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“Sapienza” University of Rome Ministero dell’Interno Polizia di StatoICARUS Project Showbiz Inc.
ICARUSICARUSInter-Cultural Approaches for Road Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road
Users SafetyUsers SafetyTREN/SUB/01-2008 TREN/SUB/01-2008
Preliminary results of the Preliminary results of the research on risk factors of young research on risk factors of young
driversdrivers““Sapienza” University of RomeSapienza” University of Rome
14 Supporter Countries - Meeting in Ljubljana, November 10th and 14 Supporter Countries - Meeting in Ljubljana, November 10th and 11th, 201011th, 2010
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Within the ICARUS Project, it will be developed, for the first time, a training model to be shared with the EU Countries.
The training model will be grounded on a research aimed at detecting the main risk factors in road safety.
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
www.webicarus.eu
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
1. Identifying main Risk Factors involved in road safety.
2. Developing a shared European Training model starting from and taking into account research results.
Aims of the Project
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
The main steps:
1)to identify a European Network of road safety training agencies;
2)to conduct an analysis on the driving style and habits of young drivers in different EU countries;
3)to define a set of guidelines to approach the issue “road safety” in relation to young drivers on a European scale;
4)to prepare a Manual with a CD-ROM to perform the training for prevention of road accidents.
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
The intervention areas will be developed in 11 steps along a period of 30
months.Step 1. Creation of a network of participants.
Step 2. Preliminary study aimed at drawing up and adapting a questionnaire.
Step 3. Sample selection.
Step 4. First Conference in Rome.
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
First Conference in Rome
Rome - 15/16 October 2009
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Step 6. Organization of a database (data coding and input).
Step 7. Data analysis.
Step 8. Interpretation of results and first intermediate report.
Ljubljana Workshop
Step 9. Identification of best practices.
Step 10. Creation of a manual both in paper and electronic format.
Step 11. Final conference in Brussels.
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Workshop in Ljubljana in order to discuss:a) common and/or national-specific risk factors.b) individual variables predicting a risk taking
behaviour.c) existence of groups of drivers at higher risk of
being involved in car crashes and their individual variables.
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Total Sample9611 Respondents
4010 Car Drivers2556 males - 19.8 yo
1454 females - 19.8 yo
1349 Scooter Drivers1000 males – 20.1 yo349 females - 19.8 yo
4252 Non-Drivers2560 males – 21.3 yo
1692 females - 21.5 yo
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Today, results will be discussed about:
Italy
Slovenia
Austria
Bulgaria
Ireland
Cyprus
Poland
Lithuania
Latvia
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Work are still in progress for the following Countries:
Malta
Germany
Francia
Slovakia
Estonia
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
The Questionnaire
A series of Scales concerning:
General attitude toward road safety (Scale A)
Locus of Control (Scale B)
Driving-related rage (Scale D)
Moral disengagement (Scale E)
Personality (Scale F)
Driving behaviour (Scale I)
Representation of alcohol effects (Scale F)
Questions about driving expertise, habits etc.
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Layout of Analyses Data check
Identification of the dimensions underlying the Scales
Factor Analyses, Principal Axis Method, Oblimin Rotation
Identification of the number of groups of respondents
Cluster Analyses, Hierarchical Algorhythm, Complete Linkage, Squared Euclidean Distances
Identification of groups of respondentsCluster Analyses, K-Means Method
Identification of profiles and risk factors Multivariate Analyses of Variance and Discriminant Analyses
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
For instance:
A group of “Safe Drivers” exists in all the Countries
A group of “Risky Drivers” exists in all the Countries
However, specific groups exist in some Countries but not in all of them, such as the “Overconfident”, the “Aggressive”, the “Speeding” Drivers, etc.
The general patterns of results are pretty similar across Countries, but specificities do exist.
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Safe Drivers
He/she has a friendly attitude toward the others, and has a positive attitude toward the moral norms.
He/she doesn’t feel rage against other drivers or obstacles.
He/she thinks accidents are mostly due to factors under his/her control, and that a careful driver could avoid them.
He/she has a positive attitude toward the traffic code.
He/she is aware of the negative effects of alcohol on general human behaviour.
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Risky Drivers
He/she has an egocentric attitude, shows moral disengagement, and looks for excitement and strong sensations.
He/she feels rage against other drivers and obstacles.
He/she thinks accidents are mostly due to factors not under his/her control.
He/she has a negative attitude toward the traffic code (sometimes thinks that violations are useful to make traffic going).
He/she considers alcohol as having positive effects on the general human behaviour.
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Overconfident Drivers
He/she has a friendly attitude toward the others, and has a positive attitude toward the moral norms.
He/she doesn’t feel rage against other drivers or obstacles.
He/she thinks accidents are mostly due to factors under his/her control, and that a careful driver could avoid them.
He/she has a negative attitude toward the traffic code, and is especially tolerant toward speeding.
He/she is aware of the negative effects of alcohol on general human behaviour.
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Aggressive Drivers
He/she has a friendly attitude toward the others, and has a positive attitude toward the moral norms.
He/she feel rage against other drivers and obstacles, has an aggressive way of driving, and is tolerant toward speeding.
He/she thinks accidents are mostly due to factors under his/her control, and that a careful driver could avoid them.
He/she has a positive attitude toward the traffic code.
He/she is aware of the negative effects of alcohol on general human behaviour.
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Safe Drivers
He/she has a friendly attitude toward the others, and has a positive attitude toward the moral norms.
He/she doesn’t feel rage against other drivers or obstacles.
He/she thinks accidents are mostly due to factors under his/her control, and that a careful driver could avoid them.
He/she has a positive attitude toward the traffic code.
He/she is aware of the negative effects of alcohol on general human behaviour.
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Risky Drivers
He/she has an egocentric attitude, shows moral disengagement, and looks for excitement and strong sensations.
He/she feels rage against other drivers and obstacles.
He/she thinks accidents are mostly due to factors not under his/her control.
He/she has a negative attitude toward the traffic code (sometimes thinks that violations are useful to make traffic going).
He/she considers alcohol as having positive effects on the general human behaviour.
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Speedy Drivers
He/she has a friendly attitude toward the others, and has a positive attitude toward the moral norms.
He/she doesn’t feel rage against other drivers or obstacles.
He/she thinks accidents are mostly due to factors under his/her control.
He/she is especially tolerant toward speeding.
He/she is aware of the negative effects of alcohol on general human behaviour.
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Non drivers
The same groups of safe and risky “potential drivers”
But a specific group exists in all the Countries composed of individuals who do not recognize that alcohol and drugs have negative effects on human behaviour (and driving).
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Preliminary results
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
SLOVENIA
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Tole
ran
ce
to
vio
latio
ns
Into
lera
nc
e t
o d
rug
s
Into
lera
nc
e t
o s
pe
ed
ing
Into
lera
nc
e t
o a
lco
ho
l
Ob
sta
cle
rela
ted
rag
e
Exte
rna
l Lo
cu
s o
f Co
ntr
ol
Sen
satio
n S
ee
kin
g
Imp
ulsi
vity
Co
mp
lyin
g w
ith t
raffi
c c
od
e
Alc
oh
ol r
ela
ted
be
ha
vio
ur
Alc
oh
ol p
osit
ive
effe
cts
Mo
ral d
isen
ga
ge
me
nt
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Fac
tor s
co
res
Sa fe Driv e rs (148, 56% ma le s) O v e rc o nfid e nt d riv e rs (146, 49% ma le s) Risky Driv e rs (30, 44% ma le s)
Wilks’ Lambda=0.08, F44,742=43.7, p<.0001
CAR DRIVERS SECTION 1
538 Respondents (57% males)
Mean age = 19.0 years (s.d. 1.0)
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Ne v e r fine d Fine d0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
# P
eo
ple
Sa fe Driv e rs O v e rc onfid ent Driv e rs Risky Driv e rs
Parents' anger (rev.) Punishment (rev.)1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
Ratin
g (1
-10)
Sa fe Driv e rs O v e rc onfid ent D riv e rs Risky D riv e rs
Risk perception W orrying2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
Sa fe Driv e rs O v e rc onfid ent D riv e rs Risky D riv e rs
Friends' approval Friends' encouragement0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
Sa fe Driv e rs O v e rc onfid ent Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Ne v e r 1-2 3-4 >4
O c c a sio ns d riv ing >2 H
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
# P
eo
ple
Sa fe Driv e rs O v e rc onfid ent D riv e rs Risky D riv e rs
Ne v e r 1-2 3-4 >4
Driv ing a fte r m id nig ht
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
# P
eo
ple
Sa fe Driv e rs O v e rc onfid ent Driv e rs Risky Driv e rs
N ever 1-2 3-4 5-6 E veryday W E
Driv ing o c c a sio ns (p e r we e k)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
# P
eo
ple
Sa fe Driv e rs O v e rc onfid ent Driv e rs Risky Driv e rs
1-10 11-30 31-50 51-100 >100
Kilo m e te rs d riv e n (p e r we e k)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
# P
eo
ple
Sa fe Driv e rs O v e rc onfid ent D riv e rs Risky D riv e rs
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Alc
oh
ol/
Dru
gs
into
lera
nce
Tole
ran
ce
to
sp
ee
din
g
Pro
rule
s
Exte
rna
l Lo
cu
s o
f Co
ntr
ol
Ob
sta
cle
rela
ted
rag
e
Vio
latio
n re
late
d ra
ge
Altr
uism
Spe
ed
ing
Slip
s/La
pse
s
Alc
oh
ol p
osit
ive
effe
cts
Mo
ral d
isen
ga
ge
me
nt
-1.2
-0.8
-0.4
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
Fac
tor sc
ore
s
Sp e e d in g Drive rs (98, 69% m a le s) Sa fe Drive rs (80, 59% m a le s) Risky Drive rs (39, 79% m a le s)
Wilks’ Lambda=0.08, F22,408=47.6, p<.0001
SCOOTER DRIVERS SECTION 2
188 Respondents (75% males)
Mean age = 17.5 years (s.d. 0.9)
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Parents' anger (rev) Punishment (rev)2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
Sp eed y Driv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs
Ne v e r fine d Fine d0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
# P
eo
ple
Sp eed y Driv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs
Risk perception W orrying2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
Sp eed y Driv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs
Friends' approval Friends' encouragment2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
Ratin
g (1
-10)
Sp eed y D riv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Ne v e r 1-2 3-4 >4
Driv ing a fte r 11:00 p m
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
# P
eo
ple
Sp eed y Driv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs
N ever 1-2 3-4 5-6 E veryday W E
Driv ing o c c a sio ns (p e r we e k)
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
# P
eo
ple
Sp eed y Driv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs
1-10 11-30 31-50 51-100 >100
Kilo m e te rs d riv e n (p e r we e k)
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
# P
eo
ple
Sp eed y Driv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs Risky Driv e rs
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Tole
ranc
e t
o v
iola
tions
Inte
rna
l Loc
us o
f Con
trol
Exte
rna
l Loc
us
of C
on
tro
l
An
xiety
Ho
stilit
y
Sen
satio
n S
ee
kin
g
Altr
uism
Ra
ge
Alc
oh
ol p
osit
ive e
ffec
ts
Alc
oh
ol n
eg
ativ
e e
ffects
Alc
oh
ol e
ffec
ts u
nd
er.
Mo
ral d
isen
ga
ge
me
nt
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Fac
tor s
co
res
Alc o ho l to le ra nt "Driv e rs" (22, 60% ma le s) Risky "Driv e rs" (108, 65% ma le s) Sa fe "Driv e rs" (304, 43% ma le s)
Wilks’ Lambda=0.23, F24,580=25.9, p<.0001
NON DRIVERS SECTION 3
304 Respondents (57% males)
Mean age = 18.0 years (s.d. 0.7)
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Risk perception W orrying0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
A lc oho l to le ra nt "Driv e rs" Risky "D riv e rs" Sa fe "D riv e rs"
Friends' approval Friends' encouragement0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
A lc oho l to le ra nt "Driv e rs" Risky "Driv e rs" Sa fe "Driv e rs"
*
*
*
*
Parents' anger (rev) Punishment (rev)0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
A lc oho l to le ra nt "Driv e rs" Risky "Driv e rs" Sa fe "Driv e rs"
*
*
*
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
AUSTRIA
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Alc
oh
ol/
Dru
gs in
tole
ran
ce
Tole
ranc
e t
o v
iola
tions
Into
lera
nc
e t
o sp
ee
din
g
Exte
rna
l Loc
us
of C
on
tro
l
Ho
stilit
y
Ob
sta
cle
rela
ted
rag
e
Vio
latio
ns
rela
ted
rag
e
Sen
satio
n s
eeki
ng
Ca
lmn
ess
Ag
gre
ssiv
e d
rivin
g
Alc
oh
ol p
osit
ive e
ffec
ts
Mo
ral d
isen
ga
ge
me
nt
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Fac
tor s
co
res
Sa fe Driv e rs (102, 34% ma le s) Risky d riv e rs (18, 89% ma le s) Aggre ssiv e Driv e rs (89, 64% ma le s)
Wilks’ Lambda=0.08, F40,374=23.3, p<.0001
CAR DRIVERS SECTION 1
302 Respondents (49% males)
Mean age = 19.8 years (s.d. 7.6)
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Ne v e r fine d Fine d0
20
40
60
# P
eo
ple
Sa fe Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs A g g ressiv e Driv e rs
Friends' approval Friends' encouragement0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
Sa fe Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs A g g ressiv e Driv e rs
Risk perception W orrying2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
Sa fe Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs A g g ressiv e Driv e rs
Parents' anger (rev) Punishment (rev)0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Ratin
g (1-
10)
Sa fe Driv e rs Risky Driv e rs A g g ressiv e Driv e rs
* *
*
*
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
1-10 11-30 31-50 51-100 >100
Kilo m e te rs d riv e n (p e r we e k)
0
10
20
30
40
50
# P
eo
ple
Sa fe Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs A g g ressiv e Driv e rs
Ne v e r 1-2 3-4 >4
O c c a sio ns d riv ing >2 H
0
10
20
30
40
50
# P
eo
ple
Sa fe Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs A g g ressiv e Driv e rs
Ne v e r 1-2 3-4 >4
Driv ing a fte r m id nig ht
0
10
20
30
40
50
# P
eo
ple
Sa fe Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs A g g ressiv e Driv e rs
N ever 1-2 3-4 5-6 E veryday W E
Driv ing o c c a sio ns (p e r we e k)
0
10
20
30
40
50
# P
eo
ple
Sa fe Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs A g g ressiv e Driv e rs
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Tole
ran
ce
to
vio
latio
ns
Into
lera
nc
e t
o s
pe
ed
ing
Exte
rna
l Lo
cu
s o
f Co
ntr
ol
Ob
sta
cle
rela
ted
rag
e
Sen
satio
n s
ee
kin
g
Spe
ed
ing
Alc
oh
ol p
osit
ive
effe
cts
Mo
ral d
isen
ga
ge
me
nt
-1.2
-0.8
-0.4
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
Fac
tor sc
ore
s
R isky Drive rs (26, 92% m a le s) Sa fe Drive rs (47, 64% m a le s) C a u tio u s Drive rs (20, 35% m a le s)
Wilks’ Lambda=0.08, F22,408=47.6, p<.0001
SCOOTER DRIVERS SECTION 2
151 Respondents (72% males)
Mean age = 17.3 years (s.d. 4.3)
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Parents' anger (rev) Punishment (rev)1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
Risky D riv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs C a ut ious Driv e rs
N e v e r fine d Fine d0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
# P
eo
ple
Risky D riv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs C a ut ious Driv e rs
Risk perception W orrying1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
Risky D riv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs C a ut ious Driv e rs
Friends' approval Friends' encouragement1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
Risky D riv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs C a ut ious Driv e rs
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Ne v e r 1-2 3-4 >4
Driv ing a fte r 11:00 p m
0
5
10
15
20
# P
eo
ple
Risky D riv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs C a ut ious Driv e rs
N ever 1-2 3-4 5-6 E veryday W E
Driv ing o c c a sio ns (p e r we e k)
0
5
10
15
20
# P
eo
ple
Risky Driv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs C a ut ious Driv e rs
1-10 11-30 31-50 51-100 >100
Kilo m e te rs d riv e n (p e r we e k)
0
5
10
15
20
# P
eo
ple
Risky D riv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs C a ut ious Driv e rs
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Wilks’ Lambda=0.16, F24,476=30.1, p<.0001
Tole
rance
to v
iola
tions
Inte
rna
l Loc
us
of C
on
trol
Exte
rna
l Loc
us
of C
on
tro
l
An
xiety
Ho
stilit
y
Sen
satio
n S
ee
kin
g
Altr
uism
Ra
ge
Alc
oh
ol p
osit
ive e
ffec
ts
Alc
oh
ol n
eg
ativ
e e
ffec
ts
Alc
oh
ol e
ffec
ts u
nd
er.
Mo
ral d
isen
ga
ge
me
nt
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Fac
tor s
co
res
Alc o ho l to le ra nt "Driv e rs" (61, 62% ma le s) Risky "Driv e rs" (66, 62% ma le s) Sa fe "Driv e rs" (125, 43% ma le s)
NON DRIVERS SECTION 3
252 Respondents (53% males)
Mean age = 17.7 years (s.d. 5.7)
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Risk perception W orrying2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
A lc oho l to le ra nt "Driv e rs" Risky "D riv e rs" Sa fe "D riv e rs"
Friends' approval Friends' encouragement0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
A lc oho l to le ra nt "Driv e rs" Risky "D riv e rs" Sa fe "D riv e rs"
* *
Parents' anger (rev) Punishment (rev)0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
A lc oho l to le ra nt "Driv e rs" Risky "D riv e rs" Sa fe "D riv e rs"
*
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
BULGARIA
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Tole
ran
ce
to
vio
latio
ns
Into
lera
nc
e t
o a
lco
ho
l/d
rug
s
Into
lera
nc
e t
o s
pe
ed
ing
Exte
rna
l Lo
cu
s o
f Co
ntr
ol
Vio
latio
n re
late
d ra
ge
Ob
sta
cle
rela
ted
rag
e (
rev)
Altr
uism
Sen
satio
n s
ee
kin
g
Slip
s/La
pse
s
Alc
oh
ol p
osit
ive
effe
cts
Mo
ral d
isen
ga
ge
me
nt
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Fac
tor s
co
res
Sa fe Driv e rs (302, 89% ma le s) Sp e e d ing d riv e rs (175, 96% ma le s) Risky Driv e rs (191, 96% ma le s)
Wilks’ Lambda=0.14, F36,1318=61.7, p<.0001
CAR DRIVERS SECTION 1
791 Respondents (91% males)
Mean age = 19.1 years (s.d. 3.1)
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Parents' anger (rev) Punishment (rev)2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
Sa fe Driv e rs Sp eed ing Driv e rs Risky Driv e rs
Ne v e r fine d Fine d0
20
40
60
80
100
120
# P
eo
ple
Sa fe D riv e rs Sp eed ing Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs
Friends' approval Friends' encouragement2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
Sa fe Driv e rs Sp eed ing Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs
Risk perception W orrying2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
Sa fe Driv e rs Sp eed ing Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs
*
** *
*
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Ne v e r 1-2 3-4 >4
O c c a sio ns d riv ing >2 H
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
# P
eo
ple
Sa fe Driv e rs Sp eed ing Driv e rs Ric ky D riv e rs
Ne v e r 1-2 3-4 >4
Driv ing a fte r m id nig ht
0
10
20
30
40
50
# P
eo
ple
Sa fe Driv e rs Sp eed ing Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs
N ever 1-2 3-4 5-6 E veryday W E
Driv ing o c c a sio ns (p e r we e k)
0
10
20
30
40
50
# P
eo
ple
Sa fe Driv e rs Sp eed ing Driv e rs Risky Driv e rs
1-10 11-30 31-50 51-100 >100
Kilo m e te rs d riv e n (p e r we e k)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
# P
eo
ple
Sa fe Driv e rs Sp eed ing Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Tole
ranc
e t
o a
lco
ho
l/d
rugs
Use
fuln
ess
of v
iola
tion
s
Exte
rna
l Loc
us
of C
on
tro
l
Vio
latio
ns
rela
ted
rag
e
Ob
sta
cle
rela
ted
rag
e
An
xiety
Vio
latio
ns
Alc
oh
ol n
eg
ativ
e e
ffects
-1.2
-0.8
-0.4
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
Fac
tor sc
ore
s
An xio u s Drive rs (69, 97% m a le s) Sa fe Drive rs (45, 89% m a le s) Risky Drive rs (20, 60% m a le s)
Wilks’ Lambda=0.04, F32,242=29.7, p<.0001
SCOOTER DRIVERS SECTION 2
161 Respondents (87% males)
Mean age = 18.3 years (s.d. 0.9)
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Ne v e r fine d Fine d0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
# P
eo
ple
A nxious D riv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs
Parents' anger (rev) Punishment (rev)1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
A nxious D riv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs Risky Driv e rs
Friends' approval Friends' encouragement1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
A nxious D riv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs Risky Driv e rs
Risk perception W orrying1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
A nxious D riv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs
*
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Ne v e r 1-2 3-4 >4
Driv ing a fte r 11:00 p m
0
5
10
15
20
# P
eo
ple
A nxious D riv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs
N ever 1-2 3-4 5-6 E veryday W E
Driv ing o c c a sio ns (p e r we e k)
0
5
10
15
20
# P
eo
ple
A nxious D riv e rs Sa fe D riv e rs Risky D riv e rs
1-10 11-30 31-50 51-100 >100
Kilo m e te rs d riv e n (p e r we e k)
0
5
10
15
20
# P
eo
ple
A nxious D riv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Wilks’ Lambda=0.15, F24,3106=209.6, p<.0001
Tole
ranc
e t
o v
iola
tions
Inte
rna
l Loc
us o
f Con
trol
Exte
rna
l Loc
us
of C
on
tro
l
An
xiety
Ho
stilit
y
Sen
satio
n S
ee
kin
g
Altr
uism
Ra
ge
Alc
oh
ol p
osit
ive e
ffec
ts
Alc
oh
ol n
eg
ativ
e e
ffects
Alc
oh
ol e
ffec
ts u
nd
er.
Mo
ral d
isen
ga
ge
me
nt
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Fac
tor s
co
res
Alc o ho l to le ra nt "Driv e rs" (390, 89% ma le s) Risky "Driv e rs" (471, 88% ma le s) Sa fe "Driv e rs" (679, 78% ma le s)
NON DRIVERS SECTION 3
1540 Respondents (82% males)
Mean age = 18.5 years (s.d. 1.7)
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
*
Risk perception W orrying2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
A lc oho l to le ra nt "Driv e rs" Risky "D riv e rs" Sa fe "D riv e rs"
*
*
Friends' approval Friends' encouragement0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
A lc oho l to le ra nt "Driv e rs" Risky "D riv e rs" Sa fe "D riv e rs"
* *
Parents' anger (rev) Punishment (rev)0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
A lc oho l to le ra nt "Driv e rs" Risky "D riv e rs" Sa fe "D riv e rs"
*
*
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
CYPRUS
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Exte
rna
l Lo
cu
s o
f Co
ntr
ol
Ra
ge
Mo
ral d
isen
ga
ge
me
nt
An
xie
ty
Ho
stilit
y
Vio
latio
ns
Mist
ake
s
Slip
s/La
pse
s
Alc
oh
ol p
osit
ive
effe
cts
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Fac
tor s
co
res
Risky Driv e rs (38, 71% ma le s) Sa fe d riv e rs (32, 62% ma le s) Anxio us Driv e rs (33, 27% ma le s)
Wilks’ Lambda=0.12, F28,174=11.4, p<.0001
CAR DRIVERS SECTION 1
103 Respondents (54% males)
Mean age = 22.8 years (s.d. 3.6)
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Parents' anger (rev) Punishment (rev)1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
Risky Driv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs A nxious Driv e rs
Ne v e r fine d Fine d0
10
20
30
40
# P
eo
ple
Risky D riv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs A nxious D riv e rs
Friends' approval Friends' encouragement1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
Risky D riv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs A nxious D riv e rs
Risk perception W orrying2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
Risky D riv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs A nxious D riv e rs
*
*
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Ne v e r 1-2 3-4 >4
O c c a sio ns d riv ing >2 H
0
10
20
30
40
# P
eo
ple
Risky D riv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs A nxious D riv e rs
Ne v e r 1-2 3-4 >4
Driv ing a fte r m id nig ht
0
10
20
30
40
# P
eo
ple
Risky D riv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs A nxious D riv e rs
1-10 11-30 31-50 51-100 >100
Kilo m e te rs d riv e n (p e r we e k)
0
10
20
30
40
# P
eo
ple
Risky D riv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs A nxious D riv e rs
N ever 1-2 3-4 5-6 E veryday W E
Driv ing o c c a sio ns (p e r we e k)
0
10
20
30
40
# P
eo
ple
Risky Driv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs A nxious Driv e rs
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
SCOOTER DRIVERS SECTION 2
No enough respondents
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Wilks’ Lambda=0.11, F24,152=12.9, p<.0001
Tole
ran
ce
to
vio
latio
ns
Inte
rna
l Lo
cu
s o
f Co
ntr
ol
Exte
rna
l Lo
cu
s o
f Co
ntr
ol
An
xie
ty
Ho
stilit
y
Sen
satio
n S
ee
kin
g
Altr
uism
Ra
ge
Alc
oh
ol p
osit
ive
effe
cts
Alc
oh
ol n
eg
ativ
e e
ffec
ts
Alc
oh
ol e
ffec
ts u
nd
er.
Mo
ral d
isen
ga
ge
me
nt
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Fac
tor s
co
res
Alc o ho l to le ra nt "Driv e rs" (13, 78% ma le s) Risky "Driv e rs" (30, 40% ma le s) Sa fe "Driv e rs" (47, 43% ma le s)
NON DRIVERS SECTION 3
90 Respondents (47% males)
Mean age = 18.0 years (s.d. 0.4)
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Risk perception W orrying0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
A lc oho l to le ra nt "Driv e rs" Risky "D riv e rs" Sa fe "D riv e rs"
**
Friends' approval Friends' encouragement0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
A lc oho l to le ra nt "Driv e rs" Risky "D riv e rs" Sa fe "D riv e rs"
*
*
Parents' anger (rev) Punishment (rev)0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
A lc oho l to le ra nt "Driv e rs" Risky "D riv e rs" Sa fe "D riv e rs"
*
*
*
*
*
*
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
IRELAND
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Use
fuln
ess
of v
iola
tion
s
Into
lera
nc
e t
o a
lco
hol/
dru
gs
Tole
ranc
e t
o s
pe
ed
ing
Ob
sta
cle
rela
ted
rag
e
Vio
latio
ns
rela
ted
rag
e
Mo
ral d
isen
ga
ge
me
nt
Ho
stilit
y
Vio
latio
ns
Ra
ge
Ag
gre
ssiv
e d
rivin
g
Alc
oh
ol p
osit
ive e
ffec
ts
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Fac
tor s
co
res
Angry Driv e rs (57, 56% ma le s) Sa fe Driv e rs (59, 49% ma le s) Risky Driv e rs (34, 62% ma le s)
Wilks’ Lambda=0.08, F46,250=13.9, p<.0001
CAR DRIVERS SECTION 1
237 Respondents (56% males)
Mean age = 21.5 years (s.d. 12.2)
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Parents' anger (rev.) Punishment (rev.)0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
A ng ry D riv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs
Ne v e r fine d Fine d0
10
20
30
40
# P
eo
ple
A ng ry Driv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs Risky Driv e rs
Risk perception W orrying2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
A ng ry Driv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs
Friends' approval Friends' encouragement0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
A ng ry Driv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs
* *
*
*
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Ne v e r 1-2 3-4 >4
O c c a sio ns d riv ing >2 H
0
5
10
15
20
# P
eo
ple
A ng ry Driv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs
N e v e r 1-2 3-4 >4
Driv ing a fte r m id nig ht
0
5
10
15
20
# P
eo
ple
A ng ry Driv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs
N ever 1-2 3-4 5-6 E veryday W E
Driv ing o c c a sio ns (p e r we e k)
0
5
10
15
20
# P
eo
ple
A ng ry Driv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs
1-10 11-30 31-50 51-100 >100
Kilo m e te rs d riv e n (p e r we e k)
0
5
10
15
20
# P
eo
ple
A ng ry D riv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
SCOOTER DRIVERS SECTION 2
No enough respondents
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Wilks’ Lambda=0.20, F24,672=32.2, p<.0001
Tole
ranc
e t
o v
iola
tions
Inte
rna
l Loc
us o
f Con
trol
Exte
rna
l Loc
us
of C
on
tro
l
An
xiety
Ho
stilit
y
Sen
satio
n S
ee
kin
g
Altr
uism
Ra
ge
Alc
oh
ol p
osit
ive e
ffec
ts
Alc
oh
ol n
eg
ativ
e e
ffects
Alc
oh
ol e
ffec
ts u
nd
er.
Mo
ral d
isen
ga
ge
me
nt
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Fac
tor s
co
res
Alc o ho l to le ra nt "Driv e rs" (45, 71% ma le s) Risky "Driv e rs" (81, 64% ma le s) Sa fe "Driv e rs" (224, 57% ma le s)
NON DRIVERS SECTION 3
350 Respondents (60% males)
Mean age = 19.9 years (s.d. 12.0)
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Risk perception W orrying0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
A lc oho l to le ra nt "Driv e rs" Risky "D riv e rs" Sa fe "D riv e rs"
Friends' approval Friends' encouragement0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
A lc oho l to le ra nt "Driv e rs" Risky "D riv e rs" Sa fe "D riv e rs"
* *
Parents' anger (rev) Punishment (rev)0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
Ra
ting
(1-1
0)
A lc oho l to le ra nt "D riv e rs" Risky "D riv e rs" Sa fe "D riv e rs"
*
*
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ITALY
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Tole
ran
ce
to
vio
latio
ns
Into
lera
nc
e t
o a
lco
ho
l/d
rug
s
Tole
ran
ce
to
sp
ee
din
g
Exte
rna
l Loc
us
of C
on
tro
l
Ob
sta
cle
rela
ted
rag
e
Mo
ral d
isen
ga
ge
me
nt
Ego
ce
ntr
ism
Sen
satio
n s
ee
kin
g
Imp
usli
vity
Vio
latio
ns
Alc
oh
ol p
osit
ive
effe
cts
Pe
rmiss
ive d
rivin
g b
eh
avi
ou
r
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Fac
tor s
co
res
O v e rc o nfid e nt Driv e rs (178, 64% ma le s) Sa fe d riv e rs (203, 42% ma le s) Risky Driv e rs (65, 95% ma le s)
Wilks’ Lambda=0.13, F44,844=33.3, p<.0001)
CAR DRIVERS SECTION 1
545 Respondents (57% males)
Mean age = 19.5 years (s.d. 1.1)
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Parents' anger (rev) Punishment (rev)0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
O v e rc onfid ent Driv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs Risky Driv e rs
N e v e r fine d Fine d0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
# P
eo
ple
O v e rc onfid ent D riv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs
Friends' approval Friends' encouragement0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
O v e rc onfid ent D riv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs
Risk perception W orrying2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
O v e rc onfid ent D riv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs
*
*
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Ne v e r 1-2 3-4 >4
O c c a sio ns d riv ing >2 H
0
20
40
60
80
# P
eo
ple
O v e rc onfid ent Driv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs Risky Driv e rs
Ne v e r 1-2 3-4 >4
Driv ing a fte r m id nig ht
0
20
40
60
80
# P
eo
ple
O v e rc onfid ent D riv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs
N ever 1-2 3-4 5-6 E veryday W E
Driv ing o c c a sio ns (p e r we e k)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
# P
eo
ple
O v e rc onfid ent Driv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs
1-10 11-30 31-50 51-100 >100
Kilo m e te rs d riv e n (p e r we e k)
0
20
40
60
80
# P
eo
ple
O v e rc onfid ent D riv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Tole
ranc
e t
o v
iola
tions
Dru
gs/
alc
oh
ol i
nto
lera
nce
Tole
ranc
e t
o s
pe
ed
ing
Exte
rna
l Loc
us
of C
on
tro
l
Ob
sta
cle
rela
ted
rag
e
Mo
ral d
isen
ga
ge
me
nt
Sen
satio
n s
eeki
ng
Co
mp
l. tr
affi
c c
od
e
Und
er.
alc
oh
ol n
eg.e
ffec
ts
-1.2
-0.8
-0.4
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
Fac
tor sc
ore
s
Sp e e d in g Drive rs (111, 82% m a le s) Sa fe Drive rs (104, 46% m a le s) Risky Drive rs (71, 58% m a le s)
Wilks’ Lambda=0.9, F48,520=24.8, p<.0001
SCOOTER DRIVERS SECTION 2
346 Respondents (69% males)
Mean age = 17.4 years (s.d. 1.3)
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Parents' anger (rev) Punishment (rev)0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
Sp eed ing Driv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs Risky Driv e rs
Ne v e r fine d Fine d0
20
40
60
80
100
# P
eo
ple
Sp eed ing Driv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs
Friends' approval Friends' encouragement1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
Sp eed ing Driv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs
Risk perception W orrying2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
Sp eed ing Driv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs
* *
* *
*
**
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
1-10 11-30 31-50 51-100 >100
Kilo m e te rs d riv e n (p e r we e k)
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
# P
eo
ple
Sp eed ing Driv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs
N ever 1-2 3-4 5-6 Everyday W E
Driv ing o c c a sio ns (p e r we e k)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
# P
eo
ple
Sp eed ing Driv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs Risky Driv e rs
Ne v e r 1-2 3-4 >4
Driv ing a fte r 11:00 p m
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
# P
eo
ple
Sp eed ing Driv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Wilks’ Lambda=0.21, F24,676=32.6, p<.0001
Tole
ranc
e t
o v
iola
tions
Inte
rna
l Loc
us o
f Contr
ol
Exte
rna
l Loc
us
of C
ontro
l
An
xiety
Ho
stilit
y
Sen
satio
n S
ee
kin
g
Altr
uism
Ra
ge
Alc
oh
ol p
osit
ive e
ffects
Alc
oh
ol n
eg
ativ
e e
ffects
Alc
oh
ol e
ffec
ts u
nd
er.
Mo
ral d
isen
ga
ge
me
nt
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Fac
tor s
co
res
Alc o ho l to le ra nt "Driv e rs" (53, 58% ma le s) Risky "Driv e rs" (66, 55% ma le s) Sa fe "Driv e rs" (233, 34% ma le s)
NON DRIVERS SECTION 3
352 Respondents (42% males)
Mean age = 17.2 years (s.d. 1.5)
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Risk perception W orrying0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
A lc oho l to le ra nt "Driv e rs" Risky "D riv e rs" Sa fe "D riv e rs"
Friends' approval Friends' encouragement0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
A lc oho l to le ra nt "Driv e rs" Risky "D riv e rs" Sa fe "D riv e rs"
**
Parents' anger (rev) Punishment (rev)0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
A lc oho l to le ra nt "D riv e rs" Risky "D riv e rs" Sa fe "D riv e rs"
*
*
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
LATVIA
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Tole
ranc
e t
o v
iola
tions
Into
lera
nc
e t
o a
lco
hol/
dru
gs
Exte
rna
l Loc
us
of C
on
tro
l
Vio
latio
n re
late
d ra
ge
An
xiety
Co
mp
l.tra
ffic
co
de
Alc
oh
ol p
osit
ive e
ffec
ts
Mo
ral d
isen
ga
ge
me
nt
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Fac
tor s
co
res
Anxio us Driv e rs (55, 58% ma le s) Sa fe d riv e rs (26, 42% ma le s) Aggre ssiv e Driv e rs (22, 82% ma le s)
Wilks’ Lambda=0.09, F40,164=9.5, p<.0001
CAR DRIVERS SECTION 1
174 Respondents (62% males)
Mean age = 18.4 years (s.d. 1.1)
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Parents' anger (rev) Punishment (rev)0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
A nxious D riv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs A g g ressiv e Driv e rs
Ne v e r fine d Fine d0
20
40
# P
eo
ple
A nxious D riv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs A g g ressiv e Driv e rs
Friends' approval Friends' encouragement0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
A nxious Driv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs A g g ressiv e Driv e rs
Risk perception W orrying2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
A nxious D riv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs A g g ressiv e Driv e rs
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
N ever 1-2 3-4 5-6 Everyday W E
Driv ing o c c a sio ns (p e r we e k)
0
5
10
15
20
# P
eo
ple
A nxious D riv e rs Sa fe D riv e rs A g g ressiv e Driv e rs
1-10 11-30 31-50 51-100 >100
Kilo m e te rs d riv e n (p e r we e k)
0
5
10
15
20
# P
eo
ple
A nxious D riv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs A g g ressiv e Driv e rs
N ever 1-2 3-4 5-6 E veryday W E
Driv ing o c c a sio ns (p e r we e k)
0
5
10
15
20
# P
eo
ple
A ng ry Driv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs Risky Driv e rs
1-10 11-30 31-50 51-100 >100
Kilo m e te rs d riv e n (p e r we e k)
0
5
10
15
20
# P
eo
ple
A ng ry D riv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
SCOOTER DRIVERS SECTION 2
No enough respondents
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Wilks’ Lambda=0.19, F24,1550=81.4, p<.0001
Tole
ranc
e t
o v
iola
tions
Inte
rna
l Loc
us o
f Con
trol
Exte
rna
l Loc
us
of C
on
tro
l
An
xiety
Ho
stilit
y
Sen
satio
n S
ee
kin
g
Altr
uism
Ra
ge
Alc
oh
ol p
osit
ive e
ffec
ts
Alc
oh
ol n
eg
ativ
e e
ffects
Alc
oh
ol e
ffects
un
de
r.
Mo
ral d
isen
ga
ge
me
nt
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Fac
tor s
co
res
Alc o ho l to le ra nt "Driv e rs" (158, 52% ma le s) Risky "Driv e rs" (379, 45% ma le s) Sa fe "Driv e rs" (242, 34% ma le s)
NON DRIVERS SECTION 3
779 Respondents (42% males)
Mean age = 17.5 years (s.d. 1.3)
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Risk perception W orrying0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
A lc oho l to le ra nt "Driv e rs" Risky "D riv e rs" Sa fe "D riv e rs"
* *
Friends' approval Friends' encouragement0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
A lc oho l to le ra nt "Driv e rs" Risky "D riv e rs" Sa fe "D riv e rs"
*
*
Parents' anger (rev) Punishment (rev)0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
A lc oho l to le ra nt "Driv e rs" Risky "D riv e rs" Sa fe "D riv e rs"
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
LITHUANIA
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Alc
oh
ol/
Dru
gs
into
lera
nc
e
Tole
ran
ce
to
vio
latio
ns
Tole
ran
ce
to
sp
ee
din
g
Use
fuln
ess
of v
iola
tion
s
Exte
rna
l Lo
cu
s o
f Co
ntr
ol
An
xie
ty
Sen
satio
n S
ee
kin
g
Co
mp
lyin
g w
ith t
raffi
c c
od
e
Alc
oh
ol n
eg
ativ
e e
ffec
ts
Vio
latio
n re
late
d ra
ge
Ob
sta
cle
rela
ted
rag
e
Mo
ral d
isen
ga
ge
me
nt
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Fac
tor s
co
res
Risky Driv e rs (111, 56% ma le s) O v e rc o nfid e nt d riv e rs (96, 49% ma le s) Sa fe Driv e rs (188, 44% ma le s)
Wilks’ Lambda=0.08, F44,742=43.7, p<.0001
CAR DRIVERS SECTION 1
463 Respondents (48% males)
Mean age = 20.7 years (s.d. 2.0)
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Parents' anger (rev.) Punishment (rev.)2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
Risky D riv e rs O v e rc onfid ent Driv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs
Ne v e r fine d Fine d0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
# P
eo
ple
Risky D riv e rs O v e rc onfid ent D riv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs
Risk perception W orrying2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
Risky D riv e rs O v e rc onfid ent Driv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs
Friends' approval Friends' encouragement2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
Risky D riv e rs O v e rc onfid ent Driv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Ne v e r 1-2 3-4 >4
O c c a sio ns d riv ing >2 H
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
# P
eo
ple
Risky D riv e rs O v e rc onfid ent Driv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs
Ne v e r 1-2 3-4 >4
Driv ing a fte r m id nig ht
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
# P
eo
ple
Risky D riv e rs O v e rc onfid ent Driv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs
N ever 1-2 3-4 5-6 E veryday W E
Driv ing o c c a sio ns (p e r we e k)
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
# P
eo
ple
Risky D riv e rs O v e rc onfid ent Driv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs
1-10 11-30 31-50 51-100 >100
Kilo m e te rs d riv e n (p e r we e k)
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
# P
eo
ple
Risky D riv e rs O v e rc onfid ent D riv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Alc
oh
ol/
Dru
gs in
tole
ran
ce
Tole
ranc
e t
o s
peed
ing
Pro
rule
s
Exte
rna
l Loc
us
of C
on
tro
l
Ob
sta
cle
rela
ted
rag
e
Vio
latio
n re
late
d ra
ge
Altr
uism
Spe
ed
ing
Slip
s/La
pse
s
Alc
oh
ol p
osit
ive e
ffec
ts
Mo
ral d
isen
ga
gem
en
t
-1.2
-0.8
-0.4
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
Fac
tor sc
ore
s
Sp e e d in g Drive rs (98, 69% m a le s) Sa fe Drive rs (80, 59% m a le s) Risky Drive rs (39, 79% m a le s)
Wilks’ Lambda=0.08, F22,408=47.6, p<.0001
SCOOTER DRIVERS SECTION 2
231 Respondents (67% males)
Mean age = 19.3 years (s.d. 2.0)
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Parents' anger (rev) Punishment (rev)2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
Sp eed y Driv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs
Ne v e r fine d Fine d0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
# P
eo
ple
Sp eed y Driv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs
Risk perception W orrying2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
Sp eed y Driv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs
Friends' approval Friends' encouragment2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
Ratin
g (1-
10)
Sp eed y Driv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Ne v e r 1-2 3-4 >4
Driv ing a fte r 11:00 p m
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
# P
eo
ple
Sp eed y Driv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs
N ever 1-2 3-4 5-6 E veryday W E
Driv ing o c c a sio ns (p e r we e k)
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
# P
eo
ple
Sp eed y Driv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs Risky Driv e rs
1-10 11-30 31-50 51-100 >100
Kilo m e te rs d riv e n (p e r we e k)
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
# P
eo
ple
Sp eed y Driv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Wilks’ Lambda=0.21, F24,422=20.8, p<.0001
Tole
ranc
e t
o v
iola
tions
Inte
rna
l Loc
us of C
on
trol
Exte
rna
l Loc
us
of C
on
tro
l
An
xiety
Ho
stilit
y
Sen
satio
n S
ee
kin
g
Altr
uism
Ra
ge
Alc
oh
ol p
osit
ive e
ffec
ts
Alc
oh
ol n
eg
ativ
e e
ffects
Alc
oh
ol e
ffec
ts u
nd
er.
Mo
ral d
isen
ga
ge
me
nt
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Fac
tor s
co
res
Alc o ho l to le ra nt "Driv e rs" (41, 39% ma le s) Risky "Driv e rs" (23, 30% ma le s) Sa fe "Driv e rs" (161, 36% ma le s)
NON DRIVERS SECTION 3
225 Respondents (36% males)
Mean age = 19.8 years (s.d. 2.0)
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Risk perception W orrying0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
A lc oho l to le ra nt "Driv e rs" Risky "D riv e rs" Sa fe "D riv e rs"
Friends' approval Friends' encouragement0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
A lc oho l to le ra nt "Driv e rs" Risky "Driv e rs" Sa fe "Driv e rs"
*
*
Parents' anger (rev) Punishment (rev)0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
A lc oho l to le ra nt "Driv e rs" Risky "D riv e rs" Sa fe "D riv e rs"
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
POLAND
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Tole
ran
ce
to
vio
latio
ns
Into
lera
nc
e t
o a
lco
ho
l/d
rug
s
Tole
ran
ce
to
sp
ee
din
g
Use
fuln
ess
of v
iola
tion
s
Exte
rna
l Loc
us
of C
on
tro
l
Ob
sta
cle
rela
ted
rag
e
Sen
satio
n s
ee
kin
g
Altr
uism
Alc
oh
ol n
eg
ativ
e e
ffec
ts
Mo
ral d
isen
ga
ge
me
nt
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Fac
tor s
co
res
Risky Driv e rs (101, 85% ma le s) Sa fe d riv e rs (206, 48% ma le s) Aggre ssiv e Driv e rs (247, 61% ma le s)
Wilks’ Lambda=0.12, F42,1062=46.4, p<.0001
CAR DRIVERS SECTION 1
571 Respondents (60% males)
Mean age = 20.9 years (s.d. 2.0)
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Parents' anger (rev) Punishment (rev)1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
Risky D riv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs A g g ressiv e Driv e rs
N e v e r fine d Fine d0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
# P
eo
ple
Risky D riv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs A g g ressiv e Driv e rs
Friends' approval Friends' encouragement1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
Risky D riv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs A g g ressiv e Driv e rs
Risk perception W orrying2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
Risky D riv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs A g g ressiv e Driv e rs
** *
*
*
*
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Ne v e r 1-2 3-4 >4
O c c a sio ns d riv ing >2 H
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
# P
eo
ple
Risky D riv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs A g g ressiv e Driv e rs
Ne v e r 1-2 3-4 >4
Driv ing a fte r m id nig ht
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
# P
eo
ple
Risky D riv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs Risky D riv e rs
1-10 11-30 31-50 51-100 >100
Kilo m e te rs d riv e n (p e r we e k)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
# P
eo
ple
Risky D riv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs A g g ressiv e Driv e rs
N ever 1-2 3-4 5-6 E veryday W E
Driv ing o c c a sio ns (p e r we e k)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
# P
eo
ple
Risky Driv e rs Sa fe Driv e rs A g g ressiv e Driv e rs
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Tole
ran
ce
to
vio
latio
ns
Exte
rna
l Lo
cu
s o
f Co
ntr
ol
Ob
sta
cle
rela
ted
rag
e
An
xie
ty
No
se
nsa
tion
se
eki
ng
Driv
ing
un
de
r alc
oh
ol e
ffec
ts
Spe
ed
ing
Mo
ral d
isen
ga
ge
me
nt
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Fac
tor s
co
res
Sa fe Driv e rs (43, 35% ma le s) So b e r d riv e rs (59, 71% ma le s) Risky Driv e rs (37, 92% ma le s)
Wilks’ Lambda=0.07, F36,238=18.1, p<.0001
SCOOTER DRIVERS SECTION 2
159 Respondents (67% males)
Mean age = 20.9 years (s.d. 3.7)
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Friends' approval Friends' encouragement0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
Sa fe Driv e rs Sob er D riv e rs Risky D riv e rs
Risk perception W orrying2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
Sa fe Driv e rs Sob er D riv e rs Risky Driv e rs
Parents' anger (rev) Punishment (rev)0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
Sa fe D riv e rs So b e r D riv e rs Risky D riv e rs
N e v e r fine d Fine d0
20
40
60
# P
eo
ple
Sa fe Driv e rs Sob er D riv e rs Risky Driv e rs
*
*
*
*
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Ne v e r 1-2 3-4 >4
Driv ing a fte r 11:00 p m
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
# P
eo
ple
Sa fe Driv e rs Sob er D riv e rs Risky D riv e rs
N ever 1-2 3-4 5-6 E veryday W E
Driv ing o c c a sio ns (p e r we e k)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
# P
eo
ple
Sa fe Driv e rs Sob er Driv e rs Risky Driv e rs
1-10 11-30 31-50 51-100 >100
Kilo m e te rs d riv e n (p e r we e k)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
# P
eo
ple
Sa fe Driv e rs Sob er D riv e rs Risky D riv e rs
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Wilks’ Lambda=0.21, F24,404=19.9, p<.0001
Tole
ran
ce
to
vio
latio
ns
Inte
rna
l Lo
cu
s o
f Co
ntr
ol
Exte
rna
l Lo
cu
s o
f Co
ntr
ol
An
xie
ty
Ho
stilit
y
Sen
satio
n S
ee
kin
g
Altr
uism
Ra
ge
Alc
oh
ol p
osit
ive
effe
cts
Alc
oh
ol n
eg
ativ
e e
ffec
ts
Alc
oh
ol e
ffec
ts u
nd
er.
Mo
ral d
isen
ga
ge
me
nt
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Fac
tor s
co
res
Alc o ho l to le ra nt "Driv e rs" (23, 65% ma le s) Risky "Driv e rs" (77, 57% ma le s) Sa fe "Driv e rs" (116, 57% ma le s)
NON DRIVERS SECTION 3
216 Respondents (53% males)
Mean age = 21.9 years (s.d. 1.4)
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Risk perception W orrying0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
A lc oho l to le ra nt "Driv e rs" Risky "D riv e rs" Sa fe "D riv e rs"
**
*
Friends' approval Friends' encouragement0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
A lc oho l to le ra nt "Driv e rs" Risky "D riv e rs" Sa fe "D riv e rs"
*
*
Parents' anger (rev) Punishment (rev)0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
Ra
ting
(1-
10)
A lc oho l to le ra nt "Driv e rs" Risky "D riv e rs" Sa fe "D riv e rs"
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users
Safety
Thanks for your attention!
