Sampling, Data Collection and Review of Literature by Dr. P.N.Narayana Raja

8/3/2019 Sampling, Data Collection and Review of Literature by Dr. P.N.Narayana Raja

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SAMPLINGSAMPLINGANDAND

DATA COLLECTIONDATA COLLECTION

Dr.P.N.Narayana RajaDr.P.N.Narayana Raja


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A sample is a smaller representation

of a large whole.

The whole is called as

universe or Population.

A single member of a population

is known as a population element.In order to find out some predetermined

aspect of a population some

population element is selected and

these elements are called as sample.

The process of such a selection

is called as sampling


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Sampling is defined

as the selection of part

of an aggregate or totalityon the basis of which

a judgment or inference

about the aggregate ortotality is made

Definition of Sampling


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Sampling ProcessSampling Process

Define the universe or populationDefine the universe or population

Specify the sampling frameSpecify the sampling frame Specification of sampling unitSpecification of sampling unit

Specification of sampling methodSpecification of sampling method

Determine sample sizeDetermine sample size

Specification of sampling planSpecification of sampling plan

Selection of the sample.Selection of the sample.


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Principles of SamplingPrinciples of Sampling

Principle ofPrinciple ofstatistical regularitystatistical regularity

moderately large number of population elementsmoderately large number of population elements

(sample) chosen at random from a large group (Universe(sample) chosen at random from a large group (Universeor Population) Are almost sure on the average toor Population) Are almost sure on the average to

possess the characteristics of the large grouppossess the characteristics of the large group

Principle ofPrinciple oflarge numberslarge numbers

Large numbers have an inertia or greater stability,Large numbers have an inertia or greater stability,

steadiness and consistency than the small ones i.esteadiness and consistency than the small ones i.e

larger the size of sample more accurate the results arelarger the size of sample more accurate the results are..


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Types of SamplingTypes of Sampling

RandomSampling

Every so called 'unit' (thisCould be a person or household)

in the population under

consideration has an equal

chance of being selected

to take part in the research.The sample should be typical

of the research population

(for example, balanced for

factors like age and gender).

Simple randomsampling

Stratified sampling

Cluster sampling

Systematic sampling

TypesTypes

M

E

T

H

O

D

S

Random

number

tables

lottery

method

Computer

Generated

samples


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Types of SamplingTypes of Sampling

NonNon--randomrandomSamplingSampling

'Non random' means that the'Non random' means that the

principle of randomness has not beenprinciple of randomness has not beenmaintained in the selection of a sample,maintained in the selection of a sample,

& consequently generalisability is not possible& consequently generalisability is not possible..

Quota

sampling

Convenience

sampling

Snow Ball

Sampling

Purposive

samplingTypes


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DATA COLLECTIONDATA COLLECTION

What is Data?What is Data?

Information in research language isInformation in research language is

known as Data.known as Data.It is in plural form, and the singular isIt is in plural form, and the singular is

Datum.Datum.


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practical tasks in Reviewpractical tasks in Review

of Literatureof Literature bibliographic searching, including using the Internet;bibliographic searching, including using the Internet;

textual and content analysis, including secondarytextual and content analysis, including secondary

analysis;analysis; evaluating a research report;evaluating a research report;

writing a research overview or commentary;writing a research overview or commentary;

applying research done elsewhere to the presentapplying research done elsewhere to the presentresearch setting; and,research setting; and,

using materials which were not designedusing materials which were not designednecessarily for research purposes, such asnecessarily for research purposes, such aspatient/client files and personal diaries.patient/client files and personal diaries.


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STEPS IN CONDUCTING R O LSTEPS IN CONDUCTING R O L

Decide the

topic

Define

parameters

Clarify the

topic

Know your

library

Know the

Internet WWW


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Types of LiteratureTypes of Literature


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How to write Bibliography or referencesHow to write Bibliography or references

Short Reference:(Antony,1993,p47) or (Antony,1993,pp 1-5)

Long Reference: Antony,John,2003, Skills of Counseling,

Dindigul, Anugraha Publication

Furness,Shelia 1998, Elder Abuse within aresidential setting in Cheetham J.(Ed)

The working of Social Work, London, JK Pub.

Chapter in

A edited

Book

Antony, John, 2003, Skills in Counseling, in

The Indian Journal of Social work, Vol.17,

No.3, pp 8-19

Journal

article


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METHODS OF DATA COLLECTIONMETHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

IndirectiIndirecti

nterviewnterview

FocusFocus

GroupGroup

InterviewInterview

NonNon

participantparticipant

ParticipantParticipant

StructuredStructured

UnstructuredUnstructured


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Tools of Data CollectionTools of Data Collection


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Documents

Sampling, Data Collection and Review of Literature by Dr. P.N.Narayana Raja