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ARCHITECTURE&ENVIRONMENT Vol. 5, No. 2, October 2006 : 143-162 143 THE EFFECT OF AIR VELOCITY ON THERMAL COMFORT IN HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE Sangkertadi 1 and Ahmed C. Megri 2 1 Architect, Head of Laboratory of Building Science & Technology, Department of Architecture, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado, Indonesia E-mail: [email protected] 2 Director of Architectural Engineering Program, Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, USA E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT In general, the most important factors that influence the condition of thermal comfort are: clothing, environmental conditions, and activity. In hot and humid climates, feelings of comfort are associated with perspiration. Air velocity can cool building occupants by increasing convective and evaporative heat losses. This paper presents a contribution to the current methods used in evaluating thermal comfort through thermal comfort indices: PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) and DISC (Discomfort) for the tropical humid environment. The study is focused on the influence of air velocity on thermal comfort. Numerical simulations, with applied empirical correlations, were used to estimate the value of thermal comfort indices Keywords: thermal comfort indices, tropical humid climate, air velocity, comfort zone, sweat evaporation Nomenclature: Adu : skin area of the subject body (m²) C : the heat loss by convection from the outer surface of the clothed body Ed : the heat loss by water vapor diffusion through the skin Esw : the heat loss by evaporation of sweat from the surface of the skin Ere : the latent respiration heat loss Esw/Adu : Heat loss per unit body surface area by evaporation of sweat Secretion

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THE EFFECT OF AIR VELOCITY ON THERMAL COMFORT IN HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE Sangkertadi1 and Ahmed C. Megri2

1 Architect, Head of Laboratory of Building Science & Technology, Department of Architecture, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado, Indonesia E-mail: [email protected] 2 Director of Architectural Engineering Program, Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, USA E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT In general, the most important factors that influence the condition of thermal comfort are: clothing, environmental conditions, and activity. In hot and humid climates, feelings of comfort are associated with perspiration. Air velocity can cool building occupants by increasing convective and evaporative heat losses. This paper presents a contribution to the current methods used in evaluating thermal comfort through thermal comfort indices: PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) and DISC (Discomfort) for the tropical humid environment. The study is focused on the influence of air velocity on thermal comfort. Numerical simulations, with applied empirical correlations, were used to estimate the value of thermal comfort indices Keywords: thermal comfort indices, tropical humid climate, air velocity,

comfort zone, sweat evaporation Nomenclature: Adu : skin area of the subject body (m²) C : the heat loss by convection from the outer surface of the clothed

body Ed : the heat loss by water vapor diffusion through the skin Esw : the heat loss by evaporation of sweat from the surface of

the skin Ere : the latent respiration heat loss Esw/Adu : Heat loss per unit body surface area by evaporation of sweat Secretion

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Evap : value of evaporation Evap(max) : maximum value of evaporation Fcl : clothing factor H : height of the subject body (m) H : the internal heat production in the human body H/Adu : Internal heat production per unit body surface area Hr : radiation heat coefficient. Hexp : absolute humidity of air expired (gr/gr) Hc : convection heat coefficient. Icl : Thermal resistance of the clothing K : the heat transfer from the skin to the outer surface of the clothed

body (condition through the clothing) L : the dry respiration heat loss M : Thermal metabolic (Watt) P : weight of the subject body (kg) Pvs : pression saturated of air vapor for the skin temperature Pva : pression saturated of air vapor for the air temperature Pa : Pressure of water vapor in ambient air R : the heat loss by radiation from the outer surface of the clothed

body Ta : air temperature (ºC) Tcl : surface temperature of clothing (ºC) Texp : temperature of air expired (ºC) Tr : radiative temperature (ºC) Tmr : Mean radiant temperature (ºC) Ts : Mean skin temperature (ºC) Top : operating temperature (ºC) V : air velocity (m/s) INTRODUCTION In tropical and humid locations, high air temperature and humidity are the principle climatic problems which cause thermal discomfort for human beings. Native peoples living in these regions addressed these problems primarily through their building methods. Some of these techniques included large openings, long overhangs and local materials. These traditional construction methods played an important role in optimizing ventilation rate and indoor thermal quality. Large openings included in the traditional homes played an extremely important role in increasing the relative indoor thermal comfort levels by creating a natural ventilation system. The openings, such as windows and ventilation holes, supported natural fresh air circulation. This circulation of fresh air within the dwelling aided in the process of sweat evaporation on

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the bodies of the occupants, increasing their relative comfort with the building. Sweating, by itself, does not cool the body unless the moisture is removed from the skin by evaporation. Under humid conditions, sweat evaporation from skin is decreased (Ganong, 2001). Also, indoor air circulation cools the building structure through convection. Individual thermal comfort levels, in addition to being influenced by climate factor, can also be influenced by imposed clothing types, activity levels, bodily dimensions, and psychological situations. In tropical and humid regions, skin moisture due to perspiration becomes an indicator of thermal comfort levels (Berglund, 1986; Sangkertadi, 1994; Desire, 2001). Proper knowledge of the methods used in determining levels of thermal comfort is required of architects during building design. However, including too many factors in this process can unnecessarily complicate the task of the architect in prioritizing these factors and correlating them with the various architectural techniques. Engineering knowledge and an understanding of the parameters and variables that influence indoor thermal comfort are also obligatory in performing a consistent and energy efficient design building (Sangkertadi, 2003). The aim of this study is to determine the influence of air velocity on thermal comfort feeling using the sweat evaporative mechanism. Thereafter allowing the results of this study to be utilized by architects and various building practitioners who perform building design in tropical and humid climates. BRIEF REVIEW OF BASIC THEORY ON THERMAL COMFORT In agreement with ASHRAE (1993), individual thermal comfort is defined as “that condition of mind which expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment”. If a group of people is subject to the same room thermal conditions, it will not be possible, due to biological variance, to satisfy everyone at the same time. One must therefore aim at creating optimal thermal comfort for the group, i.e, a condition in which the highest possible percentage of the group is in thermal comfort. Thermal neutrality for a person is defined as the condition in which the subject would prefer neither warmer nor cooler surroundings. Thus thermal neutrality is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for thermal comfort. The reason for creating thermal comfort conditions is first and foremost to satisfy man’s desire to feel thermally comfortable, in line with his desire for comfort in general.

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Man’s intellectual, manual and perceptual performance and productivity are in general highest when he is in thermal comfort. Variables which influence thermal comfort The most important variables which influence the condition of thermal comfort are:

- activity level (metabolism) - thermal resistance of the clothing (clo-value) - air temperature - mean radiant temperature - air velocity - water vapor pressure in ambient air. Thermal comfort can be achieved through many combinations of the above variables and through the use of many fundamentally different technical systems. Since the purpose of the thermoregulatory system of the body is to maintain a constant internal body temperature, it can be assumed that for long exposures to a constant and moderate thermal environment with a constant metabolic rate a heat balance will exist for the human body, i.e., the heat production will equal the heat dissipation, and there will be no significant heat storage within the body. The heat balance for this condition is H - Ed - Esw - Ere - L = K + R + C Under extended exposure to a given environment, the first necessary condition for thermal comfort of a person is the existence of a heat balance, a condition which is naturally far from sufficient. Man’s thermoregulatory system is quite effective and will therefore create heat balance within wide limits of the environmental variables, even if outside comfort conditions. With the establishment of a double heat balance an equation of the following form can be obtained (Fanger, 1970): f (H/Adu , Icl, Ta, Tmr, Pa, v, Ts, Esw/Adu) = 0 Table 1 shows a list of a number of equations related to the variables and parameters of comfort sensation for a human. The equations of Table 1 are assembled from various sources, including various medical areas (Fauconnier et al, 1987; Berger et al., 1984; Meyer, 1981).

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Table 1. Equations related to the variables and parameters of comfort sensation No. variables and

parameters Equation

1 morphological factor Adu = 0.203 p0.425 h0.725

2 clothing factor Tcl = (hcl Ts + hr Tr + hc Ta) / (hcl + hc + hr) hc = 12.1 √ v

3 Skin temperature Ts (in light activity and relax situation, act = 1 met) = 34.7 - 0.249 (30-Top) Top = (hc Ta + hr Tr) / (hc + hr)

4 Heat exchanges due of respiration

Eress (sensible) = 0.0052 M 0.28 (Texp - Ta) Erl (latent) = 0.0052 M 667 (hexp - hs) Ere = Eress + Erl

5 Heat exchange due of vapor diffusion via skin

Ed = 0.00305 Adu (Pvs - Pva)

6 Radiative heat exchanges

R = hr (Tcl - Tr) Adu Fcl

7 Convective heat exchange

C = hc (Tcl - Ta) Adu Fcl

8 Skin wettedness

w = Evap / Evap(max) Evap = M -R - Ere - Ed Evap (max) = Hev Adu (Pvs - Pva) Hev = (0.0167 hcl) / (1 + 0.92 hcl Rcl)

9 Sweat rate Sr = (Evap) / (E 0.68) E = 1 - 0.42 e -6(1-w)

Thermal comfort indices and scales A thermal comfort index can be described as a measure of the combined effect of environmental factors on the physiological and sensation responses of the human body that may be used to determine and/or predict comfort sensation. Over the years, many comfort indices have been proposed in the attempt to express human responses to thermal environment, such as the index of thermal stress, equatorial comfort index and effective temperature index. In thermal comfort studies, it is a normal practice to assess reactions of people by asking the respondents to describe their feelings of warm and cold on a rating scale, consisting of a number of categories. The most frequently employed index is the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) developed by Fanger (1970), which has been

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adopted by ASHRAE and ISO (International Standard Organization - 7740 - 1991) with seven points scale as shown in Table 2. Table 2. Thermal Comfort PMV index

Numerical scale feelings note

-3 cold -2 cool -1 slightly cool 0 neutral 1 slightly warm 2 warm 3 hot

Fanger (1970) proposed the PMV equation:

PMV = (0.352 e -0.042(M/Adu) + 0.032) ( B/Adu ) with : B = M - R - C - Ed - Ere The DISC scale (Berglund, 1986; Cuningham, 1986; Sangkertadi, 1994) is more adapted for hot and humid environments. The DISC index with five points scale is shown in Table 3. This index is more appropriate to study the thermal comfort sensation where the air temperature and humidity are relatively high. Table 3. The DISC index

Numerical scale feelings note

0 comfortable 1 slightly uncomfortable 2 Uncomfortable 3 very uncomfortable 4 Intolerable

Alternative equations of DISC index presented below are valid for a human in a light activity level (about 1 met) wearing tropical clothing (about 0.6 clo). The equations are based on sweat rate and skin moisture: DISC = 3.9338 w + 0.0158 Sr - 0.3348 (Sangkertadi, 1994) DISC = 4.13 Sr + 0.013 (Berglund, 1986) DISC = 5.06 Sr + 0.09 (Cunningham, 1986) where : w = wettedness (the fraction of the skin covered sweat, in %) Sr = Sweat rate or skin hydration (g/hr)

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Another scale model is proposed by McIntyre (1978), which introduces a preferred temperature by a semantic differential. Preferred temperature is the temperature at which a subject requests no further change in temperature. It is found experimentally through direct determination, or in a questionnaire study by asking a question of the form : “Would you like the temperature in here to be: ‘Higher’; ‘Just at it is’; ‘Lower’ ?” Comfort sensation studies for hot and humid climate The discomfort associated with exposure to warm and hot environments is attributed to perspiration and elevation of the body temperature. The secretion of sweat onto the skin surface permits the dissipation of metabolic heat from the body by evaporation when the loss of heat by radiation and convection is insufficient to maintain thermal balance. Underlined by Berglund et al. (1986), in warm conditions, an individual at rest, with increased metabolic levels associated with work and exercise; it was recognized that unpleasentness and thermal discomfort are associated with sweating, rather than skin or body temperature. Oohori et al. (1984) analyzed the clothed subject data and determined that the critical skin wettedness under clothing decreased less with increasing air speed as compared with that observed on unclothed subjects. A zone diagram indicating the correlation between discomfort feeling, sweat rate and percent of skin wetness has been made by a team from CNRS in France, as it is shown in Figure 1 (Berger et al., 1984). It is indicated that after 15% of skin wetness, humans feel very uncomfortable or very hot.

` Figure 1. Simplified discomfort zone diagram based on sweat rate and percent of

Skin wetness (1=comfortable; 2=slightly uncomfortable; 3=uncomfortable; 4=very uncomfortable)

Sangkertadi (1994) proposed a new equation of the DISC index, which is a modification from the definition made by Berglund (1986), after compiling and

0 50

4 4 4 4

3 3 3 4

2 2 2 4

1 2 3 4

150 250

6%

6%

15%

25%

Sweat rate (g/h)

Percent of Skin wetness

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analyzing the data of a number of experimental studies on hot and humid climates. Employing the new DISC index equation and using other equations presented in Table 1, Sangkertadi (1994) determined that air velocity has a great role on increasing thermal comfort sensation in hot and humid environment. Desire (2001) stated that there is very strong influence of sweat rate on feelings of comfort in tropical climate area. The study has been conducted in Burkina Faso, Africa. Desire (2001) used the DISC equation introduced by Sangkertadi (1994) to develop a diagram of thermal comfort using weather data of Burkina Faso (Figure 2). Table 4 shows a summary of several experimental studies on thermal comfort sensation for hot and humid climate during the last 20 years. Table 4. Summary of some experimental studies on comfort sensation for hot

and humid ambiances

Experimental conditions and Scopes Investigator

variables constants methods

principles results

Deval (1985) Ta(28.9 0C to 32.2 0C)

RH(50 %,70%,90 %)

air velocity (0.25 m/s)

activity (1.1 met)

clothing (0.6 clo)

subjects : European

climatic

chamber

acceptable for :

28.9 0C / 70% RH

unconfortable for :

32.2 0C / 50% RH

De Dear

(1991)

Ta(23.1 0C to 30 0C)

RH(35%, 50%, 70%)

air velocity (0.1 m/s)

subjects : Asian

clothing (0.6 clo)

activity (1.1 met)

climatic

chamber

Maximum acceptable :

26.6 0C / 70% RH

27.7 0C / 35 % RH

Mas Santosa

(1984)

Ta, RH, v, act, clo,

subjects : Indonesian

field Indonesian

Temperature neutrality

: (27 + 1.6) 0C

Busch (1992) Ta, RH, v

subjects : Thailandais

activity (1.2 met)

clothing (0.6 clo)

field Slightly hot but still

acceptable :

31 0C /50 % RH /

0.33 m/s (air-velocity)

Mc Intyre

(1978)

Ta (22 0C to 30 0C )

v (0 m/s to 1.8 m/s)

subjects : American -

whites

activity (1.1 met)

clothing (0.5 clo)

climatic

chamber

Air velocities preferred

in hot ambiances, for

ex :

30 0C / 1.8 m/s

28 0C / 1.3 m/s

26 C / 1 m/s

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F

ARCHITECTURE&EN

Figure 2. Therma wearing

NVIRONMENT Vol. 5,

al comfort diagramg tropical clothin

No. 2, October 2006 : 1

m using equationng

143-162

n of DISC Sangkeertadi (Desire, 20001) for adult peopple with light acti

151

ivity and

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RESULT AND DISCUSSION A number of simulations have been carried out to investigate the influence of air velocity on thermal comfort feeling. The simulation program is based on the equations of Table 1. DISC index developed by Sangkertadi (1994) and PMV by Fanger (1970) were then also applied to quantify thermal comfort level. As constants for this simulation procedure are:

• Subject body with height of 170 cm and weight of 60 kg • Subject using clothing of typical tropical style (0.5 clo) • Subject is in light activity (M/Adu = 75 Watt/m2)

As variables are:

• Air Velocity: 0.1 to 1.3 m/s • Air temperature: 27ºC to 32ºC (mean radiant temperature assumed

equal to air temperature) • Relative Humidity: 50% to 90%

Results of these simulations are presented graphically in figures 3, 4, 5 and the following matrix tables. The values resulting from these predictions are located in the appendix.

Figure 3. Effect of Air Velocity on DISC index at 50 % Relative Humidity for different air temperature

Influence of Air Velocity on Comfort Scale Clothing=0.5 clo ; RH=50%

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

0.10 0.20 0.40 0.70 1.00 1.30

Air Velocity (m/s)

DIS

C S

cale

Ta=Tr=27 CTa=Tr=28 CTa=Tr=29 CTa=Tr=30 CTa=Tr=31 CTa=Tr=32 C

Very Uncomfortable

Comfortable

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Figure 4. Effect of Air Velocity on DISC index at 70 %

Relative Humidity for different air temperature

Figure 5. Effect of Air Velocity on DISC index at 90 %

Relative Humidity for different air temperature

Simulation results as shown in Figure 3 suppose a room environment with constant air humidity of 50%. It is shown that with relatively high air temperature (around 30ºC), the effect of air velocity (from 0.1 m/s to 0.7 m/s) on the index of discomfort level (DISC index) is not significant,

Influence of Air Velocity on Comfort ScaleClothing=0.5 clo ; RH=70%

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

0.10 0.20 0.40 0.70 1.00 1.30

Air Velocity (m/s)

Ska

la K

enya

man

an In

dex

DIS

C

Ta=Tr=27 CTa=Tr=28 CTa=Tr=29 CTa=Tr=30 CTa=Tr=31 CTa=Tr=32 C

Very Uncomfortable

Comfortable

Influence of Air Velocity on Comfort ScaleClothing=0.5 clo ; RH=90%

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

0.10 0.20 0.40 0.70 1.00 1.30

Air Velocity (m/s)

DIS

C S

cale

Ta=Tr=27 CTa=Tr=28 CTa=Tr=29 CTa=Tr=30 CTa=Tr=31 CTa=Tr=32 C

Very Uncomfortable

Comfortable

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whereas with air an temperature of 28ºC, air velocities can influence an increase in thermal comfort from the level of slightly discomfortable (value of DISC index is about +1.0) to comfortable (value of DISC scale is +0.0) Figure 4 demonstrates that when air humidity changed to 70%, the role of air velocity to increase thermal comfort diminishes, compared to the condition with 50% of relative humidity. Observation of Figure 5, where air humidity is mounted to 90%, it is found that air velocity can significantly increase thermal comfort. This situation is logical, because when conditions of high humidity are present and there is a significant amount of vapor in the air, a very significant air stream is required to assist in sweat evaporation and thereby create feelings of comfort. The simulation results can be used to create a new comfort level matrix by introducing three variables: air velocity, air temperature and relative humidity. The Figures 6a to 8b represent the zone of comfort for different level of relative humidity. The sensitivity of PMV and DISC indices to air velocity and air temperature was demonstrated. In general the DISC index, compared to PMV index, is more sensitive to the increase of air velocity.

Zone of Comfort by DISC Index application, RH=50%

Air velocity (m/s)

Air temperature (ºC )

27 28 29 30 31 32 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.7 1

1.3 Note :

Uncomfortable Slightly uncomfortable comfortable

Figure 6a. Table of Comfort Zone using DISC index for RH=50%,

clothing 0.5 clo, light activity (1 met)

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Zone of Comfort by PMV application, RH=50%

Air velocity (m/s)

Air temperature (ºC ) 27 28 29 30 31 32

0.1 0.2 0.4 0.7 1

1.3 Note :

Uncomfortable Slightly uncomfortable comfortable

Figure 6b. Table of Comfort Zone using PMV index for RH 50%,

clothing 0.5 clo, light activity (1 met)

Zone of Comfort by DISC Index application, RH=70%

Air velocity (m/s)

Air temperature (ºC ) 27 28 29 30 31 32

0.1 0.2 0.4 0.7 1

1.3 Note :

Uncomfortable Slightly uncomfortable comfortable

Figure 7a. Table of Comfort Zone using DISC index for RH=70%,

clothing 0.5 clo, light activity (1 met)

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Zone of Comfort by PMV application , RH=70%

Air velocity (m/s)

Air temperature (ºC )

27 28 29 30 31 32 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.7 1

1.3 Note :

Uncomfortable Slightly uncomfortable comfortable

Figure 7b. Table of Comfort Zone using PMV index for RH=70%,

clothing 0.5 clo, light activity (1 met)

Zone of Comfort by DISC Index application, RH=90% Air velocity

(m/s) Air temperature (ºC )

27 28 29 30 31 32 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.7 1

1.3 Note :

Uncomfortable Slightly uncomfortable comfortable

Figure 8a. Table of Comfort Zone using DISC index for RH=90%,

clothing 0.5 clo, light activity (1 met)

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Zone of Comfort by PMV application , RH=90%

Air velocity (m/s)

Air temperature (ºC) 27 28 29 30 31 32

0.1 0.2 0.4 0.7 1

1.3 Note :

Uncomfortable Slightly uncomfortable comfortable

Figure 8b. Table of Comfort Zone using PMV index for RH=90%,

clothing 0.5 clo, light activity (1 met) CONCLUSION The level of thermal comfort experienced by people living in hot and humid climates has been investigated through numerical prediction. The thermal comfort sensation is influenced by internal factors, such as the size of the body, activity, and level of clothing, as well as external physical factors including air temperature, humidity, and air velocity. To increase the level of comfort in hot and humid climates, it is recommended to apply an air breeze over the skin to assist in sweat evaporation. The effect of air velocity on the level of thermal comfort has been demonstrated using the DISC index. The simulations reveal that sweat rate and the percent of skin wetness are the principles variables in the DISC index equation. The PMV index is more relevant to moderate climates; consequently the PMV index used for hot and humid climate has to be corrected. In contrary, the DISC index is not appropriate for relatively lower temperatures, and where the sweat rate is not produced significantly A number of simulations have been performed using air velocity, air temperature and relative humidity as parameters. The results have been presented in a table-matrix format showing thermal comfort zones of human beings under various clothing and activity conditions. However, the results are applicable only for adult males (170 cm height and 60 kg of weight) with light tropical clothes and engaged in light activities.

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REFERENCES ASHRAE (1993), Handbook of Fundamentals, New York, American Society of

Heating Referigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers Berglund, L.G., Cunningham, D.J. (1986), Parameters of Human Discomfort in

Warm Environment, ASHRAE Transaction, Vol. 92 part 2B Busch, J.F. (1992), A Tale Of Two Populations : Thermal Comfort in Air

Conditioned and Naturally Ventilated Offices in Thailand, Energy and Buildings, No. 18

Berger, X., Grivel, F., Deval, J.C. (1985), Le Confort Thermique en Climat

Chaud, Rapport final Rexcoop, Habitat Climatiques, CNRS, Paris De Dear, R.J., Leow, K.G., Ameen, A. (1991), Thermal Comfort in The Humid

Tropics Part I: Climate Chamber Experiments on Temperature Preferences in Singapore, ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 97, part 1

Deval, J.C. (1985), Etude Theorique et Experimentale du Confort Thermique,

These Docteur Ingenieur, ECAM, Paris Fanger (1970), Thermal comfort, New York, Mac Graw Hill Fauconier, R., Guillemard, P., Grelat, A. (1987), Algorithmes des Simulateurs du

Comportement Thermique des Batiments, Annales de l’ITBTB, No. 458, Octobre 1987

Ganong, W.F. (2001), Review of Medical Physiology, Mac Graw Hill, New York Hoeppe, P., Oohori, T., Berglund, L., Fobelets, A. (1985), Vapor Resistance of

Clothing and Its Effect on Human Response During and After Exercise CLIMA-2000, Indoor Climate, V V S Congress, Copenhagen

Santosa, M. (1986), Climatic Factors and Their Performance on The Design of

Buildings in Hot Humid Country with Special Reference to Indonesia, Phd thesis, University of Queensland

MacIntyre, D.A. (1978), Three Approaches to Thermal Comfort, ASHRAE

Transactions, Vol. 84, part 1 Meyer, J.P. (1981), Prevision de la Temperature Cutanee Moyenne, These de

doctorat en medicine, Universite Louis Pasteur, France Oohori, T., Berglund, L.G., Gagge, A.P. (1984), Comparison of current 2-

parameter indices of vapor permeation of clothing – as factors governing

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thermal equilibrium and human comfort, ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 90, part 2A

Sangkertadi (1994), Contribution a L‘Etude du Comportement Thermoaeraulique

des Batiments en Climat Tropical Humide. Prise en Compte de la Ventilation Naturelle dans L’evaluation du Confort, These Doctorat, INSA de Lyon

Sangkertadi (2003), Survey and Evaluation of Building Energy Performance In

Tropical Humid City, Journal of Architecture & Environment, Vol. 2, No. 3

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APPENDIX Prediction Results :

air temperature

mean radiant

temperature

air velocity

Relative Humidity

mean skin tempareture

% of skin wetness sweat rate

(0C) (0C) (m/s) (%) (0C) % g/h

ta tr v RH T(s) w Sr DISC PMV27 27 0.1 50% 33.91 6.0% 52.48 0.7 1.0 27 27 0.2 50% 33.84 6.0% 43.93 0.6 0.8 27 27 0.4 50% 33.77 6.0% 33.74 0.4 0.6 27 27 0.7 50% 33.72 6.0% 24.52 0.3 0.5 27 27 1 50% 33.69 6.0% 18.29 0.2 0.4 27 27 1.3 50% 33.67 6.0% 13.60 0.1 0.3 28 28 0.1 50% 34.13 6.8% 63.19 0.9 1.2 28 28 0.2 50% 34.07 6.0% 55.64 0.8 1.1 28 28 0.4 50% 34.01 6.0% 46.66 0.6 0.9 28 28 0.7 50% 33.97 6.0% 38.52 0.5 0.7 28 28 1 50% 33.94 6.0% 33.03 0.4 0.6 28 28 1.3 50% 33.92 6.0% 28.89 0.4 0.6 29 29 0.1 50% 34.41 8.0% 73.64 1.1 1.4 29 29 0.2 50% 34.35 7.4% 67.12 1.0 1.3 29 29 0.4 50% 34.29 6.5% 59.35 0.9 1.1 29 29 0.7 50% 34.24 6.0% 52.30 0.7 1.0 29 29 1 50% 34.22 6.0% 47.55 0.7 0.9 29 29 1.3 50% 34.20 6.0% 43.96 0.6 0.8 30 30 0.1 50% 34.68 9.3% 84.23 1.4 1.6 30 30 0.2 50% 34.62 8.7% 78.74 1.3 1.5 30 30 0.4 50% 34.56 8.0% 72.18 1.1 1.4 30 30 0.7 50% 34.52 7.4% 66.24 1.0 1.3 30 30 1 50% 34.49 7.0% 62.22 0.9 1.2 30 30 1.3 50% 34.47 6.6% 59.19 0.9 1.1 31 31 0.1 50% 34.95 10.6% 94.97 1.6 1.8 31 31 0.2 50% 34.89 10.2% 90.51 1.5 1.7 31 31 0.4 50% 34.83 9.6% 85.17 1.4 1.6 31 31 0.7 50% 34.78 9.1% 80.33 1.3 1.5 31 31 1 50% 34.76 8.7% 77.06 1.2 1.5 31 31 1.3 50% 34.74 8.5% 74.59 1.2 1.4 32 32 0.1 50% 35.21 12.0% 105.87 1.8 2.0 32 32 0.2 50% 35.15 11.7% 102.44 1.7 2.0 32 32 0.4 50% 35.09 11.3% 98.33 1.7 1.9 32 32 0.7 50% 35.04 10.9% 94.60 1.6 1.8 32 32 1 50% 35.02 10.6% 92.08 1.5 1.8 32 32 1.3 50% 35.00 10.4% 90.17 1.5 1.7

Comfort Feeling Scale

Page 19: Sangkertadi ventilacion y Confort

ARCHITECTURE&ENVIRONMENT Vol. 5, No. 2, October 2006: 143-162

161

air temperature

mean radiant

temperature

air velocity

Relative Humidity

mean skin tempareture

% of skin wetness sweat rate

(0C) (0C) (m/s) (%) (0C) % g/hta tr v RH T(s) w Sr DISC PMV27 27 0.1 70% 34.37 6.7% 53.43 0.77 1.03 27 27 0.2 70% 34.30 6.0% 44.10 0.60 0.85 27 27 0.4 70% 34.24 6.0% 33.01 0.42 0.64 27 27 0.7 70% 34.20 6.0% 22.97 0.26 0.44 27 27 1 70% 34.17 6.0% 16.19 0.16 0.31 27 27 1.3 70% 34.15 6.0% 11.09 0.08 0.21 28 28 0.1 70% 34.71 8.3% 64.23 1.01 1.24 28 28 0.2 70% 34.66 7.3% 55.92 0.84 1.08 28 28 0.4 70% 34.61 6.0% 46.04 0.63 0.89 28 28 0.7 70% 34.57 6.0% 37.09 0.49 0.71 28 28 1 70% 34.55 6.0% 31.05 0.39 0.60 28 28 1.3 70% 34.53 6.0% 26.50 0.32 0.51 29 29 0.1 70% 34.99 10.0% 74.84 1.24 1.44 29 29 0.2 70% 34.94 9.0% 67.53 1.09 1.30 29 29 0.4 70% 34.89 7.9% 58.83 0.91 1.13 29 29 0.7 70% 34.85 6.9% 50.94 0.74 0.98 29 29 1 70% 34.83 6.2% 45.62 0.63 0.88 29 29 1.3 70% 34.82 6.0% 41.62 0.56 0.80 30 30 0.1 70% 35.27 11.6% 84.86 1.46 1.63 30 30 0.2 70% 35.22 10.8% 78.36 1.33 1.51 30 30 0.4 70% 35.17 9.8% 70.62 1.17 1.36 30 30 0.7 70% 35.13 8.9% 63.61 1.02 1.22 30 30 1 70% 35.11 8.2% 58.88 0.92 1.13 30 30 1.3 70% 35.09 7.7% 55.31 0.84 1.06 31 31 0.1 70% 35.54 13.6% 96.17 1.72 1.85 31 31 0.2 70% 35.49 12.9% 90.68 1.61 1.74 31 31 0.4 70% 35.44 12.1% 84.15 1.47 1.62 31 31 0.7 70% 35.40 11.3% 78.22 1.34 1.51 31 31 1 70% 35.38 10.7% 74.22 1.26 1.43 31 31 1.3 70% 35.36 10.3% 71.20 1.20 1.37 32 32 0.1 70% 35.74 16.1% 108.22 2.01 2.08 32 32 0.2 70% 35.70 15.5% 103.72 1.91 1.99 32 32 0.4 70% 35.66 14.7% 98.36 1.80 1.89 32 32 0.7 70% 35.63 14.1% 93.49 1.70 1.80 32 32 1 70% 35.62 13.6% 90.21 1.63 1.74 32 32 1.3 70% 35.60 13.2% 87.73 1.57 1.69

Comfort Feeling Scale

Page 20: Sangkertadi ventilacion y Confort

Sangkertadi, Megri: CONTRIBUTION OF AIR VELOCITY

162

air temperature

mean radiant

temperature

air velocity

Relative Humidity

mean skin tempareture

% of skin wetness sweat rate

(0C) (0C) (m/s) (%) (0C) % g/h

ta tr v RH T(s) w Sr DISC PMV27 27 0.1 90% 34.65 8.5% 53.50 0.85 1.03 27 27 0.2 90% 34.64 6.9% 43.47 0.62 0.84 27 27 0.4 90% 34.62 6.0% 31.54 0.40 0.61 27 27 0.7 90% 34.61 6.0% 20.71 0.23 0.40 27 27 1 90% 34.60 6.0% 13.39 0.11 0.26 27 27 1.3 90% 34.60 6.0% 7.87 0.03 0.15 28 28 0.1 90% 35.11 10.4% 62.70 1.07 1.21 28 28 0.2 90% 35.09 8.9% 53.36 0.86 1.03 28 28 0.4 90% 35.08 7.1% 42.23 0.61 0.81 28 28 0.7 90% 35.07 6.0% 32.14 0.41 0.62 28 28 1 90% 35.07 6.0% 25.32 0.30 0.49 28 28 1.3 90% 35.06 6.0% 20.18 0.22 0.39 29 29 0.1 90% 35.40 13.0% 74.27 1.35 1.43 29 29 0.2 90% 35.39 11.6% 65.87 1.16 1.27 29 29 0.4 90% 35.37 9.8% 55.87 0.93 1.08 29 29 0.7 90% 35.36 8.2% 46.80 0.73 0.90 29 29 1 90% 35.36 7.2% 40.67 0.59 0.78 29 29 1.3 90% 35.36 6.4% 36.04 0.48 0.69 30 30 0.1 90% 35.68 16.0% 86.09 1.66 1.66 30 30 0.2 90% 35.67 14.7% 78.64 1.48 1.51 30 30 0.4 90% 35.66 13.0% 69.77 1.28 1.34 30 30 0.7 90% 35.65 11.5% 61.73 1.09 1.19 30 30 1 90% 35.64 10.5% 56.29 0.97 1.08 30 30 1.3 90% 35.64 9.8% 52.19 0.87 1.00 31 31 0.1 90% 35.96 19.6% 98.19 1.99 1.89 31 31 0.2 90% 35.95 18.3% 91.70 1.83 1.76 31 31 0.4 90% 35.94 16.8% 83.97 1.65 1.61 31 31 0.7 90% 35.93 15.4% 76.95 1.49 1.48 31 31 1 90% 35.92 14.5% 72.22 1.38 1.39 31 31 1.3 90% 35.92 13.8% 68.64 1.29 1.32 32 32 0.1 90% 36.23 23.9% 110.61 2.35 2.12 32 32 0.2 90% 36.21 22.8% 105.08 2.22 2.02 32 32 0.4 90% 36.20 21.4% 98.50 2.06 1.89 32 32 0.7 90% 36.20 20.2% 92.53 1.92 1.78 32 32 1 90% 36.19 19.3% 88.50 1.82 1.70 32 32 1.3 90% 36.19 18.7% 85.45 1.75 1.64

Comfort Feeling Scale