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Republic of San Marino[1][2]
Repubblica di San Marino (Italian)
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: "Libertas" (Latin)"Freedom"
Anthem: Inno Nazionale della Repubblica"National Anthem of the Republic"
Location of San Marino (green)in Europe (dark grey) – [Legend]
Capital City of San Marino43°56′N 12°26′E
Largest city Dogana
Official languages Italian
Ethnic groups Italians
Demonym Sammarinese
Government Unitary parliamentaryconstitutional republic
Captains Regent Andrea BelluzziRoberto Venturini
Legislature Grand and General Council
Independence from the RomanEmpire
3 September 301a
Constitution 8 October 1600
Area Total 61.2 km2[1] (222th)
San MarinoFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the country in southern Europe. For other uses, see San Marino (disambiguation).
San Marino ( i/sæn mәˈriːnoʊ/; Italian: [sam maˈriːno]),officially the Republic of San Marino[1][2] (Italian:Repubblica di San Marino), also known as the MostSerene Republic of San Marino[2] (Italian: SerenissimaRepubblica di San Marino), is an enclaved microstatesurrounded by Italy, situated on the Italian Peninsula onthe northeastern side of the Apennine Mountains. Its sizeis just over 61 km2 (24 sq mi) and has an estimatedpopulation of about 32,000. Its capital is the City of SanMarino and its largest city is Dogana. San Marino has thesmallest population of all the members of the Council ofEurope.
San Marino claims to be the oldest surviving sovereignstate and constitutional republic in the world,[8] as thecontinuation of the monastic community founded on 3September 301, by stonecutter Marinus of Arba. Legendhas it that Marinus left Rab, then the Roman colony ofArba, in 257 when the future emperor, Diocletian, issued adecree calling for the reconstruction of the city walls ofRimini, which had been destroyed by Liburnian pirates.
San Marino is governed by the Constitution of San Marino(Leges Statutae Republicae Sancti Marini), a series of sixbooks written in Latin in the late 16th century, that dictatethe country’s political system, among other matters. Thecountry is considered to have the earliest written governingdocuments (constitution) still in effect.[9]
The country's economy mainly relies on finance, industry,services and tourism. Despite having an extremely smalleconomy for a nation state, it is one of the wealthiestcountries in the world in terms of GDP (per capita), with afigure comparable to the most developed Europeanregions. San Marino is considered to have a highly stableeconomy, with one of the lowest unemployment rates inEurope, no national debt and a budget surplus.[1] It is theonly country with more vehicles than people.
Contents
1 History2 Geography
2.1 Climate3 Government
3.1 Administrative divisions
Coordinates: 43°56′N 12°28′E
24 sq mi
Water (%) 0
Population 2012 (31July) estimate
32,576[3]
Density 520/km2
1,346.8/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2008 estimate Total $1.17 billion[4][5] (177th) Per capita $35,928[4][5] (24th)
GDP (nominal) 2008 estimate Total US$1.44 billion[4][5] (163rd) Per capita US$44,208[4][5] (15th)
HDI (2013) 0.875[6]very high · 26th
Currency Euro (EUR)
Time zone CET (UTC+1) Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)
Drives on the right
Calling code +378 (+39 0549 calling viaItaly)
Patron saint Saint Agatha
ISO 3166 code SM
Internet TLD .sm
By tradition.
List of countries by Human Development Index#UNmember states (latest UNDP data).
Sources:
Illustration of Saint Marinus, thefounder of the Republic of SanMarino, and prominent culturalfigure
3.1.1 Municipalities3.1.2 Curacies
3.2 Military3.2.1 Crossbow Corps3.2.2 Guard of the Rock3.2.3 Guard of the Council Great andGeneral3.2.4 The Company of UniformedMilitia3.2.5 The Military Ensemble3.2.6 The Gendarmerie
4 Economy4.1 Taxation4.2 Tourism4.3 Conventions with Italy
5 Population5.1 Demographics5.2 Religion
6 Transport6.1 Public transport6.2 Railway
7 Culture7.1 University7.2 Sport7.3 Cuisine7.4 UNESCO7.5 Music7.6 Public holidays and festivals
8 See also9 References10 External links
History
Main article: History of San Marino
Saint Marinus left the island of Arba in presentday Croatia with hislifelong friend Leo, and went to the city of Rimini as a stonemason.After the Diocletianic Persecution following his Christian sermons, heescaped to the nearby Monte Titano, where he built a small churchand thus founded what is now the city and state of San Marino. Theofficial date of the founding of what is now known as the Republic is3 September 301.
In 1631, its independence was recognized by the Papacy.
The advance of Napoleon's army in 1797 presented a brief threat tothe independence of San Marino, but the country was saved fromlosing its liberty thanks to one of its Regents, Antonio Onofri, whomanaged to gain the respect and friendship of Napoleon. Thanks tohis intervention, Napoleon, in a letter delivered to Gaspard Monge,
scientist and commissary of the French Government for Science and Art, promised to guarantee and protectthe independence of the Republic, even offering to extend its territory according to its needs. The offer wasdeclined by San Marino, fearing future retaliation from other states (revanchism).[10]
a.
b.
[1][7]
The San Marino constitution of1600
The front passes Mount Titano inSeptember 1944.
During the later phase of the Italian unification process in the 19thcentury, San Marino served as a refuge for many people persecutedbecause of their support for unification. In recognition of this support,Giuseppe Garibaldi accepted the wish of San Marino not to beincorporated into the new Italian state.
The government of San Marino made United States President AbrahamLincoln an honorary citizen. He wrote in reply, saying that the republicproved that "government founded on republican principles is capable ofbeing so administered as to be secure and enduring."[11][12]
During World War I, when Italy declared war on AustriaHungary on 23May 1915, San Marino remained neutral and Italy adopted a hostile viewof Sammarinese neutrality, suspecting that San Marino could harborAustrian spies who could be given access to its new radiotelegraphstation. Italy tried to forcibly establish a detachment of Carabinieri in therepublic and then cut the republic's telephone lines when it did notcomply. Two groups of ten volunteers joined Italian forces in the fightingon the Italian front, the first as combatants and the second as a medicalcorps operating a Red Cross field hospital. The existence of this hospitallater caused AustriaHungary to suspend diplomatic relations with San Marino.[13]
From 1923 to 1943, San Marino was under the rule of the Sammarinese Fascist Party (PFS).
During World War II, San Marino remained neutral, although it waswrongly reported in an article from The New York Times that it haddeclared war on the United Kingdom on 17 September 1940.[14] TheSammarinese government later transmitted a message to the Britishgovernment stating that they did not declare war on the UnitedKingdom.[15]
Three days after the fall of Benito Mussolini in Italy, PFS rulecollapsed and the new government declared neutrality in the conflict.The Fascists regained power on 1 April 1944 but kept neutralityintact. Despite that, on 26 June 1944 San Marino was bombed by theRoyal Air Force, in the belief that San Marino had been overrun byGerman forces and was being used to amass stores and ammunition.The Sammarinese government declared on the same day that nomilitary installations or equipment were located on its territory, and that no belligerent forces had beenallowed to enter.[16] San Marino accepted thousands of civilian refugees when Allied forces went over theGothic Line.[17] In September 1944, it was briefly occupied by German forces, who were defeated by Alliedforces in the Battle of San Marino.
San Marino had the world's first democratically elected communist government, which held office between1945 and 1957.[18][19]
San Marino is the world's smallest republic, although when Nauru gained independence in 1968 it challengedthat claim, Nauru's land mass being only 21 km2 (8.1 sq mi). However Nauru's jurisdiction over itssurrounding waters covers 431,000 km2 (166,000 sq mi), an area thousands of times greater than the territoryof San Marino.[20]
San Marino became a member of the Council of Europe in 1988 and of the United Nations in 1992. It is not amember of the European Union, nor of the Eurozone although it uses the euro as its currency.
Mount Titano
Geography
Main article: Geography of San Marino
San Marino is an enclave in Italy, on the border between the regioniof Emilia Romagna and Marche and about 10 km (6.21 mi) from theAdriatic coast at Rimini. Its topography is dominated by the Apenninemountain range, and it has a rugged terrain. The highest point in thecountry, the summit of Monte Titano, is situated at 749 m (2,457 ft)above sea level. There are no bodies of water of any significant size.San Marino is the third smallest country in Europe, with only VaticanCity and Monaco being smaller. San Marino has no flat ground; it isentirely composed of hilly terrain.
Climate
The climate is Mediterranean with continental influences, having warm summers and cool winters that istypical of inland areas of the central Italian peninsula.
Climate data for San MarinoMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearAverage
high °C (°F)7
(45)9
(48)14(57)
17(63)
23(73)
28(82)
30(86)
30(86)
25(77)
20(68)
13(55)
8(46)
18.7(65.5)
Daily mean°C (°F)
4(39)
5.5(41.9)
10(50)
13(55)
18.5(65.3)
23(73)
25(77)
25(77)
20.5(68.9)
16(61)
10(50)
5.5(41.9)
14.67(58.33)
Average low°C (°F)
1(34)
2(36)
6(43)
9(48)
14(57)
18(64)
20(68)
20(68)
16(61)
12(54)
7(45)
3(37)
10.7(51.3)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches)
34.0(1.339)
37.6(1.48)
34.2(1.346)
51.5(2.028)
41.6(1.638)
36.0(1.417)
34.5(1.358)
49.2(1.937)
85.6(3.37)
69.8(2.748)
59.2(2.331)
75.4(2.969)
608.6(23.961)
Source: World Weather Online [21]
Government
Main article: Politics of San MarinoSee also: Foreign relations of San Marino, Constitution of San Marino, Capital punishment in SanMarino, San Marino passport, Law enforcement in San Marino and Elections in San Marino
San Marino has the political framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic: the CaptainsRegent are both heads of state and heads of government, and there is a pluriform multiparty system.Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and theGrand and General Council. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.
San Marino was originally led by the Arengo, initially formed from the heads of each family. In the 13thcentury, power was given to the Great and General Council. In 1243, the first two Captains Regent werenominated by the Council. As of 2010, this method of nomination is still in use.
The legislature of the republic is the Grand and General Council (Consiglio grande e generale). The Councilis a unicameral legislature with 60 members. There are elections every five years by proportionalrepresentation in all nine administrative districts. These districts (townships) correspond to the old parishes ofthe republic.
Four former Captains Regent: fromleft to right, Mirko Tomassoni,Alessandro Rossi, AlessandroMancini, and Alberto Selva.
Citizens 18 years or older are eligible to vote. Beside generallegislation, the Grand and General Council approves the budget andelects the Captains Regent, the State Congress (composed of tenSecretaries with executive power), the Council of Twelve (whichforms the judicial branch during the period of legislature of theCouncil), the Advising Commissions, and the Government Unions.The council also has the power to ratify treaties with other countries.The council is divided into five different Advising Commissionsconsisting of fifteen councillors who examine, propose, and discussthe implementation of new laws that are on their way to beingpresented on the floor of the council.
Every six months, the council elects two Captains Regent to be theheads of state. The Regents are chosen from opposing parties so thatthere is a balance of power. They serve a sixmonth term. Theinvestiture of the Captains Regent takes place on 1 April and 1October in every year. Once this term is over, citizens have three daysin which to file complaints about the Captains' activities. If theywarrant it, judicial proceedings against the exhead(s) of state can be initiated.
The practice of having multiple heads of state, chosen in frequent elections, is derived directly from thecustoms of the Roman Republic. The Council is equivalent to the Roman Senate; the Captains Regent, to theconsuls of ancient Rome.
San Marino is a multiparty democratic republic. A new election law in 2008 raised the threshold for smallparties entering Parliament, causing political parties to organise themselves into two alliances: the rightwingPact for San Marino, led by the San Marinese Christian Democratic Party; and the leftwing Reforms andFreedom, led by the Party of Socialists and Democrats, a merger of the Socialist Party of San Marino and theformer communist Party of Democrats). The 2008 general election was won by the Pact for San Marino with35 seats in the Grand and General Council against Reforms and Freedom's 25.
On 1 October 2007, Mirko Tomassoni was elected as one of the heads of state, making him the first disabledperson ever to have been elected as captain regent.[22]
San Marino has had more female heads of state than any other country: 15 as of October 2014, includingthree who served twice.
Administrative divisions
Municipalities
San Marino is divided into the following nine municipalities, known locally as castelli (meaning "castles").
San Marino (City of San Marino, officially Città di San Marino) is the capital.
There are also eight minor municipalities:
AcquavivaBorgo MaggioreChiesanuovaDomagnanoFaetanoFiorentinoMontegiardinoSerravalle
Administrative divisions of SanMarino
The Guard of the Rock in dressuniform during the investiture of thenew Captains Regent in the Piazzadella Libertà
The largest settlement of the Republic is Dogana, which is not an autonomous castello, but rather belongs tothe Castello of Serravalle.
In a similar way to an Italian comune, each castello includes a main settlement, called capoluogo, which isthe seat of the castello, and some even smaller localities known as frazioni.
Curacies
The republic is made up of 43 parishes[23] named curacies (It: curazie):Cà Berlone, Cà Chiavello, Cà Giannino, Cà Melone, Cà Ragni, Cà Rigo, Cailungo, Caladino, Calligaria,Canepa, Capanne, Casole, Castellaro, Cerbaiola, Cinque Vie, Confine, Corianino, Crociale, Dogana,Falciano, Fiorina, Galavotto, Gualdicciolo, La Serra, Lesignano, Molarini, Montalbo, Monte Pulito,Murata, Pianacci, Piandivello, Poggio Casalino, PoggioChiesanuova, Ponte Mellini, Rovereta, San Giovanni sotto le Penne,Santa Mustiola, Spaccio Giannoni, Teglio, Torraccia, Valdragone,Valgiurata and Ventoso.
Military
Main article: Military of San Marino
San Marino has one of the smallest military forces in the world.National defence is, by arrangement, the responsibility of Italy'sarmed forces. Different branches have varied functions, including:performing ceremonial duties; patrolling borders; mounting guard atgovernment buildings; and assisting police in major criminal cases.The police are not included in the Military of San Marino.
Crossbow Corps
Once at the heart of San Marino's army, the Crossbow Corps is now aceremonial force of approximately eighty volunteers. Since 1295, theCrossbow Corps has provided demonstrations of crossbow shooting atfestivals. Its uniform is medieval in design. While still a statutorymilitary unit, the Crossbow Corps has no military function today.
Guard of the Rock
The Guard of the Rock is a frontline military unit in the San Marinoarmed forces, a state border patrol, with responsibility for patrollingborders and defending them. In their role as Fortress Guards they areresponsible for guarding the Palazzo Pubblico in San Marino City, theseat of national Government.
In this role they are the forces most visible to tourists, and are known for their colourful ceremony ofChanging the Guard. Under the 1987 statute the Guard of the Rock are all enrolled as 'Criminal PoliceOfficers' (in addition to their military role) and assist the police in investigating major crime. The uniform ofthe Guard of the Rock is a distinctive red and green.
Guard of the Council Great and General
Three members of the Guard of theRock
The Guard of the Council Great and General commonly known asThe Guard of the Council or locally as the 'Guard of Nobles', formedin 1740, is a volunteer unit with ceremonial duties. Due to its strikingblue, white, and gold uniform, it is perhaps the bestknown part of theSammarinese military, and appears on countless postcard views of therepublic. The functions of the Guard of the Council are to protect theCaptains Regent, and to defend the Great and General Council duringits formal sessions. They also provide a ceremonial bodyguard togovernment officials on festivals of both state and church.
The Company of Uniformed Militia
In former times, all families with two or more adult male memberswere required to enroll half of them in the Company of Uniformed Militia. This unit remains the basicfighting force of the armed forces of San Marino, but is largely ceremonial. It is a matter of civic pride formany Sammarinese to belong to the force, and all citizens with at least six years residence in the republic areentitled to enroll.
The uniform is dark blue, with a kepi bearing a blue and white plume. The ceremonial form of the uniformincludes a white crossstrap, and white and blue sash, white epaulets, and white decorated cuffs.
The Military Ensemble
Formally this is part of the Army Militia, and is the ceremonial military band of San Marino. It consists ofapproximately fifty musicians. The uniform is similar to that of the Army Militia. Military Ensemble musicaccompanies most state occasions in the republic.
The Gendarmerie
Established in 1842, the Gendarmerie of San Marino is a militarised law enforcement agency. Its membersare fulltime and have responsibility for the protection of citizens and property, and the preservation of lawand order.
The entire military corps of San Marino depends upon the cooperation of fulltime forces and their retained(volunteer) colleagues, known as the Corpi Militari Volontari, or Voluntary Military Force.
EconomyMain articles: Economy of San Marino, Sammarinese euro coins and List of banks in San Marino
Although San Marino is not a European Union member, it is allowed to use the euro as its currency byarrangement with the Council of the European Union; it is also granted the right to use its own designs on thenational side of the euro coins. Before the euro, the Sammarinese lira was pegged to, and exchangeable with,the Italian lira. The small number of Sammarinese euro coins, as was the case with the lira before it, areprimarily of interest to coin collectors.
Key industries include banking, electronics, and ceramics. The main agricultural products are wine andcheese.
San Marino's postage stamps, which are valid for mail posted in the country, are mostly sold to philatelistsand are a source of income. San Marino is a member of the Small European Postal AdministrationCooperation.
Borgo Maggiore, one of San Marino'stourist attractions.
The per capita level of US$55,449 and standard of living are comparable to that of Denmark. San Marinoimports goods such as food from Italy.
Taxation
The corporate profits tax rate in San Marino is 19 percent.Capital gains are subject to a five percent tax; interest is subjectto a 13 percent withholding tax.
In 1972, a value added taxation (VAT) system was introduced inItaly, and was applied in San Marino, in accordance with the1939 friendship treaty. In addition, a tax on imported goods, to belevied by San Marino, was established. Such taxes, however,were not, and are not, applied to national products. Until 1996,goods manufactured and sold in San Marino were not subject toindirect taxation.
Under the European Union customs agreement, San Marinocontinues to levy taxes, the equivalent of an import duty, onimported goods. Also, a general VAT was introduced, in replacement of the Italian VAT.
Tourism
Main article: Tourism in San Marino
The tourist sector contributes over 2.2% of San Marino's GDP, with approximately 2 million tourists visitingin 2009.[24][25]
Conventions with Italy
San Marino and Italy have engaged in conventions since 1862,[26] dictating some economic activities in SanMarino's territory. Cultivation of tobacco and production of goods which are subject to Italy's governmentmonopoly are forbidden in San Marino. Direct import is forbidden: all goods coming from a third party haveto travel through Italy before reaching the country. Although it is allowed to print its own postal stamps, SanMarino is not allowed to coin its own currency and is obliged to use Italy's mint. Gambling establishmentssuch as casinos are outlawed.[27]
In exchange Italy provides San Marino with an annual stipend, and at cost, sea salt (not more than 250 tonsper year), tobacco (40 tons), cigarettes (20 tons) and matches (unlimited amount).[27]
At the border there are no border formalities with Italy. However, at the tourist office visitors can purchasesouvenir stamps that are officially canceled inside their passports.
Population
Demographics
Main article: Demographics of San Marino
San Marino has a population of approximately 33,000, with 4,800 foreign residents, most of whom are Italiancitizens. Another 12,000 Sammarinese live abroad (5,700 in Italy, 3,000 in the USA, 1,900 in France and1,600 in Argentina).[28]
Basilica di San Marino
The first census since 1976 was held in 2010. Results were expected by the end of 2011. However, 13 percent of families did not return their forms.
The primary language spoken is Italian; Romagnol is widely spoken too.
Citizens of San Marino enjoy one of the highest life expectancies in the world.[1]
Religion
Main article: Religion in San Marino
San Marino is a predominantly Catholic state[1] — over 97% of thepopulation profess the Roman Catholic faith, but it is not theestablished religion. Approximately half of those who profess to beCatholic practice the faith.[29] There is no episcopal see in SanMarino, although its name is part of the present diocesan title.Historically, the various parishes in San Marino were divided betweentwo Italian dioceses, mostly in the Diocese of Montefeltro, and partlyin the Diocese of Rimini. In 1977, the border between Montefeltroand Rimini was readjusted so that all of San Marino fell within thediocese of Montefeltro. The bishop of MontefeltroSan Marinoresides in Pennabilli, in Italy's province of Pesaro e Urbino.
However, there is a provision under the income tax rules that the taxpayers have the right to request forallocation of 0.3% of their income tax to the Catholic Church or to "other" charities. The churches include thetwo religious groups of the Waldensian Church and Jehovah's Witnesses.
The Roman Catholic Diocese of San MarinoMontefeltro was until 1977 the historic diocese of Montefeltro.It is a suffragan of the archdiocese of RavennaCervia.[30] The current diocese includes all the parishes of SanMarino. The earliest mention of Montefeltro, as Mona Feretri, is in the diplomas by which Charlemagneconfirmed the donation of Pepin. The first known bishop of Montefeltro was Agatho (826), whose residencewas at San Leo. Under Bishop Flaminios Dondi (1724) the see was again transferred to San Leo, but later itreturned to Pennabilli. The historic diocese was a suffragan of the archdiocese of Urbino.[31] Since 1988,there is formally a apostolic nunciature to the republic, but it's vested in the nuncio to Italy.
There has been a Jewish presence in San Marino for at least 600 years.[32] The first mention of Jews in SanMarino dates to the late 14th century, in official documents recording the business transactions of Jews.There are many documents throughout the 15th to 17th centuries describing Jewish dealings and verifying thepresence of a Jewish community in San Marino.[33] Jews were permitted official protection by thegovernment.
During World War II, San Marino provided a haven for more than 100,000 Italians (approximately ten timesthe Sammarinese population at the time) and Jews from Nazi persecution. Today, only a few Jews remain.[34]
Aerial tramway to Monte Titano
Religions in SanMarino (2011)[1]
Religion %Roman Catholic 97.2%Protestant 1.1%Other Christian 0.7%Jewish 0.1%Other 0.1%Not religious 0.7%No answer 0.1%
Transport
Main article: Transport in San Marino
There are 220 km (140 mi) of roads in the country, the main road being the San Marino Superhighway.Authorities license private vehicles with distinctive Sammarinese license plates, which are white with bluefigures and the coat of arms, usually a letter followed by up to four numbers. Many vehicles also carry theinternational vehicle identification code (in black on a white oval sticker), which is "RSM".
There are no public airports in San Marino, but there is a small private airstrip located in Torraccia and aninternational heliport located in Borgo Maggiore. Most tourists who arrive by air land at Federico FelliniInternational Airport close to the city of Rimini, then make the transfer by bus.
Two rivers flow through San Marino, but there is no major water transport, and no port or harbour.
Public transport
San Marino has limited public transport facilities. There is a regular bus service between Rimini and the cityof San Marino, popular with both tourists and tourist industry workers commuting to San Marino from Italy.This service stops at approximately twenty locations in Rimini and within San Marino, with its two terminusstops at Rimini railway station and San Marino coach station.
A limited licensed taxi service operates nationwide. There are seven licensed taxi companies operating in therepublic,[35] and Italian taxis regularly operate within San Marino when carrying passengers picked up inItalian territory.
There is a 1.5 km (0.93 mi) aerial tramway connecting the City of SanMarino on top of Monte Titano with Borgo Maggiore, a major townin the republic, with the second largest population of anySammarinese settlement. From here a further connection is availableto the nation's largest settlement, Dogana, via the local bus service.
Two aerial tramway cars (gondolas) operate, with service provided atroughly fifteenminute intervals throughout the day. A third vehicle isavailable on the system, a service car for the use of engineersmaintaining the tramway.
Railway
Photo of Guaita
A painting in the Museo di Statodi San Marino by Pompeo Batoni.
Today, there is no railway in San Marino, but for a short period before World War II, it had a single narrowgauge line, connecting the country with the Italian rail network at Rimini. Because of the difficulties inaccessing the capital, City of San Marino, with its mountaintop location, the terminus station was planned tobe located in the village of Valdragone, but was extended to reach the capital through a steep and windingtrack comprising many tunnels. The railway was opened on 12 June 1932.[36] An advanced system for itstime, it was an electric railway, powered from overhead cables. It was well built and had a high frequency ofpassengers, but was almost completely destroyed during World War II. Many facilities such as bridges,tunnels, and stations remain visible today, and some have been converted to parks, public footpaths, or trafficroutes.
Culture
The Three Towers of San Marino are located on the three peaksof Monte Titano in the capital. They are depicted on both theFlag of San Marino and its coat of arms. The three towers are:Guaita, the oldest of the three (it was constructed in the 11thcentury); the thirteenthcentury Cesta, located on the highest ofMonte Titano's summits; and the fourteenthcentury Montale, onthe smallest of Monte Titano's summits, still privately owned.
University
The Università degli Studi della Repubblica di San Marino(University of the Republic of San Marino)[37] is the main university,which includes the Scuola Superiore di Studi Storici di San Marino(Advanced School of Historical Studies), a distinguished research andadvanced international study center governed by an internationalScientific Committee coordinated by professor Luciano Canfora. Otherimportant institutes are the Istituto Musicale Sammarinese (SammarineseMusical Institute)[38] and the Akademio Internacia de la Sciencoj SanMarino or Accademia Internazionale delle Scienze San Marino(International Academy of Sciences San Marino).[39] The latter is knownfor adopting Esperanto as the language for teaching and for scientificpublications; further, it makes wide use of electronic educationaltechnology (also called elearning).
Italian author Umberto Eco has attempted to create a "university withoutphysical structures" in San Marino.[40]
Sport
Main article: Sport in San MarinoSee also: San Marino at the Olympics and Football in San Marino
In San Marino, as in Italy, football is the most popular sport. Basketball and volleyball are also popular. Thethree sports have their own federations, the San Marino Football Federation, the San Marino BasketballFederation and the San Marino Volleyball Federation.
The San Marino Championship, founded under the auspices of the FSGC (San Marino Football Federation),is the premier footballing competition in San Marino. The fifteen teams that take part in the competition aresplit into two groups of eight and seven teams. The top three from each section at the end of the regularseason progress into a semiknockout style Championship Playoff. Prior to 2007, the playoff champion
Sammarinese playing football on a pitch atthe foot of Monte Titano.
2005 San Marino Grand Prix held inImola, Italy.
earned a spot in the preliminary rounds of the UEFA Cup. In 2007, UEFA granted San Marino a spot in the1st Qualifying Round of the Champions League. The domestic cup winner also gets a spot in the EuropaLeague qualifying stages. 2007 league champions S.S. Murata was the first team to represent San Marino inthe Champions League when they participated in the 2007–08 competition, losing to Finnish team TampereUnited. San Marino also has a representative in the Italian system, with San Marino Calcio playing in thethird tier of Italian football, Serie C1. San Marino play their home matches in the Sammarinese at the StadioOlimpico of Serravalle.
The San Marino national football team played its first unofficialinternational match in 1986, in which it suffered a 0–1 defeat tothe Canadian Olympic team. Its first competitive outing was on14 November 1990, a 0–4 loss against Switzerland in theEuropean Championship qualifier. These defeats set the tone formost of the following outings of the team, who are regarded aseasy victories in the qualifying sections of the EuropeanChampionship and the World Cup.
They had a brief moment of glory when they faced England in aWorld Cup qualifier on 17 November 1993 and took the leadthrough Davide Gualtieri after just 8.3 seconds—still the fastestgoal in World Cup competition.[41] Until recently, San Marino's international record was one of almost totalfailure, with famous draws against Turkey and Latvia being the only partial successes in an internationalcareer that contains over seventy defeats. However, on 29 April 2004, San Marino recorded their first everwin, with a 1–0 victory over Liechtenstein in an international friendly. Andy Selva scored the only goal in aclose game that finally gave this tiny republic a footballing victory.
On 6 September 2006, San Marino suffered their biggest ever defeat, losing 13–0 to world giants Germany inthe Stadio Olimpico. It was also the largest goal margin defeat in European Championship Qualifyinghistory. In the same competition on 7 February 2007, they came within eight seconds of the best result intheir history. They were level at 1–1 with the Republic of Ireland after ninetyfour minutes when StephenIreland scored within eight seconds of the final whistle. The goal scored by San Marino was their EuropeanQualifying first goal since losing 4–1 to Austria in 1998.
As of May 2015, San Marino was 194th place in the FIFA worldrankings.[42]
A Formula One race, the San Marino Grand Prix, was named after thestate, although it did not take place there. Instead, it was held at theAutodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari in the Italian town of Imola, about100 km northwest of San Marino, along the Via Emilia. Thisinternational event was removed from the calendar in 2007 due to nonegotiations to renew the contract with the Formula One organizers.The San Marino Grand Prix became etched in infamy after two fatalaccidents occurred in 1994, when rookie Roland Ratzenberger andthreetime World Champion Ayrton Senna were killed whilecompeting. On the 20th anniversary of Senna's death, the Republicissued 70,008 commemorative EUR 2,50 stamps[43] as well as 8,000 silver proof coins in Eur 5,00denomination in 2014.[44]
The San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix was reinstated in the schedule in 2007 and takesplace at the Misano World Circuit, as does San Marino's round of the World Superbike Championship.
Manuel Poggiali is one of San Marino's most successful sportsmen. He has won two motorcycle WorldChampionships, in 2001 with 125 cc bikes and in 2003 with 250 cc bikes.
Another successful San Marino motorcycle racer is Alex De Angelis, a 4time Grand Prix race winner. In2006, contesting the 250 cc World Championship, Alex finished 3rd overall after 11 podium finishes. He isalso a race winner in the replacement to the 250cc class the Moto2 World Championship the newIntermediate class of the sport since 2010. Alex has won 3 Grands Prix in Moto2.
He is a longtime participant in Grand Prix motorcycle racing, competing since 1999 after having started inthe 125cc class. His first full season in the sport in 2000 earned him "Rookie of the Year" honors. In 2003 hescored 6 podium finishes (all 3rd places) and finished the season runnerup in the championship to DaniPedrosa.
Alex De Angelis is currently racing in MotoGP the Premier class and pinnacle of the sport with the "EMotion Octo IodaRacing Team", riding an Aprilia ART machine. To date he has accumulated a total of 40podium finishes in Grand Prix (41st, 192nd, 173rd). He has also secured 11 Pole Positions and 18 RaceFastest Laps as well. 2015 is Alex's 16th year of racing in the World Championships, making him a veteranof 260 Grand Prix races, with only a few riders in the entire history of the sport to actually have competed inmore races.
The next round as of this writing is Alex's home Grand Prix of San Marino, at the Misano World CircuitMarco Simoncelli The Gran Premio TIM di San Marino e della Riviera di Rimini. The country of SanMarino itself is one of Alex De Angelis' sponsors. He races with the number 15.
San Marino has a professional baseball team, T & A San Marino, which plays in the top division of Italianprofessional baseball, the Serie A1. It has participated in the European Cup tournament for the top Europeanprofessional baseball teams several times, hosting the event in 1996, 2000, 2004, and 2007. It won thechampionship in 2006 and was a runnerup in 2010.[45]
The long climb up to the top of San Marino has become a mecca for thousands of recreational road cyclistswho train in nearby Misano every spring and autumn.
San Marino has had little success at the Olympic Games, winning no medals. At the 2004 and 2008 games,three clay target shooters achieved the highest positions. Alessandra Perilli came closest to winning SanMarino's first ever medal in the Women's Trap final at London 2012, finishing in a threeway tie for 2ndplace, but was the first to miss in the shootoff meaning she finished 4th. In this sport, San Marino alsohosted a competition in the 2009 ISSF World Cup.
Cuisine
Main article: Cuisine of San Marino
The cuisine of San Marino is extremely similar to Italian, especially that of the adjoining EmiliaRomagnaand Marche regions, but it has a number of its own unique dishes and products. Its best known is probably theTorta Tre Monti ("Cake of the Three Mountains" or "Cake of the Three Towers"), a wafer layered cakecovered in chocolate depicting The Three Towers of San Marino. The country also has a small wine industry.
UNESCO
The site San Marino: Historic Centre and Mount Titano became part of the UNESCO World Heritage List in2008. The decision was taken during the 32nd Session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committeecomposed of 21 Countries convened in Québec, Canada.
Music
Main articles: Music of San Marino and San Marino in the Eurovision Song Contest
A piadina, a dish characteristic of theItalian region of Romagna and of itsenclave of San Marino
The country has a long and rich musical tradition, closely linked tothat of Italy, but which is also highly independent in itself. In the 17thcentury, composers like the Sammarinese Francesco Maria Marini diPesaro wrote some of the finest pieces of the era.
San Marino has taken part in the Eurovision Song Contest five times,achieving its first final in 2014.
Public holidays and festivals
Date Name Explanation1 January New Year's Day Festival marking the beginning of the new year.
6 January Epiphany Commemorates the visit of the three Wise Men or magi to theinfant Jesus.
5February Feast of Saint Agatha Commemoration of St. Agatha, Patroness of the Republic, as
well as liberation from foreign rule.variable * Easter Resurrection of Jesus.variable** Easter Monday Monday after Easter day.
25 March Anniversary of the Arengo Anniversary of the Arengo and the Festa delle Milizie (Feast ofthe Militants).
1 May Labour Day Celebration of workers and employees.variable*** Corpus Domini Commemoration of the body and blood of Jesus Christ.
28 July Liberation from Fascism Commemoration of the fall of the Sammarinese Fascist Party.15 August Ferragosto (Assumption) Commemoration of the Virgin Mary's assumption into heaven.3September
The Feast of San Marino andthe Republic
National feast of San Marino, celebrating the origin of theRepublic in 301.
1November All Saints' Day Feast dedicated to all saints.
2November
Commemoration of all thosewho died at war
Remembrance of all those who gave their lives for San Marino inwar.
8December Immaculate Conception
Remembrance of the Virgin Mary's conception without originalsin.
24December Christmas Eve Day before the commemoration of the birth of Jesus.
25December Christmas Birth of Jesus.
26December St. Stephen's Day
Commemoration of the death of Saint Stephen, the first Christianmartyr.
31December New Year's Eve Celebration which closes and marks the end of the year.
* Easter: the first Sunday after the full moon and the March equinox
** Easter Monday: the Monday after Easter day*** Corpus Domini: the first Thursday after Trinity Sunday
See also
Associazione Guide Esploratori Cattolici SammarinesiCitystateTelecommunications in San MarinoIndex of San Marinorelated articlesOutline of San MarinoLupin the 3rd (2015 TV series)
References1. San Marino (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/theworldfactbook/geos/sm.html) entry at The WorldFactbook
2. "San Marino". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2011.3. Popolazione (http://www.statistica.sm/online/Home/DatiStatistici/Popolazione.html?Categoria=2&nodo=/on
line/Home/DatiStatistici/Popolazione/Strutturademografica.html), Upeceds, Government of San Marino. Accessedon 30 April 2013.
4. Conto della Generazione dei Redditi Nazionali(http://www.statistica.sm/contents/instance15/files/document/14001294ContoGenRedNaz_2.pdf), Upeceds,Government of San Marino. Accessed on 6 June 2010.
5. an Marino (http://data.worldbank.org/country/sanmarino). World Bank. Note: "PPP conversion factor, GDP (LCUper international $)" for Italy was used.
6. Filling Gaps in the Human Development Index(http://www.unescap.org/pdd/publications/workingpaper/wp_09_02.pdf), United Nations ESCAP, February 2009
7. "San Marino" (PDF). UNECE Statistics Programme. UNECE. 2009. Retrieved 13 March 2010.8. "Europe's MicroStates: (04) San Marino". Deutsche Welle. 24 July 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2014.9. "The United States has "the longest surviving constitution." ". PolitiFact.com. Retrieved 26 September 2012.10. "From 1500 to beginning 1800, Napoleon in San Marino". Sanmarinosite.com. Retrieved 24 October 2009.11. "San Marino". United States Diplomatic History. U. S. Department of State. Retrieved 29 May 2011.12. Irving Wallace, The Book of Lists 313. "San Marino e la Prima Guerra Mondiale". Educazione.sm. Retrieved 24 October 2009.14. "GALES SCATTER NAZI CHANNEL FLEETS; ITALIANS THRUST DEEPER INTO EGYPT (9/18/40)".
209.157.64.200. 18 September 2010. Retrieved 16 September 2013.15. Diplomatic papers, 1944, p. 29216. Diplomatic papers, 1944, p. 29117. "Guerre Mondiali e Fascismo nella storia di San Marino". Sanmarinosite.com. Retrieved 24 October 2009.18. Manali Desai (27 November 2006). State Formation and Radical Democracy in India. Taylor & Francis. p. 142.
ISBN 9780203967744. Retrieved 31 August 2013.19. Alan James Mayne (1 January 1999). From Politics Past to Politics Future: An Integrated Analysis of Current
and Emergent Paradigms. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 59. ISBN 9780275961510. Retrieved 31 August2013.
20. "Fishery and Aquaculture Country Profiles: Nauru". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.Retrieved 27 May 2010.
21. "San Marino weather averages". World Weather Online. Retrieved 15 June 2015.22. "San Marino, primo capo di Stato disabile "Via tutte le barriere architettoniche" – esteri". Repubblica.it. 1 October
2007. Retrieved 24 October 2009.23. (Italian) Regolamento Disciplina Campagna Elettorale
(https://web.archive.org/web/20090805215911/http://www.elezioni.sm/index.php?id=299) at the Wayback Machine(archived 5 August 2009). elezioni.sm
24. "Background Note: San Marino". U.S. State Department. February 2010. Retrieved 13 March 2010.25. "Turismo: San Marino fa i conti con la recessione economica, l'Italia guarda con fiducia al 2010" (in Italian). San
Marino RTV. 11 January 2010. Retrieved 13 March 2010.26. "Convenzioni Bilaterali Accordi bilaterali con l'Italia" (in Italian). Segreteria di stato per gli affari esteri e politici.
Retrieved 28 December 2012.27. "Convenzione di amicizia e buon vicinato 1939 (1980 transcript)" (PDF) (in Italian). 1980. Retrieved 28 December
2012.28. "San Marino: censimento per scovare residenze fittizie" (in Italian). San Marino Notizie. 5/08/10. Retrieved
8 November 2011. Check date values in: |date= (help)29. World and Its Peoples. Marshall Cavendish. 2009. p. 856. ISBN 0761478930.30. "Diocese of San MarinoMontefeltro". CatholicHierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved 21 January 2015.31. Knight, Kevin (2009). "Diocese of Montefeltro". newadvent.org. Retrieved 25 November 2012.32. "San Marino". 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia. JewishEncyclopedia.com. Retrieved 25 November 2012.33. http://www.publibook.com/librairie/livreuniversitaire.php?isbn=978274837223634. Sheib, Ariel. "Virtual Jewish history tour: San Marino". jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 25 November 2012.35. Licensed taxi companies are listed on the Government tourism website
(https://web.archive.org/web/20100501005409/http://www.visitsanmarino.com/default.asp?id=114) at the WaybackMachine (archived 1 May 2010).
36. Internacia Fervojisto (http://ifef.free.fr/provo/if20056.pdf) (International Railways), 2005.6, p. 85. In Esperanto
Wikimedia Commons hasmedia related to SanMarino.
Wikivoyage has a travelguide for San Marino.
Wikisource has the text ofThe New Student'sReference Work articleSan Marino.
37. "Università degli Studi di San Marino". Unirsm.sm. Retrieved 24 October 2009.38. "Istituto Musicale Sammarinese". Ims.sm. Retrieved 24 October 2009.39. "Accademia Internazionale delle Scienze". Aissanmarino.org. Retrieved 24 October 2009.40. "Umberto Eco biography". Liquidsky.net. 16 January 1994. Retrieved 16 September 2013.41. "The Fastest Goal in the History of the World Cup". BBC. 27 May 2005.42. "The FIFA/CocaCola World Ranking". FIFA.com. 19 December 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2014.43. "20/o Senna, francobollo da San Marino". ANSA. 8 May 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2015.44. "VENT’ANNI SENZA IL GRANDE AYRTON SENNA". Il Giornale della Numistica. 12 August 2014. Retrieved
14 May 2015.45. "2008 MisterBaseball Final European Top 50 – fact, certain, about, 2008, European, baseball, season, club,
dominated, This". Mister Baseball. 6 November 2007. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
External links
Geographic data related to San Marino(http://www.openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/54624) atOpenStreetMap
Chief of State and Cabinet Members(https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/worldleaders1/worldleaderss/sanmarino.html)Secretary of State for External Relations and Politics(http://www.esteri.sm/)San Marino (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/theworldfactbook/geos/sm.html) entry at The World FactbookSan Marino(http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/sanmarino.htm)from UCB Libraries GovPubsSan Marino (https://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Europe/San_Marino) at DMOZSan Marino profile (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/worldeurope17842338) from the BBC News Wikimedia Atlas of San Marino
San Marino (http://www.sanmarinosite.com/)—San Marino Tourism SiteMeteo San Marino (http://www.meteosanmarino.com/) National Center Of Meteorology andClimatology of San Marino, Local Forecast and WebcamsMusei di Stato della Repubblica di San Marino (http://www.museidistato.sm/Museo_trad/index.htm)History of San Marino: Primary Documents(http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_San_Marino:_Primary_Documents) from EUdocsSan Marino (http://www.allcountries.eu/sanmarino.htm) from allcountries.euVisit San Marino (http://www.visitsanmarino.com/)—Official San Marino Tourism Site ContradaOmagnano(Italian) General information of San Marino: Politics, Institutions and very other(http://www.sanmarinokey.com/)San Marino: excerpt from a 1769 Guidebook(http://crtpesaro.altervista.org/Cultura%20e%20Storia/Province%20Italiane/San%20Marino,%20a%201769%20Guide.php)
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Categories: San Marino Countries in Europe Countries that are enclaves of ItalyCountries completely surrounded by only one country DiarchiesItalianspeaking countries and territories Landlocked countries Liberal democraciesMember states of the Council of Europe Member states of the United Nations RepublicsRomance countries and territories States and territories established in 301 Enclaves
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