Sarah ShreevesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Penn State Faculty Forensic - April 29, 2011

CONVERSATIONS BEFORE CONVERTS: ENGAGING RESEARCHERS IN OPEN

ACCESS ISSUES

“My goal is now to have a conversation not a convert.”

“Scientific publishers should be terrified that some of the world’s best scientists, people at or near their research peak, …

are spending hundreds of hours each year creating original research content

for their blogs, content that in many cases would be difficult or impossible to

publish in a conventional journal.

By comparison, journals are standing still.”

Michael Nielsen, “Is scientific publishing about to be disrupted?”, blog post on The future of science, June 29, 2009

WHAT ABOUT LIBRARIES?

OUTLINE

Background

Openness

How to engage researchers in OA issues

Questions and comments

BACKGROUND

disruption:

economic model proved unsustainable

Steelmakers Auto manufacturers Consumers

Steel

$$

Cars

$

Typical economy

Library

Gift economy

P&TGrantsReputationPrestige

Author

JournalArticle + IP

Publisher$$

S

Publisher

©

wholesale transfer of rights

creates scarcity/monopoly

drives prices up(inelastic market)

Source: Reed Elsevier : The Inevi table Crunch Point - Downgrading to Underperform Because of Growing Concerns on E lsevier Bernste inResearch March 10, 2011 http: / /www.sparceurope.org/resources/general -advocacy-mater ia ls /EndoftheBigDeal .pdf /v iew

UNSUSTAINABLE FOR

PUBLISHERS TOO

disruption:

Web

Formulation

Registration

Certification

Dissemination

Preservation

Reformulation

ITERATIONS IN THE SCHOLARLY COMMUNICATIONS LIFE CYCLE

AcademicLibraryPublisher

Editor

Peer Reviewers

Formula-tion

Manuscript & IP

Dissemination and Preservation

Registration and Certification

Reformulation

FormulationRegistrationDisseminationReformulation

Publishers

editor

Peer-reviewers

Libraries

Disaggregation of traditional system is in process…

Function Old New

Formulation Alone or in laboratory with graduate students and colleagues

and…With colleagues all over the web

Registration Journal submissionBook publicationConference presentationWorking paper / Technical Report

and…BlogsDisciplinary repositoriesOpen notebooks / open data

Certification Publishers through peer reviewUniversities indirectly through promotion and tenure

and…Accuracy/good science review (PloS One)Open peer reviewData requirements

Dissemination LibrariesPublishers – journals and

monographsScholarly societies thru

publications & conferencesAbstract and Indexing Services

and…BlogsRepositoriesGoogle Funding agency mandates

Preservation Libraries andCollaborations like Portico & Hathi TrustDisciplinary / institutional repositoriesPublishers

disruption:

Open Movement

OPENNESS

Open to contributions and participation

Open and free to access

Open to use & reuse w/few or no restrictions

Transparency

Open to indexing and machine readable

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY OPEN?

PARTICIPATEin

BUILDING and

CONTRIBUTE

EXPERTISE

AS OPPOSED TO…

OPEN and FREE TO ACCESS

AS OPPOSED TO…

OPEN TO USE and REUSE WITH FEW or NO RESTRICTIONS

AS OPPOSED TO…

TRANSPARENCY

AS OPPOSED TO…

OPEN TO MACHINE READING, INDEXING, and PROCESSING

Click icon to add picture

AS OPPOSED TO…

Generally enabled by technology

Works both inside and outside of traditional models

Supported by a variety of business models

COMMONALITIES

Open access literature is digital, online, free of charge, and free of most copyright and licensing restrictions.

- Peter Suber

OPEN ACCESS

GRATIS AND LIBRE

Gratis: You can read it for free. Anything else, you better ask permission.

Libre: With credit given, OK to text-mine, re-catalog, mirror for preservation, quote, remix, whatever.

Most OA is gratis. You get to “libre” via Creative Commons licensing, usually.Definitions from Dorothea Salo

‘TWO ROADS’ TO OPEN ACCESS

Open Access Publishing

(journals & books)‘gold’

Archiving(self, institutional,

disciplinary)‘green’

Publication that is free & open for anyone to access on internet

Journals or books!

6355 OA journals according to Directory of Open Access Journals (as of April 2011)

Journals across all disciplines Share common features with toll access journals

Supported by variety of models Institution / funder supported OR author-supported (2006 – 47%

author supported)

Generally allow authors to retain copyright and/or license under creative commons

OPEN ACCESS PUBLISHING (‘GOLD’)

Has taken time for impact factors and reputation to build

Business models still emerging

Author-pays model has better traction in the STM community

ISSUES AND QUESTIONS

Literature published through traditional channels that is made openly available through deposit in a repository or placing on web site

Institutional, departmental, or discipline based repository

Supported by wide range of business models

Range of publisher policies on deposit

OPEN ACCESS VIA ARCHIVING/REPOSITORIES

(‘GREEN’)

Sustainability sometimes an issue

Participation of faculty (particularly for institutional) Discipline based repositories often rooted in cultures used to

sharing

Often include a range of material including student work, grey literature, theses and dissertations, etc.

For published literature, what can be deposited confusing (post print, pre print, published version?)

Copyright issues murky and (often) frustrating

ISSUES AND QUESTIONS

HYBRID MODELS

Publisher Price Notes

Elsevier Sponsored Article $3,000 Some journals

Oxford Open $3,000 Some journals; lower price if author is from a developing country

Springer Open Choice $3,000 All journals

Wiley OnlineOpen $3,000 Some journals; fees vary

American Chemical Society AuthorChoice

$1,000 – 3,000 Lowest price if institution subscribes & have personal membership

Plant Physiology $1,500/ $500 / Free

OA free for members of ASPB; Discount if non-member but institution subscribes

Mixed business model – subscriptions and author pays on an article by article basis – uncomfortable for many

Relatively low adoption (generally around 1-2%)

What impact on subscription prices?

Many libraries with funds for faculty to publish in OA journals will not fund these articles

ISSUES AND QUESTIONS

Public should have ready and

easy access to taxpayer

funded research

Many legislative efforts in US to halt and expand

this.

PUBLIC ACCESS MANDATES

Harvard (Faculty of Arts and Sciences, College of Law)

MITKansasOberlinDuke

And many others…

http://roarmap.eprints.org

INSTITUTIONAL OPEN ACCESS POLICIES

OPEN EDUCATION

OPEN BOOKS

OPEN PEER REVIEW

Open access to data not just papers

The rate of discovery is accelerated by better access to data

Actionable data

Funder mandates around management and sharing of data (in some cases)

OPEN DATA

OPEN SCIENCE

YET…

HOW TO ENGAGE FACULTY IN OA

ISSUES

WHY ENGAGE WITH FACULTY?

Because they are the producers and the consumers of the products of scholarly communication

Because they edit journals, sit on editorial boards, provide peer review, and are offi cers of scholarly societies

Because they are the movers behind many new models of scholarship (often because of their own frustrations with the traditional model)

Because they can make change in ways that libraries struggle to do on their own

1. DO YOUR HOMEWORK

What are the practices in a particular discipline?

How does the scholarly society(s) approach scholarly publishing and communication?

What’s the culture in the department and college?

What are promotion and tenure requirements?

EXAMPLE: HISTORY DEPT AT ILLINOIS

54.68%

24.15%

19.40%

1.22% 0.27% 0.14% 0.14%

Journal articleBook wholeBook section Conference paperReportRecording moving imageRecording sound

• Cambridge University Press (46)• Wiley Blackwell (42)• Duke University Press (37)• University of Chicago Press (37)• Oxford University Press (30)• Routledge (30)• Johns Hopkins University

Press (27)• University of Illinois Press (24)• Sage Publications (19)

TOP PUBLISHERS FOR HISTORY

EXAMPLE: HISTORY DEPT AT ILLINOIS

Several editors of journals on facultyNo disciplinary repository / no history of ‘pre-

prints’ per se but seminars where working papers shared seemed common

Suspicious of depositing anything but the authoritative version of article into repository

Decline of monographs/univ presses concern for many

Some concern that their research wasn’t exposed and some concern about control of their research

Some interested in digital humanities but wouldn’t try it until tenure was received

2. DON’T CRAFT A SINGLE MESSAGE

SPEAK TO THE DISCIPLINE

Give faculty examples of changes and new models from other similar disciplines

Talk about how changes in other disciplines will have impact on theirs.

Bring faculty advocates (in same or similar disciplines) from other campuses to speak.

Include scholarly communication in subject librarians positions & service models

• Negotiate for OA of faculty work when negotiating license agreements

• Provide support for funders OA mandates

• Provide central funding for publishing in OA journals

• Support OA initiatives such as arXiv and SCOAP3

• Provide publishing support

3. PROVIDE SYSTEM SUPPORT

4. AUTHOR RIGHTS ARE CRITICAL

A researcher may not care about OAbut they might about control of their work

You (may) lose your:

Right to make copies Right to distribute copies Right to make derivative works Right to archive the published copy

into a disciplinary or institutional repository

“The Author(s) assigns to Publisher exclusive copyright and related rights in the Article, including the right to publish the Work in all forms and media including print and all other forms of electronic publication or any other types of publication including subsidiary rights in all languages.”

5. ENGAGE STUDENTS

Negotiate copyright / publication agreements

Publish with Open Access Publishers

Self-archive (in disciplinary or institutional repository)

Lobby our associations and societies to consider OA and more liberal copyright policies

Encourage our colleagues to do the same

6. EAT OUR OWN DOG FOOD

7. EDUCATE AND ADVOCATE BUT WATCH OUR LANGUAGE

“My goal is now to have a conversation not a convert.”

Questions?Comments?

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Photo used under a Creat ive Commons 3.0 Attr ibut ion-Share Al ike 3.0 l icense

Pieces of th is work were created by Lee Van Orsdel , Mol ly Kleinman, and Sarah Shreeves for the ACRL Scholar ly Communicat ions Roadshow 101 and were modifi ed by Sarah Shreeves for this presentat ion. I t was last updated Apr i l 28, 2011.

It is l icensed under the Creat ive Commons Attr ibut ion-Noncommercia l -Share Al ike 3.0 United States L icense. http: / /creat ivecommons.org/ l icenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/

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