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Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology
Sandec Training Tool 1.0 – Module 4
Sanitation Systems & Technologies
Sandec Training Tool
Module 4: Sanitation Systems & Technologies
Review
Non-technicalaspects such as
socio-cultural, politicaland financial
Systems and technologies classified
and described
Introduction to global sanitation situation
and the characteristicsof the system
Definitions and objectives of sanitation
systems and technologies
Definitions and objectives of sanitation
systems and technologies
Module 4: Chapter 1
Sandec Training Tool
Definition: Interventions to reduce people’s exposure to disease by providing a clean environment in which to live, with measures to break the cycle of disease.Involves both behaviours and facilities which work together to form a hygienic environment. Simpson-Hebert and Woods, 1998)
What is water supply & environmental sanitation?
Water supply(Water treatment
& storage)
Water supply(Water treatment
& storage)
Sanitation (Waste-water & excretamanagement)
Sanitation (Waste-water & excretamanagement)
Solid wastemanagementSolid wastemanagement
Stormwaterdrainage
Stormwaterdrainage
Definitions & Objectives
Sandec Training Tool
What waste, resource and management systemsare we dealing with?
Storage – Transport – Treatment – Disposal – ReuseStorage – Transport – Treatment – Disposal – Reuse
Wastewater
Gre
ywat
er
Exc
reta
,F
aeca
lsud
ge
Sol
id W
aste
Sto
rmw
ater
Planning – Financing – ImplementingOperation & Maintenance – Regulation & Enforcement
Planning – Financing – ImplementingOperation & Maintenance – Regulation & Enforcement
Was
tes
Res
ourc
es
Houshold waterhandling
Houshold waterhandling
Waste generation
Waste generationSanitation
Sanitation DrainageDrainage
ProcessesProcesses
Management Management
Sources of waste
Sources of waste
Water supplyWater supply
Definitions & Objectives
Sandec Training Tool
What is our focus in this course?
Storage – Transport – Treatment – Disposal – ReuseStorage – Transport – Treatment – Disposal – Reuse
Wastewater
Gre
ywat
er
Exc
reta
,F
aeca
lsud
ge
Sol
id W
aste
Sto
rmw
ater
Planning – Financing – ImplementingOperation & Maintenance – Regulation & Enforcement
Planning – Financing – ImplementingOperation & Maintenance – Regulation & Enforcement
Was
tes
Res
ourc
es
Houshold waterhandling
Houshold waterhandling
Waste generation
Waste generationSanitation
Sanitation DrainageDrainage
ProcessesProcesses
Management Management
Sources of waste
Sources of waste
Water supplyWater supply
Definitions & Objectives
Sandec Training Tool
What are the objectives of sanitation systems?
Protect and promote health
Protect and promote health
Protect the environment Protect the
environment
Be simple Be simple
Be affordableBe affordable
Be culturally acceptable
Be culturally acceptable
Work for everyoneWork for everyone
Sanitation programmes have to comply with all these aspects to become functional, appropriate and sustainable.Sanitation programmes have to comply with all these aspects to become functional, appropriate and sustainable.
Definitions & Objectives
Sandec Training Tool
What is considered as “access to basic sanitation”?
How can we measure these criteria?How can we measure these criteria?
• Healthful environment• Access to sanitationservices
• Respect of privacy & dignity
• Access to sanitationfacilities
The Millennium Development Task Force on Water defined
“access to basic sanitation” based on the following criteria:
Definitions & Objectives
Sandec Training Tool
What is considered as “access to improved sanitation”?
• bucket latrines
• public latrines
• open latrines
not improved technologies:
• connection to a public sewer
• connection to a septic system
• pour-flush latrine
• simple pit latrine
• ventilated improved pit latrine (VIP)
improved technologies:
For monitoring purposes ”access to improved sanitation” is defined in terms of the types of technology and levels of service afforded .
This classification is used to measure coverage and progress of global sanitation.This classification is used to measure coverage and progress of global sanitation.
Definitions & Objectives
Sandec Training Tool
Module 4: Chapter 2
Review
Non-technicalaspects such as
socio-cultural, politicaland financial
Systems and technologies classified
and described
Introduction to global sanitation situation
and the characteristicsof the system
Definitions and objectives of sanitation
systems and technologies
Sandec Training Tool
Can we achieve the sanitation targets of the MDG?
� MDG Goal 7: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.
� What progress have we made so far? (1990-2002)
2.6 billion people still lack improved sanitation !
Introduction
(WHO&UNICEF 2004))
Sandec Training Tool
Why is sanitation coverage not increasing?
Introduction
�
� Lack of political will� Low prestige and recognition� Ineffective promotion and low public awareness
� No coordination among stakeholders� Poor institutional frameworks
� Poor policy, at all levels
� Inadequate and poorly-used resources� Neglect of consumer’s willingness/ability to pay
based on their preferences
� Inappropriate approaches� Insufficient enforcement� Insufficient capacity&expertise
Awareness and priority:
Legislative and policy issues:
Economic issues:
Capacity and Expertise:
Institutional issues:
Sandec Training Tool
The Bellagio-Principles, to improve environmental sanitation
Slum household, Manila Stakeholders, Africa Compost sieving, India Urine sep., China
• Responsive and accountable to local needs and demands
• Decision making should involve the participation of all stakeholders
• Waste should be considered as a resource
• Waste should be managed as close as possible to its source
Introduction
Sandec Training Tool
What products are we dealing with?
Greywater:wastewater
from kitchen, bath, shower.
Yellow-water:separated
urine
Blackwater: urine, faeces
& flush
Faecal sludge:solids and liquids accumulating in
sanitation systems
A sanitation system must manage all products generated !A sanitation system must manage all products generated !
Excreta:urine & faeces
Introduction
Sandec Training Tool
47%12%41%30kg/cap·yrCOD
0*
54%
60%
85%
500
Urine
107-109 /100ml104-106 /100ml-Faecal coliforms
12%34%1.4 - 2.0 kg/cap·yr
Potassium
30%10%**0.3 - 0.8 kg/cap·yr
Phosphorous
10%5%2 - 4 kg/cap·yrNutrients
Nitrogen
5025’000-100’00025’000-100’000Volume
[l/cap·yr]
FaecesGreywater***Total
* healthy people** can be as high as 50%, depending on washing and dish-washing powder used*** values representative for industrialized countries
Characteristics of waste products
Introduction
Sandec Training Tool
Characteristics of waste products
Good soilconditioner, but only littlenutrients
Nutrients(N, K and P etc.) => ideal fertilizer
Reuse potential for irrigation or municipal and non-potable domestic use
Value
Pathogensbacterias, viruses, helminths, protozoa
Almost sterile i.e. cross-contamination fromfeaces
Pathogensbacterias, viruses, helminths, protozoa
Biologicalcontamination
Micro-contaminantse.g. Heavy metals
Micro-contaminantse.g. hormons & antibiotics
Fats, oils and toxic substances org. compounds, chlorides, metals
Chemical contamination
FaecesUrineGreywater
Introduction
Sandec Training Tool
Module 4: Chapter 3
Review
Non-technicalaspects such as
socio-cultural, politicaland financial
Systems and technologies classified
and described
Introduction to global sanitation situation
and the characteristicsof the system
Definitions and objectives of sanitation
systems and technologies
Sandec Training Tool
What are the Functional Groups through which theproducts flow?
User Interface
e.g. Dry Toilet orPour Flush Toilet
Collectionand Storage/
Treatment
e.g. SepticTank
(Semi-) CentralisedTreatment
e.g. AnaerobicBaffled Reactor
or Waste Stabilisation
Pond
Conveyance
e.g. SimplifiedSewer or
Tank Lorries
Use and/or
Disposal
e.g. Compostingor Leaching Field
Input products
Input products
safe & valuable output productssafe & valuable output products
Systems and Technologies
Technologies which perform the same, or similar function, are grouped into „Functional Groups“
Sandec Training Tool
How can the Functional Groups belinked?
Collection and Storage/Treatment e.g. Septic Tank
User Interfacee.g. Flush-Toilet,
Pit Latrine
Conveyancee.g. Simplified
Sewer, Tank Lorries
Semi-Centralised Treatment
e.g. Anaerobic Baffled Reactor, Waste
Stabilisation Pond
Use and/or Disposale.g. Composting or Leaching Field
Systems and Technologies
Functional Groups have to be linked to a functional systemFunctional Groups have to be linked to a functional system
Sandec Training Tool
Which technologies can perform which function?
• Dry Toilet
• Urine Diverting Dry Toilet
• Urinal
• Pour-Flush Toilet
• Flush Toilet
• Urine Diverting Flush Toilet
• Single Pit
• Single VIP
• DehydrationVaults
• Septic Tank
• CompostingChamber
• AnaerobicBaffled Reactor
• Anaerobic Filter
etc.
• Human-PoweredEmptying andTransport
• Motorized Emptyingand Transport
• Simplified Sewers
• Small-Bore Sewer
• Conventional Gravity Sewer
• Jerry Can/Tank
etc.
• AnaerobicBaffled Reactor
• Anaerobic Filter
• Trickling Filter
• WasteStabilisationPonds
• Activated Sludge
• ConstructedWetland
• Co-composting
etc.
• Application ofUrine
• Application ofDehydr. Faeces
• Compost
• Irrigation
• Aquaculture
• Soak Pit
• Leach Field
• Land Application
• Surface Disposal
etc.
User Interface
Collection and Storage/
Treatment Conveyance
(Semi-) Centralised Treatment
Use and/orDisposal
Only selected combinations of technologies will lead to functional systems.Only selected combinations of technologies will lead to functional systems.
Systems and Technologies
Sandec Training Tool
How can sanitation systems be classified?
Waterless Systems Water based Systems
Determined mainly by the user interface, there are 8 technically feasible system templates, classified in two categories:
System 1: Single Pit System
System 2: Waterless Alternating Double Pits
System 4: Waterless Urine Diversion
System 3: Pour Flush with Urine Diversion
System 5: Decentralised Blackwater Treatment
System 6: (Semi-) Centralised Blackwater Treatment
System 7: Sewerage with (Semi-) Centralised Treamtent
System 8: Sewerage with (semi-) centralized treatment
� Most system templates have several alternative configurations.
� The most appropriate system option has to be selected on a case-to-case basis.
� Most system templates have several alternative configurations.
� The most appropriate system option has to be selected on a case-to-case basis.
Systems and Technologies
Sandec Training Tool
Technologies for the user interface
Conveyance (Semi-) CentralisedTreatment
Use and/orDisposal
User Interface Collection and Storage/
Treatment
Systems and Technologies
• Dry Toilet
• Urine Diverting Dry Toilet
• Urinal
• Pour-Flush Toilet
• Flush Toilet
• Urine Diverting Flush Toilet
• Single Pit
• Single VIP
• DehydrationVaults
• Septic Tank
• CompostingChamber
• AnaerobicBaffled Reactor
• Anaerobic Filter
etc.
• Human-PoweredEmptying andTransport
• Motorized Emptyingand Transport
• Simplified Sewers
• Small-Bore Sewer
• Conventional Gravity Sewer
• Jerry Can/Tank
etc.
• AnaerobicBaffled Reactor
• Anaerobic Filter
• Trickling Filter
• WasteStabilisationPonds
• Activated Sludge
• ConstructedWetland
• Co-composting
etc.
• Application ofUrine
• Application ofDehydr. Faeces
• Compost
• Irrigation
• Aquaculture
• Soak Pit
• Leach Field
• Land Application
• Surface Disposal
etc.
Sandec Training Tool
Output Products
User InterfacesInput Products
Technologies for the user-interface
UrineUrine
FaecesFaeces
BeigewaterBeigewater
ExcretaExcreta
Dry Toilet
(1) (2)
Systems and Technologies
UrineUrine
FaecesFaeces
Urine Diverting Dry Toilet
UrineUrine
FaecesFaeces
(3)BeigewaterBeigewater
Sandec Training Tool
Out ProductsUser InterfacesInput Products
Technologies for the user-interface
Cistern-Flush Toilet (2)
BeigewaterBeigewater
UrineUrine
FaecesFaeces
FlushwaterFlushwaterBlackwaterBlackwater
BeigewaterBeigewater
Pour-Flush Toilet (1)UrineUrine
FaecesFaecesBlackwaterBlackwater
FlushwaterFlushwater
Systems and Technologies
Sandec Training Tool
Technologies for collection and storage/treatment
Conveyance (Semi-) CentralisedTreatment
Use and/orDisposal
User Interface Collection and Storage/
Treatment
Systems and Technologies
• Dry Toilet
• Urine Diverting Dry Toilet
• Urinal
• Pour-Flush Toilet
• Flush Toilet
• Urine Diverting Flush Toilet
• Single Pit
• Single VIP
• DehydrationVaults
• Septic Tank
• CompostingChamber
• AnaerobicBaffled Reactor
• Anaerobic Filter
etc.
• Human-PoweredEmptying andTransport
• Motorized Emptyingand Transport
• Simplified Sewers
• Small-Bore Sewer
• Conventional Gravity Sewer
• Jerry Can/Tank
etc.
• AnaerobicBaffled Reactor
• Anaerobic Filter
• Trickling Filter
• WasteStabilisationPonds
• Activated Sludge
• ConstructedWetland
• Co-composting
etc.
• Application ofUrine
• Application ofDehydr. Faeces
• Compost
• Irrigation
• Aquaculture
• Soak Pit
• Leach Field
• Land Application
• Surface Disposal
etc.
Sandec Training Tool
Collection and storage / treatment technologies
VIP latrine (ventilated improved pit latrine)
mesh traps flies (1.2-1.5 mm mesh) size
mesh traps flies (1.2-1.5 mm mesh) size
Should extent > 0.5 m above superstructure
Should extent > 0.5 m above superstructure
Naturally induced ventilation with screened ventilation pipe
� removes odor and prevents escape of flies
+ odors and flies reduced
- difficult to construct properly
- more expensive than simple pit latrine
+ odors and flies reduced
- difficult to construct properly
- more expensive than simple pit latrine
Flies are attracted by light from pipe
Flies are attracted by light from pipe
Systems and Technologies
Sandec Training Tool
+ no waste, but fertilizer+ simple to design + little flies or odours if used
correctly+ easy and safe handling of
dried material
Requires:- special squatting pan- education and acceptance - constant source of ash,
sand etc.- a use or discharge point for
urine
+ no waste, but fertilizer+ simple to design + little flies or odours if used
correctly+ easy and safe handling of
dried material
Requires:- special squatting pan- education and acceptance - constant source of ash,
sand etc.- a use or discharge point for
urine
Urine diversion latrines with double deyhdration vaults
Urine is collected in tanks and is reused as liquid fertilizer
Urine is collected in tanks and is reused as liquid fertilizer
Faeces are dehydrated in 2 alternating chambers and used as soil conditioner
Faeces are dehydrated in 2 alternating chambers and used as soil conditioner
Urine and Faeces are separatedUrine and Faeces are separated
Add ash, sand or lime
Add ash, sand or lime
Systems and Technologies
Collection and storage / treatment technologies
Sandec Training Tool
Alternating water-based pits
� flushing of excreta with 2-3 L� using a syphon (water seal)� permanent pit(s)� constant operation
+ reduced odour- higher investment costs- water must be available
+ reduced odour- higher investment costs- water must be available
single pit latrine with water-sealed pan for pour-flush
Systems and Technologies
Collection and storage / treatment technologies
Pour-Flush toilets with double pit
Sandec Training Tool
� most frequent onsite treatment unit worldwide
� Consists of 2 to 3 compartments
Septic tank
+ simple, little space required because of being underground
+ low O&M costs
- little removal of dissolved and suspended matter (COD removal approx. 50%)
- high investment costs
+ simple, little space required because of being underground
+ low O&M costs
- little removal of dissolved and suspended matter (COD removal approx. 50%)
- high investment costs
= sedimentation tank in which settled sludge is partially stabilised by anaerobic digestion
Systems and Technologies
Collection and storage / treatment technologies
Sandec Training Tool
Anaerobic baffled reactor (baffled septic tank)
+ simple, high treatment efficiency , hardly any blockage+ high removal efficiencies, also for suspended and dissolved solids
- construction and maintenance more complicated than conventional septic tank
+ simple, high treatment efficiency , hardly any blockage+ high removal efficiencies, also for suspended and dissolved solids
- construction and maintenance more complicated than conventional septic tank
Sedimentation chamber for removal of solidsSedimentation chamber for removal of solids
intensive contact between resident sludge and fresh influent
intensive contact between resident sludge and fresh influent
2 to 5 anaerobic chambers for removal and digestion of organics2 to 5 anaerobic chambers for removal and digestion of organics
� Improvement of a septic tank
� Treatment efficiency: 65 to 90% COD removal
Systems and Technologies
Collection and storage / treatment technologies
Sandec Training Tool
User Interface Collectionand Storage/
Treatment
Conveyance (Semi-) CentralisedTreatment
Use and/orDisposal
Conveyance technologies
Systems and Technologies
• Dry Toilet
• Urine DivertingDry Toilet
• Urinal
• Pour-Flush Toilet
• Flush Toilet
• Urine DivertingFlush Toilet
• Single Pit
• Single VIP
• DehydrationVaults
• Septic Tank
• CompostingChamber
• AnaerobicBaffled Reactor
• Anaerobic Filter
etc.
• Human-PoweredEmptying andTransport
• Motorized Emptyingand Transport
• Simplified Sewers
• Small-Bore Sewer
• Conventional Gravity Sewer
• Jerry Can/Tank
etc.
• AnaerobicBaffled Reactor
• Anaerobic Filter
• Trickling Filter
• WasteStabilisationPonds
• Activated Sludge
• ConstructedWetland
• Co-composting
etc.
• Application ofUrine
• Application ofDehydr. Faeces
• Compost
• Irrigation
• Aquaculture
• Soak Pit
• Leach Field
• Land Application
• Surface Disposal
etc.
Sandec Training Tool
Conveyance technologies
Solids free sewer
� especially adequate where septic tanks already exist.
� strict design criteria- relies on good solid removal in
septic or interceptor tanks
� less strict design standards (e.g. fewer manholes, smaller pipe dia-meters, flatter gradients, shallow etc.)
� sewers laid inside housing blocks or under pavements.
+ cheaper
Simplified sewer
Sandec Training Tool
Conveyance technologies
Motorized emptying & transport Human-powered emptying & transport
+ High efficiency
- High O&M and capital cost
- Spare parts often lacking
- Difficulty in manoeuvring (vehicle size, traffic congestion, infrastructure)
+ High efficiency
- High O&M and capital cost
- Spare parts often lacking
- Difficulty in manoeuvring (vehicle size, traffic congestion, infrastructure)
+ Low-cost operation and maintenance
+ Maintenance skills and spare parts
available
- Limited efficiency
+ Low-cost operation and maintenance
+ Maintenance skills and spare parts
available
- Limited efficiency
Sandec Training Tool
Semi-centralised treatmenttechnologies
Conveyance (Semi-)CentralisedTreatment
Reuse andDisposal
User Interface Collectionand Storage
Systems and Technologies
• Dry Toilet
• Urine Diverting Dry Toilet
• Urinal
• Pour-Flush Toilet
• Flush Toilet
• Urine Diverting Flush Toilet
• Single Pit
• Single VIP
• DehydrationVaults
• Septic Tank
• CompostingChamber
• AnaerobicBaffled Reactor
• Anaerobic Filter
etc.
• Human-PoweredEmptying andTransport
• Motorized Emptyingand Transport
• Simplified Sewers
• Small-Bore Sewer
• Conventional Gravity Sewer
• Jerry Can/Tank
etc.
• AnaerobicBaffled Reactor
• Anaerobic Filter
• Trickling Filter
• WasteStabilisationPonds
• Activated Sludge
• ConstructedWetland
• Co-composting
etc.
• Application ofUrine
• Application ofDehydr. Faeces
• Compost
• Irrigation
• Aquaculture
• Soak Pit
• Leach Field
• Land Application
• Surface Disposal
etc.
Sandec Training Tool
Constructed wetlands (here: horizontal sand filter)
+ high treatment efficiency (up to 95% COD removal), no WW above ground, no nuisance of odour, high nutrient removal
- high space requirement, costly (gravel), great care required during construction
+ high treatment efficiency (up to 95% COD removal), no WW above ground, no nuisance of odour, high nutrient removal
- high space requirement, costly (gravel), great care required during construction
�For treatment of (pre-settled) domestic or industri al WW(COD < 500mg/l and low solids)
sand & gravel filter,permanently soaked with watersand & gravel filter,permanently soaked with water
phragmitesand typhaphragmitesand typha
Inlet pipeInlet pipe
Outlet pipeOutlet pipe
Systems and Technologies
Semi-centralised treatment technologies
Sandec Training Tool
Maturation Ponds
A pond-system comprises:
Waste stabilization ponds
Facultative PondAnaerobic Pond
Final sedimentation of suspended solids, bacteria mass and pathogens
� hygienization
Aerobic degradation of suspended and dissolved matter (BOD reduction 50-70%) ���� degradation
Sedimentation and anaerobic stabilisation of sludge (BOD reduction 40-50%)���� settling
Function
Hydraulic retention time: 10 days
Hydraulic retention time: 10 to 20 days
Hydraulic retention time: 1 to 3 days
Flow
Shallow (
Sandec Training Tool
Semi-centralised treatment technologies
Degradation of organic substances in facultative ponds:
Waste stabilization ponds
Systems and Technologies
Sandec Training Tool
Waste stabilization ponds
Pros and Cons
Ideal for developing countries if enough space and supervision available !Ideal for developing countries if enough space and supervision available !
Systems and Technologies
+ Can treat high strength wastewater to high quality effluent
+ Generally reliable and good functioning
+ Very inexpensive compared to other centralized options
- Not always appropriate for colder climates
- Potential for bad odours if poorly designed
- Requires expert design and supervision
- Requires a lot of space
+ Can treat high strength wastewater to high quality effluent
+ Generally reliable and good functioning
+ Very inexpensive compared to other centralized options
- Not always appropriate for colder climates
- Potential for bad odours if poorly designed
- Requires expert design and supervision
- Requires a lot of space
Semi-centralised treatment technologies
Sandec Training Tool
Use and/or disposal technologies
Conveyance (Semi-)CentralisedTreatment
Use and/orDisposal
User Interface Collectionand Storage/
Treatment
• Dry Toilet
• Urine DivertingDry Toilet
• Urinal
• Pour-Flush Toilet
• Flush Toilet
• Single Pit
• Single Pit VIP
• Alternating Dry Double Pit
• Alternating Wet Double Pit
• Double Dehydr.Vaults
• Aquaprivy
• Septic Tank
• CompostingChamber
• Manual Emptying
• Mechanical Emptying
• Simplified Sewers
• Small-Bore Sewer
• Conventional Gravity Sewer
• Jerry Can/Tank
• Imhoff Tank
• AnaerobicBaffled Reactor
• Anaerobic Filter
• Trickling Filter
• WasteStabilisationPonds
• Finishing Pond
• ConstructedWetland
• Co-composting
etc.
• Application ofUrine
• Application ofDehydr. Faeces
• Compost
• Irrigation withWastewater
• Aquaculture
• Soak Pit
• Leaching Field
• Incineration
• Land Application
• Surface Disposal
Systems and Technologies
Sandec Training Tool
Wastewater disposal technologies
clean rock
perforated distribution pipe
sand and/ortopsoil
= system of trenches that is used to dissipate the effluent from a septic tank���� for discharge of non-solid septic tank effluent
Leach fields
Systems and Technologies
+ little maintenance required - Space and skills required !+ little maintenance required - Space and skills required !
fabric, to preventplugging of pipe
Sandec Training Tool
Soak pits
= covered, porous-walled chamber that allows water to slowly soak into the ground.� for non-solid septic tankeffluent (clogging!)
Between 1.5 and 4 m deep
+ simple and cheap+ little space required
- not adequate for shallow ground water table (>1.5 m)
- not adequate in clay or rocky soils
+ simple and cheap+ little space required
- not adequate for shallow ground water table (>1.5 m)
- not adequate in clay or rocky soils
Wastewater disposal technologies
Systems and Technologies
Sandec Training Tool
Use of output products
Wastewater irrigation
Recommendations to limit health risks on farm:
� Use of wastewater only after secondary treatment (i.e. physical and biological)
Wastewater can be used for irrigating agricultural land, if appropriate precautions have been taken.Wastewater can be used for irrigating agricultural land, if appropriate precautions have been taken.
Systems and Technologies
� Use of appriopriate irrigation system:
1) Drip irrigation (ideal, but more costly)
2) Furrow irrigation (cheap, but more evaporation loss)
� Crop restriction: Growing e.g. fibres (cotton), tobacco or fruit trees is generally safer than vegetables or salad
� Increasing the period between wastewater irrigation and harvesting/consumption
Farmer fetching faecal sludge
Sandec Training Tool
Quality standards for use of output products
≥6 month storage(20°C)
Irrigation of all crops
Aquaculture
Agriculture (Soil conditioner)
Restricted irrigation
Unrestricted irrigation
Localized irrigation
Restricted irrigation
Unrestricted irrigation
Irrigation of food and fodder crops to be processed, fodder crops unprocessed
Irrigation of food and fodder crops to be processed
Reuse Application
Sandec Training Tool
• Dry Toilet
• Urine DivertingDry Toilet
• Urinal
• Pour-Flush Toilet
• Flush Toilet
• Single Pit
• Single Pit VIP
• Alternating Dry Double Pit
• Alternating Wet Double Pit
• Double Dehydr.Vaults
• Aquaprivy
• Septic Tank
• CompostingChamber
• Manual Emptying
• Mechanical Emptying
• Simplified Sewers
• Small-Bore Sewer
• Conventional Gravity Sewer
• Jerry Can/Tank
• Imhoff Tank
• AnaerobicBaffled Reactor
• Anaerobic Filter
• Trickling Filter
• WasteStabilisationPonds
• Finishing Pond
• ConstructedWetland
• Co-composting
etc.
• Application ofUrine
• Application ofDehydr. Faeces
• Compost
• Irrigation withWastewater
• Aquaculture
• Soak Pit
• Leaching Field
• Incineration
• Land Application
• Surface Disposal
User Interface
Collectionand Storage/
Treatment Conveyance
(Semi-) CentralisedTreatment
Use and/orDisposal
How to design a sanitation system?
How to proceed:How to proceed:
3.) Select the specific technologies for each product for each process in each of the system templates identified.
3.) Select the specific technologies for each product for each process in each of the system templates identified.
2.) Select the most appropriate system templates .2.) Select the most appropriate system templates .
Remember: Only selected combinations of technologies result in functional systems !
1.) Identify the types of products that are generated.1.) Identify the types of products that are generated.
4.) Select the most site-specific system option based on the social, economic, and resource aspects.
4.) Select the most site-specific system option based on the social, economic, and resource aspects.
Systems and Technologies
Sandec Training Tool
1st Example: Waterless system with urine diversion
Fae
ces
Urine Diverting Dry Toilet & Urinal
Double DehydrationVaults
Human Powered Emptying and Transport
Applicationof Faeces
Applicationof Urine
StorageTank
Jerry Can / Tank
Gre
ywat
er Greywater Treatment
Urin
e
(Semi-) Centralised Treatment
User Interface
Collection and Storage/
Treatment
Conveyance Use and/or Disposal
Systems and Technologies
Sandec Training Tool
2nd Example: Water-based, alternating double pit
Pour Flush
Twin Pits for Pour-Flush
Compost/
EcoHumusG
reyw
ater
Bla
ckw
ater
Greywater Treatment
(Semi-) Centralised Treatment
User Interface
Collection and Storage/
Treatment
Conveyance Use and/or Disposal
Systems and Technologies
Human Powered Emptying and Transport
Sandec Training Tool
3rd Example: (Semi-) centralised blackwatertreatment system
Pour Flush Toilet
Bla
ckw
ater
Simplified Sewers
Human-Powered E &T
Greywater Treatment
Gre
ywat
er
Fae
cal
Slu
dge
Cistern Flush
Septic Tank Solids-free Sewers
Motorized E&T
Irrigation•Trickling Filter•UASB
•Waste Stabilisation Ponds•Aerated Pond
•ConstructedWetlands•Floating Plant Wetland
Surface Disposal•Co-Composting
•Thickening Ponds• (Un-)plantedDrying Beds•Biogas Reactor
AquaculturePonds
Land application.
(Semi-) CentralisedTreatment
User Interface
Collectionand Storage/
Treatment
Conveyance Use and/orDisposal
ABR
Anaerobic Filter
Disposal/ Recharge
Systems and Technologies
Select the most appropriate system configuration !
Sandec Training Tool
Emergency sanitation
Construction of an emergeny latrine
Systems and Technologies
Sandec Training Tool
Immediate action measures
Design criteria:� Far from water source (50 m)
and storage� Downhill of settlements
(leakage)� Far from public buildings and
roads� Security screen to provide
minimum privacy� Including hand washing
facilities� Better suited for hot dry
climates
Open field defecation
+ rapid and easy- lack of privacy+ rapid and easy- lack of privacy
� First clearing of scattered excreta !
Systems and Technologies
Sandec Training Tool
Immediate action measures
Design criteria:� 15-60 cm deep� 20-30 cm wide� provide shovels to allow each
user to cover its excreta with soil
Shallow trench defecation
+ rapid (1 worker can dig 50 m of trench per day)
+ covered with soil
- limited privacy- considerable space required
+ rapid (1 worker can dig 50 m of trench per day)
+ covered with soil
- limited privacy- considerable space required
Shallow trench
Systems and Technologies
Sandec Training Tool
Immediate action measures
� Bucket / container latrines� Urinals with soakage pit
Systems and Technologies
Sandec Training Tool
Emergency sanitation planning
• 1 cubicle/space to 20 persons
• 1 cubicle/space to 50 persons
• 1 cubicle/space to 100 persons
Quantity
•25m (one way)• 50m (one way)• 70m (one way)Maximum walking
distance
• Technically very appropriate
• Very socially and culturally acceptable
• Technically appropriate
• Socially and culturally acceptable
• Technically basic
• Barely socially and culturally acceptable
Quality
• 95% of affectedpopulation
• 75% of affectedpopulation
• 50% of affectedpopulation
Access to facilities
Long-term
(3 years)
Short-term
(max. 6 months)
Immediate
(max. 1 month)
Recommended minimum objectives for safe excreta dis posal
Household pit latrines
Communal pit latrines
Open/trench defecation field
Systems and Technologies
Sandec Training Tool
Criteria influencing the selection of sanitation systems
soci
o-cu
ltura
l as
pect
sso
cio-
cultu
ral
aspe
cts
physical aspectsphysical aspects
financial& econom
icalaspects
financial& econom
icalaspectspolitical & institutional
aspectspolitical & institutional
aspects
Non-technical Aspects
Sandec Training Tool
Criteria influencing the selection of sanitation systems
Physical aspects
Narrow alley: pit emptying difficultFlooded yard
Non-technical Aspects
� Availability of space (pit emptying)
� Groundwater level
� Water availability
� Climate (temperature, rainfall)
� Ground conditions (rock, sand, loam, ...)
Sandec Training Tool
Criteria influencing the selection of sanitation system
Political & institutional aspects
Non-technical Aspects
� Regulations and
standards
� Organizational
setup and
responsibilities
� Political will and
support
� Bureaucracy
Sandec Training Tool
Criteria influencing the selection of sanitation systems
Financial & economical aspects
Construction of baffled reactor
� Availability of local skills,
manpower & resources
� Availability of local materials
and tools
� Affordable technology
� Willingness to pay and
appropriate service level
� Operation and maintenance
� Availability of credits and
loans
Non-technical Aspects
Sandec Training Tool
What are financial and economic costs?
� Cost shaped to allow accounting and comparison of treatment plants and management systems.
� Cost relevant only for individualhousehold, enterprise or institution. e.g. Price charged to household for pit emptying
Financial costs Economic costs
?
Non-technical Aspects
Tank lorry
VIP latrine
Sandec Training Tool
How to finance a sanitation programme?
Expensive (realistic?)
Feeling of ownership and responsibility?
� Who will get loans?
� Is money lent actually spent on sanitation?
� Organisation and control needed !
Loans
Two financial tools:
� Paid directly to user?
� Subsidising only components?
� Subsidising only overhead costs of sanitation programme?
Concerns:
Can users pay interest rate?
Possibility:
� Subsidized rate of interest
Subsidies
Non-technical Aspects
Sandec Training Tool
Permits stepwise development
and investment of sanitation system
Permits stepwise development
and investment of sanitation system
Potential of decentralized sanitation systems
Responsiveness to local demandsResponsiveness to local demands
Permits waste segregation
at source
Permits waste segregation
at source
Increases local wastewater reuse
opportunities
Increases local wastewater reuse
opportunities
Tailoring to local conditions
Tailoring to local conditions
Minimizes waste of freshwater
for transportation
Minimizes waste of freshwater
for transportation
Lower risks system failsLower risks system fails
Non-technical Aspects
Sandec Training Tool
Module 4: Chapter 6
Review
Non-technicalaspects such as
socio-cultural, politicaland financial
Systems and technologies classified
and described
Introduction to global sanitation situation
and the characteristicsof the system
Definitions and objectives of sanitation
systems and technologies
Sandec Training Tool
Review
� Sanitation involves both, facilities and behaviour.
� A sanitation system should include all waste products, from cradle to grave .
� Only selected combinations of technologies result in a functional sanitation system.
� The most appropriate system option has to be selected on a case-to-case basis , considering hard and soft aspects.
� Decentralized systems are often more appropriate in developing countries.
� Waste products are valuable and should be considered as resources.
Review
Sandec Training Tool
Credits
Credits
Publisher: Eawag, Sandec: Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries, P.O. 611, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland, Phone +41 (0)44 823 52 86, Fax +41 (0)44 823 53 99
Editors: Elizabeth Tilley
Concept and Content: Manuel Henseler and Karin Güdel
Layout: Manuel Henseler and Karin Güdel
Copyright: Eawag/Sandec 2008Eawag/Sandec compiled this material, however much of the text and figures are not Eawag/Sandec property and can be obtained from theInternet. The modules of the Sandec Training Tool are not commercialproducts and may only be reproduced freely for non-commercial purposes. The user must always give credit in citations to the original author, sourceand copyright holder. This Powerpoint presentation and its matching lecture notes are availableon the CD of Sandec‘s Training Tool and can be ordered at: [email protected]