;= mQ¾j ;=ka jeks ishjfia§ furg nqÿoyu ia:ms; jQ miqj nqÿoyug foaYSh ms<s.ekSula jQ w;r rcqf.a mgka idudkH ck;dj olajd iEu fokdf.au wkq.%yh ,enqKs' uq,a wjêfha§ YS% ,dxlSh NslaIq iudcfhys mej;s ;;a;ajh meyeÈ,s lrk wÈldrï uy;d fuf,i olajd we;' —rcqf.a mgka ÿ.shd olajd jQ iEu .syshdu W;aidy lf<a YdikSh ÑriaÓ;sh i|yd ;u ;ukag yels iEu úêhlskau wdOdr lsÍuh' tÈfkod Èú meje;aug muKla Wmhd .; yelsjQ ÿ.S ñksiqka yd .eyeKqka mjd NslaIQkaf.a iem myiqj ie,iSug b;du n,j;a W;aidyfhks' fï wdldrfhka fmdaIKh ,enQ NslaIqj .syshd flfrys ;u hq;=lï bgqlsÍugo wu;l fkdlf<ah' jeä jYfhkau Tyqf.a ld¾h jQfha ksjerÈj Ôú;h .; lsÍug .sys ckhdg b.ekaùuh' f,dalfha fndfyda rgj, olakg fkd,efnk ;rï §¾> ld,hla uq¿,af,ys ,laÈj f:arjd§ fn!oaO YsIagdpdrh we;s

17lsÍfuys,d NslaIqj .;a jHdhduh iq¿fldg ;elsh fkdfya'˜

fufia mej;s NslaIq iudcfha ;;a;ajh ls%ia;= mQ¾j m<uq jeks ishjfia§ fjkilg ,lajQ neõ fmfka' jÜG.dñKS wNh rcq wNh.sß úydrh ;kjd ;ukag

18 Wmldr l< ;siai f;rekag mQcd lsÍu tu ;SrKd;aul wjia:djhs' fï úydr mQcdj uydix>hd fj; fmdÿfõ mQcd fkdfldg ;ks NslaIqjlg muKla úydrhla mQcd lrk ,o m<uq jeks wjia:dj úh' fuh;a iuÕu Y%S ,dxflah fn!oaO Ydikfha m%:u ix> fNaoh we;sjqKs' miqld,Skj bkaÈhdfõ isg fkdfhl=;a ksldhkag wh;a NslaIQka ,laÈjg meñK" wNh.sßh jdiia:dkh lr.ekSu;a iuÕ Tjqkaf.a Ñka;khka wNh.sß úydÍh NslaIQkago ,enqKs' oUÈj jÊðmq;% ksldhg wh;a NslaIq msßila

19wNh.sßhg meñK mÈxÑ ùu;a iuÕ fï ;;a;ajh olakg ,efí' fï ksid ,laÈj NslaIQka w;r ksldh fNaoh j¾Okh ù .sh w;r ;j;a w;lska úúO u;jdo we;sùu ksid Ydikfha m%.;shgo fya;=úh' fjdaydßl ;siai rcqf.a iufha§ m%:u jrg furg

20ffj;=,H jdoh .ek i|yka fõ' fï ffj;=,HjdoS NslaIQka .ek kej; jrla 21f.daGdNh rcqf.a iufha§o wikakg ,efí' uyfika rcqf.a ld,fha§ oUÈj isg

meñKs ix>ñ;% kï NslaIqjla wNh.sßfha jdih lrñka uydúydrhg úreoaOj lghq;= 22lf<ah' fï rcq uydúydr iSudfõ fÊ;jkh bÈlrjd th id.,sl ksldhslhl= jQ

;siai kï f;rekag mQcd lf<ah' fujeks isoaê ;=<ska furg NslaIq iudcfha ksldh fNaoh j¾Okh ù .sh w;r th Ydikh ;=< kdkdúO w¾nqo we;sùugo n,mEfõh' NslaIq iudch ;=< fuu w¾nqo we;sùu;a iuÕ Wkajykafia,df.a úkho msßyS .sfhah'

17 B ví wÈldrï" merKs ,laÈj fn!oaO b;sydih" fÊ fla cS chj¾Ok iud.u" fld<U" 1943" 293 ms'18 uydjxi" ixia' fmd,aj;af;a nqoaOo;a; ysñ" weïã .=Kfiak iud.u" fld<U" 1959" 33¦82-83'19 ksldh ix.%yh" ixia' nkaÿfiak .=Kfialr"weia' f.dvf.a" fld<U" 1984" 10 ms'20 uydjxi" 36¦41'21 uydjxi" 36¦110-112'22 uydjxi" 37¦32'

54

idrÓ

ix> Ydikfha wdhqI jYfhka uq,§ úkh ie,l=jo miqld,h jkúg Bg jvd m%Odk;ajhla O¾uhg ,eîug mgka .;af;ah' ta njg idlaIs isõ jeks ñys÷ rcqf.a ñyska;,d mqjre ,smsfhka ,nd.; yelsh' tu ,smsfha NslaIQkag ,ndÈhhq;= §ukdjka i|yka lrñka úkh msglh yodrK NslaIQkag fldgia mylao" iQ;% msglh yodrK NslaIQkag fldgia y;lao" wNsO¾u msglh yodrK NslaIQkag fldgia fodf<dilao ,nd

23fok f,ig olajd we;' wÈldrï uy;d mjik wkaoug —m%;sm;a;sh msámig ;,a¨

24ù foaYkd lsÍu Wiia njg m;aúh' úkh wNsnjd iQ;% ch.;af;ah'˜ m%;sm;a;s fjkiaùu fya;=fldg f.k YS,fhkao ix>hd msßyqKq nj oelsh yelsh' wkqrdOmqr hq.fha wjidk Nd.fha§ we;eï NslaIQka meúÈ Ôú;hg wh;a m%;sm;a;sfhka neyerj

25wUqorejka fmdaIKh lrñka l,a .; l< nj olakg ,efí' m<uq jeks úchndyq rc;=ud Ydiksl ;;a;ajh kÕd isgqùug W;aidy lsÍfï§ Tyqg uqyqK §ug isÿjQ tla .eg¨jla jQfha m%udKj;a ;rï Wmiïmod NslaIQka fkdùuh' ta ;=<ska fï hq.h jk úg NslaIq Ydikfha iajrEmh .ek wjfndaOhla ,nd.; yelsh' fï rc;=ud Ydiksl ;;a;ajh kÕd isgqùug ls%hdud¾. lSmhla wkq.ukh l< w;r ta ksid kej; jrla Ydikfha hï ;rula ÿrg §ma;shla we;sjQ neõ oelsh yelsh' tfy;a m<uq jeks mrdl%undyq rcqf.a wjêh jk úg kej; jrla Ydikh ;=< úúO w¾nqo we;sfjñka ;snqKs' fï lreKq msßlaiSfï§ fmdf<dkakre l;sldj; ìysùu i|yd NslaIQkaf.a úkh mßydksh tla miqìula jQ neõ meyeÈ,s fõ'

NslaIq iudch iïmQ¾Kfhkau .sys iudch u; hefmkakls' uq,§ NslaIqjf.a Ôú;h ieye,a¨ Èúmeje;aula úh' tfy;a l,ahdfï§ fuu ;;a;ajh l%ufhka fjkiaùug mgka .;s' rcjre we;=¿ m%N+ msßia jv jvd;a bvlvï úydria:dkj,g mQcd l<y' fï nj úúO ia:dkhkays msysgqjd we;s fi,a,sms uÕska fukau jxYl:dj,

26tk f;dr;=re uÕskao meyeÈ,sfõ' fuda,dysáh fjf<a., ,smsh Bg tla WodyrKhls' uydkd. rcq fÊ;jkdrduhg l=Uqre ;=ka ishhlao" uydúydrhg l=Uqre oyilao mQcd

27l< neõ i|yka fõ' m<uq jeks w.a.fndaê rcq fhdÿka ;=kla úYd, fmd,a j;a;la

28l=rekao úydrhg mQcd lf<ah' fuu m%udKj, hïlsis w;sYfhdala;s iy.; njla oelsh yels jqjo iEfyk Okhla úydria:dk i; =jQ neõ fmfka' fuu ;;a;ajh iuÕ NslaIq iudcfha wNsu;d¾:hkays fjkiaùula oelsh yelsh' uq,§ NslaIQkaf.a tlu mrud¾:h jQfha wd¾Ól neñj,ska ksoyiaj ;u wOHd;añl ÈhqKqj msKsi lghq;= lsrSuh' kuq;a l%ufhka úydria:dkj, Ok uQ,hka mßmd,kh lsÍug NslaIQkag iïnkaO jkakg isÿ úh' rfÜ wd¾Ólfha fldgila md,kh lrk msßila njg NslaIQyq m;aj isáhy' fï ksidu wkqrdOmqr hq.fha wjidk Nd.fha rpkd jQ úydr l;sldj;a lSmhlska úydria:dk i;=jQ Okh yeisrùug rcjre W;aidy lrk whqre oelsh yelsh' fuu wd¾Ól idOlhkao fuu l;sldj; ìysùu i|yd ;j;a miqìula jQ neõ is;sh yelsh'

25 Epigraphia Zeylanica Vol.1, no.1, p. 4.

26 Epigraphia Zeylanica Vol.III, p. 28.27 uydjxi" 40¦98-99'

28 uydjxi" 41¦15'

55

idrÓ

24 Bví wÈldrï" merKs ,laÈj fn!oaO b;sydih" fÊ fla cS chj¾Ok iud.u" fld<U" 1943" 184 ms'

23 Epigraphia Zeylanica Vol.1, No 7, p. 85.

fpda< md,k hq.fha§ mQ¾jfhys fuka rcjrekaf.a wkq.%yh NslaIq Ydikhg fkd,enqKs' tu ;;a;ajho NslaIq Ydikfha mßydkshg n,mEfõh' flfia jqj;a m<uq jeks úchndyq rcqf.a ls%hd l,dmh ksid ix> iudch ;=< hï mqk¾Ôjkhla we;súh' fï rcq wd.ñl f.dvke.s,s úydr msßfjka wd§ úkdYhg m;ajQ foa m%;sixialrKh lrùh' tfukau o<od ue÷rla bÈlrjd" tys o<odj ;ekam;a fldg úúO mQcd i;aldr meje;ajQ neõ i|yka fõ' rdu[a[ foaYhg ¥;hka hjd Wmiïmod NslaIQka f.kajd

29f.k furg kej;;a Wmiïmodjo we;s lf<ah' fï rcqf.a wNdjh;a iuÕ kej;;a rfÜ w¾nqo we;súh' th NslaIq iudch flfryso ;Èka n,mEfõh' fï wNHka;r úhjq,a uevmj;ajd m<uq jeks mrdl%undyq rcq rg tlafiai;a lsÍfuka miqj Ydikfha ÈhqKqjgo lghq;= lf<ah' fuu foaYmd,ksl miqìuo fuu l;sldj;g miqìï úh'

,laÈj rcjre Ydikfha wdrlaIlhd jYfhka fukau nqoaO Ydikfhys f,!lsl kdhlhd f,i;a ms<s.eKqks' laI;s%hfhl= rdcH;ajhg m;ajkafka nqÿka jykafiaf.a md;%h yd isjqr rlskakg nj oyjk Y;j¾Ifha§ lrjk ,o y;r jk

30ñys÷ rcqf.a fi,a,smshl i|ykafõ' nqoaO Ydikfha wdrlaIlhd iy tys f,!lsl kdhlhd f,i md,lhl=f.a uQ,sl hq;=lïj,ska tlla jQfha YdikdNsjDoaêh ie,iSuhs' tu ksid ix> iudch fNao Nskakù ke;fyd;a ¥Is; ù mj;akd nj fmkS .sh fndfyda wjia:dj,§ rcjre Ydik Y=oaê lrjQy' YS% ,dxflah md,lhkaf.a ueosy;aùfuka ix> iudcfha m%;sixialrK isÿjQ wjia:d jxYl:dj, i|ykafõ' m<uq fjks fud.a.,a,dk" l=udr Od;=fiak" ;=ka fjks fud.a.,a,dk" Ys,dfï>jKaK" y;a fjks w.a.fndaê" fojeks fiak" isõ jeks ldYHm iy mia jeks

31ldYHm jeks rcjrekaf.a iuhkays§ fujeks ix> ixfYdaOk isÿ l<y' m<uq jeks mrdl%undyq" ksYaYxlu,a," fojeks mrdl%undyq jeks rcjre ix> ixfYdaOk isÿlsÍfuka miqj Ydikfha Wkak;sh msKsi l;sldj;a msysgqùugo wkq.%y oelajQy' m<uq jeks mrdl%undyq rc;=udf.a ld,h jk úg Ydikh ;=< iEfyk ÿrg w¾nqoldÍ ;;a;ajhla we;sù ;snqKs' fï ksid nqoaO Ydikfha ÑriaÓ;sh wfmalaIdfjka t;=ud Ydik iuÕsh yd ix> ixfYdaOk we;slr,Sfuys W;aiql jQ neõ fmfka' oUÈj wfYdal rc;=ud fud.a.,Smq;a; ;siai f;rekaf.a idydh ,enQ wdldrhgu mrdl%undyq rc;=udgo ÈUq,d., uyd ldYHm f;rekaf.a iydh ,enqKs'

fmdf<dkakrefõ .,a úydr ,smsh fyj;a fmdf<dkakre ;lsldj;o uyd mrdl%undyq rcqf.a wdrdOkh wkqj uyd ldYHm f;reka m%uqL NslaIQka jykafia,d úiskau lrk ,oaols' th ls%ia;= j¾I 1164$65§ isÿfldg we;' fï l¾;jHfha§ m%Odk;ajh oerEfha uyd ldYHm f;reka jykafiah' Wkajykafia uydúydrhg wh;a Wÿïnr.sßfha tkï ÈUq,d., wdrKHfha jdih l< NslaIqjls' fï jk úg wdrKHjdiS NslaIQka jykafia,d rcjrekaf.a fukau fmdÿ uyck;djf.ao úfYaI ie,ls,a,g ,laù ;snqKs' NslaIQka jykafia,dg uy;a ndOd ysßyer we;sjQ úl%undyq rcqf.a hq.fha§ mjd Tyqf.a fufyish jQ iqkaoruyd foaúh ÈUq,d., wdrKHhg wkq.%y oelajQ nj

32i|yka fõ' ix> ixfYdaOkhg tla fya;=jla jQfha úydria:dk jgd wêlj Okh

31 uydjxi" ixia' fmd,aj;af;a nqoaOo;a; ysñ" weïã .=Kfiak iud.u" fld<U"1959" 39 57"40¦ 2"42¦ 46"42¦ 76"49¦ 64"50¦ 10"50¦44'

32 Epigraphia Zeylanica Vol.II, p. 194.56

idrÓ

29 uydjxi" 60¦4-5" 16-17'30 Epigraphia Zeylanica Vol.1, no.20, p. 237.

ixflakaø.; ùuh' tfia kï tjeks ;;a;ajhla fkd;snQ wdrKHjdiS NslaIQka jykafia,d fuys m%uqL;ajh .kakg we;ehs úYajdi l< yelsh' fï lghq;af;a§ iydhj ls%hd l< wks;a NslaIQkaf.a kï l;sldjf;a i|yka fkdjQjo uydjxifha i|yka fõ' wkqrdOmqrfha [dKmd, f;reka yd YsIHhkao fud.a.,a,dk f;reka iuÕ imr rfÜ ^inr.uq m<df;a& NslaIQkao hqjrcqf.a m<df;a ish¨ NslaIQka iuÕ kd.skao m,a,sfha f;rekao fia,ka;rjdiSjQ W;=ï jQ kkao f;reka m%Odk frdayK

33foaYfha ksldh ;=fka NslaIQkao fï ld¾hh i|yd fmdf<dkakrejg meñK we;'

fuu fmdf<dkakre ;lsldj; iïmdokfha§ rcqf.a ld¾h Ndrh mÍlaId lsÍfï§ th NslaIQka jykafia,d úiska iïmdokh l<o tu l¾;jHhg NslaIQkag wdrdOkd lr wkq.%dylhd jYfhka ls%hdlrk ,oafoa rc;=udh' l;sldj;a iïmdokh lrùfï m%Odk wjYH;djh ;snQfha rc;=udgh' mQ¾j kr fY%aIGhka fukau uyd mrdl%undyq rcqo ;ukaf.a md,k ld,fhaoS Ydikh wNdjhg hkq oelSug fkdlue;s úh' tuksid fu;=ud Ydikfha ÈhqKqj msKsi l;sldj; iïmdokh lrùu fukau

34;j;a ls%hdud¾. /ilao ls%hd;aul lrùh'

fmdf<dkakre l;sldj; m<uq jeks mrdl%undyq rcqf.a ueÈy;aùfuka ÈUq,d., uyd ldYHm ysñhkaf.a m%Odk;ajfhka iïmdokh úh' fuh m%Odk fldgia follska hqla; fõ tkï mQ¾úldj iy jHjia:d hkqfjks tajdhska mQ¾úldj fyj;a ft;sydisl ix{dmkh jYfhka ie,lsh yels m%:u fldgi ;=< nqÿkaf.a mdrñ;d mQrKfha mgka mßks¾jdKh olajd isoaê ixCIsma;j olajd we; bka miq j<.ïndyq rcqf.a iufha isg Ydikh Nskak ksldhj mej;s wdldrh;a ;ud jeks rfcl=f.a ld,fha nqÿiiqk úkdY ùu kqiqÿiq hhs is;+ uyd mrdl%undyq rc;=ud Ydik ixfYdaOkhg yd fuu l;sldj; iïmdokh lsÍug wkq.%y ±laùh' fojk fldgi ;=< ±lafjkqfha NsCIQkag wkq.ukh lsrSug mkjk ,o kS;sÍ;sh' kS;sÍ;s úiswgla fï l;sldj; ;=< wka;¾.; fldg we;' ta w;ßka jHjia:d úisyhla fï hq.fha§ NsCIq Ôú;h ilia úh hq;= wdldrh meyeÈ,s lsÍugh' wjidk jHjia:d foflaa fï l;sldj; ish¨ fokdu ms<ssmeÈh hq;= nj;a th lv lrkakjqkag fokq ,nk o~qjï ms<sn|j;a i|yka fõ'

fmdf<dkakre l;sldjf;a uq,a jHjia:d lSmfhka meúÈ lsÍu" Wmiïmod lsÍu yd wOHhkh iïnkaOj lreKq wka;¾.; fõ' meúÈ lsÍfu§ yd ksi§fï§ th mÍCIdldÍj l< hq;=h' kqiqÿiq mqoa.,hka meúÈ Wmiïmod lsÍu ksid Ydikh wmú;%ùu fujeks jHjia:d mkjkakg fya;= jkakg we;' we;eï mqoa.,hka Wor mQrKh i|yd meúÈù isá nj pQ,jxYfhao i|ykafõ'fuu l;sldj; uÕska NslaIqjlg m%;sm;a;s .rel Ôú;hlg keUqreùug wjYH lreKq úia;r lrhs' l;sldj; wdrïNfha§u ful, NslaIQka m%;sm;a;sfhka msßyS isá nj i|yka jQ ksid l;sldj; ;=<ska m%;sm;a;s .rel ix> iudchla ;ekSu wruqK jkakg we;' fï hq.fha NslaIQyq .%ka: Oqrh yd úo¾Ykd Oqrh kñka fldgia follg ;u wOHhkh yd m%;sm;a;s wkqj fn§ isáhy' .%ka: Oqrh mqrk wh úkfhka l=ÿisL yd m%d;sfudaCIho" O¾ufhka oiO¾u iQ;%h yd wkqudk iQ;%ho jkfmd;a l< hq;=h' oiO¾u iQ;%fhys

35 ksy;udkS;ajh lrd NslaIqj fufyhjk lreKq /ila wka;¾.; fõ' nqÿka

57

idrÓ

33 uydjxi" 76¦8-10'34 ksldh ix.%yh" ixia' nkaÿfiak .=Kfialr" weia' f.dvf.a" fld<U" 1984" 23 ms'35 msrejdkd fmd;a jykafia" ixia' w;a;=vdfõ rdyq, ysñ" tlai;a iuQy fn!oaO moku" ;dhsjdkh"

45-46 msgq'

jykafiaf.a hq.fha§o fuu iQ;%h foaYkd lsÍug fya;= jQfha NslaIQka ;u Ôú;fha nrm;,lu f;areï fkdf.k lghq;= lsÍu ksidh' .%ka: Oqrh mqrkd NslaIqj lsishï lugykla ks;sm;d mqreÿ mqyqKq lrùuo wjYH fõ' úo¾Ykd Oqrh mqrk NslaIQkao hï m%udKhlg .%ka: Oqrh ms<sn| lreKq bf.kSu wjYHh' fï uÕska NslaIq Ôú;h wx.iïmQ¾K jQjla njg m;alrùug W;aidy .kakg we;'

NsCIQka wkjYH f,i úydria:dkfhka msg;g .uka lsÍu je<elaùug mekjQ 36

kS;s Í;s fmdf<dkakre l;sldjf;a wka;¾.; fõ' úfYaIfhkau fuu l;sldj; uÕska NsCIQkag we;=¿ .ug hdug we;s wjia:d iSud fldg we;' ujqmshkag jekaoUq fidfydhqßhkag in%ïirekag fufylrejkag wdydr msKsi yd fnfy;a msKsi;a mjrK ,o msß;la wd§ lghq;a;lg yer fjk;a lsisu fohlg we;=¿ .ug fkdhd hq;=h' wikSm wdÈhlg fnfy;a .ekSu i|yd úydria:dkfhka msg;g hk wjia:dj,§ mjd ta ms<sn|j wjfndaOhla we;s jeäysá f;rjrhl=f.ka wjir .ekSu wjYHh' fï wkqj fï hq.fha§ .syshka iuÕ ióm in|;d mj;ajd f.k hEu ksid NslaIq;ajhg fkd.e<fmk foa isÿùu ksid wkjYH wdldrhg .sys msßia iuÕ iómj lghq;= lsÍfuka je<elaùu fujeks jHjia:djkaf.a wruqK jkakg we;'

ixjr .uk ìuko NsCIqjlg wksjd¾hfhkau ;sìh hq;= nj fuys olajd we;' NsCIqj l:d lsÍfï§ yd yeisÍfï§ isys kqjKska hq;=j ls%hd l< hq;=h' fldamfhka fyda fl<sljg lug fyda kqiqÿiq jpk Ndú; lsÍu ix>hdg fhda.H fkdfõ—yeu fõf,ysu lsms is;skaj;a fl<s is;skaj;a fkdirema f;mq,a lsisjla yq yd fkdìKsh

37hq;=˜ ldka;djka yd l=vd orejka iuÕ weiqre lsÍfï§ NsCIQkaf.a pß; Y=oaêh wdrCId jk mßÈ lghq;= l< hq;=fõ ;ukaf.a uj iuÕ jqj;a NslaIqjla ryis.;j l:d fkdl< hq;=h' ;ukaf.a uj iuÕ jqj;a NslaIqjla ryis.; ;ekl l:dlrñka isàfuka th olskakd ;=< jerÈ wjfndaOhla we;sùug bv ;sfí' tf,i ;uka ksid fjk;a whl= ;=< jerÈ jegySula ̂ flf<ia& we;sjk fia ls%hd lsÍu NslaIQkag wlemh' mdrdðld fkdjk fujeks m%{ma;sj,ska n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkakg we;af;a ix> f.!rjh /lSu yd wN+; fpdaokdj,g bv fkd;eîuh' jeäuy,a NsCIQka iómfha yeisfrk úg yd Wkajykafia,d iuÕ l:d lsÍfï§ jvd;a ixjrj wks;a f;rjrekg lghq;= lsÍug isÿ fõ'

úydria:dkhl meje;au ukdj wdrCIdlr .ekSu i|yd l;sldj;a uÕska l%shdfldg we; úydria:dkj, ikaysf|k wêlrK lghq;= .ek wka úydria:dkj,g ±k.ekSug bv fkd;eìh hq;= w;ru msg; ikaysf|k wêlrK lghq;= ;u úydria:dkhg fkd.; hq;=h' tfiau úydria:dkfha we;s ;uka i;= NdKavhla jqjo jeäuy¨ whf.ka wjirhla ke;sj úydrfhka msg;g §u fkdl< hq;=h' fjk;a úydria:dkhlska meñfKk NsCIqjlg ;u úydria:dkfha kej;Sug wjir §fï§ wkq.ukh l< hq;= l%shdud¾. .eko l;sldjf;a úia;r fõ'

58

idrÓ

36 l;sldj;a i`.rd" 4ms'

37 tu 5 ms'

NsCIqjlf.a osk pßhdj .;úh hq;= wdldrh úia;r lrk fmdf<dkakre l;sldj; w¨hu wjÈ úh hq;= NsCIQka Wfoa uq,a meh lSmh Ndjkd lrñkao ilauka u¿fõ ilauka lrñkao .;l< hq;= úh' YÍr lD;H fldg uqyqKlg fidaodf.k isjqre ye| iQodkï ùfuka miq fndau¿j yd od.eí u¿j w;=.Eu jdiia:dk msßisÿ lsÍu .=rejrekaf.a fcHIaG NsCIQkaf.a yd .s,Kqkaf.a wjYH;d bgq lsÍu l< hq;=h' yS,a wdydrfhka miq fmd;a yd ,smsf,aLk ne,Su frÈms<s ueiSu m~q fmùu m%;H myiqlï iemhSu jeks yÈis lghq;= lrk NsCIQka ta ld¾hhka bgql< hq;= w;rfiiq wh ;u ld,h Ndjkd lsÍu i|yd fhÈh hq;= úh' Èjd wdydrfhka miqjo Ndjkdfjys fyda O¾u wOHhkfhys fhÈh hq;=h' ikaOHd ld,h .;l< hq;= jQfha O¾uh foaYkd lrñka yd lshjñks' .syshka yd ñY% fkdù ;srYaÖk l:djkays fkdfh§ oji .;l<

38hq;=h' kskaog hd hq;af;a ueÈhï /fha§h' fuf,i w¨hu isg rd;%Sfha kskaog hk;=re fmdÿfõ NsCIQka úiska wkq.ukh l< hq;= foa .ek fmdf<dkakre l;sldjf;a olajd we;'

l;sldj; wjidkfha NsCIQka fï l;sldj; ms<smeÈh hq;= nj;a tfia fkdlrk NsCIQkag l<hq;= ovqjï ms<sn|j;a i|yka fõ' m<uqj ;=kajrla olajd wjjdo § ksis o~qjï fldg tfia;a fkdyels kï uila olajd ksi fkd§ isg úkhdkQl+, meje;aula fkdue;s kï úydria:dkfhka bj;a l< hq;= nj ±lafõ'

l;sldj;ays wka;¾.;h bkamiq NsCIq iudcfha ixj¾Okh flfryso n,mEfõh' fmdf<dkakre l;sldjf;a ;=ka ksldh tla ksldhla l< nj i|yka fõ m<uq mej;s ksldh fNaoh ñka miq wNdjhg .sh nj fmfkk fyhska uyd mrdl%undyq rcqf.a ksldh iuÕsh fndfyda ÿrg id¾:l jQ njo ms<s.; yelsh' ,xldfõ NsCIQka jykafia,d w;r jQ ksldh fNaoh ke;slr ±ófuka mrdl%undyq rc;=ud úiska lrkq ,enqfõ fmr fndfyda rcjrekag iïmQ¾K lr.; fkdyels jQ l%shdoduhls'

.,aúydr l;sldjf;a i|yka jk wdldrhg ;=ka ksldh iuÕs lsÍfï m%;sM,hla f,i osjhsfka ish¨ NsCIQka jykafia,d i|yd uydidñjrfhl= m;alr .ekSug yelsúh' th Ydikfha lghq;= uekúka bÈßhg mj;ajdf.k hdug Wmia:ïNl jQ nj fmfka' osjhsfka b;sydifha m%:u jrg ix> iuQyhd ;ks kdhlfhl= hgf;a ixúOdkh ùug bka uÕ mEÿKq nj uekaÈia frdayK§r

39 fmkajdfohs' uyd mrdl%undyq l;sldj;ska j¾I ishhlg miq oUfoKs l;sldj; msysgqjk wjêh jk úg b;d l%uj;a whqßka j¾Okh ù ;yjqre jQ ix> idik ie,eiaula ;snqKs' .,aúydr l;sldj; msysgqùu;a iuÕ ix> iudch l%udkQl+,j ixúOdkh jQ wdldrh ñka meyeÈ,s fõ'

59

idrÓ

38 tu 4-5 msgq'39 uekaosia frdayKosr" zzuyd mrdl%undyqf.a ksldh idu.s%h miqìu" iajrEmh yd m%;sM,"ZZ fjila ix.%yh" ixia' ãùmS o weia wnh.=Kj¾Ok" 1974" 32-36 msgq'

fmdf<dkakre hq.fha§ ix> ixfYdaOkhla isÿlsÍu;a iuÕ W.;a iqfmaY, YsCIdldó NsCIQyq Ydikfha Wkak;sh i|yd lemjQy' Wkajykafia,d ;u úkh kS;sÍ;s wdrCIdlr .ksñka Ôú;h f.k.sh w;r idys;H lghq;= flfryso ;u wjOdkh fhduql<dyqh' fï hq.fha§ wrKHjdiS NsCIQkaf.a l%shd l,dmfhyso hï hï fjkiaùï ±lsh yelsh' Wkajykafia,d mjd idys;H fCIa;%h ;=< lemS fmKqks' fï m%;sixialrK lrK fldg f.k ix>hd w;r Woafhda.Su;a jev lghq;=j,ska msß ld,mßÉfþohla úfYaIfhka idys;H fCIa;%h ;=< Wod jQ neõ fmfka' idßmq;a; f;reka yd wks;a W.;=ka úiska wd.ñl jQ;a fkdjQ;a wgqjd idys;H lD;Ska /ila

40rpkd lrkq ,eîh' fï hq.fha woaú;Sh mçjrfhl= fukau ix> ixúOdkfha lemS fmfkk kdhlfhl= jQ idßmq;a; f;rKqjka úiska .%ka: /ila ilia lrk ,oS¡ ta w;r wNsO¾u ix.%yh ,Sk;a: mo jKaKKd úiqoaê u.a. ix.%y lïuÜGdk ix.%y mxÑld,xldr iïmidokS úkhÜGl:d àld wx.=;a;r ksldhÜGl;d àld ux., iQ;%

41jKaKkd àld yd isxy, wNsOïu;a; ix.%y hk .%ka: /ila ±lsh yelsh' idßmq;a; ysñhkaf.a YsIH O¾ulS¾;s ysñfhda md,s odGdjxYh rpkd l<y' fmdf<dkakre hq.fha wgqjd ms<sn| we;s jQ ixjdoh ;=<ska w¨;a àld mrmqrla ìysúh' fï iufha jvd;a idys;H lghq;= flfrys fhduq ù isáfha NsCIQka jykafia,dh' fmdf<dkakre l;sldj;ska miq Ydikfha we;s jQ ÈhqKqj;a iuÕ Wkajykafia,d jv jvd;a .%ka: lrKfhys jHdjD; jQy'

fmdf<dkakre l;sldj; msysgùu;a iuÕ ,xldfõ ix> Ydikh ms<sn|j úfoaYj, mjd m%p,s; úh' úfYaIfhka w.aksÈ. wdishd;sl rgj, Y%S ,xldj f:arjd§ fn!oaO uOHia:dkhla f,i jvd;a f.!rjdorhg md;% jQy' NsCIQka jykafia,df.a úkh m%;sm;a;s ÈhqKq ùug fya;= jQ fï Ydik ixfYdaOkh ksid ,xldfõ fn!oaO isoaOia:dk flfrys uy;a meye§ulska isá nqreu fn!oaOfhda ,xldfõ NsCIQka jykafia,dg jv jvd;a Nla;Hdor f.!rj ±lajQy' m<uq jeks úchndyq rcqf.a ld,fha isgu nqreufha yd ,xldfõ NsCIQka jykafia,d w;r in|;d j¾Okh ù ;snqKs úchndyq rcq NsCIQka jykafia,d yd wd.ñl .%ka:j, msgm;a b,a,d m.dka fj;

42¥;hka hejQ nj;a tajd ,enqKq nj;a i|yka fõ' m<uq jeks mrdl%undyq rcqf.a iufha§o nqreuh yd ,xldj w;r we;s jQ .egqï ikais|ùug NsCIQka iïnkaO jQ nj fmfka' NsCIQ Ydikfha isÿ jQ ixfYdaOkhka iuÕ fï in|;d ;j ;j;a j¾Okh ù hkakg we;' W;a;rÔj keu;s uyd f;reka jykafia YsIH msßilao iuÕ ,xldjg meñKshy' ta w;r Pmamg keu;s úisyeúßÈ idufKar kulao úh' fï msßi f.!rjfhka ms<s.;a ,dxlsl NsCIQka jykafia,d nqreu uyia:úrjreka iuÕ tlu iSudjl ys| Pmamg f;rKqfjda Wmiïmod l<y' W;a;rdÔj uyd f;rKqfjda ál l,lska nqreuh n,d jevu l< w;r ;u wOHhk lghq;= iïmQ¾K lsÍu i|yd Pmamg f;rKqfjda fuys k;r úh'

Wkajykafia jir oyhla ,xldfõ kej;S isg ;%smsglh yodf<dah' bka miq Wkajykafia ,xldfõ§ Wmiïmodj ,enQ nqreu NsCIQka ;=ka kula yd isxy, NsCIQjla iuÕ fmr<d nqreuhg jevu l<y' Pmamg ysñhka we;=¿ msßi úiska isxy, ix>

60

idrÓ

40 rKùr .=Kj¾Ok" isjqr iy k.=," iudc úoHd{hkaf.a ix.uh" fld<U" 1993" 942 ms'41 mq[aÑnKavdr ikakia.," isxy, idys;H jxYh" f,alayjqia uqøKd,h" fld<U" 1961" 103 ms'42 ãÔB fyda,a" w.aksÈ. wdishdfõ b;sydih" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j" fld<U" 1974" 159 ms'

43kñka fjku ksldhla trg msysgjk ,oS' nqreufha rcjrekaf.a iydho fï NsCIq mrmqrg ,enqKs' mrdl%undyq rcqf.a wejEfuka rc meñKs fojeks úchndyq rcqo ;udu md,s NdIduh ikafoaYhla rpkd lr nqreu rcq fj; heùh' fï rcq iuÕ we;s lr.;a iqyo .súiqu ,xld nqreu forfÜ NsCIQka jykafia,df.a i;=ggo iïnqoaO Ydikh

44 nen<Sugo fya;= jQfhah' ishfï fukau nqreufha yd ldïfndacfha fn!oaOhka úiskao 13 - 15 Y;j¾Ij, ,xldj f:arjd§ nqoaO O¾ufha uOHia:dkh f,i i,lkq ,eîh' fuf,i fmdf<dkakre l;sldjf;a mekùï ,dxlsl NsCIQkaf.a úkh .rel nj fï rgj, me;srhdug Wmia:ïNl jkakg we;'

fmdf<dkakre l;sldj; msysgqjd .ekSfï§ NslaIQkaf.a wruqK jQfha ;;ald,Sk NslaIq iudch ;=< ;snQ wm%;sm;a;s ÿIam%;sm;a;sj,g ;=vqÿka lreKq fidhd n,d tajd bj;a lsÍu;a ;;ald,Sk iudchg iqÿiq wkaoñka tu iudcfha wNsfhda.j,g uqyqK Èh yels wdldrfhka NslaIq ixia:dj h<s ilid .ekSu uÕska tu ixia:dj msßySu yd h,amekSu hk Wjÿre folska fírd .ekSuh' j¾;udk NslaIq iudch foi ne,Sfï§o tys úúO w¾nqo mek kefÕkq oelsh yelsh' we;eï NslaIQyq w;a;fkdau;slj Ydikhg ydksjk wkaoñka lghq;= lr;s' fï ksid NslaIq ixia:dj iudcfha wjudkhg ,laù we;' fï ksid kej;;a l;sldj;la mkjd .ekSu uÕska NslaIq iudch m%;sixialrKhlg ,lalr .ekSug ld,h meñK we;' iuld,Sk iudch foio wjOdkh fhduqfldg uq,a nqÿiuhg ydkshla fkdjk fia fuh ls%hd;aul l< hq;=j ;sfí' tfia fkdjqj fyd;a YS% ,dxlSh NslaIq iudcfha meje;au jv jvd;a ÿIalr jkq we;' fmdf<dkakre l;sldj; jeks iïuq;s mkjd .;af;ao NslaIq ixia:dj ;=< mek ke.=Kq fujeks w¾nqoj,g uqyqK §u i|ydh'

61

idrÓ

44 uydjxi" 78¦6-8'

43 tia mrKú;dk" ,xld úYajúoHd,hSh ,xld b;sydih 11 Nd.h" úoHd,xldr úYajúoHd,fha isxy, mßj¾;kh" úoHd,xldr úYajúoHd, uqøKd,h" le,Ksh" 1972"540 ms'

fmdf<dkakre hq.fhysoS rdc;ajh i`oyd jQ wr., iy NslaIqjf.a l%shd l,dmh

ta' tï' tï' pkaøsld

rgl udkj iudch talrdYS lsÍfï yd ixúOdkh lsÍfï m%uqL n,fõ.hla f,iska wd.ñl md¾Yajh bgqlrk ld¾hh iqúfYaIs; fõ' udkjhdf.a iudchSh" ixialD;sl b;sydih iuÕ fukau foaYmd,k b;sydih iuÕo wd.ñl ixl,am ióm f,i ne|S mj;S¡ iudc ikao¾Nfha úúO wxYhkays j¾Okhg fukau yev.eiau flfrys mej;s wd.ñl ixl,amj, n,mEuo nyq,j olakg ,efí¡ Y%S ,dxflah b;sydih ;=<o foaYmd,k" iudc" wd¾Ól yd ixialD;sl wxYhkays l%shdldrS;ajh úuiSfïoS fuu ;;a;ajh meyeos,sj olakg ,efí¡ l%s¡mQ¡ f;jk ishjiska miq nqÿoyu furg rdcH wd.u njg m;aùfuys isg Wla; lafIa;% ;=<g fn!oaOd.ñl n,mEu iDcq yd jl%dldrfhka isÿù we;s nj Y%S ,dxflah b;sydih úu¾Ykd;aulj wOHhkh lrk úg fmkS hk lreKls¡ ta wkqj osjhsfka rdcH yd wd.u w;r mej;s in|;djfhys m%;sM,hla f,iska fn!oaO NslaIqj foaYmd,ksl jYfhka bgql< fufyh úúO me;slv yryd m%dfhda.sl ù we;' ta w;rska foaYmd,k jYfhka rdc;ajh i|yd jQ wr., yuqfõ NslaIQkaf.a l%shdldrs;ajh ms<sn| uQ,dY% weiqrska ùuxikh lsrSu fuu ,smsfha wruqKhs'

furg rdcHh yd wd.u w;r iïnkaO;dj m%dfhda.slj biau;= jQ jeo.;a wjia:djla f,iska rdcHfha wr., yuqfõ NslaIqj ueÈy;a ù tu wr., ksrdlrKh lsÍu oelaúh yelsh' rg;a cd;sh;a ÿIalr;djkag uqyqK md isá wjia:djkaysoS tu ;;a;ajfhka rg uqod .ekSu i|yd NslaIQka jykafia,dg ±ä wjYH;djla ;snqKq njo

1fmfka¡ ;u NslaIQ;ajh wdrlaId lr.ksñka osjhsfka meje;au yd wdrlaIdj fjkqfjkao NslaIQka l%shd l< wdldrh furg b;sydifha uq,a ld,mßÉfþoj, isgu olakd ,efnkakls' Èjhsk ;=< tlai;a rdcHhla msysg jQ ÿÜG.dñKS rcqg t<dr iuÕ l< igk ch.%dyS udj; lrd fhduq lsÍug NslaIQka jykafia,d Wmfoia imhñka

2igka ìug jevu lsÍu b;d jeo.;a úh' tfukau j<.ïnd rdcH iufha t,a, jQ i;a

3øúv wdl%uKh yuqfõ thska rg uqojd .ekSu i|yd ;siai f;reka Wmfoia imhk

4,oS¡ ;jo Od;=fiak rcqg ol=Kq bka§h øúvhka mrdch fldg rdcHh n,h ,eîugo

5NslaIQkaf.a iydh b;d jeo.;a úh' wkqrdOmqr rdcOdkS wjêfha§o rdcHh lsishï wr.,hlg ueÈ jQ úg tu ;;a;ajfhka rg uqojd .ekSu i|yd l< igkaj,

6ch.%yKhka msgqmi isáfha NslaIQka hehs b,x.isxy uy;d úiskao fmkajd§ we;' fï wkqj Y%S ,xld b;sydifha uq,a ld, mßÉfÊoh ;=< úfoaYSh n,fõ. yuqfõ NslaIQka

1 ksjkao.u Y%S O¾ulS¾;s ysñ" ,laosj nqÿ iiqk iy uyiÕ mrmqr" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j" fld<U" 1995" 57ms¡

2 W!KmQrK iysf;d uydjxfid" ixia¡ fmd,aj;af;a nqoaOo;a; ysñ" weï' ã' .=Kfiak iy iud.u" fld<U"1959" mß 20-29'

3 mQ,y;a:" ndysh" mkhudr" ms,hudr" odÀh' øúvhska i;a fofkl= úiska wdl%uKh l<o furg md,kh lf<a fuu miafokd muKs' uydjxih" mß 33'

4 tu' 5 tu" mß 38'6 ux., b,x.isxy" —merKs Y%S ,xldfõ rdcH ;ka;%h"˜ wkqfudaokd" tia' f.dvf.a iy

ifydaorfhda" fld<U" 2004" 282ms' 62

idrÓ

iDcq f,i foaYSh kdhl;ajh wdrlaId lsÍfï ld¾hh i`oyd bosrsm;a ù we;' tfiau rdcH wNHka;rh ;=< md,k kdhl;ajh i|yd we;s jQ wr.,hkaysoSo NslaIQka ueosy;aj tu wr.,hka ue`vmeje;a jQ njgo idlaIs fndfyda fõ¡

foaYmd,k lafIa;%h ;=< NslaIqka jykafia,d i;=j mej;s Yla;sh b;d m%n, 7tlla úh' úfYaIfhkau md,lhd lsishï w¾nqohlg uqyqK ÿka fndfyda wjia:djkays

tu w¾nqohka iu:hlg m;a lr.ekSu i`oyd wjYH WmfoaYl;ajh ,nd§u NslaIQkaf.a m%Odk ld¾h Ndrhla fia i,ld ;sfí' fuu ;;a;ajh Y%S ,xld b;sydifha wkqrdOmqr rdcOdks wjêfha isgu biau;= jQ njg uydjxifhka f;dr;=re ,efí¡ foaYSh jYfhka isxydikh i|yd rc mjq,aj, l=urjreka w;r fukau úúO rc fm<m;a w;ro we;s jQ wNHka;r foaYmd,k úhjq,a YS% ,xld b;sydih mqrdjg olakg ,efnk idudkH isÿùuls' fï i|yd jk idlaIs uydjxih ;=< fnfyúka oelsh

8yelsh'

rdc;ajh i`oyd jQ foaYmd,ksl wNHka;r wr.,hkaysoS NslaIQkaf.a ueÈy;a ùu fmdf<dkakre hq.h ;=<§o olakg ,enqKs' m<uq jk úchndyq rcqf.ka miq

9md,lfhl= m;a lsÍu i|yd iDcqj bÈßm;aùu;a" m<uq jk mrdl%undyq yd fojk .cndyq w;r rdc;ajh i|yd we;s jQ wr.,h iu:hlg m;a lsÍu i|yd ;=ka ksldhsl

10NslaIQka bÈßm;aùu;a fuu lreK ikd: flfrk idlaIs fõ' ta wkqj fuu ld,mßÉfÊoh ;=< wNHka;r foaYmd,k wr.,hkays§ NslaIqjf.a l%shdldÍ;ajfha iajrEmh ms<sn|;a NslaIQkaf.a ueÈy;aùfï iajNdjh ms<sn`o;a ta i`oyd NslaIqjg ysñlula" fukau wêldÍuh n,hla ,enqK wdldrh ms<sn`o;a idlÉPdjg n÷ka lsÍu yryd NslaIqj foaYmd,khg m%fõYùu iïnkaO lreKq /ila wkdjrKh lr.; yelsh'

osjhsfka b;sydih ;=< foaYmd,ksl jYfhka mek ke`.=K w¾nqo ksrdlrKh lr .ekSug NslaIQka jykafia,d bosrsm;a jQ wjia:djkao oel.; yelsh¡ NslaIQka jykafia m%N+ iudcfha f.!rjkSh;ajhg m;aj isàu;a" NslaIQka jyiafia,df.a Wmfoia fukau wkqYdikd iudcfha ish¨ md¾Yajhka úiskau ms<s.kq ,eîu;a ta i`oyd n,mE idOlhkah' fuu ;;a;ajh fmdf<dkakre rdcOdks wjêh ;=<o olakg ,enqKs¡ kHdhsl jYfhka rclfï n,h yd ;;a;ajh ix>hd;a rcq;a w;r tl`. ùu

11u; r`od mej;Su fï wjêh ;=<§;a md,k ld¾hh ;=< NslaIqjf.a odhl;ajh m%dfhda.sl ùug fya;= úh'

fmdf<dkakre rdcOdksh ;=< foaYSh kdhl;ajh ia:dms; lsÍu i`oyd m<uq jk úchndyq W;aidy ork wjêfha isgu" wNHka;r ;¾ck mej;sKs' m%:ufhkau frdayKfha wdêm;Hh ,nd .ekSu i`oyd jQ foaYmd,k m%úIagh ;=<o úhjq,aldÍ ;;a;ajhla Woa.; úh' frdayKfha úYd, jYfhka n,h m;=rejd f.k isá

7 O¾ulS¾;s ysñ" 1995" 56ms' 8 uydjxih" mß 49 .d:dj 54' 9 tu" mrs 61 .d:d 1-4'

10 tu" mß 70 .d:d 329-333' 11 .=Kj¾Ok" 1993" 180ms'

63

idrÓ

12f,daflaYajrg tfrysj igka lsÍug ls;a;s kñka fmkS isá úchndyqg isÿ úh' tfiau

13flaYOd;= ldYHmg tfrysj igka lsÍugo isÿ úh' fpda< úfrdaë igka mej;s ld, mßÉfþofha frdayK m%foaYfha n,h ,nd .ekSu i|yd md¾Yaj lsysmhla úiska W;aidy ±Íh' fuu igkaj, jeo.;au wjia:dj olakg ,efnkafka f,daflaYajr

14keue;a;d frdayKfha md,lhd ùu;a iu.h' fudyqf.a n,hg tfrysj nqoaOrdc keue;af;lao ke.S isáhy' miqj úchndyq kñka rc jQ ls;a;s l=ureo nqoaOrdc iuÕ

15tlaj f,daflaYajrg úreoaOj igka fufyhùh' f,daflaYajrg miqj n,hg m;a 16flaYOd;= ldYHmo ls;a;s l=ureg tfrysj igka fufyh ùh' rg wNHka;rh ;=<

md,k n,h ,nd .ekSu i|yd l=udrjreka w;r we;s jQ wr.,hkahys iajrEmh fuhska meyeÈ,s fõ'

fuu wr.,h yuqfõ NslaIQka l%shd l< wdldrh ms<sn| úuiSul fhfok hgfod<j;af;a Oïuúiqoaê ysñhka fmkajd fokafka fuu wjia:djkaysoS reyqfKa isá NslaIQka mlaImd;S;ajhlska f;drj lghq;= lrkakg we;s nj;aa" tysoS NslaIQka mlaIhla f.k thg iyfhda.h ÿkafka kï úreoaO mdlaIslhka úiska tu NslaIQkag

17tfrysj l%shd lrkakg we;s nj;ah' fï ksid NslaIQka rdcH wNHka;r wr.,hkaysoS wjia:dfjdaÑ;j l%shd l< nj meyeos,sh' fuh Y%S ,dxflah b;sydifha NslaIQka foaYmd,ksl jYfhka b;d ¥ro¾YSj lghq;= l< wjia:djla f,io fmkajd osh yelsh¡ tfukau NslaIQka foaYSh foaYmd,k ;ka;%h ;=< lsishï wdldrhl úksYaph msßila fia l%shd l< njo wkqudk l< yelsh'

tfukau m<uq jk úchndyq rcqf.a wNdjfhka miqj we;s jQ foaYmd,k fkdikaiqka;dj yuqfõ NslaIqj l%shd l< wdldrho jeo.;a fõ' tkï m<uq jk úchndyq rcqf.ka miqj Tyqf.a wNdjh ish mq;a jQ úl%undyqg fkdokajd hqjrc f,i isá chndyq rdc;ajhg m;afldg udkdNrK l=ure hqjrc yeáhg m;a lsrSug lghq;=

18 19lsrSu ms<sn| isoaêhhs¡ th úl%undyq l=uref.a Woyigo fya;= úh' fuu m;a lsÍu 20lrkq ,enq úksYaph uKav,hg NslaIQka jykafia,do we;=<;a úh' tysoS NslaIQka

jykafia,do we;=<;a jQ fuu úksYaph uKav,h mQ¾j pdß;% lv lrñka" rc Wreuh fkdi,ld yßñka udkdNrK l=ureg rdcH ,nd oSug lghq;= lrkq ,eîh' ta wkqj fuysoS biau;= jk .eg¨j jkafka NslaIQka m%uqLj fuu rdcH md,kh iïnkaO ;SrKfhaoS mQ¾j pdß;% lv lrñka" rc Wreuh fkdi,ld yßñka fjk;a wfhl=g rclu ysñlr ÿkafka wehso@ hkakhs'

úl%undyq l=ureg ysñ rdcH Wreuh wysñ lrñka NslaIQka fufia l%shd lf<a wehso hkako .eg¨jls' uydjxiho tfia lf<a wehso hkak i`oyka fkdlrhs' flfia fj;;a úl%undyq miqj oeä NslaIq úfrdaë" fn!oaO úfrdaë ms<sfj;la wkq.ukh

12 uydjxih" mß 55 .d:d 34-37; Culavamsa, tr. W Geiger, Ceylon Government Information Department, Colombo, 1953, Vol.I, ch 55 34-37vv.

13 uydjxih" mß 55 .d:dj 65¡ 14 tu" mß 55'

15 tu" mß 55 .d:d 45 isg¡ 16 tu" mß 55 .d:d 69 isg' 17 hgfod,j;af;a Oïuúiqoaê ysñ" fmdf<dkakre yd oUfoKs l;sldj;a" md,s yd fn!oaO wOHhk wxYh" fld<U" 1995 35ms' 18 uydjxih" mß 61¡ 19 Oïu úiqoaê ysñ" 1995" 36ms¡ 20 uydjxih" mß 61 .d:d 1-4'

64

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21lrkakg fuu lreKq fya;= jQ nj meyeos,sh' úfYaIfhka úl%undyq rcq wIag uQ, jdiS ish¨ NslaIQkag fukau wfkl=;a mdxY=l==,sl NslaIQka ish,a,gu ;dvk mSvk l< nj

22uydjxi úia;rfhka meyeos,s fõ' úl%undyq úiska Ydikhg l< ydksh ms<sn| uydjxi úia;rh flfrys ;jÿrg;a wjOdkh fhduq lsrSfïoS wIaguQ, úydrhkays

23NslaIQka o<od jykafiao /f.k frdayKhg .sh nj meyeos,s fõ¡ fuh uydjxifha oelafjkafka —fufia ;S¾:lhka iu jQ iiqkg fndfyda Wjÿre lrkakjqka flfrka

24neyer hEu uekjehs is;d reyqKg f.dia tys jdih l<y˜ hkqfjks¡ fufia úl%undyq rcqf.a ;dvk mSvkhkag ,la jQfha wIaguQ, jdiS NslaIQka muKlao hkak meyeos,s ke;¡ fï ms<sn| úuiSul fhfok hgfod<j;af;a Oïuúiqoaê ysñhka fmkajd fokafka úl%undyqg úreoaOj úksYaph fokq ,enQfha wIaguQ, jdiS NslaIQka

25ksid tu NslaIQka úl%undyqf.a Woyig ,lajkakg we;s njhs¡ fï wkqj úl%undyqg fkdokajd rdc;ajh i|yd udkdNrK m;a lsrSu yd iïnkaO jQ úksYaph i|yd m%uqLj lghq;= l< NslaIQka flfrys úl%undyq wkq.ukh l< m%;sm;a;sh fu;=<ska meyeos,s

26fõ¡ tfia jqjo úl%undyqf.a Nd¾hdj jk iqkaor uyd foaúh osUq,d., wdrKHhlg 27

wkq.%y l< nj weh úiska msysgqjk ,o fi,a,smshl i|yka fõ¡

úl%undyq rcqf.a fn!oaO úfrdaë l%shdoduh NslaIQkag ;dvk mSvk lsrSfuka fkdkej;=K nj o<odfõ wdrlaIdj iïnkaOfhka ;;a hq.fha NslaIQka .kq ,enQ ;SrKfhka ;jÿrg;a meyeos,s fõ¡ tkï m<uq jk úchndyq rcqf.a urKska miq fmdf<dkakrefõ msysg jQ wNsf,aLkhl W;=re uQ,fhys uq.,ka keu;s uyd ia:úr flkl= fõff,lald¾ yuqodfõ uyd;ka;%" j,[acshd¾ yd k.r;a;d¾ hk wxYhka iuÕ we;s lr.;a .súiqulska o<odfõ wdrlaIdj tu fõff,lald¾ yuqodj fj;

28mejrSuhs¡ uyf;r uq.,ka ysñhka yd m%N+ msrsia tlaj úl%undyq rcqf.a rdcH md,kfha uq,a wjia:dfõoSu fuf,i o<odfõ wdrlaIdj fõff,lald¾ yuqodj fj; mejrSu

29ie,lsh hq;= lreKls¡ uydjxi úia;rfhyso úl%undyq úiska NslaIQkag yd fjfyr 30úydrhkag l< ydksh ms<sn| olajd ;sfí¡ fuu ;;a;ajh ;=< o<odfõ wdrlaIdj

úl%undyq rcqf.ka wfmalaId l< fkdyels nj NslaIQka wjfndaO lrf.k isàuo jeo.;ah¡

fuysoS fõff,laldr ,smsfha uq,a fldgi flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï§ m<uq jk úchndyq rc iufha W;=reuQ, úydrdêjdiS uq.,ka f;reka foaj keue;s

31fiakdêm;shd ,jd fuu o<od ud<s.dj lrùu ms<sn`o i`oyka lr ;sfí' tfia f.dvkeÕ= o<od ud,s.dfõ wdrlaIdj i`oyd uq.,ka f;reka fufia fõff,lald¾ yuqodj fhoùu ;=< NslaIQ;ajfha ;;a;ajh uekúka biau;= lr.; yelsh' 21 tu" mß 61' 22 tu" mrs 77 .d:d 59-60¡ 23 tu" mß 61 .d:d 60-63' 24 uydjxih" mrs 59 .d:d 61¡ 25 Oïuúiqoaê ysñ" 1995" 36ms¡26 uydjxih" mß 61 .d:d 54-58'

27 Epigraphia Zeylanica, ed. D.M.De. Z Wickramasinghe, Oxford University Press, London, 1928, Vol.II, pp.194-202.

28 Epigraphia Zeylanica, Vol. II, p. 251. 29 tia moaukdoka" —uOH;k Y%S ,xldfõ iy ol=Kq bkaoshdfõ fõff,lald¾ idu fiakdfõ ld¾hNdrh"˜

mrs¡ iquqÿ O¾ur;ak" wkqfudaokd" tia f.dvf.a iud.u" fld<U" 2004" 195ms¡ 30 uydjxih" mrs 61 .d:d 54-61¡

65

idrÓ

31 Epigraphia Zeylanica, Vol.II, p. 251; msh;siai fiakdkdhl" fmdf<dkakrefõ Ys,d ,sms" uOHu ixialD;sl wruqo," 1998" fld<U" 9ms'

fuu f;dr;=re fuys§ jeo.;a jkafka foaYmd,k jYfhka rdc;ajh i|yd jQ wr.,hkaysoS fukau" fn!oaO úfrdaë ;;a;ajhka yuqfõo NslaIq l%shdldrS;ajfhys iajrEmh fu;=<ska uekúka mila jk neúks¡ tfiau fõff,laldr ,smsh ms<ssn| ishqïj wOHhkh lsÍfï§ uq.,ka uyf;reka we;=¿ NslaIQkag;a foaYmd,ksl jYfhka md,lhskag;a jeo.;a jk mQcH jia;=j jQ o<odj iïnkaOfhka tf,i lghq;= lsrSug wêldrSuh n,hla ,enqfKa flfiao hkakg wkqudk idlaIs Wmqgd .; yels fõ' tkï fmdf<dkakrefõ Ys,d ,sms kï lD;sfha msh;siai fiakdkdhl uy;d olajk isxy, wkqjdofhys uq.,ka f;reka ms<sn`o úia;rh olajkafka —rdc mqfrdays;hd jQ;a" .=rejrhd jQ;a W;a;r uQ, uq.,ka uy ia:ùrhka jykafia iqfmaY," YslaIdldó jQ;a" mdßY=oaO YS,d§ .=Kfhka hqla; jQ;a ish¨u Ydia;%hkaf.a;a wd.fï;a"

32mrf;rg m;aj rdcH wud;Hjrekaf.a weiqrg m;aj isá t;=ud ''''''''''''˜ hkd§ jYfhks'

fï wkqj —rdc mqfrdays;hd˜ f,i;a WmfoaYl fukau .=rejrhd f,i;a ie,lSu" rdcHh wud;Hjrekaf.a weiqrg m;aùu wd§ lreKq wkqj foaYmd,ksl ld¾hhkaysoS iDcq f,i iïnkaOùug uq.,ka ysñhkag yels úh' tfukau o<odfõ wdrlaIdj fõff,lald¾ yuqodj fj; mjrk uq.,ka ysñhka ms<sn| ,smsfha i|yka Wla; úia;rh ;=<ska tu ld¾hh i|yd uq.,ka ysñhkag we;s j.lSuo mila flf¾' rdc mqfrdays; yd .=rejrhd jYfhka uq.,ka ysñhka isÿlrkafka b;d ldf,daÑ; yd wjia:dfjdaÑ; l%shdjls' ;jo o<odj furg rdcHfha ixfla;hhs' tys wdrlaIdj Wfoid NslaIQka jykafia,d ueÈy;aù l%shd lsÍu furg rdcHfha wkd.;h i|yd l< iqúfYaIs; ld¾hhla njo fmkajd Èh yelsh'

fmdf<dkakre hq.fha rdc;ajh i|yd we;s jQ wr.,hkaysoS NslaIQka iDcqj 33ueosy;a jQ wjia:djla ix.uq úydr ,smsfhka wkdjrKh fõ¡ m<uq jk mrdl%undyq

ol=fKa ish n,h m;=rjñka rcrg flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsrSfïoS tjlg rcrg 34md,kh f.k .sh fojk .cndyq iuÕ igka lsÍug isÿúh¡ fmd<dkakre

rdcOdksfha md,kh i|yd fuf,i m<uq jk mrdl%undyq yd fojk .cndyq w;r m%n, igka lsysmhla úáka úg we;s jQ nj uydjxi úia;rfhka meyeos,s fõ¡ m<uq jk mrdl%undyq yd fojk .cndyq w;r we;s jQ foaYmd,k wr.,h ms<sn| uydjxi

35úia;rhg wkqj fmkS hkafka th b;d ixlS¾K iajrEmhla .kq ,enQ njh' olaÅK foaYfha n,h msysgqùfuka miq m<uq jk mrdl%undyq rcrg md,lhd jQ fojk .cndyq iuÕ ñ;%YS,sj isáñka Tyqf.a is;a Èkd .ksñka lghq;= lrk w;r kej; olaÅK

36foaYhg f.dia fojk .cndyqg úreoaOj Tyq úiska igka fufyhjk ,oS' fuu igk ms<sn|j uydjxi úia;rh ;=< m<uq jk mrdl%undyq iïnkaOfhka jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lrñka igk i|yd iQodkï jQ wdldrh mjd úia;r lr we;;a fojk .cndyq

37ms<sn|j t;rï f;dr;=re i|yka fldg ke;' uydjxifha fojk fldgfia ùrhd

32 msh;siai fiakdkdhl" 15ms¡33 Epigraphia Zeylanica, Vol.II, p. 251.34 uyjxih" mrs 70 .d:d 53 -55¡

66

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35 tu" mß 66; Ibid, ch.61.36 tu.37 tu" fyaupkaørdh iy fjk;a wh" ,xld úYajúoHd,fha ,xld b;sydih fojk Nd.h" úoHd,xldr úYajúoHd,fha isxy, mßj¾;kh" úoHd,xldr úYajúoHd, uqøKd,h" le,Ksh" 1972" 425ms'

jYfhka m<uq jk mrdl%undyq pß;h bÈßhg f.k tAug l;=jrhdg ;snQ wjYH;dj ksid fuf,i f;dr;=re ix.%y lrkakg we;ehs is;Sug mq¿jk'

flfia fj;;a m<uq jk merl=ï yd fojk .cndyq w;r igkg fya;= i|yka lrk uydjxi l;=jrhd .cndyq rcq msgráka ñiÈgq rc l=urejka f.kajd rcrg

38i;=rka iys; lsÍu Bg fya;= jQ nj olajhs' ta w;r m<uq jk mrdl%undyqf.a fuu igka jHdmdrfha wNsm%dh ish¨ i;=rka kid f,dal Ydik wNsjDoaêh we;s lsÍu hehso

39jxil:dj olajd we;' fï wkqj m<uq jk mrdl%undyq yd fojk .cndyq w;r igk iïnkaOfhka f;dr;=re ±laùfï§ jxil:dj mrdl%undyqf.a md¾Yajhg mlaI.%dyS;ajhla olajd ;sfnk nj meyeÈ,s fõ' fojk .cndyq ñiÈgq rcl=urejka f.kajd furg i;=reka iys; lf<a hehs hk i|yk igkg fm<Uùu i|yd l<

40fndrejla hehs iS'ví,sõ' ksl,ia uy;d úiska fmkajd§ ;sfí' fï wkqj fuu igfka iajNdjh ms<sn|j jxil:d úia;rh mlaI.%dyS jQjla nj fmfka' flfia fj;;a igk f.k hdfï§ fojk .cndyq ;ud mrdchg m;ajk nj ±k wjika Wmdh jYfhka ix>hd jykafia fj; f.dia ueÈy;a ù fuu wdrjq, iu:hlg muqKqjk f,i b,a,d

41isáfhah' fuu b,a,Sug leue;af;kau tlÕ jQ NslaIQka jykafia,d .sß;f,a isá

42m<uq jk mrdl%undyq fj; ¥;hka heùh' fï wkqj úáka úg we;s jQ fuu igka ksid jeä l,a fkdf.dia idu .súiqula we;s lsrSug NslaIq ix>hd mqfrda.dój lghq;=

43l< nj uydjxifhys oelafõ¡

tysoS uydjxi l;=jrhd olajkafka fojeks .cndyqg ;udf.ka miq rdcHh úpdÍu i|yd mqf;la fyda ifydaorfhla fkdue;s ksid;a fojk .cndyq jfhdajDoaO neúka urKfhys wNsuqLj isák ksid;a NslaIq ix>hdf.a jpkfhys msysgd fuu

44rdcHh yer Tnf.a rdcHhg hk f,i;a m<uq jk mrdl%undyqg oeka jQ njhs¡ fï wdldrfhka mrdl%undyq yd .cndyq w;r we;s jQ idu .súiqu —uu rcrg mrdl%u rcqg ÿksñ˜ hk mdGh iys;j uKav,.srs úydrfhys .,a mqjrejl ,shjd ;enQ nj

45uydjxifhys i|ykaj ;sfí¡ fuu uKav,.srs úydrfhys msysg jQ fi,a,smsh yuq ù fkdue;s w;r tys msgm;la l=reKE., osia;%slalfhys f.dl/,a,g ie;mqï folla

46muK Bidk os.ska msysgd we;s ix.uq úydrfhys ;sî fidhd f.k ;sfí¡ fuu .súiqu ms<sn| ix.uq úydr ,smsfhys i|yka jkafka —tlsfkldg úreoaOj Tjqfkdjqkaf.a Wreulrejka f,i Tjqfkdjqka úiska kï lrk njg;a" tla wfhl=f.a i;=rd

47wfkldf.ao i;=rl= f,i i,lk njg;a .súi .ekSuhs¡˜ fuysoS tla wfhl=f.a rdcHfhys i;=rl= wfkldf.ao i;=rl= f,i ie,lsh hq;= nj tlsfkld úiska .súi .;a neõ oelsh yelsh¡ tla wfhl=f.a rdcOdksh wdl%uKhglg ,la jQ úg wfkldf.a 38 uydjxih" mß 70 .d:d 53-54' 39 tu" mß 68 .d:d 2' 40 ,xld úYajúoHd,hSh ,xld b;sydih" 426ms'41 uydjxih" mß 70' 42 tu' 43 tu" mrs 70 .d:d 329-332¡ 44 tu" mrs 70 .d:d 333-336¡

67

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45 tu" mrs 71 .d:d 3-5¡46 Epigraphia Zeylanica, ed. S. Paranavithana, Oxford University Press, London, 1944, Vol.IV, pp. 6-7.47 Ibid.

48iydh ,eìh hq;= nj mila flfrhs¡

tfiau fuu ,smsfhys ;jÿrg;a oelafjkafka tla wfhl=f.a urKska miq rdcHh wfkldg ysñ jk njhs¡ .súiqu ;=< —fï g úreohla l< fud kï ;=kqrejka wd{d uel=jïy˜ hkqfjka ±laùfuka fofokdf.ka ljqreka fyda fuu .súiqu lv

49lsÍu ;=kqrejkaf.a wd{djg tfrysùula nj olajd we;' NslaIQka ;;a ld,Sk foaYmd,k wr., jvd;a idOdrK f,i;a WmdhYS,S f,i;a úi|kq ,enQ wdldrh fuhska meyeos,s fõ¡ tfiau mj;akd .eg¨fõ iajNdjho i,ld .ksñka b;d WÑ; wdldrfhka foaYmd,k wr., iu:hlg m;a lsrSfuys NslaIQka ;=< ;snQ yelshdj fuhska ukdj fmkakqï flfrhs¡ tfiau foaYmd,k ld¾hh ;=< NslaIqjf.a ueÈy;aùfï iajNdjho fu;=<skaa jvd;a biau;= fõ¡

m<uq jk mrdl%undyq yd fojk .cndyq w;r we;s jQ wr.,h igkla uÕska wjika jQfha kï th m<uqjk mrdl%undyqf.a ch.%yKfhka th ksu jkakg ;snqKs' m<uq jk mrdl%undyqf.a igka ixúOdkh yd Yla;sh ±k Bg uqyqK Èh fkdyelsj

50WmdhYS,S f,i fojk .cndyq ix>hdf.a msysg me;Sfuka Wla; lreK ;yjqre fõ' tksid NslaIQka jykafia,d fuu fomd¾Yajh w;r .eg¨j iu:hglg m;a lsÍu i|yd .kq ,nk m%fõYh fuys§ i,ld ne,sh hq;=h' tla me;a;lska ta jk úg jfhdajDoaOj isá .cndyq igka u.ska hg;a lsÍu fyda n,fhka fkrmSu m<uq jk mrdl%undyq úiska rdcHh nf,ka Wÿrd .ekSula fia ie<lSug bv ;sìK' tfukau ;uka rcùug jEhï lrkafka rg jeishdg fiajh lsÍug;a" nqoaO Ydikh ÈhqKq lsÍug;ah hk

51fmdfrdkaÿj m<uq jk mrdl%undyqg u;la lr foñka yd fojk .cndyq rcqf.a ;;a;ajho fmkajd foñka fofokd w;r tlÕ;djla we;s lsÍug NslaIQka jykafia,d

52fuu .súiqu yryd lghq;= lrk ,oS¡ .cndyq rcq hgf;a mej;s m%foaY ms<sn| wfkla 53l=udrjrekag ke;s whs;sjdislula .súiqu ksid mrdl%undyqg ysñ jQ njo fmfka¡

m<uq jk mrdl%undyq yd fojk .cndyq w;r we;s lr jQ tlÕ;dj ms<sn| .súiqu úydria:dkhla ;=< msysgqùuo ie<lsh hq;= ldrKhls' fuu ldrKh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrk wd¾'ta't,a'tÉ' .=Kj¾Ok uy;d ta i|yd mokï jQ fya;+ka folla biau;= lr ;sfí' úydr N+ñhla ;=< fuu tlÕ;d .súiqu msysgqùfuka we;eï úg úydria:dkfha Y=oaONdjh uÕska l=udrjreka úiska .kakd ,o ne?reï ;SrKh

54;yjqre jkq we;ehs n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ nj tla fya;=jls' fojekak kï fuhska isÿ l< foaYmd,k ¥; fufyh uqÿkam;a lsÍfï§ NslaIQka w;ska bgq jQ ld¾hNdrfha

48 wurodi ,shk.uf.a" uOHld,Sk ,xld b;sydih" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j" fld<U" 1989" 61ms¡49 Epigraphia Zeylanica, Vol. IV, pp. 6-7.50 uydjxih" mß 70 .d:d 329-331' 51 uydjxih" mß 68 .d:d'2'

68

idrÓ

52 tu" mß 70 .d:d 333-336' 53 Epigraphia Zeylanica, Vol. IV, pp. 1-6.

54 rKùr .=Kj¾Ok" isjqr iy k.=," iudc úoHd×hskaf.a ix.uh" fld<U" 1993" 210-211ms'

55jeo.;alu t;=<ska ms<sônq flfrkakg we; hkakh' ;jo NslaIQka jykafia,df.a uQ,sl;ajfhka we;s l< .súiqula neúka th wdrlaIs;j ;eîug iqÿiqu ia:dkh úydria:dkh úh' .súiqu hful= úiska lv lrkafka kï th ;=kqrejkag

56tfrysùulah hk i|yk olajd ;sîfuka úydria:dkh iuÕ we;s in|;dj ;jÿrg;a meyeÈ,s fõ'

;jo ;=ka ksldfha NslaIQka tlaj we;s l< fuu tlÕ;dj ksid jeä jdishla 57w;a jQfha m<uq jk mrdl%undyqg nj wurodi ,shk.uf.a uy;df.a woyihs' kuq;a

.súiqfï fldkafoais fofokdf.au hym; Wfoid iunrj isák mßÈ wfkHdakH 58tlÕ;ajfhka we;s lr .kakd ,o njo Tyq ;jÿrg;a fmkajd fohs' ta w;r .súiqu

msysgqùfï§ fojk .cndyqf.a ku uq,ska fh§fuka .cndyqg ksis f.!rjh ysñ 59lr§ugo lghq;= lr we;' fuu tlÕ;dj ms<sn| uydjxi úia;rhg wkqj fmkS

hkafka fojk .cndyq flfrys Wmka yqÿ wkqlïmdj ksid m<uq jk mrdl%undyq Tyqg 60

rdcOdksh wdmiq mjrd ÿka njhs' kuq;a ix.uq úydrfhys we;s ,smsfha i|yka jkafka 61

fï fofokd iudk ;;a;ajhl isg iduodkhla we;s lr.;a njh' fï .súiqu wkqj fomd¾Yajh w;r tlÕ;ajfha m%udKsl nj flfia jqjo fuu .súiqug uQ,sl jkafka ;=ka ksldhsl NslaIQka ksid fuh úydria:dkhl msysgqjkakg we;s nj ;jÿrg;a úYajdi l< yelsh' ;jo .súiqfï tlÕ;djg wkqj fomd¾Yajhu lghq;= l< hq;= úh' tneúka Bg wod< ,sÅ; fmdfrdkaÿj úydria:dkhl msysgqùfuka th §¾> ld,hla mj;S hk úYajdiho ;sfnkakg we;'

;jo .súiqu i|yd NslaIq ueÈy;aùu iïnkaOfhka ;jÿrg;a úuid ne,Sfï§ uydjxi úia;rfhys ±lafjkafka —;=kaksld jeis fmdf<dkakre jdiS jQ ix>hd''''˜ hkd§ jYfhka fmdf<dkakrefõ jdih l< NslaIQka fuu ld¾hh i|yd odhl jQ

62njhs' fuys§ NslaIQka jykafia,d fkdfhla iQ;% foaYkd wkqidrfhka ñ;% nfjys 63wkqiia ±la jQ njo uydjxifha i|yka fõ' fuf,iska NslaIQka jykafia,d úiska

m<uq jk mrdl%undyq yd fojk .cndyq w;r u;jd§ tlÕ;ajhla we;s lr,Sug W;aidy f.k we;' m<uq jk merl=ï rcq —NslaIQkaf.a nia wid w;sYhska ÿl fia .;a;d jQ rdcHh .cndyq kf¾kaøhkag § ish rgg .sh˜ nj uydjxih ;jÿrg;a i|yka lr

64we;' tla me;a;lska m%ia;=; hq.h jk úg NslaIQkaf.a WmfoaYhkag md,l md¾Yajh ±la jQ m%;spdrh fuhska uekúka biau;= fõ' tfiau NslaIQka jykafia,dg iuld,Sk hq.fha mej;s iudchSh ms<s.ekSuo fuhska meyeÈ,s fõ' wkd.;fha rdcH ysñlu wfmalaId lrk m<uq jk mrdl%undyq ix> wd{djg wkql+,j lghq;= lrkakl= nj l,a;shdu yÕjkq ,nk wjia:djla f,io fuh ±laúh yelsh' ;jo l%s'j' kjjk

55 tu'56 Epigraphia Zeylanica, Vol. IV, pp. 6-7.57 ,shk.uf.a" 1989" 6ms1'

58 tu'59 Epigraphia Zeylanica, Vol.IV, pp.4-8.

60 uydjxih" mß 70 .d:d 329 isg'61 Epigraphia Zeylanica, Vol. IV, pp.4-8.

69

idrÓ

62 uydjxih" mß 70 .d:d 329-330' 63 tu' 64 tu" mß 70 .d:dj 337'

ishjiska miq wjêfhys isgu wd.ñl yd foaYmd,ksl fya;+ka u; tl wruqKl msysgd l%shd lsÍfï yelshdjla ;=ka ksldhsl NslaIQkag ;snQ nj fuhska mila flfrk nj

65Oïuúiqoaê ysñfhda fmkajd fo;s' fï wkqj foaYmd,k lafIa;%h ;=< we;s jQ w¾nQohka yuqfõ NslaIq iudch ;=< mej;s fNao Nskak;d ta i|yd n, fkdmE njo

66fuhska .ïHudk jk jeo.;a ldrKhls¡

md,k lafIa;%fhys ld¾hhka i|yd Y%S ,dxflah NslaIQka jykafia,d i;=j ;snQ yelshdj Wla; lreKq ;=<ska meyeÈ,s fõ' úfYaIfhkau wNHka;r foaYmd,k w¾nqoj,§;a" Ydiksl w¾nqoldÍ ;;a;ajh yuqfõ;a NslaIqj ;u wêldÍ n,h l%shd;aul l< wdldrho fuhska ;jÿrg;a meyeos,s fõ' fmdf<dkakre hq.h ;=<§o th m%fhda.sl jQ njg Wla; lreKq ksoiqka fõ' tfukau fu;=<ska fmdf<dkakre hq.fha NslaIqjf.a foaYmd,k N+ñldfjys tla me;slvla wkdjrKh jk njo meyeÈ,s fõ' mqrd;k Y%S ,dxflah foaYmd,k ixia:dj ;=< rdcH iy wd.u w;r mej;s wúfhdackSh in|;dj u; NslaIQka jykafia,d rdcHfha meje;au wrUhd l%shdl< wdldrho fu;=<ska ukdj meyeos,s fõ'

65 Oïuúiqoaê ysñ" 1995" 53ms'66 iuia; NslaIq iudch ksldh jYfhka fn§ mej;sho rfÜ meje;au fjkqfjka tlai;aj l%shd l< nj fuhska mila fõ'

70

idrÓ

.v,dfoKsh yd ,xld;s,l úydr m%;sixialrK iy fldaÜfÜ hq.hg wh;a jk ì;+is;+jï

uyskao fidau;s,l

ud> wdl%uKh" wNHka;r wjq,a úhjq,a" hqO flda,dy," jdßud¾. moaO;sfhys ì|jeàu" foaY.+Ksl úm¾hdi" uef,aßhd jix.;h yd cd;Hka;r jdksc rgdfõ we;sjQ fjkialï jeks úúO fya;+ .Kkdjla ksid fmdf<dkakrefõ msysá merKs w.k.rh Èjhsfka ksß;È. fmfoig udre jQ w;r th ms<sfj<ska oUfoKsh" hdmyqj" l+reKe.," .ïm<" fldaÜfÜ yd uykqjr hk ;ekaj,g ú;eka jQ nj fndfyda

1fofkl+ okakd lreKls¡ fuu wjêh l%sj oy;+ka jeks ishjfiys isg l%sj ody;a jeks fyda oywg jeks ishji muK ld,hg wh;a fj;ehs ie,lsh yels w;r fmdf<dkakre hq.fhka miqj we;s jk fuu wia:djr foaYmd,ksl iufhysoS mej;s úúO wjq,a úhjq,a ksid wd.ñl yd l,d lghq;+j, t;rï mq¿,a j¾Okhla we;s jkq olakg fkd,efí¡ tneúka fï wjêfhys l,d lghq;+ .ek wjOdkh fhduq l< we;eful+ ful, l,d lafIa;%fhys jeo.;a wx. ms<sn|j meyeÈ,s idlaIs ke;s ;ruehs

2lSug mjd fm<ö we;s nj olakg ,efí¡

fï wjêhg wh;a jk iuyr idys;H uQ,dY%j, we;eï iuld,Sk bÈlsÍï .ek yd l,d lghq;+ .ek f;dr;+re i|yka ù we;s kuq;a i;H jYfhkau fï wjêfhysoS wkqrdOmqr yd fmdf<dkakre wjëkaysoS fuka úYd, mßudKfhys fjfyr úydr fyda rcud<s.d jeks oE fyda bosfldg we;s nj olakg fkd,efí¡ tmuKla fkdj Ñ;%" uQ¾;s" leghï yd .Dyks¾udK Ys,amh jeks wxYj,;a ful, úYd, mßydks ;;a;ajhlau we;s ù ;sfnkq olakg ,efí¡ fumßoafoka iEu l,djlu mdfya idfmalaI msrsySula ful, isÿ jQfha kï tys tla m%fNaohla jQ ì;+is;+jï l,dj .ek muKla wuq;+fjka lreKq lreKq i|yka l< hq;+ fkdfõ¡ i;H jYfhkau fuf;la mej;s iïNdjHuh is;+jï ffY,sh fï wjêfhysoS uq¿ukskau mdfya wNdjhg .sh w;r fmdf<dkakre iufhka miqj furg ì;+is;+jï l,dj fnfyúka mßydks

3;;a;ajhlgo m;ajkq olakg ,efí¡ tneúka oy;+ka jeks ishjfia isg ody;a jeks ishji olajd jQ ld,h ;+< furg mej;s ì;+is;+jï l,dfõ iajrEmh l+ulaoehs hkak úuid ne,Sug ;rï j;a WmldÍ jk wdldrfha idlaIs fldgila ful, b;sÍ ù we;s nj fkdfmfka¡

tfy;a fldaÜfÜ hq.hg wh;a hehs ie,lsh yels is;+jï fldgia uykqjr fmfofia msysá .v,dfoKsh yd ,xld;s,l hk rcuyd úydrhkays ;ju;a fYaIj we;s neúka fuys my; f.kyer oelafjkafka tu Ñ;% ms<sn|j flá úia;rhls¡

1 The collapse of the Rajarata civilization in Ceylon and drift to the South West, ed. K Indrapala, Supra Printers, Peradeniya, 1971.2 Senaka Bandaranayake, Rock and wall paintings of Sri Lanka, Lake House, Colombo, 1986, p.15; DB Dhanapala, Buddhist paintings from shrines and temples in Ceylon, Collins, UNESCO, Amilcare Pizzi SPA, Millano, Italy, 1964, p.20; Siri Gunasinghe, “Art and architecture,” Modern Sri Lanka: A society in transition, ed. Tissa Fernando and Robert N Kearney, Syracuse University, New York, 1979, p.257.3 kkaofoaj úfÊfialr" f;dard.;a ,sms ix.%yh" iuhj¾Ok uqøK,h" fld<U" 1987" 188ms¡

71

idrÓ

tajdhska .v,dfoKsh rcuyd úydrh l%sj ody;r jeks ishjfia uq,a Nd.fhysoS .ïm< rdcOdksfhys isá y;r jeks nqjfklndyq rcqf.a ld,fhysoS ^1341-1351& .fKaYajrdpdÍ kue;s Ys,amsfhl+f.a uQ,sl;ajfhka boslrk ,o ;ekla nj tu úydr

4fi,a,smshg wkqj ;yjqre fõ¡ Bg wdikakfhka msysá ,xld;s,l úydrh;a fï rcqf.a ld,fhysoSu ia:m;srdhr keu;s Ys,amsfhl+ úiska ksulrk ,o ;ekla njg

5wNsf,aLkuh idlaIs yuqfõ¡ l%sj 1344 jifrysoS fuu úydria:dk foflysu jev wjika l< nj lshefjk w;r thska .v,dfoKs úydrh bÈlsÍu i|yd Oïuls;a;s kï NslaIQka jykafia kulao ,xld;s,l úydrh f.dvkexùu i|yd fiakd,xldêldr kï m%dfoaYSh wêm;sfhlao uq,a jQ nj tu úydr fi,a,smsj,

6i|ykaj ;sfí¡

tajdhska .v,dfoKs úydr YsLrfhys fyj;a tys uqÿka udf,a we;s ia;+msldfõ we| we;s wm%lg is;=jï len<s .ek wjOdkh fhduq l< kkaofiak uqoshkafia" wd¾ tÉ o is,ajd yd wkqrdO fifkúr;ak hk W.;+ka lsysm fok tajd ody;r jeks

7ishjfia .ïfmd< hq.hg wh;a is;+jï f,ig úYajdi fldg ;sfí¡ tu úydr YsLrfhys fYaIj we;s Ñ;% .v,dfoKs úydrh f.dvkexjQ uq,a ld,fhysoSu w|sk ,o tajd úh yels hehs mrKú;dk uy;d óg fmr wjia:djl i|yka fldg we;s neúka th tu úia;rh wkqju .sh ks.ukhla f,ig ie,lsh yelsh¡

tfy;a rÑ; ld,h wúksYaÑ;" fndfyda úg uykqjr hq.fha w. Nd.fhysoS rpkd lrk ,oehs is;sh yels" fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,fha m%Odk mqia;ld,fhys we;s .v,dfoKs úydr ikakia frda,fhys i|yka jk úia;rfhka Bg jvd fjkia f;dr;+rla fï iïnkaOfhka ,nd.; yels nj fmfka¡

—ia:m;s .Kdêm;s .fKaYajrdpdrSka m%Odk fldg we;s wdpdßjreka ,jd isÕr+ ejdk fokqjr uOHfhys os.a.,a w;f,a ;=kaud,a ms<su f.h lrjk fiala m,af,a udf,a Yl% n%yau iqhdu ika;=Is; kd: uhs;S% wdoS

4 S Paranavitana, “Gadaladeniya rock inscription of Dharmakeerthi sthavira,” Epigraphia Zeylanica, Vol.IV, 1943, No 12, pp.90-110. uq¿ukskau .,ska ksufldg we;s fuys YsLrh muKla .fvd,ska ksufldg ;sfí¡ ol+Kq bkaÈhdkq øúv ffY,sh fuys b;d fyd|ska olakg ,efí¡

5 Mudliyar B Gunasekara, “Three Sinhalese inscription: Text, transliteration translation and notes,” Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. X, pp.80-96. mdou yd W¿jyq yer b;sß ish,a,u .fvd,ska ksufldg we;s fuys fmdf<dkakre hq.fha .Dyks¾udK Ys,amfha úldYh b;d fyd|ska oelsh yelsh¡

6 n,kak tia mrKú;dk" —jdia;= úoHdj uQ¾;s Ys,amh yd Ñ;% Ys,amh"˜,xld úYajúoHd,fha ,xld b;sydih" úoHd,xldr úYajúoHd,hSh uqøKd,h" le,Ksh" 1 ldKavh" 2 fldgi" 1972" 737 ms¡

7 RH De Silva, Rock painting in Sri Lanka, Archaeological Department, Colombo, Reprints of the contributions to the Stockholm Congress, 2—6 June 1975, London, pp. 60-73, p.70; Anuradha Seneviratna, Kandy, Government Press, Colombo, 1983, p, 175;wkqrdO fifkúr;ak".ïfmd< hq.fha l,dYs,am" ,xld úYajúoHd,hSh uqøKd,h" fld<U" 1972" 20 ms;Nandasena Mudiyanse, The art and architecture of the Gampola period 1341-1415, Gunasena co, Colombo, 1963, p. 109.

8 S Paranavitana, “Architecture sculpture and painting,” History of Ceylon University of Ceylon, Colombo, 1960, Vol.I, Pt II, p. 792. .v,dfoKs úydr ikakia frda,hg wkqj fuu úydrh Yl j¾I tlajdoyia foish iYg wjqreoafoa YS% isxy,dëIAjr N=jfklndyq kf¾kaøhka oji .kdêm;s .fKaYajrdpdrSka m%Odk wdpd¾hhka ,jd lrjd we;¡

72

idrÓ

foúhka úiska msrsjrk ,o jc%dikdrEVje fndaëka jykafiag msg,d jeveyqka iOd;=l uy ms<su idókq;a wkqms<su fofokd jykafia;a fkdfhla Ñ;% l¾udka;fhka úÑ;% fldg lrjd uqÿka udf,a ffp;H .¾Nfhys mdrscd; jDlaI uQ,fhys mdvq lïn,dikdrEV je ud;Dfoaj mq;% m%uQL Yl% n%yaudoS foúhka msrsjrd úcï nK foaYkdjg jevyqka nqO rEmh lrjd úydrhg wdrlaIdjl=;a jqj uekjehs is;d foõ rc

9f.hl=;a lrjd˜

hkqfjka tys i|yka fldg ;sfí¡ wlaIr fjkialï lsysmhla muKla iys;j fuu úia;rhu úydrh f.dvkexjQ uq,a ld,fhysoS rpkd lrk ,o ^l%sj 1344&

10O¾ulS¾;s ia:úrhkaf.a .v,dfoKs úydr fi,a,smsfhys;a i|yka ù ;sfí¡ tneúka by; Wmqgd oelajQ flá úia;rh .v,dfoKs úydr fi,a,smsfhkau fuu ikakia frda,h i|yd;a miq lf,loS Wmqgd .kakg we;ehs is;sh yelsh¡

.v,dfoKs úydr fi,a,smsfha fukau tu úydr ikakia frda,fhao fuf,i i|yka jk úia;rj,g wkqj úydr .Dyfha my< ud,fhys msysgqjd ;snqKq ms<suj,g wu;rj tys ì;a;s fkdfhla Ñ;% l¾ufhka úis;=re fldg ;snqKq nj úfYaIfhka i|yka fldg we;s kuq;a by< ud,fha jQ ffp;H .¾Nfhys ̂ úydr YsLrfhys& ksul< wNsO¾uh foaYkd l< ú,dYh iys; foú nUqka msßjrd isá nqÿrej .ek muKla úia;r fldg tys Ñ;% lsisjla we| ;snqKq nj jd¾;d fldg ke;s nj fmfka¡ tys mej;s nqÿrej jgd mrsjdr foaj rEm fm<la msysgqjd ;snqKq nj fuu uQ,dY% foflysoSu fjfiiska i|yka fldg we;s kuq;a wo jk úg tys olakg ,efnkafka tajdhska m%Odk nqÿ ms<suh msysgqjd ;snqKq wdikh muKs¡

mD;=.SiS hqO iufhysoS tys ;snQ fuu jákd nqÿ= ms<suh ke;s jQ nj ckm%jdofhys i|yka ù we;s w;r ta iuÕ ;snQ mrsjdr foaj rEm lsisjlao wo tys

11mj;akd nj olakg fkd,efí¡ tneúka fï ms<su lsysmh uQ¾;suh ks¾udK fkdj tys w|sk ,o Ñ;% úh yels hehs flfkl+ wkqudk l< yels jqj;a tjeks Ñ;% mjd wo jk úg tys fYaIj mj;akd nj olakg fkd,efí¡ tmuKla fkdj fi,a,smsfhys iy ikakia frda,fha i|yka jk foaj rEm fjkqjg oekg ry;a rEm fm<la muKla tys fomi ì;a;sj, we| we;s nj fmfka¡ NslaIq rEmj, ú,dYfhka fïjd we| we;s neúka flfkl+ idudkH NslaIq rEm fm<la fuhska f.kyer oelafjkafka hehs is;sh yels fj;;a ,U ijka yd rYañ ud,dj iys;j fuu rEm we| we;s neúka idudkH NslaIq rEmdj,shla fkdj ry;a rEm fm<lau tajdhska ksrEmKh fldg we;s nj fyd|ska yeÕfõ¡ tu rEm wi,u fhdod we;s úúOdldr fk¿ï u,a yd kd. f,dalfha muKla msfm;ehs úYajdi flfrk lvqmq,a u,a fudaia;rj,ska tajdfhys mj;akd w;s cQcd¾y

12njo b;d fyd|ka f.kyer oelafõ¡

10 S Paranavitana, “Gadaladeniya rock inscription of Dharmakeerthi sthavira,” Epigraphia Zeylanica, Vol.IV, 1943, pp. 100-103.

11 nrïufka úmiaiS ysñ" .v,dfoKs ioaO¾u;s,l rcuyd úydr b;sydih" .dñKs hka;%d,h" uykqjr" 1940" 2ms¡

12 l,ams; YdLhla jk lvqmq,a .i kdf,djg wh;a jDlaIhla f,ig ie,fla¡ n,kak je,súáfha fidar; ysñ" › iqux., YíofldaIh ^isxy, - isxy,d¾: iys;&" uydfndaê hka;%d,h" fld<U"

73

idrÓ

9 .v,dfoKs úydr ikakia frda,h" m%Odk mqia;ld,h" fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,h" tys m%udKh 2 « 54 1$2 ls¡ fuh ikakia frda,h kñka mqia;ld,fhysoS kï fldg we;s neúka fuysoS;a tkñkau y÷kajd we;s kuq;a th ikakila fkdj mqiafld< ,sheú,a,la nj ie,lsh hq;+h'

u;= úia;r lrk mrsos fuys fjiaika;r cd;lfhys tk isoaëka .Kkdjlau Ñ;%Kh fldg we;s neúka úydrh f.dvkexjQ uq,a ld,fhysoS fïjd w|sk ,oafoa kï th úydr fi,a,smsfhys;a ikakia frda,fhys;a b;d úfYaIfhka i|yka l< hq;= lreKla nj fmfka¡ óg fmr yd miq ld,j,oS w|sk ,o cd;l l:d iys; Ñ;% .ek idys;H uQ,dY%j, fukau ikakia .Kkdjlu uy;a wNsreÑhlska f;dr;+re i|yka fldg ;sîu óg m%Odk fya;+j f,ig ie,lsh yelsh¡ tmuKla fkdj wkH cd;l l:dj,g;a jvd fjiaika;r cd;lh —cd;sl l:djla˜ jk ;rugu isxy, fn!oaOhska w;r iEu ld,hloSu mdfya fnfyúka ckm%sh jQ tlla nj fuysoS úfYaIfhka isysm;a

13l< hq;+h¡ tfyhska fuys f.k yer oelafjk fjiaika;r cd;lh ksrEms; Ñ;%dj,sh" ry;a rEm fm< iy ì;a;sfha bvlv iys; ;ekaj, ksu fldg we;s ieris,s fudaia;r /i úydrh f.dvkexjQ uq,a iufhysoS fkdj óg miq lsishï wjêhloS tys w|sk ,o tajd njg ksiel nj fmfka¡

tmuKla fkdj .v,dfoKs úydrfhys we;s nqÿ ms<su mjd jrska jr idhï fldg we;s ksid tajdfhys mej;s uq,a iajrEmh fï jk úg ie,lsh hq;+ ÿrlg fjkia

14ù we;s w;r fi,a,smsfha i|yka jk my< ud,fha mej;s wkqms<su fofokd jykafia mjd wo tys wdrlaId ù ;sfnk nj olakg fkd,efí¡ fumrsoafoka tys úúO ;ekaj, we| ;snqKq merKs ì;+is;+jï /i miqld,Sk kjlïj,g f.dÿre jkakg we;ehs is;su

15idOdrK nj fmfka¡ tneúka .v,dfoKs úydr YsLrfhys oekg fYaIj we;s is;=jï fldgia úydrh f.dvkexjQ uq,a wjêfhysoSu fyda .ïfmd< iufhysoSu fyda lrK ,o tajd hehs ;yjqre lrk ksYaÑ; idlaIs lsisjla fyda ke;s neúka tajd úydrh f.dvkexjQ ld,hg ;rula miq lf,loS isÿ lrk ,o m%;sixialrKhloS w|sk ,o tajd hehs is;Su jvd idOdrKh¡ tu mQ¾j ks.ukh fyd|ska ;yjqre lrk idlaIs óg u|la miqld,Sk wjêhlg wh;a jk idys;Huh uQ,dY%j,skao yuqfõ¡ fldaÜfÜ yh jeks merl=ï rcqf.a ld,fhysoS ^1412-1467& .v,dfoKsh yd ,xld;s,lh hk úydr foflys crdjdi yer fndfyda jia;+kao mrs;Hd. lr iqKq l¾udka; l< njg ioaO¾ur;akdlrfhys yd pQ,jxYfhys tk úia;r fuysoS m%Odk ;efkl ,d ie,lsh

16yelsh¡

fujeks iqKq msrshï lsrSulska miqj .v,dfoKs úydrfhys we;s is;+jï we| ;sfnk nj b;d fyd|ska meyeos,s jk w;r tn÷ is;=jï fldgia ia;+msldfjys muKla fkdj úydrfha iEu ;efklu mdfya fYaIj mj;akd nj olakg ,efí¡ fïjd ish,a,u j¾K mQ¾Kfhka f;dr f¾LdlrKuh Ñ;%j,g muKla iSud ù we;s neúka iqKq msrshï lsrSfuka miqj we;s jQ Y=kH;ajh bj;a lsrSu wruqKq fldg f.k w|sk ,o 13 tï fidau;s,l"uykqjr iïm%odfha fn!oaO ì;=is;=jï l,dj" weia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda"

fld<U" 2002"y;r jekss mrsÉfPAoh¡fï ms<sn| jeä úia;r i|yd n,kak Magaret Cone and Richard F Gombrich, The perfect generosity of prince Vessantara, Clarendon Press, London, 1977, pp. xliv-xlvii.

14 tia mrKú;dk" —jdia;= úoHdj uQ¾;s Ys,amh yd Ñ;% Ys,amh"˜,xld úYajúoHd,fha ,xld b;sydih" úoHd,xldr úYajúoHd,hSh uqøKd,h" le,Ksh" 1 ldKavh" 2 fldgi" 1972" 733-744ms yd úfYaIfhka 743 ms¡

15 tï fidau;s,l" —oy;+ka jeks yd ody;a jeks ishjia w;r ,xldfõ ì;+is;+jï l,dj"˜ › ,xld l,d uKav,fha ff;%udisl l,d iÕrdj" ixia¡ f;ßmeye fidaudkkao ysñ iy ;j;a wh" 46

16 ioaO¾ur;akdlrh" ixia¡ iq.=Kidr ysñ" úoHd¾: m%ldY hka;%d,h" fld<U" 1923" 298ms¡ Culavamsa, tr. W Geiger, Pali Text Society, Oxford University Press, London, Vol. II, 1927, 90:30. 74

idrÓ

tajd nj fyd|ska meyeÈ,s fõ¡ tfyhska fï Ñ;% fldgia fldaÜfÜ iufhysoS lrk ,o iqKq msrshï lsrSu u; w|sk ,o is;+jïj,ska b;srs jQ tajd hehs is;Su idOdrKh¡ óg iudk rEm igyka fldaÜfÜ iuhg wh;a jk fjk;a l,d ks¾udKj,skq;a yuqjk w;r ,xldfjka /f.k f.dia oekg c¾uksfha ñhqkslays ialeÜialeu¾ frisvkaia

17kï fl!;=ld.drfhys (Schatzkammer Residance) m%o¾Ykh lrñka ;sfnk l%s j 1540 .Kkaj,g wh;a hehs ie,flk we;ao;a leghï u[acqid fol fï i|yd

18fyd|u ksoiqka f,ig ie,lsh yelsh¡ fuys ;Sre fjka fldg l:dj f.kyer olajk wdldrfhys muKla fkdj udkj rEm bosrsm;a lrk ú,dYfhysoS;a .v,dfoKs úydr YsLrfhys fYaIj we;s Ñ;%j,g fnfyúka iudk;ajhla m< lrhs¡ udkj rEmj, mdo md¾Yajo¾YS f,ig we| oelaùfuysoS fï nj b;d fyd|ska lemS fmfka¡ fïjdfhys oelafjk yia;s rEm hq.,h muKla fkdj Tjqkaf.a ieris,s ,laIKo .v,dfoKs úydr YsLrfhys we| we;s we;a rEm yd tajdfhys ieris,sj,g idl,Hfhkau jdf.a iudk jk w;r fïjd tlu Ys,amsfhl=f.a ks¾udK fj;ehs is;sh yels ;rugu i¾j iduHhla fmkajhs¡ tfyhska .v,dfoKs úydr YsLrfha we;s Ñ;%j, oelafjk wx. rpkh" rEm úkHdYh wdoS ,laIKj,g wkqj;a tajd fldaÜfÜ wjêfhysoS w|sk ,o Ñ;% nj meyeos,s fõ¡ jeä fokdf.a wei fkd.efgk ;efkl wdrlaIdldrS f,ig fïjd msysgd ;sîu tu Ñ;%j, os.=l,a meje;aug fya;=jla jQ nj is;sh yelsh¡

.v,dfoKs úydr YsLrfhys fYaIj we;s fuu Ñ;%j,ska fji;=re rcq we,s we;d okaoSfï l:d m%jD;a;sh ksrEmKh flfr;ehs fikr;a mrKú;dk" kkaofiak uqoshkafia yd wkqrdO fifkúr;ak hk ;sfokdf.a woyi ù we;s kuq;a tys

19fjiaika;r cd;lhg wod< isoaëka .Kkdjlau f.kyer olajd ;sfnk nj fmfka¡ je,s ueá ñY% noduhla u;=msg l=vd yqKq ia:rhla wdf,am fldg ta u; we| we;s fuu Ñ;% jï mi by< fl<jf¾ isg ol=Kq foig l:dj f.kyer oelafjk mrsos Ñ;%Kh fldg ;sfí¡ fuys uq,a cjksldfjka fouy,a ue÷rl wd,skaofhys ys| isák isú rg i| uy rcq hehs is;sh yels udkj rEmhla ta bosrsfhys isák ñksiqka yh fofkl+ iuÕ l:d lrk wNskfhka f.kyer olajd ;sfí¡ Tjqk;+ßka m<uq jekakd wf;ys weÕs,a,lao Tijd hula meyeÈ,s lrk ú,dYhlska f.k yer olajd ;sfnkafka uykqjr iufha Ñ;%j,g fnfyúka iudkdldrhlsks¡ wfkla udkj rEm ish,a, ;u ol+K;a by<g Tijd f.k b;d i;+áka isák w;r ukaÈrh msgqmi flfi,a .ila <Õ isák ;j;a ia;%S mqreI rEm folla olakg ,efí¡ fndfyda úg tajd fjiaika;r l+udrhdf.a yd uøS foaúhf.a rEm úh yelsh¡

17 Jayadeva Tilakasiri, “Ivary carvings of Sri Lanka ornamantal carvings in ivary made in the th18 century collection, National Musiums,”Art of Asia, July-Augest 1974, p.45; PHDH de

Silva, A catalogue of antiques and other cultural objects from Sri Lanka abroad, National Musiums, Government Press, Colombo, 1975, plates 18-19, 20-28.

18 S Bandaranayake, The rock and wall paintings of Sri Lanka, Lake House, Colombo, 1986, p. 111. 19 S Paranavitana, “Architecture sculpture and painting,” History of Ceylon University of

Ceylon, University Press, Colombo, 1960, Vol. I, Pt 2, p.793; wkqrdO fifkúr;ak" .ïfmd< hq.fha l,dYs,am" ,xld úYajúoHd,hSh uqøKd,h" fld<U" 1972" 20ms;Nandasena Mudiyanse, The art and architecture of the Gampola period 1341-1415, p. 100.

75

idrÓ

B<Õ Ñ;% mqjrefjys l<sÕ+ ráka meñKs msßig NdroSug /f.k tk we,s we;d ksrEmKh fldg oelafõ¡ ta bÈßmi we;s udkj rEm lsysmh kej;;a ;u ol+K;a Tijd i;+g m<lrñka isák w;r bÈßfhkau isák ;eke;a;d we,s we;d Ndr .ekSug ish w; È.+ fldg f.k isák ú,dYh fmkajhs¡ b;du;au olaI Ys,amsfhl=f.a lD;shla njg ksiel fuh w÷re rla; j¾K ndysr f¾Ldjlska muKla we| ;sfí¡ tu f¾Ld igyka ish,a, uykqjr iufha Ñ;%j, olakg ,efnk f¾Ldj,g jvd fnfyúka mq¿Ù,a jk w;r tajd fndfyda úYajikSh;ajhlska yd rsoaudkql+, njlska hqla;j ksoyia w;ska we| we;s njo fmfka¡ f;,s;+v yiqrejd we;s wdldrh fnfyúka m%iia; uÜgul mj;akd w;r jgl=re yd icSù nj tu f¾Ld igyka ;=<ska fyd|ska u;=fldg oelaùug iu;aj ;sfí¡ isrefrys we;s mqIaÀu;a nj ksid uia msvq msg;g fkrd f.dia we;s wdldrh mjd fyd|ska olajd we;s w;r tajdhska mdoj, we;s uia msvq b;d losu f,ig fuys Ñ;%Kh fldg we;s nj fmfka¡

óg miqj f.kyer oelafjk Ñ;% mqjrefõ l,sÕ+ ráka meñKs msrsi we,s we;d /f.k hk o¾Ykhla we| ;sfí¡ miqmi mdohla yd bosrsmi mdohla Tijd we;d .uka lrk ú,dYh fmkajd ;sfnkafka uykqjr iuhg wh;a jk fo.,afodrefõ fji;+re l:dfõ ksrEms; we,s we;d olajk ú,dYhg fnfyúka iudkdldrhlsks¡ brshõ ish,a,u b;d fyd|ska ;d;aúl f,ig f.kyer olajd we;s w;r ir,j kuq;a pu;aldr ckl ú,dYhlg we,s we;d wNrKj,ska ieris,s fldg we;s nj fmfka¡ yia;shd msg ys| isák udkj rEm .Kk wgls¡ Tjqkaf.ka we;eful+ wmyiqfjka fuka we;d msg ys| isà¡ yia;shdg bÈßfhka yd msgqmiska wxl+Y yd fjk;a oE /.;a ;j;a udkj rEm fol ne.ska we| ;sfí¡ Tjqkaf.a uqyqKqj,ska m%S;sh yd i;=g fukau úfkdao ckl njo b;d fyd|ska yÕjd we;s w;r yia;shd u; ys| isák udkj rEm wfgka fï nj b;d úfYaIfhka ms<sônq lsÍug Ñ;% Ys,amshd iu;aj ;sfí¡ ksoyia f,i yiqrejd we;s fuys f¾Ldfjys rsoauh fmdf<dkakrefõ ;sjxl ms<su f.hs ksrEms; Ñ;% fm< isysm;a lrùugo iu;a fõ¡

fuys b;sß isÿùï fm< Ñ;%Kh fldg olajk jfï isg wdrïN fldg we;s B<Õ Ñ;% mqjrefjys uq<skau uøS foaúh f.kyer olajd we;s w;r weh ish orejka fofok i|yd m<je, fk<d f.k tk nj thska ksrEmKh fldg ;sfí¡ m<;=re fkÙ? fllal lrmsg ;nd.;a weh .uka lrñka isák ú,dYh b;d fyd|ska ;d;aúl f,ig f.kyer olajd we;s nj fmfka¡ Tjqka jxl.sßfhys jik nj .,a .+ydjl rEmhla f.k yer oelaùfuka meyeÈ,s fldg we;s w;r ta wi,u W!frl+ f,ig fmfkk if;l+ fomd fmrgq fldg .,a;,hg keÕSug W;aidy orñka isák ú,dYhla fmkajd ;sfí¡ fuu isÿùï fm< wi, ksrEms; úYd, jDlaI rEm ;+kls¡ jk

76

idrÓ

i;+ka f.ka .yk le<hla ;+< Tjqka jdih lrk nj fïjdhska yÕjd we;s kuq;a uykqjr hq.fha Ñ;%j, tk jDlaI rEm fuka tajd uq¿uÙ kskau ffY,s.; f,ig f.kyer olajd we;s njla fkdfmfka¡ .fia l| yd Bg iïnkaO w;= b;s ish,a, iqÿ= meyefhka f.kyer olajd we;s kuq;a tajdfhys w;=m;r we|Su flfrys Ys,amSka t;rï ie,ls,a,la olajd we;s njo fkdfmfka¡ b;d ir, ffY,s.; ú,dYhlg we| we;s fuu jDlaI rEm ;+fkka folla w;roS udkj rEm ;+kla f.kyer olajd we;s w;r uÕ i<l+Kq wid oek .ksñka cQcl nuqKd jxl.sßhg meñKs nj thska krUkakdg meyeÈ,s fldg oSug Ys,amshd W;aidy fldg we;s nj fmfka¡

B<Õ cjksldfjys fji;=re rcq orejka fofok okaoSu iy cQcl nuqKd Tjqka /f.k hdu tlu Ñ;% mqjrejl ixlS¾K f,ig f.kyer olajd ;sfí¡ fuf,i isÿùï folla tlu Ñ;% mqjrejl ixlS¾K f,ig f.kyer oelaùu uykqjr iufha we;eï úydr Ñ;%j,oS;a olakg ,efnk úfYaI ,laIKhls¡ orejka /f.k hk úg ?fnda jQ ksid cQcl nuqKd lef<a .il w;= folla u; ks|d isák wdldrh B<Õ Ñ;% mqjrefjka ksrEmKh fldg olajkafka uykqjr iuhg wh;a jk ueoj, úydrfhys tu wjia:dju Ñ;%hg kÕd we;s wdldrh flfkl+g b;d fyd|ska isysm;a fldg foñks¡ tu .i mduq,u uøS foaúh fYdalfhka ;efjk o¾Ykhla we| ;sfí¡ cd,sh yd l%sIaKcskd fofok miqÈk cQcl úiska /f.k hk wdldrh bka wk;+rej tk Ñ;% mqjrefjys f.kyer olajd ;sfnkafka uykqjr iufha Ñ;%j,oS fuka ;rula ixlS¾K f,i wLKav l:k udOHhgo fyd|ska wkql+, jk mrsoafoks¡ tfy;a fuys we| ;sfnk jDlaI rEmj, w;+m;r lsisjla fkdolajd tajdfhys l| yd Bg iïnkaO m%Odk YdLd lsysmh muKla ndysr f¾Ldj,ska Ñ;%Kh fldg we;s nj fmfka¡

fuu fji;+re l:dfõ wjika cjksldj f,ig isú rg i| uyrcq cd,sh l%sIaKðkd ore fofok /f.k hk cQcl nuqKdg tu orejkaf.a nrg rka ldis ,ndfok wdldrh ksrEmKh fldg ;sfí¡ is;+jfï by<ska msysá rduqj wdOdr fldg f.k t,a,d we;s o¾YkSh ;rdÈhl tla mfil rka ldis yd wfkla mi <uhska fhdod nr iudk fldg" b;d idOdrK f,ig rka ldis lsrk nj fuu Ñ;%fhka yÕjd ;sfí¡ tys mfilska isák cQcl nuqKd fiarlald,h kñka y÷kajkq ,nk WmlrKhla u; ;nd we;s rdc fNdack je<|Sug iQodkï jk wdldrh;a Bg by< wyfia w,xldr j<dl+<la w;+ßka u;+ù fmfkk wmeyeÈ,s foaj rEmhla we| we;s nj;a olakg ,efí¡

fuf;la úia;r l< is;+jï fm< we|Su i|yd ì;a;sh ;Srj,g fnoSfuysoS fmdf<dkakrefõ ;sjxl ms<su f.hsysoS fuka tajd wä fol yudrla muK mqÙ?,lska hqla; jk mrsos ksu fldg we;s nj fmfka¡ tu Ñ;% ;Sr fol w;r mj;akd" tajd

77

idrÓ

tlsfklska fjka lrk l=vd ysia ;Srh wÕ,lg fyda wÕ,a tl yudrlg jvd u|la úYd, fldg olajd we;s w;r tu ;Srfha m<,g yd tys ksuejqug fnfyúka iudk jk mrsÈ fji;+re l:dj we;+<;a uq¿Ù Ñ;%dj,sh jgdu i;/ia f,ig w|sk ,o ;j;a tjeksu l=vd ysia ;Srhla fuys fhdod we;s nj olakg ,efí¡ tfy;a uykqjr iufha Ñ;%j,oS fuka fïjdfhys ud;Dld mdG fyda tajd fhoSug W;aidy l< njla fyda olakg fkd,eîu úfYaI ,laIKhla f,ig ie,lsh yelsh¡

fuu Ñ;% mfka, foflysoSu miqìfuys bvlv we;s ;ekaj,g fk¿ïÙ u,a fudaia;r fhdod we;s kuq;a tajd m%udKfhka yd wx. rpkfhka tlsfklg fjkia jk nj fmfka¡ uykqjr iufhysoS fhdok ,o fk¿ïÙ u,aj,g jvd fïjd fjkia wdldrhla fmkajk w;r ;;a wjêfhysoS fuka tajd oeä f,i w,xldr lsrSug W;aidy l< njlao fkdfmfka¡ l,d;+frlska ;efkloS lvqmq,a u,ao fuys miqìfï w,xldrh msKsi we| we;s w;r j¾K mQ¾Kfhka f;dr fïjdfhys uykqjr iufha Ñ;%j, we;+<;aj we;s ishqï f¾LdlrK rgdj fyda w,xldr úia;r úNd.dosh fyda lsisjla olakg fkd,efí¡ tfyhska iqKq msrshï lsrSfuka wk;+rej ì;a;sj, mej;s ysia wjldYh bj;a lsrSug muKla fïjd w|sk ,o Ys,amSkg wjYH jQ nj fmfka¡ fuu ì;a;sfha my< fldgfiys we| we;s úúOdldr fudaia;r rgdj,ska fï nj b;d fyd|ska meyeos,s fõ¡ úYd, y;/ia fldgq ;+< we| we;s fïjdhska fjka jYfhka fhdok ,o

20 fk¿ï" lvqmq,a iy imq hk u,aj,g m%Odk ;ek ,eî we;s w;r jD;a; rEm .Kkdjl+;a fuys we;eï ;efkl we| we;s nj olakg ,efí¡

.v,dfoKs úydr YsLrfha ì;a;sj, fuf,i we| we;s fjiaika;r cd;lfha tk cjksldj,g iy u,a fudaia;rj,g wu;rj tys úhka;,fha uqÿk; we| we;s fndaê jDlaIh iy ieris,s fudaia;rh ms<sn|j;a fuysÈ úfYaIfhka wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;+ nj fmfka¡ fuys merKs nqoaO m%;sudj msysgqjd ;snqKq wdikh uq,a fldg f.k we| we;s fndaê jDlaIfha ndysr f¾Ldj,ska b;d úYd, m%udKfhys fndaê jDlaIhla f.kyer olajd ;sfí¡ tfy;a b;d lD;Su wdldrhlg w;sYh mq¿,a w;+m;r iys; fndaê jDlaIhla fuys f.kyer olajd we;s w;r by<g úysoS we;s fndam;a mjd fjka jYfhka fmfkk mßÈ th we| we;s nj olakg ,efí¡

tu fndaê jDlaIfha by< fldgi fnfyúka ffY,s.; f,i ksufldg we;s w;r .v,dfoKs úydr fi,a,smsfha yd tys ikakia frda,fha i|yka jk wdldrhg —mdrscd; jDlaI uQ,fhys mdvq lïn,dikdrEV je ud;Dfoaj mq;% m%uQL Yl% n%yaudoS

21 foúhka msrsjrd úcï nK foaYkdjg jevyqka nqO rEmh˜ ;snqKq wdikh fuys msysá

20 l,ams; jDlaIhla jk lvqmq,a .i kdf,djg muKla wh;a WoaNso úfYaIhla f,ig ie,fla¡ n,kak je,súáfha fidar; ysñ" › iqux., YíofldaIh ^isxy, - isxy,d¾: iys;&" uydfndaê hka;%d,h" fld<U" m<uq Nd.h" 1952" 206 ms¡

78

idrÓ

21 .v,dfoKs úydr ikakia frda,h" m%Odk mqia;ld,h" fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,h" tys m%udKh 2 « 54 1$2 ls¡ fuh ikakia frda,h kñka mqia;ld,fhysoS kï fldg we;s neúka fuysoS;a tkñkau y÷kajd we;s kuq;a th ikakila fkdj mqiafld< ,sheú,a,la nj ie,lsh hq;+h'

22 kkaok pQáfjdx.aia" ,S,dkkao fm%au;s,l yd frda,kaâ is,ajd" YS% ,xld ì;=is;=jï .xÕdrduh" YS% ,xld mqrdúoHd wêldrsh" uOHu ixialD;sl wruqo," rcfha uqøKd,h" fld<U" 1990" 19 ms¡

ksid tu mdßcd; jDlaIh fuuÕska f.kyer oelaùug Ys,amSka W;aidy l< nj fmfka¡ is;+me;+ iïm;a ,ndÈh yels hehs úYajdi flfrk" foõ f,djg wh;a hehs

22 ie,flk l,ams; jDlaIhla jQ fuu mdßcd; jDlaIh mri;+ kñkao ye|ska fõ¡ Yl% foafõkaøhdf.a m~qmq,a wdikh fï .i hg mkjd we;ehs úYajdihla mj;akd w;r fuu jDlaIh Wiska .õ ydriShlao mq¿<ska .õ tlaoyia foiShlao ;rï jk w;súYd,

23mßudKfhys tlla f,ig merKs idys;H .%ka:j, i|ykaù ;sfí¡

tfy;a tu mri;+ .i fjkqjg Ys,amSka fuys fndaê jDlaIhl ú,dYh iys; iqúi,a .ila we| we;s nj fmfka¡ Bg wu;rj úydr ia;+msldfõ úhka;,h uOHfha we| we;s tla fk¿ï u,la ;+< ixflakaø .; fldg we;s fk¿ï u,a fudaia;rhla uq,a fldg f.k w|sk ,o ixlS¾K ieris,s fudaia;rhlska w,xldr fldg ;sfí¡ j¾K mQ¾Kfhka f;dr fuys Ndú; f¾Ld l¾uj,ska muKla jqj;a tu ieris,s fudaia;rfha mj;akd ixlS¾K iajNdjh flfkl+g b;d fyd|ska jgyd .; yelsh¡

fujeks merKs wjêhlg wh;a jk Ñ;% fldgia úydr YsLrfha muKla fkdj m%Odk úydr f.hg iïnkaO .Dyks¾udKdx. ish,af,ysoSu jdf.a b;d ;=kS nodu ;Ügqjla u; we| ;snqKq njg idlaIs ;ju;a fuu úydrfhys mj;akd kuq;a by; úia;r l< Ñ;% yereKq úg tajdhska fjk;a lsisjla fyda wo jk úg t;rï fyd|ska wdrlaId ù we;s nj olakg fkd,efí¡ b;d ;+kS yqKq nodu ia:rhla fhdod ;snqKq njg yd ta u; Ñ;% we| ;snqKq njg muKla idlaIs b;srs fldg tys iEu ;eklu mdfya nodu ia:r msákau fï jk úg ye,S f.disks¡ úydrhg we;=Ù? jk ;eku ;sfnk msh .eg fm<g by<ska jQ m%dido uqLfhys úhka ;,fha jï mi olakg ,efnk m,dfm;s fudaia;rh by; úia;r lrk ,o úydr ia;+msldfjys we| we;s f¾Ld igykaj,g kElï lshk nj olakg ,eîfuka fï ;;a;ajh fyd|ska jgyd .; yelsh¡ tajdfhys f¾Ld igyka" Ndú; j¾K yd w|skq ,en we;s wdldrh muKla fkdj f¾Ldj yeisrùu iy j¾K fhdackho tlsfklg fnfyúka iudkdldrhlau Wiq,hs¡ tfy;a tajd uykqjr iufha Ñ;%j, olakg we;s f¾LdlrK ;rï ishqï f,ig we| we;s njla fkdfmfka¡ ksoyia w;ska b;d olaI f,ig we| we;s fï f¾Ldj,ska t<sh w÷r yd jgl+re nj wdoS ,laIK fyd|ska f.kyer oelaùug Ys,amSka iu;aj we;s nj;a uykqjr iufha Ndú; j¾Kj, meyehg wiudk jQ w÷re .=re meyehg yqre idhulska fuu f¾Ld we| we;s nj;a fmfka¡ fnfyúka mq¿Ù,a wdldrfhys f?Ld jk fïjd ia;+msldldr fldgfiys we| we;s f¾LdlrK lghq;=j,g fnfyúka iudklula Wiq,hs¡ tneúka fuu úhka ;,fha we| we;s m,dfm;s fudaia;rh;a úydr YsLrfhys fYaIj we;s Ñ;% w|sk ,o iufhysoSu ksu lrk ,o tajd hehs is;sh yels w;r fïjdhska yqKq msrshï lsrSfuka miqj we;s jQ ysia wjldYh bj;a lsrSu m%Odk wruqK jQ

23 nq;airK" ixia¡ ,nq.u ,xldkkao ysñ" .+Kfiak iud.u" fld<U" 1968" 50 ms¦ wdkkao l+udriajdñ" uOHld,Sk isxy, l,d" mrs¡ tÉ weï fidaur;ak" ,xldKavqfõ uqøKd,h" fld<U" 1962" ms 12¡

79

idrÓ

nj is;sh yelsh¡ tfy;a .v,dfoKs úydr .DydNHka;rh ;=< oekg olakg we;s ì;+is;=jï óg jvd fndfyda miq ld,hlg wh;a jk w;r uykqjr hq.fhysoS muKla

24fkdj tajd 1927 jir jeks b;d uE; ld,hloS;a kej; w|sk ,o nj lshefõ¡

tfy;a fïjdhska .v,dfoKs úydr YsLrfhys fYaIj we;s by; i|yka l< Ñ;%dj,sh ms<sn|j wjOdkh fhduq l< fikr;a mrKú;dkhka tajd tla wjia:djloS

25uykqjr iuhg wh;a jk Ñ;% f,ig mjd i,ld we;s nj fmfka¡ tfy;a fuys by; f.kyer oela jQ f;dr;=rej,g wkqj tajd uykqjr iufha Ñ;% ffY,shg u|la fjkia jk nj;a fmdf<dkakre hq.fha Ñ;% ̂ úfYaIfhkau ;sjxl ms<su f.hs is;+jï

26yd lsishï iduHhla fmkajk nj;a b;d fyd|ska meyeos,s fõ' tfyhska fuu f;dr;=rej,g wkqj tajd fldaÜfÜ hq.hgu wh;a Ñ;% oehs hkak wúksYaÑ; jk kuq;a hg;a msrsfihska fmdf<dkakrej yd uykqjr hk wjëka fol w;r lsishï ld,mrsÉfcaohloS w|sk ,o tajd f,ig fyda ie,lsh yels nj fmfka¡ tfyhska .v,dfoKs úydr YsLrfhys fYaIj we;s fuu merKs Ñ;% fldgiaj,ska osjhsfka merKs is;+jï l,dj fmdf<dkakre hq.fhka miqj wLKavj mej; wd nj is;Sug muKla fkdj ;;a wjêfha Ñ;% l,dfjys o< iajrEmh fyda jgyd oSugo iu;a jk nj fmfka¡

.ïm< iufhysoSu bÈlrk ,o ,xld;s,l úydrfhys;a th f.dvkexjQ uq,a wjêfhaoS w|sk ,o Ñ;% .ek tu úydr fi,a,smsfha úfYaIfhka lreKq i|yka fldg

27we;s kuq;a tajd lsisjla fyda wo jk úg tys b;sßj we;s nj fkdfmfka¡ tfy;a .v,dfoKs úydr YsLrfhys Ñ;% ksulrk ,o ld,hgu wh;a hehs ie,lsh yels wk¾> isxy rEm folla ,xld;s,l úydrfha bosrsmi uKavmfhys fomi ì;a;sj,oS merKs nodu ia;r u; ;sî uE;oS u;+fldg f.k ;sfí¡ Bg wu;rj tys úydr .DydNHka;rfha tla ;efkl;a fujeks is;+jï fldgila uE;oS u;+fldg f.k we;s nj olakg ,efí¡ tajdhska úydrh ;+<ska u;+fldg f.k we;s is;+jïj,ska uykqjr iïm%odfhau merKs wjia:djla ksfhdackh jk nj meyeÈ,s jk kuq;a úydrh bÈßmi we| we;s isxy rEm fofla f¾LdlrKh muKla fkdj Ndú; j¾Kh mjd .v,dfoKs úydr YsLrfha we| we;s Ñ;%j,g b;d ióm iïnkaOhla fmkajhs¡ tneúka by; i|yka l< mßÈ ioaO¾ur;akdlrfha yd pQ,jxYfha i|yka jk wdldrhg fldaÜfÜ hq.fhysoS ,xld;s,l úydrfhao m%;sixialrK lghq;+ isÿ= l< nj lshefjk l:dj iuÕ fïjd myiqfjka iïnkaO l< yels nj fmfka¡ ta wkqj .v,dfoKsh yd ,xld;s,l hk úydr foflys we| we;s fuu merKs wjêhg wh;a jk is;+jï fldgia fldaÜfÜ iufhysoS isÿlrk ,o yqKq msßhï lsÍï u; w|sk ,o tajd hehs úYajdi l< yelsh¡

24 Magaret Cone and Richard F Gombrich, The perfect generosity of prince Vessantara, Oxford University Press, Great Britain, 1977, XI, XIII and XIV plates.25 S Paranavitana, “Gadaladeniya rock inscription of Dharmakeerthi sthavira,” Epigraphia Zeylanica, Vol.IV, 1943, p. 98.26 tï fidau;s,l" uykqjr iïm%odfha fn!oaO ì;=is;=jï l,dj" weia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U" 2002" 28-38ms¡ 27 Mudliyar B Gunasekara, “Three Sinhalese inscription: Text, transliteration translation and notes,” Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. X, pp.80-96.

80

idrÓ

1¡ .v,dfoKs úydr YsLrh

2' úydr YsLrhg we;+¿ jk l+vd fodrgqj

81

idrÓ

3¡ fjiaika;r cd;lh - .v,dfoKs úydr YsLrh

4¡ we,s we;d okaoSu - .v,dfoKs úydr YsLrh

5¡ we,s we;d /f.k hdu - .v,dfoKs úydr YsLrh

82

idrÓ

6¡ jxl.sßh - .v,dfoKs úydr YsLrh

7¡ cQcl nuqKd orejka /f.k hdu - .v,dfoKs úydr YsLrh

8¡ orejkaf.a nrg rkaldiS lsrSu - .v,dfoKs úydr YsLrh

83

idrÓ

9¡ orejkaf.a nrg rkaldiS lsrSu - ióm o¾Ykhla

10¡ w¾y;a rEm - .v,dfoKs úydr YsLrh

84

idrÓ

11¡ w¾y;a rEm - .v,dfoKs úydr YsLrh

12¡ ieris,s fudaia;r - .v,dfoKs úydr YsLrh

85

idrÓ

13¡ ieris,s fudaia;r - .v,dfoKs úydr YsLrh

14¡ ieris,s fudaia;r - .v,dfoKs úydr YsLrh

86

idrÓ

15¡ ieris,s fudaia;r - .v,dfoKs úydr YsLrh

16¡ ieris,s fudaia;r - .v,dfoKs úydr YsLrh

87

idrÓ

17¡ ieris,s fudaia;r - .v,dfoKs úydr YsLrh

18¡ mdßcd; jDlaI uQ,h - .v,dfoKs úydr YsLr úhka;,h

88

idrÓidrÓ

19¡ ieris,s fudaia;r - .v,dfoKs úydr YsLr úhka;,h

20¡ ieris,s fudaia;r - .v,dfoKs úydr YsLr úhka;,h

89

idrÓ

21¡ ieris,s fudaia;rfha ióm o¾Ykhla - .v,dfoKs úydr YsLr úhka;,h

22¡ ol+Kq mi isxy rEmh - ,xld;s,l úydrh

90

idrÓ

23¡ jïmi isxy rEmh - ,xld;s,l úydrh

91

idrÓ

uykqjr is;=jï iïm%odfhys uyshx.K ia;+m ksrEmKh

ví' bIxL u,aisß

oywg jk ishjfia úydr ì;=is;=jï w;r ckm%sh f;audjla jQ nj fmfkk fidf<diauia:dk Ñ;%Kh §¾> ld,hla mqrd furg ne;su;=kaf.a wjOdkhg ,la jQ mQckSh ia:dk oyihla úêu;a mßoafoka talrdYs lsÍfï m%;sM,hls' tys wka;¾.;

1ia:dk oyih jßka jr ixfYdaOkh ù we;s kuqÿ hg;a msßfihska 17 jk ishji wjidk jk úg fmdÿ iïu;hla lrd t<öug yels jQ njg iel ke;' ;odikak ld,hg wh;a oekg olakd ,efnk is;=jï ud,djkays wod< ia:dk iïnkaOfhka fyda tajdfha wkql%uKsl;dj iïnkaOfhka úúO;ajhla olakd fkd,efnk neúks' iïm%odhsl jxYl;djkays yd miqld,Sk wÜGl;dj,;a" tajdfha wdNdih ,o fjk;a idys;H uQ,dY%fha;a nqÿka jykafiaf.a m<uq ,xld.ukh jvd jeo.;aj olajd ;sîu fya;= fldg f.k tys wdrïNl is;=ju uyshx.k ia;+mh Wfoid fjka lrk ,oS¡ fuu ,smsfhka wfmalaId flfrkqfha fidf<diauia:dk is;=jï w;r uyshx.K ia;+m ksrEmKhg wod< úfYaISlrKh iïnkaOfhka úuid ne,Suhs'

nqoaO;ajfhka kj jk j¾Ifha ÿre;= fmda Èk hlaI m%,h msKsi nqÿka jykafia uyshx.Khg jevu lrk ,oe hs hk mqrdfKdala;sh furg fn!oaO b;sydifha fnfyúka ckm%sh m%jD;a;shls' uydjxih" §mjxih" iuka;mdidÈldj" jxi;a:mamldiskSh" ioaO¾ud,xldrh" mQcdj,sh" ioaO¾ur;akdlrh" rdcdj,sh yd

2rdcr;akdlrh wd§ iEu uQ,dY%hlau wvq jeä jYfhka fï isoaêhg wjldY i,ihs' ta iEu úia;r l:khlau tl yd iudk fkdjk kuqÿ Èkh" ia:dkh" m%Odk isÿùu hk lreKq iïnkaOfhka fkdfjkia jkafkao fõ' fï isÿùu flf;la jeo.;a fldg i,lk ,oafoao h;a ;ukag ,laÈj hlaIhka .sßÈjhskays msysgqùug isÿjk nj;a" nqoaO;ajfhka kj jk ui ÿre;= fmda Èk Bg ld,h nj;a nqÿka jykafia úiska oel

3;SrKh lrk ,oafoa nqÿj fndauev jev isáh§u hehs jxi;a:mamldisksfha i`oyks 1 fï iïnkaO §¾> úia;rhla i`oyd n,kak" Kevin Trainor, “A Textualized Landscape: Divâ-

Guhâva and the Sri Lankan Tradition of the Sixteen Great Pilgrimage Sites (Solosmasthâna),”uqÈ;d¦ foaYnkaOq isßiquk f.dvf.a wNskkaok Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" ixia' b`ÿrd.df¾ Oïur;k ysñ iy ;j;a wh" weia'f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U" 2012" 648-654ms'

2 uydjxfid" ixia' fmd,aj;af;a nqoaOo;a; f:r" weï' ã' .=Kfiak iy iud.u" fld<U" 1959" mß 01 .d:d 19-34¦ §mjxih" ixia' lsßwe,af,a [dKúu, ysñ" weï' ã' .=Kfiak iy iud.u" fld<U" 1970" mß 01 .d:d' 52¦ iuka;mdidÈld" mß' wïn,ïf.dv Oïul=i, ysñ" Y%S ,xld rdclSh wdishd;sl ix.uh" 2003"74ms¦ jxi;a:mamldiskS" wkq' wl=ráfha wurjxi ysñ iy fyaupkaø Èidkdhl" tia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U" 48-53ms¦ ioaO¾ud,xldrh" fn!oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh" foysj," 441-442ms¦ mQcdj,sh" ixia' lsßwe,af,a [dKúu, ysñ" weï' ã' .=Kfiak iy iud.u" fld<U" 1997" 751-753ms¦ ioaO¾ur;akdlrh" ixia' fla' we,a' O¾ulS¾;s" úoHdN+IK hka;%d,h" fld<U" 1912" 301-302ms¦ rdcdj,sh" ixia' ta' ù' iqrùr" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j" 1997" 168ms¦ rdcr;akdlrh" ixia' lreKdodi rEmisxy" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U" 1995" 54-55ms'

3 jxi;a:mamldiskS" 45ms'

92

idrÓ

4 we;eï f,aLlfhla nqÿka jykafia uyshx.Kfha§ hlaIhkag oï foiQ nj;a tu ia:dkfha uyshx.K ia;+mh lr jk ,o nj;a lshd we;' n,kak" kkaok pqáfjdx.aia" mS t,a' fm%au;s,l yd wd¾' is,ajd".x.drduh" mß' fudhsrd ;ïfmda" uOHu ixialD;sl wruqo," fld<U" 1990" 82ms' tfy;a uQ,dY%hg wkqj Wkajykafia oïfoiqjdyq foaj iuQyhdgh' uyshx.K ia;+mh lrjk ,oafoa hlaI m%Odksfhl= úiskehs f*daíia úiska lr ;sfnk i`oyko fujeksu úlD;shls' Major Forbes, Eleven years in Ceylon, Richard Bently, London, 1840, Vol.II, p. 201.

uyje,s kÈh wdikakfha uydkd.jk Whfka hlaI iud.uh jQ Èk Wrefõ,dfõ isg nqÿka jykafia uyshx.Khg jevu fldg wiSñ; f;o n, md hl=ka oukh lsÍfuka

4 miq Tjqkaj .sßÈjhskays ckdjdi lrùu" foúhkag oï foiSu" iquk iuka foúhkaf.a wheÿu mßÈ flaY Od;= msßkeóu" tu ia:dkfha flaYOd;= ksoka fldg ia;+mhla lrùu wdÈh uÕska m%:u ,xld.ukfha l;d YÍrh iïmQ¾K;ajhg m;a flfrhs'

ishjia .Kkla mqrd iaurKh lrk ,o m%jD;a;shla ikd: lsÍu fyda wkd: lsÍu wmf.a ld¾hh fkdfõ' tfy;a ta uÕska we;s lrjk ,o fohdldrhl jeo.;alï ie,lSug ,la l< ukdh' m<uqjekak furg ks, jYfhka nqoaOYdikh m%;sIaGdmkh lrk ,o l%s' mQ' f;jk ishjfia isg nqÿka jykafia Orudk ld,h olajd jQ ishjia ;=klg wêl ld,h furg jdiSka yd wd.ñl Ydia;DDjrhd w;r ßla;lhla fia ie,lSug jxil;dlrejka ;=< meje;s wleue;a; bka biau;==j tauhs' fojekak furg ck ú{dkh ;=< r`od mj;sñka miqld,Skj jeã .sh mq¿,a úydr kdu ud,djl yd ta w;=ßka f;dard.;a uyd ia:dk oDIaá jkaokhg ,la lsÍfï§ mjd w;HjYH jQ ksYaÑ; wdrïNl ,laIHhla i,l=Kq lrkq msKsi bka msgqn,hla ,eîuhs' m<uq ,xld.ukh ms<s.kafkl=g uyshx.K ia;+mh lrùu tys w;=re M,hla fia ie,lsh yels jk neúka fï is;=ju yd tlS ixisoaêh w;r wúfhdackSh iïnkaOhla f.dvkefÕkq fkdje<elaúh yelalls' wfkla w;ska jxil;d.; m%jD;a;s yqfola ñ;Hdjla fia neyer lrk fndfyda úoaj;=kag jqjo ta zñ;Hd m%jD;a;sj,Z wdOdrfhka f;drj fï is;=jï úia;rl:kh lsÍugo fkdyels jkq we;'

jxil;d.; f;dr;=rej,g wkqj wjia:d foll§ uyshx.K ia;+mfha mQckSh;ajh ;yjqre úKs' tys wdrïNh iuka foúhka úiska flaY Od;= ;ekam;a

5fldg ia;+mh bÈ lrùuhs' fujeks isÿùula uydjxihg fmr rpkdù hehs ms<s.efkk §mjxifha olakg ke;' tys lshefjkafka uyje,s .x bjqfrys Yafõ; jd¨ld;, iómfhys ta ñhq.=Kq uyiEh msysá m%foaYfhys jQ ̂ wyial=i& jev isáhd jQ

6kfrda;a;uhdKka jykafia W;a;u jQ OHdk iudê iu¾:kh l< nj muKls' tfia jqj;a ta uÕska ia;+mh yd ia:dkh w;r iïnkaOhla jl%dldrj f.dvkeÕS ;sfnk nj fmfkhs' uydjxih iquk foúhka úiska mQcd jia;=jla whe¥ nj;a" ta wkqj ,o flaY Od;+ka ksoka fldg bkaokS, :Qmhla fkdfhla r;ak iuQyh u; lrjk ,o nj;a

7lshefõ' uydjxi àldj wgjk fyda oyjk ishjia mufKa§ tlS m%jD;a;sh úia;drKhj meje;s wdldrh olajkq muKla fkdj wdrïNfha§ i`oyka l< mßÈ m%d.a

5 ;sßhdh yd uyshx.K od.eí mqrdjD;a; flf¾ wjOdkh fhduq lrñka mrKú;dk i`oyka lf<a fuu mqrdjD;a; fl;rï woaN+; oehska msÍ mj;So h;a tajd ft;sydisl i;Hhka u; msysá m%jD;a;Ska f,i .sKsh fkdyels njhs' n,kak" tia' mrKú;dk" ,xldfõ ia;+mh" ,xldKavqfõ uqøKd,h" 1963" 04ms'

yL G6 .X.d;Sfr uyshdiq fmdl f,iq - m;sg f; :Qmg fk iqyX.fK - ;iñx mfoiu s Àf;d À d kre;;fud - iu msf;d COdkiudêuq;;ux" §mjxih" mß' 01 .d:d' 52'm

7 uydjxfid" mß' 01 .d:d' 33-36' 93

idrÓ

uyskao wjêfha nqoaO-,xld in`o;djla fmkajkq msKsi meje;s wjYH;djo .uH lrjhs' tys i`oyfkA fldgila my; mßÈh'

—'''uyd iquk kï foõrc''''Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia keu`o" iajdóks" Tn jykafia fuys lD;lD;H jQ fiala fu;ekska oUÈjg jvkd fial' wms fu;eka isg Tn jykafiaf.ka fjkaj jikakg fkdyels jïy' tfyhska wmf.a myka njg iqÿiq jQ m%idoixiQpl jQ lsishï Od;=jla fokq uekj hk fï wdhdpkh'''Ydia;DDka jykafia fj; bÈßm;a lf<a hhs lSfiahs' blaì;s f,djg ms<sirK msKsi flia f,dï wdÈfhka mjd mQcd fhda.Hj Wmka njo" w;a yeÍug b;d ÿIalr jia;+ka mjd mß;Hd. fldg

8f,djg jev msKsi ie§ meye§ isá njo olajñka Tyqg flaY Od;+ka ÿka fial''''˜

m%ia;=; úia;rh m<uqfjka nqÿka jykafia fÊ;jkfha fkdue;s wjia:dj, meñfKk ieoeyej;=kg jkaokd lsÍu msKsi mQckSh jia;=jla ,nd fok fuka wdkkao ysñhka l< b,a,Su isysm;a lrjhs' fojkqj ta jk f;la furg jdiSka fkdoek isáhd jQ;a" wkdrdê;j meñKs wdYap¾hj;a wd.ka;=lfhl= úIhfhys meh lsysmhlska we;s lr .kakd ,o ne`§ula wLKav in`o;djla njg mßj¾;kh lsÍula ixfla;j;a lrjhs' wdl¾IKSh f;jeks lreK kï wod< mQckSh jia;=j foaYShhka úiskau whÿk ,ÿj fyj;a foaYShhkaf.a b,a,Su" wjYH;dj mßÈ ,nd fok ,o YdÍßl

9Od;=jla nj wjOdrKh lr ;sîuhs' jvd ishqïj i,ld n,;fyd;a th Ydia;DDjrhd iuÕ Rcq iïnkaOhla b`.s lrjkakls' oUfoKs wjêh jk úg uyshx.K ia;+mh nqÿka jykafiaf.au b,a,Sula mßÈ bÈlrjk ,oaola f,i ksrEmKh ù ;sîu tys ia:dkSh jeo.;alu iudcfha isria jeo.;alulg ,la jQ wdldrh jgyd .ekSug Wmldr lr .ekSug ms<sjk' my; i`oyk Y%S ,xldoaùmfha lvbïfmdf;ks'

—'''wm nqÿka iufhys m<uq uyfujqkd kï Whka ueo fodf<dia fhdÿka kqjrla fjhs' ta kqjr hlaIhska jik ia:dkhg jev hlaIhska ÿre fldg ,laÈj iuka;l+g m¾j;fhys§ iuk< jik iuka fojqrcyg flaiOd;= ñgla fojd" fojqrc uhshka lrjhs jod< neúka uhshka.khhs kï ,o' miqj fojrla uhshka lrk

10,oafoah''''˜

uyshx.K ia;+mh lrùug wod< ljr úia;rhl jqj;a fmdÿ woyi jkafka nqÿka jykafia jev isá wjldYfhys iOd;=l ia;+mh lrjQ njhs' hlaIhska bj;a lsÍu

8 jxi;a:mamldiskS" 53ms' 9 fï iïnkaOfhka mQcdj,sfhys tk i`oyk ixfYdaOkh úh hq;a;ls' tys lshkafka"

mdßfNda.sl Od;=jla whe¥ iuka foúhkag nqÿka jykafia flaYOd;= ñgla ,ndÿka njls' —'''iajdóks" kqU jykafiaf.a nqoafOda;amdoh uq¿,af,ys fï ,laÈj hlaIjdi fkdjk mßoafokq;a" wm je`omqod .kakd mßoafokq;a mdßfNda.sl Od;=jla fojd jod< uekjehs wdrdOkd l<y' tfõf,ys iajdñorefjda iqrla; jQ Y%S yia;fhka YsfrdaOd;=j msßueo flaYOd;= ñgla § jod<y''''˜mQcdj,sh" 752ms'

10 tÉ' ta' mS' wNhj¾Ok" lvbïfmd;a úu¾Ykh" rcfha uqøKd,h" 1978" ms' 188' fï úia;rhu we;eï ú;a;s fmd;lo olakd ,efí' n,kak" u,, ú;a;sh u,, l:dj iy rdcisxy rcqf.a mD;=.Sis igka ms<sn`oj i`oyka ú;a;s fmd;" ixia' .Kkd: Tfífialr iy ;j;a wh" tia'f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U" 2005" 96ms'

94

idrÓ

i,ld n,;fyd;a ia;+mlrKh;a iuÕ wod< m%foaYhg N+ wd.ñl n,hla 11wdfrdamKh ùu ixfla;j;a jkq we;' fuh fidf<diauia:dkhg wod< ljr

ia:dkhlg jqj;a j,x.= ksÍlaIKhls' fufia fï mQckSh iaudrlh úiska m%:u jrg furg wd.ñl n,flakaøhla ia:dmkh lsÍfuka fukau" th ck ú{dkh ;=< mqrdfKdala;shl iajrEmfhka wLKavj mj;ajdf.k tafukao oaú;aj ls%hdldÍ;ajhla ksrEmKh lrkq ,en ;sfí'

nqÿka jykafiaf.a Y%S foayh wdodykh jk w;r;=r ießhq;a ysñf.a YsIH irN+ kï ry;ka jykafia kula Roaê n,fhka .%Sjd Od;+ka jykafia /f.k ú;a

12uyshx.K od.efí Od;= .¾Nfha ;ekam;a fldg l[apqlhla lrjQfhah' hk i`oyk;a iuÕ tys mQckSh;ajfha mqk¾j¾Okhla igyka flfrhs' jxi;a;mamldisksfha oelafjk kejqï mqj;lg wkqj l[apqlh i`oyd wjYH jQ fïoj¾K mdIdK iSj,S yd iquk hk uy¾êu;a idufKarjre ,jd kd. f,dalfhka

13f.kajk ,È' nqÿka jykafia mkaid<sia jila jev isá nj ie,lSfï§;a" uyshx.K ia;+mfha m<uq bÈlsÍu nqoaO;ajfhka m<uq jk j¾Ifha jQ nj ie,lSfï§;a fojk bÈlsÍu ke;fyd;a j¾Okh isÿ úh hq;af;a nqoaO;ajfhka y;<sia mia jk j¾Ifha§h' fuys wdl¾IKSh lreK kï .%Sjd Od;=j ;ekam;a lsÍug uyshx.Khu f;dard .ekSuhs' jxil;d wkqj kd.§mh yd le,Kshgo nqÿka jykafiaf.a wd.ukhka isÿj ;sìKs' tfy;a ta lsisjla fyda Wkajykafia jeäfha hehs olajd we;s fjk;a ia:dkhla fyda .%Sjd Od;=j ;ekam;a lsÍu msKsi iqÿiq fkdjQ fiah' Bg fya;= meyeÈ,s fldg ke;s kuq;a ia:dkSh jeo.;alu È.=ld,Skj mj;ajd f.k hdu wjOdkhg ,la úh hq;a;ls' iïm%odhsl jxil;djka ;=< uyskaod.ukhg fmrd;=j jßkajr fn!oaO NslaIQka furgg jevu lsÍu yd úúO Ydiksl lghq;=j, ksr; ùu ms<sf.k ;sîu ksÍlaIKh l< yels fjk;a lrefKls'

12 uydjxfid" tu" mß' 01 .d:d' 37-39' uQ,dY%hkays oelafjk kuq;a idudkH ck;dj w;r .%Sjd Od;=j ms<sn`o mqj;g t;rï jeo.;a ;ekla ,enqKq njla fkdfmfka' Tjqka w;r ckm%sh jQfha flaY Od;= ms<sn`o mqrdjD;a;hhs' my; cklúh Bg tla ksoiqkls' foúfhda isg,d lreKd lr,d - fõf¾ ksu lrjdmq ieà - fuÉpr f;on, foúfhd isáoaÈ;a - fjfyf¾ .,jd jegqKq yeà - f,dal ish,a,g n,kag wKÿka - ,xldjg fmkakdmq yeà - flaiod;= f.k nekao fufjfyf¾ - foúhks .,jd jegqKq yeà ngq.ïuk m[a[dr;k ysñ" uvq¨ rg isjqmo fyj;a risl ck lú" chiqkaor r;akdhl m%ldYk" 1967" 58ms'

13 jxi;a:mamldiskS" 65ms' ioaO¾ur;akdlrhg wkqj fï Od;+ka ;ekam;a lrk ,oafoa fld;a le/,a, uqÿfkah' fuh uq¨ukskau úlD;shls' oekg ,eî we;s idOl wkqj furg ia;+mhkays l%s' j' fojk ishji olajd fld;a le/,a,la olakg fkd,enqKq w;r fld;a le/,a, Od;+ka ;ekam;a lrk ia:dkhlao fkdfõ' fuh miqld,Sk j¾Ok ;;a;ajhka wkjfndaOfhka uq,a l;d wdlD;shg tla lsÍfï M,hls' ioaO¾ur;akdlrh" 302ms'

95

idrÓ

11 hlaIhska kej; tau fï Od;=j uÕska j<lajk njg jQ úYajdihla fïc¾ f*daíia úiska olajd ;sîu fï iuÕ .<md ne,sh yelalls' Forbes, Ibid, p. 202. ;ïnmKaKs§mfha wdrlaIdj msKsi nqÿka jykafia f;jrla Èjhsk jgd m%olaIsKd l< nj uydjxi" jxi;a:mamldiskS" iuka;mdidÈld wd§ uQ,dY%fha i`oyka jk neúka fï úYajdih bka we;s jQjla ùug bv ;sfí'

m<uq úYd,kfhka miqj uyshx.K ia;+mh ms<sn`o kej; i`oykla olakd ,efnkafka fojkmE;sia rdcH iuh iïnkaOfhks' uydjxihg wkqj fojkmE;siaf.a fidhqre pQ,dNh l=ureka úiska ia;+mfha woaN+; nj oel th ;sia

14ßhka fldg lrjk ,oafoah' uydjxi àldj ta woaN+; isÿùïo olajñka" ;siaßhka iEh lrjQfha .fvd,ska nj lshhs' ioaO¾ud,xldrh" mQcdj,sh" ioaO¾ur;akdlrh

15jeks miqld,Sk uQ,dY%ho pQ,dNhf.a ueÈy;aùu ms<sn`o olajd ;sfí' tfy;a Od;=jxifha i`oykaj we;af;a fojkmE;sia rcyq nEK jQ wNhrdc l=udr f;fï wdYap¾h jQ ta od.en oel b;d m%ikak is;a we;s je fodf<dia ßhka od.en jid

16iaj¾Kuh jQ ;sia ßhka od.enla ne`oe jQ njls' 17 ishjfia w. Nd.fha fyda 18 jk ishjfia wdrïNfha§ muK ,shefjkakg we;ehs is;sh yels rdcdj,sh uq¨ukskau fjkia mqj;la i`oyka lrhs' tys lshefjkafka ñys`ÿ uyf;reka jykafia

17fofjksmE;siai rÊcqrejkav lshd i;<sia ßhkla rka odf.dn ueÈfldg ne`È njls' fufia rdcdj,sfha§ ia;+m l¾;D;ajh fjkilg ,la jQjd muKla fkdj tys ñ;sl o;a;hkayso oi ßhkl jeäùula úh' hï mqrdfKdala;shla ld,hg idfmalaIj úmßKduhkag Ndckh jk wdldrh jgyd .ekSug uyshx.K ia;+m b;sydih lÈu ksoiqkls'

tfia jqj;a rdcdj,sfha oelafjk i`oyk wyïnfhka fyda ckm%sh u;jdoh fkdoek jQjla úh fkdyelsh' fmfkkd mßÈ uydjxifha úisjk mßÉfþofha 19 jk .d:dj uÕska fï flfrys hï n,mEula l<d ùug ms<sjk' fojkmE;sia úiska miafjkqj uydia;+mh msysgqqùfï ie,eiau ms<sfh, fldg ukrï ,S,dfhka hq;a

18iïnqoaO .Sjd Od;=j ksoka l< Ys,d ia;ïNh msysgqù hehs tys i`oyka fõ' jxi;a;mamldisksho ziïnqoaO .SjdOd;=iiZ hkq ;:d.;hka jykafiaf.a .%SjdOd;=j

19ksoka l< Ys,d ia;ïNh msysgqùuh hk w¾: imhd ;sfí' uydjxifhau m<uq mßÉfþofha§ .Sjd Od;=j uyshx.K ia;+mfha ksoka l< njg l< i`oyk uydjxi l;=jrhdg wu;l jQ fiah' ke;fyd;a ta jk úg tjeks m%jdohlao mej;=Kd ùug ms<sjk' tfy;a fï iïnkaOfhka wjOdkh fhduq lrñka fuh .SjdOd;= f,i fkdj

20ÔjOd;= f,i .; hq;= hehs fmd,aj;af;a nqoaOo;a; ysñ lr we;s fhdackdj fnfyúka fhda.H fjhs'

16 Od;=jxih" ixia' uqksodi l=udr;=x." weï' ã' .=Kfiak iy iud.u" fld<U" 1939" 06-07ms' ioaO¾ud,xldrhg wkqj fojkmE;sia rcq úiska ish u,Kqjka ,jd fuh lrjk ,È' ioaO¾ud,xldrh" 404ms' 17 rdcdj,sh" 183ms'

i18 uydfp;shGdkuys is,dhQmi pdrefkd - iunqoO.SjdOd;=ii m;sgGdmkfuj p

;:19 ziunqoO.SjdOd;=iid ;s iunqoOii .SjdOd;= ksoys;ii is,dhQmii ;s wf dZ" Vamsatthappakâsinî, ed. G.P. Malalasekera, Pali Text Society, London, 1935, Vol.II, p. 416.

20 .SjdOd;= mk uyshX.K:Qfm bf;d mqfnn ksoys;d' bO mk —cSjOd;+˜ ;s .fy;nnd;s uhyx u;s" uydjxfid" mrs' 01 yd 108 ms mdo igyk'

96

idrÓ

14 uydjxfid" mß' 01 .d:d' 40' fcdaka tï' fifkúr;ak ish fmd;a msxpl§ irN+ ysñhka úiska ;ekam;a lrk ,oafoa wl= Od;=j hehs lshd we;;a th mokï úrys;h' John M. Seneviratna, The story of Mahiyangana, Daily News Press, Colombo, 1948, p. 06. 15 ioaO¾ud,xldrh" 442ms¦ mQcdj,sh" 752ms¦ ioaO¾ur;akdlrh" 302ms'

ls%' mQ' fojk ishjfia§ f;jk jrg uyshx.K ia;+mh úYd, lrùula .ek wikakg ,efí' ta fou< rcjreka iuÕ ix.%dudNsuqL ùug .sh ÿgq.euqKq l=ure

21uyshx.Kfha l`ojqre ne`o isáh§h' fuu l[apqllrKfha m%;sM,hla jYfhka uyshx.K ia;+mh ;j;a ßhka mkylska jeã .sfhah' kuq;a fojkmE;sia oji yd ÿgq.euqKq úiska lrjk ,o l[apql ms<sn`o úia;r Tjqkaf.a ld¾h idM,H iïnkaO

22jxil;d úia;r ;=< we;=<;aj ke;s njo isys l< hq;a;ls' frdayK rdcHfha b;sydih uefhka m¾fhaIKd;aul .%ka:hla rpkd lrñka uydpd¾h isßu,a rKje,a, fmkajd ÿkafka ÿgq.euqKq ;siaiuydrdu m%foaYfha isg nq;a;, yryd uyshx.Khg f.dia tys isg uyje,s .`. Tiafia fmdf<dkakrej olajd .uka fldg tys isg rcrg yryd wkqrdOmqrhg ,`.d úKehs hk u;h neyer l< hq;= njhs' reyqfKa Wmrdc uydkd. mrmqf¾ rcjrekaf.a w.kqjr msysgd ;snqfKa ud;f,a Èia;%slalfha .x., m,af,aishm;a;=fõ we<yer m%foaYfha nj;a" tl, .xÕd yd uyd.xÕd hkqfjka ye`ÈkajqfKa l,d Th yd wUka .`. ñi uyje,s .`. fkdjk nj;a yïnkaf;dg Èia;%slalfha ud.ï m;a;=fõ msysá ;siaiuydrdu m%foaYh reyqfKa w.kqjr njg m;a jQfha wgjk ishjfia§ nj;a Tyq úiska y`ÿkdf.k ;sîu Bg fya;=

23úKs' fï ;¾lh ms<s.kafka kï j¾;udk uyshx.Kh jxil;d.; uyshx.Kh fia ms<s.ekSug fkdyels nj fmkS hd hq;=h' uyshx.kh fld;ekl msysáh;a uyshx.Kh yd iïnkaO mqrdKhkag bka n,mEula we;s fkdfõ'

1951 j¾Ifha§ uyshx.K ia;+mfha isÿ lrk ,o mqrdúoHd leKSïj, m%;sM,hla jYfhka tys uq,a neïulg wh;a mQ¾j n%dyaó wlaIr iys; .fvd,a

24wkdjrKh lr .ekSug yels úKs' tneúka ia;+mfha olakd ,efnk me/Ksu bÈlsÍï wjêh l%s' mQ' 03-02 ishjia w;rg wh;a úh yels njg iel ke;' fï wNsf,aLk úoHd;aul o;a;h pQ,dNh fyda ÿgq.euqKq iïnkaOj jxil;dfõ i`oyka ia;+mlrKhla iuÕ ld, wjldYSh jYfhka uekeúka WmßfrdamKh fõ' by; f;dr;=re u; fmkS hkafka uyshx.K ia;+mfha j¾OkSh wjia:d hg;a msßfihska l%s' mQ' m<uq jk ishji jk úg wjikaj meje;s njhs'

ft;sydisl miqìu ms<sn`o iudf,dapkfhka wk;=rej oDIH ksrEmKhla jYfhka uyshx.K ia;+mfha bÈßm;a lsÍu wjOdkhg ,la lrkq ,efí' fidf<diauia:dk idudkHfhka w`Èkq ,nkafka iïu; iajrEmhl is;=jï fm<la

25f,isks' ì;a;sfha bv wjldYh wkqj tajd tla fm<lg fyda fma<s lsysmhlg fnod oelafjkq we;' ߧ úydrfha§ kï fïjd oelsh yelafla ol=fKa isg jug úyso hk wdldrfhks' tfy;a ueoj," fo.,afodrej wd§ ia:dkhkays jfï isg ol=Kg .,d

23 isrsu,a rKje,a," frdayK rdcHfha b;sydih" reyqK úYajúoHd,hSh m%ldYk" 2003" 88-90ms'

24 S. Paranavitana, Report of the Archaeological Survey of Ceylon for 1951, Ceylon Government Press, Colombo, 1952, p. G16¦ ud,skS vhia" uyshx.K rdcuyd úydrh"

mqrdúoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j" fld<U" 2002" 11ms' 25 fcdaka la,s*¾â fyda,aÜ" lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcqf.a wd.ñl f,dalh" mß' Woh m%Ydka; ueoafoa.u" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U" 2002" 79ms'

97

idrÓ

21 tu" mrs' 01 .d:d 41-42¦ jxi;a:mamldiskS" 66ms' 22ksoiqka jYfhka uyshx.Kh ms<sn`oj 25jk mßÉfþofha oelafjkafka ñhq.=Kg ú;a P;a; kï

fou<d w,ajd.;a nj muKs' uydjxfid" mß' 25 .d:d 07'

hk wdldrfhka ksrEms;h' fujeks hï fjkialï ;sìh yels jqj;a ta iEu wjia:djl§u m<uqfjka uyshx.Kh Ñ;%Kh lsÍu iïm%odhhs' wfkla ia:dko fidf<diauia:dk jkaokd .d:dfõ oelafjk wkqms<sfj<g ia:dk.; fldg ;sfí' uyshx.Kh ks;ru mdfya Ñ;%Kh lr we;af;a tla ia;+mhla ;=< ;j;a ia;+mhla jYfhka we;=<;a ia;+m mka;shla jYfhks' th msg; isg neÆ úg úYd,;ajfha wjfrdayK l%uhgo" we;=<; isg neÆ úg wdfrdayK l%uhgo úyso hdu idudkH iajrEmhhs' fï uÕska uyshx.K ia;+mh úúO wjia:djkays úYd,khkag ,la ùu ksrEmKh jkafkah hkq ta ms<sn`o wjOdkh fhduq l< úoaj;=ka ish,a,f.au mdfya

26woyi ù ;sfí' l%s' mQ' m<uq jk ishji muK jk úg isÿj meje;s tlS j¾Ok wjia:d ms<sn`o óg by; §¾>j i`oyka lf<uq' tneúka ta tla tla wjia:dj ksfhdackh lrkq i`oyd tla ia;+mh ne.ska ia;+m i;rlao" tajdfha m%udKd;aul úYd,khka we`.fjkq msKsi mßudKdkql+, fjkilao we;=<;a úh hq;= nj fmkS hd hq;=h' fndfyda ia:dkhkays tlS ,laIK olakg ,efnk kuq;a th iEu ia:dkhlgu fmdÿ fkdjQ nj miqjg fmkajd fokq ,efí'

ixLHdfõ fjkialï mj;sk kuq;a fï iEu Ñ;%hlau ia;+m lsysmhlska hq;=j oelaùu uq,a ia;+mh Wfoid bÈ l< l[apql isys lrjkakls' fuys§ l[apql ms<sn`ojo hula i`oyka lsÍu jáhs' wkqrdOmqr uq,a wjêfha isgu ia;+m Wfoid l[apql lrùu ckm%shj meje;sKs' ñka woyia lrk ,oafoa uq,a bÈlsÍug ydkshla fkdjk fia Bg msg;ska kj wdjrKhla bÈ lsÍuh' l[apql hkafkys w¾:h ieÜgh hkqhs' j¾;udkfha§ fuu l%ufõoh ixrlaIK l%ufõohla f,i Ndú; jqj;a w;S; Wmfhda.s;dj fjkia jQjls' l[apql lrjQ ljr wjia:djl jqj;a wod< ia;+mh

27ydkshg m;aj ;snQ njg idlaIs olakd fkd,efí' tksid ks.ukh l< yelafla f.!rjh" wNswdrlaIKh jeks fya;=jla ksid fïjd bÈlrkakg we;s njhs' wmodkmd,sfha Wmjdk ia:úrdjodkfhao fujeks l[apql iuQyhla lrùula ms<sn`o

28jd¾;d lr we;' uyshx.Kh jqjo l[apqllrKhg ,la jQfha úkdYNdjhg m;a ùu fya;= fldg f.k fkdjk nj uQ,dY%h wkqj meyeÈ,sh' flfia fj;;a fujeks ksrEmKhlska we;=<;u we;s ia;+mh uq,a bÈlsÍu f,i;a" wfkla ia;+m ms<sfj<ska

26 fcdaka la,s*¾â fyda,aÜ" 79ms" kkaok pqáfjdx.aia" mS' t,a' fm%au;s,l yd wd¾' is,ajd" 82ms¦ kkaok pqáfjdx.aia" mS t,a fm%au;s,l yd wd¾ is,ajd" nUr.," mß' ta' weï' fm%aujxY" uOHu ixialD;sl wruqo," fld<U" 1990" 50ms¦ kkaok pqáfjdx.aia" mS t,a fm%au;s,l yd wd¾ is,ajd" ,xld;s,lh" mß' fudhsrd ;ïfmda" uOHu ixialD;sl wruqo," fld<U" 1990" 58ms¦ kkaok pqáfjdx.aia" mS' t,a' fm%au;s,l yd wd¾ is,ajd" ueoj," mß'fudhsrd ;ïfmda" uOHu ixialD;sl wruqo," fld<U" 1990" 54ms¦ tï' fidau;s,l" Y%S ,dxflah is;a;re iy iudch" tia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U" 2006" 134ms¦ Sinharaja Tammita, Ridi Vihare; The flowering of Kandyan art, Stamford-Lake, Pannipitiya, 2006, p. 90.

27 bIxL u,aisrs" Y%S ,xldfõ jdia;=úoHd Wreu ixrlaIKfha ft;sydisl úldYkh¦ l%ufõo" ixl,am yd Ndú;h" tia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U" 2011" 95ms'

28 wmodk md,s" mß' Oïudkkao ia:úr" Y%S ,xld ckrch" oaú;Sh Nd.h" 1977'

98

idrÓ

j¾Ok wjia:d f,i;a w¾:l:kh l< yels jkq we;' ndysr ia;+mfha m%udKh kd.§m" le,Ks" §>jdmS wd§ wfkl=;a ia;+mhkays m%udKh fkdblaujhs'

ó<`.g tla m%Odk .eg¨jlg tkï fufia uyshx.K ia;+mh úfYaI fldg olajk ,oafoa ljr fyhskao hk .eg¨jg idOdrK fya;=jla fmkaùug isÿ fjhs' Y%Smdoia:dkh" Èjd .=ydj yd Y%S uyd fndaêh yereKq úg wfkl=;a ia:dk oy;=ku ia;+m uÕska ksfhdackh lsÍu iïm%odhhs' tajd ksrEmKh lr we;s wdldrh uÕska b`.s lrkqfha ta ljr ia;+mhla jqj tlu m%udKfha yd yevfha ia;+m wdlD;s f,i Ñ;%Kh lr we;s nj;a ta lsisjl mQckSh jákdlu fyda m%udKd;aul nj Wfoid jeo.;alula ysñ fkdjQ nj;ah' fï fya;=fjkau :Qmdrduho" rejkaje,sho fjka fldg y`ÿkd.;

29fkdyels tlu udÈ,sfha ia;+m msgm;a folla fjhs' ia;+mhkays wka;¾.; Od;+kaf.a fyda ck iudcfha tajdg ysñj meje;s f.!rjfha fyda jákdlu ke;fyd;a mQckSh;ajh Ys,amSka úiska fkd;ld yßk ,o kï uyshx.khg muKla tlS m%ñ;sh n, fkdmeje;a jQfha ljr lreKla ksido hkak m¾fhaIlhkaf.a jeä wjOdkhlg fhduq fkdùu mqÿuhls'

mQ¾j m¾fhaIlhka ish,a,kau mdfya fï i`oyd t<U we;s ks.ukh tkï bka tys j¾OkSh wjia:d fmkakqï lrk nj hk lreK fï .eg¨j iïnkaOfhka m%udKj;a ms<s;=rla fkdfõ' tlsfkl úYd, jk ia;+m l[apql nj i;Hhls' th ia;+mfha j¾Okh yd iïnkaO m%jD;a;Ska yd .e<fmk njo i;Hhls' tfy;a .eg¨j jkafka tjeks l[apql iuÕ uyshx.K ia;+mh Ñ;%Kh lrk ,oafoa ukao hkakhs' fjk;a f,ilska lsjfyd;a fï l[apql rys;j wfkl=;a ia;+m fuka uyshx.Kho wúfYaIfhka fkdoelajQfha ukao hkakhs' tfukau tfia l[apql fkdoelaùu ksid tys f;audjg jk ydkshla ;sfío hkakhs' ke;fyd;a uyshx.Khg muKla úfYaISlrKhla wjYH ukao hkakhs' fï .eg¨ i`oyd mQ¾ùhhka ,nd § we;s ms<s;=r uÕska hï fyda iykhla ,efnk njla fkdfmfka'

jßkajr l[apql bÈ lrùu ksid fujeks ksrEmKhla lrk ,oehs is;f;d;a fidf<diauia:dk w;ßka l[apql lrjk ,oafoa uyshx.Khg muKlauo hk

30.eg¨j keÕsh hq;a;ls' uydjxihg wkqj ,Êð;siai úiska :Qmdrduhgo" m<uqjk

31.cndyq úiska ñßijeáhgo l[apql lrjk ,o neõ lshefõ' tfia kï tlS l[apqllrKhka fï is;a;rekag fkdjeo.;a jQfha hehs fyda Tjqka ta ms<sn`o fkdoek isáfha hehs fyda ks.ukh lsÍug isÿjkq we;' tfy;a fujeks ks.ukhlska fï .eg¨jg úi`ÿula fkd,efí'

30 ''':Qmdrdfu p :Qmii is,dl[pqluq;;ux''''" uydjxfid" mß' 33 .d:d 23'

31 '''ußppjgál:Qmuys l[pql[p wldrhs''''" tu" mß' 35 .d:d 121'

99

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29 fyda,aÜ mjik mßÈ fïjd tlsfkl fjka jYfhka y`ÿkd .ekSfï tlu l%uh uydjxYfha tajd i`oyka jk wkqms<sfj< oek .ekSuh' ke;fyd;a fidf<diauia:dkh je`§u i`oyd Ndú; lrk jkaokd .d:dj uÕsks' 84ms' tfy;a uydjxifha i`oyka jkafka uyd ia:dk tfldf<dila .ek muKla jk ksid bka ,efnk iydh mQ¾K jQjla fkdfõ'

miqjg úia;r flfrk mßÈ nUr., yd .x.drduh hk úydrhkays uyshx.Kh oelafjk is;=jïys fmkakqï lr we;af;a ia;+m ;=kla muKs' ta ta ixj¾Ok wjia:d oeä wjOdkhlg fhduq flf<a kï fujeks wju ùula jQfha ljr fyhskao hkq .eg¨jla jkq we;' tneúka úh yels mßoafokau fhdackd l< yelafla fï Ys,amSkag wjYH jQfha uyshx.Kh úfYaI fldg oelaùug muKla njh' th f;audjg jvd;a .e<fmk mßÈ l[apql oelaùu uÕska bgq lr .; yels úh' tfia jqj;a wjia:d .Kk tmßoafokau oelaùu Tjqkaf.a wjYH;djla fkdùh' wjia:d y;rlg fkdjeä jk mßÈ ia;+m lsysmhla fhdod .ekSu muKla m%udKj;a jkakg we;' tfia úfYAIlrKhlg ,la lsÍfï fya;=j fiúh hq;af;a l[apql m%udKh yryd fkdfõ' ;;ald,Sk ck iudcfha iajNdjh yd is;=jï ksrEmK iïm%odh ;=<sks'

cd;l l;d" nqoaO pß;h wd§ fjk;a f;audjka iïnkaOj Ñ;% bÈßm;a lsÍfï§ ta f;dard.;a isoaêh ljrlao hkq oek.; yels jk mßÈ is;=jug my;ska ;Srhl ,shd oelaùu fuu is;=jï iïm%odhfha lemS fmfkk ,laIKhls' th wod< l;d m%jD;a;sh jgyd .ekSu msKsi krUkakdg hï ;rul wdOdrlhla fjhs' tfia jqj;a fidf<diauia:dk ksrEms; Ñ;% ud,dfõ lsisÿ úfgl kdulrKhla olajd fkd;sîu wjOdkhg ,la úh hq;=h' .ïm< iufha isg uykqjr iuh olajd fidf<diauia:dk ms<sn`o úfYaI wjOdkhla meje;s nj;a wod< ia:dk ms<sn`o we;eï mriamr;d meje;s nj;a úúO idys;H uQ,dY%fha ta iïnkaOj olajd we;s f;dr;=re uÕska .uH lrjk kuqÿ óg fmro oela jQ mßÈ hg;a msßfihska 17 jk ishji wjika jk úg j¾;udkfha Ndú; jk ia:dk oyih flf¾ tlÕ;djla we;sj meje;sKs' fï ia:dk uyd ia:dk jk úg tkï wfkl=;a mQckSh ia:dk wNsnjd jeo.;alñka u;=j tk úg ta flf¾ jkaokd .uka ixúOdkh ùu idudkH ixisoaêhls' j¾;udkfha mjd mj;sk jgjkaokd l%uh uykqjr wjêfha we;s jQ

32fidf<diauia:dk jkaokdfõ miqld,Sk fYaI ùug bv ;sfí' tfy;a oDIH l,djla i`oyd tajd f;aud jk úg tla ;ekl isg fï ish¨ ia:dk jkaokd lr .ekSfï jvd myiq l%ufõohla iïmdokh lrkq ,eîh' ta i`oyd uyd ia:dk oyih fm<.eiaùulg ,la lr ;snQ w;r tlS fm<.eiau ckm%sh lrjk ,oafoa úydr kdudj,sh wka;¾.; md,s .d:djla iudc.; lsÍu uÕsks' úydr f.h ;=<§ isÿ jQfha fï .d:dj iy tla tla is;=ju w;r iyiïnkaOhla we;s lsÍuhs' tkï .<md ne,Suhs' fufia fidf<diauia:dk ksrEmKh cd;l l:djka riúkaokh fuka fkdj ne;su;d yd is;=ju w;r fm!oa.,sl ixjdohla Nla;su;a ye`.Sul iajrEmfhka ckkh lrjkakla úh'

32 uyshx.Kh jkaokd lsÍug hdu úfYAIfhka ÿïnr ck;dj w;r ckm%sh jQjla úh' ta w<,d cklúo ìys jQ w;r jkaokdfõ f.dia tkakkag okai,a meje;aùfï isß;lao úh' fï uvq¨rg wikakg ,enqKq cklúhls' ffuhx.Kfha je`of.k tkakg - hkakka ieufok is; i;=áka - foúhkaf.a fyd`o lreKd n,fhka - je`of.k t;s Wka ;=ka ojiska - ffuhx.Kfha je`of.k tk mska wms;a .kag ´kE - fufyÈka - ffuhx.Kfha .sh fiakdjg - fokag ie¥ okaief,a W;=ï" ngq.ïuk m[a[dr;k ysñ" 62ms'

100

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ia:dk ;=kla yereKq úg wfkl=;a ia:dk oy;=k iudk ia;+m wdldrfhka oelaùu iïm%odh jQ úg ke;skï ms<s.;a l%ufõoh jQ úg fï is;=jï w;r taldldÍ;ajhla we;s ùu uÕska tajdfha wdrïNl ia:dkh fidhd .ekSu .eg¨ldÍ nj tlS is;=jï oel we;af;l=g jegfykq we;' hï fyhlska wjika jk ;ekska wdrïN l< fyd;a jkaokh ksis mßÈ iïmQ¾K fkdfjhs' Bg úi`ÿula f,i tajdfha wdrïNl ia:dkh ksYAÑ;j;a myiqfjkq;a oek .ekSug yels jk mßÈ oDIH Wml%uhla fh§ug is;a;rekaf.a wjOdkh fhduq jQ nj wmf.a woyihs' Bg fhdod .;a Wml%uh wod< mQckSh ia:dkfha b;sydihg .e<fmk mßÈ;a" ikao¾Nhg wkql+, jk mßÈ;a fukau wfkla ia:dk ksrEms; wdlD;sh blaujd fkdhk mßÈ;a ;SrKh lsÍu tla;rd wdldrhl wNsfhda.hls' tfy;a iïm%odh uÕska ikaksfõokh lrjk ,o l;d m%jD;a;shla uÕska" tkï uyshx.Kh wjia:d .Kkl§ úYd,kh lrk ,oafoah hk mqj; uÕska fï .eg¨j Wfoid id¾:l úi`ÿula is;a;rekag wNsuqL lrjd ;sìKs' tys m%;sM,h jQfha fï ,smshg m%ia;=; jQ mßÈ l[apqllrKh ksrEmKh uÕska uyshx.Kh úfYaISlrKhlg ,la lsÍuh' tneúka fidf<diauia:dk is;=jï lrd m%fõY jk ne;su;d m<uqj ia;+m lsysmhlska hq;= is;=ju fidhkakg we;' t;eka mgka zuyshx.kx kd.§mxZ wd§ fldg we;s .d:dj uÕska ish oDIH jgjkaokdfõ fhfokakg we;' wmf.a ;¾lh ms<s.; yels kï uyshx.kh úfYaISlrKhg fya;=j ksYaÑ; wdrïNhla iksgqyka lsÍu nj mejiSu wfhda.H fkdfõ'

l[apql ia;+m oelaùu hk lreK iEu uyshx.K is;=julgu fmdÿ jk kuq;a ta ta úydrhkays olakd ,efnk is;=jï Ys,amSh olaI;dj yd mßl,amkh u; tlsfklska fjkia jkafkao fjhs' fuh mÍlaId lr n,kq i`oyd .x.drduh" ueoj," ߧ úydrh" nUr.," ,xld;s,lh hk úydrhkays is;=jï fhdod .kq ,efí' fï ish¨u úydr is;=jï ld, wjldYSh jYfhka lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcqf.a rdcH ld,h ;=<g wka;¾.;h'

oekg olakd ,efnk 18 jk ishjig wh;a is;=jïj,ska me/Ksu is;=jï .x.drdufha olakd ,efn;ehs ms<s.efkhs' .`.jg fldarf<a ;,aj;a; .fuys msysá fï úydrfha Ñ;% l¾udka; lrk ,oafoa .kafkdrefõ f,dl= uqykaÈrïf.a

33m%Odk;ajfhka iy Wv.u iy ysßhd, is;a;reka lsysm fofkl=f.a iyfhda.fhks'is;=jï wjldYfhys uOH.;j ia;+mh ia:dk.; lr ;sfí' iuia; ia;+m m%udKh ;=kls' ta wkqj th l[apql ;=kla oelafjk fndfyda is;=jïj,ska fjkia fjhs' we;=<; ia;+mh w¿ ñY% fld< meye;sh' fojekak ly meyefhks' msg; ia;+mh iqÿ j¾Kfhka hqla;h' fï ia;+m ;%s;ajfhys fmaid j<¨" .¾N iSud" y;/ia fldgq yd foaj;d fldgq" fld;a le/,a, yd fld; hk iEu wx.hlau iu ;sria f¾Ldjkays

33 kkaok pqáfjdx.aia" mS t,a' fm%au;s,l yd wd¾ is,ajd" 1990" ms1'

101

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msysgqjd ;sfí' tneúka ߧ úydr is;=jfï fuka fkdj .x.drdu is;=jfï oelafjk od.eí tlu ia;+mhla fldgia ;=klg fnod oelaùula fuka Èia fjhs' ia;+mh msysgqjd we;af;a iïm%odhsl fndroï rgd fh¥ ud,lhla u;h' th m%Odk ia;+mfha fuka w`ÿre w¿ meyefhkao" iqÿ yd r;= ;sria f¾Ldjkaf.kao j¾Ks;hs' fmaid" y;/ia yd foaj;d fldgq olajk f¾Ld ia;+m ;=ku hd jk mßÈ r;a meyefhka we`o ;sfí' ta wkqj m<uqj ia;+m ;=fkys ndysr yev Ñ;%Kh fldg" wjidkfha§ úia;rd;aul ,laIK fmfkk mßÈ rla; j¾K f¾Ld fhdod we;s nj ksÍlaIKh lsÍug ms<sjk'

is;=jfï wfkl=;a wjldYh msrùu msKsi u,a ieris,s Wmfhda. fldg .eksKs' by< fl<jf¾ jï yd ol=Kq iSudjka foj¾.hl fk¿ï u,a follska irid ;sfnk w;r tajd iqÿ meye fm;sj,skao" l¨ meye jD;a;dldr miqìñkao iukaú; fõ' fmaid j<¨ uÜgfï isg y;/ia fldgqfõ uqÿk olajd jk Wi m%udKh wdjrKh jk mßÈ fomiska ly meye jegfla u,a follska mqrjd ;sfí' u,a fudaia;r yd od.en w;r ;j ÿrg;a ysiaj fmkqKq wjldYh r;ameye fm;s i;rlska hq;a u,a i;rla

34uÕska iïmQ¾K;ajhg m;a flßKs' m%ldYkh foi n,k úg .x.drdufha uyshx.K is;=ju fohdldrhlska uQ,dY%.; idOl iuÕ fkd.e<mSula we;s lrjhs' m<uqjekak l[apql .Kk wiudk ùfuks' fojekak ta ta wjia:djkays l< l[apql lrKhka iuÕ od.efnys Wfiys we;s jQ j¾Okh is;=ju uÕska m%lg fkdlsÍu fya;=fjks'

ueoj, úydrh ydßiam;a;=fõ ueoishm;a;= fldÜGdifha msysgd ;sfnk w;r lS¾;s Y%S úiska Y' j' 1677 ̂ls%' j' 1755& ksl=;a lrk ,o ;U ikakig wkqj tu j¾Ifha W`ÿjma udifha mqr i`ÿ mlaIfha mif<dia jeks ;sÓhg úydr jev wjikaj meje;s nj

35fmfka' ta wdikakfhau rpkd jQ mska jÜfgdarejg wkqj fidf<diauia:dk 36Ñ;%dj,sho lS¾;s Y%Sf.a m%;sixialrK hgf;a we`ojQ njg ksielh' úydrf.hs ngysr

37ì;a;sfha we;=<; uyshx.K is;=ju oel.; yelsh' ffY,s.; Wvq yd hál=re m,dfm;s rgdjlska w,xldr lrk ,o ud,lhla u; ia;+mh msysgqjd ;sfí' fï uKavmh fnfyúkau uykqjr wjêfhys Ndú; jQ f.dvke.s,s mdoïj,g wkql+,h' ta uOHfha ,d w¿ meyefhka hq;= ia;+mh iuka foúhka úiska lrjk ,o b`ÿks,a ia;+mh ksrEmKh lrhs' fojekak Bg u`ola úYd, jk fia w`ÿre r;a ÿUqre meyefhks' f;jekak jvd úYd,j ly meyefhkao" isjqjekak iqÿ meyefhkao Ñ;%s;hs' m<uq ia;+mfha Wi fojekafka foaj;d fldgqfjkao" fojekafka Wi f;jekafka foaj;d

34 fuu úia;rl:kh msKsi by; .%ka:fha M,l wxl 20 Wmldr lr .ekqKs' 35 C. E. Godakumbura, “Medawala Copper Plate,”Epigraphia Zeylanica, ed. S Paranavitana &

C. E. Godakumbura, Archaeology Department, Colombo, 1966, Vol.V, p. 473; kkaok pqáfjdx.aia" mS t,a' fm%au;s,l yd wd¾ is,ajd" 15ms'

36 f.dvl=Uqf¾ úiska m<fldg we;s mska jÜfgdarefõ fï úia;rh wka;¾.;h¡ '''nq`O rEmhla lrjd i;ai;sho fidf,diauia:dkho Wr. cd;lho fjiaika;r cd;lho ry;arEm mka;shlao''''úydrdNHka;rfhys kS,mS;d§ jQ kdkdj¾K úÑ;% Ñ;%l¾udka; jYfhka lrjd'''Ibid, p.486.

37 rEm úia;r i`oyd n,kak" kkaok pqáfjdx.aia" mS t,a fm%au;s,l yd wd¾ is,ajd" M,l wxl 07'

102

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fldgqfjkao" f;jekafka Wi isõjekafka foaj;d fldgqfjkao iSud fjhs' úfYaIfhka f;jeks yd isjqjeks ia;+mhkays fmaid j<¨ yd y;/ia fldgqj Wvql=re yd hál=re m,dfm;s rgd uÕska úia;rd;aul fldg ;sfí' fï iEu ia;+mhlau jgd w`ÿre r;a meye isyska f¾Ldjla Èfjhs' ndysr ia;+mfha msg; f¾Ldjg iïnkaO fldg ;o l¿ meye .klï f¾Ldjlao" Bg msg;ska ,d w¿ meye .klï f¾Ldjlao fhdod ;sfnk neúka tajdo ia;+m fia fmkS hd yels kuq;a ieneúkau bka ksrEmKh jkafka r;a meye miqìñka m%Odk ia;+mh u;= fldg oelaùug fh¥ wdOdrl f¾Ldjkah'

ia;+mfha ol=Kq fl<jr ieriS we;af;a úYd, jegfla u,lsks' jï fl<jr tkï uyshx.Kh yd kd.§mh fjka jk wjldYfha by< fldgi wkjYH ;rï úYd, lvqmq,a u,lska msrfjhs' tys úYd,;ajh is;=jfï tald.%;djg hï ;rul ndOdjls' Bg my;ska l=vd imq u,la olakd ,efí' rïfí.uqj .fï mekay,., m¾j;h u; msysá ,xld;s,lfha oekg olakd ,efnk u;=msg is;=jï ia;rh lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcqf.a rdcH ld,hg wh;a fia ie,fla' tys wka;rd,fha W;=re ì;a;s

38mDIaGfhys uyshx.K is;=ju oel .ekSug ms<sjk'

r;a meye;s miqìu ueo tlsfklg úYd, ù hk mßÈ olajk ,o ia;+m i;rl is;=juls' fïjdfha Wio ueoj,§ fukau ms<sfj<ska fojeks" f;jeks yd isõjeks ia;+mhkays foaj;d fldgqj, by< iSudfjka ksYaph fldg we;' l=vdu ia;+mh fld< ñY% ks,a meyefhka we`o we;s kuq;a fnfyúka úkdY ù f.disks' fojekak ly meyefhkao" f;jeks yd isõjeks ia;+m iqÿ meyefhkao oelafõ' meyeÈ,sj fmfkk mßÈ fojeks" f;jeks yd isjqjeks ia;+mj, fmaid" y;/ia fldgq yd foaj;d fldgq Wvql=re yd hál=re m,dfm;s uÕska irid ;sfí' foaj;d fldgqj ueoj,§ ÿgqjdla fuka m,dfm;s uÕska irik ,o f.dvke.s,s mdoul l=vd mßudK wdlD;shls' y;/ia fldgqjg jvd l=vd ùu yefrkakg foaj;d fldgqfõ ksÍlaIKh l< yels fjk;a fjkila olakg ke;' fld;a le/,a, yd .¾Nfha;a" .¾Nh yd fmaidj,;a we;s úh yelsj ;snQ taldldr nj fï w,xlrK uÕska LKavkh fldg ;sfí' msg;skau we;s ia;+mfha fmaid" y;/ia fldgqj yd foaj;d fldgqj ly meyefhka j¾K .kajd idudkH mßÈ w`ÿre r;a f¾Ldfjka úia;r fldg we;' tneúka fï ia;+mh ms;a;, jev ouk ,o we;ao;a lr`vqjl yevyqrelu isysm;a lrjhs' ia;+m tajdfha yevfhka isyska Wia iajNdjhla .kshs' .¾Nhka >Kagdldr wdlD;sfhka hqla;h'

msg; wjldYh iSud jkafka ia;+mhg iudka;rj fomiska by<g ke.S we;s ffY,s.; jDlaI follsks' tajdfha w;= nqÿka kuÈk wdldrfhka ia;+mh foig keUqre ù ksrEmKh fjhs' is;=jfï iuia;fhka fmkS hkafka ia;+mh WoHdkhla

rEm úia;r i`oyd n,kak" kkaok pqáfjdx.aia" mS' t,a' fm%au;s,l yd wd¾' is,ajd" 1990" M,l wxl 07' 38

103

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ue`o msysgd ;sfnkakdla fuks'

lS¾;s Y%S úiska lrjk ,o ߧ úydr m%;sixialrKh úia;r lsÍu Wfoid uydjxifha ie<lsh hq;= bv wjldYhla fjkaj ;sfí' l%s' j' 1757 § fyda ta wdikakfha§ fojr.ïm< is,aj;a;ek yd ks,.u .=rel=,hg wh;a Ys,amSka úiska

39fuys is;=jïlrKh isÿ flreKq nj ms<s.ekSuhs'

uyshx.Kh ksrEms; is;=jï w;r jvd;a wdl¾IKSh is;=ju yuqjkafka ߧ úydrfhks' úia;rd;aul nj" f¾Ldjkays meyeÈ,s nj yd ;shqKq nj" m%ldYkfha ksrjq,a nj" iïmsKavkfha Wiia ksudj yd mßudKdkql+, ksrEmKh hk fï ,laIK u.ska th W;alDIaG;ajhg m;a lrjkq ,efí'

m%Odk ia;+mh u`o §ma;su;a r;a meye miqìfuys is;=jï ;Srfha Wmßu Wi 40

wdjrKh lrñka uOH.;j msysgd we;' fjk;a kso¾Ykj,§ ÿgqjdla fuka fuys ia;+mh Wfoid ud,lhla fjka fldg fkdue;s w;r th iajNdúlj N+ñfha msysgd ;sfnk wdldrfhka ksrEmKh flf¾' we;=<;u msysá ia;+mh ;o l¨ meyefhkao" wfkla ia;+m ms<sfj<ska ly yd iqÿ meyefhkao iukaú;h' fojeks" f;jeks yd isõjeks ia;+mhkays fmaid j<¨o" fojeks yd isjqjeks ia;+mhkays Wmß Nd.ho j¾K .kajd we;af;a ly meyefhks' fojeks" f;jeks yd isjqjeks ia;+mhkays y;/ia fldgq yd foaj;d fldgq fmr is;=jïj, mßÈu m,dfm;s rgd uÕska irid we;s kuq;a tajdfha fmaid j<¨ ieris,sj,ska f;drj tfy;a fndroï yd ,Sia;r jev iys;j fmkakqï fldg ;sîu lemS fmfkk ,laIKhls' r;a meye;s miqìñka ia;+mh fjka jkqfha msg;ska ,d w¨ meyefhkao" we;=<;ska ;o l¨ meyefhkao Èfjk u`o .klñka hq;= ndysr f¾Ldjlsks' ia;+m úia;r fmkajk f¾Ld ish,a, r;a meyefhks' ,xld;s,l yd ueoj,§ ÿgqjdla fuka fkdj fuys§ tla tla ia;+mfha Wi iSud lsÍu msKsi ksYaÑ; iSudjla fhdod .;a njla fmfkkakg ke;' tneúka tajdfha Wi l%ñl wkqmd;hlg hg;a fkdfõ' ta fjkqjg fï ia;+mhkays ^l=vdu ia;+mfha yereKq úg& fmaidjkays my< iSudfõ isg .¾Nfha by< iSudj olajdo" .¾Nfha by< iSudfõ isg fldf;ys by< iSudj olajdo we;s Wi m%udKh wkqmd;sl jYfhka iudk fõ' ,xld;s,lfha ia;+m .¾N >Kagdldr kuq;a ;rul is,skavrdldr yevhla fmkakqï lr we;;a ߧ úydrfha ia;+m kshu >Kagdldr yevh m%lg lrjhs'

ia;+mfha fomiska Bg kuialdr lrñka isák mqoa., rEm oajhls' jï miska rdclSh rEmhlao" ol=Kq miska meúÈ rEmhlao olakd ,efí' meúÈ refõ ysi jgd Èfjk iïm%odhsl rYañ ud,dfjka ta laISKdY%j W;=fula nj y`.jhs' ia;+mfha b;sydih yd iïnkAO l<fyd;a bka irN+ ry;ka jykafia fmkakqï flfr;ehs

40 Ibid, 2006 p.83.41 fo.,afodre úydrfha uyshx.K is;=ju ms<sn`o úia;r lrñka tys olakd ,efnk meúÈ rEmh

irN+ ry;=kaf.a njg;a" foaj;d rEmh iuka foúhkaf.a njg;a" tfukau rdclSh rEmh ÿgq.euqKq l=uref.a úh yels njg;a ñßiaj;af;a úu,{dK ysñ úiska lr ;snQ wkqudkh fuys§ isysm;a fjhs' th fkdúh yelalla fkdjk kuq;a fidf<diauia:dk is;=jïys tajdg jkaokd lrk ry;a" foaj yd rc rEm ÿ¾,n fkdjk njo isyslg hq;=h' Ys,amshd tlS ia;+mh yd iïnkaOj mqoa., ksrEmKh lf<a kï rc rEmfhka ÿgq.euqKq muKla fkdj tys j¾Okhg l%shd l< rcjreka fofokdu ixfla;j;a jkjdo ùug ms<sjk' n,kak" ñßiaj;af;a úu,[dK ysñ" fo.,afodrej rcuyd úydrh¦ tod wo iy tys l,d lD;s" tia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U" 2010" 52-53ms'

104

idrÓ

39 Sinharaja Tammita, 2006, p. 60.

41flfkl=g fhdackd lsÍug ms<sjk' fkdtfia kï fï rEmhkaf.ka fmkakqï flfrkqfha rdclShhka úiskao" ry;a wd§ meúÈ W;=uka úiskao mQð; nj hehs is;Sug ms<sjk' th ;j;a ixlaIsma; l<fyd;a .sys meúÈ ish,a,ka úiska mQð; nj we`.fjkjd úh yelsh' rcq .syshkaf.a by<u ksfhdackho" ry;ka jykafia meúoaokaf.a by<u ksfhdackho ixfla;j;a lrk neúks'

is;=jfï by< ia;+mfha fomi wjldYh l¨ jD;a;dldr miqìfuys iqÿ meye fm;sj,ska iukaú;j w`Èk ,o fk¿ï u,a follska ierfihs' ry;a rejg u`ola by<ska fld;a le/,a,g iómj Wvql=re imq u,ls' fï imqu, ksrEmKh fya;=fjka is;=jfuys iuñ;sl nj LKavkh ù we;s kuq;a bka iuia; m%ldYkhg ie<lsh hq;= ;rfï ydkshla isÿj ke;'

lS¾;s Y%S f.a wjika wjqreÿ lsysmhg fyda rdcdêrdcisxyf.a uq,a wjqreÿ 42

lsysmhg wh;a úh yels hehs ie,flk nUr., is;=jï w;r uyshx.K ksrEmKh oel.; yelafla w;sf¾l úydrfha we;=<; ngysr ì;a;s mDIaGfhysh' fuyso uOHfha tlsfkl úYd,j hk mßÈ we`o we;s ia;+m ;=kls' tfy;a tajd fmr olakd ,o is;=jïys fuka YslaIKhlska lrk ,o ks¾udK fia ie,lsh fkdyels ;rïh' ia;+mhkays úia;rd;aul ,laIK uelS f.dia we;s w;r ta tlsfklla w;r iïnkaOh u;=j tkafka wvq jYfhks' tajdfha iuñ;sl nj jqjo mßK; njla fmkaùfuys ,d iu¾: fkdfõ' is;=jfï my< fofl<jr Wia jegflhshd u,a follskao" by< fofl<jr j,dl=¿ w;r isg ia;+mh ku`Èk ry;a rEm follskao iukaú;j ;sfí' fï j,dl=¿ ;rxÕdldrj fld;a le/,a,g iudka;rj by< isg my<g úyso y;/ia fldgqj iSudfõ§ jï mig yd ol=Kq mig Èfjñka w¾O p;=ri%dldr rduq folla ks¾udKh lrjhs' th r;= yd ks,a meye;s .klï ;Sre follska hq;=h' ysi jgd jQ /iaj<¨ iys; ry;a rEm ia;+mh flfrys jQ wjOdkfhka hq;=j tald.%;dj ms<sn`o ye`.Sula cks; lrkq fmfka' ol=Kq mi jQ ry;a rejg my;ska iqÿ meye fk¿ï u,ls' tys §ma;su;a nj krUkakdf.a wjOdkh ta fj;g fhduq lrjk iq¿h' iEu rEmhlau isyska l¿ f¾Ldjlska u;= lrjkq ,efí' iuia;hla f,i i,lk úg fï is;=ju iuñ;sl nj flfrys jeä wjOdkhla fhduq l< olaI Ys,amsfhl=f.a WodiSk lD;shls' ia;+m m%ldYkh iïnkaOfhka ueoj, is;=ju isys .kajhs'

uyshx.K ia;+m ksrEmKh

42 kkaok pqáfjdx.aia" mS t,a fm%au;s,l yd wd¾ is,ajd" 16ms'

105

idrÓ

nUr., .x.drduh ,xld;s,lh ueoj,

kdhlal¾ rcjre irKxlr ix>rdc ysñ iy ishï Wmiïmodj

wð;a ;,aj;a;

ùr mrdl%u kf¾kaøisxy rcqf.a wNdjh;a iuÕ isxy, rdcH Wreuh wjika fõ' bka wk;=rej n,hg m;ajkafka kdhlal¾ fyj;a jvq. rcjrekah' isxy, md,lhska ol=Kq bkaÈhdfjka l=udßldjka f.kajd .ekSfï m%;sM,hla f,i úfoaYSsh rdcH jxYhlg isyiqk Wreuùfï ksh; m%;sM, Wod úh' fuys§ úfYaIfhkau kdhlal¾ rcjreka iy irKxlr ysñhka w;r b;d ióm ne|Sula mej;sK' tu in|;dj nqÿoyu h<s k.d isgqùugo fnfyúka bjy,a jQ nj fmfka'

kf¾kaøisxy rcq kdhlal¾jreka iuÕ we;s lr.;a újdy in|;d ksid Wvrg rdcHh Wreuh ,nd.ekSug jvq. mrmqrg wjia:dj Wodúh' irKxlr ysñhka iy ;u ys;j;a weu;sjreka lsysm fofkl=g okajd wkque;sh ,ndf.k uOqrd

1mqrfhka ish fufyishkaf.a fidfydhqrd fuys f.kajd .;af;ah' fuu isÿùfuka miq rcqf.a tlu mq;%hd jQ Wkïnqfõ nKavdr Nskak ud;=l fyhska" uOqrdfõ Wmka

2rcqf.a uiaiskd rclu i|yd mqyqKq lrkq ,efí hehs m%isoaO úh' rcqf.a uiaiskd tl, Wvrg úiQ nyqY%e; h;sjrhd jQ irKxlr idufKarhkaf.a u`. fmkaùu wkqj isxy, l=urhl= ,eìh hq;= wd.ñl yd f,!lsl wOHdmkh ,nñka isáfhah' fuu isÿùu ukaodrïmqr mqjf;a fufia olajd we;' ysñfhks" fu l=urd nK" oyï yd isma i;ro § u;= iiqk yd rcho lrjkq uekjehs lshd mejiSh' l=ur f;fï ta h;s÷ka

3weiqre fldg fkdfhla isma i;r yd nqÿ oyuo bf.k nqÿ iiqfkys ieoeye;s úh' isyiqfka wvqj jyd msrúh hq;= neúka ta i|yd Y%S úch rdcisxy iqÿiq njg irKxlr ysñhka fmkajd§u;a iu`. fiiq ks,Odßkao th wkqu; lr we;' irKxlr ysñhkaf.a tu l%shdoduh úfoaYSh rdc jxYhla we;sùug iDcqj n,mEfõh' mej;s miqìu ksishdldrfhka wjfndaO lrf.k kdhlal¾jre n,hg m;aùu i|yd wjir fkdÿkakd kï isxy, fm<m; kf¾kaøisxyf.ka wjika fkdjkq we;' irKxlr ysñhkaf.a N+ñldj muKla fkdj Wvrg mjq,a w;r wiuÕsh yd B¾YHdjo úfoaY rc

4fm<m;la we;s ùug u`. meÿfõh'

5 Y%S úch rdcisxy rcq l%sj 1739 Wvrg rcq f,i n,hg m;aúh' pq,jxY

l;=jrhd Y%S úch rdcisxyf.a n,hg m;aùu fufia olajd we;'—isßúchdÈ kdfudfid

1 fldg.u jdÑiair ysñ" irKxlr ix>rdc iuh"úisÿkq m%ldYlfhda" 1960" 170ms'2 álsß wnhisxy iy ;j;a wh" Wvrg rdcOdksh 1470-1818 "f,ala yjqia bkafjiaukaÜia" fld<U" 1977" 68ms'3 ukaodrïmqr mqj;"ixia' ,nq.u ,xldkkao ysñ"wkq, uqøKd,h" urodk"1958" moH 510-513" 131ms'

4 f,dakd foajrdcd" Wvrg rdcOdksh" f,alayjqia bkafjiaÜukaÜia" fld<U" 1966" 70ms'

5 tÉ à niakdhl" › ,xldfõ YsIagdpdrh 111" f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U" 2004" 167ms'

106

idrÓ

6rdciSfyd;s úiaiqf;d m;a; rdÊcdNsfIfld p mikafkd r;k;a;fha ioaOïu¡¡¡¡¡'˜ Wvrg ck;dj kdhlal¾ jxYh ms<s.ekSug lreKq lsysmhla bjy,a úh' ta w;r fn!oaOd.u iïnkaOfhka oelajQ wjHdc Nla;sh" md,k WmdhYS,S;ajh iy iïm%odhdkq.; yskaÿ iykYs,S;dj hk fya;= n,mEfõh' ;jo rcq iy ro,jre w;r mej;s fNaoh ksid rcqg úreoaOj we;eï ro,hka tlaùu je<l=Ks' flfia jqj;a wjidkfha kdhlal¾ fm<m; Wvrg n,h kS;Hkql+,j ;yjqre lr.;a nj fmfka'

isyiqfka n,h ;yjqre lr.;a Y%S úch rcqf.a ó<Õ wruqK jQfha isxy, fn!oaO ck;djf.a iyfhda.h ,nd.ekSsuhs' ta wkqj Wvrg rdcOdksh mqrd ld w;r;a f.!rjdorhg m;aj isá irKxlr ysñhkaj ;udf.a wkqYdil jYfhka f;dard f.k zrdc.=reZ moúh msßkud we;' u,aj;= úydrfhys mÈxÑ ùfuka miqj Wkajykafiag

7rfÜ wd.ñl Ôú;fhys m%n, ia:dkhla ysñ úh' wm fuys§ u;l ;nd.; hq;= lreKla jkafka YS% úch rdcisxy rcq mlaImd;S;ajh oelajQfha irKxlr ysñhka flfrys muKla fkdfõ' wia.sßh iy u,aj;= úydrj, úiQ .Kskakdkafia,do Tyqf.a ie,l=ï ,enQy' ux., b,x.isxy uy;d fmkajd fokafka u,aj;= úydrfhys úiQ .Kkdhl NslaIqj wikSm jQ wjia:dfõ§ rc;=ud tu NslaIqj we;=`M NslaIQka fo;sia kula fld<Ug hjd" tysoS tu uydkdhl .Kskakefyg ´,kao

8ffjoHjrhl=f.ka m%;sldr ,nd.ekSug ie,eiajQ njhs' ñka wjfndaO jkafka fuu hq.fha§ .Kskakdkafia b;d m%n, ia:dkhl isá njls' Tjqka tf;la l< fiajh wu;l lr oeóug rcq mjd W;aidy fkd.;a nj bka .uH fõ'

ix>rdc ysñhka l< fiajh w.hkq jia tf;la fkdmej;s Wmiïmodj h<s ia:dms; lsÍu i|yd rdc wkq.%yh ,nd§ug rcq l%shd lf<ah' Bg wjYH lghq;= ixúOdkh lr l%sj 1741§ m%:u ¥; .uk msg;a lsÍug mshjr .kakd ,oS' fufia m<uq

9¥; uKav,h rc;=udf.a iy ixKxlr ysñhkaf.a ¥;hkaf.ka iukaú; úh' wdrf.dv" .fKAf.dv" ,omsáfha" jgjk iy y,afma hk is,aj;=ka isjqre yrjd Wmdilhka fldg .ukg iqodkï lrk ,oS' fodrKdf.dv uqykaÈrï rd, iy udf;dg rd, hk weu;sjre fofokdo fuu .ukg iyNd.s jQy' Wmiïmodj f.k taug ish¨ lghq;= ixúOdkh lr Bg kdúl .ukd .uk myiqlï ,kafoaiSkaf.ka ,nd.ekSug rcq l%shd lf<Ah'

7 ux., b,x.isxy" rdcHh iy wd.u ^ì%;dkH md,k iuh&" le,Ks úYajúoHd, uqøKd,h" fudrgqj" j¾Ih i|ykaj ke;" 20ms'

8 tu" 20ms'9 we,a tia chr;ak iy tia tïchr;ak" nqÿ iiqk ,laÈj kej; msysgqùu iy ú,andf.or

uqykaÈrïf.a ishï ¥; .uk" ksfmdka .%emslaia" flfy,aj;a;" 2001" 15ms'

107

idrÓ

6 uydjxYh" ixia' yslalvqfõ iqux., ysñ iy fodka wkaøsia is,ajd ngqjka;=vdfõ" cd;sl fomd¾;fïka;=j" fld<U" 1912" 98" .d:d" 2-3'

wmg u;=jk m%Odk .eg¨jla jkafka frmrudÿ Nla;slhka jQ ,kafoaiSka ljr wruqKq iys;j fn!oaOd.ñl Wmiïmodj msysgqùug iyfhda.h ,ndÿkafkao hkakhs' Tjqka tfia lsÍfuka imqrd.;a m%Odk wfmalaId .Kkdjls' tlS wruqKq w;r Wvrg rdcOdksfha wd¾Ól n,h Èkd.ekSu iy ishï foaYh iu`. wd¾Ól in|;d f.dvke.Su m%Odk úh' hï fyhlska ,kafoaiSka Wmldr fkdl< fyd;a rc;=ud uÿrdisfha isá ì%;dkHhkaf.ka fyda fmdkaäfpßfha isá m%xY cd;slhkaf.ka fyda wdOdr ,ndf.k Wmiïmodj msysgqùug ;SrKh lr we;' fï nj o;a ,kafoaiSyq läkñka isxy, rcqg Wmldr fldg fj<| wdêm;Hh rg mqrd m;=rejd .ekSug l,amkd l<y'

¥; msßi m~qre" mdlal=vï iys; md,s NdIdfjka ,shk ,o nK fmd;a" ixfoaY wdÈ ksfõok ,shú,so we;sj Wmiïmodj /f.k tau i|yd l%sj 1741 fmnrjdß 20 jeks Èk fld<U isg zfldkagkaákdZ kï ,kafoais hd;%dfjka n;dúhdj n,d msg;aj .shy' jvd lmá ms<sfj;la f.k .sh ,kafoaiSka ¥; msßi wfhdaOHdjg hdu j<lajd fma.=jg hdug Wmfoia § we;' tfia lsÍug fya;= jQfha ta jk úg ,kafoaiSka iy ishï rdcH w;r mej;s w¾nqoldÍ j;djrKhhs' ishuhg hejQ msßi hd;%d l< kej je,slkaol yemS úkdY úh' weu;sjreka fofokl=" Wmil rd, iy fiajlhdo yer ish,af,dau uqyqog ì,s jQ w;r b;sß msßi fndfyda ÿla .eyeg ú| fmr<d Èjhskg meñKshy' fodrKE.u uqykaÈrï rd, isÿ jQ úm; fy<s l< nj ukaodrïmqr mqjf;ys i|yka lr we;'

fufia l%sj 1741 wdrïN lrk ,o ¥; .ukaj,ska Wmiïmod NslaIQka jevujd f.k taug fkdyels úh' tu .ukska ishï Wmiïmodj .ek meyeÈ,s jegySula iy ms<s.ekSsula we;s lr.ekSug yels jQ nj fmfka' kej; ¥; msßila Wmiïmodj f.k tau i|yd ls%j 1747§ msg;alr yßk ,oS' fuu ¥; msßig WmeúÈ jQ je,a,dfõ" .,fgdUqfõ" oe,sfj," fnda;f,a" ´f.dvfmd< hk is,aj;=ka jykafia,do

10fodrKe.u uqykaÈrï rd, iy ú,andf.or uqykaÈrï rd,;a we;=<;a jQy'

fuu wjia:dfõ§o iuqÿr ;rKh lsÍu msKsi wjYH kdúl myiqlï ,kafoaiSkaf.ka ,nd.ekSug rcq l,amkd lf<ah' ,kafoaiSka úiska isxy, rcqg;a ishï rcqg;a Woõ Wmldr lrkq ,nkafka ;ukaf.a fj<| wfmalaIdj,g iyfhda.h ,nd.ekSfï n,dfmdfrd;a;= iys;jh' ishï foaYfhka NslaIQka jevuùug isxy, rcqg Wmldr fkdl< fyd;a Tjqka bx.S%is fyda m%xY cd;slhkaf.ka Woõ ,nd .ekSug bv we;s ksid n;dúhdfjka ,xldfõ ,kafoais md,lhkag Wmfoia § we;af;a ,la rcqf.a b,a,Su bgqlsÍug Wkkaÿ jk f,ih' flfia jqj;a ,kafoaiSka is;du;du

11.uk m%udo l< nj fla ví,sõ .=Kj¾Ok úiska fmkajd fokq ,nhs'

10 j,af.dõjdf.dv úu,nqoaê" —u,aj;= úydrh iy je,súg irKxlr i`.rc ysñfhda"˜ uykqjr ieÕjqKq f;dr;=re" ixia' f.dv.u ux., ysñ" 20ms'

11 fla ví .=Kj¾Ok" › ,xldfõ ,kafoais n,h msysgqùu" wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j" 1974" 25ms'

108

idrÓ

mßmQ¾K jQ NdId oekqulska iukaú; ú,andf.or rd,f.a m%Odk;ajfhka by; i|yka l< ¥; msßi ,kafoais keõj,ska n;dúhdj n,d .uka l<y' úúO ÿIalr;d uOHfha ishug ¥; msßi meñKshy' fuu wjêfha ishï foaYh md,kh

12lrkq ,enqfõ y;r jk ndfrdïfldaÜ ̂l%s'j' 1732-1758& rcq fyj;a Od¾ñl rcq úisks' ;uka furgg meñKs wruqK rcqg myod fok ,oS¡ ta w;r Y%S úch rdcisxy rcq l%sj 1747 wf.dia;= 11 jk Èk urKhg m;a úh' kj rcqf.a wd.ñl ye`.Ssï fkdoek ishï rcq NslaIQka fuys tùug ue,s jQ nj fmfka' n,dfmdfrd;a;= bgq lr.ekSug fkdyels jQ rdc ¥;fhda ysia w;ska fmr<d Èjhskg meñKshy' úúO ndOl iy jHikhkag uqyqK mE fuu msßi wfhdaOHdfjka keõ keÕ ;%sl=Kdu, jrdfhka furgg meñK we;' fojk m%hka;ho wid¾:l ùu ms<sn| irKxlr ysñhka uy;a ika;dmhg m;a jQ nj fmfka'

Y%S úch rdcisxyf.a wejEfuka Tyqf.a ìijf.a fidfydhqre lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy l%sj 1747 wf.daia;= udifha§ rdcH;ajhg m;a úh' fidf<dia úh fkdmsreKq Tyq rfÜ Ñrd.; pdß;%dkql+,j Tgqqkq me<| W;aijYS%fhka rdcH md,kh Ndr .;af;a l%sj 1750 ckjdß ui 31 jeks Èkfhysh' fyf;u nd, úfha isgu Wvrg rc jdif,a úiQ f;reka kulf.ka wOHdmkh ,eîh' rc;=ud wOHdmkh ,enQ f;rku irKxlr ysñhka njg ukaodrïmqr mqjf;a i|yka fõ' fuu rdcH iuh ;=< nqÿ iiqk" wOHdmkh" idys;Hh" NdIdj iy ,,s; l,dj hk iEu wxYhlu m%j¾Okhla we;sùu ksid kj wdrl ixialD;sl m%fndaOhlao yg.;af;ah'

irKxlr ysñfhda iiqfka Woa.;j we;s miq.dó;ajh iy th kÕd isgqùug .; hq;= l%shd ud¾. ms<sn| wNskjfhka n,hg m;a jQ rc;=udj oekqj;a l<y' lreKq wjfndaO lr.;a rcq iiqfka wNsjDoaêhg l%shd lrñka irKxlr ysñhkaf.a lghq;=j,g Wmldr lf<ah' ;jo t;=ud ,laÈj úisr isá .sys meúÈ YsIHhkag irKxlr ysñhkaf.ka wOHdmkh ,nd.ekSsug yels jk mßÈ wia.sßh" fmdahu`Mj" wïmsáh" ks;a;fj," iqÿyqïfm< iy .x.drduh hk úydrhkays Ydia;% Yd,d bÈ

13lsÍug lghq;= lrk ,oS' fuu l%shdud¾.hka iuÕ úYd, YsIH msßila wOHdmksl lghq;= i|yd meñKshy' kshulkao wOHdmk wdh;kfhka werUQ Ydia;% jHdma;sh fï fya;= fldg f.k rgmqrd me;sßK'

NslaIq ixúOdkfha ÑriaÓ;sh msKsi w;HjYH jQ Wmiïmodj ,nd.ekSfï ;=ka jk W;aidyh l%sj 1752§ isÿ úh' irKxlr ysñhkaf.a b,a,Su mßÈ

12 f,dakd foajrdcd" Wvrg rdcOdksh" 74ms'13 ukaodrïmqr mqj;" ixia' ,nq.u ,xldkkao" lú 42-64" 6-8ms'

109

idrÓ

,kafoaiSkaf.ao iyfhda.h we;sj Wmiïmodj f.kajd .ekSu i|yd ishï rgg ¥; lKavdhula heùug rcq lghq;= lrk ,oSs' ú,andf.or rd,f.a uQ,sl;ajh hgf;a hákqjr Bßh.u ks,fï" we,af,afmd< fjälaldr fudfydÜgd," mÜáfmd< rfÜ rd< iy wdhs;a;d,shoafoa uqykaÈrï m%uqL yegmia fofkl= Bg iyNd.s jQy' l%sj 1750 cQ,s ui 12 jk Èk je,súg ysñhka ,ndÿka mqo m~qre" ikakia yd ikafoaY /.;a msßi Èk 12la .; lr ;%sl=Kdu,hg meñKshy' ,kafoaiska ,ndÿka hd;%d fuu .ukg

14fnfyúka ufydamldÍ úh' ,kafoaiSkaf.a fk!ldjla jQ —fj,a;%la ˜ ^fj,agela& kefjka ¥; msßi ishï rg n,d msg;a jQy'

fuu msßi l%sj 1751 cQks ui ishuhg f.dv neiaiy' ta jk úg;a ishuh md,kh lrkq ,enqfõ Od¾ñl keu;s rc;=udh' ,dxlsl ¥; lKavdhu trg rc;=ud

15 uqK.eiS" ;u .ufka mrud¾: Tyq fj; ie< l<y' ishï rc;=ud úiska Wmd,s kï uyd ia:úrhka m%uqL ishï NslaIq msßila ,xldjg tùu i|yd iqodkï lrk ,oS¡ Wmd,s ysñhka" wßhuqks" uydkdu" n%yaufcd;s" uydmq[a[" bkaøfcda;s" pkaøfcda;s" uKsfcda;s" pkaoidr" fldÜG;" bkaøiqjKaK" n%yauiair" hiÈkak" uyd iquKAK" Oïufcda;s" uKsidr" uyduqks" m%{dcd;" idrpkao iy n%yauiair hk ysñjre we;=<;a

16jQy' ishï msßi ishï kejlskao ,dxlsl ¥; msßi ´,kao kejlskao ,xldj n,d .uk wdrïN l<y' tkuq;a yÈisfha ishï kej w;ruÕoS úkdY ù we;' wdmiq wfhdaOHdjg .sh msßi ́ ,kao kejlska udi lsysmhlg miq Èjhskg meñKshy' ishï NslaIQka ´,kao kejlska ;%sl=Kdu,hg wd w;r wfkla kej fld<Ug meñKs nj fldg.u jdÑiair ysñfhda fmkajd fo;s' Wmd,s ysñhka m%uqL msßi l%sj 1753 uehs 16 jeks Èk iji furgg meñKshy' rcqf.a wKska ms<sfh, lrk ,o w;s W;al¾Ij;a

17fmryrlska ishï NslaIQka jykafia,d msßi uykqjrg le|jdf.k tk ,oS¡ Wmd,s ysñhka m%uqL ishï NslaIQka jykafia,d úiska ,dxflah idufKarjreka meúÈ lsÍu

18wdrïN lrk ,oafoa l%sj 1753 wei< ui mqr mif<diajl fmdfyda Èkh'

irKxlr ysñhka iy kdhlal¾ rcjreka w;r mej;s ksrka;r iïnkaO;dj, WÉp;u wjia:dj jQfha ishï Wmiïmodj furg msysgqùuhs' fuu Wmiïmodfjka wk;=rej rcq ix> ixúOdkh l%uj;a mokul msysgqùug lghq;= lrùh' irKxlr ysñhkag ix>rdc moúh;a" ;síngqjdfõ nqoaOrlaÅ; ysñhkag Wm ix>rdc moúh;a ms<s.kajk ,oSs' wia.sßh iy u,aj;= úydr folgu kdhl yd wkqkdhl ysñjreka m;a l< rcq Èjhsfka ish¨u úydr fï wdh;k fofla mßmd,khg hg;a l< nj fmfka' Wmiïmodj we;s l< muKska iiqfka Ñr Ôjkh we;s fkdjk nj jgyd.;a ix>rdc ysñfhda NslaIQkaf.a ixjrh we;s lrkq jia

15 ux., b,x.isxy" rdcHh iy wd.u" 22ms'16 iÕrdcj;" ixia' › pd,aia o is,ajd" weïã .=Kfiak iy iud.u" fld<U" 1963" 49ms'17 fyaumd, úchj¾Ok iy mS î ó.ial=Uqr" ishï › ,xld wd.ñl iïnkaO;d" m%oSm m%ldYk"

fld<U" 1993" 54ms' 18 iÕrdcj;" lú 159- 176'

110

idrÓ

14 Ydikdj;S¾K j¾Kkdj" ixia' iS'B' f.dvl=Uqr" Ydia;%dOdr hka;%d,h" le<Ksh" 1897" 85 ms'

l;sldj;la we;s lsÍfï jákdlu rcqg wjfndaO lr ÿkay' fï wkqj zlS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy l;sldjlZ kñka ye|skafjk jHjia:d moaO;shla rc;=ud úiska i`. rcqf.a

19iyfhda.h we;sj mkjk ,oS¡ kf¾kaøisxy hq.fha isg lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy hq.h olajd

20irKxlr ysñhka .kq ,enq iEu l%shd ud¾.hlskau iiqfka wNSjDoaêh yg .;af;ah' tu wNsjDoaêh we;s lsÍu i|yd fuu ysñhkag jvd;a myiq jQfha tf;la .Kskakdkafia,d wdrlaId lr ,nd ÿka Ydiksl ms<sfj;a ksidh'

20 ã'î' ch;s,l" l;sldj;a i`.rdj" fld<U" 1975"22-27ms'

111

idrÓ

19 ix>rdc idOq pßhdj" ixia' fyakamsgf.or mshkkao ysñ" r;ak fmd;a m%ldYlfhda" fld<U" 1969" 16ms'

hdf,af.dv iSÜgqj

Ô' mS' iór m%ix.

fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,fha m%Odk mqia;ld,hg wh;a mqiafld< fmd;a tl;=j furg tjeks wdh;khla i;= úYd,;u tl;=j f,i i,lkq ,efí¡ tu mqiafld< fmd;a tl;=jg wh;a ziSÜgqZ ,laÈj b;sydih f.dvk`.d .ekSfï§ Wmldr jk udyeÕs f;dr;=re imhk m%d:ñl uQ,dY%h .Khls¡z ÖÜgqZ kue;s fou< jokska ì|S wd isxy, ;;aiu jpkhla jk iSÜgq hkak u<hd,ï nfiyso Öka;=l hkqfjka

1fhfok ødúv .Kfha NdId uQ,hla iys; jQjls¡ fld<h" m;%h" ;Srej jhsru" máh" fld< lene,a," lvodish fyda frÈ ;Srej" l=vd fldgila" b;d iq`M m%udKhla" l=vd

2fYaIhla" ì|la wd§ wre;a zÖÜgqZ hkafkka imhhs¡ óg wu;rj ,shqu" álÜ m;" wdikh" iSÜgqj" jjqprh" Tmamqj" ,ehsia;=j" ldâ m;" we;=<;aùu wd§ w¾:o cks;

3lrhs¡ fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,h i;= iSÜgq tl;=fjka fndfyduhla uykqjr yd bka miq wjêhg Èjhhs¡ úfYaIfhka ì%;dkH md,k iufhys ,shejqKq ;,afmd;ao ie,lsh hq;= m%udKhla mj;shs¡ tA w;=ßka wm idlÉPdjg n÷ka lrkqfha uykqjr rdcOdks iuhg wh;a hdf,af.dv fyar;a uqÈhkafia kue;s ro<jrfhl= úiska ,nd ÿka kvq ;Skaÿjla ms<sn| i|yka iSÜgqjl=hs¡ ^j¾.SlrK wxl 279260& fuh È.ska fikaáóg¾ 19¡6la yd m<,ska fikaáóg¾ 2¡4 isg 2¡1 olajd jQ mrdihl úysfok l=vd m%udKfha iSÜgqjls¡ hdf,af.dv Èidj úiska iSÜgqj wdrïNfha jïmi ish w;aik fou< niska fhdod ;sfí¡ th zfikdxkZ f,i lsheúh yelsh¡ fuu iSÜgqfõ fm< my; oelafjk mßÈ bÈßm;a fldg we;'

^w&1' fldfydkaish m;a;=j no kdrxf.duqfj uhsmd 2' , wmmq;a u~j, f;;a;= khsfo;a .ï ú; ;sh3' la meñk ysá ksYd ú; jiu W k~qfj wy,d fuu f;; s 4' ;a;= ydñg m%fjks whs;s ksYd wUfldfg ìcq mE, fia

^wd&4

h1' kaÿ lr ÿkkd ̂lr& Yl jI_ iish úis folCjq fjila ui mqr 5

2' iegjla kï ;sÓh ,;a i÷od fu oji § ̂fï iSggqj ÿka fiaÈ;a& tA j.;a fufia 3' u ud;f, ÈYdj lr jk hdf,f.dv fyar;a uqÈhkafia ju hsy

1 T Burrow and M B Emeneau, A Dravidian Etymological Dictionary, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1961, pp. 162 - 163. 2 ví tia lreKd;s,l" fou< - isxy, wldrdÈh" f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U" 2002" 341ms¡

3 yßYapkaø úch;=x." .=Kfiak uyd isxy, YíofldaIh" weï¡ ã¡ .=Kfiak iy iud.u" fld<U" 2005" 1890-1891 ms¡

h4 fuys zÿkkdh Z hkafkys zk d Z hk wl=re lmd we;s nj fmfka¡ lmd we;s wl=rej,g my<ska k jrykska olajd we;s zlrZ hkak fhdod ;sfí¡ th rplhdg isÿ jQ m%udo fodaIhla hehs yefÕa¡ 5 jryka ;=< olajd we;s fldgi fojk fm<g my<ska ztA j.;a fufiaZ hkqfjka olajd we;s fldgi yd iudka;rj ,shd ;sfí¡ fuh l;=jrhdg isÿ jQ w;miqùulska miq uÕyeÍ.sh jpk lsysmh kej; ,sùula f,i fmfka¡

112

idrÓ

lkao Wvrg rdcOdksfhys wdrïNh fiakd iïu; úl%undyq md,k iuh 6olajd Èj hkakls¡ wfkal úO ndOd uOHfha iajdëk rdcOdkshla f,i biau;=ùug

jßka jr m%h;ak oerejo Bg iqÿiqu wjia:dj Wodjkqfha ls%¡ j¡ 16 jk ishjfia w. Nd.fha§h¡ ls%¡ j¡ 1581§ lkao Wvrg wdl%uKh l< iS;djl m<uq jk rdcisxy rcq md,lhd jQ lr,a,shoafoa nKavdr isyiqfkka m<jdyer ùriqkaor nKavdrf.ao

7 Wmldrh iys;j tys n,h ;yjqre lr .;af;ah¡ tfy;a jeä l,a hdug u;af;ka ùriqkaor nKavdr ;udg tfrysj ls%hd lrk nj jgyd .;a m<uq jk rdcisxy rcq Wml%uYS,Sj Tyq >d;kh fldg kslmsáfha nKavdr kï jQ ish nEKkq flfkl= yg

8 Wvrg md,kh Ndr lf<ah¡ iS;djl m<uq jk rdcisxy rcqf.a Wvrg wdl%uKh;a iuÕ lr,a,shoafoa nKavdr isyiqk w;ayer mD;=.SiSka iómhg m<d .sfhah¡ m<d hk

9w;r;=f¾§ lr,a,shoafoa nKavdr yd Tyqf.a ìij l¿ßh lf<dah¡ tfy;a Tjqkaf.a nd, ÈhKsh jQ l=iqudik foaúh yd nEKkqjka jQ huisxy nKavdr ksremøs;j

10 ukakdru msysá mD;=.Sis n,fldgqj fj; <`.d jQfhah¡ ùriqkaor nKavdr WmdhYS,Sj iS;djl md,l rdcisxyhka úiska >d;kh lsÍu;a iu`. Tyqf.a mq;a fldkmamq

11 nKavdr fld<U msysá mD;=.Sis n,fldgqj fj; wdrlaIdj m;d m<d .sfhah¡ iS;djl m<uq jk rdcisxy rcq úiska m<jd yeß Wvrg isyiqfka ks;H Wreulalrejka jQ lr,a,shoafoa nKavdrf.a nEKkq huisxy nKavdr yd ÈhKsh jQ l=iqudik foaúh fukau iS;djl md,lhdg mlaImd;Sj Wvrg wdl%uKhg iyh ÿka ùriqkaor nKavdrf.a mq;a fldkmamq nKavdro fï jk úg mD;=.SiSka iómfhys jQfhah¡ fuys jdish ish;g .;a mD;=.SiSka È.= l,l isg wfmalaId l< Wvrg md,k wdêm;H msysgqùfï ld¾hhg hqyqiq¨ jQfhah¡

7 ßisuka wurisxy" iS;djl rdcOdksfha Wkak;sfhao wjk;sfhao iuyr wxY ms<sn`o úu¾Ykhla" l¾;D m%ldYk" 1998" 124ms¦ rdcdj,sh" ixia¡ tA' ù' iqrùr" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j" 1997" 238 – 239ms¡

8 j,.u yd jÜgdru ,nd fok nj mjiñka fndre j,l fy<d ùriqkaor nKavdr >d;kh l< nj rdcdj,sh i|yka lrhs¡ rdcdj,sh" 239ms¡ rdciQßh hkqfjka mgne| kslmsáfha nKavdr Wvrg md,lhd njg m;a jQ nj wia.sß ;,am; i|yka lrhs¡ wia.sß ;,am;" ixia¡ uekaÈia frdayK§r" ;rxð ms%kaÜia" uyr.u" 1997" 14ms¡

9 rdcdj,sh" 239ms¡ lr,shoafoa nKavdr jiQßh frda.fhka ñh .sh nj i|yka fõ¡ ñh hk wjia:dj jk úg fodka fcdaka kñka fyf;u fn!;Siauh ,nd lf;da,sl oyu je<| isáfhah¡ tia Ô fmf¾rd msh;=ud" ,xld b;sydih -mD;=.Sis hq.h ^1505 - 1658&" tlai;a m%jD;a;s m;% iud.u" fld<U"1960" 95ms¡

10 rdcdj,sh" 239ms¦ fmf¾rd" 1960" 95ms¡11 fï jk úg fld<U isá O¾umd, rcq iómhg fldkmamq nKavdr m<d .sh nj;a miqj

mD;=.SiSka úiska Tyq f.dajg msg;a l< nj;a tys§ iqúfYaIS hqo olaI;d fmkakqï l< mqoa.,fhl= f,i lghq;= l< nj;a rdcdj,sh i|yka lrhs¡ rdcdj,sh" 239" 241ms¡

113

idrÓ

6 fiakd iïu; úl%undyqf.a rdfcHdaoh ms<sn|j W.;=ka w;r mriamr;d mj;shs¡ fiakd iïu; úl%undyq rcq fldaÜfÜ wdêm;Hfhka iajdëkùug .;a W;aidyhla ms<sn|j w¨;akqjr ,smsfhka wkdjrKh fõ¡ tÉ' iS mS' fn,a" inr.uq m<df;a lE.,a, Èia;s%lalh ms<sn| jd¾;dj" mß¡ fld;auf,a fla î tA tâukaâ" fld<U" mqrdúoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j" 2004" 159ms¦ Epigraphia Zeylanica, ed. S Paranavitana and CE Godakumbura, Archeaological Department of Ceylon, Colombo, Vol.V, p.266.

ls%j 1591§ huisxy nKavdr fyj;a fodka ms,sma Wvrg md,lhd f,i kï l< mD;=.SiSka fldkmamq nKavdr fyj;a Tiaá%hdfõ fodka cqjkao iu`. fiakdjla iys;j

12Tyq Wvrgg tùh¡ frda.hlska huisxy nKavdr ñh hdu fya;=fjka md,kh jirlg 13muK iSud úh¡ huisxy nKavdrf.a urKh;a iu`. md;=.SiSka m<jd yeß fldkmamq

nKavdr Wvrg kj md,lhd f,i ls%hd lrkakg jQfhah¡ l,la mD;=.SiSka hgf;a ye§ jeã Tiaá%hdfõ fodka cqjka kñka fn!;Siauh ,nd isá fldkmamq nKavdr Wvrg md,k wdêm;Hhg m;aùu md;=.SiSkayg kqreiaik iq¨ úh¡ ;udf.a m%Odk i;=frl= jQ ùriqkaor nKavdrf.a mq;a fldkmamq nKavdr Wvrg md,lhd f,i lghq;= lsÍu iS;djl m<uq jk rdcisxy rcqg w;=,a myrla úh¡ tneúka mD;=.SiSka yd iS;djl m<uq jk rdcisxy rcq Wvrg kj md,khg úreoaOj ke.S isáfhah¡ wjia:d foll§

14Wvrg iu`. .egqKq iS;djl rdcisxy rcq bka mrdch w;a lr .;af;a h¡

ls%j 1592§ isÿ jQ m<uq jk rdcisxy rcqf.a urKh;a iu`. iS;djl md,kh 15

mD;=.SiSka ji`.hg m;a úh¡ ish wdêm;H iS;djl rdcOdksfhys ;yjqre lr.;a mD;=.Siska Wvrg wdêm;H flfrys Wkkaÿ jQfhah¡ lr,shoafoa nKavdrf.a ÈhKsh jQ fodak le;ßkd fkdfyd;a l=iqudik foaúh Wvrg md,sldj f,i m;a l< mD;=.SiSka

16fmafrda f,dAmeia o iQid hgf;a fiakdjlao iys;j weh Wvrgg tùh¡ b;d myiqfjka iQid m%uqL mD;=.Sis fiakd uykqjr k.rhg we;=`Mj l=iqudik foaúh Wvrg md,sldj f,i kï l<o WmdhYS,Sj miqnei .sh fldkmamq nKavdr m%uqL Wvrg fiakd ls%'j' 1594 Tlaf;daïn¾ ui yh jk Èk isÿ jQ oka;=f¾ igkska md;=.Siska mrdch fldg Tjqka iu`. meñKs Wvrg md,sldj f,i m;a l< l=iqudk foaúh ish fufyish njg

17m;a lr .;af;ah¡ o<od jykafiao fo,a.uqj rcuyd úydrfhka f.kajd .;a

12 .ïm< foaúhlf.a uqKqnqfrl= jQ fodka *%ekaisia kñka lf;da,sl wd.u je<| f.k isá wfhl= iS;djl rdcisxyf.a oreKq md,khg tfrysj le/,a,la Èh;a fldg iS;djl yuqod m<jd yer huisxy nKavdr fyj;a fodka ms,smayg Wvrg isyiqk Ndr .kakd f,i yiqkam;a heùh¡ fuu wjia:dfõ§ ls%hd;aul jQ mD;=.SiSka Wvrg rdcOdksfhys whs;sh mD;=.d, rcqg ysñ nj ;E.s Tmamqjla uÕska mjrd .ekSfuka wk;=rej fldkakmamq nKavdro iuÕ mD;=.Sis fiakdjla hgf;a huisxy nKavdr fyj;a fodka ms,sma Wvrgg túh¡ jyfldaÜfܧ pdß;%dkql+,j Wvrg md,lhd njg fodka ms,sma m;a l< mD;=.SiSka .kafkdarefõ msysá n,fldgqjl Tyq /|ùh¡ fmf¾rd" 1960" 96ms¡

13 yÈisfha we;s jQ frda.hlska b;d iel lghq;= f,i huisxy nKavdr fyj;a fodka ms,sma ñh .sh nj lshefõ¡ tu" 97ms¡

14 huisxy nKavdr fyj;a fodka ms,sma Wvrg md,lhd njg m;a jQ nj wid iS;djl rdcisxy rcq Wvrg wdl%uKh lf<ah¡ fuu wjia:dfõ§ huisxy nKavdr fjkqfjka bÈßm;a jQ fldkmamq nKavdr fyj;a Tiaá%hdfõ fodka cqjka .fka;ekafka§ iS;djl yuqod mrdch lf<ah¡ tu" 96ms¡ huisxy nKavdrf.a urKh;a iuÕ Wvrg md,kh ,nd .;a fldkmamq nKavdrg tfrysj iS;djl rdcisxy rcq wdl%uKhla fufyh jQ w;r th n,fka§ mrdch lsÍug fldkmamq nKavdr iu;a úh¡ rdcdj,sh" 232ms¡

15 úI WK lgqjla m;=f<ys weKSu rcqf.a urKhg fya;= jQ nj i|yka fõ¡ iS;djl rdcisxy rcqf.a urKfhka miq Wreulaldrfhl= fkdisá neúka udkakïfmreu fudfydÜgd, moúh oerE wßÜG lS fjKavq fmreud,a kue;a;d iS;djl md,lhd f,i m;a jqjo Tyq mD;=.Sis wdêm;H ms<s.;a neúka ls%j 1593§ muK iS;djl rdcOdksh uq¿uKskau mD;=.Sis wdêm;Hhg hg;a úh¡ tu" 232ms" wurisxy" 1997 143-44" 175 ms¡

16 fmf¾rd" 1960" 98ms" álsß nKavd fyar;a wnhisxy" mrx.s fldaÜfÜ" f,alayjqia bkafjiaÜukaÜia "fld<U" 1966" 6ms¡

114

idrÓ

17 wnhisxy" 1966" 7ms¡

fldkmamq nKavdr kS;Hdkql+, md,lhd f,i úu,O¾uiQßh kñka Wvrg n,hg 18m;a jQfhah¡ m<uq jk úu,O¾uiQßh rdcH iuh mqrd Wvrg yd mD;=.SiSka w;r

19fkdksñ n, wr.,hla Èh;a úh¡ fuys m%;sM,h jQfha Wvrg whs;sjdislï lshQ we;eï 20 m%foaY ms<sn| .eg¨ ;jÿrg;a ksrdlrKh fkdù mej;Suhs¡ úfYaIfhka i;r

fldr<h" ;=ka fldar<h" i;a fldar<h yd inr.uqfõ we;eï m%foaY ms<sn| fuys§ 21fNao Nskak;d mek ke.sKs¡ tfy;a fojk rdcisxy rcq wkq.ukh l< mD;=.Sis

úfrdaë igka jHdmdr yuqfõ Wvrg rdcOdksh úiska Wreuh lshd mE m%foaY 22

.Kkdjla Tjqkag ysñ jQfhah¡ i;r fldar<" ;=ka fldar<h" i;a fldar<" mq;a;,u yd inr.uqj hk Èidjka ms<sn| mej;s w¾nqoldÍ jd;djrKh fjkqjg tAjdfha iïmQ¾K md,k whs;sh Wvrgg ysñ jQfhah¡ ;U,.uqj" ^;s%l=Kdu,h&" uvl,mqj mdku" .srejd m;a;=j" ud.ïm;a;=j yd ud;r jeks Èidjkays whs;sh kdu ud;s%lj

23 23mej;sho tu Èidjka fndfyda úg mD;=.SiSka fyda ,kafoaiSka i;=j mej;sfhah¡

Wvrg rdcOdksfhys mßmd,k jHqyh b;d ixlS¾K jQjls¡ uyrcq md,kfhys m%Odkshd f,i fmkS isáho uy wÈldrï yd fojk wÈldrï hk m%Odk ;k;=re hgf;a fukau Èidfõ iy rfÜ uy;ajreka hgf;a m%dfoaYsh mßmd,kh fn§ .sfhah¡ my< .ïmfya ks,fï kñka ye|ska jQ uy wÈldrïjrhd yg i;a fldar<h" W!j" fj,a,iai" ud;f,a" j,mfka" kqjrl,dúh" ;ukalvqj" ìka;ekak hk Èidjkao ydßiam;a;=j" ÿïnr" fyajdyeg hk rgj,ao Ndr jQ w;r fuu m%foaYhkays isÿ jk ´kEu j¾.hl nrm;, kS;s W,a,x.Kh lsÍula i|yd urKSh oKavkh yer

24wfkl=;a ovqjï kshu lsßfï yelshdj uy wÈldrï i;= úh¡ fojk wÈldrï ;k;=r i|yd i;r fldar<h" ;=ka fldar<h" inr.uqj" Wvm<d; hk Èidjka yd Wvqkqjr" hákqjr" ;=ïmfka" fld;auf,a" Wvnq,;a.u" md;nq,;a.u hk rgj,ao Ndr jQfhah¡ uydÈldrïg fukau ish wdêm;Hh hgf;a mej;s m%foaYhkays wêlrK lghq;=

25ls%hd;aul lsßfï n,;, fojk wêldrïgo ysñ jQfhah¡ m<uq wÈldrï yd fojk wÈldrï hk ;k;=rej,g wu;rj f;jk wÈldrï ;k;=rlao YS% úl%u rdcisxy rcq

26 úiska ish m;a;=fõ wÈldrï kñka ilia lf<ah¡ fudjqka ish¨ fokd by< mßmd,k whs;sjdislï yd wêlrK n,;, nqla;s úkafodah¡ uy wÈldrï fojk wÈldrï yd

21 tu" 25ms¡ 22 tia w¾ir;akï" ,xldfõ ,kafoais n,h" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j" fld<U" 1969" 54-

74ms¡23 .kaor mS ã weia ùriQßh" f,aLk mqrdKh" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U" 2006" 261ms"

lsßwe,af,a [dKúu, ysñ" imr.uqfõ merKs ,shú,s" udkj ys;jd§ f,aLl m¾Ioh" kqf.af.dv" 2001" 44" 190ms¡

18 tu" 9ms¡19 i;r fldar<h yd i;a fldar<h jeks m%foaY fj; jßka jr lvd jeÿKq mD;=.Sis fiakd ìï

md¿lsÍfï m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh lf<ah¡ fï fya;=fjka w;eï m%foaY ckY+kH ;;a;ajhg mjd m;a jQ nj i|yka fõ¡ tu" 25ms¡ mD;=.Sis jHikfhka ;uka yd ;u .ïìï wdrlaId lr fok fuka b,a,d i;r fldar< yd i;a fldar< jeishka úu,O¾uiQßh rcqg wNshdpkhla bÈßm;a l< nj lshefõ¡ fla ví .=Kj¾Ok" ,xldfõ ,kafoais n,h msysgqùu" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j" fld<U"1974" 6ms¡ ls%j 1602 - 1603 n,k igk mD;=.SiSka yd m<uq jk úu,O¾uiQßh rcq w;r we;s jQ n, wr.,fhys tla wjia:djls¡

20 wnhisxy" 1966" 16-26ms¡

24 f,dakd YS%u;S foajrdcd" Wvrg rdcOdksh" rcfha uqøK kS;s.; ixia:dj" mdÿlal" 1997" 311ms¡25 fcdaka fâú" fâú ÿgq ,xldj" mß¡ we,af,afmd< tÉ tï fidaur;ak" úisÿkq m%ldYlfhda"

fndr,eia.uqj" 2002" 140ms" /,a*a mSßia" isxy, iudc ixúOdkh" úisÿkq m%ldYlfhda" fndr,eia.uqj" 2001" 20ms¡

115

idrÓ

26 tu" 19ms¡

miqj ìys jQ f;jk wÈldrï hk ;k;=rej,g wu;rj tla tla Èid Ndr Èidfõjrfhl=o jQfhah¡

Wvrg rdcOdkshg wh;a m%Odk Èidjks fodf<dils¡ tkï mq;a;,u we;=¿ i;a fldar<h" i;r fldar<h" ;=ka fldar<h" inr.uqj" W!j" fj,a,iai" ìka;ekak" ;ukalvqj" kqjrl,dúh" ud;f,a" Wvm<d; yd j,mfka hkqfjks¡ ñka Èid y;rla

27uyÈid fõ¡ i;a fldar<h" i;r fldar<h" ud;f,a yd W!j hkq tu uy Èidhs¡ Èidj md,kh lrkq ,enQfha Èidfõjrfhl= úisks¡ wÈldrïjrekag fuka iqúYd, n,hla fkd;snqKo Èidfõjreka ish md,k n, m%foaYj, m%dka; md,lfhl= fia lghq;= lf<ah¡ iSÜgq kue;s wêlrK ;Skaÿ iïnkaO f,aLk ksl=;a lsßfï yelshdj

28 wÈldrïjrekag fukau Èidfõjrekago ysñ úh¡ rg kue;s l=vd md,k tAllh Ndr

29 ks,Odßhd jQfha rfÜ uy;auhdh¡ Èidfõjreka ;rï n,hla rfÜ uy;ajrekayg fkdùh¡ Wvrg rdcOdkshg wh;a rgj,a kjhla ms<sn| i|ykah¡ Wvqkqjr" hákqjr" ÿïnr" ydßiam;a;=j" fyajdyeg" ;=ïmfka" fld;auf,a" Wvnq,;a.u yd md;nq,;a.u

30 hkq tu rgj,ah¡ wÈldrïjreka" Èidfõjreka yd rfÜ uy;ajreka hk mßmd,kh yd iïnkaOj isá ks,OdÍka iEu úgu l=,j;a mdrïmßl ro< mjq,aj,skau f;dard .kq ,eîh¡ fudjqka fndfyda úg {d;s iïnkaO;dj,ska tlsfkl mjq,a yd ne|S isáfhah¡

mßmd,kh yd iïnkaO jQ mdrïmßl ro< mjq,a úYd, ixLHdjla ms<sn| f;dr;=re foaYSh yd úfoaYSh uQ,dY%h rdYshlska wkdjrKh fõ¡ we;eï mrdïmßl ro< mjq,a Wvrg rdcOdksfhys foamd,ksl wdêm;H flfryso m%n, n,mEula t,a, lf<ah¡ úfYaIfhka YS% úl%u rdcisxy rdcH iuh jk úg n,j;au ro< mjq,a jQ

31weyef<afmd< yd ms<su;,dj fï w;=ßka lemS fmfka¡ foaYmd,k wdêm;H ÿ¾j, jQ wjia:djkays Wvrg ro<jrekaf.a ld¾hNdrh mßmd,khg muKla iSud fkdùh¡ rdcH n,h Wÿrd .ekSu i|yd jk we;eï l=uka;%K fufyh jQ wjia:d lsysmhla ms<sn|j fuys§ i|yka l< yelsh¡ fojk rdcisxy rcqf.a md,k iufhys

32l=uka;%Khla Èh;a l< wUkafj, rd< fujeks ro<jrfhls¡ tfy;a Tyq ljr ;k;=rla oerEfjl=o hkak ms<sn|j yuq jk f;dr;=re b;d w,amh¡ m%dfoaYSh mßmd,kh yd iïnkaO jQ ks,OdÍ me,eka;shg wu;rj rc jdif,ys ;k;=re orñka isá ro<jrekao mdrïmßl ro< mjq,aj, idudðlhkau jQfhah¡ uy .nvd ks<fï" i¿jvk ks,fï" n;ajvk ks,fï" wdhqO uKavfma ks,fï wd§h rc jdi, jeo.;a

28 /,a*a mSßia" tu 154ms¡29 tu" 24ms¡30 tu¡31 weyef<afmd< mrmqr È.= l,l isg Wvrg rdclShhka hgf;a ;k;=re ,nñka jecUqKq msßila

f,i weyef<afmd< ikakiska wkdjrKh fõ¡ foajrdcd" 1997" 359-361ms¡ ms<su;,dj lkakidñ kï jQ kdhlal¾ l=ure YS% úl%u rdcisxy kñka isyiqka .; lrkqfha uykqjr rdcOdksh ms<sn| Tyq i;=j mej;s wdêm;Hh fln÷o hkak mila lrñks¡

32 frdnÜ fkdlaia" tod fy<osj" mrs' fâúâ lreKdr;ak" i¾" w¾ir;akï" ,xldfõ ,xfoais n,h" foajrdc" tu" 1997" ms'89

27 tu" 23 ms" tÉ' tA' mS' wNhj¾Ok" f,alïñá úu¾Ykh" cd;sl f,aLkdrlaIl fomd¾;fïka;=j" fld<U" 2009" 101ms¡

116

idrÓ

;k;=rej,ska lsysmhls¡ fojk rdcisxyf.a mq;a fojk úu,O¾uiQßh rcqf.a md,k 33iufhys mej;s iduldó jgmsgdj Wvrg ro< n,h by< hdug n,mEfõh¡

fojk úu,O¾uiQßh rcqf.a urKh;a iu`. Wvrg kj md,lhd njg m;a jQ YS% ùr mrdl%u kf¾kaøisxy l=ure rdcH md,kh flfrys ie,ls,a,la oela jQ

34md,lfhl=g jvd fl<sfof<ka Ôú;h .; lsßug mqreÿ jQfjls¡ újdy in|;d uÕska uykqjr k.rfhys j¾Okh fjñka mej;s kdhlal¾ n,h kf¾kaøisxy md,k iufha§ jv jvd;a ;Sj%r úh¡ msh rcqq fuka ol=Kq bkaÈhdkq kdhlal¾ fm<m;g wh;a l=udßldjl újdy ù isá kf¾kaøisxy rcq ish ìijf.a {d;Skayg rc jdif,ys úúO jrm%ido ,nd§ug lghq;= lf<ah¡ rc jdi, kdhlal¾ n,h j¾Okh j;au ish mdrïmßl ;k;=reo wk;=frys nj mila lr .;a Wvrg ro<jreka rcqf.a rdfcHdaofhka fojirlg miq rcq >d;kh lsßfï l=uka;%Khla Èh;a lf<ah¡ fuu >d;k l=uka;%Kh i|yd ls%hdldÍj odhl;ajh ,nd ÿka mqoa.,hska lsysm fofkl=

35ms<sn| i|yka jk w;r hdf,af.dv Èidj tA w;=frka wfhls¡

hdf,af.dv mrmqfrys wdrïNh ms<sn| È.= úia;rhla bÈßm;a lsÍug fkdyelsh¡ tfy;a hdf,af.dv mrmqr lkao Wvrg rdcOdksfhys merKs m%n, ro< mrmqrlg wh;a njg idOl ;sfí¡ isÿrejdkd rg lvhsï fmdf;ao hdf,af.dv uy

36nKavdr flfkl= .ek i|yka fõ' fikr;a rcqf.a md,k iufhys hdf,af.dv mrmqrg wh;a jQfjl= uy wÈldrï ;k;=r fyj;a m,af,a .ïmfya wÈldrï ;k;=r

37oerE nj wkdjrKh fõ¡ YS% rdcisxy j¾Kkdj kï ldjH .%ka:fhys fikr;a rdcH iufhys rkafoKsfj, igk i|yd iyNd.S jQ hdf,af.dv wmamqydñ kï

38;eke;af;l= ms<sn|j lshefõ¡ Tyq fojk rdcisxy rdcH iufha§ .kafkdarej igk 39i|ydo ;u odhl;ajh ,nd§ we;s nj fmfka¡ fikr;a rdcH iufhys uy wÈldrï

;k;=r fydnjñka lghq;= l< hdf,af.dvo fudyqu úh yelsh¡ fojk úu,O¾uiQßh rdcH iufhys rCLx. foaYhg fn!oaO NslaIQka jevuùu i|yd

40iyNd.S jQjka w;r hdf,af.dv mrmqrg wh;a wfhl= ms<sn|j i|yka fõ¡ tfiau ls%¡ l%s'j' 1693 isg hdf,af.dv mrmqrg wh;a wfhl= uy wÈldrï ;k;=r ord we;s njo fmfkk kuq;a Tyq fldmuK l,la tu ;k;=frys lghq;= lf<ao@ hkak ms<sn|

41f;dr;=re wkdjrKh fkdfõ¡ wju jYfhka fikr;a rdcH iufha isgj;a m%n,

34 tu" 90-91ms¡ 35 mS weï mS wNhisxy" Wvrg ú;a;s" iuka uqøKd,h" uyr.u"1957" 27ms¡

36 A.C. Lawrie, A gazatteer of the Central province of Ceylon, Government Printer, Colombo,

37 f;ßmeye fidaudkkao ysñ" zzwdç ud,h"ZZ isxy, ud,d lú ix.%yh" YS% ,xld hqfkiaflda cd;sl uKav,h" fld<U" 1986" 93moH" 453ms¡ tys oelafjk lúh fufiah¡ iSf,a isáh fikr;a ksß÷yg .re - ndf,a isgu l< w.ue;sj ;k;=re - .df,af.dv uyue;s i÷f. uqkqnqre - wdf,a fjñka fï lúflf<h úis;=re fuys hdf,af.dv hkak .df,af.dv f,i i`oykaj ;sfí¡ fuh y¾nâ olajk .df,af.dv hkak iuÕo ieif|a¡

38 Y%S rdcisxy j¾Kkdj" ixia¡ pkaøisß Ô ,shkf.a" iuhj¾Ok fmd;ay," fld<U" 2006" 143 moH¡39 tu" 263 moH¡40 P.E.E Franando, “Rakkhanga Sannasa Curnikava and the date of the arrival of the Arakanese

117

idrÓ

41 foajrdcd" 1997" ms' 92

33 foajrdc" 1997"89 ms'

ro< mrmqrla f,i Wvrg rdcOdksfhys n,j;a jQ hdf,af.dv mrmqr fojk úu,O¾uiQßh rdcH iuh jk úg ish n,fhys Wmßu wjia:djg m;aj isá nj

42 fmfka¡ y¾nâ jekakka olajkqfha Tyq rdcHfha isá fcHIaG;uhd njhs¡ ls%'j' 1693§ uy wÈldrï ;k;=r orñka isá hdf,af.dv mrmqfrysu wfhl= ls%j 1700§ muK isg

43 ud;f,a Èidj f,i lghq;= lrk nj fmfka¡ tfy;a f,dakd foajrdc fmkajd 44 fokafka Tyq ls%j 1703 isg fuu moúh fydnjd we;s njhs¡ idlÉPdjg n÷ka

lrkakd jQ iSÜgqj uÕska weh úiska kshu lr we;s Èk ;j ÿrg;a bÈßhg .uka lrk nj fmfkhs¡ fojk úu,O¾uiQßh rdcH iufhys uy wÈldrï ks,fhys iy ud;f,a Èid ks,fhys lghq;= l< hdf,af.dv tla wfhl=u úh yelsh¡ fudyq y÷kajd we;af;a hdf,af.dv fyar;a uqÈhkafia f,ih¡

Wvrg md,kfhys mej;s tla ,laIKhla jkafka rcqf.a wjYH;dj mßÈ ;k;=re fjkia lsÍfï l%ufõohhs¡ ro< n,h wksis f,i j¾Okhùu fyda ;k;=re i|yd jk oel=ï by< oud .ekSu fyda ;k;=re fjkia lsÍu i|yd n,mEfõh¡ ;k;=re ,nd .;a ks,OdÍka jd¾Islj rcq fj; oel=ï bÈßm;a fldg ;k;=re È.=j

45,nd .ekSu mQ¾j pdß;%hhs¡ uy wÈldrï ;k;=frys l,la lghq;= l< hdf,af.dv fyar;a uqÈhkafia tlaúgu ud;f,a Èidfõ ;k;=rg m;a lrk ,oafoa fya;= idOl lsysmhla mokï lr .ksñka njg Wml,amkh l< yelsh¡ y¾nâ olajkq ,nk wdldrhg ful, Wvrg rdcOdksfhys isá fcHIaG;uhd hdf,af.dv fyar;a uqÈhkafia kï Tyq N=la;s ú|s n,h iSudj blaujd hñka ;snQ ld,hla jQjdg fkdwkqudkh¡ fï fya;=fjka fojk úu,O¾uiQßh rcq Tyq oerE uy wÈldrï ;k;=r fjkia fldg ud;f,a Èidfõ ;k;=rg m;a lrkakg we;¡ fuu ;;a;ajh fojk úu,O¾uiQßh rcqf.ka miq n,hg m;a jQ Tyqf.a mq;a YS% ùr mrdl%u kf¾kaøisxy rdcH iufha§ jvd;a nrm;, jQfhah¡ kf¾kaøisxy rcq jgd tl;= jQ wdêm;H i|yd fmdrne|s ;j;a ro< msßila hdf,af.dv jeks m%n,hska wNsnjd

46bÈßhg meñKSu ;;a;ajh ne?reï lsÍug uq,a jQfhah¡ tjeks wjia:djl ish wdêm;H yd n,h /l .ekSu i|yd rdcH l=uka;%K Èh;a lsÍu isÿ jkakls¡ .s,syS .sh

47n,h kej; /l .ekSfï ld¾hfhys ksr; wjia:d lsysmhla isÿj we;¡ tA i|yd Ndú; tla Wml%uhlaj we;af;a .s,syS hk n,h /l .ekSug oekg md,kfhys ksr; rcq m<jd yer kj md,lfhl= ;ukaf.a wNsu;d¾: bgq lr .; yels mßÈ m;a lr

48.ekSuhs¡

42 S Arsaratnam, “William Hubbard, fellow prisoner of Knox in Kandy 1660 - 1703,” University Ceylon Review,ed. C W Amerasinghe and others, 1961, Vol.XIX, p.37. fuys .f,af.dv hkqfjka jrojd oela jqjo th rplhd fojrla ku Ndú; lsÍfï§ isÿ jQ jrola nj f,dakd foajrdc i|yka lrkakSh¡ foajrdcd" 88ms wka; igyk 11" 103 ms n,kak¡

43 idlÉPdjg n÷ka jk iSÜgqfjys ld, jljdkq n,kak¡ 44 foajrdcd" 1997" 92 ms'45 /,a*a mSßia" 2001" 19 ms'46 wNhisxy" 1957" 29ms''47 Wvrg md,lhskag tfrysj ro<jre Èh;a l< le/,s iy l=uka;%K lsysmhla ms<sn|j

wikakg ,efí¡ fojk rdcisxy rdcH iufha wUkafj, rd< úiska Èh;a l< l=uka;%Kh bka tlls¡ YS% ùr mrdl%u kf¾kaøisxy rdcH iufhys hdf,af.dv Èidjf.a uQ,sl;ajfhka we;s jQ l=uka;%Kh ;j;a isoaêhls¡ lS¾;s YS% rdcisxy rdcH iufhys rcq >d;kh fldg ishï l=ufrl= isyiqkg m;a lsÍu i|yd iuklafldä uy wÈldrï we;=¿ ro<jreka Èh;a l< l=uka;%Kho fujekakls¡ YS% úl%u rdcisxy rcq ie;fmk f.hs§ >d;kh lsÍug ms<su;,dfõ uy wÈldrï l< l=uka;%Kho tjekakls¡ fkdlaia" 187-192ms" wNhisxy" 27-29ms" foajrdc" 142-152ms" flaãÔ úu,r;ak" ,xldfõ ì%;dkH wdêm;Hh" r;ak fmd;a m%ldYlfhda" fld<U" 1992" 20ms¡

118

idrÓ

48 tu¡

mÜáh nKavdr kue;s fojk úu,O¾uiQßh rcqf.a hlvfoda,shg wh;a ìijlf.a mq;%fhl= Wvrg md,lhd f,i m;a lr .ekSfï l=uka;%Kh fujekaklg

49lÈu ksoiqkls¡ YS% ùr mrdl%u kf¾kaøisxy rcq rdcH md,kh ms<sn| ie,ls,a,la fkdoela jQ iqrdmdkS ia;S% f,da,S;ajh flfrys keUqre jQ wfhl= f,i i|yka fõ¡ rcq i;= ÿ¾j,;do m%fhdackhg .;a l=uka;%Klrejka uy u¿fõ§ mj;ajk we;a

50fmdrhl§ rcq >d;khg ie,iqï lrk ,oafoah¡ >d;k ;e;ska rcq m<d .sh w;r >d;k l=uka;%Kfhys m%Odkshd f,i lghq;= l< hdf,af.dv Èidj we;=`M wfkl=;a

51 msßi rdc kS;sh m%ldrj jO nkaOkhkag m;a fldg urd ouk ,oS¡ YS% ùr mrdl%u kf¾kaøisxy rcq n,hg m;a ù oE jirla blau .sh ;ek we;s jQ fuu rdcHfødayS ls%hdj i|yd uq,a jQ m%Odk;u ;eke;a;d f,i i|yka jkqfha hdf,af.dv kï jQ ud;f,a Èidjhs¡ l%s¡ j¡ 1709§ isÿ jQ fuu l=uka;%Kh i|yd iïnkaO jQ ro<jreka

52úYd, msßila ms<sn|j i|yka fõ¡ ud;f,a uy Èidj f,i lghq;= l< fyf;u

53l,la uy wÈldrï ;k;=fryso lghq;= lf<ah¡ fojk úu,O¾uiQßh rdcH iufhys iqúYd, n,hla N=la;s ú|s fudyq rCLx. foaYfhka NslaIQka jevuùu ms<sn| i|yka

54rCLx. ikakia pQ¾Ksldfõo olajk hdf,af.dv úh hq;=h¡ ld,h ms<sn|j ie,ls,a,g .ekSfï§o fuh isÿ úh yelalls¡ l%ufhka ish ;k;=re yd n,h wysñ jk úg hdf,af.dv fiau tu ;;a;ajh N=la;s ú|s ;j;a ro< msßila rcqg tfrysj ixúOdkh jQfhah¡ i;r fldarf<a uy Èidj jQ tAo~qjdj" W!fõ uy Èidj jQ lsßjjqf,a rd< yd i;a fldarf<a uy Èidj jQ fnda.uqfõ hdf,af.dv iuÕ le/,a, fufyhùu

55i|yd iïnkaO jQ wfkl=;a ro<jrekah¡ óg wu;rj ;j;a ro<jreka úYd, 56ixLHdjla ms<sn|j le/,a, ms<sn| olajk merKs ,sheú,a,l we;=<;ah¡

fuu l=uka;%Kfhys kdhl;ajh .;a hdf,af.dv uy Èidj l,la uy wÈldrï ;k;=r orñka isg wju jYfhka ls%j 1700 muK§ isgj;a ud;f,a uy Èid moúh fydnjkq ,eîh¡ idlÉPdjg n`ÿka jk iSÜgqfjys hdf,af.dv fyar;a uqÈhkafia hkqfjka olajk ;eke;a;d fudyq úh hq;=h¡ iSÜgqj f.kyer olajk j¾I l%uh uykqjr wjêhg wh;a merKs f,aLkhkays fndfyda ÿrg oelsh yels Yl rdc j¾Ihs¡ tfy;a fuys we;s úfYaI;ajh jkafka zz¡¡¡Yl jI_ iish úis folCjq¡¡¡ZZ hkqfjka j¾I yhish úis folla hkqfjka olajd ;sîuhs¡ il jiska yhish úis fojekak iudk jkqfha ls;= jiska y;aish jekakgh¡ tfy;a tjeks j¾I l%uhla wkq.ukh l<fyd;a fuu iSÜgqj wkqrdOmqr wjêh olajd Èjhhs¡ NdId Ndú;h fukau iSÜgqfjys oelafjk ix{d kdu wkqj;a fuh uykqjr wjêhg wh;a nj meyeÈ,sj fmfkhs¡ jHjydr myiqj i|yd tlaoyia iish úis folCjq hkak Ndú; fkdfldg zz¡¡¡Yl jI_ iish úis folCjq¡¡¡ZZ hkqfjka oelaùu fï i|yd fya;= ù we;¡ th isÿ jQ m%udo fodaIhlg;a jvd we;eï iSÜgqj,g§ wkq.ukh lr we;s iïm%odhla f,i

57fmfkhs¡49 wNhisxy" tu 1957 27-29ms" fâú" 2002" 275ms" foajrdcd" 91-97ms¡50 tu¡51 foajrdcd" 1997" 94ms¡ 52 wNhisxy" 1957" 27ms¡53 foajrdcd" 1997" 92ms¡ 54 S Arsaratnam, “William Hubbard, fellow prisoner of Knox in Kandy 1660 - 1703,”

University Ceylon Review, ed. C W Amerasinghe and others, 1961, Vol.XIX, p.43.55 wNhisxy" 1957 27ms" foajrdcd" 1997" 92-93ms¡ 56 tu¡

119

idrÓ

57 fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,fha iSÜgq wxl 279260" 279342" 279345" 279349" 279358 n,kak¡

iSÜgq hkq flá f,aLk úfYaIhla jk neúka yd ,sùug Ndú; lr we;s ;,am;ao b;d l=vd jQjls¡ tneúka fujeks m%fhda. wkq.ukh lsÍu mqiafld< ,sùfï§ mjd fhdod .kakd l%uhls¡ fuho tjeks m%fhda.hl tla wjia:djla f,i y÷kd.; yelsh¡ iSÜgqfjys i|yka zz¡¡¡Yl jI_ iish úis folCjq¡¡¡ZZ hkakg zztlaoyia iish úis folCjqZZ hkak fh¥ úg ksjerÈ j¾Ih ,efí¡ th ls;= jiska tlaoyia y;aishhg iudk fõ¡ f,dakd foajrdc úia;r lrk mßÈ ls%¡ j¡ 1703§ ud;f,a uy Èid ;k;=rg

58m;a hdf,af.dv Èidj tu ;k;=r ord we;af;a Bg ;j;a wjqreÿ ;=klg fmr isg nj fuu iSÜgqj uÕska wkdjrKh fõ¡ uy wÈldrï ;k;=r wysñùu;a iu`. fyf;u ud;f,a uy Èidj f,i m;a jkakg we;¡ tA wkqj ls%¡ j¡ 1693§ fojk úu,O¾uiQßh rcqf.a uy wÈldrï ;k;=r fydnjñka miqj tu rdcH iufha§u ud;f,a uy Èidfõ ;k;=r fydnjñka lghq;= l< hdf,af.dv fyar;a uqÈhkafia YS% ùr mrdl%u kf¾kaøisxy rdcH iufha§o ud;f,a uy Èidj ;k;=r orñka lghq;= l< nj fmfka¡ idlÉPdjg n÷ka jk hdf,af.dv iSÜgqj Wvrg md,lhska fofofkl= hgf;a uy wÈldrï yd uy Èidfõ ;k;=re orñka l,la m%n, ro<jrfhl= f,i jecUqKq ls%'j' 1709§ kf¾kaøisxy rcq >d;kh i|yd l=uka;%Kh fldg Ôú;laIhg m;a jQ hdf,af.dv fyar;a uqÈhkafiaf.au nj meyeÈ,sh¡

Wvrg ro<jrekaf.a wêlrK n,;, tlsfklg fjkia iajrEmhla Wiq,kq ,nhs¡ rcq by<u wêlrK n,;, oerEjo uy wÈldrïf.a isg my;a ks,;, oerE

59ks,OdÍka olajd úúO whqßka fuu n,;, úisÍ mej;sfhah¡ urKSh oKavkh 60mekùu rcqg muKla wh;a ovqjula úh¡ tfy;a wfkl=;a ovqjï ,nd§fï whs;sh

wvq jeä jYfhka ks,n, l%uh wkqj fjkia úh¡ .ï iNd kñka y÷kajkq ,enQ wêlrK uKav,hla uÕska .%dóh uÜgfï kvq úNd. isÿ flßKs¡ fndfyda úg .ï iNdfjys ld¾hNdrh jQfha mej;s .egqï iu;hlg m;a lsÍuhs¡ fomd¾Yaj w;r we;s jk w~onr" bvlvï yd foam< ms<sn| we;s jk .egqï wdÈh fukau iq`M fidrlï" Kh iy Wlia wdÈh ms<sn|jo fuys§ úNd.hg .eksKs¡ .ï iNdj ;,;=kd jhfiys miq jQ mqoa.,hskaf.ka iukaú; úh¡ wïn,ula fyda .ï ;=,dfkys msysá .ila hg§

61 iNdj /ia úh¡ rg iNd kñka y÷kajkq ,enQ ;j;a wêlrKhla mej;s nj i|yka

62jqjo tys ls%hdldÍ;ajh ms<sn| ,efnk idOl w,amh¡ uy kvqj kï jQ by<

63wêlrKh rcqf.a yd uy wÈldrïjreka we;=¿ ks,OdÍ uKav,hlska ls%hd;aul úh¡ .ï iNd uÕska fyda wfkl=;a ks,OdÍka úiska úi|kq ,nk kvq úNd. kej; úNd. lsÍfï n,ho uy kvqj fj; mejÍ ;sìKs¡ tmuKla fkdj ´kEu wjia:djl§ uy kvqj fj; meñKs,s bÈßm;a lsÍfï yelshdj ck;djg ysñ úh¡ fuys§ meñKs,s yd ú;a;s md¾Yajhkays jdÑl bÈßm;a lsÍï fj; rcq wyqïlka § ;Skaÿj ,nd§u isÿ flf¾¡ ;j;a wjia:djl§ uy wêldrï we;=¿ ks,OdÍ uKav,hla úiska úNd. fldg

58 foajrdcd" 1997 92ms¡

59 mSßia" 2001 153ms" foajrdc" 1997" 311ms¡60 tu" 145-148ms¡ nrm;, .Khg jefgk wmrdO .Kkdjla we;¡ tA i|yd jk ;Skaÿ .ekSfï

yelshdj mQ¾j pdß;%hkag wkqj ,nd§fï yelshdj rcq i;= úh¡ ue|Whkaf.dv úu,ls¾;s ysñ" isxy, wdKavqj" wkq, uqøKd,h" fld<U" 1955" 94ms¡

61 mSßia" 2001" 150ms¡ 62 tu" 151ms¡ kqjrl,dúh we;=¿ jeõ .ïudkhkays rg iNdj ckms%hj ;snQ nj f,dakd foajrdc

i|yka lrhs¡ foajrdc 1997" 317ms¡ 63 tu" 158 yd tu 1955" 312ms¡

120

idrÓ

tys f;dr;=re rcqg oekqï§fuka wk;=rej tAjd ie,ls,a,g .ksñka ;Skaÿj m%ldYhg 64m;a flßKs¡

uy wÈldrï fojk wÈldrï we;=¿ Èidfõjreka yg ish n, m%foaYhkaj,§ lemS fmfkk wêlrK n,hla ysñ úh¡ ;u ks,hg my< ia:rj, isá ckhdyg jrfoa iajNdjh wkqj ov kshu lsÍu yd wdx.sl ovqjï meñKùu Èidfõjrfhl= yg

65l< yels úh¡ meñKs,s yd ú;a;s md¾Yaj úuid n,d ;Skaÿ ,nd§fï ld¾hh isÿ jQ w;r

66 tA i|yd jk iSÜgq kue;s f,aLk ksl=;a lsÍfï whs;sho Tjqka N=la;s úkafoah¡ tjeks iSÜgq miqld,Skj mek keÕS we;eï .eg¨ i|yd whs;sh ;yjqre lrkq ,nk idlaIs

67 f,i bÈßm;a lsÍfï yelshdjo mej;sKs¡ idlÉPdjg n÷ka lrkq ,nk iSÜgqjo tjl ud;f,a Èidj f,i lghq;= l< hdf,af.dv fyar;a uqÈhkafia úiska ksl=;a lrk ,oaols¡ iSÜgqj ksl=;a lsÍu úIfhys fya;= ù we;af;a uhsmd, wmamq yd f;;a;= khsfoa kue;s mqoa.,hska fofokd .ï ú;a;shla bÈßm;a lsßu nj fmfka¡ ú;a;s hkq

68osjqreï fm;aiulg iudk nj ue|Whkaf.dv úu,lSs¾;s ysñfhda mji;s¡ .ï ú;a;s hkq bvï ms<sn| bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk fm;aiula yd iudk meñKs,a,la nj fmfka¡ uhsmd, wmamq yd f;;a;= khsfoa kue;s wh ish meñKs,a, bÈßm;a lrkqfha wUfldfÜ kï jQ l=Uqrla ms<sn|jh¡ meñKs,a, i,ld ne,Sfuka wk;=rej hdf,af.dv Èidj ;SrKh lrkq ,nkafka wUfldfÜ ìcq me<l jmißh f;;a;= khsfoag wh;a njhs¡ th ;yjqre lrñka fyf;u iSÜgq m;%hlao Tyqg ,nd ÿkafkah¡ hdf,af.dv Èidj fuu ;Skaÿ ,nd fok nj fmfkkqfha ú;a;s jiï wid kvq úNd.hlska wk;=rejh¡ ú;a;s jiï hkq idlaIs úNd.hhs¡

my;rg uqyqÿnv l,dmh hqfrdamSh wdêm;Hhg l%ufhka f.dÿre jk ld, jljdkqjl foaYSh ckhdf.a wjYH;d yd pdß;% jdß;% wdrlaId lrkq ,enQ rdcOdksh njg m;a jQfha Wvrghs¡ fiakd iïu; úl%undyq md,k iufha isg iajdëk md,k tAllhla f,i fldaÜfÜ wdêm;Hfhka ksoyiaùug W;aidy .kq ,enQjo m<uq jk úu,O¾uiQßh rdcH iufha Wodj olajd Wvrg rdcOdkshg úúO ÿla .eyegj,g uqyqK§ug isÿ úh¡ isyiqk ms<sn| mej;s Wreuh kS;Hdkql+, fkdùu yd md;=.SiSka úiska Èh;a l< l+fgdamdhkaf.ka fukau wdl%uKj,skao m<uq jk úu,O¾uiQßh rcq mSvd úkafoah¡ fikr;a rdcH iuho tjeks mSvdldÍ ;;a;ajhkaf.ka wvq fkdùh¡ my;rg uqyqÿnv l,dmfhys wdêm;H Èkd .;a hqfrdamSh n,fõ. Wvrg flfrys oela jQ wdl,am fukau md,kh i|yd iïnkaO jQ rdcH ks,OdÍkaf.ka t,a, jQ l=uka;%K wd§ wNsfhda.o Wvrg md,lhdg uy;a jHik w;alr ÿkafkah¡ Wvrg j¾Okh jQ ro< n,h we;eï úg md,lhdf.a Ôú;h mjd ;¾ckhg ,la lf<ah¡ tfy;a n,h ms<sn|j mej;s úð.sYdj fya;=fjka Wvrg ro<jreka w;fryso fmdÿ

64 tu¡65 foajrdcd" 314ms¡ 66 tu¡

68 úu,lS¾;s ysñ" 296ms¡ 67 fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,fha iSÜgq tl;=fjys j¾.SlrK wxl 279267" 279285 ork iSÜgq n,kak¡

121

idrÓ

tlai;alula fkdùh¡ fuh fndfyda úg rcq ;ukag tfrys ro< wNsfhda. u¾okh i|yd wúhla f,i Ndú; lf<ah¡ fojk rdcisxy rdcH iufhys wUkafj, rd< kï ro<jrfhl= úiska we;s l< wid¾:l le/,a,la ms<sn| frdnÜ fkdlaia i|yka lrhs¡ fï i|yd n,mE fya;= idOl ksYaÑ; fkdue;s jqj;a mej;s n,h wysñùu yd fjk;a ro< mjq,a w;r tu n,h fn§hdu wd§ lreKqo fï flfrys n,mEjdg iel ke;¡

YS% ùr mrdl%u kf¾kaøisxy rdcH iufhys hdf,af.dv kue;s ro<jrfhl=f.a uQ,l;ajfhka rcq >d;kh i|yd Èh;a l< l=uka;%Kho fujekakls¡ fojk úu,O¾uiQßh rdcH iufhys isg Wvrg md,kh ms<sn| úYd, n,hla fydnjñka isá hdf,af.dv uy wÈldrï ;ek miqj ud;f,a Èidfõ ;k;=r orñka lghq;= lrk njla fmfka¡ fujeks ;k;=re fmr<shlg uq,a jkakg we;af;a y¾nâ jekakka olajk f,i hdf,af.dv fï jk úg Wvrg rdcOdksh iïnkaOfhka orñka isá iqúYd, n,hhs¡ wksis f,i rdcH n,h Ndú; lrñka isá hdf,af.dv ud;f,a Èidfõ ;k;=rg m;a lsÍu fojk úu,O¾uiQßh rcq úiskau isÿ l< ;k;=re udrejla f,i fmfka¡ YS% ùr mrdl%u kf¾kaøisxy rdcH iufhys hdf,af.dvf.a ;;a;ajh ;j;a msßyS hkakg we;¡ fuys m%;sM,h jQfha rcq >d;kh lsÍfï l=uka;%Khla hdf,af.dv we;=¿ ro<jreka lsysm fofkl= úiska osh;a lrkq ,eîuhs¡ idlÉPdjg n÷ka jk iSÜgqj l=uka;%Kfhys kdhl;ajh bisÆ l,la uy wÈldrï ;k;=r orñka isg miqj ud;f,a uy Èidfõ ;k;=rg m;a hdf,af.dv Èidjf.ah¡ Tyq ls%j 1700 jk úg;a ud;f,a Èidj ;k;=r fynjñka lghq;= l< nj fuu iSÜgq uÕska wkdjrKh lr .; yelsh¡ f,dakd foajrdc jeks Ydia;%{hska úiska hdf,af.dv ud;f,a Èidj f,i m;a jQ njg olajk ls%j 1703 jk j¾Ih fuu iSÜgqj uÕska ls%j 1700 olajd ;j;a bÈßhg .uka lrk nj fmfka¡ tfukau Èidjla i;= wêlrK n,;, ms<sn|j yd iSÜgq kue;s f,aLk úfYaIh ksl=;a lsÍu i|yd Tjqka i;=j mej;s whs;sho fuuÕska jegfya¡

122

idrÓ

f*%dhsähdkq ufkda o¾Ykh¦ jHqySh rEml yd o<od fmryer

iqks,a úl%uisxy

ndysr f,dalfha idrh ke;fyd;a ixl,am.; ikao¾N .%yKh lr .ekSfï ukqIH o¾Ykh yqfola wdliañlj isÿ fkdjkakls' ukqIHhdf.a md,khg k;= fkdjk wú{dksl ukfiys l%shdldÍ;ajh úoHd;aul o¾Ykhla uÕska wuQ¾; ixl,k njg fmr<kq ,nhs' iïmQ¾K ñksia p¾hd moaO;shu wm uqodyßkafka ;;a l%shdj,sh ;=< isgh' ndysH ;:H iuÕ wm .efgkafka ;;a kHdhsl mlaIhg tl`.;dj m<gq lrñks' ñksid há is; iuÕ isÿ lrk {dkk l%shdj,sh yd ndysH f,dalh iuÕ we;s lr.kq ,nk ixl,am nkaOq;ajh ksid wmQ¾j ri wdya,do cks; úh yelsh' fYdalh" YDx.drh" Nhdkl wd§yQ ksoiqka fj;s' wei uÕska §mkh lrk j¾K rgd fukau Y%jfKakaøSh ;=<ska udOQ¾h;d .=Khg ,la fjk Yío ridkafõIKhg wm {dk .fõIS jkafka wú{dkh úiska m%odkh lrkq ,nk zl%shdldÍZ wK §ulg újr fjñks' fuu l%shdldÍ wK §u ksid uki yd ñksia ndysr .kqfokqj,§ nyq wdldr ufkdao¾Yk we;sfjhs' iS.sß lùka tys we|s is;=jï oel ish ufkda ldjH o¾Ykh mqnqÿjd .;af;a tksidh'

fuu ufkda o¾Yk caj,s; lrk há isf;ys l%shdldÍ mlaIh;a th ñksia wmf.a p¾hdj,g n,mdk wdldrh;a tu p¾hd rgdjka ñksidf.a há isf;ys l%shdldÍ mlaIhg n,mdk wdldrh;a úoHd;aul fi!kao¾hlska m%.,aN

1wOHhkhlg fhduq lsÍu ufkda úYaf,aIKjd§ kHdfhka isÿ fjhs'

1960 oYlfha muK l,dj yd iudch wOHhkh lsÍfï kj ixl,amhla jYfhka ìys jQ jHqyjd§ od¾Yksl .=rel=,h ñksia YsIagdpdr.; ld,amksl f,dalh ms<sn|j kj w¾:l:khla y÷kajd fohs' ta ksidu jHqyjd§ o¾Ykh NdIdj yd ixl,am.; f,dalhg kj t<Uqula y÷kajd fohs' *¾äkekaä iqfihsfhda NdIdj

2w¾:l:kh lf<a ixl,am rduq.; lrk ix{d moaO;shla jYfhks¡ wm jia;=jlg §

1 ohd tÈßisxy" .=rel=, iy ufkdaúoHd{fhda" j;aud m%ldYlfhda" foysj," 1998" 1-10ms'

123

idrÓ

2 Terry Eagleton, Literary theory an introduction,University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 2003, pp.90 - 110.

we;s ku yd th w;r oDV iduHhla ke;' tkï lsishï iQplhla yd iQÑ;hla w;r 3iajdNdúl iïnkaO;djla ke;' n,a,d hk ix{dj yd thska fm%arKh jk woyi

w;r iajdNdúl iïnkaO;djla ke;' ta ksid ix{duh m%ia;=;j,ska úoHudk fndfyda ixl,am wmf.a ú{dkhg Tín jk ,o ufkdarEm úh yelsh'

fuu NdIduh m%ia;=; yd ufkda úYaf,aIKjd§ o¾Ykh fukau jHqySh rEml wm oelau ;=< f,dalfha {dk óuxid;aul lreKq wOHhkhg fukau ú{dkh ;=< we;eï ixialD;sl fla;" Í;s yd mska;+r .nvd lr ;eîug Wmhqla; fjhs' tu ksid wm ixialD;sfha yd idudÔh fndfyda ixl,am ckaudkq odhdo jYfhka ms<sf.k ixl,am.; f,dalh ;=< l%shd;aul lrhs' o<od fmryer wdY%s; ld, mßirfha§ wm j¾Idj n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafk;a ;;a rEmsl fla; wm ú{dkh ;=<g wka;ÍlrKhg lrf.k we;s ksidh' tajd ñksia ú{dkfhys ksokaj we;af;a lsishï jHqySh rEml ixrpk iys; fla; rdYshl ixhufhks'

o<od fmryer yd tys wdlD;sh ;SrKh lrk jHqySh ikao¾N ̂we;d" keÜgqjd" fnrldrhd wd§ jYfhka& f*%dhsähdkq ufkda o¾Ykh uÕska úixjdohg ,lal< yelafla th jHqySh o¾Ykh ;=< úoHudk fndfyda ix{d ñksia YsIagdpdrh úiska f.dv k`.k ,o jHqySh rEml ud,djla jk ksidh'

jHqyjd§ kHdh uÕska y÷kajd ÿka Yío yd mo uQ,slj ksmka NdIdfõ ixl,am ksid ndysH mßirfha fndfyda m%mxp ks¾udKh fjhs' ixialD;sl yd idudÔh jYfhka jk zrEm rduqZ wm ks¾udKh lr.kafkao tksidh' fïjd ufkda uQ,sl ld,amksl ;;a;aj jkafka ziïuq;s.;Z i;Hhla úkd úYaùh i;Hhla tys .eíj ke;s

4ksidh'

3 n,a,d hk ix{dj zkeÜgla we;s j,s.h jkk ll=,a y;f¾ if;l= ye`oskaùu i`oyd fhfok Yíoj,ska hqla; jpkhls' tfy;a wm zn,a,dZ hehs lshQ úg we;s jk ufkda rEmh ;=< we;s zixl,am mska;+rh yd ta jpkh ;=< iajdNdúl iïnkaOhla ke;' tfiau f,dalfha úúO NdId ;=<o n,a,d hk ix{dj i`oyd úúO jpk Ndú; fõ' fkdfhla NdIdj, wka;¾ iduH ;=<§o fuu ix{d w;r mj;sk wiudk;dj úoHudk fjhs' tjeks ixl,am ish,a,u YsIagdpdÍh ñksid iajlSh ndysH ;;a;aj ks¾udKh lr .ekSu i`oyd f.dvkeÕ+ ix{d mu‚' ta ksid yeu ix{djlau iajdNdúl ke;' tajd wm úiska f.dvkeÕ+ ufkda ixl,amhla ;=< l%shd;aul jk NdId;aul rEm moaO;shla mu‚' fuu rEm ufkda o¾Ykhg Rcqju n,mdk w;r ndysH f,dalfha idrh ks¾udKh lrk tkï" wm oelau yd f,dalh w;r wfkdaHkH iïnkaO;dj mj;ajd f.k hk jHqySh ikao¾N tl;=jls' *¾ä kekaä iqfidahsfhda zjHqyjd§Z kHdh uÕska {dk óuxidjg ,lal< fuu o¾Ykh ufkda úYaf,aIKjd§ kHdh iuÕ m%.,aN jYfhka iïnkaO fõ' tajd rEml jkafka NdId;aul ;,fha f.dvke.+ ixl,am mdrïmßl {dkhla fia wm wú{dkfhys uQ, ksokaj we;s wdlrh u;hs' n,a,d hk ix{dfjys w¾:h wm bf.k .kafka udmsh" {d;s wd§ jQ iïuq;snoaO yeisÍïj, wdNdih ksidh' ke;fyd;a ixialD;sl fyda idudÔh ixcdkkh ksidh' <orefjla ixialD;shg fyda iudchg m%úIag ùfï§ hïlsis fla;" Í;s yd ixl,am ud,d wdY%fhka

NdIdfõ mj;sk ix{d wdOdrfhka ndysH ;;a;aj ukfia ;ekam;a lr .kshs' zy`oZ lshQ úg jD;a;dldr ly meye jka rEmhla wmg uefjkafka fï ukfia ;ekam;a ùu ksidh' tu rEm ksYaÑ; yevhla yd jHqySh {dkkhla wdldrhg wm wú{dkfha ;ekam;a lr f.k we;' tu rEm rEml jkafka ;;a wdldrhghs' ta wkqj ´kEu mqoa.,fhl=f.a uki ;=< iïuq;s.; f,dalh ;=<ska ,o uQ, Pdhdj,g wkqj yeu ixl,amhla ms<sn`oju rEml ud,djla ;ekam;aj mj;S' th ukfia ;ekam;aj mj;sk w;r mqoa., fm!reIh ;SrKh lrk idOlhlao fjhs' tfiau ukfia wka;¾.; jk ixfõok" Ñ;a;rEm iy fõokh hk m%Odk udkisl uQ,O¾uhka yev.iaùfïys,do ;;a uQ,O¾ufhda fya;= hqla; fj;s'

4 Terry Eagleton, Literary theory an introduction,The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 2003, pp.90 - 110.

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tu iïuq;s.; i;H ,d,idjka fjkia lsÍfï uQ, yelshdj ixialD;shg we;;a iajdNdúllrKh yd ixialD;sllrKh jQ iïuq;Ska fjkia lsÍu myiq ld¾hla fkdfõ' zn,a,dZ hk ix{dj zmQidZ hk ix{d¾:fõ§ Ndú;hg .ekSu myiq ld¾hla fkdfõ' o<od fmryero lsishï jQ ft;sydisl jHqySh iïuq;s.; Ndú;hla ;=<ska ksmka ix{duh m%ia;=;hla jYfhka oelaúh yelsh'

zzoka; Od;= ixl,amh m%Nj jQfha nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a mßks¾jdKfhka Y;j¾I lsysmhla .; ùfuka blaì;sj hhs ks.ukh lsÍug ;=vq fok idOl

5lsysmhla fm<;a wgqjdj;a mÍlaIKh lsÍfï§ wmg yuq fõ'ZZ zzfmryer mßydr

6Yíofhka ksmka jokls¡ZZ thg wu;rj md<s yd isxy, jxil;d idys;Hfhao fï ms<sn|j lreKq ix.Dys;j we;' uydjxih" odGdjxih" Od;=jxih" o<od jxih fyj;a o<od mQcdj,sh" mQcdj,sh" o<od isß;" rdcdj,sh" iq¿ rdcdj,sh hk uQ,dY%hkaySo o<od jykafia ms<sn|j b;sydi.; lreKq ix.Dys;h' zzfmryr Yíoh"

7i;aldrh" tkï wdNrKhla" ieriSug .kakd èjc l,ia wd§ NdKav" msßjrZZ hk w¾:hka úoHudk lrkq i|yd fhdok nj Y%S fidar; ysñhka fmkajd fohs'

o<od jykafiaf.a wd.ukh;a iuÕ Wkajykafiaf.a úIfhys fmryer meje;aùu uQ,sl ixialD;sldx. WmksY%h lr.;a rEml moaO;shla jYfhka l%ñlj úldih fjñka kQ;kh ;=< mjd l%shd;aul fjhs' kQ;k ixialD;sh ;=< th y÷kajkafka wei< fmryer hk kñks' fuys wdrïNh ms<sn|jo úúO u; we;s w;r úchdj;rKh;a iuÕ we;s jQ Bkshd wd¾hd.ukfhys m%;sM,hla jYfhka th wm ixialD;sh ;=<g m%úIag jkakg we;ehs fndfyda fokd ms<s.ks;s' zzta wkqj bkaÈhdfõ mqrdK ld,fha mgka mej; f.k wd wdIdV W;aijh fuys wdrïNh jkakg we;ehso

8wei< W;aijh kñka y÷kajkafka th úh yels hehsZZ fmryer ixl,amh ms<sn|j u; olajkafkda lsh;s'

flfia jqjo j¾;udk wei, fmryero nyq wdldr pdß;% yd jdß;% fukau ixialD;sldx. rdYshla iuÕska fm!rd‚l wkkH;djo wdrlaId lr .ksñka isÿ lrkq ,nhs' uQ,sl jYfhka lma isgqùfï pdß;%fhka wdrïN jk th l=U,a yd rkafoda,s fmryer meje;aùfuka iudma; fjhs'

tys uQ, jHqySh ikao¾Nh ;SrKh ixl,am rdYshla oel .; yelsh' fuu ixl,am k¾;k yd jdoH fukau nyqúO ixialD;sldx. rdYshlska iukaú; fjhs' tajd NdIdkq ix{d uÕska ksIamdokh lr.;a ixl,am ia:rhla ksfhdackh lrk w;ru ld,amksl ix{dj yd tys w¾:h w;r iajdNdúl iïnkaO;djla ke;' tkï

5 lUqre.uqfõ jðr ia:úr" o<od b;sydih iy ixialD;sh" f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U" 2008" 18ms'

6 tu" 406ms' 7 iqux., YíofldaIh" fmauisß wNhúl%u" fld<U" 1963" 601ms'

8 lUqre.uqfõ jðr ia:úr" o<od b;sydih iy ixialD;sh" f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U" 2008" 302ms'

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o<od fmryef¾ jHqySh ikao¾Nh ;SrKh lrk lildrhka" fnrjdolhka" k¾;k YS,amSka wd§ jYfhka jk iQÑ; yd tajdfhys iQpl w;r iïnkaO;djla ke;' ta ksid

9fuu jHqyh ;SrKh lrk idOl zufkdauQ, ye`.jqïldrl rEml moaO;shla jYfhka oelaúh yelsh'

uQ,slj foúhka Wfoid mj;ajk ,o o<od fmryer rfÜ ixialD;shg wkqrEm 10

jk wdldrfhka ilia jQfha ls¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcqf.a ld,fha§h' thg wkqj o<od fmryefrys uQ,sl jHqyh fldgia mylska iukaú; fjhs' tkï o<od fmryer" kd: foajd, fmryer" úIaKq foajd, fmryer" l;r.u foajd, fmryer" m;a;sks foajd,

11 fmryer hkqfjks¡ fuu ish¨ fmryer ux.,Hhka wdrïN jkafka u<s.dfõ kele;a iE§fï ld¾h lrk zkele;a rd<Z ms<sfh, lr we;s kele;aj,g wkqjh' ta wkqj o<od fmryefrys jHqySh ikao¾Nhg we;=<;a jk ux.,Hhkao rdYshls' tkï

12we;=f,a fmryer" l=U,a fmryer" rkafoda,s fmryer iy oj,a fmryer hkqfjks¡

fuys§ we;=f<a fmryer foajd, we;=f<a Èk myla isÿ lrk w;r yhjk Èkfha isg l=U,a fmryer wdrïN fjhs' Bg wu;rj tys jHqySh ikao¾Nh f.dvkÕk ye`.jqï ldrl mqoa.,fhdao isá;s' lilrefjda" .sksfnda, lrefjda" fn!oaO fldä f.kshkafkda" fmruqfKa rd<" fyaúis jdolfhda" we;=ka" keÜgqfjda

13iy fnrlrefjda" ldßh fldard<" fnr jdolfhda" Èhjvk ks<fï hkd§ka oelaúh yelsh' óg wu;rj fmryer zkrUkakkaZ tys jHqyh ;SrKh lrk idOlhla fjhs' fmryer iïnkaOfhka bÈßm;aj we;s nyq wdldr oDIaájdod;aul ixl,am fukau m%;sw¾:l:kj,g fya;= mdol jkafkao tys jHqyh ;SrKh lrk fm%alaIl iyNd.S;ajh ksidh'

kkaa wdldr pdß;%uh ixialD;s ix{d" mqoa., yd we;=ka wd§ i;a;aj iyNd.S;aj o¾Yk" wêfN!;sl úYajdi lsÍï ish,a, we;=<;a jkafka lsishï jQ iïuq;s.; o¾Ykhlgh' iqfihsfhda lS wdldrhg fmryer keue;s uyd iïuq;sh taldnoaO lrk wkq ix{d jYfhka tys Wm fldgia oelaúh yelsh' mo" Yío yd jdlH hk ia:r ;%fhka NdIdj wNHka;r yd ndysr jYfhka mßKdóh ;;a;ajhg m;a jkakd fia fmryef¾ úoHudk ixfla; ud,do kQ;kh jk úg mjd kjH rEml ksIamdokh lrk wdldrhla fmfka' uQ,sl jYfhka fmryef¾ jHqySh .=Kdx.h wdrlaId jkakg ukqIH iyNd.S;ajh wdldr oajhlska mQrKh jk wdldrhla fmfka' tkï fmryefrys wdNHdka;ßl l%shd i|yd iyNd.S jk mqoa., iyNd.S;ajh iy isheiska yd rEmjdyskS udOH ;=<ska fmryer krUk mqoa., iyNd.S;ajh

9 Terry Eagleton, Literary theory an introduction,The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 2003, pp.86 - 88.

10 uydjxYh" ixia' ta'mS' nqoaOo;a; ia:úr" .=Kfiak iy iud.u" fld<U" 1959" 42 .d:dj' 11 lUqre.uqfõ jðr ia:úr" o<od b;sydih iy ixialD;sh" f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U" 12 tu' 13 fmryer hk ixl,amh ;=< ix.Dys;j mj;sk ish¨u ikao¾N tys jHqyhg wh;a fjhs' Yío

mQcd" mqo mQcd yd pdß;%" nyqudkSh jQ ixialD;sldx. hk ish,a,u thg wh;a fjhs' tfy;a wm fuys,d tlS ish¨ jHqyhkayS ld¾h ms<sfj<ska idlÉPd fkdlrk nj i,lkak' tfy;a iuia;hla jYfhka .;a we;eï wdkqYdx.slhka kHdhslj idlÉPd lrk nj i,lkak'

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hkqfjks'fuu oaú wjia:dj,§u fudjqka iajhx ufkda o¾Yk fukau zfmdÿ fi!kao¾hdiajd§Z ri Ndjhla úkaokh lrhs' tu o¾Yk yd rEmlj, w¾:uh lshùï wjê ;%hla hgf;a y÷kd .; yelsh'

ufkda úYaf,aIKjdohg wkqj idudkH ;;a;ajh hgf;a úoHudk fkdjk 14ukfia úYd, fldgila bâ wyxNdjhg fyj;a o< is;g wh;a fjhs' th mqoa.,hdg

Wm;skau Wreu fjhs' iqfihsfhdaf.a NdId;au; ;, ms<sn|j ú.%yfha§ wm fndfyda foaj,a .%yKh lr.kafka ke;fyd;a ndysH f,dalfha idrh wjfndaO lr.kafka jHqy ms<sn|j wmg § we;s wjfndaOh mokï lr f.kh' thg jpk" mo fyda wlaIrj,g jqj .; yelsh' wm fndfyda úg is;k wdldrhg tajd iajdNdúl ke;'

o<od fmryer yd ta wdY%s; mqoa.,hkaf.a ldrl yelshdj mjd wm ;SrKh lr we;af;a rEml ix{duh ;,j,§ Tjqka Wm;skau ,o ;;ajhla úh yelsh hk mQ¾K ks.ukhg t,an isgh' foaYmd,ksl" ixialD;sl jYfhka jk u;jd§ wdêm;Hhla t;=<g wEf|kafkao ;;a ldrKh ksidh'

15lilrejd zzfmryef¾ uq,skau .uka lrkqfha lilrejkah'ZZ ndysr w¾:h ;=< tkï" zlilrejdZ hk ix{djg § we;s YsIagdpdÍh w¾:h úiska Tyq Wvqlh ks¾jia;%" iqÿ iru ,d r;= máhla bfKa ne|s li ;,k mqoa.,fhl= nj wm ufkda o¾Ykh ;=<g .%yKh fjhs' ix{djl kduh úiska mqoa.,fhl=g fok ,o iajdNdúl fkdjk ldrl yelshdj rEmlhla f,i wmg okjkafka NdIdfõ we;s ixl,am uQ,;dj ksihs'

.sksfnda,lrejd - lilrejkag miq miska úúO wdldrfha jhia uÜgulska hqla; .skaor fnda, l%Svdfjys fhfok mqoa.,hkag ix{duh jYfhka § we;s nyaj¾:hhs' .sksfnda,lrejd hehs lS ú.iu we;s fjk rEml mska;+rh wmf.a ufkda o¾Ykh ;=< ixl,auh jYfhka ksokaj we;'

Èhjvk ks,fï;=ud - zzwo Y%S o<od ud<s.dfõ .sys Ndrlrejd muKla fkdj" 16

tys ld¾h uKav,fha m%Odkshdo jkafka Èhjvk ks,fï;=udh'ZZ zÈhjvk ks,fïZ hk ix{duh m%ia;=;h wm ufkda o¾Ykh ;=< .nvd ù we;af;a rdclSh jia;%dNrK ,d uq;= l=vhla hg .uka .kakd zm%N+Z mqoa.,fhl=h'

14 ohdfrdayK w;=fldard," wOHdmk ufkdaúoHdj yd .=rejrhd" YslaId ukaÈr m%ldYk" fld<U" 2000" 195ms' 15 mSweï fiakdr;ak" fmryer mqrdKh" *diaÜ mí,sIka m%hsjÜ ,sñgâ" fld<U" 2013" 49ms'16 tu" 49ms'

127

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fï wdldrhg o<od fmryer krUkakka ztys ld¾hZ isÿ lrk nyqúO mqoa.,hka ms<sn|j úúO ix{duh ;, yd rEml ufkdauhj f.dvkÕd f.k we;' fuu rEml yd ta mqoa.,hkag Wreu ld¾h w;r iajdNdúl fyda ldrl iduHhlao ke;'

iqfihsfhda mjik wdldrhg ñksid YsIagdpdÍh lvbul§ ks¾udKh lr.;a fndfyda ixl,am fjkia lsÍu myiq ld¾hla fkdfõ' tfia ì| oeóu tla;rd wdldrhg ufkda o¾Ykh ;=<ska we;s jk bâ wyxNdjfhys zzwdYZZ fyj;a wd;;Ska uqod yeÍfï l%shdj,shlao úh yelsh' wdYh mqoa., Wm;;a iuÕ we;sjk ufkda fm!reIh ms<sn|j ,laIKhla jk w;r bâ wyxNdjh ;=< th oaú wdldr .kS' tkï

17Ôjk wdYh fyj;a Bfrdaia iy urK wdYh fyj;a ;kafgdaia hkqfjks¡ fuhska Ôjk wdYh iukaú; jkafka mqoa.,hdf.a iajhx wdrlaIK fm%arKhka yd ,sx.sl fm%arKhkaf.ks' l=i.skak" WKqiqu" jd;h" c,h hkdÈh iajhx wdrlaIKhkag wh;a fõ' fuys§ f*%dhsâ jeämqr wjOdkh fhduq lr we;af;a zzbkaøSh iqLhZZ ms<sn| jk wdYhkagh' urK wdYh iukaú; jkafka ;ud ms<sn|j fukau wkqka ms<sn| úkdYldÍ fm%arKhkaf.ks'

ufkda úYaf,aIKjdofhys mefkk fuu ixl,amh jqjo o<od fmryef¾ jHqySh moku ;SrKh lrkakls' NdIdfõ iïuq;s.; ;:H ;=< ix{duh ixl,am ìysjkafka ziajhx meje;auZ ;=<ska wEf|k fmdÿ meje;aulgh' o<od fmryer wdY%s; fnrjdokh lrk" k¾;kfha fhfok fkdfhla mqoa.,hka wod< ld¾hg wkqj iïuq;s.; f,dalh ;=< úúO l=, ia:rhlg wh;a fjhs'

iudch ;=< Oqrdj,S iy.;j ksIamdokh jk Wmß jHqyd;aul yd wfOda jHqyd;aul ixl,am ìys ùug tys ld¾h n,mdhs' NdId;aul ;,fha ixl,am.; ndysH idrhka iajNdúl ke;s wdldrhgu o<od fmryer wdY%s;j f.dvkefÕk u;jd§uh wdêm;Hho iajdNdúl ke;' tys jHqy ;SrKh lrk ix.S;uh mÀ;" oDYHuh mÀ; fukau" jia;%dNrK wd§ jYfhka fjk nyqwdldr wdlD;s ish,a,u ixl,am.; oDIaájdo ìys lsÍug mdol fjhs' zzmqoa., jD;a;sh mokï lr.;a l=, fNaoh" mqoa., ldrl;aj yelshdj" ixialD;sl W;al¾I wx." ixialD;sl wd;aóh;aj yd wkHh;aj fla;ZZ hkd§ nyqudkSh ix{d ;, ms<sn| ufkda o¾Yk fuhska mefkhs' fndfyda úg uyd ixialD;sl uQ,h ;=< rdcHh;aj n,dêldrfha mgka pQ, ixialD;sh ;=< mqrjeishd ;=< mjd fmryer ms<sn|j fujeks iajdNdúl lrKh jQ ix{d ;, ms<sn|j woyia we;s fjhs'

zfmryerZ hk ix{dj ;=< zfnrjdokh lrkakdZ hk Wm ix{dj zfnrjdhdZ hk mka;suh ;,hg wh;a lsÍu;a zkeÜgqlaldrhdZ hk ix{dj zT,SZ hk mka;suh ;,hg wh;a lsÍu;a ksoiqka jYfhka oelaúh yelsh' fujeks ufkda o¾Yk oDIaájd§ iajrEm jYfhka mqoa., wú{dkh ;=< rEmluh jYfhka ksokaj mj;shs' fuu

17 ohd tÈßisxy" .=rel=, iy ufkdaúoHd{fhda" j;aud m%ldYlfhda" foysj," 1998" 43ms'

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oDIaájd§ rEml ;, ksid we;s jk ufkda o¾Yk yd fm%arK lsysmhlao y÷kd .; yelsh' tkï

01' iajdNdúllrK jQ ix{duh o¾Yk - fndfyda iudc iïu;.; ixl,am ixialD;sl idudÔh ikao¾Nh ;=< ixúê; jk úg tajd iajdNdúl jQ wdlD;s hehs ;SrKh lsÍula isÿ lrhs' th i|yd fya;=M, ú{dkh úiska f.dvkÕk ,o ;d¾lsl óuxidjlao ke;' ix{d ;,fha nyd o<od fmryer yd iudY%s; ld¾h fNaohka ;=< Oqrdj,S.; rEml we;s jkafka tksidh' zfnrlrejdZ lsishï l=,ySk hehs iïu; ckjd¾.sl rduqjla ;=<g wE|k ixl,am ìys jkafka ;;a ldrKh ksihs'

02' zmqk¾ WÉpdrKZ ix{duh o¾Yk - mqk¾ WÉpdrKh hkq kej; kej; lSuh' ixialD;sl jHqySh o¾Ykh ;=< fndfyda ixl,am Ndú;h ;=< kej; kej; tajd mqkreÉpdrKh fjhs' fndfyda ksjerÈ fkdjk idudkH ixl,am ksjrÈ hehs w¾: l:kh jkafka tksidh' ta ish,a, W;amdokh jkafka fmkSu ;=<ska we;s jk m%;s w¾:l:k mokï lrf.kh' tys m%fNaooa;%hls' zzfmryer ,iaikh' ukyrh' tys keÜgqjka oel=ïl¨h' fldä f.kshkakkao ñysß .S .dhkd lrkafkah'ZZ fuys z,iaikh' ukyrh' oel=ïl¨hZZ jeks ix{djlska fm%aß; woyi iudkd¾: èjkS lrkakls' ixialD;sl o¾Yk flfrys wm wjOdkh fhduq lrkafkao ;;a Í;s .=Kdx.hg wkqjh' tlu o¾Ykh ufkdauQ,sl ixia:duh wdLHdkhla ;=<g flakaø lrk úg zmqkreÉpdrKhZ jk NdId fyda ixl,am rEmK wm f;areï .kafka ksjerÈ fkdjk wdldrhlgh' fuh idudkd¾: ix{duh iQpl o¾Yk kï fjhs'

zzfmryefrys tk keÜgqfjda olaIh' Tjqkaf.a olaI;dj ffjoH /lshd i|yd uek n,kafka ke;' ta ksid Tjqkaf.a olaI;d iqÿiq jkafka Tjqkaf.a idudðl f.da;%hg mu‚'ZZ fuys tlu ix{dj wmg o¾Ykh jkafka nyq rEm oekùugh' mqoa., yelshd ldrla;j yd ixl,am jHqy ms<sn|j Ñka;kuh wjldY f.dvkefÕkafka ;;a Í;shg wkqjh' fuh nyaj¾: ix{duh iQpl o¾Yk fjhs' zzkgkak neß ñksyg fmdf<dj weohs hkqfjka m%ldYhla we;' wm jev lrkafka;a ta wdldrhghZZ jeks m%ldYhl uy ixialD;sh ;=< l%shd;aul jk ixialD;sl ux.,Hhlska ̂fmryer& Wmqgd.;a Ndj jHjydr iudc jHqy ikaksfõokhg Wmhqla; jk wdldrhla fmfka' th zjHqySh ix{duh iQpl o¾YkZ kï fjhs¡

zmqrjeishdZ ^fldä f.kshkakka" fnrlrejd" keÜgqjka wd§'''& ;uka ðj;a jk mßir ikao¾Nfhysu fldgila fjhs' tys jHqySh fldakafoais ;SrKh lrk Í;suh mßirj,g wkq.; fkdù ðj;a ùfï yelshdjla mqrjeishdg fkdue;' tfy;a fuu uQ, Í;sh bâf.a iqL mru uQ,O¾uhg m%;sfrdaOd;aulh' ndysH ixl,am yd bâ w;r we;s fjk fuu ixl,amh md,kh ùug Bf.da j¾Okh fõ' fuu ixl,amh Rcqj iïnkaO jkafka h:d¾:u ms<sn|j jk ksrEmKhla bka m<gq jk ksihs' lsishï mqoa.,fhl= yg uQ, wjYH;djla we;s jQ úg Tyq ish zl%shdldÍ ukiZ fhduq

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lrkafka fuu h:d¾:h ms<sn|j jk rEmh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq fldgh' lsishï mqoa.,fhl= uQ;% lsÍug iQodkï jk úg ;uka isÿ lrkafka l=ulao ms<sn|j is;kafka fï ksidh' ta wkqj ndysH fndfyda ixl,amj, ixúê; Ndjh ;SrKh jkafka h:d¾:h ms<sn|j jk ix{duh zWmdh ud¾.Z ms<sn|j fujeks mqoa., fõÈ;hla we;s fjk ksihs'

Bf.da wyxNdjfhys j¾Okhg iudka;rj uki wNHka;rfhys iqm¾ Bf.da wyxNdjho j¾OkSh ;;a;ajhg m;a fõ' ixialD;sh" iodpdrh" wd.u" iudc O¾u;d hkdÈh iqm¾ Bf.dayS j¾Okhg fya;= fjhs' ta ksid iqm¾ Bf.da hkq iudc fyd| iy krl hk ;,j, mrudo¾YS ;Srlhd fjhs' th Bf.da mru;ajh yd yDo idlaIsh hk fldgia oajfhkao hqla; fjhs' uki ms<sn|j fuu fldgia ;=k meyeÈ,s f,i fjka fjka jYfhka oelaúh yels jqjo tajd ukfia ;;aj muKla nj oelaúh yelsh'

o<od fmryer iïnkaOfhka f.dvkeÕS we;s fndfyda ufkdauh rEml flfryso fuu ixl,amh m%n,ju n,md we;s ieáhla fmfka' tys,d y÷kd .; yels uQ, ,laIK lsysmhls' tkï wêfN!;sl ufkda rEml fN!;sl ;,fha ,d oelSu - fmryef¾ ish¨ mqKHuh ld¾hkaj,§ th keröug ÈjH fiakdfjda nis;s' fmryef¾ tk lilrejkaf.a li y`v fï> >¾ckdh' .sksfnda,lrejka úYaj wdf,dalh uQ¾;su;a lrkafkda fj;s' fmryef¾ Yío mQcdj ksid Èh lmk Èkfha uyjreid weo yef,a jeks ix{duh ixl,am we;s jkafka wmf.a ufkda m%mxp ;=< wúoHudk ixl,amhla úoHudk f,i oelaúh yels wdldrhgh' fuh rEmsh jYfhka wm uki ;=< ;ekam;aj we;s ixl,amhls' ndysH h:d¾:h ;=< zBf.da mru;ajhZ úoHudk jqj;a ixl,amuh f,dal ;=< f.dvkefÕk rEmlj,g ndysH h:d¾:hla iïnkaê; ke;' th yqfola ufkda rEmlhla muKla u; f.dvkefÕkaklao úh yelsh'

tmßoafokau fN!;sl rEmSh jHqy wêfN!;sl yeisÍï fia ks¾Kh ùu - fuu ufkda o¾Ykho rEmSh jYfhka iudc jHqyh ;=< ksokaj mj;S' o<odj jevïu ùu u; j¾Idj m;kh fjhs' o<odj je`o orejka m%d¾:kd lsÍu u; ore M, ,efí' wd§ jYfhka jk fndfyda we;s úh fyda we;s fkdúh yels fohla Bf.da o¾Ykhg wE|d .ekSuls' fujeks ixl,am u; iudkH iudcfha idrh ks¾udKh ùuu u;jd§ wdêm;Hhka kej; kej; mqkreÉpdrKhgo fya;=jla fjhs' ;jo kshu fldg oelaùfï ufkda o¾Ykh - fndfyda ld,amksl ixl,am jqj ;:H hehs ms<s.ekSfï§ tajd i;H ixl,am f,i kshu lsÍfï ix{d¾:fõ§ o¾Ykhlao fjhs' fndfyda úg iudc jHqy ms<sn| u;jdo we;s jkakgo th m%n, fya;=jlao fjhs' fmryer ms<sn| jHqySh rEml ms<sn|j ie,lSfï§o fuu ixl,amh ms<sn|j jeo.;a fjhs'zzo<od ux.,Hfha§ nqo Èk o<od ue÷r újD; lsÍu hym;s' o<od ux.,Hfha§ f;ajdj lsÍfï§ rcjdi, flfrk fndfyda ld¾hka l< hq;=h' ld¾;sl ux.,Hfha§ myka mQcdjla isÿ lrk w;r th bkaÈhdkq ld¾;sl W;aijh wdY%fhka ilia l< tlls'ZZ hkd§ jYfhka jk fndfyda pdß;% jdß;%hka o<odj iïnkaOfhka f.dkq ù we;af;a

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zziïu; kshu fldg oelaùfïZZ jHqyhlgh' th fjkia lsÍfï n,hla rdcHh;ajhg ñi idudkH ckhdg fkdyel' fuu ldrKh mokï lrf.k tys uQ, ld¾hka yd fndfyda jHqy uyd ixialD;sl wjYH;djg wkqj yev .eiS we;'

f*%dhsâ i|yka l< Bf.da wyxNdfjys ufkda o¾Ykhg wm tl`. ùu yd fkdùu iïnkaOfhka jk z;yxÑZ ixl,am u;= jkafkao fuu ldrKh ksidh' fndfyda úg o<od fmryef¾ mj;sk jHqySh fm< .eiau ;=< tys úoHudk ;;a;aj h:d¾:fha isÿ úh hq;= ld¾hhla jYfhka m%cd ufkda o¾Yk ieliS we;' fnr.ikakd zfnrjdZ l=,hg úkd zf.dú.uZ l=,hg wh;a fkdjkafka bf.da wyxNdjh ;=< mefkk zh:d¾:hZ ms<sn| ixl,amh wka;ÍlrKh lrf.k we;s ksidh¡ fojekak tu h:d¾: uQ,h ì| fy<Su ksid we;s jk zyDo idlaIshZ ms<sn| ufkda o¾Yk ì| jeàuhs' ixialD;sl ix{dkk úiska Wreu lr§ we;s fndfyda idOlj,g úreoaO ùu zyDo idlaIHhgZ úreoaO ùula jYfhka ie,lSu nqoaêjdod;aul ke;'

jHqyjdoh úiska wkqolakd ,o ld,amksl" .súiqï.; NdIduh jd.auh fyda ks¾jd.auh ixl,am yeu úgu mqoa., yelshd yd ld¾l;aj ^ld¾h& ms<sn|j ufkda o¾Yk mqoa., ú{dkh ;=< yev .iajhs' ixialD;sl Í;s" fla;" Í;s yd mska;+r ms<sn|j ufkda o¾Yk wm f.dv kÕd .kafka ;;a ld,amksl ;;aj j,g wkq.;jh' ffjoHjrhd lS ú.i mkai,g hk mqoa.,fhl= isys fkdjkafka tu ksidh' fuu ld¾h fNaokh tkï" f.dúhd hkq Woe,a,la lf¾ ;ndf.k hk mqoa.,fhl= fukau lskakrhd hkq meÿre úhk mqoa.,fhl= úkd fjo k<djla f.f,ys ,d .;a ffjoHjrfhl= nj ;SrKh fkdjkafka tu ksidh' fïjd mqrjeishd h:d¾:h ;=< ms<s.kakd ;:H >kSN+; jQ m%mxpdj,Skah'

o<od fmryef¾ jHqySh ikao¾Nh ;SrKh lsÍfï§ th úúOdldrfhka ixúê; ù we;s wdldrhla fmfka' fmryef¾ fm<.eiau ms<sn|j wOHhkh lsÍfuka th wkdjrKh lr .; yelsh' th h:d¾:h ms<sn|j fukau wmf.a ú{dk.; {dkkh ms<sn|j o¾Yk oajhla wkdjrKh lrhs' tkï" oDYHuh yd ñ:Hduh ufkda rEml jYfhks'

wdrlaIl r:h" Èhjvk ks,fï" mkaoïlre wd§ jYfhka ix{d kduh lshQ úg wm ujd .kakd ufkda rEmh oDYHuh rEmlhla jk w;r tajdhska iQÑ; wmf.a oDIH m:hg mgyeks rEmh ñ:Hduh ufkda rEmlhls¡ tajdhskaa wdrlaIl r:h hkq zzfmryer .uka .kakd ud¾.fhys bvlv i,id §u yd wdrlaIdj ;yjqre lsÍu

18 i|yd wdrlaIl r:h uq,skau .uka flf¾'ZZ fuys lsisu ñ:Hduh mokula ke;' yqfola wdrlaIdj ms<sn| wjYH;d mokï lr.;a rEmlhls' zzo<odj i|yd;a wdrlaIdjZZ wjYHh hk mqrd;k rdcH ;dka;%sl wjYH;dj fukau kQ;k oDIaájdoh ;d¾lsl {dk óuxidjg ,la lrkakls' fumßoafokau lilrejka hkq fmryef¾

18 mS'weï fiakdr;ak" fmryer mqrdKh" *diaÜ mí,sIka m%hsjÜ ,sñgâ" fld<U" 2013" 43ms'

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wdrlaIl r:hg miqj uq,skau .uka lrk msßihs¡ mqrdK pdß;%j,g wkqj rc orejka neyerg hk wjia:dj,§ rcq tk nj ye`.ùu i|yd lilrejka fhoùh' tu pdß;%hg wkqju hñka fmryer <`. tk nj oekaùug fukau ud¾.fhys bv wjldY ,nd .ekSu ms‚io lilrejka fhdod .kakg úh' tfy;a fuu lilrejka fhdod .ekSfï wodYHudk jQ rEmlhlao we;' tkï zzw;S;fha fmryer meje;aùfï tla

19wruqKla jQfha l,g jeis ,nd .ekSuh'ZZ o<od fmryef¾§ jeiai ,nd .; yelsh hk mQ¾K úYajdihla fn!oaOhka ;=< mj;S' li msmsÍu ;=<ska jeiaig fmr oi; úysÈ hkakd jQ úÿ,sh flàfï y`v yd iajrEmh ixfla;j;a fjhs' fuh ;Hhg mgeyeks jQjla jqj;a ixialD;sl ufkda o¾Ykh ;=< rEmlhla wdldrfhka iïm%odhdkql+,j mejf;kakd jQ woyils'

iajdNdúl meje;au yd ixl,am uQ, úYajdi w;r mj;sk YsIagdpdÍh jHqyh fujeks rEml uÕska h<s m%;srEmlrKh fjhs' udkj mßKdufha jeiai" wl=Kq foaj;ajfhka ie,lSu iajdNdúl mßirfha isÿ jQ zudhd o¾YkZ ksid hehs fydfuda bfrlagia udkjhd is;kakg we;' iajNdj oyu mjd foaj;ajfhka ie,l+fha fï ksidh' fuu YsIagdpdÍ jHqySh lvbu iïuq;s.; o¾Ykhla wdldrfhka wmf.a Ndj ;=< {dkkh ù we;'

zzfmryer .uka .kakd ud¾.h fomi wdf,dalj;a lsÍu;a" u`. fy<s fmfy<s lsÍu;a" <`. <`. tk fmryfrys wdl¾IKh j¾Okh fldg" krUkkaf.a fk;a is;a meyerf.k" fmryer flfrys fhduq lrjd nqoaOd,ïnk m%S;sh oekùu;a .sksfnda,

20lrejkaf.ka isÿ fõ'ZZ fuu wx.h ;=<ska jeiai ixfla;j;a flfrhs' tfiau úÿ,sh flàfuka ksl=;a jkakd jQ wdf,dalfhys m%NdIajrh fuhska cks; flfrhs' fuh ñ:Hduh rEmlhla jqjo ixialD;sl ufkda o¾Ykh ;=< iY%Sla;jh Wfoid mejef;kakla hehs lsj yelsh' ta ksid o<od fmryefrys jHqySh idudHhka yeu úgu ksrEmKh jkafka fyd| fyda hym;a wruqKla fjkqfjka ixúê; jQ ixl,amhla jgd hehs lsj yelsh' fï wdldrfhka o<od fmryer ;=< úoHudk jk úúO jQ pdß;%uh wx. yd mqoa., iyNd.S;ajh ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lrk úg t<ôh yels ixl,am uQ, o¾Yk lsysmhla y÷kd .; yelsh' tkï

iyNd.S;aj yelshd yd ixialD;sl jHqy - fldä f.kshkakka" lvq f.kshkakka" fyaúislrejka" fydrKE jdolhka yd ks,fïjreka wd§ jYfhka isÿjk mqoa., iyNd.S;ajh yqfola wKlsÍula ksid isÿ fkdjk iajhx úkaokSh yelshd u; isÿjk l%shdj,shls' iïm%odhdkql+,j mj;sk fuu wx.h ksid thg rEmuh yd rEmuh fkdjk úúO ixl,am talrdYS ù we;'

ldrl ú,dis;d ms<sn| nyqudkSh jHqySh oDIaá - ixialD;sl wx.j,ska iuQm,laIs; jQ o<od fmryer ksid th fndfyda úÑ;%j;a mqKfHda;aijhla fukau nyq wdldr jQ ikao¾Yk /.;a ixialD;sl Wf<,la njg m;a ù we;' fuys úúO;ajho oaú

19 mS' weï fiakdr;ak" fmryer mqrdKh" *diaÜ mí,sIka m%hsjÜ ,sñgâ" fld<U" 2013" 43ms'20 tu'

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wdldrh' ixialD;sl wx.j, úúO;ajh yd mqoa., yelshdj, úúO;ajh jYfhka th oelaúh yelsh' ta ksid fndfyda úg ixialD;sl ufkda o¾Ykh ;=< tajd ks¾jpkh ù we;af;ao lsishï YsIag ukqIH m%cdjla úiska isÿ lrkq ,nk ffj¾K W;aijhla wdldrfhks'

fjki ms<sn| ks¾ W;al¾IKh - fmryerg iyNd.S fjk úúOdldrfha mqoa.,hka isÿ lrkqfha iïm%odh úiska Wreu lrk ,o j.lSu bgq lsÍula úkd iaj ixialD;sfha mj;sk we;eï wx. W;al¾IKfhka ie,lSula jYfhka fkdjk njo wjfndaO fjhs' úúOdldr Wm ixialD;skaj,g wh;a Wm kegqï fukau oñ< ixialD;sl wxf.damdhka iïñY%Kh ùulao oelsh yelsh' ta ksid wmf.a ufkda o¾Ykh yev .eiS we;af;ao tu rgdjg wkql+, jQ ixialD;sl fi!kao¾hdiajdohla iys; riúkaokhlgh' ta ksid o<od fmryefrys mj;sk fndfyda wx. wm riúkaokh lrkqfha wuq;= mohla fyda w¾:hla tla lr m%ldY lsÍug wkjYHh ixialD;sl iduQysl;ajhlh'

mru;ajh yd úreoaOu;sl;ajh - ixialD;sl iduQysl;ajh úiska b,a,kq ,nk mqoa., úkaokSh wjldY o<od fmryer ;=<ska biau;= jk ksid tys we;af;a úreoaOd¾: y`.jk rEml fkdjk njla fmfka' ta ksid o<od fmryer W.;=ka muKla úkaokh lrk .eñhkag kqiqÿiq jHqyhla hehs lsj fkdyelsh'

wdrïNl ,laIh ms<sn| iduH;d rEmKh - o<od fmryer mgka .;a iïm%odh fjkia lsÍfï zwuq;= yelshdjlaZ fï jk úg;a fn!oaOhdg t;rïu yelshdjla ke;' fojekak ft;sydisl fndfyda foaj,a thska ixfla;j;a ùuh' ta ksid wdrïNfha mej;s foau keröfï ufkda o¾Ykhg kQ;k ñksido yqremqreÿj isáhs' ta ksid o<od fmryer rdcH;ajh ksrEmKh lrk" ixialD;sl yd iduQysl m%h;kahla jYfhka §¾> ld,Skj l%shd;aul fjhs'

fulS o¾Ykh hgf;a o<od fmryer ixialD;sl ux.,Hhla jYfhka l%shd;aul jkafka zixialD;shg th wjYHhZ ksidh' ta ksidu pQ, ixialD;sh ;=<;a uyd ixialD;sh ;=<;a mqrjeishdg zjyd jegfykZ .dul n,hla tys jHqySh o¾Ykh ;=< ksokaj we;' tfia fkdue;s kï tys jHqyh yqfola zwdlD;shlaZ úkd w¾:dkaú; ixisoaêhla jkafka ke;' krUkakdf.a is;a weo.kakd" Tjqkag jyd wjfndaO jkakd jQ" uq,la ueola yd w.la we;s ixÈ.aOd¾: úhqla; jHqyhla ta ;=< mj;S' o<od fmryef¾ ufkdauh o¾Yk ksrEmKh i|yd tho uQ,slj n,mdk nj lsj yelsh' tys§ tlS jHqySh mrudo¾Yhg jHqy ldrlhka yd krUkakka m%úIag jk wdldro mj;S' ta wkqj ixialD;sl idómH;dj - ixialD;sh mqoa.,hdf.a wdNHka;ßl yd ndysH mßirh flfrys fukau ixcdkkh flfryso m%.,aNj n,mdkakls' ´kEu mqoa.,fhl= lsishï fyda ixialD;shla ;=<g wh;a fjk ksid ixialD;shlska úhqla; mqoa.,fhl= fihd .ekSu W.ygh' ixialD;shla ;=< jefvk úg mqoa.,hd ixialD;shg iómia: fjhs' o<od fmryerg isxy, fn!oaOhd iómjkafka ;;a

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ldrKh mokï lrf.kh' zzo<odj hkq fn!oaOhkaf.a yoj;hsZZ jeks oDIaájdo we;s úh yelafla ;;a idómH;dj mokï lrf.kh' fujeks ixl,amj,g od¾Yksl fn!oaO wjfndaOh ;=< wjldYhla ke;'

tal jHqy ikao¾N - lsishï jHqyhl tl fldgila iïmQ¾K jHqyhu f,i ie,lSu fuhska woyia flfrhs' o<od fmryef¾ úúO ixialD;Sldx. wvx.=j mj;S' ksoiqkla jYfhka tys fõ,a k¾;kh l;r.u foúhka Wfoid mejf;kafkls' tfy;a tys fndfyda ikao¾N zisxy,Z uqyqKqjrlska l%shd;aul jk ksid iuia; ikao¾N jHqyhu tu uqyqKqjrg wE|d f.k we;' uyd ixialD;sl u;jd§ wdêm;Hh ksIamkak jkafka fuu ldrKh ksihs'

fmdÿ uQ,dfoaYh lsishï jHqyhl tl wx.hl fldgila iuia; ikao¾Nhgu wdfoaY lsÍu fuhska woyia fjhs' o<od fmryef¾ mj;sk úúO;d iys; yev;, yd iïñY%Kh ksid tys fmdÿ uQ, jHqyh úúO;dlrKhg ,lalr wjfndaO lr.kakdjg jvd tla uQ,hla hgf;a y÷kd .kafka ;;a ldrKh mokï lrf.kh'

ia:dkjdÖ jHqy - we;eï iudc yd ixialD;sl jHqy ks¾udKh i|yd mqoa., fm!reIh j¾Okh lrk jHqy n,mdhs' fndfyda úg mdi," m,a,sh" fldaú, mqoa., fm!reIh j¾Okhg n,mEu ksoiqkayq fj;s' o<od fmryer keröu" iyNd.S ùu yd úkaokh lsÍu hk ld¾hka idOkfhys,d n,mdk ia:dkh wkqj th mqoa., ú{dkh ;=< nyqudkSh wdldrfhka újrKh ùug ,la fjhs'

w¾: ndyq,H ms<sn|j jHqy - lsishï jHqyhla ;=< jvd jeäfhka we;s foh i,ld iuia;h thu nj ie,lSu fukñka oelafjhs' o<od fmryef¾ jvd m%sh;u yd wdl¾YkShu jHqyh we;d ùu mokï lrf.k th zwe;a fmryerlaZ hehs lsj yelsh' ta ksid we;eï wkq ix{d w;r fmdÿ ;rÕldÍ;ajhla we;s ù Oqrdj,shla we;s fjhs' o<od fmryef¾ ixúê; we;eï ixl,amj, w¾: újrKhgo th n,mdhs'

fuu m%úIag ùu mokï lrf.k mqoa., ufkda o¾Yk we;s fjhs' ta ish,a,u wjidk jYfhka o<od fmryefrys m%Odk jHqyh ;SrKh lrk ixl,am jYfhka oelaúh yelsh' tajd yd mqoa., ldrl;ajh w;r mj;sk iïnkaO;dj iajdNdúl ke;' tajd iïuq;s.;h' tfy;a ixialD;sh yd ixialD;sl ks¾ñ; úiska tajd jHqySh rEml jYfhka iudc.; fldg we;' kQ;kh jk úg wm o<od fmryer hkqfjka krUk ixialD;sl ux.,Hh tf,i ks¾udKh jQ rEml moaO;shls'

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nqÿoyu iy mrsirh wdY%s; udkj iïnkaO;d

wd¾' cS' ã' chj¾Ok

nqÿoyu wkqj mrsirh yd ñksid;a ñksid yd mrsirh;a w;r olakg ,efnkafka b;d oeä iïnkaO;djls' ñksid mrsirhg n,mEï lrhs' mrsirh ñksidg n,mEï lrhs' fuu oaú;aj iïnkaO;d yd n,mEï ksid ñksid ixúOdkd;aul iudc l%uhlg keUqre fõ' thska udkj iudch m%Njhg m;aj úldYkh jkafkah' mrsirh yd ñksid w;r iïnkaOh ì|S hk úg udkj iudcho wkql%ufhka jHdl+, jkafkah' mqoa.,hdf.a yd iudcfha iduqysl wdl,am fjkiaùu mrsirh fjkia ùugo mrsirh fjkiaùu mqoa.,hd yd iudch fjkiaùugo tl fia

1n,mdkq ,efí' fï ksid nqÿiufha oelafjk mrsirh wdY%s; udkj iïnkaO;d úê wxY ;=kla hgf;a idlÉPdjg Ndckh l< yelsh' tkï fN!;sl mrsirh wdY%ss; udkj iïnkaO;d" udkisl mrsirh wdY%s; udkj iïnkaO;d iy iudc mrsirh wdY%s; udkj iïnkaO;d hkqfjks¡ fïjdhska fN!;sl mrsirh wdY%ss; udkj iïnkaO;d udkj meje;au yd ixj¾Okh ñksid fN!;sl mrsirh yd iïnkaO;d olajk wdldrh u; ks¾Kh fõ' ñksid fN!;sl mrsirh yd iïnkaO jkqfha meje;aug w;HdjYH iïm;a wkqjh' tfukau tajd m%fhdackhg fhdod.kq ,nk wdldrh u;h' fn!oaO wd¾:sl o¾Ykhg wkqj ñksid ;DIaKdfõ odifhls' wdid wiSñ;h' tfia jqjo iïm;a iSñ;h' fï ksid kj iïm;a fidhd hk ñksid fN!;sl mrsirh fjkia lsrSug fm<fò' th ñksidf.au meje;aug w;HdjYH uQ,sl iïm;a úkdYhg;a ¥IKhg;a fya;= fõ'

nqÿiuh olajk mrsos ñksidg jvd;a m%fhdackj;a iïm;a jkqfha i;aj" Ydl" c,h hk uQ,sl wjYH;dh' iEu cSúfhlau ñksidg iïm;la jqjo jvd;a m%fhdackj;a jkqfha p;=Iamoslhka w;rska fY%AIaG fia ie,flk .jhdh' .j iïm; ñksidg wjYH wdydr" n,h" j¾Kh" iemh ,nd foñka udkj meje;aug Wmldr

3 2fõ' uõmshka nEkka yd wfkla {d;Ska hï n÷ fõ kï Tiq ,nd fok .jhdo

4tf,iu ñksidg Wmldr jkafkah' c,h mD:súh wuqrka yd OdkH hï fia fõo

5ñksidg .j iïm;o tn÷ jákdlulska hqla;h' f,dal ck.yKfhka úYd, m%udKhla .j iïm; u; hefma' fufia i,lk úg ñksidg .jhd yd iudk

6 iïm;la fkdue; ^k;a:s f.d iñ;x Okx&' Y%ñlfhla yd ksIamdolfhla yeáhg .jhd ukqIH wd¾:slhg iïnkaO ùfï b;sydih b;d oS¾>h' mqrd;k bkaÿ ksïk YsIagdpdrfha mgka .jhd mQckSh;ajhg m;a jkakg we;af;ao fï ksid úh yelsh'

1 oS>ksldfha w.a.[a[ iQ;%fha yd plalj;a;s isykdo iQ;%fha oelafjk lreKqj,ska fuu woyi m%ldY fõ'

2 ixhq;a; ksldh" nqoaO chka;s ;%smsgl .%ka: ud,d wxl 13-1, ,xldKavqfõ uqøKh" 1960" —.dfjd 3 iq;a; ksmd;" nqoaO chka;s ;%smsgl .%ka: ud,d wxl 25" Y%S ,xld ckrcfha m%ldYkh" 1977"

n%dyauK Oïñl iQ;%h" 86 ms¡4 tu¡5 tu¡6 ixhq;a; ksldh" nqoaO chka;s ;%smsgl .%ka: ud,d wxl 13-1" ,xldKavqfõ uqøKh" 1960" k;a:s

mq;a; iu iQ;%h" 12 ms¡

135

idrÓ

lDIs cSú;hla .;lrk ñksidg iajlSh l¾udka;dosfhaoS .jhska Y%ufhka iyh fõ 7^.dfjd lïfui cSjdkx - iS;iai brshdmf:d&' mqrd;kfha mgka .jhd ñksidf.a

m%jdyk udOHhlao úh'

kùk lDIsld¾ñl w¾: l%uh hgf;a jqjo .jhd Y%ñlfhla yd wdydr ksIamdolfhla yeáhg f,dal wd¾:slfha m%Odk nr Wiq,kafkah' w.aksos. wdishdfõ mdrïmrsl f.dú ck cSú;fha yd Tjqkaf.a wkd.; mrïmrdfõ meje;au ;ju;a ;SrKh jkafka .j iïm; u;h' m%jdyk ÿIalr;d we;s m%foaYj, nvqq NdKav tyd fuyd f.k hkafkao .e,aj,sks' f,dalfha fmdaIHodhs wdydrj,ska jeä m%udKhla lsrs" .sf;,a" fj~re" uia hk .j ksIamdokhg wh;ah' jD;a;shla jYfhka .jmÜá md,kfha ksr; jQjkaf.a ixLHdjo wêlh'

wdydr jdiia:dk .DyNdKav frosms<s T!IO hk uQ,sl wjYH;d ksmehSug bjy,a jk jDlaI,;d ñksid fN!;sl mrsirfhka ,o Wiia iïm;ls' ixlaIsma;j

8tfy;a mD:q, w¾:hla we;sj nqÿiuh jDlaI ,;dj,g uq,ajk îc w.h lrhs'

9 ñksidg OdkH yd iudk fjk;a iïm;la ke;' w.a.[a[ iQ;%hg wkqj YsIagdpdrfha j¾Okh;a iuÕ fN!;sl mrsirhg iïnkaO jQ ñksidf.a m%Odk wdydrh jQfha ye,a keue;s OdkH úfYaIhhs' j¾;udkfha f,dalfha ck.yKfhka úYd, ixLHdjlf.a m%Odk wdydrho ù" ;srsÕ=" nd¾,s wdos OdkH úfYaIhkah'

udkj meje;aug w;HdjYH fN!;sl idOlhla jk iajdNdúl jDlaI ,;d fiiq cSúkaf.a meje;augo uQ,sl idOlh fõ' fijk" jdiia:dk" wdydr jYfhka m;%" o¿" uq,a iy M, wfmalaIdfjka tlu jDlaIhla weiqrefldg fjfik cSúka

10nyq,h' pd;=ï uyd m:hl msysá tn÷ uy kq. rella yd;ami mlaISkag Pdhdj M, 11 12 wdosfhka ms,sirK fõ' tjeks jDlaI mrsirfha w,xldrhgo fya;= jkafkah' ñksid

iy i;=ka yereKqq úg jDlaIhla weiqrefldg fjfik úúO .kaOín ldhsl foújreo fjfi;a' uQ, .kaO" idr .kaO" M, .kaO" t,h .kaO" isúfhys .kaO" rela fmd;= .kaO" m;% .kaO" mqIam .kaO" ri .kaO iy .kaO .kaO hk foújre jDlaIh

13weiqre fldg fjfi;a'

tla jDlaIhla muKla .ek i,lk úg th wfkla jDlaIj, meje;augo th bjy,a fõ' uy;a jQ jkdka;rhla m%:ufhka jHdma; ùug tlu jDlaIhla WmksY%h

14jkafkah' ldhsl udkisl úfõlh leue;s ñksidg ta i|yd jkdka;r yereKqúg

15fjk;a ys;lr ;ekla fkdue;' mrsir úoHdjg wkqj fN!;sl mrsirfha jeo.;a wxYh jDlaI ,;dh' wdydr oduhl m%d:ñl ksIamdokh Ydlh' Ydl m%d:ñl

7 tu" mcafcda; iQ;%h" 28 ms¡8 tu" —jqÜGs iQ;%h îcx Wmam;;x fiÜGx¡˜ 78 ms¡9 tu" k;a:s mq;a;iu iQ;%h" —k;a:s O[a[ iux Okx˜ 12 ms¡10 wx.=;a;r ksldh" ,xldKavqfõ uqøKh" 1968" iqukd j.a.h" ioaOd iQ;%h" 66 ms¡11 tu" uydid, iQ;%h" 168 ms¡12 tu¡13 ixhq;a; ksldh" .kaOín ldh ixhq;a;h" O¾u iuh hka;%d,h fld<U" 1835" 154 ms¡14 wx.=;a;r ksldh" nqoaO chka;s ;%smsgl .%ka: ud,d wxl 20-111" ,xldKavqfõ uqøKh" 1968"

uydid, iQ;%h" —;x relaLx Wmksiaidh jâvkaf; jkiam;s˜ 68 ms¡15 ixhq;a; ksldh" ,xldKavqfõ uqøKh" 1960" úfõl iQ;%h" —úfõl ldfudis jkx múÜG˜ 352

ms¡136

idrÓ

16ksmojkakka jk w;r wfkla iEu cSúfhlau mrsfNdaclfhla fõ' fufia ish¨ cSúkaf.a meje;au jDlaI,;d wkqj ks¾Kh jkafkah' nqÿiuh ñksid yd jDlaI ,;d w;r iïnkaOh fld;rï ÿrg wjOdrKh lr we;af;ao hkak wr[a[" relaL uQ," jkiam;s hk ;%smsglfha ks;r olakg ,efnk fhoSïj,ska fmkShhs' jk ixhq;a;h kñka ;%smsglfha fjku foaYkhlao we;=<;ah' tn÷ foaYkdj,oS ñksid yd jkdka;r w;r iïnkaOh flfia úh hq;=o hkak oela fõ'

mD:súhg m;s; jk iQ¾h úlsrKj,ska 50% m;s; jkafka Ydl u;h' tu Yla;sfhka 95% isg 99 % w;r m%udKhla m;% uÕska mrdj¾;kh lr fyda jdIamSlrK ;dmh jYfhka fyda bj;aj b;srs 1% isg 5 % olajd w;r m%udKh m%Ndixiaf,aIKhg fhdod .ksñka cSúkaf.a m%fhdackhg wjYH ridhksl Yla;shla

17 njg m;a lrhs' jdhqf.da,fha mú;%;ajh r|d mj;skafka f,dalfha jkdka;r jHdma;sh wkqjh' jkdka;rj, we;s Ydl ;=< ldnka fgdka ñ,shk 400-500 w;r m%udKhla we;' j¾Ihlg ldnka fgdka ñ,shk 15 la muK Ydl ;=<g f.k oej njg m;a flf¾' fuu ld¾h Ydl uÕska isÿ fkdjkakg jdhq f.da,fha ldnka idkaøKh jeäù mrsirfha WIaK;ajh by< keÕ cSúkag ydks isÿ lrkq we;'

,sx" fmdl=Kq" ú,a" jeõ" we<fod<" .xÕd" uqyqo fukau N+.; c,h ñksid fN!;sl mrsirh yd iïnkaO;d olajk ;j;a iïm;ls' fuu c, iïm; ;sr jkqfha j¾Idj uÕsks' c, iïmf;a uQ,sl ldrlh jkqfha j¾Idjh' nqÿiuh j¾Idfõ mru

18 jákdlu w.h lr we;' mD:súhg m;s; jk ish¨ oE w;rska Wiia jkqfhao

19j¾Idjh' j¾Idj fufia w.h lrk nqÿiuh we;eïúg jeis fkd,eîug fya;= jk

20jeiss wka;rd myla .ek i|yka lrhs' tkï 1¡ Wia wyiays f;afcda Od;=j lsfmhs' thska Wmka fï> oeù myfj;a¡ 2 Wia wyiays jdfhd Od;=j lsfmhs' thska Wmka fï> úisr myj fh;s¡ 3 rdyq w;af,ka oshf.k ^W;=iuqÜGdkfhka& uy uqyqfoa fy,kafkah' thska jeis myj fh;s' 4 jeis j<dl=¨ foúfhda l%Svdfjka miq fj;s' thska jeis j,d bj; hhs' 5 ukqIHfhda wOd¾ñl fj;s' thska jeis M, fkdyg.kS'j¾Idfjka f;drj i;aj yd Ydl f,dalfha meje;aula fkdue;'

21fmdf<dj weiqre l< m%dKSka fukau Ydlo j¾Idj fya;=fjka mj;S' j¾Idj yd ñksid w;r iïnkaOh iS iEu" jemsrSu iy rgg OdkH t<öu jYfhka keje;

22keje; isÿ jkafka keje; keje; yg.kakd j¾Idj ksidh'

uyd iuqøh fN!;sl mrsirfha ;j;a iqúfYaI wxYhls' nqÿiuh uyd iuqøfha 23iajrEm yd jákdlu .ek lreKq wgla olajd we;' id.rh ms<sn|j olajk ,o fuu

16 ir;a fldg.u" mrsir úoHdj ye|skaùula" mqnqÿ m%ldYlfhda" fld<U" 1985" 14 ms¡17 wd;¾ î fld;,dj," mrsirúoHdj" f,ala yjqia bkafjiaÜukaÜia" fld<U" 1984" 61 ms¡18 ixhq;a; ksldh" nqoaO chka;s ;%smsgl .%ka: ud,d wxl 13-11" k;a:s mq;a;iu iQ;%h" —jqÜGsfj

mrud ird;s˜ 12ms¡19 tu" jqÜGs iQ;%%h" —jqÜGs ksm;;xjrd˜ 78 ms¡20 wx.=;a;r ksldh" 1968" fidaKj.a.h" jiaika;rdh iQ;%h" 390 ms¡21 ixhqla; ksldh" nqoaO chka;s ;%smsgl .%ka: ud,d wxl 13-1" j;a:q iQ;%h" —jqÜGs N+;+m cSjka;s

fh mdKd mGúx is;d;s˜ 68 ms¡ 22 tu" Who iQ;%h" ms 310¡ —mqkmamqkx fpj jmka;s îcd - mqkmamqkx jiai;s foaj rdcd -

mqkmamqkx fL;a;x 23 lika;s liaild - mqkmamqkx O[a[uqfmka;s rÜGx˜ wx.=;a;r ksldh nqoaO chka;s ;%smsgl .%ka: ud,d wxl 22-5" Y%S ,xld ckrcfha m%ldYkh" 1977" mydro iQ;%h" 82 ms¡

137

idrÓ

,laIK wg fufiah' 1 uyd iuqøh wkqmQ¾j ksïk wkqmQ¾j m¾j;j,ska hqla; jQfha wkql%ufhka nEjqïh' 2 uyd iuqøh tla iajNdjfhka msysáfha fjr< fkdblaujhs'3 uyd iuqøh u<l=Kq yd ixjdi fkdflf¾' jyd u<l=Kq ;Srhg jykh flf¾'4 uyd iuqøh yd;amiska .,k .xÕd tla ù tlu c, l|la fõ' 5 j¾Id c,fhka fyda .xÕdj,ska .,k c,fhka fyda uyd iuqøh W!k njg fyda mQ¾K njg m;a fkdfõ' 6 uyd iuqøh tlu ,jK rifhka hqla;h' 7 uyd iuqøh nyqúO iïm;aj,ska hqla;h' 8 uyd iuqøh úYd, cSúka ixLHdjl jdiia:dkhls' fuu wdYap¾hj;a ,laIK wfgka uqyqÿ m;=f,a iajNdjh" id.r c,fha ;=,kh yd ,jk ;=,kh fukau iïm;a yd id.r cSúka ms<sn| lreKq bosrsm;a fõ' fuu úia;r wkqj nqÿiuh uqyqo jákd iïm;la fia w.h lrhs'

fN!;sl mrsirh wdY%s; udkj iïnkaO;d úê ms<sn| nqÿiufha ks¾foaYh jkqfha ñksid úiska iajdNdúl iïm;a m%fhdackhg .; hq;af;a mrsirfha fjfik wfkla m%cdj .eko iudk whs;sjdislï i,ld ne,Sfuks' c,h Ydl jeks iajdNdúl iïm;aj,g Wreulï olajk fjk;a cSúkao fjfia' ñksid iïm;a m%fhdackhg .; hq;af;a fï nj ie,lSfuks' iïm;a úkdYhg fyda wmú;% Ndjhg fkdhk f,ig m%fhdack .ekSfuka ñksid fN!;sl mrsirh yd iïnkaO;d úê meje;a ùug nqÿiuh Wmfoia ,nd foa'

mrsirfha fjfik i;=ka Wmoskafka ñksidf.a m%fhdackh msKsi fkdfõ' yskaÿ iuhg wkqj i;=ka Wmoskafka hd.d¾: msKsih' ls;= iuhg wkqj foúhka jykafiaf.a leue;a; ksid i;=ka WmoS' fujeks wjYH;d ioyd i;=ka Wmosk nj nqÿiuh fkdms<s .kS' fï ksid ñksid i;=ka flfrys jrojd ms<smeoSu kqiqÿiqh' ukqIH lghq;= i|yd i;=ka fhdod .ekSu n,j;a jrola fia nqÿiuh i|yka fkdlrk kuq;a tjeks i;=ka flfrys oelaúh hq;= ñksia wdl,am fln÷o hkak

24 25cd;l l:dj, ks;r oelafõ' úfkdaoh msKsi i;=ka w,a,d fmdr oeóu uia msKsi 26

i;=ka we;s lsrSu uia fj<|du kqiqÿiq nj nqÿiufha ks¾foaYh jkafkah' ukqIH lghq;=j,g WmldrS jk .j wdos i;=kag ksis whqrska ie,lSu w;HdjYH nj i,ld we;' Tjqka flfrys lreKdj" ohdj oelaaúh hq;= nj nqÿiuh wjOdrKh lrhs' wju ;rñka wd.ñl jYfhka hd.d¾:h msKsi i;=ka uerSuo n,j;a jrols' nqÿkA jykafia

27tn÷ hd. j¾Kkd fkdl<y'

ñksid laIQø m%dKSka úkdY jk f,i fN!;sl mrsirh yd iïnkaO;d oelaùuo kqiqÿiq neõ mejefia' mD:úh fmr,d iïm;a ,nd .ekSfïoS tys fjfik l=vd m%dKsyq úm¾hdihg m;afj;s' fufia N+ñh fmr,d iïm;a fiùfïoS isÿjk ydksh .ek nqÿiuh wjOdrKh lr we;' uq.,ka ysñ" jykai fï fmdf<dj hg

24 mkaish mkia cd;l fmd;" ixia¡ fõrf.dv wurfuda,s" Y%S ,xld m%ldYl iud.u" fld<U" 1965" kkaos úid, cd;lh" 75 ms¡

25 oS>ksldh" nqoaO chka;s ;%smsgl .%ka: ud,d wxl 7" ,xldKavqfõ m%ldYkh" 1962" n%yau cd, 26 wx.=;a;r ksldh" 1968" jKscac iQ;%h" 338 ms¡27 oS>ksldh" n%yaucd, iQ;%h" —kfLd wyx n%dyauK iínx h[a[x jKafKñ - h:d rEfm fLd

n%dyauK h{af{a .dfjd h[a{ka;s - wfc<lx y[a{ka;s l=lal=g iqlrd y[a[ka; úúOd mdKd ix>d;x wdmÊcka;s tjrEmx fLd wyx n%dyauK idrxNx h{a[x kjKafKñ'˜ 4 ms¡

138

idrÓ

fmfoi ñysrs rifhka iuDoaO fjhs' ms,jqka ke;s ó johla hï fiao tfuka rij;a fõ' jykai" NslaIQyq mD:sú rih j<oSjdhs fmdf<dj idrkafkï kï uekú hehs Bg wkque;sh b,a¨úg nqÿka jykafia fmdf<dj weiqre l< m%dKSkag l=ula fõoehs uq.,ka f;ref.ka úuiQy' uq.,ka ysñ" jykai uu fmdf<dj muK jQ tla w;a,la ujkafkñ' fmdf<dj weiqre l< ta m%dKSyq thg udre lrkafkñ' wfkla w;ska fmdf<dj fmr<kafkñ hkqfjka ms<s;=re iemhQ kuq;a nqÿka jykafia" uq.,ka tfia fkdl< hq;=h' i;ajhka úm¾hdihg mjd meñfK;a hehs fmdf<dj leKSu

28m%;slafIam l<y'

ueáfhka l< jD;a;dldr l=áhla .skafkka ms<siaiSfuka j¾K .kajd jdihg 29

fhdod .;a l=ïNldr mq;% jQ OkSh NslaIqjg nqÿka jykafia .ryd l=áh ì| oeóh¡ NslaIqjlg icSú mrsirhg ydksjk f,i l=á lrùug úkh m%{ma;sfhka bvlv fkd,efí' l=áhla leue;s NslaIqj l=yqUq" ;=Uia" fõhka" imqka" iqyqkq" isjqmdjqka fjfik ia:dk yer l=áh lrúh hq;= njg l=áldr ix>dêfiai wkdrïNfha úkh

30m%{ma;shlao mek fõ' hka;% uka;%dosfhka ìï md¨ lsrSuo ^ÿíNlrKx& NslaIqjf.a wdcSj m%j¾;kh kqiqÿiqh' fN!;sl mrsirh yd udkj in|;d f.dvkeÕsh hq;= jkafka fufia mrsirhg ydks fkdjk whqrskah' j¾;udk ;;ajhg N+ñh m;a jQfha oS¾> ld,Sk N+ mrsKduhlsks' udkj lghq;=j,oS isÿjk N+ñfha Ldok fõ.hg iudka;rj N+ñfha j¾Okhla fkdisÿ fõ' l,am úia;rhg wkqj mD:súfha wÕ,la j¾Okh ùug wjqreÿ oyila .;jkq we;ehs wkqudk l<fyd;a mD:súfha wähla j¾Okh ùug wjqreÿ fodf<dia odyla .;jkq we;'

id.r wdY%s; udkj in|;d fya;= fldg f.k id.r iïm;a laIh fjñka yd ¥IKh fjñka mj;S' wka;¾cd;sl hqO lghq;= yd kdúl lghq;= wdosh id.r cSúka úkdYhg m;ajk ;¾ckhla fõ' id.r iïm;a ixrlaIKhg kï ta wdY%s; in|;d wdl,am fmdaIKfhka mj;ajd f.k hd hq;=h' uqyqÿ cSúka flfrys Yl% foúhd we;=¨ foõ msrsila oela jQ wdl,amh ms<sn| m%jD;a;shla fn!oaO idys;Hfha oelafõ' foajdiqr ix.%duhg ng ila foúhka uqyqÿ u;=msg bUq,am;a jeàfuka i;ajhka ìhg m;a jk

31muKska ix.%duh yer m<d hkakg úh' th ñksid id.r cSúka flfrys oelaúh hq;= wdl,amh fln÷o hkak wjOdrKh flfrk jeo.;a fn!oaO woyilss'

jDlaI ,;d flfrys jqjo ñksidf.a wdl,am fmdaIKh w;HdjYHh' ñksid yd jDlaI ,;d w;r iïnkaOh b;d oeäh' bkaÿ brdKSh iudcfha Yr;Dia;%

32wkq.dñlhka w;r ish¨ jDlaI ,;d Y=oaO jia;+ka úh' mqrd;k bkaoshdkq ckhd .iaj, cSjhla we;ehs woyia l<y' iajdNdúl iïm;la yeáhg ñksid ta flfrys

28 mdrdcsld md,sh" nqoaO chka;s ;%smsgl .%ka: ud,d wxl 1" ,xldKavqfõ uqøKh" 1959" fõr[acd ldKavh" 14ms¡

29 tu" 16ms¡ —kyskdu NslaLfj ;iai fud> mqrsiiai mdfKiq wkqoaohd wkqlïmd wúfkid 30 oS>ksldh" nqoaO chka;s ;%smsgl .%ka: ud,d wxl 7-1" n%yaucd, iQ;%h" 4ms¡

31 mkaish mkia cd;l fmd;" ixia¡ fõrf.dv wurfuda,s" Y%S ,xld m%ldYl iud.u" fld<U" 1965" l=,djl cd;lh" 80 ms¡

32 hg.u Oïumd, ysñ" —jDlaI ,;d ms<sn| fn!oaO wdl,amh"˜ .=Kfiak fjila l,dmh"

139

idrÓ

lD;{úh hq;=h' nqoaO;ajh i|yd fijk ÿka wiaj;a: jDlaIhg wksñi f,dapkfhka lD;{;dj m<l< nqÿka jykafia jDlaI ,;d flfrys oelaúh hq;= wdpdr iïmkak meje;=ï wdo¾Yj;a l<y' úmiaiS nqÿka jykafia isg liaim nqÿka jykafia olajd yh

33kula nqÿjrhka jykafia,do jDlaI ,;dj,g msgoSfuka thska fijk ,oy'

yrhla iys; m%fhdackj;a relaj,g olajk ñksidf.a wdpdr iïmkak Ndjh ta whqrska ksire rela flfrys fkdolajhs' fï ksid ksire rela lmd fldgd ta fjkqjg m%fhdackj;a rela muKla frdamKhg;a wdrlaId lsrSug;a mqreÿù isá;s' tla tla jDlaI ,;d flfrys olajk fuu wiudk wdl,amfhka ksire hehs ks.ukh lrk fiiq jDlaI ,;d úkdYhg ux mEfokafkah' WKqiqï c,h fyda mrsfNda.fhka bj; ,k fYaIh wju ;rñka ;DK me,Eá u; fy,Su mjd nqÿiuh olajkafka n,j;a jrola yeáhgh' ;DK me,Eáj,g wys;lr oE tn÷ ;eka uÕ yer bj; oeñh

34hq;=h' nqÿka jykafia NslaIQkag jeis f;ui ckmo pdrsldfõ fkdfhoS tla ;ekl úiSug wkqolakd ,oafoa uyck u;hg wkql+,ùu msKsi jqjo talskaøSh me,Eá yd

35laIQø m%dKSka mhg mE.S úkdYùuo kqiqÿiq nj i,ldh' Pín.a.sh NslaIQka jykafia,d yqK ;,a wdos .ia fld,x lmd ms<sfh, fldg oerE mdjyka fkdoersh

36hq;= njg úkh kS;shla mekúKs' NslaIQka úiska .iaje,a lemSu jrola yeáhg mdÑ;a;sh weje;lao mekfõ' fijk ,o jDlaIhl w;a;la leãuo jrola f,i i,ld kqjKe;a;dyq ie;emS yqka relska w;a;la leãu ñ;% fødayhg we;=<;ahehs

37fkdlvkakdy' n%dyauK hd.fhaoS isrs;la yeáhg hd. Yd,dj msrsflùu" hQmh" hd.

38ìu we;srSu msKsi l=i ;K rela is|Su ydkshla nj nqÿiufha oelSuh'

jDlaI ,;d flfrys ñksidf.a n,mEu b;d ishqï whqrska isÿ fõ' we;eï úg jefvk me,Eáj,g ñksid w;ska ;Ügq lsrSfïoS jqjo tys jeãug ndOdjla jk nj i¾c.oSYa iSfndia kï fN!;sl úoHd{hd fl%iafl%d.%dma kï WmlrKh wdY%fhka meyeos,s lf<ah' fidaúhÜ cd;sl WoaNso úoHd{fhla jk uydpd¾h ù weï mqIalskaf.a m¾fhaIKhloS WoaNso yd ñksid w;r oeä iïnkaOhla we;ehs fy<súh' .=ma; udkisl n,fõ. úfYaI{fhla jk wd¾úka f.%hsmaf.a m¾fhaIK wkqj ñksiqkaf.a

39 udkisl ÿlafõokdj,oS jDlaIo udkisl fjkialï olajhss' fvdrls frfgda,ela we;eï ix.S; ksid me,Eá iS>%j jefvk w;r we;eï ix.S; ksid me,Eá u<dksl ùúkdYhgo m;ajk nj fy<s l<dh' kùk frdla ix.S;fhka we;eï me,Eá ix.S;h wefik w;g fkdj úreoaO me;a;g weoS hk w;r we;eï me,Eá u<dksl ù úkdYhgo m;afõ' fufia i,lk úg jDlaI ,;d wdY%s; udkj in|;d tajdg ys;lr jk f,i mj;ajd f.k hEu w;HdjYHh' fN!;sl mrsirh flfrys wdpdr iïmkak meje;=ïj,ska fï iïnkaO;dj f.dvkefÕa' ta i|yd wdrdu jk frdamKho Wmldr

34 iq;a; ksmd;h" liSNdroajdc iQ;%h" —wmamyrsf;jd Pâfvys˜ 28 ms¡35 uydj.a.md,sh" nqoaO chka;s ;%smsgl .%ka: ud,d" Y%S ,xldKavqfõ m%ldYkh" 1957" 347ms¡36 tu" pïulaLkaOlh" 474 ms¡

33 oS>ksldh" nqoaO chka;s ;%smsgl .%ka: ud,d wxl 8-11" Y%S ,xld ckrcfha m%ldYkh" 1976" uydmodk iQ;%h" 2ms¡

140

idrÓ

37 mkaish mkia cd;l fmd;" ixia¡ fõrf.dv wurfuda,s" Y%S ,xld m%ldYl iud.u" fld<U" 1965" jdKsc cd;lh" 954 ms¡uyd

38 oS>ksldh" nqoaO chka;s ;%smsgl .%ka: ud,d wxl 7-11" l+g oka; iQ;%h" —;iañx fLd n%dyauK hf{fkj krelaLd Pscacrsiq hQm;a:dh koín¨hsxiq nysrsi;ajdh˜ 249 ms¡ 39 ;,,af,a Oïudkkao" ;%smsglfha ixialD;sl ,laIK" Y%S iqprs;dlr iñ;sh" fld<U" 1978" 167-198 ms¡

40jkafkah'

ñksid c,h flfrys oelaúh hq;= wdpdr iïmkak meje;=ïo fujeksu

jkafkah' c,h m%fhdackhg .kq,nk ñksid tys fjfik l=vd m%dKSkag ydks

fkdisÿ jk whqrska mrsfNdackh l< hq;=h' m%dKSka iys; c,h ;DK fyda fmdf<dj 41u; fy,k NslaIqj mdÑ;a;sh wej;g meñfKa' tyso wdm;a;s follg meñfKa' oek

42oek m%dKSka iys; osh mrsfNdackfhkao wdm;a;s follg meñfKkafkah' nqÿka

jykafia l=,djl cd;lh foaYkd lf<a meka fkdfmrd mdkh lsrSfï jro olajkq

msKsih'

wkjfndaOh yd fkdie,ls,su;alñka ñksidf.a idudkH yeisrSfïoS jqjo

wdpdr iïmkak Ndjh fkdue;s úg c,h N+ñh wdos jgmsg mrsirh wmú;% fõ' ñksid

YrSr lD;HfhaoS fkdie,ls,su;aj neyer ,k ish,a, fmdf<djg;a c,hg;a tl;= 43 44

fõ' c,fhyso wmú;% oE fOdajkh flf¾' c,hg u< uQ;% neyer,Su fl< .eiSu

fufia n,j;a jrola nj nqÿiuh fmkajd foa' wju ;rñka mrsfNda. fldg bj; ,k 45fYaIh WKqiqï kï tho neyer ,sh hq;af;a m%dKSka rys; c,hlgh' wkdorh ksid

c,fhys u< fyda uQ;% fyda fl< fy<k NslaIqj tla weje;lg meñfKk w;r 46úm;a;s jYfhka wdpdr úm;a;shgo wdm;a;s jYfhka ÿlalgd wdm;a;shgo meñfKa'

fuys jrog iïuqLd úkh" má[a[d;lrKh" ;sKj;a:drl hk

wdm;a;dêlrKfhka l%shd flf¾' c,iïm;a laIhùu iqrlaIs;ùu mrsfNdack l%uh

u; ;SrKh fõ' ckdlS¾K m%foaYhl msysá tlu c,dYhlska mdkh iakdkh yd

leue;s lghq;= lrhso isys,a mú;% c,fhka msreKq tjeks fmdl=Kla ukdj 47mrsfNdackh lr;a kï tys c,h laIhùug fkdhhs'

mdkSh c,h mrsfNdack c,h hkqfjka merKs wdrdu ;=< c,iïmdok l%u folla jQ nj j;a;laLkaOlfha oelafõ' mdkSh c,hg mrsfNdackSh c,h ñY% lsrSu weje;ls' w;a md fodajkhg ;enQ c,h wmú;% lsrSuo weje;ls' mdfodajh lrk

40 ixhq;a; ksldh" nqoaO chka;s ;%smsgl .%ka: ud,d wxl 13-1" ,xldKavqfõ uqøKh" 1960" jkfrdam iQ;%h" —wdrdu frdamd jk frdamd˜ 60 ms¡

41 mrsjdr md,sh" ixia¡ lsrswe,af,a {dKúu, ysñ" Ydiaf;%daoh uqøKh" r;akmqr" 1857" —fojk N+;.du j.a.h˜ ms¡

42 tu" 24 ms¡43 tu" —mGúhx iqÑxms kslaÅmka;s wiqÑïms kslaÅmka;s .+:ïms kslaÅmka;s uq;a; .;ïms fL,.;ïms kslÅmka;s mqín.;ïmss kslaÅmka;s f,dys;.;ïms kslaÅmka;s¡˜kslaÅmka;s 44 tu" —wdmiañx iqÑïms fOdjka;s¡˜45 iq;a;ksmd;h" liSNdroajdc iQ;%h" —wmamdKfljd Wofl Tms,dfmys¡˜ 28 ms¡46 mrsjdr md,sh" nqoaO chka;s ;%smsgl .%ka: ud,d wxl 6-1" Y%S ,xld m%cd;dka;%sl ckrcfha —wkdorshx máÉp Wofl WÉpdrxjd miaidjxjd fl<xjd lfrdkaf;d tlx wdm;a;sx wdmÊc;s˜ 250 ms¡

m%ldYkh" 1977"

141

idrÓ

47 ixhq;a; ksldh" nqoaO chka;s ;%smsgl .%ka: ud,d wxl 13-1" mGu wmq;a;l iQ;%h" —fihH:dms uydrdc .duiaijd ks.uiaijd wú¥fr fmdlaLrKs wfpPold iSf;dold if;dold fi;ld iqm;s;ajd ruKsh ;x cfkd yfrhHms msfjhHms kyd fhhHms h:d mpphïms lfrhH tjxys ;xuyd rdc Wolx iïud mrsN=[acshudkx mrsfNd.x .fphH fkd mrslaLhx˜ 166 ms¡

NslaIQka úiska tla w;lska c,h bish hq;=h' wfkla w;ska md foúh hq;=h' tlu 48w;lska c,h biSu;a md foùu;a fkdl< hq;=h'

cSj;aùu msKsi iïnkaO;d úê meje;aúh hq;= fN!;sl mrsirh yereKqúg

ñksidf.a udkisl nqoaêh yd prs;h hk wdOHd;añl j¾Okhg ys;lr udkisl

mrsirhla iuÕo ñksid in|;d meje;aúh hq;=h' fN!;sl mrsirh ndysr wNsu;d¾:

msKsi muKla fhdod .ekSfïoS th udkisl mrsirhg wys;lr jkafkah' ñksidg

úfõl nqoaêh my, lr .ekSug fhda.H mrsirhla wjYH nj nqÿiufha ms<s .ekSuh'

jdihg iqÿiq m%foaYhla ;=< úiSu W;=ï ux., lreKla yeáhg ie,fla' jdihg

kqiqÿiq mrsirhl fjfik ñksidf.a udkisl .;s meje;=ï fndfyda úg oreKq njg

m;ajkq we;' iSñ; ñksia in|;d iys; ÿIalr m%foaYhla jQ iqkdmrka;h b;d oreKq

ñksiqka fjfik m%foaYhla nj ta .ek mqKaK ysñhka nqÿka jykafiag ie, l< 50

mqj;lska lshefõ' m%fõKs.; ixialD;sl odhdohla we;s úúO l¾lI mrsirj,

fjfik ukqIH cd;Skaf.a wdOHd;añl .;s.=K flfrys tu mrsirh os.ska os.gu

n,mdk nj m%lg lreKls' ld¾h iy j.lSï nyq, wúfõls udkisl;ajhla olajk

prs; fndfyda úg f>daId rys; ufkda{jQ mdrsirsl mokula u; laIKslj

fjkiaùug bv lv we;' ms;D>d;l wcdi;a rc;=udf.a udkisl ;;a;ajh m%ikak 51mrsirh ;=<ska jyd fjkia úh'

nqoaOld,Sk bkaoshdkq rdcH md,lfhda udkisl yd ldhsl úfõlh Wiia fia w.h l<y' ta i|yd ud,s.hg kqÿrej wdrdu Whkaj;= msysgjkq ,eîh' úfõl nqoaêfhka úi|sh hq;= rdcH .eg¨ wdosh idlÉPd lsrSu msKsi rcjre Whka lrd meñKshy' ,sÉPú i,a Whk" fÊ; l=uref.a fÊ; Whk wdosh fujeks Whka j;=h'

ñksid udkisl j¾Okhg hym;a mrsirhla yd iïnkaO;d oelaúh hq;= nj nqÿiuh wjOdrKh lrhs' fiakdik mekùfïoS NslaIQka úiska wkq.ukh l< hq;= lreKq lSmhla fõ' fiakdik .ug jvd wE;a fkdúh hq;=h' .ug b;d ióm fkdúh hq;=h' .ukd.uk myiqj ;sìh hq;=h' osjd ld,fhys ckdlS¾K fkdjQ rd;%s ld,fhys

52w,am Yío iys; úh hq;=h'

fiakdikhlg fhda.H mrsirhla f;dard .ekSfïoS wjOdkhg fhduq l< hq;= 48 pq,a,j.a. md,sh" fn!oaO uyd iïfï,kfha ;%smsgl .%ka:ud,d" 1951" fiakdik LkaOlh" 287

ms¡49 iq;a; ksmd;h" uyd ux., iQ;%h" —m;srEm foai jdfid p˜ 80 ms¡50 uca¯u ksldh" O¾u iuh hka;%d,h" fld<U" 1962" mqKafKdajdo iQ;%h" 281ms¡51 oS>ksldh" idu[a[M, iQ;%h—ruKshd j; fNda fodiskd r;a;s wNsrEmd j; fNd fodiskd

r;a;s oiaikShd j; fNd fodiskd r;a;s mdidosld j; fNd fodiskd r;a;s ,laL[a[j; fNd fodiskd r;a;s l:xys kdu ;dj uyf;d NslaLq ix>iai wâvf;<idkx NslaLq i;dkx fkj Åms; ioafod Núiai;s k Wlaldis; ioafod ks.af>dfid;s˜ 83 ms¡

142

idrÓ

52 pq,a,j.a. md,sh" fiakdik LkaOlh" 3 ms¡

uQ,sl lreKqj,ska w,am Yíoh iy w,am f>daIdj iys; m%foaYhla f;dard .; hq;=h hk moku wdOHd;añl j¾Okhg fnfyúka n,mdk lreKls' f>daId rys; mrsirh udkisl úfõlhgo ys;lrh' ckdêl l¾udka; wdY%s; Yío nyq, kd.rsl mrsirh mdi,a isiqkaf.a udkisl úfõlhg yd udkisl j¾Okhg ydkslr nj wOHdmk ufkdaúoHd;aul woyih' nqÿka jykafia f>daIdj olakd ,oafoa u;aiH úf,damfhys

53 fflj¾;hka fiah' wêl Yío iys; mrsirhl ks;r .ejefik ñksiaiq ;shqKq udkisl nqoaêfhka ySk jk nj iólaIK yd ksrSlaIKj,ska fy<sù we;' fmdma ix.S;fha .S; iajrh uy;a mSvdjla njo th ks;r Y%jKh lrkakkaf.a Y%jfKakaøsh ÿ¾j,ù wjidkfha ìysrs ùug bv we;ehs u;hla mj;SS' fï yereKq úg <orejkaf.a uki oreKq ùugo kd.rsl Yío fya;= jk nj fidhd f.k we;' Yíoh ukskq ,nk fvisn,a kï tallj,g wkqj isyska Yíohl fvisn,a 5lao iqjodhl Yíohl fvisn,a 40lao fõ' ñksidg oersh yels Wmrsu Yíoh fvisn,a 150la nj èjks ;rx. úoHd{fhda fmkajd foa' l¾udka; Yd,djl jev lrk lïlrefjla fvisn,a 155g jeä Yío m%udKhl jev lsrSu fkdl< hq;= hehso th fiLHhg ydkslr hehso m%ldY lr;s'

jgmsgd mrsirfha fjfik mlaISka wdoskaf.a kdoh ñksidg fukau .iaje,aj, j¾Okhg ys;lrh' ñksid úiska ksl=;a lrkq ,nk we;eï ix.S; jqjo .iaje,aj, j¾Okhg ys;lr jk njg woyila mj;S' ol=Kq bkaoshdfõ wkakuf,hs úYajúoHd,fha WoaNso wxYfha iNdm;s wdpd¾h á iS isx uy;d jh,skh ngk,dj uekav,skh ùKdj wdosfha isyska ix.S; rdjh me,Eáj,g fhduq l< úg tajdfha j¾Ok fõ.h 90] ka jeä jk nj olakd ,oS'

iajNdúl mrsirfhka wE;aj kd.rsl mrsirhg fhduq ùfïoS ñksidf.a ldhsl yd udkisl úfõlh msKsi lD;Su Whkaj;= we;s lsrSug isÿ fõ' tfia jqjo tn÷ w,xldr WoaNso WoHdk msysg jQ muKska udkisl j¾Okh fyda udkisl úfõlh ,efnk njla fkdfmfka' tys jákdlu mj;skafka ñksidf.a yeisrSfï ruKsh;ajh u;h' ñksidf.a yeisrSfï ruKSh;ajfhka fidf<dia l,dfjka tlla ;rï fyda

54tjeks Whkaj;= w.kd fkdfõ'

kshu ldhsl yd udkisl úfõlh ,eìh yelafla lD;Su Whkaj;= wdosfhka fkdj jkh ;=<sks' úfõlh leue;s wh jkhg msúish hq;= nj nqÿiufha ks¾foaYhhs' 55 is;ays we;sjk wm%ikak nj ms,sl=," WodiSklu" ukafoda;aidys yeÕSï iajdNdúl mrsirh foi Woafhda.fhka yd m%S;sfhka ne,Sug mqreÿùfuka is;ska bj;aj fha' fuhska msrsyS hk udkisl fi!LHh yd udkisl nqoaêh j¾Okh jkafkah' cSú;fhka m<df.dia wdOHd;añl iqjh fidhk jk.; ;jqikaf.a l< lsreKq .;sh yd WodiSk lu m%ikak mrsirh ;=<ska uelShhs' iajNdj O¾ufha úis;=re núka l=,au;a jQ nqoaO Y%djl Y%dúldfjda mrsirh flfrys m%ido ckl yeÕSï my< fldg úuqla;ash ,oy' Tjqyq idudkH ñksid mrsirfhka ,nk udkisl úkaokhg jvd jeä úkaokhla

53 wx.=;a;r ksldh" 1968" kd.s; iQ;%h"—fl mk kd.s; WÉpd ioaod uydiaod fljÜgd u[af[a úf,dfm;s˜ 48 ms¡uÉP

54 ixhq;a; ksldh" ,xldKavqfõ m%ldYkh" 1960" ilal ixhq;a;h" —rdufKhHl iQ;%h wdrdu fÉ;Hd fmdlaLr[a[ iqksïñ;d ukqiairdu fKhHia l,xkd.a>ka;s fid<isx˜ 414 ms¡

fÉ;Hd jk

55 wx.=;a;r ksldh" 1968" wkaOlúkao iQ;%h" —t: ;=ïfy wdjqfid wr[a[;d fyd: wr[af[a jkm;a:dks fiakdikdks máfiaj:d;s b;s ldhjqmldfi iudo fm;índ˜ 222ms¡

143

idrÓ

,enQy' “ks,ajka ukd f., we;s is¨ we;s fudKre ldrxÑ jfkys fjfiiska ko fo;s' Tjqyq fï> ld,fhys YS; jd;fhka yg.;a l,S hk ñysrs y~ we;a;dyq ksod

56isáhyq OHdk lrkakyq m%fndaO flfr;a'” fujeks mrsir j¾Kd;aul yeÕSï nr Wodk jk.; f;rjrekaf.a uqúka ksrdhdifhka m<úh'

jeä fofkl=g ldhsl udkisl wl%sh;dj yd wm%ikak nj f.k tk j¾Id iD;=j jqjo f;rjre oelSug mqreÿj isáfha wdya,do ckl ,S,dfjks' “fid÷re .ehqula fihska jeis jiS udf.a ls,sh fidhk ,o mrsfNda. iqLh yd mshQ jd ljq¿

57 we;' udf.a is;o fudkjg tlÕúh' fï>h oeka rsisfhys kï jiajhs¡” fujeks Ndjd;aul Wodkj,ska f,dalh w;yer úuqla;sh fidhkakjqka jqjo iajNdj O¾ufha w,xldrj;a núka jiS jQ whqre fmkShhs' rSia fâúâia ue;sKsh i|yka lrk mrsos fï NslaIQkaf.a wr[a[ jdih úfiaidê.uh yd wjg mrsirho w;s ufkdayr ,S,dfjka Tjqkaf.a .d:djkaf.ka m%ldY fõ' tfia jqj;a fuu iajNdj fi!kao¾hfhys j¾KKh fya;=fldg f.k fï ry;=kaf.a Wodk jdlH ldjH rifhka wkQk wÕkd

58Ndj.S; iuQyhla njg m;afõ'

wúfõl cSú;hla .;l< nqoaO ld,Sk Ndr;Sh ldka;djka tu mrsirfhka ñ£ m%jDcdfjka miqj ,o ldhsl udkisl úfõlh;a nqoaêh;a thska ,o wdOHd;añl j¾Okh;a f:ars.d:dj,ska ukdj újrKh fõ' nyq, jYfhka f;rjrekaf.a .d:dj,ska iajdNdúl mrsirh wdOHd;añl j¾Okhg .e<mS .sh whqre fmkS hk w;r f;rKshkaf.a .d:dj,ska wúfõl mrsirfhka ñ£ wdOHd;añl j¾Okhg fhduq jQ whqreo fmkS hhs' f:ars .d:dj,ska uq,ska cSú;fha meje;s ÿla lïlfgd¨ wka whqrlska úoyd olajd we;'

wdOHd;añl {dkfha j¾Okhg fi!kao¾hd;aul mrsirh wÕkd jia;= îchls' tys úúO jia;= îc weiqrska nqoaOY%djlfhda tajd wruqKq fldg úuqla;sh ,oy' iershq;a ysñhkaf.a ioaêúydrsl NslaIqjla ijia hdufha wU Whfka tla fmdl=Kla ujd ta fmdl=fKa uy;a mshqï m÷rla ujd tyso uy;a mshqula ujd uyK fï mshqu n,ñka ys÷jhs lshd ys÷jd .|ls,shg jka fial' ta uyK ta mshqu keje; keje; n,kafkah' Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia ta mshqu crdjg meñK jQ fial' ta mshqu uyK n, n,d isáhoSu crdjg meñK új¾K jQfhah' blaì;af;ka mshqu yd;a miska fm;s jefgñka fudfyd;lska ish¨ mshqï fm;s jegqKdyqh' blaì;af;ka f¾Kq je.=refKah' mshqï flñh muKla wjfYaI jQfhah' ta NslaIQka jykafia ta mshqu n,ñka is;k fiala fuu mshqu oekau msmS wNsrEmj oel=ï lghq;= jQfhah' blaì;af;ka Tyqf.a j¾Kh uqyql=rd fm;so f¾Kqo yqKqfhah' l¾Ksld ud;%hla muK jQ isgqfhah'''''''' ta NslaIQka jykafia fï O¾uhdf.a fl<jr w¾y;a M,hg meñK 56 f:r.d:d" nqoaO chka;s ;%smsgl .%ka: ud,d wxl 28",xldKavqfõ m%ldYkh" 1972" 12 ms¡57 tu" 24ms¡58 TW Rhys Davids, Psalms of the Brethren, Cosmo Publications, New Delhi, 1986, introduction.

144

idrÓ

59taldka;fhka ish¨ Njfhka ñ÷fkñ is;+y'

nqÿka jykafia mrsks¾jdKhg ióm jk wjia:dj olajd mrsirh foi n,k

,oafoa m%ikak yeÕSfukah' nqÿka jykafia Wfoaks fÉ;sh" f.d;ul fÉ;sh" pdmd, 60fÉ;sh wdos ia:dk ufkda{fia ie,el+y' nqÿka jykafia ldu iïm;aj,ska wkQk jQ

w,xldr ukaosrhl rd;%sfha iqjfia ksokjdg jvd fyauka; rd;%sfha ysu jefgk

iufha .jl=r .egqKq ìu msÿre u; .iaj, m;% úr, t<s uyfka iS; fõrïN jd;h

yuk ;ek ksoSu iem;la fia ie,l+y' fufia iajdNdúl mrsirh yd cSú;h w;r

iïnkaOh fln÷ wdldrhlska mj;ajd f.k hd hq;=o hkak wjOdrKh lr we;'

fN!;sl mrsirh yd udkisl mrsirh iuÕ fukau ñksid Tyq úiska f.dvkÕd .;a iudc mrsirh;a iuÕo iïnkaO;d úê mj;a jkafkah' ñksid wjg iudc mrsirh yd iïnkaO;d oelaùfïoS tys is;=ï me;=ï wNsu;d¾: Tyq flfrys ksrdhdifhka n,mdkq ,efí' tys m%;sl%shdjla yeáhg ñksid iudcfha bosrshg hEug ksrka;rfhka m%h;ak orhs' fuysoS we;s jk ;rÕldrS iajNdjh ksid ñksia ika;dkfhys úIu rd.h" úIu f,daNh" ñ;Hd oDIaáh jeks iudc mrsirhg wys;lr is;=ú,s my< fõ' fuu ;%súO wl=i, uQ,hka iudc mrsirhg wxY ;=klska n,mdkq we;' tkï 1¡ úIurd. fya;= fldg f.k wêl ck.yKhla jHdma; ùu¡ 2¡ úIu f,daNh fya;= fldg f.k fN!;sl iïm;a fm!oa.,sl;ajhg fhduq ùug yd iïm;a laIhùug ux mEoSu¡ 3¡ ñ;HdoDIaáh fya;= fldg f.k iudc wdl,am fjkia ùu¡ fuys m%;súmdlhla yeáhg iudc mrsirh ;=< mek kÕsk mSvk úúO w¾nqo msKsi fmd<Ujkq ,efí' fujeks wjia:d ñksid wú ork hqoaOhlg fhduqlrk n,fõ.hla njg m;ajk nj nqÿiufha woyih' ta uÕska j¾Okh jk ck.yKh úkdYhg m;ajk njo lshefõ'

mqrd;kfha .ï kshï .ï mqrd l=lal=g cd;Syq fuka f,dalh ckhdf.ka w;=re 61

isÿre ke;sj msrS mej;=Ks' fufia jQ wêl ck.yKh úkdYhg m;a jQfha iudc mrsirh ;=< n,j;a jQ wO¾u rd.h" úIu f,daNh" ñÉPd O¾u ksid yg.;a ;shqKq

62wdhqO hqoaOhlskah' ,dul wl=i, O¾uj, my<ùu;a iuÕ jeis fkdjei yg.;a 63fi;ÜGsl kï ÿ¾NslaIhlskao wêl ck ixLHdjla úkdY jQ nj oelafõ'

59 fõrf.dv wurfuda,s" 1965" ;S¾: cd;lh" 67 ms¡60 oS>ksldh" nqoaO chka;s ;%smsgl .%ka: ud,d wxl 8" Y%S ,xld ckrcfha m%ldYkh" 1976"

uydmrsksíndK iQ;%h" —ruKShx wdkkao fjid,s ruKshx WfokfÉ;shx ruKshx f.d;ul fÉ;shx ruKshx i;a;ïNfÉ;shx ruKshx pdmd, fÉ;shx˜ 110 ms¡

61 wx.=;a;r ksldh" uydiqmsk iQ;%h" 1968" —mqíniaiqox whx f,dfld wùÑu[a[Mqfgd fyd;s ukqiafiys l=lal=g iumd;sld .du ks.u rdcOdksfhd˜ 386 ms¡

62 tu" 386 ms¡63 tu¡

145

idrÓ

fN!;sl iïm;a laIhùfïoS fyda úIuj fnoS hEfïoS iudch ;=< we;s jk

orsø;djo udkj meje;aug ;¾ckhls' orsø;dj fya;= fldg f.k iudcfha fidrlï 64wmrdO ixLHdj by< kÕS' fidrlïj, w;=re úmdlhla yeáhg cSj>d; wmrdO

nyq, fõ' iudc úYajdih m¨ÿ jkafkah' iodpdr mrsydkshla iuÕ ukqIH wdhqI oi

j¾Ih f;la my< niS' fuu ld, iSudj ;=< j¾K mrsydKsh iïu; iudc pdrs;% ì|

ldudYdjka j¾Okh jk njo fn!oaO woyih' iodpdrfhka mrsmQ¾K wh m%ixYd¾y

jkafkah' uj iq¿ uEKs" kekaoksh" wdpd¾hjrhd" ìrs| wdoSka ms<sn| ;elSulska 65

f;drj f,dajeishd ñY% Ndjhg fha' wkql%ufhka udkisl ,laIK fjkiaù ñksia

is;a ;=< jOl Ñ;a;h yd uD. ix{dj biau;=j Tjqfkdjqka ;shqKq wdhqOj,ska osú

f;drlr .ks;s' úIu rd.h" úIu f,daNh" ñ;HdoDIaáh lrk fldg f.k fufia

udkj iudch fjkiaù hk nj nqÿiuh wjOdrKh lr ;sfí'

ñksid iodpdrhg fhduqfj;au keje; oij¾IdhqIal wdhqI j¾I 80000 olajd 66

by< kÕsk nj i|ykah' ck.yKho wêl jkafkah' wêl ck.yKh fyda wêl

wdhq m%udKh iudc mrsirhg fyda fN!;sl mrsirhg wys;lr n,mEula fkdlrhs'

j¾I wiQ oyi olajd wdhq m%udKh ke.S wêl ck.yKhla me;srS .sho rg

iuDoaêu;ah' .ï" kshï .ï" okõ" rc oyka yqK jkhla fuka ckhdf.ka w;=re 67isÿre ke;sj isáfkah' tfia jqjo wdydr iq,Nh' mrsmd,kho myiqh' ihqr ksï fldg

we;s uy fmdf<dj o~qqjñka f;drj wúfhka f;drj Od¾ñl jQ tlu md,khla

hg;g tkafkah' iudc mrsirh udkj meje;aug fufia ys;lr fyda wys;lr jkqfha

ñksidf.a iodpdrfha keÕSu yd neiSu wkqjh'

kQ;k hq.fha ñksia cSú;h mrsirh wdY%ss; .eg¨ /ilg ue|sù we;s nj m%lgh' th fN!;sl udkisl yd iudc jYfhka úúO lafIa;% ;=<ska mek ke.=Kls' fN!;sl cSjk ;;a;ajh iqfLdamfNda.S ikSmdrlaIl l%u wkqj ielfik kuqÿ Bg idfmalaIlj iajdNdúl mrsirfha ikSmdrlaIl ;;a;ajh úhjq,a flf¾' tfukau wúfõl udkisl mrsirfhka ñ|S iajdNdúl kskaola ,nkq fjkqjg ksos fnfy;a Wmldrfhka lD;S%u kskaola ,eìh hq;= ;rug udkisl mrsirhla jgmsgdfõ f.dvkefÕñka mj;S' bkaøsshka ikaiqka jk oE fjkqjg bkaøsshka m%fldamhg m;ajk oE iudc mrsirh ;=< jHdma; fõ' udkj meje;aug ys;lr mrsirhla ilia lsrSfï ld¾hNdrh mejefrkafka ñksidguh' fuysoS ñksid .kq ,nk ;SrK u; wkd.; meje;auo ;SrKh fõ'

64 oS>ksldh" nqoaO chka;s ;%smsgl .%ka: ud,d wxl 9" Y%S ,xld ckrcfha m%ldYkh" 1976" plalj;a;s iQ;%h" —od<soaoshx fõmq,a,x.f;woskakdodkx fõmq,a,u.udis ˜ 96 ms¡65 tu —iïfNox f,dfld .ñiai;s˜ 65 ms¡66 tu¡67 tu —fihH:dms k,jkx irjkxjd¡˜

146

idrÓ

ñksid wka m%cdj wNsnjd fkdhk úg udkj meje;aug ys;lr mrsirhla Wodfõ' ñksid m%cdj wNsnjd hEfïoS Tyq idudkH cSú;fhka wE;aùug;a iajNdj O¾uh wNsnjd hEug;a W;aidy .kS' fï ksid iEu mqoa.,fhlau iudk;ajfhka ie,lsh hq;= w;r iajdNdúl;ajh blaujd fkdhk mrsos cSú;h ixúOdkh lr .ekSu fn!oaO woyi jkafkah' ukqIH l%shd w¾:j;a jkqfha fm!oa.,sl wNsu;d¾: f;drjQ úgh' ,d ´Ü fia kï Ök cd;sl Ñka;lhd ;d´ O¾uh uÕska lshd isáfha ukqIH cSÑ;h c,h fuka meje;sh hq;= njh' ñksid c,fha iajNdjh fuka ysveia we;s ;eka fidhd .uka lrkq ñi biau;=ù hEug W;aidy fkdoersh hq;= njh' cSú;h .,d hkakdjQ wdldrfhka .,d hEug bv lv ie,iSu jeo.;ah' c,fha iajrEmh yuqjk iEu fohlgu bv oSuh' tfy;a l,ahEfïoS c,h úYd, m¾j;hla jqjo f.jd yrS'

68ñksia cSú;ho fufia c,h fuka mej;sh hq;=h hkak ;d´ oyu fmkajd fohs' ;d´ oyñka fmdaIKh jQ mqrdK Ök cd;slfhda ñksidg iudcfha yd iajNdj O¾uh ;=< úfYaI;ajhla fkdÿkay' fï nj Ök Ñ;%j,ska ukdj ksrEmkh fõ' iajdNdúl l÷ .ia je,a b;d Wiaj úYd,j olajk Ök Ñ;%j, ñksia rEmh olajkafka b;d l=vdjgh' tn÷ Ñ;%j, ñksid .sksl+rl m%udKhg jvd Wiaj fkdw|S' ñksid iajNdj O¾uh fyda iudch wNsnjd by< hEu kqiqÿiq neõ fujeks ixl,amj,ska ksrEmkh flf¾'

w;a:s iqL" fNda. iqL" wKk iqL" wkjÊc iqL hk p;=¾úO iqLhkaf.ka 69ñksid ix;Dma; lr,sh yels cSjk l%uhla nqÿ oyfuys ks¾foaYs;h' Bg wkqrEmj

70cSú;h ilialr .ekSfuka kQ;k hq.fha jqjo ukqIH cSú;h ;Dma;shg m;ajkq we;¡ cSú;h w,afmaÉP jk ;rug th iudchg;a mrsirhg;a ys;lrh' w,afmaÉP cSú;hlg hemSug ;rï iïm;a m%udKhla iEfya' w,afmaÉP cSjk l%uh hgf;a iïm;a m%fhdackhg .ekSfïoS mrsirfha fjk;a iïm;aj,g wys;lr n,mEula isÿfkdjk nj iïm;a mrsyrKh ms<sn| fn!oaO o¾Ykfhka fy<sjk jeo.;a b.ekaùuls' w,afmaÉP cSú;hla .;lrk uqksjrhd .fuka msvq ,ndf.kafka j¾Kh

71.kaOh fkdkid u,lska frdka .kakd nUrl= fuks' mrsirfha fjfik fndfyda i;=ka cSj;a jkafka iajdNdúl mrsirhg fyda iajlSh j¾.hdg ydkslr fkdjk mrsosh' ñksidf.a cSjk l%uho iajNdj O¾uhg fyda iajlSh iudc mrsirhg ydkslr fkdjk fia mj;ajd f.k hEu nqÿ oyfï wdl,amh jkafkah'

68 Chuta-Kao, tans, Tao teaching, Great Britain,1959, p.18.69 wx.=;a;r ksldh" nqoaO chka;s ;%smsgl .%ka: ud,d wxl 13" 130 ms¡70 Lily de Silva, “Buddhist Attitude to present day problems,” Vesak SirisaraGolden Jubilee- Buddhist Annual,BE2529/AC1985, p.172.71 Lqoaol ksldh" nqoaO chka;s ;%smsgl .%ka: ud,d wxl 24" ,xldKavqfõ m%ldYkh" 1960" 36 ms¡

147

idrÓ

iageka,s lsrskafoaf.a Ydia;%d,Sh iy kq;k Ñ;% l,d Ndú;h

iqo¾Yk nKavdr

lkao Wvrg m%foaYh furg oDIH l,d flaIA;%fha iqúfYaI jákdlulska hqla; m%foaYhla f,i i|yka l< yelsh' uykqjr iïm%odfha úydr ì;=is;=jï l,dj ms<sn|j idlÉPd lsrsfïoS tls jákdlu fyd|skau wjfndaO fõ' tkï furg l,d flaIa;%hg kj ks¾udK iïm%odhla y÷kajdoSu iy th foaYSh wkkH ,laIKj,ska hqla; iajdëk ffY,shla f,i úúO m%foaYj, jHdma; lsrSu" tlu ks¾udKh úúO nqoaêuh ;,hkaj, mqoa.,hkag ri ú|sh yels f,i f.dvkeÕSu iy Ñ;%h m%n, oDIH ikaksfõok udOHhla f,i Ndú; lsrsug yels f,i ks¾udKh lsÍu Bg kso¾Yk f,i i|yka l< yels fõ' tfiau tlS iïm%odhg wh;a úydr ì;=is;=jï .Kkdjla woo b;du wk¾> ;;ajfhka wdrlaId ù mj;skafkao Wvrg m%foaYfha ùu Bg ;j;a

1m%n, idOlhls¡ úfYaIfhka f,aje,a, .xÕdrduh" fo.,afodrej úydrh" ueoj, geïmsg úydrh" YS% o<od ud<s.h iy iQrshf.dv úydrh ta w;=rska lsysmhls'

furg YDia;%d,Sh Ñ;% l,dj iy kq;k Ñ;% l,dj ms<sn|j wOHhkh lsrsfïoSo Wvrg m%foaYfhka ìysjQ ks¾udlrejka fndfyduhla y÷kd.; yelsh' tkï Ydia;%d,Sh Ñ;% Ys,amSka f,i ta iS' cStia uqo,s÷ wurfialr" fâúâ fmakag¾ iy

2fÊ ã ta fmf¾rd i|yka l< yelsh¡ tfukau fcda¾Ê lSÜ" fcda¾Ê la,dika" iageka,s lSrskafoa Wvráka ìysjQ kQ;kjdoS Ñ;% Ys,amSka w;=rska lsysm fofkl= f,i kï l< yelsh' fuu kQ;kjdoS Ys,amSka w;=rska iageka,s lsrskafoa Ñ;% Ys,amshdg úfYaI ia:dkhla ysñ fõ' fuu ,smsh ;=<ska uQ,slj wjOdkh fhduq lrkq ,nkafka lkao Wvrg bmso tysu wOHdmkh ,en miqj cSú;fha jeä ld, mrdihla Wvrg m%foaYfhysu jD;a;Sh lghq;= l< iageka,s lsrskafoa ks¾udK Ys,amshdf.a Ñ;% l,dj ms<sn|j wOHhkhla isÿ lsrSughs' tysoS úfYaIfhka ks¾udK iïm%odh" tys mj;sk iqúfYaI ,laIK" fjk;a l,d iïm%odhkaf.a iy ks¾udK Ys,amSkaf.ka ,nd.;a wdNdi iy j¾;udkfha m%n, újdod;aul lreKla jk" iageka,s lsrskafoa Ydia;%d,Sh l,dlrefjlao ke;akï kQ;kjdos l,dlrefjlao hkqfjka mj;sk Ydia;S%h .egqug úêu;a újrKhla iemhSu;a fuu ,smsfhka uQ,slj n,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ' fuu ,smsfha m%:u Nd.h lsrskafoaf.a mjq,a miqìu" wOHdmkh iy Wiia wOHdmk lghq;= ms<sn|j;a Tyqf.a jD;a;Sh w;aoelSï iy iuld,Sk ks¾udK Ys,amSka ms<sn|j;a y÷kajdoSu i|yd fjka lrkq ,efí' úfYaIfhka kQ;k Ñ;% Ys,amsfhl= ms<sn|j wOHhkh lsrsfïoS Tyqf.a ks¾udK úYaf,aIKh lsrSug m%:u tjeks mQ¾j úu¾Ykhla fm!oa.,sl f;dr;=re ms<sn|j isÿlsrSu Tyqf.a is;=jï wOHhkfhaoS th jvd myiq jkqfha ks¾udK iy cSú; woaoelSï iuÕ mj;sk iïnkaO;djh túg myiqfjka y÷kd.; yels jk neúks' 1 tia mS pd,aia"—ls%'j' 1200 isg ls%j1400 w;r Ñ;% l,dj"˜ mqrdúoHd fomd¾;fïka;= ixj;air ^1890-1990& wkqiaurK l,dmh" Ñ;% l,dj^miajk fjÙ?u&" ixia' kkaofoaj úfÊfialr" rdcH uqøK ixia:dj" fld<U" 1990" 83ms'

2 ví,sõ tï mSiqo¾Yk nKavdr" YS% ,dxflah Ydia;%d,Sh l,dj" wdrsh m%ldYlfhda" jrldfmd," 2012" 25ms'

148

idrÓ

,dxflah kQ;kjdoS Ñ;% l,d m%jdyh ;=< kQ;k;ajhg m%;súreoaOj ks¾udKlrKfha ksheKq l,dlrefjl= f,i iageka,s lsrskafoa y÷kajdosh yelsh' úgl Ydia;%d,Sh l,dlrefjl= jYfhka iy úgl kQ;kjdoS l,dlrefjl= jYfhka ks¾udKlrKfha kshqla; jQ Tyq furg kQ;kjdoS l,dj iqúfYaI biõjlg fhduq

3l< Ñ;% Ys,amsfhl= jYfhka fndfyda Ñpdrlhkaf.a we.ehSugo ,laj we;¡ fuf,i mriamr úfrdaê is;=jï iïm%odhka folla tla fldg kj ks¾udK ffY,shla f.dvkeÕ= iageka,s lsrskafoa furg isá m%uqL fmf<a Ñ;% Ys,amsfhls' meiag,a" oshidhï yd f¾Ld Ñ;% yqÿ úfkdaodxYhla jYfhka wdrïN l< fyf;u iafjda;aidyfhka Ñ;% l,dj bf.k f.k lS¾;shg m;a jQ mqoa.,fhls' 1930 wfm%a,a ui 24 osk uykqjr .ïm< msysá lsrskao kï .fï Wm; ,o iageka,s lsrskafoa fidndoyfï wisrsh ú|sñka ;u csú;fha uq,ald,sk wjêh .; lf<a uõf.a .%duh jQ lgq.iaf;dg oS., m%foaYfhah'

uQ,sl wOHdmkh uykqjr ;%s;aj úoHd,fhka ,nd.;a fyf;u mdif,a yh iy y; jif¾oSu Ñ;% we|Su flfrys oeä Wkkaÿjla oelaúh' ish jeäuy,a ifydaorshkaf.a wNHdi fmd;aj, uq,a msgq" miq msgqj, ks;r Ñ;% we|Sug mqreoaola fldg f.k isá fyf;u ujf.a .u jQ oS., m%foaYfha mkai,aj, ì;=is;=jï

4ffY,shg l=vd l, isgu m%sh;djhla oelajQ nj i|yka fõ¡ rd;%S ld,fha w÷r iuÕ oe,afjk myka wdf,dalh jeàfuka w÷r w;rska tu is;=jï o¾Ykh jk w,xldr wkaou foi Tyq fndfyda fj,djla n,disáfuka m<uqj Ñ;% l,dj ms<sn| is;=ú,s

5cks; jQ nj wo mjd m%ldY lrkqfha ksy;udksjh'

we,anÜ O¾uisrs i|yka lrk wkaoug yh iy y;afjks jirj,oS uykqjr ;%s;aj úoHd,fha Ñ;% mka;s ldurh jgd hqfrdamsh mqkreo hq.fha úiQ ,shkd¾foda vdúkaÑ iy uhsl,a wdkacf,da jeks m%;sNdmQ¾K l,dlrejkaf.a is;=jï t,a,d ;sìK' tl, isá Ñ;% wdpd¾hjrhdf.a mjd wjOdkhg yiq fkdjQ fuu b;d w.kd is;=jï foi fudyq meh .Kka wdidfjka n,d isá w;r Ñ;% l,dj ms<sn|jo is;=ú,s Tyq ;=< frdamKh ùug fuu is;=jï ufydamldrS ù we;s nj;a fuu is;=jï wdNdihg .;a iageka,s lsrskafoa Tyqgu wdfõksl jQ rS;shlska is;=jï ks¾udKlrKhg fhduqj we;s

6nj;a i|yka lrhs¡ mkai,a ì;=is;=jï yd hqfrdamSh mqkreo hq.fha is;=jï wdNdihg .;a ksidfjka Ydia;%d,Sh Ñ;% l,djg Tyq fnfyúkau we¨ï flrsK' tl, ;%s;aj úoHd,fha Ñ;% úIh Ndrj lghq;= lf<a fâúâ fmakag¾h' fâúâ fmakag¾ Ydia;%d,Sh

3 William Graham, “Contemporary painting in Ceylon: 43 Group,” The Studio, Beaux Arts Gallery Publication, London, 1954 February, p. 46;Neville Weereratne, 43Group, Lantana Publishing, Australia, 1993, p.65.

4 we,anÜ O¾uisrs"—kùk iuh ls%j 1815isg ls%j1950 w;r Ñ;% l,dj"˜mqrdúoHd fomd¾;fïka;= ixj;air^1890-1990& wkqiaurK l,dmh" Ñ;% l,dj ^miajk fjÙ?u&" ixia' kkaofoaj úfÊfialr" rdcH uqøK ixia:dj" fld<U" 1990"134ms'

5 Sinharaja Tammita Delgoda and Kapila Ariyananda, A classical vision the art landscape of StanleyKirinde, Copyline Pvt Ltd, Sri Lanka, 1998, p. 6.

6 Albert Dharmasiri, Modern art in Sri Lanka, the Anton Wickremasinghe collection, Associated News Papers of Ceylon, Lake House, Colombo, 1988, p.15.

149

idrÓ

is;=jï Ys,amsfhl= jQ neúka Tyqf.ka Ñ;% l,dj ms<sn|j uq,sl wOHdmkh ,eîu" Ydia;%d,Sh l,d ,laIK ;u ks¾udKhka ;=<g we;=<;a ùug fnfyúka n,mdkakg

7we;s nj fnfyda úpdrl u;hhs¡

iageka,s lsrskafoaf.a is;=jï l,dfõ olakg ,enqKq ffY,sh iy wdLHdk ú,dih tl, isá ks¾udK Ys,amskaf.a ksn| we.ehSug ,laúh' fcda¾Ê lsÜ mjd fudyqf.a Ñ;% keröug meñKSu iy fm!oa.,slj ñ;=re oula we;slr .ekSu uÕska tlS iajNdjh wjfndaO lr.; yelsh' miqld,Skj fcda¾Ê lsÜ iuÕ Ñ;% l,dj ms<sn| bosrshg lghq;= lsrsugo Tyqg yelshdj ,eî we;af;a ks¾udK ffY,sfha ;snQ úfYaI;ajh ksidfjks' tfiau 43 lKavdhfï mqfrda.dñj lghq;= l< fcda¾Ê lsÜ iy yerS mSrsia jekakjqka iuÕo ks¾udKlrKfha kshe,Sug wjldY Wod jQfha Tyq

8;=< mej;s ksiÕ ks¾udK olaI;dj ksid nj úpdrl u;hhs' tfy;a mQ¾Kld,Sk Ñ;% Ys,amsfhl= f,i 43 lKavdhug we;=<;aj lghq;= lsrSug lsrskafoag yelshdjla fkd,enqfKa Tyq mdie,a isiqfjl= jq neúKs' m<uqfjkau Ñ;% l,dj fjkqfjka 1945oS Tyqg iy;slhla ysñj we;af;a Ys% ,dxflah .=reix.ufha úismia jk chka;sh ieurSfï W;aijfhaoS mj;ajk ,o m%o¾Yfhks' tod fuod ;=r Ñ;% l,dj fjkqfjka Tyq ,enq iïudk iy we.hqï ixLHd;aul jYfhka úYd,h'

mdie,a wOHdmkfhka miq 1950oS fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,hg we;=<;a jQ iageka,s lsrskafoa tysoS úfYaIfõoS Wmdêhla f,i b;sydih úIh yodrd we;' mdie,a úfhaoS isgu jvd;a m%sh;djhla olajd we;af;a b;sydih úIh flfrys nj i|yka fõ' b;sydih fyd|ska wOHhkh lsrSfuka is;=jïlrKhg ukd msúiqula Tyq ,ndf.k we;s nj Tyqf.a ks¾udK úYaf,aIKh lsrsfïoS wjfndaO fõ' tfiau úYajúoHd,fha m%Odk mqia;ld,h Tyqf.au oekqu fidhd hdug;a is;=jï lrKhg;a f;da;ekakla jQ

9nj Tyq woo m%ldY lrkqfha uy;a f.!rjfhks¡ ful, fâúâ fmakag¾ iuÕ iómj weiqre lsrSug wjia:dj ,eîu Tyqf.a Ñ;% l,d osúfha jeo.;a ixêia:dkhla fukau úYajúoHd,fhka ,nd.;a oekqu m%dfhda.slj ks¾udK i|yd Ndú; lsrsug .=reyrelï ,enqKq wjia:djla jYfhka fyf;u i|yka lrhs'

úYajúoHd, wOHdmfhka wk;=rej 1956oS osia;%sla bvï ks<OdrS ;k;=r i|yd fmdf<dkakrej m%foaYhg m;aùula ,eìKs' úh,s l,dmfha fjfyilr nj ÿrelr .ekSug .srs;f,a" mrdl%u iuqøh iy w;súYd, fj,ahdhj,a foi n,disàu Tyqg mqreoaolaj mej;s nj i|yka fõ' rcrg mqrd iersiere Tyq .ïuqka iuÕ iqyoj ld,h .; lsrSug;a mqreÿ úh' br neihk whqre iy ta iuÕ jk wdf,dal úm¾hdih wOHhkh l< nj;a mqrdúoHd;aul jia;=kaf.ka .yK jQ fmdf<dkakrefõ ;sjxl ms<suf.h is;=jï ;=<ska Tyq iuld,Sk isxy, is;=jïj, jQ Ydia;%Sh l,d ,laIK

7 Sinharaja Tammita Delgoda, The world of Stanley Kirinde, Staford Lake, Panipitiya, 2005, p. ix.

8 Sinharaja Tammita Delgoda and Kapila Ariyananda, A classical vision the art landscape of Stanley Kirinde, 1998, p. 8.

9 iageka,s lsrskafoa uy;d iuÕ 2007 uehs 22 osk fld<UoS isÿlrk ,o iïuqL idlÉPdj weiqrsks'

150

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10 wjfndaO lr.;a nj;a m%ldY lf<ah¡ lsrskafoa úia;r lrk wdldrhg foaYSh merKs is;=jïj, olakg ,efnk udkjrEm ks¾udK ffY,sh iy fn!oaO ì;=is;=jï iïm%odh fyd|ska wjfndaO lr.;a nj;a uhsl,a wdkacf,daf.a is;=jï ;=< jQ m%;dmj;a nj fuu ks¾udK ;=<skao oajks; jk nj;a fmdf<dkakrefõ is;=jï ffY,sfha iy uykqjr úydr ì;=is;=jï l,dfõ ;shqKq fjkialï we;s nj ;ud y÷kd .kakd

11 ,oafoa fuu ld, mrdifhaoS nj;a i|yka fldg we;¡ udkj rEm ksremkfhaoS ukd wOHhkhlska iy ,d,s;Hfhka hqla;j fmdf<dkakrefõ ;sjxl ms<suf.a Ys,amshd ks¾udKh lrk w;ru uykqjr iïm%odfha Ñ;% Ys,amshdf.a ks¾udK ;=< udkj

12rEmfha rsoauhdkql=, njla olakg fkd,efnk nj Tyqf.a woyihs' kQ;k l,dfjys yqfola Tyq ÿgqfõ zúÉpQ¾K njla muKsZ hkqfjka Tyq i|yka fldg we;' tneúka

13Tyqf.a Ñ;% ffY,sh lsis úgl;a ta foig fhduq ù fkdue;s nj Tyqf.a woyihs'

1958 oS tkï 28 jk úfhaoS whsrdx.kS r;aj;af;a iuÕ hq.osúhg msúis fyf;u 1965 jk úg mq;=ka fofofkl=f.a msfhl= njg m;a úh' ;u rdcldrsfha iajNdjh wkqj ksrka;rfhka ia:dk udreùï ,efnk neúka fojk jr nÿ,a, m%foaYfha rdcldrs lghq;= i|yd hdug isÿj we;' fï ld,h jk úg iageka,s lsrskafoaf.a is;=jï l,dfõ zudkj rEmZ ks¾udKh iïnkaOj wOHhkhka .Kkdjla flfrñka mej;=Ko N+ o¾Yk ks¾udKhka i|yd fhuqùula olakg fkd,efí' Tyqf.a mjqf,a whg kqjrt<sfha jdih i|yd msgù hdug isÿùu ksid ;udg oeKqkq yqol,d nj ksid ks¾udKlrKfha kshe<Sug jeä wjldY ie<iqKq nj Tyqf.a woyihs' tneúka is;=jï we|sug;a ,S leghï lsrsug;a jeä ld,hla ;u ffoksl cSú;fhka fjka lsrSug Tyqg wjldY ,eìKs' nÿ,af,a rdcldrs lghq;=j,ska miqj uykqjr lÉfÉrsfha fiajhg meñK we;s w;r tysoS ,o fjfyilr nj Tyq mSvdjg m;al< neúka kej; fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,fha w;sf¾l f,aLldêldrs f,i m;aùula ,en meñK we;' fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,fha fiajh lsrSug isÿùu Tyq b;d m%shlrk yd ksoyia ks¾udKlrKhgo fyd| miqìula ieliqKq nj;a fcda¾Ê lSÜ iuÕ kej;;a is;=jïlrKfha fhoSug Tyqg wjia:dj Wod jQ nj;a Tyq

14i|yka lrhs¡

j¾I 1974oS kej; Tyqg wdrCIl wud;HdxYfha w;sf¾l f,alï f,i rdcH fiajhg we;=<;a ùug wjldY ,eìK' jir myf<djla b;d i;=áka tu

10 iageka,s lsrskafoa uy;d iuÕ 2007 uehs 22 osk fld<UoS isÿlrk ,o iïuqL idlÉPdj weiqrsks'

11 Neville Weereratne, 43Group, Lantana Publishing, Australia, 1993, p.69.12 Sinharaja TammitaDelgoda and Kapila Ariyananda, A classical vision the art landscape of

Stanley Kirinde, 1998, p. 10.13 Sinharaja Tammita Delgoda, The world of Stanley Kirinde, Staford LakeLtd, Panipitiya,

2005, p. ix; Sinharaja TammitaDelgoda and Kapila Ariyananda, A classical vision the art landscape of Stanley Kirinde, 1998, p.10-11.

14 iageka,s lsrskafoa uy;d iuÕ 2007 uehs 22 osk fld<UoS isÿlrk ,o iïuqL idlÉPdj weiqrsks'

151

idrÓ

wud;HdxYfha fiajh l< nj;a fuu ld,h ;=< fld<U isá iuld,sk Ñ;% Ys,amSka iuÕ ksrka;rfhka lghq;= lsrSug iy Ñ;% m%o¾Ykhka i|yd ;u ks¾udK fhduq

15lsrSug Tyqg wjldY Wod jQ nj;a jd¾;d fõ¡

fuf,i ksrka;rfhka kQ;kjdoS l,dlrejka iuÕ iïnkaO ùug yelshdj ,eîu ksid Tyqg kQ;kjdoS l,dfõ h:d iajremh ms<sn|j úúO jQ woyia iy u;jdo .Kkdjla úh' fuu woyia fndfyduhlska ;yjqre jkafka t;rïu meyeos,s jQ m%sh;djhla kQ;kjdoS l,d jHdmdrh flfrys iageka,s lsrskafoa ;=< fkd;snqKq njhs' kQ;k l,dfjys fmkS isákakd f;audj fkdolajk Ñ;% (untilled) ;=<ska wúYajdih ielh cks; jk w;r lsisÿ woyila m%ldY lsrSug tu ffY,sfhka msgqjy,la

16fkdjk nj Tyqf.a woyihs' Tyq kQ;k l,dj f,i bosrsm;a lrk l,n,ldrS nj w.h fkdlrk w;r wd.ñl ixialD;shlska yd miqìulska hq;a l,dfõ ld¾hh úh hq;af;a h:d¾:j;a yd úYajdijka;j hula m%ldY lsrSula njhs' th udkj o¾Ykhlska hqla; úh hq;= nj;a Tyqf.a úYajdihhs' fmdf<dkakrefõ ;sjxl ms<suf.a ks¾udKj, iy hqfrdamSh mqkreo hq.fha ks¾udKj, fuu ,CIKhka olakg we;;a fujeks wka;¾.;hla iuld,Sk l,dfjka o¾Ykh fkdjk nj Tyq ;j ÿrg;a

17m%ldY lrhs¡ tfiau kQ;k ks¾udKj, jHqla; iajrEmhla wka;¾.; lsrsugo W;aidy f.k ;sîu Tyq ú.%y lrkq ,nkafka zÑ;a;dl¾YkSh f,i lrk ,o ieris,s f,i muKla jk w;r tajdfhys lsisÿ w¾:hla" oDIa:shla yd h:d¾:hla .eí fkdjQ

18tlla f,isks¡Z Tyq úYajdi lf<a l,dlrefjl= ks;e;skau mrsY%uhla oersh hq;af;a mrsmQ¾K Ñ;%hla ks¾udKh lsrSu i|ydh' fuf,i bosrsm;a lrk ,o woyiaj,ska m%;HlaI jkafka Tyq kQ;kjdoS l,dj flfrys olajk ,o wdl,amhkah' tfy;a Tyqf.a ks¾udK iuÕ fuu woyia iei|SfïoS hï mriamr úfrdaê njla èjks; fõ' tfiau iageka,s lsrskafoa m%;slafIam lrkqfha mQ¾K jQ jHqla; l,djla muKs' Tyqf.a lD;s ;=< jHqla; l,d ,laIK;a mqkreo l,dfjka ,o wdNdihkq;a fmdaIKh ù we;s nj is;=jï úYaf,aIKh lsrsfïoS wjfndaO fõ'

iageka,s lsrskafof.a is;=jï l,dj wOHhkh lsrSfïoS fCIa;% lsysmhla hgf;a th ú.%y l< yelsh' 43 lKavdhfï isá fiiq Ñ;% Ys,amSkag jvd fCIa;% .Kkdjlu ;u ks¾udK ld¾hh isÿ l< Tyq osh idhï" f;,a idhï" meiag,a" mekai,a iy lekajia" f.daks" ydâ fnda¾â" lvodis hkdosh m%uqL udOH jYfhka Ndú; lr we;' úgl fuu ish¨u udOHh tlu is;=jula ;=< b;d fyd|ska Ndú; lsrSug iageka,s lsrskafoag ;snQ yelshdj Tyqf.a Ys,amSh ksmqK;dj wjfndaO lr.; yels idOlhla f,io i|yka l< yelsh' fujeks udOH .Kkdjla Wmfhda.S fldg.;a fyf;u úoaO

16 Sinharaja Tammita Delgoda and Kapila Ariyananda, A classical vision the art landscape of Stanley Kirinde, 1998, p.21.

17 iageka,s lsrskafoa uy;d iuÕ 2007 uehs 22 osk fld<UoS isÿlrk ,o iïuqL idlÉPdj

18 Jonathan Alexander, Medieval illuminators and their methods of work, Yale University Publication, New Haven, 1992,p. 9.

152

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15 we,anÜ O¾uisrs"zkùk iuhls%j 1815isg ls%j1950 w;r Ñ;% l,djZ mqrdúoHd fomd¾;fïka;= ixj;air ^1890-1990& wkqiaurK l,dmh" Ñ;% l,dj ^miajk fjÙ?u&" ixia' kkaofoaj úfÊfialr" rdcH uqøK ixia:dj" fld<U" 1990"136ms'

Ñ;%" N+ o¾Yk Ñ;%" úfYaIs; isÿùï mdol lr.;a is;=jï iy lsishï l;d m%jD;a;shla 19

w<,d ilik ,o zl=vd is;=jïZ (Miniature painting) wdoS jYfhka úúO jQ ks¾udK iïm%odhka .Kkdjla Tiafia ks¾udKhka isÿfldg we;' tla tla is;=jï iïm%odhka i|yd Ndú; l< wuqøjHj,o fjkialï mej;Su Tyqf.a Ñ;% l,dfõ úfYaI;ajhls' tfiau fuu ish¨u l,d iïm%odhka i|yd Tyq yria ixialD;skaf.ka ,nd.kakd ,o wdNdiho fuysoS oelsh yel' tneúka iageka,s lsrskafoaf.a is;=jï l,dj ;=< mj;sk úfYaI;d ms<sn|j tla tla ks¾udK iïm%odhhka kso¾Yk iys;j wOHhkh lsrSfuka jvd ksrjq,a wjfndaOhla ta ms<sn|j ,nd.; yelsh' 43 lKavdhfï ks;H idudcslfhl= fkdjQjo úúO wjia:d .KkdjloSu tu lKavdhfï Ñ;% m%o¾Ykhka i|yd is;=jï bosrsm;a l< Ys,amsfhl= jYfhka Tyqf.a Ñ;% ;=< mj;sk kQ;kjdoS l,dfõ wdNdihkao fuysoS oS¾> jYfhka úYaf,aIKhg n÷ka lrkq ,efí'

N+ o¾Yk is;=jï l,dj iajNdúljdoS Ñ;% l,dj;a iuÕ f,dalfha ia:dms; jQ 20 merKs ks¾udK iïm%odhls¡ úfYaIfhka hqfrdamfha mqkreo l,dfõ wjidkh;a

iuÕ fuu l,d fCIa;%h mq¿,a jYfhka jHdma; jkakg úh' ta i|yd oshidhï udOHfhka Ñ;% ks¾udKh lsrSu meñKSu;a iuÕ jvd;a m%p,s; l,djla njg mrsj¾;kh ù we;' tu iajNdúljdoS N+ o¾Yk l,dj ,dxlSh Ydia;%d,Sh l,dlrejka fukau kQ;kjdoS l,dlrejkao úúO jQ wdldrhg ;u Ñ;% l,dj ;=< w;ayod ne,Sï lrñka ks¾udKh lr we;' iageka,s lsrskafoao m%uqLj ks¾udK ffY,shla f,i N+ o¾Ykhka i|yd fhduq ù ;sfnkq olakg ,efí' oshidhï iy f;,a idhï udOH Tyq ta i|yd fhdod .kakd w;r ,xldfõ úúO jQ ft;sydisl jákdlula we;s iqkaor ia:dk ksn|j fuu ks¾udK i|yd jia;= úIh úh' ;u rdcldrS lghq;= i|yd ,xldfõ úúO m%foaYj, cSj;a ùug isÿjQ neúka ta ta m%foaY wdY%s;j Tyq ÿgq N+ o¾Yk ;u

21 ks¾udKj,g fhdod.;a nj fmfka' fmdf<dkakrefõ z.srs;f,a jeõ neïuZ (Giritale

22 23 Tank Bund), “r;aj;af;a j,õj” (Ratwatte Walauwa),zuykqjr .kafkdarejZ

24 (Gannoruwa, Kandy), “l,d jej” (Across Kalawewa),z;ukalvqfõ yrl=kaZ (Tamankaduwa-Cattle) fukau iqúfYaI N+ o¾Yk ks¾udK tl;=jla f,i woo fndfyda l,d úpdrlhka ms<s.kakd iS.srs iïnkaOj ks¾ñ; is;=jï w;r z.ia w;rska

25 26 fmfkk iS.srshZ (Through the trees), zlaIs;sch u;Z (on the Horizon), “c,

20 Growth, Paul Erling Wilson and Chris, Everyday America: Cultural landscape studies after J.B. 21 Sinharaja Tammita Delgoda and Kapila Ariyananda, A classical vision the art landscape of Kirinde, 1998, p.13.22 Ibid, p.15.23 Ibid, p.44.24 Sinharaja Tammita Delgoda, The world of Stanley Kirinde, 2005, pp. 96-97. 25 Sinharaja Tammita Delgoda and Kapila Ariyananda, A classical vision the art landscape of Stanley Kirinde, 1998, p.29.26 Ibid, p.30.

153

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19 Sinharaja Tammita Delgoda, The world of Stanley Kirinde, 2005, p. 267.

27 28WoHdkh” (Water Gardens), “ysre neihdu” (Sunset Breeze), “fmd<j" .,a iy 29 30

.ia” (Earth, Rock and Trees), “fmardfoKsh” (Peradeniya), “krdfykamsg 31 32

relaf.duqj” (Trees at Narahenpita),“khsfmk .=ydj” (Cobra Hood 33

Rock),“meiag,a udOHfhka l< o¾Ykh” (Pastel View) wdoS jYfhka úYd, ixLHdjla ks¾udK we;' fuu ish¨u is;=jï i|yd oshihdï udOH m%uqLj Ndú; fldg we;¡ iageka,s lsrskafoa úiska oDIH f.dapr mrsir moaO;shla ;u is;=jug k;= lr.ekSfïoS jvd;au ie,ls,su;a ù we;af;a tu mrsirhg jeà we;s wdf,dalfha iajNdjh ms<sn|jhs' ish¨u jia;=j, kshñ; yevhla iy >k njla ,efnkafka wdf,dalfha m;s; ùu;a iuÕ hkak Ñ;% Ys,amshd fjfiiska is;ays ;nd.;a lreKls' tneúka Wla; i|yka l< is;=jï ish,af,ysu w÷r iy wdf,dalh oelaùu ms<sn|j iageka,s lsrskafoa jvd;a wjOdkhla fhduq fldg we;'

oshidhï udOH hkq c,h iuÕ j¾Klhka iïñY%Kfhka lvodis u; w|skq ,nk is;=jï l%uhls' fuu oshidhï udOHfha uqLH wruqK jkqfha yels;dla ÿrg

34úksúo fmfkk f,i j¾K fhoSuhs' lsrskafoa úiska ks¾udKh lr we;s ish¨u N+ o¾Yk is;=jï ;=<ska tu Ys,amSh l%ufõoh úêu;aj yiqrejd we;s nj fmfka' lvodisfha mj;sk j¾Kh iEu úgu oshidhï Ñ;% Ys,amska iqÿ meyeh f,i Ndú; lrhs' fudyqo ta l%ufõoh tf,iu wkq.ukh lr we;' zis.Srsfha khsfmk .=ydj"Z z.srs;f,a jeõ neïu"Z zuykqjr .kafkdarejZ olajk is;=jï ;=<ska tu ,laIK m%lg fõ' N+ o¾Yk i|yd fhdok ,o j¾K Ndú;fhao úfYaIs; jQ Ys,amSh l%uhla iageka,s lsrskafoa úiska wkq.ukh lrkq oelsh yelsh' mrsirfha mj;sk iajNdúl meyehkag jvd fjkia jQ is;a we| ne| ;nd.; yels j¾K ixfhdackhla Tyq úiska fhdodf.k we;' fjfiiska r;=" ly" ks,a" fld<" ;o ÿUqre meyehka Ndú; lsrSu uÕska Ñ;%hg icSú;ajhla wdfrdamkh lrkjdg jvd iqkaor;ajh ,nd oS we;' oshidhï udOHfha mj;sk" j¾K modi l%uhg is;=jï ks¾udKh lsrSuo tu N+ o¾Yk ;=< iqúfYaI jQ Ys,am l%uhla f,i i|yka l< yel' is;=jug .eUqrla ,efnk f,i j¾K modi tl u; tl ;ejrSu ;=<ska fuf;l=ÿ fkdÿgq oshidhï Ñ;% ffY,shla lD;s ;=<ska

35fmfkk nj fndfyda úpdrlhkaaf.a woyihs' hqfrdamSh N+ o¾Yk is;=jï Ys,amska iEu úgu W;aiql jQfha oDIH f.dapr jia;=j fyda o¾Ykh ta whqrskau lekajihla fyda lvodishla ;=< ia:dmkh lsrSughs' tfy;a iageka,s lsrskafoaf.a ks¾udK ;=<ska èjks; jkafka oDIH f.dapr o¾Ykh j¾Kj;a wdldrhg fi!kao¾hlao iuÕ m%;sks¾udKh lsrsughs' fï i|yd úfYaIfhka j¾K modi is;=ju ;=< úisrShdu j,lajd,Sfï Ys,am l%uhla fyf;u Wjukdfjkau fhdod we;s nj fmfka' fuu

34 Kurt Herberts, The complete book of artists' techniques, Thames and Hudson, London,1952, pp. 123-127.

35 Sinharaja Tammita Delgoda, The world of Stanley Kirinde, 2005, p. 4.

33 Ibid, p.40

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31 Ibid, p.179.32 Sinharaja Tammita Delgoda and Kapila Ariyananda, A classical vision the art landscape of Stanley Kirinde, 1998, p.39.

27 Ibid, p.31.28 Ibid, p.32.29 Ibid, p.36.30 Sinharaja Tammita Delgoda, The world of Stanley Kirinde, 2005, p. 58.

,CIK Tyqf.a úúO l;d m%jD;a;Ska mokï fldg w|sk ,o is;=jï ;=<;a" lsishï isoaêhla Wmfhda.S fldg w|skq ,nk ks¾udK ;=<;a oelsh yel'

j¾K ñY% fldg Ndú; lsrSu iuia; ks¾udK ;=<;a fjfiiska N+ o¾Yk is;=jï ;=<;a olakg ,efí' N+ o¾Yk ;=< mj;sk .eUqr" j¾Kfha ;sj%;dj wvq fldg ks¾udKh lr we;s nj iS.srs iïnkaOj isÿl< is;=jïj,ska mila fõ' tfiau idudkH mqoa.,fhl=g fmfkk mrsir jia;=kaj, j¾Klhkag jvd Ñ;% Ys,amsfhl= oyia .Kkla j¾Khka olsk nj iageka,s lsrskafoaf.a N+ o¾Yk ks¾udK i|yd fhdod.;a j¾Kj,ska ;yjqre fõ' N+ o¾Yk is;=jï ffY,shg hqfrdamsh kQ;kjdoS

36l,dfõ n,meu ,eî we;s nj fmfka'úfYaIfhka Wmia:s;sjdoS l,dfõ uqLH wruqK jQ úúO jia;=ka u;g m;s; jQ iajNdúl wdf,dalh flf,i m%;sks¾udKh lrkafkao hk ixl,amh fudyqo ;u N+ o¾Yk i|yd fhdod.;a njla úoHdudk fõ' Wla; i|yka l< fndfyda N+ o¾Yk is;=jï ;=< ta ta mrsir moaO;shg iy ta ;=< wka;¾.; wjfYaI jia;=kag iajNdúl wdf,dalh flf,i m;s; ù ;sfío hkak j¾K" f¾Ld iy yev;,j,ska fydjd oelaúug W;aiql jQ njla fmfka' lsrSkafoa úiska fndfyda ks¾udK ;=<ska oDIH f.dapr mrsirhg jvd ta u;g jeà we;s wdf,dalh oelaùug W;aidy l< nj zis;sch u;Z iy zkhsfmk .=ydjZ wdos ks¾udK ;=<ska oel.; yel' mrsir jia;=kag fojeks ;ek;a" ysre t<sh ksid mrsirfha we;sjk fjkialu" fijke,s Ndú;h" kj j¾Khka ks¾udKh ùu" l¿ j¾Kh fhdod fkd.ekSu wdoS ,CIKhka i|yd uQ,sl ia:dkh;a ,ndoSu ;=<ska tu Wmia:s;sjdoS l,dfõ n,mEu Tyqg ,eî we;s nj fmfka' fuf,i lsrskafoaf.a N+ o¾Yk is;=jï l,dj ;=< kQ;kjdoS l,dfõ n,meïo wka;¾.;j mj;sk neúka Tyqo hqfrdamsh kQ;k l,dfjka wdNdih ,ndf.k ;u l,d iïm%odh fmdaIKh lr.;a ks¾udKlrefjl= f,i i|yka l< yelsh'

43 lKavdhfï isá ish¨u ks¾udK Ys,amska úoaO Ñ;% l,djgo kj w¾:l:khla ,ndÿka nj whsjka mSrsia" yers mSrsia" fcda¾cA lSÜ jeks

37ks¾udKlrejkaf.a lD;ska wOHhkh lsrSu ;=<ska m%;HCI fõ¡ iageka,s lsrskafoao úoaO Ñ;% l,dj wkq.ukh l< kQ;kjdoS l,dlrefjls' Ydia;%d,Sh l,dj ;=< uQ,sl jia;= úIhla jYfhka úoaO Ñ;% ks¾udKh mej;sho th l,ah;au is;=jï l,dfjka l%ufhka wE;a jQ nj fmfka' iageka,s lsrskafoa úiska ;u iajdëk is;=jï ffY,sh wkqj úoaO Ñ;% ks¾udKhkao isÿ l< nj Tyqf.a lD;Ska wOHhkh lsrsfuka ;yjqre

37 Neville Weereratne, 43 Group, 1993, pp.30-69.

155

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36 Bernard Denvir, “Impresionism,” Modern Art, ed. David Britt, Thames and Hudson, London, 1999,p.18; Encyclopedia of world art, Vol. 7, ed. Massimo Pallottino and others, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1963, plate 416.

38 39fõ' Tyqf.a úoaO Ñ;% w;r zwhsrdx.kS lsrskafoaZ ziaj wdf,aLH Ñ;%hZ zlsrskafoa 40 41 42 43

l=udrsydñZ z uydpd¾h uy,sx.ïZ zfvdk,aâ rdukdhlZ zñksid iy ngk,djZ z 44

ysiZ zbhka .=K;s,lZ wdos jYfhka úYd, ks¾udK m%udKhla oelsh yelsh'

Ydia;%d,Sh l,dlrefjda iajNdúljdoS Ñ;% ffY,sh wkq.ukh l< neúka úoaO Ñ;% ks¾udKfhaoS o oDIH f.daprjk jia;=j ta whqrskau m%;sks¾udKh lrk ,oS' tfy;a kQ;kjdoS l,d m%jdyfha isá Ñ;% Ys,amSka Bg u|la fjkia jQ ;udg wdfõKsl ffY,ska wkq.ukh lrñka úoaO Ñ;% ks¾udKh lf<ah' iageka,s lsrSkafoaf.a úoaO Ñ;% ;=<o olakg ,efnkafka ;udgu wdfõKsl Ys,amSh l%ufõohls' j¾K Ndú;fhaoS iy úoaO Ñ;%fha miqìu" we÷ï me<÷ï j¾K .ekaùfïoS tlS ,CIK oel.; yelsh' kso¾Ykhla jYfhka lsrskafoaf.a uj jk zlsrskafoa l=udrsydñZ úoaO rEmh Ñ;%Kh lsrSfïoS fi!kao¾hd;aul j¾K rgdj fuysoSo olakg ,efí' ieneúkau Tyqf.a ujf.a rEm ú,dihg iudk whqrskau úoaO Ñ;%h ks¾udKh l<o ;rul ffY,s.; iajrEmhla is;=jug wdfrdamkh lr we;' lsrskafoa l=udrsydñ úiska we| isák Tirsh j¾K .kajd we;s wdldrh miqìfuys fmfkk ,d meyehka iuQyh fukau udkj rEmh jgd we;s l¿jka f¾Ldj uÕska tu iajNdjh èjks; lr ;sfnkq fmfka' ;udf.a uj idïm%odhsl isxy, .eñ ia;%Shla hkak ;yjqre lsrsug mfil nq,;a fld,hla u; ;nd we;s mqjla f.ähla iy ÿï fld< lene,a,la uÕska m%;HCI fõ' fuu nq,;a fld<h is;=jug Wjukdfjkau we;=<;a lr ;sfnkq oelsh yelsh' th Tyqf.a is;=jï jHdlrKfha iajNdjhls' udkj rEmh ksYaÑ; osYdjla n,d isákq fmfka' YrSr wjhjj, iajNdjh" id;aúl wNskh ms<sn|j Ys,amshd t;rïu wjOdkhla fhduq fldg we;s njla fkdfmfka' fuu ks¾udKh úYaf,aIKh lsrSu uÕska wjfndaO jkafka Ydia;%d,Sh Ñ;% l,d ffY,sh uQ,slj fhdod.kakd w;ru úúO jQ ixfla; Ndú;h kQ;kjdoS l,dfjka ,nd.;a wdNdi njhs' úfYaIfhka

45l,djg ixfla; fhoSu nyq,j iy m%n,j olakg ,efnkqfha kQ;kjdoS Ñ;%h ;=<h¡ lsrskafoa ;udg wjYH wdf,aLH Ñ;%h ks¾udKfhaoS Ydia;%d,Sh is;=jï jHdlrKfhka isÿlsùug fkdyels mqoa., ffp;isl ,laIK kQ;kjdoS l,dfõ Ndú; jHdlrK ^ixfla;& Wmfhda.s fldg bosrsm;a lrhs'

ziaj wdf,aLH Ñ;%hoZ úoaO is;=jï w;r úfYaI Ys,amSh ksmqK;djhla fmkakqï lrk ks¾udKfhls' Wla; i|yka l< wdldrhg fuysoS miqìu i|yd nyq, j¾Kdj,shla Ndú; lrhs' fuu is;=jfï mj;sk úfYaI;ajh jkafka w÷rdf,dalh ms<sn|j Ys,amshd jeä wjOdkhla fhduq fldg ;sîuhs' tfiau zlsrskafoa l=udrsydñZ is;=jfï fuka f¾Ldjla fhdod fkd;sîuo fuys úfYaI ,CIKhls' iaj wdf,aLH Ñ;%h ;=<o fhdod we;s j¾K ud,dj Tyqgu wdfõKsl jQ iajNdjhla fmkakqï lrhs'

156

idrÓ

38 Sinharaja Tammita Delgoda, The world of Stanley Kirinde, 2005, p. 103.

39 Sinharaja Tammita Delgoda and Kapila Ariyananda, A classical vision the art landscape of Stanley Kirinde, 1998, p.21.

40 Sinharaja Tammita Delgoda, The world ofStanley Kirinde, 2005, p. 5.41 Ibid, p. 275.

42 Ibid, p. 35.43 Ibid, p. 123.44 Ibid, p. 113.

45 John Kissick, Art context and criticism, (Second edition), McGraw-Hill, Boston, 1996, pp. 402-427.

› ,dxlSh kQ;k Ñ;% l,d jHdmdrfha lsisÿ Ñ;% Ys,amsfhl= úiska wkq.ukh fkdlrk ,o is;=jï iïm%odhla f,i úúO l;d m%jD;a;Ska i|yd ks¾ñ; zl=vd

46is;=jï l,djZ(Miniature Art) ye|skaúh yel' iageka,s lsrskafoa yer fuu is;=jï l,dj ;=< ksr; jQ wka lsisÿ Ñ;% Ys,amsfhl= ke;s ;rïh' zl=vd is;=jï l,djZ (laIqø Ñ;% l,dj) hqfrdamSh iïNjhla we;s merKs ls;=kq is;=jï l,d iïm%odhls' ls%'j' 7 jk ishjfiaoS muK wdrïN jQ njg idOl yuq jk fuu Ñ;% l,dj oDIH

47ikaksfõok udOHhla f,i uq,ald,fha Ndú; úh' lshùug fkdyels ls;=kq ne;su;=kag myiqfjka ;u wd.ñl fmd;aj, we;=<;a woyia f;areï .ekSu i|yd fuh fhdod .eKsk' uq,au hq.fha ls;=kq fmd;am;aj, l;djla wdrïN jk uq,a wl=r jgd iuia; l;dfjkau lshefjk woyi ishqïj leá fldg is;=jï.; lsrsula isÿù we;' tu Ñ;% l=vd is;=jï f,i miqld,Sk jHjydrhg meñKs nj i|yka fõ' tfiau bkaoshdkq ixialD;sh ;=< óg fnfyúka iudk Ñ;% l,djla we;' th fuda.,a iy

48rdÊmqÜ iuhkag wh;a is;=jï l,djhs¡ fuda.,a iy rdÊmqÜ l,dfõoS rd." foaj ñ;Hd l:d m%jD;a;Ska" rdudhkh" uydNdr;h iy rcjrekaf.a tosfkod cSú;fha iqúfYaI

49isoaê fuu ks¾udKj,g fjfiiska mdol úh' bkaoshdkq l=vd is;=jï l,dfõ iy hqfrdamSh l%sia;shdks l=vd is;=jï l,dfõ mj;sk fjki jQfha ks¾udKh fhdod we;s ia:dkh muKs' wka ish¨u ,CIKj, ffY,suh jYfhka iu;djhla ;sìK' l=vd is;=jï ks¾udKh lsrSfïoS úfYaI jQ Ys,amSh {dkhla iy yslaóula ;sìh hq;=h' ta i|yd Ndú; lrkq ,nk mskai,aj,o Bgu wdfõKsl iqúfYaIS;ajhla ;sfí' fujeks ishqï l,djla i|yd iageka,s lsrskafoa fhduq jQfha Tyq ieuúgu idïm%odhsl l,djka flfrys olajk ,o oeä leue;a; ksid úh yelsh' flfia fj;;a kQ;k l,dlrefjl= jYfhka l=vd is;=jï ks¾udKh lsrSu i|yd fyf;u fm<öu ,dxlSh l,d b;sydifha jeo.;a ixêia:dkhla f,i i|yka l< yelsh'

foaYSh ixialD;sh flfrys ksn|j we,aula oelajQ iageka,s lsrskafoa ;u l=vd is;=jï l,dj i|yd fhdod.kq ,enQ l;d jia;=kaj,o fn!oaOd.ñl miqìula mej;Au úfYaI;ajhls' ixfoaY ldjHhka" cd;l l;d" nqoaO NdIs; iQ;%" ñ;Hd úYajdi fï i|yd jia;= úIhka úh' cd;l l;d w;r pq,a, ld,sx." jg.a." fudar il=K wdosh;a ixfoaY ldjHhka w;r yxi" ie,<sysKs ixfoaY;a nqoaO NdIs; iQ;% w;r lrKSh

50fu;a; iQ;%h;a oel.; yel' l,am jDCIh" rdudhkh l;d m%jD;a;ska hkdosh;a fuu ks¾udKj,g jia;= úIh ù we;' fndfyda úg lsrskafoa úiska l=vd is;=jï ks¾udKh lsrSu i|yd oshidhï udOH Ndú; lr ;sfnkq olakg ,efí' kso¾Ykhla jYfhka zlrKSh fu;a; iq;%hZ i|yd oshidhï fhdod .ekSu oelaúh yelsh' fuu l=vd is;=jï l,dfõ úfYaI;d .Kkdjla mj;S' iajNdúl is;=jï wdlD;shg wkqj

48 Sinharaja Tammita Delgoda and Kapila Ariyananda, A classical vision the art landscape of Stanley Kirinde, 1998, p.18.

49 Encyclopedia of world art, Vol. 10, ed. Massimo Pallotino and others, 1965, pp. 177-180.50 Sinharaja Tammita Delgoda, The world of Stanley Kirinde, 2005, pp. 232-257.

157

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46 Encyclopedia of world art, Vol. 10, ed. Massimo Pallotino and others, McGraw- Hill Book Company, London, 1965, pp. 121-122.47 Ibid,pp. 122-123.

ks¾ñ; Ñ;%hka iy jHqla; iajrEmhla fmkakqï lrk Ñ;%hka jYfhka th j¾. l< yelsh' tlu ks¾udKh ;=< fuu ,CIK folu wka;¾.;j mj;sk wjia:do olakg

51,efí' kso¾Ykhla jYfhka zlrKSh fu;a; iq;%hZ is;=jï lsrSfïoS tys m<uq msgqj i|yd ks¾udKh l< Ñ;%fha jïmi iajNdúl rejl=;a ol=Kq mi f¾Ld Ndú; lrñka ffY,s.; iajrEmhlg ks¾ñ; rEmhl=;a olakg ,efí' fuh Ys,amshd is;d u;d isÿlrkakls' lrKSh fu;a; iq;%fha wka;¾.; jkafka ;=kaìh ÿre lsrSu i|yd foaYkd l< O¾uhls' tys fyd| iy krl w;r mj;sk fjki udkj rEmhka Wmfhda.s fldg iajNdúl iy cHdñ;sl yev;,j,ska ksremkh lr we;' fuuÕska krUkakdg CIKfhka woyi wjfndaO lr.ekSug yelshdj ,efí' lsrskafoa úiska fuu is;=jï i|yd fhdok ,o j¾Kj,o oaúrEmS;djhla oelsh yelsh' tfiau hqfrdamSh kQ;kjdoS l,dfjka y÷kajd ÿka >ksljdoS l,d ,CIKo hï m%udKhlg

52 53 54fuys we;=<;aj we;¡ zlrKSh fu;a; iQ;%h IZ iy zlrKSh fu;a; iQ;%h IIZ is;=jï ;=<ska zìhZ ixfla;j;a lsrsug fh¥ ÿ¾j¾K Ndú;h" cHdñ;sl yev;, iys; jHqla; rEm" me;,s j¾K Ndú;h" miqìuo cHdñ;sl yev;,j,g wkql=,j ks¾udKh lsrSu hkdosh olakg ,efí' fuu ,CIK hqfrdamSh kQ;kjdoS l,dfjka ,nd.;a wdNdihla neõ fmfka' úúO ixfla;d;aul woyia iajNdúl udkj remhka uÕska m%ldY lsrSug fkdyels ksid ffY,s.; jHqla; iajrEmhlg wkqj m%ldY lsrSug Ys,amshd W;aiql ùu woyia m%ldYkh iïnkaOfhka id¾:l ù we;' fndfyda l=vd is;=jï ;=< olakg ,efnk nyq, w,xlrK fudaia;r Ndú;h iuia; ks¾udK iïm%odh mqrdu olakg ,efí' l=vd is;=jïj, mj;sk ;j;a úfYaI ,CIKhla jkafka fhdod .kakd l=vd lvodish mqrdu wjYH ud;Dldjg wkqj rEmh iïmsKavkhg uQ,sl ;ek ,ndoSuh' oshidhï udOHfhys mj;sk Ys,amSh .=Kdx. ms<sn| fuysoS t;rïu wjOdkhla ks¾udK Ys,amshd fhdod we;s njla fkdfmfka'

55zie,<sysKs ixfoaYhoZ iageka,s lsrskafoa úiska l=vd is;=jï ffY,shg wkql=,j ksujd ;sfí' tla tla lúfhka èjks; jk w¾:h yels;dla ÿrg oDYH udOH Tiafia ishqïj bosrsm;a lr we;s w;r iEu ks¾udKhlu by<" wod< lúh Ñ;%Kh lr we;' fuu is;=jï ish,a,u ;=< is;a we| ne| ;nd .; yels j¾Kdj,shla olakg ,eîu lsrSkafoaf.a is;=jï l,dfõ wdfõKsl ,CIKhls' ie,<sysKs ixfoaYfha wka;¾.; úúO jQ mqr jekqï" mrsir jekqï ;=<oS osiajk i;a;aj rEm ks¾udKfhaoS uq,sl wOHhkhlska miqj th isÿ fldg we;s nj fmfka' iEu i;aj remhlu mj;sk wkkH jQ iajrEmh iy j¾Kh ta ta ks¾udK ;=<g we;=<;a lsrSug fyf;u úYd,

56 57 58mrsY%uhla ord we;s nj z.c.dZzlsr,dZ iy zykqudZ jkakï zksñZ zfudrZ wdoS cd;l

55 Sinharaja Tammita Delgoda, The world of Stanley Kirinde, 2005, pp.294-299.56 Ibid, pp. 269-273.57 Ibid, p.202.58 Ibid, p.236.

158

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51 Ibid, p.214.52 Albert Dharmasiri, Modern Art in Sri Lanka, The Anton Wickremasinghe collection, 1988, p.15.53 Sinharaja Tammita Delgoda and Kapila Ariyananda, A classical vision the art landscape of

Stanley Kirinde, 1998, p.45.54 Ibid, p.46.

l:dj, i;a;aj rEm uÕska th mila fõ' l=vd is;=jï l,dj wOHhkh lrkafkl=g" iageka,s lsrskafoa jeä jYfhka fhduq ù we;af;a Ydia;%d,Sh l,d ffY,shg nj i|yka l< yelsh' tfia jqj;a Tyqf.a j¾K Ndú;h" ixfla; ks¾udKh hkdosh ;=<ska kQ;kjdoS l,djg fnfyúka iudk Ñ;% iïm%odhlg ysñlï lshk ks¾udK Ys,amsfhl= jYfhka oelaúh yelsh'

lsrskafoaf.a is;=jï l,dfõ ksYaÑ; l;d jia;=jla fyda isoaêhla w<,d ks¾udKh l< Ñ;% fndfyduhla mj;S' fuu is;=jïj, udkj rEm ks¾udKhg úfYaI jeo.;alula Tyq ,ndoS we;' lsrskafoaf.a Ñ;% l,dfõ mj;sk hqfrdamSh Ñ;% Ys,amSkaf.a wNdio hï m%udKhlg fuu ks¾udKj, olakg ,efí' kso¾Ykhla

59 60 jYfhka zoka;=f¾ igkZ zfrdauhg hjk ,o › ,dxlSh ;kdm;sjrhdZ zls%IaKd iy

61 62 63 64 65 f.damsldfjdaZ zfj<|fmd<Z zf,d;/hs wf,úlreZ z/iaùuZ zuj iy orejdZ zwe÷ï

66 67 68 uyk .eyeKq <uhdZ zwOHhk lghq;= lrk orejdZ zuj iy orejdZ zldka;djla

69 idrsh ye|.ekSuZ z;eô,s j,a, lemSuZ zwkaO .dhlhdZznia keje;=ï fmd<Zzf;a o¿ lvkakSZ hkdoS ks¾udKhka i|yka l< yelsh' lsrskafoa is;=jul woyia m%lafCIamKh i|yd jvdu WÑ; ud¾.h jkqfha udkj rEm nj oeä fia úYajdi l< mqoa.,fhl= úh' tneúka Tyqf.a fuu ks¾udK mqrdu olakg ,efnkafka udkj rEm flakaøfldg is;=jï we|s ú,dihls'zf;a o¿ lvkakSZ ks¾udKh ;=< lekajih mqrdu úysoS we;af;a ysfiys l=vhla r|jd.;a f;a o¿ lvk fou< ia;%shls' wef.a fjfyilr nj uqyqfKa yeÕSu uÕska Ys,amshd èjks; lsrSug W;aiql fõ' f;a o¿ lvk fou< hqj;shlf.a h:d iajrEmh u;= lsrSu i|yd fhdod we;s j¾Kdj,sh Ys,amSh ksmqK;dj,g ukd idOlhls' r;=" l¿" ks,a" ÿUqre" ;o ly hkdoS j¾K modi l%uhg wkqj Ndú; lr we;' ia;%Shlf.a jia;%fha iajrEmh iy fou< j;= ia;%shlf.a h:d iajrEmh u;= lsrSug fhdod we;s meyehka b;d fyd|+ska .e<fma' idudkH cSú;fhaoS mjd fou< ia;%Ska ;o meye;s we÷ï i|yd jvd jeä reÑl;ajhla olajk nj fmfka' ta ksid Ñ;% Ys,amshd Bg iu.dó j¾Khka Ndú; lrñka fuu ks¾udKh isÿ fldg we;' os<s÷lu jvd;au ;Sj% lsrsugo tu meyehka b;du fhda.H nj is;=ju keröfïoS ;yjqre fõ' tla udkj rEmhla /f.k iudcfha mj;sk ixialD;shla ms<sn|j woyia m%ldY lsrSug W;aidy lsrSu lsrskafoa i;= úfYaIs; yelshdjla nj fmfka'

zuj iy orejdZ is;=juo tjeksu jeo.;alula we;s ks¾udKhls' ujl iy orefjl= w;r mj;sk iDcq ne|Su Tyq ujf.a Wvqlh k.akj oelaùu;a ta foi orejd fk;a fhdud isák ú,dih ;=<skq;a ms<sìUq lrhs' fuu is;=jï ;=<o lekajih mqrdu udkj rEmh ks¾udKhg m%uqL;ajhla ,ndoS we;' tfiau iajNdúl ffY,sfhka iy jHqla; iajremfhkao fuu ud;Dldj Tiafia is;=jï ks¾udKh lr ;sfnkq oel.; yelsh' z;eô,sj,a, lemSuZ znia kej;=ïfmd<" zfj<|fmd<ZzrdOd iy l%sIaKdZ wdoS

159

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59 Ibid, p.235.60 Ibid, p. 284-285.61Ibid, p.148.62 Ibid, p. 206.63 Ibid, p. 207.64 Ibid, p. 168.65 Ibid, p. 141.66 Ibid, p. 91.67 Ibid, pp. 145-146.68 Ibid, p. 143. 69 Ibid, p. 118.

fiiq jeo.;a ks¾udK w;r fõ' fuys zrdOd iy l%sIaKdZ is;=ju ixfla; Ndú;h iïnkaOj úfYaI jeo.;a lula we;s ks¾udKhls' rdO iy l%sIaKd fmï mqj; fuhg jia;= úIh ù we;' l%sIaKd jia oKavla /f.k isák ú,difhka ks¾udKh lr we;' Tyq foú flfkls' Tyq rdOd iuÕ fm%auhla we;s lr.kS' iageka,s lsrskafoaf.a fiiq ks¾udKj, mj;sk jHx.d¾:j;a woyia m%fCIamKh fuysoSo wka;¾.; fldg we;' foúhka iy ñksiqka tla ù kj f,djla ;eksh yelsh' tfy;a Bg leKys,slï lrk fødaySkao iudcfha isák nj fuu is;=jfï ;=jlal=jla w;e;sj" uqyqK fkdfmfkk mqoa.,fhl= mfil ksrEmKh lsrSfuka ixfla;j;a lr we;' fuf,i merKs l:d m%jD;a;Skaj,g kj w¾:l:khla ,ndoSug lsrskafoa iEu úgu W;aiql fõ' jg.a." iskacj" pq,a, ld,sx. wdoS cd;l l;do fuf,i j¾;udkhg .e<fmk f,i fyf;u ks¾udKh lrhs' fujeks jQ f;audjka mokï fldg Ñ;% ks¾udKh i|yd Tyqg uQ,sl oekqu ,efnkafka úYajúYajoHd,fhaoS b;sydih úIh yeoErSfuka nj fmfka'

iageka,s lsrskafoaf.a fuu is;=jï l,dj ;=< yria ixialD;sl ks¾udK Ys,amSkaf.a wdNdiho olakg ,efí' úfYaIfhka kQ;kjdoS l,dfõ m%n, Ñ;% Ys,amsfhl= jQ fmda,a f.d.Ekaf.a j¾K Ndú;h" udkj rEm ks¾udKh" is;=jfï miqìu ks¾udKh lr we;s wdldrh wdoS ,CIKj, hï wdldrhl iduHhla olakg ,efí'

70 ia:s;sl jQ udkj rEm f.d.Ekaf.a z;ysá .eyeKq fofokdZ iy ly ls%ia;=ia

71jykafiaZ wdoS ks¾udK ;=<ska ukdj úoHdudk fõ' iageka,s lsrskafoa is;=ju ;=<o tjeksu jQ ia:s;sl njla udkj rEm ;=< we;' j¾K Ndú;fhaoS w÷re j¾Khka iuÕ uQ,sl j¾K lsisÿ iïñY%Khlska f;drj fhdod .ekSu" mrsirfha .iafld,ka ;=<o ia:s;sl;ajhla iy ffY,s.; iajrEmhla olakg ,eîu" is;=ju ;=< udkj rEmj,g m%uqL;ajhla ,ndoSu hkdoS ,CIKj,ska fudjqka w;r iudk;d olakg ,efí' kso¾Ykhla f,i fmda,a f.d.Ekaf.a ;ysá ¥m; wdY%s;j l< ks¾udK yd ieioSfïoS ta nj fyd|ska mila fõ'

fudfihsla is;=jï (Mosaic Art) l,dj lsrskafoaf.a ks¾udK wOHhkh lsrSfïoS yuqjk iqúfYaIs Ñ;% ffY,shls' j¾Kj;a l=vd ùÿre len<sj,ska ks¾ñ; fuu Ñ;% l,dj ls%'j' ;=kajk ishji olajd wE; w;S;hlg osfõ' uq,ald,Sk ls;=kq l,dfõ mej;s fudfihsla Ñ;% l,dj ixlS¾K Ys,amSh l%ufõohla mj;sk ks¾udK

72iïm%odhls' lsrskafoa úiska fuu Ñ;% ffY,sh Wmfhda.s fldg is;=jï lsysmhla ks¾udKh lr we;' fld<U fld;,dj, wdrlaIl úoHd mSGfha ks¾udKh l<zpq,a,

73 ld,sx. cd;lhZ ta w;=rska úfYaIs; ks¾udKhls' fuys l;d jia;=j jkqfha pq,a, ld,sx. rcq iy md;d,fha rcq w;r we;s jk hqOuh wjia:djls' fld;,dj, wdrCIl úoHd msGfha uqLHd¾:hg .e<fmk f;audjla fuu ks¾udKh i|yd fhdodf.k ;sîuo Tyqf.a ks¾udKYS,s;ajh úoyd olajk ;j;a wjia:djls'zksjeros mqyqKqfjka

72 Kurt Herberts, The complete book of artists' techniques, 1952, pp. 97-104. 73 Sinharaja TammitaDelgoda, The world of Stanley Kirinde, 2005, pp. 232-233.

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70 “Tahitian women on the” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin#mediaviewer/File:Paul _Gauguin_056.jpg Accessed on 20.7.2014. 71 “The Yellow Christ”: http://www.actingoutpolitics.com/paul-gauguins-painting-the-yellow -christ-1889-and-jacob-epsteins-sculptures-bronze-figure-of-madonna-and-child-1927 -madonna-and-chil/ Accessed on 20.7.2014.

l=vd wfhl=g jqjo ch.%yKh l< yels njZ tys f;audj úh' fuu Ñ;%h ;=< fuf,io i|yka fõ'z foúfhda frdia fkdfj;a¡ túg rK úrejkg ;=gqfj;a¡ Wka úl=ï msáfhaoS oel.kakgZ hkqfjks¡ fuu Ñ;%h fldgia jYfhka Ñ;%dj,shla wdldrhg ks¾udKh lr we;' lsrskafoaf.a ks¾udK iïm%odfha mj;sk j¾Kdj,sh" udkj rEm ks¾udK ffY,sh fuysoSo oelsh yelsh' fuf,i ks¾udKh l< ;j;a is;=jula osh;,dj yuqod l|jqf¾ olakg ,efí' tys m%udKh wä 20 x 10 fõ' fuys jia;= úIh jkqfha zWvrg

74le/,a,hs' fuys úYd, udkj rEm ixLHdjla l=vd fudfihsla len,sj,ska ks¾udKh lr ;sîu úYsIag Ys,amSh oCI;djhg ukd kso¾Ykhls'

fuf,i Ydia;%d,Sh l,dj;a kQ;kjdoS l,dj;a iajdëk is;=jï ffY,sh;a fyd|ska iïñY%Kh lrñka ks¾udKlrKfha ksr; jQ iageka,s lsrskafoa lsisÿ wdh;khlska Ñ;% l,dj ms<sn|j wOHdmkhla ,enQ mqoa.,fhl= fkdfõ' iafjda;aidyfhkau ks¾udKlrKfha kshe¨kq Tyqf.a l,dj ;=< fiiq ks¾udK Ys,amSkag jvd iajdëk;ajhka mj;S' tfiau iageka,s lsrskafoaf.a ks¾udK iDcq f,iu l=uk l,d iïm%odhg wh;ao hkak j¾.SlrKh lsrSug wmyiq;djhla mej;sho kQ;kjdoS l,d m%jdyhka ;=< t,an isák wkqlrKqjdoS fndfyda ks¾udKlrejkag Tyqf.a Ñ;% ffY,sh fyd| wdo¾Yhla nj fuysoS úfYaIfhka i|yka l< hq;=h'

fuf,i ,xldfõ 43 lKavdhfï l,dlrejkaf.a ks¾udK ;=< hqfrdamSh kQ;k l,d iïm%odhkaf.a ,laIK wka;¾.;j mej;s neõ fmfka' úgl fuu Ñ;% YS,amSka hqfrdamSh is;=jï wdlD;sj,g foaYSh ixl,am we;=<;a fldg Ñ;% ks¾udKh l< w;ru merKs ,dxlSh is;=jï iïm%odhkaf.a ,laIK Wlydf.k f.dvkeÕ= kj iajdëk ffY,ska Tiafiao m%ldYkd;aul kQ;k Ñ;% l,djla ìys lsrsug W;aiql úh' tfy;a lsrskafoa úiska f.dvkÕk ,o kj ks¾udK ffY,sh tjlg furg mej;s kQ;kjdoS l,djg iy Ydia;%d,Sh Ñ;% l,dj ixys|shdjlg m;a l< wjia:djla f,i ú.%y l< yelsh' hqfrdamSh Ydia;%d,Sh l,d wdlD;shg;a kQ;kjdoS l,d wdlD;shg;a iSud fkdù tls l,d iïm%odhhka fofla iïñY%Khlska f.dvkeÕ= kj l,d iïm%odhla jYfhka Tyqf.a l,dj y÷kajdosh yelsh' úfYaIfhka úúO jQ f;audjka Tiafia ks¾udKlrKfha fhÿKq lsrskafoa ta ta f;audjkag WÑ; iy ta ta f;audjka úiska b,a,d isák ks¾udK ffY,Ska fhdod.ekSfïoS Bg WÑ; Ydia;%d,Sh l,d ffY,sh;a kQ;kjdoS l,d ffY,sh;a uekúka uqiq l< nj Wla; kso¾Ykhkaf.ka ;yjqre fõ' tneúka lsrskafoaf.a is;=jï ffY,sh iDcqj kQ;kjdoS fyda Ydia;%d,Sh hehs m%ldY l< fkdyels w;r th tlS l,d iïm%odhhka fofla iïñY%Kfhka f.dvkeÕ=Kq kj ;;ajhla f,i y÷kajdosh yelsh'

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74 Sinharaja Tammita Delgoda and Kapila Ariyananda, A classical vision the art landscape of Stanley Kirinde, 1998, pp.17-19.

l;r.u foúhkaf.a › ,dxflah wkkH;dj

frdays; oikdhl

zzfoújreka w;ßka w;sYhska Nhg fya;= jkafka l;r.u foú÷hs' Èjhsfka kefÕkysr m%foaYfha msyssá Tyqf.a foajd,h fj; ,xldfõ iEu foiskau fukau bkaÈhdfõ fndfyda m%foaYj,skao jkaokdldrfhda meñfK;s' Tyq flf¾ mj;akd Nh yd ika;%dih fld;rï oehs h;fyd;a Tyqf.a Ñ;%hla we|Su i|yd lsis lf,l foaYSh Ñ;% Ys,amshl= fmd<Ujd .; fkdyels úh' Tyqf.a m%Odk foajd,h msysá .fï ku wkqj;a fmdÿ kduh yer ;j;a kï oyila Tyq i|yd we;af;ah' fufia kï iuQyhla we;s ùu foújrekag úfYaI jrm%idohls' ;;a;ajh yd iïudkh wkqj kï .Kko

1fjkia fõ'ZZ

› ,dxflah b;sydih ;=< foaj ixl,amh ms<sn| woyia nqÿka jykafiaf.a ,xld.ukh olajd wE;g osfjk w;r iquk iuka osjH rdchd ms<sn| uydjxifha tk

2i|ykska th y÷kd .; yelsh' tfukau úch rcqf.a ,xld .ukfhaoS Wmq,ajka 3foúhka ms<sn|jo" mKavqldNh rcq k.r ie,iqï lrk wjia:dfõ jHdê" ffjY%uK"

mYaÑu rdcKS hk foújrekago foajd, ks¾udKh lsÍu iïnkaO wjia:djkaysoS 4 foújreka ms<sn| i|yka fõ' ls%'j' fojk ishjfiaoS .cndyq rcq úiska ol=Kq

bkaÈhdfjka f.k tkq ,enQ fid<S isrlrejka fodf<dia oyi fya;=fjka Tjqka úiska woykq ,enQ Ysj" úIaKq" ld¾;sflah weoySu miq ld,Skj furg ;=< jHdma; jkakg

5we;ehs úYajdi lsÍu fhda.H fõ' tu .ufkaoS .cndyq rcq úiska m;a;sks i<U f.k 6tauo fya;= lr .ksñka tu weoys,a,o furg ;=< ckm%sh ùu isÿ úh' uyfika rcq

f.dalKaKfha ̂ ;%sl=Kdu,fha& tlldms,a," l,kao jeks ia:dkj, Ysj foajd, úkdY 7lr úydr l< nj i|yka ùfuka ta jk úg;a foajd, úYd, jYfhka jHdma;j mej;s

nj meyeÈ,s fõ' flfia kuq;a fn!oaO i;r jrï foúhka ms<sn| w;S;fha mgka we;eï úg m%d.a fn!oaO hq.fha isgu mqfcdamydr isÿ jkakg we;' ia;+mj, foaj;d fldgqjla ks¾udKh lsÍu ms<sn| i,ld ne,SfïoS fï nj ;yjqre jkafkah'fufia ia;+mj, foújreka fjkqfjka fjka lrk ,o foaj;d fldgqfjka foaj jkaokh

8ms<sn| woyia ms<sìUq fj;ehs mejfik mrKú;dkhkaf.a woyi ms<s.; yels jkafkao tneúks' l%sj y;a jk yd wg jk ishjia jk úg uydhdk nqÿ iufha n,mEfuka ;drd fojÕk" uxcq Y%S jeks uydhdksl fndaêi;aj m%;sud jkaokh jHdma;

1 John Davy, “An account of the interior of Ceylon and its inhabitants with travels in that Island,” The Ceylon Historical Journal, Tisara Prakashakayo, Dehiwala, 1969, p. 169.2 W!KmQrK iysf;d uydjxfid" ixia' fmd,aj;af;a nqoaOo;a; ysñ" weï ã .=Kfiak iy iud.u" fld<U" 1959" mß 1 .d:d 33-36'3 tu" mß 7 .d:dj 5'4 tu" mß 10 .d:d 88 - 90'5 rdcdj,sh" ixia' j;=j;af;a fmaudkkao ysñ" .%ka: m%ldYlfhda" fld<U" 1926" 46ms'6 tu"46ms'7 W!KmQrK iysf;d uydjxfid" mß 37 .d:d 40 - 42'8 fikr;a mrKú;dk" ,xldfõ rc moúh" ,xldKavqfõ uqøKd,h" fld<U" 1963" 35ms'

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ùu foaj jkaokh ia:dms; ùug n,mdk ,o ldrKhls' fmdf<dkakre iuh jk úg uydhdk fndaêi;aj jkaokh iuÕ f:rjdoS fn!oaO ck;djg úfoaYSh foújre

9fn!oaOd.ug yrjd f.k jkaokd lsÍug hEfuka foaj uKav, ìysúh' ndysr 10wdl%uK yd foaYmd,ksl jHdl+, iuhkays nqoaO idikfhys mßydKsho oy;=ka jk

yd ody;r jk ishjia jk úg ,laÈj foaj weoys,a, fmrg;a jvd ia:dms; ùu i|yd oeäj n,mdkq ,enQ ldrKd úh'

l%s'j' y;a jk ishjfia foúkqjr bÈl< Wmq,ajka foajd,h fojk mrdl%undyq 11

rcq úiska m%;sixialrKh l< w;r pkaøndkq kï cdjl rcqf.a wdl%uKfhka rg 12

fírd f.k tu foúhkag Ndrhla Tmamq l< njo i|ykah' y;r jk mrdl%undyq rcq 13

i;r fldar<fha Wmq,ajka foajd,hla lrk ,o w;r tho ckm%sh úh' úfoaYSh idys;H lD;shka jk cskld,ud,sfhys Wmq,ajka" iuka" úNSIK" ialkaO l=udr hk

14foújre ,xldj wdrlaId lrk ,o nj i|ykah' fuu foújreka w;r Wmq,ajka foúhkaf.a weoySu jvd j¾Okh ù ;snQ nj fpxfyda kï Ök kdúlhd tu foajd,hg

15lrk ,o m%odkhkaf.ka y÷kd .; yelsh' tfiau ful, iuka foaj jkaokho m%p,s;j mej;s nj fojk mrdl%undyq rcq › mdoia:dkfha iuka foaj m%;sudjla

16msysgqùfuka y÷kd .; yelsh' .ïfmd< hq.fhaoS fmdf<dkakre iufhaoS j¾Okh ù

17;snQ foaj uKav, ixl,amh ;jÿrg;a j¾Okh úh' iS;djl rdcisxy rcq oji foaj 18weoys,s muKla fkdj lvjr wdoS hl=kao weoySu isÿúh' fuu ;;a;ajh fld;rïo

19h;a NslaIQka úiskao hlaI" N+;" uka;% .=relï" Ydka;s l¾uo isÿlrk ,oS' rdcH wkq.%yh ful, foajd,j,g ,enqK w;r .ïìï úYd, jYfhka tajdg mqcd lrk

20,oS' fmdf<dkakre" .ïfmd< wjëkays úúO whqßka j¾Okh jQ foaj weoySu

10 W!KmQrK iysf;duydjxfid" mß 80 .d:d 54 - 59'11 tu" mß 85 .d:d 85 - 90'12 tu" mß 83 .d:d 36 - 40'13 tu" mß 91 .d:d 101 - 103'14 ðkld,ud,s" ixia' fmd,aj;af;a nqoaOo;a; ysñ" ujqkaÜ uqøKd,h" 1956" 137ms'15 Lorna Dewaraja, 'Cheng Ho's visits to Sri Lanka and the Galle trilingual inscription in the

National Museum in Colombo,' Essays in history and sociology in honour of Professor WM Sirisena, ed. Daya Amarasekara and Rohithe Dasanayake, Arya Publishers, Warakapola, 2007, pp. 197 – 221; GPV Somaratna, “Grand Eunuch Ho and Ceylon,” Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, (New Series), Vol. XV, 1971, pp. 3-47; T'ien Ju-Kang, “Cheng Ho's Voyages and the Distribution of Pepper in China”, Journal of Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland, 1981,pp. 186-196; Haraprasad Ray, “An inquiry into the presence of the Chinese in South and South-East Asia after the voyages of Zheng He in early fifteenth century”, in KS Mathew, ed. Mariners,merchants and oceans: Studies in maritime history, Manohar, New Delhi, 1995, pp. 96-109; Tissa Kariyawsam, “T'shing Ho nam Cheena senpatiyâge samudra chârica saha lankâgamanaya”, Vidyodaya Journal of Social Science, Vol. 7, Nos. 1&2, University of Sri Jayawardhanapura, 1996, 56; Haraprasad Ray, Trade and trade routes between India and China c. 140 BC–AD 1500, Progressive Publication, Kolkata, 2003, pp. 177-182

16 W!KmQrK iysf;duydjxfid" 1959" mß 86 .d:d 18 - 19'17 ux., b,x.isxy" uOHld,Sk ,xldfõ wd.ï" tia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" 2005" 269ms'18 fldg.u jdÑiair ysñ" irKxlr ix>rdc iuh" úisÿKq m%ldYlfhda" 2003" 947ms'19 fyaupkaørdh" ,xld úYajúoHd,Sh ,xld b;sydih" úoHd,xldr úYajúoHd,h" 1972" 721ms'

b,x.isxy" 119ms'20 mfrú ixfoaY ldjH j¾Kkdj" ixia' ví' ta' we*a O¾uj¾Ok" weï' ã' .=Kfiak iy

iud.u" 198 lúh"

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9 rKùr .=Kj¾Ok" isjqr yd k`.=," iudc úoHd{hskaf.a ix.uh" 1993" 299ms'

fldaÜfÜ" uykqjr wjëka jk úg ck iudcfha wksjd¾h wx.hla njg m;a úh' ;;a 21

wjêfha idys;H .%ka: ;=<ska ta nj ukdj ms<sìUq fõ' foaj úYajdij, j¾Okfha WÉp;u wjia:dj uykqjr wjêfha Wodjk nj úydr N+ñfhau foajd, ks¾udKh lsÍfuka y÷kd .; yelsh'

furg ck;dj w;r mqo mQcdjkag ,la ù we;s foaYSh i;rjrï foújre w;ßka reyqKq rg l;r.u kï ia:dkfha jev isák l;r.u foúfhda ,dxflah ck iudch ;=< Ñrd;a ld,hla mQcdjg m;a jQ foúfhls' fuu foúhka l| l=ure" ialkao l=udr fukau l,d;=rlska uydfiak" ld¾;sflah hkqfjkao y÷kajhs' by; fmkajd

22ÿka wdldrhg foaj weoys,a, m%p,s; jQ iufha isgu fuu l;r.u foúhka ms<sn| weoys,a,o ,xldfõ m%p,s; jkakg we;' fndfyda uQ,dY%j, fuu foúhka ialkao l=ure f,iska jHjydr lrkq olakg ,efí' kuq;a ksYaÑ; jYfhkau rcrg YsIagdpdr iufha l;r.u kñka foaj úYajdihla mej;s njg idlaIs yuq fkdfõ' uydjxifha oelafjk mßÈ úch furgg meñfKk wjia:dfõ nqoaOd.fï yd isxy, cd;sfha wdrlaIlhd jYfhka Y%l foúhka úiska m;alr we;af;a Wmq,ajka foúhkah' l;r.u foú flfkla ta lsisÿ uQ,dY%hl lsis ;ekl i|yka fkdfõ' bka miq rg;a cd;sh;a wkdrlaIdjg m;a jQ j,.ïnd wdoS rdcH iuhkaysoS NslaIQka jykafia,d wdrlaIdj m;d we;af;a Yl% foúhdf.ks' rcrg YsIagdpdrh ì| jeàfuka miqj jQjo oUfoKs wjëfhaoS fojk merl=ïnd rcqg jQ wikSmhla iqjlr .ekSug;a mqo m~qre hjd mqo mqcd mj;ajd we;af;a Wmq,ajka foúhkagh' fï ld,fhao l;r.u .ek lsisÿ i|ykla ke;' ñka miqj .ïfmd< wjêffhaoS ,xld;s,; úydrfha rg rlskakd jQ by; i|yka l< i;rjrï foújreka i|yka lrñka bka tla foúhl= f,i ialkaO l=udr hk ku olajd we;' tfy;a tu foúhkaf.a uQ,ia:dkh ms<sn| tys i|yka fkdfõ' wk;=rej Y%S chj¾Okmqr fldaÜfÜ wjêh olajdu fuu ialkaO l=udr i|yka fj;;a by; oelajQ f,i uQ,ia:dkh j;auka lr;.ug iïnkaO ùula lsisÿ ;ekl olakg

23fkd,efí'

lreKq fufia jQjo kqjr hq.fhka miqj ,shejqK .%ka:hla jk lkaoud,h kï lD;sfhys l%smQ fojk ishjfiaoS ÿgq.euqKq yd l;r.u foúhka w;r iïnkaOhla

24lshdmdhs' fuu .%ka:h miq ld,hg wh;a jk kuq;a tu hq.hg;a fmr l;r.u 25ckdjdi ù ;snQ nj ms<s.; yelsh' tfiau ialkao foúhka ms<sn| ,laÈj idys;H

uq,dY%j, i|yka lr we;s m%:u i|yk yuq jkafka uydjxifha fojk fldgfiaysoSh' fodf<dia jk ishjfiaoS uyd úchndyq rcqf.a mrïmrdj úia;r lrk uydjxi l;_D

21 ie<,sysKs ixfoaYh" ixia' uqksodi l=udr;=x." úoHdid.r hka;%Kd,h" nqj 2472" 104 lúh" nqÿ.=Kd,xldrh"ixia' l=udr;=x. uqKsodi" weï ã .=Kfiak iy iud.u" nqj 2473"20-21ms" ixfoaYh" ixia' iS B f.dvl=Uqf¾" wefmd;slßia iud.u" 1953" 9-10lú'

22 S Paranavitana, The shrine of Upulvan at Devundara, Government Press, 1953, p. 91.

23 tia ã oSmsld udfk,a" zzl;r.u foúfhda ljryqoZZ ixialD;sl mqrdKh" ixia' tÉ à niakdhl iy à' Ô' l=,;=x." y;ajk l,dmh" 1993" 18ms'

24 Hugh Nevill, Kandamalaya, Sinhala verse (kavi) Ethnology, Vol. 3, ed. PEP Daraniyagala, Government Press, 1955, pp. 354 - 356.

25 W!KmQrK iysf;duydjxfid" mß 19 .d:dj 53" Od;=jxih" ixia' uqksodi l=udr;=x." weï' ã' .=Kfiak iy iud.u" nqj 2483" 29ms'

164

idrÓ

y;a jk ishjfiaoS udk kï l=udrhl= f.dalKaK ;s;a;hg f.dia .xf;frys isg wlaIud,d ord uka;% cmlrñka isák l,ays l=udr kï foú flfkl= uhqrdikdrEVj Tyq bÈßfha my< jQ nj;a" mqcdjla i|yd jQ me,S.s l=reïndfõ j;=r fkd;snqfKka Tyqf.a wei ì| c,h Wrd îjQ nj;a" tflfkys Tyqg ialkaO jrh ,enqK njo i|yka

26lrhs' ialkaO foúhka ms<sn|j uQ,dY%hkays m%:u jrg yuqjk wjia:dj fuhhs' y;a jk ishjfia isÿúkehs ie<flk fuu isÿùu jxil;dlre i|yka lr we;af;a fodf<dia jk ishjfiys uyd mrdl%undyq rcq iufhaoSh' fï wjêfhaoS ialkaO foaj úYajdih ,xldfõ me;sr ;snQ nj iiodj; kï lD;sh wkqidrfhkao meyeÈ,s fõ'zzmshquqmq, l,n - n| rke .Efha isß;a - ìð ne;ska iq.;s`ÿ - je| l| l=ufrla

27mfile ZZ

ta ms<sn| fmdf<dkakre hq.fha wjidk Nd.h jk úg ialkaO foaj weoys,a, ,lajeis ck;dj w;r me;sr ;snQ nj meyeÈ,sh' kuq;a ta lsisÿ wjia:djl ialkaO foúhka l;r.u iïnkaO lsÍug W;aydi ord ke;' l;r.u foúÿka l;r.u m%foaYfha yd iïnkaO lr we;s m%:u i|yk yuqjkafka j¾I 1516 jekafka ishfïoS ,shk ,o ðkld,ud,S kï .%ka:fhaoSh' l;r.u foúhka hkak ye`.fj;ehs woyia flfrk n;a;.du foú÷ ,laÈj wdrlaId lrk foújrekaf.ka flfkl= nj tys

28i|yka fõ' zz;f;d ;dpr.du fp;shgGdfk uydf>di fojmq;a;iiZZ

úfoaY rgloS ,shejqK lD;shl l;r.u yd l;r.u foúhka ms<sn|j i|yka ù ;sîfuka fï hq.fhaoS l;r.u foúhka fld;rï jeo.;a jQfhao hkak meyeÈ,s fõ' úu, úchiQßh uy;d y;a jk ishjfia y;r jk w.a.fndaê rcqf.a ld,fha isg l;r.u weoys,a, jHdma;j mej;s nj mqcdj,sh weiqßka fmkajdoS we;s w;r th

29m,a,j n,mEfuka j¾Okh jQ nj;a fmkajdoS ;sfí' fldaÜfÜ wjêfhaoS chj¾Okmqr

30uyfika foõ ueÿrla jQ nj mrú ikafoaYfha i|yka fõ' uydfiak hkq ialkaO i|yd jQ m¾hdh kduhls' y;a jk nqjfklndyq rcq iufha mdkÿf¾oS ialkaO

31foajd,hla jQ nj i|ykah' lUqremsáfha jkr;k ysñ fmkajd fok wdldrhg uyfika f,iska y÷kajkq ,enQ foúhd l;r.u foúhka foaYShj f.dvke.=K

32foúhl= njg;a woyia bÈßm;a lr ;sfí'

ialkaO hkq Ndr;Sh yskaÿ foúfhls' tfiau fuu foúhd bkaÈhdfõ úúO m%foaYj, úúO iajrEm .ksñka úúO kduhkaf.ka y÷kajd we;' tfia kï ialkaO úúO kïj,ska foaj;ajhg m;ajQ nj fmkS hhs' fuu ixl,amh bkaÈhdjg wdikakj

27 iiodj;" ixia' fla'ã' mS' úl%uisxy" weï' ã' .=Kfiak iy iud.u" 1954" 168-169ms' 26 W!KmQrK iysf;duydjxfid" mß 22 .d:dj 6'

28 ðkld,ud,s" ixia' fmd,aj;af;a nqoaOo;a; ysñ" ujqkaÜ uqøKd,h" 1956" 28ms' 29 úu, úfciQßh" reyqfKa wm%lg mqrdjD;a;" ;rxð m%skaÜia" 1987" 43-45ms' 30 mfrú ixfoaY ldjH j¾Kkdj" ixia' ví' ta' we*a O¾uj¾Ok" weï ã .=Kfiak iy

iud.u"lúh 20' 31 tia' ã' oSmsld udfk,a" Y%S ,xldfõ i;rjrï foújre" tia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" 1995"

30-31ms' 32 lUqremsáfha jkr;k ysñ" zzl;r.u foúhd uydfiak oZZ b;sydih - 03" ixia' tia rEnisxy

iy t,a' chj¾Ok mekaàka" ,xld úYajúoHd,Sh b;sydi ix.uh" 1966" 119-127ms'

165

idrÓ

msysá ,xldjg meñKSug fya;=jla fkdue;' l,dj .;a úgo bkaoSh wdNdih furg l,d lD;sj, oelsh yelsh' ffck jeks úúO wd.ïo l%ufhka furg ia:dms; ùu y÷kd .; yelsh' fujeks miqìula u; ialkaO l=udr weoys,a,o furgg meñKshd hehs lsj yels w;r th foaYSh foaj weoys,s iu`. iïñY%Kh jkakg we;s nj wkqudk l< yelsh' Wmq,ajka foúhka foaYSh foúhl= jqjo yskaÿ wdNdih thg iïñY%Kh ùu u; miqj Wmq,ajka foú úIaKq foúhka f,i y÷kd .ekSuo fuhg ksoiqka jYfhka fmkajd Èh yelsh'

fuf,i l;r.u m%foaYhg wêm;s ialkaO l=udr foúhkao hk m%Yakh úi|S fkdue;s nj úoaj;=kaf.a fuu woyia wkqj fmkS hhs' oSmsld udfk,a úiska l;r.ug wêm;s foaYSh foú flfkl= úiQ njo thska ialkaO l=udr yd l;r.u foúhka tla foúhl= f,i ie,lSu m%h;ak f.k ;sfí' kuq;a úúO wjiaa:dj,oS ,xld iudcfha by; fmkajd ÿka mrsos iïñY%Kh ùï isÿù ;sfí' .ïfmd< wjêfhka miq oS¾> ld,hla uq¿,af,a ,dxflah idys;H uQ,dY%hkays ialkaO l=udr ms<sn| i|yka lr we;af;a ud;f,a m%foaYh uq,alr .ksñks' ksldh ix.%yfhaoS Y%S chj¾Okmqr n,fldgqfõ i;r fldfka wdrlaIl foúhl= jYfhka ialkaO l=udr foúhka ksrEmKh lr ;sìK' tfiau fldaÜfÜ isá Y%S rdyq, ysñ ialkaO jrm%ido ,nd .;a nj mrú ixfoaYfha i|yka ùu ;j;a ksoiqkah' fï yer ie<,sysKsh" fldals," lyl=re¿" kS, fldfnda" leglsß,s wdoS ikafoaY ldjHkayso úfhda.r;ak ud,h" joka lúfmd; wdoS fkdfhla .%ka:hkays l;r.u foúhka njg m;a ialkaO l=udr ms<sn| i|ykah' fldaÜfÜ wjêfhaoS fuf,i ialkaO l=udr foaj úYajdih furg ;=< iS>%fhka j¾Okh ùu i|yd ful, isÿ jQ oeä bkaÈhdkq n,mEu fya;= jkakg we;s nj fmfka' bkamiqj l%ufhka ,xldfõ øúv NdIdj iïnkaOfhka jQ úúO j¾Okhka fuu

33foajd, wdY%fhka isÿ úh'

uykqjr wjêh jk úg ;jÿrg;a j¾Okh jQ ialkao l=udr weoys,a, l%ufhka l;r.u foaj weoys,a, f,i j¾Okh ùu isÿ úh' ta i|yd iDcq f,i bkaoSh n,mEu ,eìK' fufia jQjo l;r.u foúhka ljryqo hk m%Yakh iaÒr jYfhka iu:hlg m;a ù fkdue;' fï iïnkaOj ;jÿrg;a wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfïoS fla' tka ´' O¾uodi iy tÉ' tï' tia' ;=kafoKsh hk uy;ajrekaf.a woyia ms<sn| i|yka lsÍu iqÿiqh' l| l=ureka foaYSh foúhl= úSug bv we;s njg wkqudk lrk Tjqka ta i|yd tu foúhkag we;s Wmam;a;s l;d Wmfhda.S lr .kS' foaj úYajdihkays m%lg ,laIKhla jYfhka úúO Wmam;a;Ska we;s foújreka lSm fofkl= tla foúfhla njg m;ajk wkaofï ñY%Khla isÿ jQ nj olakg ,efí' fuu ;;a;ajh l;r.u

34foúhka iïnkaOfhkao isÿ ù we;s nj wkqudk l< yelsh' tfiau fudjqka

33 tia'ã oSmsld udfk,a" Y%S ,xldfõ i;rjrï foújre" tia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" 1995" 30- 34 fla tka ´ O¾uodi iy tÉ tï tia ;=kafoKsh" isxy, foaj mqrdKh" rdcH uqøK ks;S.;

ixia:dj" 1994" 16ms'

166

idrÓ

fofokdf.a ;j;a woyila jkafka ,xldjg meñK mosxÑ jQ bkaÈhdkq ixl%uK msßia ;ukaf.a mqo mqcdj,g ,la jQ foújre yd weoys,s furgg f.k tau ksid ialkaO kue;s ol=Kq bkaoSh ckm%sh foúhl=f.a weoySu ,laÈj m%p,s; jQ njhs' tfiau l;r.u tjlg isá foúhka fukau ialkaO foú÷o fï yd iu`. iïñY%Kh ùu tl, isÿ jkakg we;' fuu isÿùu uykqjr wjêhg iSud lr oelaùu úfYaIs;h' kuq;a bkaÈhdfjka ixl%uKsl msßia meñKsfha uykqjr wjêfha muKla fkdfõ' Bg fndfyda l,lg fmr isgu bkaoSh ixl%uKsl msßia fukau wdl%uKsl msßiao fuys meñKSu isÿ úh' tfia kï uykqjr wjêfha tu msßia meñKSu iS>% jkakg we;' tfiau uykqjr wjêfha rcjre úfoaYSh rc mrmqrlska tkï bkaoSh iïNjhla mej;s wh jQy' Tjqka fn!oaO iïm%odhg .re l<o ;ukaf.a ixialD;sfhys wx. È.gu

35mj;ajd f.k hdu i|yd wkq.%y oelaùu isÿ úh'

fuf,i yskaÿ wdNdih iys; foúhl= jQ ialkao l=udr miqld,Skj nqÿoyug wkq.; jQjl= f,i ie,lsh yelsh' l%sj oy;=ka jk ishjfia ,shejqK iiodjf;yso ialkaO l=udr Ysj Nla;slfhl= jYfhka olajd ;sfí' tfiau .v,dfoKsh ms<suf.hs olajd we;s ialkaO l=udr foúhka nqÿka jykafiaf.a w;jeishl= f,i fmkajdoS

36;sfí' fufia úúO u;jdo mej;sho ialkaO bkaoSh m%Njhla iys; furgoS foaj;ajhg m;a jQ foúfhl= nj fï wkqj meyeÈ,s fõ'

35 tu" 33-34ms' 36 tu" 18-19ms'

167

idrÓ

168

idrÓ

YS% o<od ukaosrh yd ne`os Wvrg ixialD;sfha i;r uyd ux.,Hh

Wmq,a ÿkq;s,l

uykqjr rdcOdksh mej;s ls%'j' 1592 isg 1815 olajd jQ ld,h ixialD;sl jYfhka uq¿ uy;a YS% ,dxlsl iudch fj;g buy;a n,mEula isÿ lrk ,o wjêhla fõ' fn!oaOhkaf.a uqÿkau,alv fia ie,flk uykqjr msysá YS% o<od ud<s.h wd.ñl jYfhka muKla fkdj ixialD;sluh jYfhkq;a iudcSh jákdlï rdYshla Wreu lr ÿka ixialDlsl ìysoajdrhla f,iskao fmkajd Èh yels fõ' Wvrg rcq m%Odk fldg .;a lkao Wvrg rdcOdksfha flakaøia:dkh jQ uykqjr YS% o<od ud<s.h" rc ud<s.h iómfha mej;Ssu yd oka; Od;=ka jykafiaf.a ysñldß;ajh mej;s mqoa.,hd rdcHfha Wreulre f,i ms<s.ekSu fmdf<dkakre hq.fha isgu iudc.; ù mej;s foaYmd,k ixl,amhla úh' uykqjr hq.h wjidkh jk úg rcq fjkqfjka l< hq;= rdclSh j;a ms<sfj;a o<od jykafia Wfoido meje;aùfï pdß;%h iudc .; ù ;snqKs'

rdclSh iïm%odhkag wkql+,j rcqf.a m%Odk;ajfhka jd¾Islj mj;ajk ,o ux.,Hhka Ñrd.; iïm%odhkag wkqj mj;ajk ,oS' tajd kï"

01' nla udifha meje;a jQ w,q;a wjqreÿ ux.,Hh'

02' wei< udifha meje;a jQ wei< fmryer ux.,Hh'

03' b,a udifha meje;a jQ ld¾;sl ux.,Hh' 1

04' ÿre;= udifha meje;a jQ w¨;a iy,a ̂w¨iy,a& ux.,Hh'

Zzw.kqjr wjqreÿ m;d cd;sl W;aij i;rla mj;ajk ,oS' m<uq jekak kï wjqreÿ ux.,af,a fyj;a w¨;a wjqreoao ms<sn`o W;aijhhs' fojekak úIaKq m%uqL foúhkag f.!rj msKsi meje;ajqKq W;aijhls' f;jekak ld¾;sl ux.,Hh fyj;a kel; ms<sn`o W;aijhhs' fuh meje;ajQfha rdcHfha Y%S iuDoaêh wrUhdh' i;r jekak w¨;a iy,a ux.,Hfha YIH lmd wiajekak /ialr .ekSu wjidk lsÍug

2f.!rj jYfhka mj;ajk ,oS'ZZ fuu fmryer ux.,Hh wkqrdOmqr hq.fha isg wo olajd o<od jykafia Wfoid mj;ajk ,o ux.,Hhla jQ w;r we;eï wjia:dj,oS o<od jykafiaf.a wdrlaIdj Wfoia o<od fmryer fkdmeje;a jQ nj;a l=Uqre.uqfõ

3jcsr ysñ i`oyka lrhs'

isxy, iïm%odhg wkqj j¾Ifha wdrïNl udih jk nla udih iQ¾hd ók rdYsfhka fïI rdYshg meñK kj jir Wod fõ' zznl" nlaZZ hkak Nd.Hj;a hk

1. l=Uqre.uqfõ jðr ysñ" o<od b;sydih iy ixialD;sh" tia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" 284" 289 ms' /,a*a mSsßia" isxy, iudc ixúOdkh" uykqjr hq.h" mß fla' ã' ta' fmf¾rd" úisÿkq m%ldYlfhda" fndr,eia.uqj" 2008" 128-141 ms'2' fcdka fâú" fvú ÿgq ,xldj" mß' we,af,afmd, fidaur;ak' úisÿkq m%ldYlfhda" fndr,eia.uqj" 2008" 159 ms' 3' l=Uqre.uqfõ jðr ysñ" o<od b;sydih iy ixialD;sh" tia'f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda fld<U" 2008" 284-287 ms'

169

idrÓ

woyi f.k foa' nla udifha m<uq jk rdcH W;aijh f,i w¨;a wjqreÿ ux.,Hh rdclSh W;aijhla jYfhka mj;ajkq ,nhs' rcqf.a kele;a fudfydÜgd, úiska rdclSh kele;a jÜfgdarejg wkqj ish¨u lghq;= isÿ lrkq ,nk w;r tlu fõ,djg rdcHfha ish¨u hg;a jeishka rcq iu`. ld¾hhka bgq lrkafka tlu kel;lgh' w¨;a wjqreÿ t<öug fmr we;eï lghq;= bgq lsÍu rdcH ffoj{hkaf.ka yd ffjoHjrekaf.ka wfmaËs; úh' jfk!IO hqI fhdod l=vd uqÜá oyila kd: foajd,fhaoS ms<sfh, lsÍfï lghqq;= fojekakdg Ndr úh' ukdj jid ;nk ,o fï uqÜá" ud<s.dj yd úydr foajd,j,g uy fmryßka heúh hq;= fõ' ffoj{hkaf.a rdcldßh jQ l,S"

01' w¨;a wjqreoao mgka .kakd oskh yd kshu fudfyd;02' T!IO hqI Ndú; fldg ysia fidaod kEug iqÿiq oskh 03' wdydr wkqNjhg iqÿiq kel;04' jev we,a,Sug iqÿiq kel; 05' kEug iqÿiq kel;06' rcqg ;E.s fNda. msß keóug iqÿiq kel; we;=<;a kel;a jÜfgdarejla

4ilia lsÍugh'

w¨;a wjqreÿ ux.,Hfha ysi f;,a .Eu i`oyd kdkq fnodoSfï W;aijh j¾;udkfhAoSo Y%S o<od ud<s.fha oshjvk ks,fï;=udf.a m%Odk;ajfhka kd: foajd,h flakaø fldg f.k isÿ lrk w;r kdkq fnod oSu isÿ lrkq ,nkafka rcq úisska ilia lrk ,o rdclSh jÜfgdarej wkqj ùu úfYaI;ajhls' fuysoS úydr foajd,

561 la rdclSh jÜfgdarefõ i`oyka fõ'

fojk rdcHh ux.,Hh jkafka wei< fmryerhs' wfkla ux.,Hhkag jvd úÑ;%j;a fukau jeäu Èk .Kkla mj;ajk ux.,Hh fuh fõ' wei< fmryer ux.,Hh werfUkafka rcqf.a kele;a fudfydÜgd, úiska ^j¾;udk YS% o<od ud<s.fha kele;a fufyÜgd,& ,nd fok iqn uQyq¾;shg wkqj i;r foajd,fha lma isgqùfï ux.,Hfhks' mßjdr fmryer i;r msáir foajd,hkao lma isgqùu isÿ lrkafka fuu kel;gh' ñka miq mßjdr i;r foajd,j, we;=,a fmryer ux.,Hh isÿ lrkq ,efí' i;r foajd, foúhkaf.a wdhqO lm jgd Wfoa iji iqn kel;ska Wvq úhka fyaúis jdok iys;j jvïujkq ,nhs' we;=,a fmryer Èk i;rlska miq l=U,a fmryer wdrïN fõ' YS% o<od ud<s.d fmryrg iïnkaO jkafka l=U,a fmryßks' l=U,a fmryf¾§ úfYaIfhka pdï j¾Kfhka Èhjvk ks,fï iy k¾;k yd jdok Ys,amSka we`o me<`o isàu úfYaI;ajhls' o<od fmryer fmrgqlr .ksñka ms<sfj<ska kd:" úIaKq" l;r.u yd m;a;sks foajd, Èk my uq¿,af,a l=U,a fmryef¾ .uka lrhs'

4. fcdaka fâú" fâú ÿgq ,xldj" mß( we,af,afmd, fidaur;ak" m%ldYlfhda" fndr,eia.uqj" 2008" 159-160 ms'

úisÿkq

5. Y%S o<od ud<s.fha ldßh lrjk fldard< fla' tï' lreKd;s,l uy;d iuÕ l< idlÉPdj

170

idrÓ

l=U,a fmryer ux.,Hfhka miq rkafoda,s fmryer wdrïN fõ' fuys úfYaI;ajh jkafka rkafoda,s i;r fmryer jevu ùuhs' w;s;fha rkafoda,sj, rcqkaf.a ìfidajre /f.k .sh nj i`oyka fõ' fuu fmryer" l=U,a fmryerg idfmalaIj jeä ùÈ m%udKhl .uka .kakd w;r fmryef¾ úÑ;%;ajh iy Ys,amSka jeä msßila iyNd.S fõ' fuu fmryef¾ úfYaI;ajh jkafka mia jk Èk wjika rkafoda,s uy fmryer wjidkfha o<od fmryer lr`vqj wia.sß f.äf.a wdodyku¿ úydrfha ;ekam;a lrkq ,eîuh' rkafoda,s uy fmryer wjika ùfuka miq Èh lemSfï ux.,Hhg i;r foajd, miq Èk WoEik .egfò Èh lmkd f;dg olajd w,s we;=ka rkafoda,s iys;j flá fmryerlska .uka lr iqn kel;ska Èh lemSu isÿ lrkq ,nhs' Èh lemSfuka ,nd.;a meka pdß;%dkql=,j uykqjr .Kfoú fldaú,g /f.k hk w;r tys§ pdß;% jdß;% bgq lrkq ,efí' miqod oj,a fmryer f.äf.a wdodyk u¿ úydrfhka wdrïN jk w;r tu ia:dkhg i;r foajd, fmryero iïnkaO ù .uka lr o<od ud<s.dfõ fmryer o<od ud<s.dj jgd f;jrla meol=Kq fldg f.jÈk w;r i;r foajd, fmryer foajd,j,g f.j§fuka jd¾Isl wei< uyd fmryer wjika fõ' lma isgqùfï ux.Hh we;=¿ fmryer ux.,Hh rkafoda,s jevuùu" Èh lemSfï ux.,Hh o<od ud<s.dfõ pdß;%hkag wh;a fkdfõ' fuu pdß;% i;r foajd,fha pdß;%hkag wh;a fõ' fmryer ux.,Hh Wvrg iudc iïm%odh ;=< idrO¾u moaO;sh m%j¾Okh lsßug fld;rï n,md ;sfí o@ hkak fâõf.a my; m%ldYh ;=<ska m%lg fõ'

zz1817 fmryef¾ wdrïNfha isg wjidkh jk f;lau uu kqjr isáfhñ' uq¿ ld,h ;=< ñksiqkaf.a yeisÍu úkS; úh' m%ixYkSh úh' ñksiqka oyia .Kkla /iaj isá kuqÿ fï uq¿ ld,h ;=< lsisÿ l< flda,dy,hla fyda îu;a lula fyda ug olakg fkd,enqKs' w;sYhskau úkS; .;s mej;=ï we;a;jqkag mjd ,eÊcdùug wjia:djla fkdùh' w;sYsIag mqoa.,hka mjd fkdle<Uqk ye.Sï iys;j olaakg ,enqKs' Ndr;fha

6fmdÿ ixo¾Yk j¾Kkd úIhl%dka; f,i wiNHh" wkdpdÍh' ZZ úfoaYslhska mjd tod uykqjr jeishd ixjrj yeisÍu ms<sn`o m%ixid uqLfhka l;d lr ;sîu uy;a wdvïnr lreKla fõ'

ó<. rdcHh W;aijh jkafka ld¾;sl ux.,Hhs' b,a ui mqr mif<diajl fmdfyda Èk fuu W;aijh meje;a fõ' ld¾;sh hkq l;r.u foúhka le;s kelf;a

7Wmka Èkh isys lsÍu i`oyd meje;afjk mQcHh W;aijhls' ld¾;sh hkq fou<

8NdIdfjka b,a udih hkakhs' ta wkqj l`oiqßÿ fjkqfjka myka oe,aùu fuys§ isÿ lrk w;r ta i`oyd jk f;,a rdclSh NdKavd.drh u`.ska kd: foajd,h fj; ,nd fohs' rcqf.a iSÜgqjlg wkqj YS% o<od jykafia m%Odk lr .ksñka mßjdr i;r

6. fcdaka fâú" fâú ÿgq ,xldj" mß' we,af,afmd, fidaur;ak" fndr,eia.uqj" 2008" 166 ms'

úisÿkq m%ldYlfhda"

7. Y%S o<|d ud,s.dfõ foaYSh fn!oaO lghq;= wxYfha f,alï fla' ó.yl=Uqr uy;d iuÕ l< idlÉPdj8' tÉ' tï' ã' wd¾' fyar;a" mQckSh o<od ixialD;sh" uOHu m<d;a lDIsl¾u yd mßir lghq;= wud;HdxYh" 2008" 67" ms'

171

idrÓ

foajd,h iy wia.sß u,aj;= oaùmd¾Yajfha úydrhka yd iSÜgqfõ i`oyka m%dfoaYSh úydr foajd, fj; fnod fokq ,efí' ld¾;Sfla ux.,Hh W;aijh wx. ;=klska iukaú; fõ'

01' YS% o<od ud<s.dfõ isg f;,a ke,s 103 la kd: foajd,h fj; fmryßka /f.k tau'

02' f;,a fnod §fï W;aijh'

03' b,a ui mif<diajl Èkfha myka oe,aùfï W;aijh yd ld¾;sl fmryer meje;aùu'

úydr foajd, i`oyd fnod fok f;,a uqyq¾;sfhka rcq iu`. tlu fõ,djg myka oe,aùu isÿ fldg l;r.u foúhkaf.a wdYs¾jdoh ,nd .ekSu fuu ux.,Hfha wruqK fõ'

YS% o<od jykafia Wfoid Ñrd.; iïm%odhdkl+,j l< hq;= j;ams<sfj;a mqo mQcd iïnkaOj l=reKE., hq.fhaoS kS;s jHjia:d l< o<od isßf;a 7 jk jHjia:dfõo ld¾;Sh ux.,Hh ms<sn`oj oelafõ' zzwjqreoafoa ld¾;sh rc orejkg m`vqre mkï fkdfhla ¥rhka m<uqjE o<od m`vqre mE miqj rc;=udg m`vqre mkd bidZZ fuhska lshefjkafka ld¾;sfha§ o<od jykafiag m`vqre mQcd fldg fojkqj rc

9orejkag m`vqre mqo l< hq;= njhs'

bka miq jeo.;a wjika jd¾Isl rdcHh W;aijh jkafka w¨;a iy,a ux.,Hhhs' lDIsld¾ñl rgl iuDoaêh ,`.d lr .ekSu Wfoid Woõ Wmldr l< o<od jykafiag yd foúhkag w¨;a iy,aj,ska lsßn;a mQcd lsÍu fuhska isÿfõ' o<od jykafiag wdjf;aj mqo mQcdj,g lem ù isák f;ajd Ndr iajdóka jykafia,dg o<od jykafiaf.a fiajfha kshq;= Èhjvk ks,fï we;=¿ f;ajd lÜg,j,g ^we;=,a lÜg,h yd msg lÜg,h& iSÜgqfõ i`oyka jkakd jQ m%foaYSh úydr foajd,j,g;a w¨;a iy,a iy ù rcqf.a l=Uqre hdh jk .=refoKsfha fl;a hdfha wiajekak lmd .=refoKsfha rdclSh wgqfjka fnod §u isÿ lsÍu' j¾;udkfha iy,a fnod §u isÿ lrkqfha YS% o<od ud<s.djg wh;a cd;Hka;r fn!oaO wOHdmk uOHia:dk mßY%fha msysá m,af,alef<a wgqfjks' fuu ux.,Hh m%Odk wx. ;=klska iukaú; fõ'

9' je,súáfha fidar; ia:úr" o<od isß; tï' ã' .=Kfiak iy iud.u" fld<U" 1970" jHjia:d y;'

172

idrÓ01' w¨;a iy,a fnod §u i`oyd iqn kel;ska o<od ue`ÿf¾ isg o<od ud<s.dj

mßjdr úydr iy i;r foajd, fukau msáir úydr foajd, fmryßka wgqj fj; hdu

02' w¨;a iy,a iqn kel;g wkqj fnod§u yd fmryßka fiiq úydr foajd, fj; meñsKsu'

03' iqn kel;lska w¨;a iy,a Ndú; lr lsßmsvq yd uqre;eka odkh ilialr nqÿkag yd foúhkag mQcd lsÍu hk wx. ;=khs'

zzi;r jeks jd¾Isl uy W;aijh w¨;a iy,a ux.,Hh mj;ajk ,oafoa ckjdÍ 10udifhaa §he'ZZ ud úiska úia;r lrk ,o jd¾Isl W;aijhka ñ:Hd pdß;% úê" Wodr

W;aijYS% iy foaYmd,k pdß;% ms<sn`o wreu mqÿu iïñYs%; Ndjhl we;af;ah' Ndr; rdcHfha fndfyda fmfoiaj,o fufiah' w¨;a wjqreoao m<uq jeks W;aij ld,h ms<sn`o úu;s ÿre lsÍu i`oyd woyia lrkq nj meyeÈ,sh' fojekak jQ fmryer jvd .=ma; woyila fmroeß fldg f.k mj;ajk ,§' ish¨u Èidj, yd rgj, ro<jreka yd m%odkhka tl úg uykqjr§ ;u rcq bÈßfha /iaj Wodr wd.ñl W;aijj,g iyNd.S ùu ksid cd;sl ye`.Su yd iu`.sh W;aikak úh' rdc mdlaIsl Ndjh j¾Ok fjhs' ler<s flda<yd, uevmeje;aúh' hï fyhlska ler<s flda,dy,hl ,l=Kq my< jqjfyd;a iel l<jqka w,a,d o`vqjï §ug wjia:dj ,efí' wjika rcq fuhska Nhxldr f,i m%fhdack .;af;ah' f;jeks W;aijho fojekak fuka foaYmd,k woyia fmroeß fldg meje;a jQ nj ksielh' i;r jekak úia;r l;d wkjYHh' tys

11 mrud¾:h ù f.dú;ek ms<sn`o jeishd Wkkaÿ lsÍuhs'

ux.,Hh i;f¾§u fmryer meje;aùu úfYaI jQ w;r rdclSh kele;a yd jÜfgdare wkqj kdkq fn§u" ld¾;sflah ux.,Hhg f;,a fn§u" w¨;a iy,a iy ù fn§u YS% o<od ud<s.dj iy mßjdr úydr foajd, iy m%foaYSh úydr foajd, fjkqfjka lrk ,§'

j¾;udkfha wei< fmryer ux.,Hh ms<sn`oj rdcHh wjOdkh fhduq jQjo wfkl=;a ux.,Hh ;=k YS% o<od ud,s.dfõ Èhjvk ks,fï ;=udf.a m%Odk;ajfhka rdcH ueÈy;a ùula fkdue;sj isÿ ùu úfYaI;ajhls' fuu ux.,Hhka ;=k i`oyd úúO fya;=ka u; m%foaYSh úydr foajd, iyNd.S ùu wju uÜgul mj;sk w;r úúO iudc wd¾Ól fya;=ka u; ^rdcldß l%uh wfydaiS úu" ks< mx.= ls%hd;aul ùu wd§ lreKq u;& wjfYaI ux.,Hhka yd m%foaYSh úydr foajd, fmryer mj;ajd f.k hdu wNsfhda.hg ,la ù we;' YS% o<od ud<s.dfõ Èhjvk ks,fï ;=ud i;r foajd, yd m%foaYSh foajd,j, niakdhl ks,fï ;=uka,dg muKla j¾;udk iudc fjkiaùïj,g uqyqK foñka isÿ l< yels ld¾h iSud iys; fõ' Wvrg iudc

10. fcdaka fâú fâú ÿgq ,xldj mß' we,af,afmd, fidaur;ak" fndr,eia.uqj" 2008" 164 ms' 11. tu' 165" ms'

úisÿkq m%ldYlfhda"

173

idrÓ

iïm%odfha iy ixialD;shg iqúfYaIS fufyhla bgq lrk ,o fuu ux.,Hhka l%ufhka fYaIù hdu wmf.a Wreuh úhelS hduls' m%foaYSh jYfhka rdcHh ueÈy;a ùu ;=<ska úydrhka iy foajd,hka fï i`oyd Wkkaÿ lr ùfuka wmf.a jákd ixialD;sl Wreuhka u;= mrmqr Wfoid iqrlaIs; lsÍu iudc j.lSuls'

174

idrÓ

fl!á,H w¾:Ydia;%fhys tk uKav, kHdh

bIdrd .=Kfialr

udkj b;sydih ms<sn| úIhdkqnoaê; lreKq ksjerosj yd wmlaImd;sj bosrsm;a lsrSfïoS;a wLKav b;sydihla ms<sn| wOHhkfhaoS;a uq,dY% ;=<ska .kq ,nk o;a; b;d jeo.;a fõ' fuu uQ,dY% w;=rska idys;H uQ,dY% .Kfhys,d ie,flk fl!á,H w¾:Ydia;%h" fmrÈ. foaYmd,k Ñka;k ms<sn| wOHhkfhaoS jeo.;a ft;sydisl uQ,dY%hla fõ' fuu flá ,smsh u`.ska w¾:Ydia;%fha wka;¾.; uKav, kHdh ms<sn|j;a tys m%dfhda.sl;ajh ms<sn|;a wjOdkh fhduq lsrSug wfmalaIs;h' tysoS m<uqj w¾:Ydia;%h hkq l=ulao hkak wjOdkh fhduq lrk w;r bka miqj uKav, kHdh hkq l=ulao" wka;¾ rdcH in|;d mj;ajk úêl%u fudkjdo" úúO Wml%u Ndú;fhka i;=re ñ;=re rdcHhka iu`. lghq;= lrkafka flfiao" ¥; ld¾fhys jeo.;alu" hqoaOh yd iduh ms<sn| uKav, kHdfhka f.k yer oelafjk f;dr;=re ljf¾o" hkdoS wxY ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lrkq ,efí'

fmrÈ. foaYmd,k Ñka;k Odrdfõ jeo.;a ixêia:dkhla iksgqyka lrk fl!á,H w¾:Ydia;%h l%s'mQ' 321-279oS muK fu!¾h wêrdcHfha isá pkaø.=ma;

1keue;a;df.a wdpd¾hjrhd jQ fl!á,Hh úiska rÑ;h' fmrÈ. b;sydifha ìysjQ w.%.KH od¾Ykslfhla" rdcHdkqYdilfhla jYfhka iïNdjkdjg md;% jQ fudyq

2fl!á,H" úIaKq .=ma;" pdKlH hk kïj,skao y`ÿkajkq ,nhs' w¾:Ydia;%h ixialrKh l< .km;s Ydia;%S kï m`äjrhdg wkqj fl!á,Hhka zl=á,Z keu;s f.da;%hg wh;a jQ ksid fl!á,H hk kuo zpKlZ kï m%foaYfha Wmka ksid pdKlH

3hk kuo foudmshka úiska úIaKq .=ma; hk kuo fok ,o njh' fï ish¨u kïj,ska y÷kajkq ,nk fl!á,Hhka úiska rÑ; w¾:Ydia;%h lD;sh ukqIH m%cdjf.a meje;au i|yd idlaId;a lr.; hq;= ;%súO wNs,dihka w;r w¾: m%uqLia:dkh

4lrf.k ,shjqKq lD;shlss' wêlrK kï fldgia 15 lskao m%lrK kï w;=re fldgia 180 lskao yd Yaf,dal 6000 lskao iukaú; fuu lD;sh ms<sn| woyia olajk úoaj;=kag wkqj fuys wka;¾.; Yaf,dal ish,a,u fl!á,H úiska rpkd lr

5fkdue;' úkag¾ksÜia" fcd,S" lS;a yd ã'wd¾' NKav¾l¾ jeks W.;=kaf.a woyi

6jkqfha w¾:Ydia;%h miqld,Sk rpkhla njh' tkï l%sia;%shdks hq.fha uq,a ishjia

1 fl!á,H w¾:Ydia;%h 1-2 wêldr" mrs' ysßmsáfha m[a[dls;a;s ysñ" weia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U" 2003" vi ms'

2 lr|f.d,af,a fidaNs; ysñ" zfl!á,Hf.a w¾:Ydia;%fhka ksrEms; wêrdcH ;ka;%fha iajrEmh ms<sn| úuiqulaZ" nqjfklnd" ixia' je,smsáfha bkaodkkao ysñ iy Èh;,dfõ m[a[didr ysñ" nqoaO Ydik yd wd.ñl lghq;= wud;HdxYh" 2013" 174ms'

3 tu4 tÉ'cS' pd,aia" fl!á,H w¾:Ydia;% idrh" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<T" 1999" vi ms'5 fydrK Oïñkao ysñ" zw¾:Ydia;%fhka Tmj;a jQ fmrÈ. foaYmd,k Ñka;khZ" iïNdjkd

fojk fj¿u" ixia' úNdú úch Y%Sj¾Ok iy ohd wurfialr" fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd, Ydia;% mSG Ydia;%Sh ix.uh" 2001 ckjdß-cqk&" 5ms'

6 ã'we,a wfíj¾Ok" mß' merKs bkaÈhdfõ rdcH iy wdKavqj" iuka m%ldYlfhda" kqf.af.dv" 2004" 15ms'

175

idrÓ

;=< ,shk ,o njh' tfy;a w¾:Ydia;%fhys m<fjks fldgi wjidkfhys fuh 7fl!á,H úiska rÑ; nj i|yka fõ' fuu lD;sfha l;D ms<sn| W.;=ka w;r úúO

u;jdo mej;sh;a fuu lD;sh merKs bkaÈhdfõ rdcH" rdcH mßmd,kh" rcq" weu;sjre" ks,OdÍka" rdcH wdodhï" wka;¾ rdcH in|;d jeks iEu wxYhlau w<,d ,shjqKq mßmQ¾K foaYmd,k úoHd lD;shla nj fndfyda fofkla ms<s.ks;s'

bkaoSh foaYmd,k kHdh wd.ñl woyiska ñ|S m%dfhda.sl ;;a;ajfhka bosrsm;a l< m<uq kHdhpd¾hjrhd jQ fl!á,Hhg wkqj w¾:Ydia;%h hkq zfmd<j w;am;a lr

8.ekSfï yd wdrlaId lr .ekSfï l%fudamdhka we;=<;a Ydia;%hhs'Z fuys mif<dia jk wêldrfhys w¾:Ydia;%h hk moh fufia ks¾jpkh lr we;' tkï zzukqIHhkaf.a meje;aug fya;= jkafka w¾: fyj;a Okhhs' wka f,ilska lsjfyd;a ukqIHhka jdih lrk mDÓúhhs' tu mDÓú ,dNh yd md,kh ms<sn| Wmdh Ydia;%h jQ l,S

9w¾:Ydia;%hhs'ZZ fï wkqj w¾:Ydia;%fhka wfmalaIs; mrud¾: folls' tkï md,lfhl= ;u wKil hgf;a mj;sk rdcH md,kh lsÍu yd th wdrlaId lsÍu iy

10foaYhka w;am;a lr .ekSu u`.ska rdcH mq¿,a lr .ekSu;ah'

fï wkqj fmkS hkqfha w¾:Ydia;%h hkafkka rdcH ;ka;%hl wNHka;r yd ndysr hk fowxYhgu wh;a lghq;= ms<sn| úoHdj fyj;a foaYmd,kh yd mßmd,kh ms<sn| úoHdj wruqKq ù we;s njh' fï fya;=fjka w¾:Ydia;%h foaYmd,k úoHdfõ fyda mßmd,kfha uQ,sl m%;sm;a;Ska yd o¾Ykhka idlÉPd lrk wdKavql%uh ms<sn|j jQ ld,amksl lD;shlg jvd mßmd,lhd i|yd jQ w;a fmd;la f,i ye|skaúh yels nj

11merKs bkaÈhdfõ rdcH iy wdKavqj keu;s lD;sfhys oelafjhs' fuu w¾:Ydia;%h keu;s lD;sfha i|yka jk f;dr;=re fu!¾h wêrdcH mqrd msysgqjk ,o wfYdal fi,a,smsj, tk lreKq yd iei|sh yels ùfuka merKs bkaoSh md,k ;ka;%h ms<sn| yeoEÍfïoS jvd úYajdiodhS uQ,dY%hla f,i fuh WmfhdA.s fldg .; yels fõ' fl!á,H foaYmd,kh keu;s úIh iajdëk úIhla f,i f.k ú.%y lr we;' b;d,sfha isá kslf,da uelshdfj,So fuu úIh iajdëk úIhla f,i f.k ú.%y lsrSug W;aidy f.k we;' fudyqf.a woyia yd fl!á,Hf.a woyia w;r iduHhla oel .; yelsh' wdpdrO¾uj,ska neyer jQ foaYmd,khla .ek fuu fofokdu woyia bosrsm;a lrk kuq;a fl!á,H uelshdfj,Sg jvd foaYmd,k Ñka;kh ms<sn| .eUqrska woyia bosrsm;a lr we;' fl!á,H mjid we;af;a rdcH md,kh hkq wd.ñl Ñka;kfhka neyer jQ iajdëk Ñka;khla njh' tfy;a uelshdfj,S iïmQ¾Kfhkau wd.ñl wxYfhka neyer jQ foaYmd,khla .ek l;d fkdlrhs' tfia jQj;a fuu kHdhdpdrSka fofokdu bosrsm;a lrk woyia tosfkod foaYmd,k cSú;h yd noaO tajdh' Tjqkaf.a kHdhka m%dfhda.sl núka hqla; tajd úh' tfy;a fl!á,H uelshdfj,S fuka fkdj kHdhka bosrsm;a lr tajdg ksoiqkao olajk w;r wfkla

7 fl!á,H w¾:Ydia;%h 1-2 wêldr" tu" 2003" 16ms' 8 lr|f.d,af,a fidaNs; ysñ" 174ms'9 Kautilya's Arthasâstra, ed. R.Shamasastry, Mysore Printing and Publishing House, Mysore, 1961, p.459.10 Oïñkao ysñ" 6ms'11 wfíj¾Ok" 15ms'

176

idrÓ

whf.a kHdhhkao Tyqg fmr isá wdpdrjrekaf.a kïo bosrsm;a lrhs' uelshdfj,S úiska rÑ; The Prince .%ka:fha uQ,sl kHdh muKla olajhs' tfy;a w¾:Ydia;%h iúia;rj" wêudkqIsl ixl,amfhka neyerj lreKq olajd we;' fl!á,H mjikafka ñksiqka iajNdjfhkau ÿIag yd l=Iag njh' rcqka tajd fkd;lk nj;a" rdcmq;%hkaf.a O¾uh l¾lgl O¾uh úh hq;= nj;a Tyq úia;r lrhs' bkaoshdkq foaYmd,k Ñka;khg wd.ñl wxYfhka ñ|sh fkdyels nj mejiQ ngysr Ñka;lhkaf.a u;jdo LKavkh lrñka th m%dfhda.slj isÿ lsrSug fl!á,H iu;a jQ w;r Tyq bosrsm;a lrk uKav, kHdfha ñ;% .súiqï tys oshqKqu wjia:dj úh' fuu miqìfï isg fuysoS uQ,sl jYfhka fl!á,H w¾:Ydia;%fha i|yka jk uKav, khdh ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lsÍug wfmalaIs;h'

wêrdcH f.dvke`.SfïoS fukau th ;yjqre lr .ekSfuka miq bÈßhg mj;ajd f.k hdfïoS;a wka;¾ rdcH in|;d meje;aùu b;d jeo.;a fõ' rfcl= ish rdcH j¾Okh lr .ekSug wka;¾ in|;d meje;aùu ms<sn| újrKh lsÍug merKs bkaÈhdfõ meyeÈ,s kHdh moaO;shla fkd;snqKo zuKav, kHdhZ kñka ye|skajQ

12l%uh uÕska th hï;dla ÿrlg újrKh lsÍug W;aiy f.k we;' tu uKav,

13kHdh jvd;a ;¾ldkql+,j úia;r lr we;af;a fl!á,H w¾:Ydia;%fhah' uKav,h ueoafoa rdcH j¾Okh lrk rcq fyj;a zúð.SIqZ isák w;r Tyq flakaø lr.;a rcjre fof<dia fofkla fuu uKav,hg wh;a fõ' fuf,i fuu uKav,h rcjre fodf<dia fofkl=f.ka iukaú; fõ kï fuys iukaú; jk uq¿ uQ,sldx. m%udKh

14 ye;a;e folla fõ'

uQ,dY%.; f;dr;=rej,g wkqj uKav, kHdh i|yd moku jQfha bkaoSh Wm 15uyoaùmh l=vd l=vd rdcH rdYshlg fnoS we; hk Wml,amkhhs' tu rdcH rdYsh

w;r iajlSh rdcHfha Yla;sh j¾Okh lr f.k rcqka w;r rfcl= fyj;a wêrdcHfhl= njg m;aùfï wNs,difhka hqla; md,lfhl=f.a rdcH .ek fuysoS wjOdkh fhduq lrhs' tu md,lhd zúð.SIqZ kñka y÷kajkq ,nhs' fuu n,ldó md,lhd ^úð.SIq& yeuúgu W;aidy .kqfha úYd, f,i Yla;sh" Wmdh iy iïm;a

16fhdojñka ish wdKavqfõ wjldYh mq¿,a lr .ekSug nj Kamandaka fmkajd fohs' m¾fhaIK.; f;dr;=re wkqj fmkS hk lreKla kï l%s'mQ' yh jeks ishjfia mej;s foaYmd,k ;;a;ajh lsishï wdldrhlska uKav, kHdh ;=<ska ms<sìUq jk njh' fu!¾h hq.fha th mrsmQ¾K;ajhg m;a jQfha hehs fmfkk lreKls' fuu kHdh ;=<ska rfcl= f,i isg wêrdcH olajd .uka lsrSfïoS rfcl=f.a n,h mrsmQ¾K;ajhg m;a jk wdldrh úia;r flf¾'

12 ux., b,x.isxy" fmrÈ. foaYmd,k Ñka;kh" wdhœ fmd;ay," uykqjr" 2002" 64ms'

13 tu'14 The Arthasastra, ed. L.N. Rangarjan, Penguin Books, India, 1992 , p. 559.15 tu'16 mS' w;=fldar," mqrd;k yd uOH;k foaYmd,k yd iudc kHdh" l¾;D m%ldYk" 2006" 124ms'

177

idrÓ

úcs.SIq fyj;a n,hg wNs,difhka hq;= rfcla flakaø lr.;a uKav,fha wNsuqLfha rcjre mia fofkla fj;s' Tjqka kï" wrs fyj;a i;=rd" ñ;% fyj;a úcs.SIqf.a ñ;=rd" wrs ñ;% fyj;a i;=rdf.a ñ;=rd" ñ;% ñ;% fyj;a úcs.SIqf.a ñ;=rdf.a ñ;=rd iy wrs ñ;% ñ;%

17fyj;a i;=rdf.a ñ;=rdf.a ñ;=rdh' úcs.SIqf.a rdcHfhka miqmi m%foaYfhys ;j;a rcjre yh fofkla fj;s' Tjqkakï md¾IaKs.%dy fyj;a úcs.SIqf.a miqmi m%foaYfha isák i;=rd ̂ miqmiska myr fokakd&" wdl%kao fyj;a úcs.SIqf.a ñ;=rd ^Woõ i|yd lE .eiQ úg flfkl= ;j;a flfkl=f.a Woõjg meñKSu&" md¾IaKs.%dyidr fyj;a msgqmi isák i;=rdf.a ñ;=rd" wdl%kaodidr fyj;a msgqmi isák ñ;=rdf.a ñ;=rd hk i;r fokd úcs.SIqf.a fyda Tyqf.a i;=rdf.a lghq;=j,g fl<skau iïnkaO fõ' uKav,hg we;=<;a jQjo b;srs rcjreka fofokd jk uOHu fyj;a uKav,h ;=< we;s jk w¾nqoj,oS ueosy;aj l%shd l< md,lhd iy WodiSk fyj;a uKav,h ;=< l=ula isÿ jQjo ta ish,a, .Kka fkdf.k WodiSk m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh l< md,lhdf.a l%shdl,dmhka ;=<ska fmkS hkqfha foaYmd,k l%shdoduhkag Tjqkaf.a iDcq

18iyNd.S;ajhla fkdjQ njh' fuf,i rdcHhka i;=re ñ;=re jYfhka j¾.SlrKfha moku kï N+f.da,Sh iajNdjh nj fmfka' tfy;a fï i|yd N+f.da,Sh idOlh muKla fkdj rdcHhka i;=re yd ñ;=re ùu i|yd forfÜ wd¾:sl ;;a;ajh yd forfÜ wfkl=;a wNs,dihkao n,mdhs'

fuf,i rdcHhka i;=re ñ;=re jYfhka j¾.SlrKfha moku kï N+f.da,Sh iajNdjh nj fmfka' tfy;a fï i|yd N+f.da,Sh idOlh muKla fkdj rdcHhka i;=re yd ñ;=re ùu i|yd forfÜ wd¾:sl ;;a;ajh yd forfÜ wfkl=;a wNs,dihkao

19n,mdhs'

fuu uKav, kHdhfha uQ,sl isoaOdka;h jQfha tlsfklg ióm rdcHhka 20

folla i;=rkah hkakh' ux., b,x.isxy mjik wdldrhg tl rdcHhla fomi we;s rdcHh folla iajNdjfhkau ñ;=rka njg m;a fõ' fuu uKav,h ;=< m%n,u ;;a;ajhla ysñjkqfha uKav,h ;=< l=ula isÿ jQjo ta ish,a, .Kka fkdf.k WodiSk m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh lrk WodiSk rdcHhgh' thg fya;=j jkqfha úcs.SIqf.ka fyda Tyqf.a i;=rdf.ka lsisÿ ,dN m%fhdackhla Tyq n,dfmdfrd;a;=

17 b,x.isxy" 64ms'18 tu'19 w;=fldar," 127ms'20 b,x.isxy" 65ms'

178

idrÓ

fkdùu;a rdcH foflka ljr rdcHlska fyda wdOdr fkd,nd ;u lghq;= mj;ajd 21f.k hdug WodiSk rdcHhg yelshdj ;sîuh' uOHu uKav,h ;=< WodiSk ;rï

m%n, fkdjqk;a úcs.SIQ yd Tyqf.a i;=rd fyda fjk;a wh w;r we;s jk w¾nqoldrS 22wjia:dj,oS ueosy;aj l%shdlsrSfï n,h mj;S' fuf,i rcjre fodf<dia

fofkl=f.ka iukaú; uKav,h ;=< úcs.SIq l%shdl< hq;af;a flfiao hkak .ek olajd we;' tysoS úcs;fha iduh iqrCIs; lr .ekSu;a wdrCIdj;a i|yd uKav,fha wfkla rcjre .ek fiú,af,ka isàu;a yd m%{djka; ñ;%YS,S l%uhlska th j¾Okh lr .ekSu;a jeo.;a fõ' fuh m%dfhda.sl iudch ;=< l%shd;aul jQ tla wjia:djla jQfha fojk f,dal hqoaOhhs' fuu hqoaOfhka miq n, lojqre folu ta tla tla fldgfiys n,mEug k;= jQ rdcHhka yels muK wE|d f.k ;u msysàu Yla;su;a lr .ekSug iuld,Sk foaYmd,kh ;=< we;s jQ m%jK;djhls'

fï wdldrhg uKav,h ;=< i;=re rdcHhkaf.ka wdrlaId ùug;a" ñ;% rdcHhka ;j;a fyd|ska ;nd .ekSug;a yd kj rdc in|;d f.dvke.SfïoS yd th

23ld¾hlaIuj mj;ajd f.k hdfïoS ¥;hka b;d jeo.;a fõ' ¥; hkafkka w¾:j;a jQfha mKsúvlre hkak jQ w;r Tyq úfoaY rdciNdj,g úúO wruqKq yd fufyhka i|yd .sh mqoa.,fhls' j¾;udkfhaoS isÿ jk ;dkdm;s in|;d yd mqrd;kfhaoS Ndú; jQ ¥; ld¾hNdrh w;r iudk;ajhla oelsh yelsh' kuq;a j¾;udkhg jvd ¥; ld¾hfha fhfokakkaf.a wNHka;r .=K O¾uhkays úfYaIhla oelsh yelsh'

24w¾:Ydia;%hg wkqj uka;% ;SrKh lsrSfuka miq ¥;hka m;a l< hq;= fõ' fuf,i m;a lr .ekSfïoS Tyq iqÿiqlï .Kkdjlska hq;a mqoa.,fhla úh hq;=h' tkï" iajfoaYSh m%N+ mjq,l Wmka" Wiia iudc iïudkhg md;% jQ" l,djkays ksmqK" ÿrolakd kqjK we;s" m%{djka;" m%n, iaurK Yla;sfhka fyì" l%shdY+r" nqoaêu;a" WoafHda.fhka wkQk" wd;audNsudkh Wiia fldg i,lk" prs; mdrsY=oaêfhka hqla;" ia:sridr úYajdijka; Ndjhlska hq;=" úYsIag l%shd l,dmhla we;s" YrSr Yla;sh yd fi!LH ;;a;ajh hym;a" jevlghq;= l,a fkdouk" pm, udkisl;ajfhka ñ`ÿK" Nla;sjka; tfiau blauKska l,n,hg m;a fkdjk" fldam fkdjk" oafõY iy.;j

25fkdis;k wh rdc iNslhka ke;fyd;a ¥;hka f,i m;a l< hq;=h' fuu iqÿiqlï iys; mqoa.,hka f;dard .ekSu l< hq;= wdldrh .ek fl!á,H fufia olajhs' zziajfoaYsl;ajh yd m%N+ mjq,l Wmka nj ;yjqre lr .; hq;af;a úYajdijka; mqoa.,hkaf.ka ,nd .kakd f;dr;=rej,sks' wOHdmksl ^Ys,am& iqÿiqlï ms<sn|j uydpd¾hjrfhl=f.ka f;dr;=re ,nd .; hq;=h' kHdhsl yd m%dfhda.sl oekqu" ÿrolakd kqjK" iaurK Yla;sh" m%shYS,S nj mrSlaId l< hq;af;a ld¾hhkays fhoùfuks' jd.a pd;+¾h" Y+rlu" ;ekg Tìk kqjK jeks .=Kdx. mrSlaId l< hq;af;a l:d lsrSug fyda ^l:dfhdaf.aIq& fyda ixjdofha fhoSug wjia:dj i,id

21 tu'22 tu'23 The Kautiliya Arthaúâstra, ed. R.P. Kangle, Motilal Banarsidass, Madras, 1972, p.36.24 Ibid.25 b,x.isxy" 73ms'

179

idrÓ

oSfuks' bjiSfï yelshdj" WoafHda.YS,S;ajh" úmf;aoS olajk ks¾NS; iajNdjh" prs; mdrsY=oaêh" ñ;%YS,S iajNdjh" wp, Nla;su;a jeks .=Kdx. ksrka;r wdY%fhkau mrSlaId l< hq;= fõ' prs; iajNdjh" fi!LH iïmkak nj yd YrSr Yla;sh" wNsudkj;alu" pm, .;s.=Kj,ska f;drùu jeks lreKq .ek b;d l=¿m. ñ;=frlaf.kau fidhd ne,Su WÑ;h' l=¿m. nj yd odkm;sNdjh jeks lreKq .ek

26;ud iu`.u mj;ajk wdY%fhkau oek.; hq;= fjhs'ZZ

fuysoS fuu .=Kdx.j,skau hq;a wfhlau rdciNslhka jYfhka f;dard m;a lr.; hq;= nj fl!á,H mjihs' fujeks iqÿiqlï iïmQ¾K lr we;s wdldrh wkqj rdciNslhd ;=ka jeoEreï fõ' tkï ksiDIagd¾: fyj;a weu;shdf.a ish¨ .=K olakg we;s ¥;hka ^mQ¾K n,e;s ¥;hka&" mrsñ;d¾: fyj;a weu;shdf.a .=Kj,ska

27i;frka fldgila olakg we;s ¥;hka ^idlÉPd n,h muKla we;s ¥;hka& iy Ydikyr fyj;a weu;shdf.a kqjKska wvla olakg we;s ¥;hka ̂ikafoaY f.k hdfï n,h muKla we;s ¥;hka& hkqfjks'

28fl!á,Hhg wkqj ¥;hka rcqf.a uqj hehs ms<s.efka' ish¨ rcjreka ¥;hka

uÕskau ish lreKq wfkla wh fj; muqKq jk w;r ¥;hka uÕska Tjqkaf.a woyia 29oek .ks;s' fï wdldrhg ¥; ld¾hh fl!á,H úia;r lrkqfha uKav, kHdh

;=<oSu úcs.SIqf.a n,h ia:djr lr .ekSfï Wmdx.hla yeáhgh' tysoS tla rdcHhlg hdno we;s rdcH i;=frl= f,i i,ld we;' tksidu ¥; ld¾hfhaoS ¥;hdg ú|skakg jk wk;=re ms<sn| i|yka lrk w;ru tksid Tjqka m%fõiï úh hq;= fõ' úfYaIfhkau fl!á,H mjikqfha fuu ¥; ld¾hfha kshq;= mqoa.,hd ia;%S fiajkfhka" u;ameka mdkfhka je<lS isáh hq;= njh' tfiau ;ks we|la iys;

30ldurhl ñi fjk;a ;ekl ksod fkd.; hq;= nj fujdg fya;= f,i fl!á,H olajkqfha ia;%S fiajkfhka yd u;ameka mdkfhka ish¨ ryia fy<s lr .; yels nj' ksod isák mqoa.,hdf.kao myiqfjka ryia fy<s lr .; yels neúka Tyq ks;ru ;ks

31we|la iys; ldurhl ksod.; hq;= nj Tyq jeäÿrg;a mjihs' fï wkqj fmkS hkqfha fl!á,H iEu úglu m%dfhda.sl jYfhka isÿ úh yels w;miqùï ms<sn| ukd wjfndaOhlska isg tajd wju lr Wmrsu m%;s,dNhka ,nd .ekSu i|yd wjOdkh fhduq lr we;s njh' fuu ;;a;ajh fjk;a kHdh .%ka:hkays olakg fkdue;s ;rïh' úfoaY in|;d meje;aùfïoS Wml%uYS,Sj ;u wruqKq oskd .kq ,nkafka flfiao hkak fuu ¥; ld¾h ms<sn| fl!á,Hh olajk f;dr;=rej,ska ukdj úIo fõ'

w¾:Ydia;%hg wkqj i;=re ñ;=re fomd¾Yjfhau jegqma ,nk fuu ¥;hkaf.a ld¾hhka jkqfha úfoaYhl hqoaO Yla;sh yd hqoaO ryia oek .ekSu" uyck u;h ksis f,i wjfndaO lr .ekSu jeks ld¾hhkah' tfiau prmqreI fiajdj mj;ajd f.k

26 tu" 74ms'27 fl!á,H w¾:Ydia;%h 1-2 wêldr" 87ms'28 tu" 88ms'29 ysßmsáfha m[a[dls;a;s ysñ" mqrd;k Ndr;Sh rdcH md,k uQ,O¾u" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U" 2001" 181ms'30 The Kautiliya Arthaúâstra, p.37.31 b,x.isxy" 74ms'

180

idrÓ

hdfïoS ryia ixfla; Ndú; lrk ,sms f,aLk lshùfï yd ,sùfï yelshdjo Tjqkag ;sîu w;HjYH fõ' tfiau ñ;% .súiqï we;s lr .ekSu" ;u mlaIhg i;=re ñ;% .súiqï yd rdcH ì| oeóu i|yd m%pdrd;aul jevigyka ls%hd;aul lsrSu" iudcfha m%n, ikaksfõok ud¾. jQ mQcH yd mQcljreka úfYaI jD;a;slhka jeks úIhka flfrys

32m%ùKhkau ¥; ld¾h i|yd fhdod .; hq;= úh' fï ish,a, uÕska rdcHfha wdrlaIdj yd n, j¾Okh wfmalaId lr we;' fuu ¥;hka >d;kh lsrSug lsisÿ rglg wjirh fkdjQ w;r th ish¨ kHdhpdrSka oeä f,i wjOdrKh lrk ,o lreKlao úh' fl!á,Hhg wkqj ¥;hkaf.a m%Odk j.lSu yd ld¾hh jkqfha rdcHfha f.!rjh yd wdrlaIdj ;yjqre lr mj;ajd f.k hduh' tfiau Tjqka fuu uKav, iuÕ wka;¾ in`o;d mj;ajk úg m%Odk uQ,O¾u yhla u; mokïj th isÿ l< hq;= nj fl!á,H wjOdrKh lrhs' th hqoaO Wmdh yfha kHdh ^Theory of six war-tactics) kñkao

33y`ÿkajhs' tu Wml%u yh kï wka;¾ rdcH .súiqï ke;fyd;a tla rgla wfkla rg yd ñ;=re f,iska iïnkaO ùu ^ikaê&" tosrsjdoslï m%ldYhg m;a lsrSu ^ú.%y&" uOHia: ms<sfj;la .ekSu ^wdik&" m%ydrhlg iQodkïùu fyda i;=rdf.a m%foaYhg .uka lsrSu ̂ hdk&" n,.;= rdcHhla fyda ñ;=frl= fyda iu`. iïnkaOùu ̂ixY%h& iy tla wfhl= iuÕ iduh m%ldYhg m;a lrñka ;j;a wfhl= iuÕ hqoaO m%ldY lsrSu

34^oaffjëNdjh& wdoshhs'

fuu .=K yh kej; fldgia lsysmhlg fnfoa' ta wkqj ikaê ms<sn| wOdkh fhduq lsrSfïoS tys fldgia folls' tkï iudklï ^;;ald,fha fyda wkd.;fha ,dNdfmaCIdfjka fjk;a rfcl= yd tl;=j i;=rd wdl%uKh lsrSu& iy wiudklï ^;;ald,fha fyda wkd.;fha ,dNdfmaCIdfjka lsishï rfcl= úiska zzTn tys hkak" uu tys hñZZ hkqfjka m%ldY fldg fjka fjkaj i;=rd wdl%uKh lsrSuhs&' ú.%yo fldgia folls' tkï ld,fha yd wld,fha i;=rd lrorfha jegqKq úg ;ud wdl%uKh l<fyd;a m<uq jeks ú.%y fNaohhs' ñ;%hd flfrys lsishï fjk;a rfcl= úiska wdl%uKhla fyda ydkshla lrk ,oafoa kï túg ñ;% rcq /lSu i|yd lrkq ,nk fojk ú.%y fNaohhs' wdiko fldgia folls' ffojhka fyda mQ¾j ckauj, ld¾h fya;=fjka laISK njg m;aj i;=rdf.a jeg,Sfï isàu iy ñ;=rdf.a b,a,Sfuka Tyqf.a wdrlaIdj i|yd i;=rdg hg;aùu hkdos fldgia folls' tkï i;=re mlaIfha úfrdaë ld¾hka oel jyd Tyq wdl%uKh lsrSu iy ;udg Yla;sh fkdue;sj ñ;% rfcl= iuÕ wdl%uKh lsrSu' ixY%ho fldgia folls' tkï i;=rdf.ka mSvdjg m;aj ish wdrlaIdj i|yd n,j;a rfcl=f.a msysg me;Su iy wkd.;fhaoS i;=rdf.ka wdl%uK we;s fõ hehs ìfhka ish wdrlaIdj i|yd n,j;a rfcl=f.a msysg ,eîu' ffojëNdjfhyso fldgia folls' tkï ish ld¾h i|yd i;=rdf.ka wdrCIdùu

32 tu" 75ms'33 w;=fldar," 127ms'34 Kautilya's Arthasâstra, p.293.

181

idrÓ

i|yd fiakdj msg;a lr heùu iy ish fiakdfõ wfkla fldgi ;udg hg;a 35n,fldgq /lSu i|yd fhoSu hkqfjks'

by; i|yka Wmdh ud¾. wkq.ukh l< hq;af;a fln÷ rdcHhka úiskao hkak fl!á,H ;jÿrg;a ish lD;sfha olajhs' ta wkqj Yla;sh w;ska ÿ¾j, rdcHhla ish rdcHhg jvd;a i;=re rdcH n,j;a jqjfyd;a tu rdcH iuÕ iduldó .súiqulg t<öu jvd;a WÑ;h' i;=re rdcHhg jvd ish rdcHh n,j;a kï hqoaOhla m%ldY lr tu rdcH ;u rdcHhg mlaImd;S lr .ekSu;a" ;udf.a i;=rdg ;u rdcHh úkdY l< fkdyels nj yefÕa kï tu rdcHh uOHia: iajNdjhla fmkakqï l< hq;= nj;a" rdcHhlg i;=re rdcHhla lrd .uka l< yels nj yefÕa kï hqoaO lsrSu uÕska i;=re mlaIfha n,h wjm%udKh lsrSu;a" ish n,h Y+kHj mj;akd wjia:djkaysoS fjk;a rdcHhl iydh ,nd .ekSu i|yd ñ;%;ajfhka tu rdcH iuÕ lghq;= lsrSu;a" wjia:dfkdaÑ;j oaú;aj m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh lsrSu;a iqÿiq nj Tyq fmkakqï

36lrhs' fuu Wmdh ud¾.hkaf.ka jvd;a WÑ; m%;sm;a;sh iqÿiq wjia:djkaysoS Ndú; lrñka rdcHfha f.!rjh yd wdrlaIdj fjkqfjka lghq;= lsrSug ljr md,lfhl= jQj;a mshjr .; hq;= nj w¾:Ydia;%h ;jÿrg;a olajhs' rgla wdl%uKh l< hq;af;a flfiao hkak fuu.ska ukdj meyeos,s fõ' hïlsis md,lfhl= Yla;sfhka ySkjQj;a {dkh we;akï i;=rdj úkdY l< yels nj fuu.ska meyeos,s lr foa'

IâúO Wmdh ;jÿrg;a úia;r lrñka fl!á,H mjikqfha hï md,lfhl= ;ukaf.a Yla;sh m%udKd;aul yd .=Kd;aul jYfhka iS>%fhka j¾Okh jk nj is;kafka kï yd ;u i;=rd tjeks m%.;shla fkd,nk nj l,amkd lrkafka kï i;=rdf.a lghq;= wu;l lr oud isáh hq;= njh' tfiau hï md,lfhl= i;=re rcjrekaf.aa m%;sm;a;Ska tlu ld, mßÉfþohla ;=< iudkdldrhlska isÿ jk nj l,amkd lrkafka kï tysoS jvd;a iqÿiq jkqfha rcjreka fofokdu idufhka isàuh' ;ukag ;ukaf.au wdrlaIdj i,id .ekSfï Yla;shla ke;s md,lhdf.a ms<sfj; úh hq;af;a ;j;a wfhl=f.a wdrlaIdj me;Suh' ;u mrud¾: idOkh i|yd ;j;a rdcHhl wOdr wjYH kï tn÷ md,lfhl= úiska wdOdr Èh yels wfhl= iuÕ iïuq;shla we;s lr f.k ;u i;=rdg úreoaOj igka l< hq;= nj fl!á,H wjOdrKh lrhs' tfiau i;=rdf.a NdKavd.drh" fiakdj" weu;sjreka" wdÈh úkdY

37fldg Tjqkaf.a n,fldgq jeg,sh hq;= nj fl!á,H wjOdrKh lrhs' tuÕska tu rdcH ÿ¾j, lr ;u n,h jHdma; lr .ekSu wfmalaId lr we;' tfy;a ckmo wNh odkh oS /lsh hq;= nj;a tu ckmohkag lsisÿ wdldrhlska Wjÿrla fkdl< hq;=

38nj;ah' th w¾:Ydia;%fha fufia olajd we;' zzl¾YkmQ¾jx m¾hqmdik l¾u'

39ckmox h:dksúIag uNfha ia:dmfh;a'ZZ

38 m[a[dls;a;s ysñ" 173ms'39 fl!á,H w¾:Ydia;%h 8"9"10" 11"12" 13"14" 15 wêldr" 158ms'

35 m[a[dls;a;s ysñ" 76-77ms'36 Kautilya's Arthasâstra, p.293.37 Ibid, p.294.

182

idrÓ

fuf,i l%shdlsÍfïoS ;u rfÜ isÿ jk ixj¾Ok lghq;=j,g ydks jk fyda ;u rg úkdY uqLhg weo ouk ljr fyda Wmdhla wkq.ukh fkdl< hq;= fõ' w¾:Ydia;%.; f;dr;=re wkqj i;=re rcjre fofofkla tlsfklg n,fhka mßydkshg m;a jkafka kï ;u rfÜ ck;dj .ek is;d igka fkdlr isáh hq;=h' úfYaIfhkau md,lfhl= igka l< hq;= jkafka ;udg jvd n,fhka yd Yla;sfhka

40ySk jQjka iuÕh hk woyi fl!á,H fmkajd fohs' tfy;a fuu woyi ;rula m%dfhda.sl núka wvqh' ukao iEu md,lfhl=u fufia Wml,amkh l<fyd;a .eg¨ we;s jk neúks' fï wkqj meyeos,s jkqfha fl!á,H iEuúgu rdcHfha wNsjDoaêhg nOd fkdjk wdldrfhka lghq;= lsrSug W;aidy f.k we;s njh' l=uk in|;djloS jQj;a mru wNs,dih úh hq;af;a rdcHfha wNsjDoaêh bIag isoaO lr .ekSu nj fï Tiafia mdGlhd fj; f.k ta' tfy;a tf,i Tyq bosrsm;a lrk we;eï lreKq m%dfhda.sl núka f;dr nj mejiSu wksjd¾h lreKls'

óg wu;rj md,lfhl= ish úfoaY m%;sm;a;sfhys wka;¾.; l< hq;= m%;sm;a;Ska y;rla w¾:Ydia;%fha olajhs' idu" odk" oKav" fNao hkq tajdh' fï w;rska iduh yd odkh ukd kS;s fia ms<s.kq ,nhs' ish m%cdfõ Wkak;sh yd wdrlaIdj i|yd oKav yd fNao hk kS;s iqÿiq fkdjk nj ms<s.efka' fuu isjq jeoEreï m%;sm;a;Ska m%;sjdoSka oskd .ekSu Wfoid ia:dfkdaÑ;j Ndú; lsrSu iqÿiq fõ' fï w;rska idu iy odk hk Wmdhka ÿ¾j, md,lhka i|yd fhoúh hq;=h' fNao iy oKav hk Wmdhka

41Yla;su;a iy n,j;a md,lhka i|yd fhdod .; hq;=h' lsishï md,lfhl= iEu w;skau ÿ¾j, kï Tyq m%n,hd iuÕ idufhka isàu b;d jeo.;a fõ' tfiau hï rdcHhla iuÕs .súiqï we;s lr.ekSfïoS jvd m%n, wi,ajeis rdcHhla fkdue;s kï l< hq;af;a Ok mß;Hd. lsÍfuka fyda ;u rdcHfhys fldgila tu wi,ajeis m%n,

42i;=rdg oSfuka fyda ;udf.a wdrlaIdj i,id .; hq;= nj fl!á,H mjihs' tfiau rgj,a ch .ekSfï l%u ;=kla .eko w¾:Ydia;%fha olajhs' ta O¾u úch" f,daN úch" wiqr úch hk m%;sm;a;Skah' fuu ms<sfj;a ;=fkka ljrla fyda fhdod .ekSu

43fl!á,H hqla;s iy.; lr we;' ;ukaf.a lS¾;sh i|yd kduud;%slj muKla rgj,a ch .ekSu O¾u úch m%;sm;a;shhs' ksoiqka f,i wfYdal rcq Od¾ñl ud¾.fhka rgj,a ch .ekSu oelaúh yelsh' f,daN úch hkq N+ñh yd Okh meyer .ksñka rdcHhka wdl%uKh lsÍuh' ksoiqka f,i Y%S ,xldj hg;a úcs;hla lr .;a ì%;dkHkaf.a l%shdl,dmh' wiqr úch hkq b;d lDDr yd oreKq wkaoñka rdcHhka i;= ish,a, úkdY lsÍuh' ksoiqka f,i Y%S ,xldfõ ld,sx. ud> wdl%uKh" wfYdalf.a ld,sx. hqoaOh" bkaÈhdj wdl%uKh l< >IaKsfha uyïuoa yd >Q¾ys uyïuoa wdl%uKh wdosh oelaúh yelsh' fl!á,Hhg wkqj ñka ljr m%;sm;a;shla fyda l%shd;aul l< hq;af;a wjia:dfkdaÑ;j yd WmdhYS,Sjh' tfia fkdjqk fyd;a md,lhd;a ck;dj;a mßydkshg m;aúh yels nj Tyq ;jÿrg;a mjihs' yeu úgu ck;d Y=N isoaêh i,ld lghq;= lsÍu md,lhd i;= j.lSuls'

40 Oïñkao ysñ" 19ms'41 Kautilya's Arthasâstra, p.29442 b,x.isxy" 67ms'43 Oïñkao ysñ" 20ms'

183

idrÓ

hï lsis md,lfhl= ish wka;¾ in|;d we;s lr .; hq;af;a rdcHfha j¾Okh i|ydu nj uKav, kHdh ;=<ska wjOdrKh fõ' fuysoS rfcl=f.a j.lSu jkqfha Ëh ;;a;ajfha mj;sk rdcHhla ia:dhs ;;a;ajhg f.k tau;a bka miq jDO

44;;a;ajhg f.k tau;ah' fl!á,Hhg wkqj wß kï hdno rdcHfha i;=rd isákqfha úð.SIqf.a rdcHhg wdikakfhah' m<uqj myr osh hq;af;a fudyqgh' ukao m%dfhda.sl f,i rdcHfha n,h j¾Okh jk úg wdikak rdcHhka tlai;a fõ' ksoiqka f,i uq,a ld,fhoS Nr; f.da;%fha keÕS isàu ksid N+f.da,Sh jYfhka tlai;a fkdjQ rdcHhka mjd tlai;a ùh' uKav,h ;=< úð.SIq kdhlhd jQjd fiau wßgo úð.SIq úh yelsh' kuq;a fl!á,H mjikqfha wßg úð.SIq flfkla ùug we;s wjia:dj yeuúgu uÕyrjd .; hq;= njh' ióm;u rdcH muKla fkdj uOHu jQj;a úð.SIqg úreoaO úh yelsh' tfiau úð.SIqf.a lghq;= fkdokakd WodiSk jQj;a fjkia úh yelsh' ta úð.SIqf.a l%shdl,dmh fjkia úh yels neúks' tkï wßf.a m%foaY úð.SIq w,a,d .;a miq úð.SIqf.a ñ;=rdo i;=rd úh yelsh' tfiau Bg msáka isák wßf.a ñ;% fyj;a i;=rdf.a ñ;=rd úð.SIqf.a i;=frla úh yelsh' ukao wß flfkla kej; ìysjk fyhska tu wßf.a ñ;%hd úð.SIqf.a i;=frla jk neúks' fl!á,H úiska iEu úgu wjOdrKh lrkq ,enqfha uOHia: rdcH yeuúgu ñ;%j ;nd .; hq;= njh' ksoiqkla f,i fojk pkaø.=ma; iEu úgu jdldgl rdcH iuÕ ñ;%j isàu oelaúh yelsh'

úfYaIfhka hqoaOh;a iduh;a hk Wmdh ud¾. foflka md,lfhl= i|yd jvd;a iqÿiq l%shd ud¾.h jkqfha iduh f;dard .ekSu nj fl!á,H mjihs' ukao hqoaOhlg t<öfuka Ôú; ydks" Ok ydks" foam< ydks isÿ ùu;a" lS¾;s kduh m¿ÿ ùu;a rfgka msgqjy,a ùu yd i;=rd úiska úI m%fhda. wdosfhka lrkq ,nk Wmøj taldka;fhka isÿ jk neúka yels yeu úgu bka je<lS rdcHhka iuÕ ñ;% in|;d

45we;s lr .ekSu jeo.;a fõ' hqoaOfhkq;a idufhkq;a ,efnkqfha tl iudk ,dNhla kï ;udf.a Wkak;sh Wfoid iuÕs ùu jeo.;a fõ' úfYaIfhka fl!á,H mjikqfha

46rdcHhla ;u wNsjDoaêhg fya;= fkdfõ kï ix.%duhlg fkdhd hq;= njh' ÿ¾j, rdcH wdrlaId ùfï fyd|u l%uh m%n, rdcHhla iuÕ ñ;%j isàuh' t;=<ska ;u rdcHhg whym;la isÿ fkdjk nj w¾:Ydia;%fha ;jÿrg;a oelafõ' fuu woyia fkdms<s.;a foaYmd,k kHdhdpdrSka mejiQfha zz.sksoe,a,g mksk ueiafil= fuka rcq ;u i;=rdg úreoaOj igka fldg tlaflda urKh ke;skï ch.%yKh ,Õd lr.;

47hq;= njh'ZZ fuu woyi fl!á,H ;rfha m%;slafIam lr we;' kuq;a ñ;% lr.; fkdyels kï hqoaO l< hq;= hehs fl!á,H mjihs' rdcHhl ÈhqKqj i|yd iduh wjYH fõ' tfy;a iduh ksidu hqoaOfhka je<lS isáh hq;= hehs Tyq woyia fkdlrhs' ;udg keÕS isàug ld,h t<U we;s nj yefÕa kï tfiau id.;" jix.;" i;=rka nyq, ùu jeks fya;= ksid tu i;=rdf.a n,h msrsfyñka ;sfí hehs yefÕa kï óg fmr Tyqg oelajQ wjk;Ndjh bj;a lr .ekSfï yelshdj mj;sk nj uKav, kHdh

44 fl!á,H w¾:Ydia;%h 3"4"5"6"7 wêldr" 269ms'45 tu" 272ms'46 b,x.isxy" 69ms'47 tu'

184

idrÓ

úia;r lrñka fl!á,H mjihs' tfiau ÿ¾j, i;=rka fofofkl=g ue|sj isák rcq l< hq;af;a jvd n,j;a whf.a wdrlaIdj me;Suh' tfia fkdue;s kï úYajdijka; nj /lsh yels rcq iuÕ iïnkaOù wdrlaIdj me;Su fyda fome;a; iuÕu idufhka isàu jeo.;a jk w;r tfia isáñka wfkldg úreoaOj úúO l+fgdamdh ud¾.

48wkq.ukh lrñka Wkqka ì|jñka hqoaOhlg t<öu jvd;a iqÿiq fõ'

hqoaOh fkdje<elaúh yels foaYmd,k h:d¾:hla nj mjik fl!á,Hhg wkqj hqo n,h fya;=fjkao i;=rdf.a n,h wvq fkdfõ kï hqoaOh keje;aúh hq;=h' bkamiq hqo .súiqï we;s lrf.k iduhla we;s lr.; hq;=h' tu idu ld,fhaoS kej; ish hqo n,h j¾Okh lr .; hq;=h' tfiau i;=rdf.ka jevla fkdue;s kï Tyqj w;yer oeñh hq;= nj Tyq ;jÿrg;a mjihs' i;=re rdcH iuÕ idu .súiqï we;s lr .ekSfïoS wemlrejka ;nd .; hq;= nj;a Tjqkaf.a ud¾.fhka hï hï b,a,Sï oskd .;

49hq;=h' ksoiqkla f,i lKsIal rcq Ökqka iuÕ hqo fldg Ök rc l=ufrl= wemlrefjla f,i ud<s.dfõ ;nd .ekSu oelaúh yelsh' tfiau fuu .súiqï we;s lr .ekSfïoS tajd wdrlaId lsrSu i|yd m%;s{d we;s lr .;a;;a iajlSh n,h j¾Okh jQ úg tajd lv l< hq;= nj fl!á,H mjihs' wdpdrO¾u ms<sn| ;elSula fkdlrk fl!á,H mjikqfha md,lhdf.a mru wNs,dih úh hq;af;a rdcHfha wNsjDoaêh i,iñka ck;d iqN isoaêh we;s lsrSug mshjr .ekSuh'

hqoaOh ms<sn| os.ska os.gu woyia bosrsm;a lrk fl!á,H rdcH ;dka;%sl lghq;=j,oS m%dfhda.sl fohla f,i hqoaOh hk ixl,amh jeo.;a nj mjihs' tysoS wdmodjka iys; wjia:djloS thg ue|sù isák i;=rka uev meje;aùug;a Tjqkag tfrysj keÕS isàfï ms<sfj;;a fl!á,H meyeos,s lrhs' ta wkqj myiqfjka mrdch l< yels miñ;=re md,lfhl=;a kshu i;=re md,lfhl=;a isák úg m<uqj myr osh hq;af;a ldgoehs m%Yak fldg Bg ms<s;=re f,i myiqfjka myr osh yels i;=rdg jvd kshu i;=rdg myr oSfuka we;s jk jdish ms<sn| fl!á,H fmkajd foa' tfiau m<uqfjka myroS uev meje;aúh hq;af;a W.% wdmodmkak wjia:djlg uqyqKoS isák myiqfjka mrdch l< yels mi ñ;=rdo ke;fyd;a idudkH wdmodmkak wjia:djlg ue|sù isák kshu i;=rdo hkak wúksYaÑ; ;;a;ajhla we;s jQjfyd;a m<uqj idudkH wdmodmkak wjia:djg ue|sù isák i;=rd m<uqfjka uev meje;aúh hq;= hehs

50fl!á,H mjihs' ukao idudkH wdmod wjia:djloS jQj;a kshu i;=rdf.ka m%ydr t,a, jQjfyd;a idudkH wdmodj uÕska úm;la we;s úh yels neúks' ;jo kshu i;=rdg m%ydrhla t,a, fkdjqk fyd;a Tyq idudkH wdmodj uÕyrjd f.k jvd;a

51n,j;a úh yels neúks' oeyeñ mej;=ï we;s md,lfhla yd woñgq .;s we;s md,lhd;a tljr myroS uev meje;aúh yels wjia:djl idudkH w¾nqohl meg,S isáhoS jQj;a ck;d wm%idohg m;aù isák woñgq .;s we;s md,lhdg m<uqj myrosh

51 tu'

48 fl!á,H w¾:Ydia;%h 3"4"5"6"7 wêldr" 273ms'49 b,x.isxy" 70ms'50 fl!á,H w¾:Ydia;%h 3"4"5"6"7 wêldr" 292-293ms'

185

idrÓ52hq;= fõ' n,j;a wdmodjl meg,S isáh;a ck;d wdorh oskd.;a oeyeñ md,lhdg

ck;dj úiska tu wdmodj uÕyrjd .ekSug Woõ lrk neõ úcs.SIq úiska u;l ;nd .;hq;= nj uKav, kHdh úia;r lrñka fl!á,H ;jÿrg;a m%ldY lrhs' tfiau i;=re rdcHh iuÕ igka lsrSfïoS ;u mrdl%u Yla;sh ;sfí kï .sks wúj,ska igka

53fkdl< hq;= fõ'

hqoaOhl ksr;ù isák yuqod ks,OdrSkag yd fid,aodÿjkag jegqma f.ùu .eko w¾:Ydia;%fha oelafõ' i;=re rcq >d;kh l< ;eke;a;dg mkï 100"000lao i;=re fikam;s fyda hqjrcq >d;kh l< fid,aodÿjdg mkï 50"000lao" yuqod m%Odksfhl= >d;kh l< fid,aodÿjkag mkï 10"000lao we;=ka yd r: úkdY l<fyd;a 5000lao mdn, yuqodfõ m%uqLhka >d;kh l<fyd;a mkï 100lao tla

54ysilg mkï 20lao osh hq;= njh' fuf,i mqoa., >d;khka ñ, kshu lsrSu fmros. foaYmd,k Ñka;kfha wx.hla fkdjQ w;r lsisÿ kHdhdpdrsfhla wkqu; fkdl< m%;sm;a;shls' kuq;a fl!á,H hqoaOh i|yd udkqIsl uqyqKqjrla oSug W;aidy fkdf.k we;s w;r Tyq mjikqfha fyd| fyda krl hk ljr Wmdhla uÕska jQjo hqoaOh ch.; hq;= njh' fuf,i igka lr ch.%yKh l< rdcHhka iïnkaOfhka .; hq;= l%shdud¾.hka ;=<oS udkqIsl uqyqKqjrla .;a nj fmkS hk lreKls'

oskd.;a rdcHh .egqulska f;drj mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd l%shd l< hq;= wdldrh ms<sn|jo ,nd fok Wmfoia ud,djla w¾:Ydia;%fha y;ajk wosldrsfha 16 jk wOHdhfha oelafõ' ta wkqj tf;la rg md,kh l< rcqg jvd ;ud hym;a wfhl= nj rgjeishkag ta;a;= .ekaùug W;aiy .ekSu" ;E.sfnda. oSu" kïnqkdu oSu" nÿ nr wvq lsrSu fukau ;uka úiska oskd.kakd ,o foaYfha jDoaOhka" ñ;=rka yd kdhlhka wkq.ukh lsrSug W;aidy l< hq;=h' tf,iu tu foaYfha isrs;a úrs;a" we÷ï me<÷ï" wd.ñl pdrs;% jdrs;% yd NdIdj bf.k .; hq;=h' ;jo Tjqkaf.a iïm%odhkag .re lsrSu" cd;sl" wd.ñl" ixialD;sl yd fjk;a mqomQcd úê mj;ajd f.k hdu" oskQ foaYfha isák odurslhka" uxfld,a,lrejka" jkpdrS cSú; f.jk ñf,aÉPhka wdoS msrsia YsIag iïmkak cSú; .; lsrSug fmd<Ujd .ekSu fukau ;ud tu foaYfha Wmka wfhl= f,i cSj;a ùu jeks l%shdud¾. uÕska hg;aúcs; jdiSkaf.a is;a oskd .ekSug

55lghq;= l< hq;= nj fl!á,H m%ldY lrhs' fuf,i foaYmd,k iglmglï b;d ishqï f,i ú.%y lrk w¾:Ydia;%fhys rdcHhl iïm; N+ñh f,i i,ld tu N+ñh b;d m%fhdackj;a f,i Ndú;hg .ksñka udkj iïm; ukdj yiqrejñka wka;¾ rdcH in|;d meje;aùu .ek olajd we;' tysoS rfcl= l%shd l< hq;= wdldrh ms<sn| fl!á,H olajk f;dr;=rej,ska fmkS hkqfha rdcHl oshqKqj Wfoid ia:dfkdaÑ; Wmdh ud¾. wkq.ukh lrñka i;=re ñ;=re rcjrekaa iuÕ lghq;= l< hq;= njh' tysoS úúO l%u ta ta wjia:djg WÑ; wkaoñka fhdod .ksñka rgj,a ch.%yKh lsrSu Tiafia jvd;a id¾:l úfoaY m%;sm;a;shla mj;ajd f.k hd yelsh'

54 fl!á,H w¾:Ydia;%h 8"9"10" 11"12"13" 14"15 wêldr" 121ms'

52 tu'53 lr|f.d,af,a fidaNs; ysñ" 182ms'

55 tu 3"4"5"6"7 wêldr" 368-371ms'

186

idrÓ

fuf,i by;ska olajk f;dr;=re iuia;hla f,i .;al, fmkS hkqfha mqrd;k bkaoshdfõ md,k ;ka;%h ms<sn| jvd;a úYajdiodhl f,i yeoErsh yels .%ka:hla f,i fl!á,Hf.a w¾:Ydia;%h y÷kajd osh yels njh' tys rplhd ms<sn| úúO jQ u;jdo mej;sh;a tu lD;sfha wka;¾.; f;dr;=re Tiafia merKs bkaoshdfõ rdcH" rdcH md,kh" rcq" weu;sjre" ks,OdrSka" rdcH wdodhu yd wka;¾ rdcHh in|;d jeks iEu wxYhla ms<sn|ju úYajdiodhS f;dr;=re /ila ,nd.; yelsh' fuu lD;sfha i|yka f;dr;=re wfYdal wêrdcHhdf.a Ys,d,smsj, tk f;dr;=re yd ukdj .e<mSu fya;=fjka ft;sydisl uQ,dY%hla f,i iïNdjkdjg md;% fõ' úfYaIfhkau fuys úia;r lrkq ,nk wka;¾ rdcH in|;d foi wjOdkh fhduq lrk úg fmkS hkqfha th ;¾ldkql+, jQ;a nqoaêf.dapr jQ;a kHdhsl mokñka f.dvke.S mej;s tlla njh' fuh jvd;a ;yjqre jkqfha uKav, kHdh uÕsks' fï yryd úoyd oelafjkqfha rdcHhka w;r we;s in|;dj, m%dfhda.sl ;;a;ajh fõ' ;u i;=rd ljqoehs oek ye|sk f.k l=uk fyda Wmdh ud¾.hlska Tyq úkdY lr rdcHfha n,h ;yjqre lr .ekSfï foaYmd,k kHdh O¾uh fuys wka;¾.;h' uKav, kHdh ;=<ska meyeos,sju wjOdrKh lrkqfha m<uqj i;=rka hg;a fldg bkamiq Tjqkaf.a ñ;=rka ;u ñ;=rka njg m;a lr .ekSuh'

md,lfhl= ish úfoaY m%;sm;a;sfhaoS l%shd l< hq;af;a flfiao hkak .ek olajk fuhg wkqj ish rdcHfha w¾: isoaêh Wfoid .; hq;= iEu mshjrlau fkdmels,sj .; hq;= fõ' tfy;a fl!á,H fuysoS ,nd fok wjjdoh jkqfha fl;rï n, f,daNS;ajh ;snqK;a ;u ys;=u;hg rgj,a ch.%yKh fkdl< hq;= njh' ukao bka ;ud;a ;u rg jeishkq;a úkdY jk neúks' wdpdr O¾u .ek ;elSula fkdlrk fl!á,H" bosrsm;a lrk we;eï f;dr;=re m%dfhda.sl núka f;dr fõ' tfy;a óg jir oyia .Kklg l,ska ,shk ,o lD;shla jQj;a fuys wka;¾.; f;dr;=re j¾;udk f,dalfhao foaYmd,kh ;=< oel .; yels nj j¾;udk bkaoshdj jeks rdcHhka wkq.ukh lrk úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh foi wjOdkh fhduq lrk úg meyeos,s jkakls' j¾;udkh jk úg ish¨ fokdu mdfya ms<sf.k we;s zñ;% i;=re in|;djZ rdfcHdamdhd;aul Ñka;k b;sydifha m<uq jrg uKav, kHdh ;=<ska f.kyer olajd we;' fï wkqj fuu lD;shg ysñ jkqfha woaú;Sh ia:dkhls' ta neõ foaYmd,k Ydia;%Sh .%ka: úIfhys w¾:Ydia;%hg ysñ jkqfha jHdlrK Ydia;% úIfhys mdKskSf.a wIaGdOHdhs .%ka:hg ysñjk ;;a;ajh hehs mejiSfuka ukdj ;yjqre fõ' úfYaIfhka md,lhdf.a mru wNs,dih úh hq;af;a rdcH ys; iqj msKsi lghq;= lsrSu nj i|yka lrk fuu lD;sh ;=<ska foaYmd,kh ;=< oelsh yels ikd;k O¾u;dj ukdj f.k yer olajhs'