Samos: A Tourist Guide in English

8/18/2019 Samos: A Tourist Guide in English

1/36

@XKMGMYDOM\]

CN WD@CW

ΩΘΤΝήΘΤΘΝΔ

ΑΓΤΘΝΓΨ ΔΝΗΔΝΓΨ

ΩΘΤΝήΘΤΘΝΔΖΕ

ΘΐΓάΕάΔ ΧΔΟΓΨ

QHEMCK CN

KCQ\J DHEHDK

QHEMCKDO XKM\

CN WD@CW

\rmdkeoh

cn Jdppmkhss

WD@CW


2/36


3/36

@XKMGMYDOM\]

CN WD@CW

QHEMCK CN

KCQ\J DHEHDK

QHEMCKDO XKM\

CN WD@CW

\rmdkeoh

cn Jdppmkhss

Wd`cs, tjh jc`hodkl cn Yytjdecrds, mkspmrhs ycu

tc hxpocrh lmnnhrhkt dkeohs cn ycurshon. Whd dkl

suk, jmstcry dkl guoturh, ousgmcus odklsgdph dkl

ukmquh ahdgjhs, edstrckc`y dkl nmkh wmkhs, ehku-

mkh phcpoh dkl jcspmtdomty.

1Qhsuot6 purh Jdppmkhss

WD@CW


4/36

1 Wd`cs Eumlh / @dp

K

Bdrocvdsm

@hedom Ydkdemd@ck.

Ydkdemd ̂ rcktmdkm@ck.

\m`mcs Wtdvrcs@ck.

Hvdkehomstrmd @ck.

Vcclcgjcs Yhehcn Bdbcphrdtc @ck.

Demcs McdkkmsHohm`ck @ck.

Yrcpjhtms Homds@ck.

Ydkdemd@dbrmkm

@htd`crpjcsmsGjurgj

Yctd`m

@ c u k tB h r b m s @drdtjcbd`pcs

D @ Y H O C W

@ c u k t B d r v c u k m s

Ohbbd

Bdoomtjhd

Demd Byrmdbm

@dkcodths

Yodtdkcs

Ydecklds

Khcgjcrm

@hscehmc

G

Ydklrcscs

Jhrdmck

Ydodmcgjcrm

Demcm \jhclcrcm

Yyrecs

Wbcurhmbd

Yhrrm

Wpdtjdrdmcm

@yocm

Bcu`drdldmcm

@dvrdtzdmcm

Yc

^curomcths

DvodbmdB d ` p c s

Wtdvrmkmlhs

D`phocs

De. Bckstdktmkcs

Bcktdbhmbd

De. Kmbcodcs

De. Lm`mtrmcs

]lrcusd

Bckthmbd

Bdstdkmd

Bcs`dldmcm

Kmbcoculhs

Lrdbdmcm

Bd`pcs

Cr`cs

@drdtjcbd`pcs

Bcu`hmbd

@pdocsOm`kmckds

^ctsdodbmd

@hedocWhmtdkm

\sdacu

\sd`dlcu

Oh`ckdbmd

De. Msmlcrcs

(Bdrkdemc)

@mbrcWhmtdkm

Bdstrc

DsprcsBdvcs

Byrmdbcu

\scphod

Wybmd

YhnbcsGjrysm D``cs

Yytjdecrds Gdvh

Bdocehrd

Byremdkkm

Yhtdomlhs

Ydvocu

Ysdomld

DKGMHK\\H@YOH

CN JHQD

Bdbcrh`d

^drsd`c

Bdthrec

WDQDBMKMW\CUHQ

KD\XQD 1999WM\HW

B d r d v

W d ` m c p c u o d

Om`kmckdbm

@ d b r m d Y c u k t d A D ] C N@ D Q D \ J C B D @ Y C W


5/36

Wd`cs Eumlh / Gckthkts 7

Yytjdecrmc

Ysmom D``cs

Ydodmcbdstrc

Demd Vckm

Demd \rmdld @ck.

Demd Vckm@ck.

Vcclcgjcs Yheh @ck.

DemdYdrdsbhvm

Ydkdemd Wpmomdkm@ck.

Wd`cs

Mktrclugtmck <

Cvhrvmhw

Jmstcry >

Ddktmqumty, @mlloh Dehs, Yrmkgmpdomty, @clhrk Jmstcry

Guoturh :

Drgjmthgturh, @usmg, \jhdtrh, Ldkgh, ^msudo Drt,Gumsmkh, Nhstmvdos

Xradk Omnh, ^moodehs & Whttoh`hkts 41

Xradk Ghktrhs, ^moodehs, Gustc`s & \rdlmtmcks

Qhomemcus Omnh 4>

@ckdsthrmhs, Gjurgjhs, Gjdphos,

Qhomemcus Nhstmvdos & Ndmrs

Ocgdo Hgckc`y 4:

\curms` & Whrvmghs,

Dermguoturdo Yrclugts & Grdnts, Ncob Drt

Kdturh & Hkvmrck`hkt 11

Ahdgjhs, Nocrd & Ndukd, Jdamtdts

Dgtmvmtmhs 1>

Edstrckc`y, Jmbmke, Gom`amke & Gdvmke,Udthr Wpcrts, Guoturh Hvhkts & Nhstmvdos,

Jmstcrmg @cku`hkts & @ushu`s

Xshnuo Mkncr`dtmck 71Yuaomg Whrvmgh \hohpjckh ku`ahrs

gckthkts

Bcbbdrm

crd

Ycshmlckmc

Edodzmc

@curtmd

cbdbm

@ytmomkmcm

@hscbd`pcs

Bd`drd

@dodedrm

DemdHohcusd

Bhlrcs

Dkc ̂ dtjy

Omvdldbm

@mbrm Odbbddkl @hedom Odbbd

Bhrvhom

@ybdom\XKKHO CNHXYDOMKCW Bom`d

DKGMHK\ \JHD\QH

WYHGMDOYQC\HG\MCK VCKH

Bdod`m

@drmkdQC@DKAD\JW

K m s m

DO]BM

c p h t r d

@ ] G D O H W \ Q D M \( H Y \D W \D L M C W

Y C Q \ J @ C W )

A D ] C N^ D \ J ]

B d s c k m s m

D e m c sK m b c o d c s


6/36

Wd`cs ms tjh gocshst cn tjh Erhhb msodkls tc tjh \urbmsj gcdst. \jh lms-

tdkgh cn 4,799 ̀ htrhs shpdrdtmke Hurcph nrc` Dsmd jds ahhk bkcwk smkgh

dkgmhkt tm`hs ds ‟Hptdstdlmcs Ycrtj`cs‐ cr ‟@ygdoh Wtrdmt‐. Gjmcs omhs tc

tjh Kcrtjwhst cn Wd`cs, Mbdrmd tc tjh whst, tjh msodkl gc`pohx cn Ncurkcm

Bcrshck tc tjh scutjwhst dkl tjh Lclhgdkhsh tc tjh scutj cn tjh msodkl.

\jh tcwk cn Wd`cs (^dtjy) ms tjh dl`mkmstrdtmvh ghktrh cn tjh ̀ ukmgm-pdomty. Bdrocvdsm ms tjh shgckl odrehst uradk ghktrh, jcstmke tjh jhdlqudr-

thrs cn tjh Wgjcco cn Wgmhkghs cn tjh Xkmvhrsmty cn tjh Dhehdk. Yytjdecrmc ms

tjh jmstcrmg ̀ ukmgmpdomty cn tjh msodkl, wjhrh tjh ncukldtmcks cn tjh dkgmhkt

gmty cn Wd`cs whrh odml. Mts ncurtj odrehst tcwk ms @drdtjcbd`pcs, dt tjh

ncct cn tjh m`pcsmke ̀ cuktdmk Bhrbms. D tctdo cn 77 odreh dkl s`doo vmoodehs

dkl `dky s`doo shttoh`hkts wmtj d lmstmkgt ocgdo styoh hxpdkl nrc` tjh

gcdst cn tjh msodkl tc tjh `dmkodkl, wjmgj ms lc`mkdthl ay twc `cuktdmk

rdkehs, Bdrvcukms (hohvdtmck 4,487 ̀ ) dkl Bhrbms (hohvdtmck 4,


7/36


8/36

Jmstcry

> Wd`cs Eumlh / Jmstcry

Mk dktmqumty, Wd`cs wds bkcwk ay `dky kd`hs, sugj ds ‟Ydrtjh-

kmd‐, ‟@hod`pjyoocs‐, ‟Lrycussd‐, ‟Lcryssd‐, ‟Dktjh`ms‐, ‟Bypdrm-

ssmd‐, ‟M`vrdssmd‐. Mt ms sdml tjdt tjh msodkl wds emvhk tjh kd`h ‟Wd`cs‐ ay

mts nmrst bmke, Dkgdhus. Qhshdrgjhrs dreuh tjdt hty`cocemgdooy tjh kd`h lh-

rmvhs nrc` tjh Yjchkmgmdk rcct ‟sd`d‐, smekmnymke tjh ̀ cuktdmks tjdt lc`m-

kdth mt. \rdghs cn tjh nmrst jdamtdtmck ck Wd`cs ldth adgb tc tjh tj ghktury, tjh dl`mrdo cn tjh Cttc`dk nohht BĴoĴå Dom

Ydsjd dkgjcrhl wmtj jms nohht mk tjh drhd cn Jhrdmck dkl, jdvmke

ohdrkt tjh msodkl's jmstcry nrc` Kmbcodcs Wdrdbmkms, dsbhl tjh suotdk Wuohm-

`dk ncr phr`mssmck tc gcockmsh, wjmoh hksurmke smekmnmgdkt mkghktmvhs ncr tjh

khw mkjdamtdkts, wjc lhsghklhl nrc` col mklmehkcus pcpuodtmcks cr gd`h

nrc` ctjhr pdrts cn Erhhgh.

D shon-ecvhrkmke systh` wds ncr`hl, suphrvmshl ay d rhprhshktd-

tmvh cn tjh Wuaom`h Ycrth. \jh Gjurgj dgthl ds d amklmke spmrmtudo

hoh`hkt. \rdlh, kdtmckdo mlhdos dkl tjh mknouhkgh cn tjh Nrhkgj Qhvcoutmck

9<

98

9>

94

97


9/36

Wd`cs Eumlh / Jmstcry 5

gcktrmauthl tc tjh grhdtmck cn tjh msodkls acurehcmsmh dkl tjh dpphdrdkgh

cn tjh rhvcoutmckdry ̀ cvh`hkt "Bdr`dkmcohs" mk 4:95. \jus sprdke tjh ohdl-

mke ercup cn tjh Wd`mdk rhvcoutmck cn 4:14, ohl ay Oybcurecs Ocectjhtms.\jh Wd`mdks hstdaomsjhl d ocgdo rhem`h, pdrtmgmpdthl mk Kdtmckdo Dssh`-

aomhs dkl lhnhklhl tjhmr dutckc`y. Dt tjh sd`h tm`h, tjhy rhpuoshl tjrhh

`dfcr dtth`pts cn tjh Cttc`dk nohht tc cggupy tjh msodkl, mk 4:14, 4:1<

dkl 4:1>.

\jh Ocklck Yrctcgco (4:79) ohnt Wd`cs cutsmlh tjh acukldrmhs cn

tjh khwoy ncr`hl Erhhb Wtdth dkl tjus tjh mklhphklhkt "Wd`mdk

Wtdth" wds grhdthl. Mt wds rhgcekmshl ds dk dutckc`cus "Yrmkgmpdomty", sua-

fhgt tc tjh suotdk dkl mts prmkgh wds d Gjrmstmdk Cnnmgmdo cn tjh Ycrth tjdt hx-

hrthl dutjcrmtdrmdk dl`mkmstrdtmck. \jh Ydromd`hkt cn Wd`cs, hohgthl ay

lhohedths cn tjh msodkl's gc``ukmtmhs, jdl ohemsodtmvh pcwhr.

\jh ncukldtmcks ncr ehkumkh dutckc`y whrh odml wmtj tjh m`poh-

`hktdtmck cn tjh "Dkdoytmgdo @dp" (4:89). \jh dl`mkmstrdtmvh sys-

th` ahedk tc gckscomldth, shrvmghs whrh credkmshl, puaomg wcrbs whrh

`dlh dkl sgjccos whrh ncuklhl. \jh gdpmtdo wds `cvhl phr`dkhktoy nrc`

Gjcrd tc tjh pcrt cn ̂ dtjy.

Wmkgh tjh odth 4=tj ghktury, Wd`cs prhshkthl hxghoohkt hgckc`mg

dkl guoturdo lhvhocp`hkt. \rdlh, sjmppmke dkl mklustry lhvhocphl,

hsphgmdooy mk tdkkmke, tcadggc dkl wmkh-`dbmke. Erhdt m`pcrtdkgh wds

emvhk tc tjh lhvhocp`hkt cn hlugdtmck, ay hstdaomsjmke sgjccos ombh tjh Yy-

tjdecrhdk Jmej Wgjcco dkl tjh Wuphrmcr Emros' Wgjcco (Dkcthrc Ydrtjhkd-

95

ecemck), tjh Gc``hrgmdo Gcooheh mk Bdrocvdsm dkl tjh ̂ cgdtmckdo Gcooheh mk

tjh gdpmtdo.

Wd`cs rh`dmkhl uklhr jheh`ckmg rhem`h uktmo 4=41. Dnthr d rhvc-

outmck uklhr tjh ohdlhr \jh`mstcgohs Wcncuoms, Wd`cs lhgodrhl mts

ukmck wmtj Erhhgh ck 44 Kcvh`ahr 4=41. Xktmo 4=11, tjh Wd`mdks `dmk-

tdmkhl gocsh tmhs wmtj Dsmd @mkcr. Dnthr tjh Dsmd @mkcr Lmsdsthr, ̀ dky rhnu-

ehhs shttohl ck tjh msodkl, gcktrmautmke tc tjh ncr`dtmck cn d khw guoturdo

mlhktmty. \jh tcadggc mklustry dkl tdkkhrmhs nocurmsjhl dkl tjh Xkmck cn

Umkh Gccphrdtmvhs cn Wd`cs wds ncuklhl mk 4=7


10/36

Drgjmthgturh

Ocgdo drgjmthgturh lrdws mknouhkghs nrc` jmstcry dkl trdlmtmck ds whoo

ds trdlh, tcurms` dkl mklustry. Hxqumsmth khcgodssmgdo aumolmkes gdk ah

ncukl `dmkoy mk tjh twc `dfcr uradk ghktrhs cn tjh msodkl, ^dtjy dkl

Bdrocvdsm. Nmkh aumolmkes wmtj strmbmke ocgdo nhdturhs gdk ah ncukl mk `cst

vmoodehs. Gjurgjhs, `ckdsthrmhs dkl gjdphos tjrcuejcut tjh msodkl drh

gjdrdgthrmstmg hxd`pohs cn Ayzdktmkh dkl pcst-Ayzdktmkh drgjmthgturh.

\jhrh drh nhw aut kctdaoh ncrtrhsshs, gdstohs dkl ncrtmnmgdtmcks.

\rdlmtmckdo Wd`mdk drgjmthgturh `dbhs eccl ush cn ndvcurdaoh ocgdo

gom`dth dkl d pohtjcrd cn kdturdo aumolmke ̀ dthrmdos, grhdtmke aumolmkes wmtj

amcgom`dtmg lhsmek prmkgmpohs. Qmgj drgjmthgturdo hoh`hkts dkl lhtdmos rh-

nohgt tjh gcàmkdtmck cn trdlmtmck wmtj lmvhrsh guoturdo mknouhkghs nrcÈrhhgh, Hurcph dkl tjh Hdst. Gckth`pcrdry mknouhkghs, `dmkoy nrc` tjh

`clhrkmst ̀ cvh`hkt, dpphdrhl mk Wd`cs mk tjh odth 4=>9s.

@usmg

D prc`mkhkt nmeurh mk ùsmg wds tjh pjmocscpjhr dkl `dtjh`dtmgmdk

Yytjdecrds, wjc ncuklhl d sgmhktmnmg tjhcry cn ̀ usmg dkl tjh "ùsmgdo jdr-

`cky" cn gcs`mg aclmhs. Jms gckth`pcrdrmhs, tjh oyrmg pchts Dkdgrhck dkl

Mvybcs, omvhl mk tjh gcurt cn tjh tyrdkt Ycoygrdths. \jh omst cn Wd`mdk pchts cn

tjh Jhoohkmstmg phrmcl mkgoulhs Dhsgjrmck (cr Dhsgjmck), d erhdt mdà-`dbhr,

dkl Jhlyous, sck cn tjh oyrmg pcht Jhlyoh.

Gckth`pcrdry ùsmgmdks mkgoulh tjh grhdtcr cn tjh Wd`mdk dktjh`

dkl pcht cn tjh Qhvcoutmck Ehcremcs Bohdktjms (4:94-4:7=), tjh gc`pcshr

@dkcoms Bdoc`mrms (4::7-4=>1) mkspmrhr dkl pmckhhr cn tjh Jhoohkmg Kd-

tmckdo Wgjcco dkl tjh pmdkmst Drms Edrcundoms (4=


11/36

4. Demcs Kmbcodcs mk Yctd`m1. \jh trdlmtmckdo shttoh`hkt cn Dkc ^dtjy7. Gjdpho cn Yrcpjhtms Homds ck tjh su``mt

cn Bdrvcukms `cuktdmk.


12/36

\jhdtrh

\jh msodkl jds d tjhdtrmgdo trdlmtmck ldtmke adgb 1,899 yhdrs.

Dedtjdrgjus cn Wd`cs, wjc stulmhl tjh thgjkmquhs cn phrsphgtmvh mk pdmkt-mke dkl sghkhry, ms ahomhvhl tc ah tjh `cst m`pcrtdkt stdeh lhsmekhr cn

dkgmhkt trdehlmhs.

Mk odthr yhdrs, wh nmkl tjhdtrmgdo hvhkts gckkhgthl wmtj scgmdo omnh, sugj

ds tjh gustc` cn ‟Bdlms‐, tjdt rhvmvhs lurmke tjh Gdrkmvdo. Mk ̀ clhrk tm`hs,

vdrmcus d`dthur tjhdtrh trcuphs jdvh h`hrehl. \jh `cst kctdaoh ms tjh

\jhdtrmgdo Ercup cn Wd`cs, wjmgj jds ahhk jcolmke qudomty phrncr`dkghs

smkgh 4=:8. Ds d `hàhr cn tjh Dhehdk Nhlhrdtmck cn D`dthur \rcuphs, mt

jds rhphdthloy rhghmvhl kdtmckdo dwdrls. \jrhh ̀ hhtmkes cn Dhehdk d`d-

thur trcuphs jdvh ahhk jhol mk tjh msodkl, dkl, hvhry su``hr, ̀ dky trcuphs

prhshkt tjhmr podys dt tjh dkgmhkt tjhdtrh cn Yytjdecrmc, dt tjh tjhdtrh cn Dm

Emdkkdbms mk Dkc ̂ dtjy, dkl ̀ cstoy mk cutlccr smths.

Ldkgh

\jh jmstcry cn ldkgh mk Wd`cs stdrts wmtj tjh rmtudos mk jckcur cn tjh

ecllhss Jhrd. Qhprhshktdtmcks cn rjytj`s dkl `cvh`hkts mk dkgmhkt

Erhhb drt whrh trdksnhrrhl tc tjh rmgj ldkgh guoturh cn tjh msodkl. Wtrcke

mkthrhst mk trdlmtmckdo dkl ̀ clhrk ldkghs tcldy ms rhnohgthl ay erhdt pdrtmg-

mpdtmck mk ocgdo ldkgh gouas dkl dsscgmdtmcks.

Wd`cs jds dk hstdaomsjhl ldkgh gc`ùkmty, jcstmke ldkgh nhstmvdos

dkl hvhkts hvhry yhdr. Ocgdo sgjccos thdgj godssmgdo adooht, fdzz dkl ̀ clhrkldkgh, wjmoh sh`mkdrs drh jcsthl wmtj wcrol-rhkcwkhl drtmsts sugj ds Hl-

wdrl \rumtt, Arukc Gdvhrkd dkl Ldkmho Oc``ho.

^msudo Drts

Drtmstmg grhdtmck mk Wd`cs ncgushs `dmkoy ck jdemcerdpjy, pdmktmke,

pjctcerdpjy dkl sguopturh. Mts `cst m`pcrtdkt gckth`pcrdry drtmsts mk-

goulh tjh mgck pdmkthr Mcdkkms Wmtdrds, tjh pdmkthr dkl sguoptcr Drmstcthoms

Wcocukmds, tjh pdmkthrs Bckstdktmkcs Hvrmehkms dkl Kmbcs Byprhcs, dkl tjh

pjctcerdpjhr H``dkumo Gcuph Bdoc`cmrms.

Ocgdo Gumsmkh

Wd`mdk gumsmkh mkehkmcusoy gcàmkhs ocgdo trdlmtmcks wmtj nrhsj prcl-

ugts dkl mknouhkghs nrc` tjh Uhst dkl Hdst. \jh ocgdo gumsmkh ncgushs ck

lmsjhs wmtj vhehtdaohs, shdnccl dkl ̀ hdt mk ̀ dky mkthrhstmke vdrmdtmcks tc

sumt doo tdsths. Wc`h typmgdo rhgmphs6 Nrhsj vmkh ohdvhs wrdpphl wmtj rmgh

dkl lmoo - tjh whoo-bkcwk "lco`dldbmd" (cr "emdprdbmd" ds bkcwk ocgdooy),

dggc`pdkmhl ay ycejurt. Ydkgdbhs, bkhdlhl wmtj gdrh, sprmkbohl wmtj ecdt

gjhhsh cr jckhy. Odà wrdpphl mk duahremkhs, ardmshl mk tjh cvhk, wmtj

tc`dtc sdugh dkl rhl wmkh. Gjmgbphd adoos wmtj nrhsj tc`dtc cr gcurehtth

adoos wmtj sphdr`mkt dkl gjhhsh. \jh nd`cus Wd`mdk ‟acurhbdbmd‐ wmtj

jdkl`dlh nmoc pdstry, stunnhl wmtj swhht pu`pbmk ‟oyrd‐, nhtd gjhhsh dkl

gmkkd`ck nodvcur. Adrahguhl shdnccl dggc`pdkmhl ay wmol `cuktdmk

jhras, comvh cmo dkl oh`ck sdugh. Cgtcpus mk swhht Wd`mdk wmkh sdugh dkl

ckmcks. Ocgdo ecdt, stunnhl wmtj rmgh dkl jhras, adbhl mk d wccl-nmrhl cvhk.

\jh ocgdo lhomgdgmhs ncr` dk mlhdo dggc`pdkm`hkt ncr dwdrl-wmkkmkeWd`mdk wmkhs wmtj nrumty nodvcurs cn ùsgdt erdph. \jh Wd`mdk cuzc, tjh

"scu`d" dkl ctjhr spmrmts drh tjh phrnhgt dggc`pdkm`hkts ncr `hzhs cr

sm`poy d rhnrhsjmke dphrmtmn. \jh ocgdo swhht lmsjhs mkgoulh swhhthkhl nrumt,

`dlh wmtj gdrh, dkl d vdrmhty cn nrumts cn tjh Wd`mdk odkl. Bshrctmedkd

(bkcwk ds "lmpohs" cr "bdtm`hrmd") sprmkbohl wmtj erdthl wdokuts dkl ocgdo

jckhy. @ustdohvrmd, d pullmke `dlh nrc` ùsgdt erdph ùst wmtj gmkkd-

`ck dkl shsd`h.

Nhstmvdos

@dfcr guoturdo hvhkts nhdturmke whoo-bkcwk drtmsts drh jhol ck tjh ms-

odkl, hsphgmdooy lurmke tjh su``hr.

\jh ‟Mrhd-Yytjdecrhmd‐ Nhstmvdo, mkspmrhl ay tjh rhprhshktdtmck cn dk-

gmhkt rmtudos mk jckcur cn tjh ecllhss Jhrd, ms mkgoulhs vdrmcus ùsmgdo

hvhkts, jdpphkmkes dkl mkthrhstmke wcrbsjcps.

‟Mrhck @usmg Nhstmvdo‐, d omvhoy tjrhh-ldy hvhkt lhlmgdthl tc gckth`pc-

rdry Erhhb dkl mkthrkdtmckdo ùsmg tdbhs podgh hvhry Dueust, wmtj phrncr-

`dkghs ay whoo-bkcwk drtmsts sugj ds ^dsmoms Ydpdbckstdktmkcu, Wcgrdths

@dod`ds, Ocgc`cklc, Wtrdkeohrs, Wthrhc @gs, Yhthr Jccb.

\jh ‟]cuke Drtmsts Nhstmvdo‐ mk tjh dkgmhkt tjhdtrh cn Yytjdecrmc, uklhr

tjh duspmghs cn tjh Wgjwdrz Ncukldtmck, trdksnhrs us tc tjh ̀ demgdo wcrol

cn ̀ usmg, wmtj rh`drbdaoh drtmsts nrc` doo cvhr tjh wcrol.

49 Wd`cs Eumlh / Guoturh

4. Gckghrt cn godssmgdo ùsmg, Dkgmhkt \jhdtrh cn Yytjdecrmc1. Gckth`pcrdry ldkgh, \jhdtrh cn tjh Lm`mtrmcu Guoturdo Ncukldtmck

7. Mrhck @usmg Nhstmvdo. ‟Mrhd-Yytjdecrhmd‐ Nhstmvdo5. Nhstmvdo cn trdlmtmckdo ldkghs dt tjh cphk \jhdtrh cn Dm Emdkkdbms

:. \jhdtrmgdo Yhrncr`dkgh, Dkgmhkt \jhdtrh cn Yytjdecrmc

4

:1

>

7

8

1

4

8

<7

>5

:< 5


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14/36

Xradk ghktrhs

Wd`cs6 \jh tcwk cn Wd`cs, aumot d`pjmtjhdtrmgdooy drcukl tjh ady cn

^dtjy, ms tjh gdpmtdo cn tjh msodkl smkgh tjh Yrmkgmpdomty hrd. \jh tcwk jdoo ms

jcushl mk tjh rhkcvdthl aumolmke cn tjh ncr`hr Ydromd`hkt cn Wd`cs, wmtj

tjh drgjdhcocemgdo @ushu` dkl tjh `dfhstmg gjurgj cn Demcs Wpyrmlck ck

mts smlhs. Khcgodssmgdo dkl trdlmtmckdo aumolmkes dlcrk tjh tcwk. \jh qudy

wmtj tjh Yytjdecrds squdrh dkl tjh gjdrdgthrmstmg omck sguopturh, d sy`acocn tjh Wd`mdk ardvhry, ms tjh ̀ dmk ghktrh cn uradk om nh.

Bdrocvdsm6 D tcwk wmtj eocrmcus pdst, aumot ck tjh hleh cn ousj jmoosmlhs

wjhrh sthpphl grcps dothrkdth wmtj lhksh pmkh ncrhsts. Mt gcksmsts cn tjh

shttoh`hkts cn Ydodmc, Khc dkl @hsdmc Bdrocvdsm, tjh Ycrt dkl Cr`cs (tjh

ady). \jh jhdlqudrthrs cn tjh Ndguoty cn Wgmhkghs cn tjh Dhehdk Xkmvhrsmty

drh mk Bdrocvdsm. Uhdotjy col `dkcrs dkl m`pcsmke gjurgjhs grhdth tjh

m`deh cn d tcwk wjhrh trdlmtmck echs jdkl mk jdkl wmtj hktrhprhkhursjmp,

tjh khw wmtj tjh col.

Dkc ̂ dtjy6 Ckh cn tjh colhst shttoh`hkts ck tjh msodkl tjdt prhshrvhs

odrehoy mts trdlmtmckdo gjdrdgthr wmtj ahdutmnuo jcushs, gcaaohl strhhts,

pmgturhsquh squdrhs dkl ku`hrcus gjurgjhs. D typmgdo dttrdgtmck ms tjhtwc-dmsohl gjurgj cn "Dm Emdkkdbms" cn 45== dkl tjh kd`hsdbh cphk tjhdtrh

wjhrh guoturdo hvhkts drh jhol.

Yytjdecrmc6 Aumot ck tjh rumks cn tjh dkgmhkt tcwk cn Wd`cs, ckgh d

pccr nmsjmke vmoodeh, tcldy mt ms tjh ̀ cst pcpuodr, gcs`cpcomtdk rhscrt cn tjh

msodkl. Mt jds ahhk lhsmekdthl d XKHWGC Ucrol Jhrmtdeh Wmth, ahgdush cn

tjh m`pcrtdkt drgjdhcocemgdo nmklmkes. Ahdgjhs, rhstdurdkts, gdnís, kmejt-

omnh, ldy trmps ay acdt, drh hoh`hkts tjdt dttrdgt vmsmtcrs. \jh pcrt dkl tjh

khmejacurmke ̀ drmkd gdk dggc``cldth s`doo dkl odreh acdts. Whd rcuths

ncr tjh Lclhgdkhsh dosc lhpdrt nrc` jhrh.

@drdtjcbd`pcs6 Dt tjh ncct cn Bhrbms wmtj ahdutmnuo stckh jcushs

dkl kdrrcw strhhts, mt prhshrvhs jmstcrmgdo rhnhrhkghs nrc` tjh hdroy 45tjghktury. Cr`cs dkl Bd`pcs drh twc lhvhocphl tcurmst gcdstdo drhds cn

@drdtjcbd`pcs.

^moodehs & Whttoh`hkts

Kcrtjhdsthrk Wd`cs

Bcbbdrm6 D pmgturhsquh nmsjmke vmoodeh tjdt jds ahgc`h d gcvhthl tcur-

mst lhstmkdtmck, wmtj d`dzmke ahdgjhs. Mk tjh surrcuklmke erhhk socphs,

jmbmke trdmos drh ahdutmnuooy ̀ dmktdmkhl ahtwhhk pmkh ncrhsts dkl vmkhydrls.

\jh Wd`mdk crgjml ms guotmvdthl mk tjh drhd.

^curomcths6 Δ ahdutmnuo ̀ cuktdmk vmoodeh, ldtmke nrc` tjh 4>tj ghktury.

Fust cutsmlh tjh vmoodeh ms tjh colhst `ckdsthry cn Wd`cs, tjh @ckdsthry cn

Ydkdemd ̂ rcktd. \jh rcuth ck tjh lmrt rcdl, tjrcuej pmkh ncrhsts dkl grcps,

hkls up ck tjh tcp cn D`phocs @cuktdmk (cr Bdrvcukms).

Demcs Bckstdktmkcs6 D gcdstdo vmoodeh wmtj d nmsjmke pcrt dkl tcurmst

mknrdstrugturh. Dt mts hdst hlehs, nrc` d s`doo rdvmkh cvhrercwk wmtj trhhs,sphgmdo jmbmke trdmos ahemk.

@dkcodths6 D vmoodeh wmtj strcke ocgdo gjdrdgthr, pmgturhsquh khmej-

acurjccls dkl arhdtjtdbmke vmhws. Mt jcsts d s`doo shttoh`hkt ncr ocgdo dkl

ncrhmek drtmsts, ds whoo ds erhdt tdvhrks.

D`phocs6 D`pjmtjhdtrmgdooy aumot dt dk dotmtulh cn dacut 799 `htrhs

wmtj d ukmquh vmhw cn tjh Dhehdk. @dky trdmos stdrt nrc` jhrh tc hxpocrh tjh

vhrldkt drhd.

Wtdvrmkmlhs6 D s`doo `cuktdmk vmoodeh wmtj daukldkt sprmkes, sur-

rcuklhl ay rdvmkhs dkl ncrhsts.

Ydodmcbdstrc6 Kd`hl dnthr tjh rumks cn dk col gdstoh mk tjh drhd. \jh

tdvhrks mk mts s`doo squdrhs dttrdgt `dky rheuodrs. Mk tjh khdray gcdstdoshttoh`hkts cn Bhrvhom, Ycshmlckmc, Bom`d dkl Ysmom D``cs, wmtj vmhws tc tjh

khdray gcdst cn Dsmd @mkcr, wh gc`h dgrcss s`doo, qumht ahdgjhs dkl tdv-

hrks wmtj shdnccl.

Wcutjhdsthrk Wd`cs

@ytmomkmcm6 D tcwk aumot d`pjmtjhdtrmgdooy mk d vdoohy wmtj `dky

gjurgjhs dkl gjdphos. \jh Kdturdo Jmstcry @ushu` wmtj mkthrhstmke hxjma-

mts ms dosc ocgdthl tjhrh. \jh tdvhrks dkl trdlmtmckdo gdnís ck tjh ghktrdo

squdrh drh dowdys nuoo cn rhsmlhkts dkl vmsmtcrs. Dk cutlccr `cvmh tjhdtrh

wmoo tdbh ycu adgb mk tm`h wmtj nmo` sgrhhkmkes mk d ahdutmnuo edrlhk.Gjcrd6 \jh dkgmhkt gdpmtdo cn tjh msodkl. Mt ms wcrtj vmsmtmke tjh col

Gdtjhlrdo, tjh ncuktdmks dkl tjh trdlmtmckdo oduklrmhs.

@yocm6 Ckh cn tjh colhst shttoh`hkts cn tjh msodkl, ck tjh adkbs cn

M`vrdscs rmvhr. Mt ms surrcuklhl ay gmtrus grcps. \c tjh scutj, ck tjh wdy tc

Jhrdmck, wh ̀ hht tjh \cwhr cn Wdrdbmkms ldtmke adgb tc tjh 4>tj ghktury.

Jhrdmck6 D gcdstdo shttoh`hkt kd`hl dnthr tjh dkgmhkt th`poh cn Jhrd.

Mk mts ahdutmnuo ahdgj tjhrh drh ̀ dky tdvhrks dkl gdnís.

@dvrdtzdmcm6 D lhstmkdtmck ncr kdturh-ocvhrs wmtj trdmos tjdt ohdl tc

tjh ̀ cuktdmk D`phocs. \jh vmoodeh ms nd`cus ncr mts pctthry wcrbsjcps. \jh

@ckdsthry cn \m`mcs Wtdvrcs ms ocgdthl khdray.

Bcu`drdldmcm6 Mt tccb mts kd`h nrc` tjh drautushs Rbcu`drmdP ercw-

mke mk tjh rhemck. Mt wds ckh cn tjh nmrst "Odlcgjcrmd" cn Wd`cs. \c tjh scutj-

41 Wd`cs Eumlh / Xradk Omnh, ^moodehs & Whttoh`hkts

Xradk Omnh,

^moodehs & Whttoh`hkts


15/36

4. ̂ dtjy nrc` dacvh1. D khmejacurjccl mk ^curomcths vmoodeh7. @drdtjcbd`pcs wmtj goculy Bhrbms


16/36

hdst omhs tjh @hedom Ydkdemd @ckdsthry.

Yyrecs6 D odreh vmoodeh aumot ck tjh adkbs cn tjh D`nmoysscs Qmvhr bkcwk

ncr mts nd`cus tjy`h jckhy. \jhrh drh s`doo trdlmtmckdo gdnís dkl tdvhrks mk

tjh kdrrcw gcaaohl strhhts.

@hscehmc-Ydklrcscs6 \wc s`doo khmejacurmke vmoodehs khstohl mk

pmkh ncrhsts dkl vmkhydrls, dt dk dotmtulh cn >99 `htrhs. \jhy whrh ckgh

gdoohl Drvdkmths.

Ydecklds6 Aumot d`pjmtjhdtrmgdooy dkl surrcuklhl ay vmkhydrls dkl

comvh ercvhs. \jh ocvhoy squdrh dkl tjh s`doo ncobocrh ̀ ushu` drh tjh ̀ dmk

dttrdgtmcks.

Wpdtjdrdmcm6 \jh ‟adogcky‐ cn scutjhrk Wd`cs wmtj vmhws tc tjh Lc-

lhgdkhsh. Mt ms wcrtj wdklhrmke tjh doohywdys dkl vmsmtmke tjh tjrhh-dmsohl

adsmomgd gjurgj cn tjh \dxmdrgj @mgjdho dkl tjh prm`dry sgjcco, aumot mk

4=74.\jh msoht Wd`mcpcuod wmtj tjh hxctmg Ysdomld ahdgj, fust :89 ̀ htrhs

nrc` tjh scutjhrk gcdst cn Wd`cs, ms dgghssmaoh ay s`doo acdt nrc`

Yytjdecrmc dkl Jhrdmck.

Kcrtj-whsthrk Wd`cs

Yodtdkcs6 Aumot jmej ck Bdrvcukms, ahtwhhk ncrhsts dkl thrrdghl vmkh-

ydrls wmtj arhdtjtdbmke vmhws cn tjh m`pcsmke Bhrbms `cuktdmk. \jh prm-

`dry sgjcco, col jcushs, ncuktdmks dkl oduklry rcc`s drh hxghoohkt hxd`-

pohs cn ncob drgjmthgturh. \jh pmgturhsquh squdrh wmtj tjh sygd`crhs ms nuoo

cn omnh wmtj gcsy trdlmtmckdo gdnís dkl tdvhrks.

]lrcusd6 Bkcwk ncr mts ̀ dky sprmkes dkl ahdutmnuo stckh jcushs. Mt ms

wcrtj vmsmtmke tjh Gjurgj cn Demcs Dtjdkdsmcs dkl Byrmoocs nrc` tjh 4:tj

ghktury.

Bcktdbhmbd6 D vmoodeh wmtj ̀ dky vmkhydrls dkl sphgtdguodr vmhws. Mk

tjh Hdst, ck d sthhp socph dkl dk dotmtulh cn >89 ̀ htrhs, mk ‟Bdstrcvcukm‐,

tjhrh drh rumks cn d Ayzdktmkh shttoh`hkt. Mts shdsmlh tcwk ms ‟Demcs Kmbc-

odcs‐ cr ‟Om`dkdbm‐ wmtj d s`doo ahdgj, d gjdpho dkl d omttoh tdvhrk ncr shd-

nccl.

Bckthmbd6 D s`doo vmoodeh wmtj d squdrh, mlhdo ncr tdbmke d arhdb, ahmke

surrcuklhl ay ncrhsts dkl grcps.

Demcm \jhclcrγm6 D ahdutmnuo s`doo vmoodeh, jmllhk mk d erhhk rdvmkhwmtj pmkh vhehtdtmck.

Ohbbd6 Aumot mk d vhrldkt drhd. Mts squdrh jds ̀ dekmnmghkt vmhws tc tjh

Dhehdk Whd dkl Bdrocvdsm. Mt jds prhshrvhl tjh gjdrdgthr cn col tm`hs.

Bdstdkmd6 D pmgturhsquh vmoodeh dt tjh ncct cn Bhrbms wmtj ousj vhehtd-

tmck, vmkhydrls dkl sprmkes.

Bcs`dldmcm6 D s`doo vmoodeh up ck Bhrbms ̀ cuktdmk wmtj ahdutmnuo vmhws.

Nrc` tjhrh stdrts d rcuth tjrcuej tjh ncrhst tc tjh Bdbcphrdtcs ecreh,

wjhrh wh gdk nmkl tjh Ydkdemd @ckdsthry dkl d gdvh gjdpho.

Mk tjh wmlhr rhemck cn kcrtj-whsthrk Wd`cs tjhrh drh ̀ dky s`doo dkl

pmgturhsquh shttoh`hkts6 \scurodmcm, Kmbcoculhs, Wcurmlhs, Wdbcuohmbd,

Whvdsthmbd.

Wcutj-whsthrk Wd`cs

Bcu`hmbd6 Aumot ahtwhhk jmoos, tjh vmoodeh jds d ahdutmnuo squdrh wmtj d

phrhkkmdo sygd`crh trhh, trdlmtmckdo ncuktdmks dkl d omttoh trdlmtmckdo gdní.Wbcurhmbd dkl Khcgjcrm6 s`doo khmejacurmke vmoodehs wmtj kdrrcw

strhhts dkl gjdr`mke khmejacurjccls. Mk tjh rhemck wh gdk nmkl tjh phdgh-

nuo shdsmlh shttoh`hkts cn ̂ hodkmlmd, Adocs, Yhrrms dkl Yhnbc, wmtj stukkmke

ahdgjhs dkl kmgh tdvhrks.

Cr`cs @drdtjcbd`pcs6 Dk col shdsmlh nmsjmke vmoodeh wmtj omttoh

tdvhrks ck tjh pcrt, ckgh gdoohl ‟Emdocs‐. Mt nhdturhs d `drmkd, d nmsjmke

jdvhk dkl d s`doo ̀ ushu` cn trdlmtmckdo sjmpaumolmke prdgtmgh.

^ctsdodbmd6 D tcurmst drhd docke tjh kd`hsdbh ahdgj, occbmke cut tc

tjh m`pcsmke ̀ cuktdmk cn Bhrbms.

Bdoomtjhd6 wmtj erhdt vmhws tc Mbdrmd dkl ckh cn tjh `cst ahdutmnuo

sukshts cn Wd`cs. Jmejhr up, ck d lhksh jmoosmlh tjhrh ms d gdvh wmtj tjh

gjdpho cn Ydkdemd @dbrmkm. Dt tjh ady cn Demcs Msmlcrcs wh nmkl ckh cn tjh

colhst sjmpydrls cn Wd`cs.

Lrdbdmcm6 \jh `cst rh`cth vmoodeh cn tjh msodkl, ck d vhrldkt, rcgby

socph cn Bhrbms. \jh vmhw hxthkls nrc` tjh gcdst cn Dsmd @mkcr tc tjh Lrdbdkc

Gdph cn Mbdrmd - dk dkgmhkt cashrvdtcry dkl nrygtcrmd (ahdgck tcwhr), nrc`

wjhrh mt ms dssu`hl tjdt mts kd`h lhrmvhs.

Gustc`s dkl trdlmtmcks

\rdlmtmck ms d omvhoy pdrt cn tjh scgmdo omnh cn tjh msodkl. D sphgmdo gustc`

ms tjh prhpdrdtmck cn tjh sc-gdoohl "emcrtm" , d ̀ hdo gccbhl cvhrkmejt mk jueh

gduolrcks ck tjh hvh cn rhomemcus nhstmvdos dkl cnnhrhl dnthr tjh Lmvmkh

Omturey. Mts `dmk mkerhlmhkts drh wjhdt wmtj ckmcks dkl ecdt. D vdrmdkt cn

tjms ms tjh "bhsbhbm", wjhrh tjh wjhdt ms kct ̀ moohl aut ahdthk.

Lurmke tjh Gdrkmvdo, `dky vmoodehs rhvmvh tjh gustc` cn Bdlms, tjdt

sdtmrmshs gurrhkt dnndmrs tjrcuej phrncr`dkghs cn d ayeckh hrd. Dt Hdsthr,

@drdtjcbd`pcs jcsts tjh gustc` cn "Cvmlhs". Mk hdroy sprmke tjh "Wdkmlc-

bod" gustc` rhvmvhs, d ame cutlccr swmke ncr ycuke ̀ hk dkl wc`hk. Ck Fukh

17, lurmke tjh ghohardtmck cn Dm Emdkkms Bomlckds, tjhy omejt ame nmrhs dkl tjh

ycuke phcpoh fu`p cvhr tjh nod`hs.

\jhrh drh `dky cutlccr nhstmvdos wmtj erhdt pdrtmgmpdtmck, omvh `usmg,

ldkghs, nccl dkl pohkty cn Wd`mdk wmkh. \jhy drh `dmkoy mkspmrhl ay ocgdo

gustc`s dkl trdlmtmckdo prclugts sugj ds tjh ‟Emcrtm \medkmtds‐ (Erhhb Ydk-

gdbh Nhstmvdo) mk @ytmomkmcm dkl Yodtdkcs, tjh ‟Crdkeh Nhstmvdo‐ mk @yocm, tjh

‟Ckmck Nhstmvdo‐ mk Bcu`hmbd, tjh ‟Wcu`d Omqucr Nhstmvdo‐ mk Bdstdkmd,

Ydklrcscs dkl `dky `cuktdmk vmoodehs, tjh ‟Byvhoc`dehmrh`dtd‐ mk

Yyrecs, tjh ‟@ustdohvrmd Nhstmvdo‐ mk @hscehmc, htg.

4


17/36

4. \jh shttoh`hkt cn Dkc ^dtjy1. Dm Emdkkdbms dkl ^dtjy ady7. \rdlmtmckdo adbhry. \rdlmtmckdo pdkgdbhs wmtj gjhhsh

14

7

< 8 > 4

17<


18/36

Qhomemcus OmnhQhomemck ms dk mktherdo pdrt cn tjh gjdrdgthr, jms-

tcry dkl scgmdo omnh cn Wd`cs ds mt jds dowdys ahhk

tjh ̀ dmk spmrmtudo omkb.

@ckdsthrmhs, Gjurgjhs, Gjdphos

\jh msodkl ms lctthl wmtj gjdphos, ̀ htcgjmcks dkl ̀ ckdsthrmhs, ldtmke

nrc` tjh 4>tj ghktury ckwdrls, dkl tjhrh drh hggohsmdstmgdo aumolmkes nrc`

tjh 44tj ghktury. \jh ̀ cst m`pcrtdkt cn tjhsh drh6

Demd Vckm @ckdsthry, aumot mk 4>=8. Ocgdthl mk tjh vdoohy cn ̂ od`drm,

wmtj nrhsgchs cn tjh 45tj ghktury, d wcclhk th`pock dkl d rh`drbdaohomardry cn pdtrmdrgjdo lcgu`hkts dkl prhgmcus cafhgts.

Vcclcgjcs Yheh @ckdsthry, aumot mk tjh `ml 4:tj ghktury, dt dk dotm-

tulh cn dacut >) wmtj d smkeoh-dmsoh lc`hl adsmomgd. Mksmlh tjh @ck-

dsthry, d emolhl gdrvhl wcclhk th`pock, dk m`pcsmke gdrvhl wcclhk tjrckh

dkl gjdrdgthrmstmg nrhsgchs.

Demd \rmdld @ckdsthry, mk @ytmomkmcm. Mt ms tjh ̀ cst rhghkt ̀ ckdsthry

cn tjh msodkl (4:199 ̀ htrhs khdr tjh vmoodeh Bcs`dldmcm.

Ydkdemd @dbrmkm ms d rh`cth gjdpho aumot mk d gdvh dacvh tjh vmoodeh

Bdoomtjhd. Mk tjh pdst, mk tjh gdvhs cn tjh vhrldkt rhemck hrh`mths ushl tc

sjhothr.

\jh @htd`crpjcsms Gjurgj mk Yctd`m cn Bdrocvdsm, dosc bkcwk ds

‟Ydkdemd tcu Yctd`mcu‐. Mt ahockes tc tjh typh cn grugmncr` sm`poh ncur-

gcou`khl th`poh. \jh `draoh gcou`ks tjdt suppcrt tjh lc`h prcadaoy

gc`h nrc` dk dkgmhkt `cku`hkt. Mk tjh aumolmke, wh kcth tjrhh styohs6

Ayzdktmkh, Ehkchsh dkl ̀ clhrk.

Demcs Mcdkkms Hohm`ckds ms ocgdthl ck tjh scutjwhst smlh cn Wd`cs,

cvhr tjh pmgturhsquh ady, wmtj vmhws tc Bdthrec msoht dkl Ncurkcm.

Qhomemcus nhstmvdos dkl ndmrs

Ahkgj`drbs ncr Wd`cs scgmdo omnh drh tjh rhomemcus nhstmvdos. \jh erhdt-

hst tdbhs podgh ck >tj cn Dueust, lurmke wjmgj tjh \rdksnmeurdtmck cn Gjrmst

ms ghohardthl mk Yytjdecrmc, tjh vmgtcrmcus shd adttoh cn 4:1< wjhk ‟Fhsus

sdvhl Wd`cs‐. \jh ncoocwmke drh sc`h m`pcrtdkt rhomemcus nhstmvdos wmtj

ukmquh gustc`s6 Hdsthr, Vcclcgjcs Yheh (45 Dprmo), Demcs Mcdkkms Bomlckds

(1< Fukh), Yrcpjhtms Homds (19 Fuoy), Ydkdemd (\jh Dssu`ptmck cn tjh ^mremk

@dry, 48 Dueust), Ydkdemd ^rcktmdkm (: Whpthàhr), \m`mcs Wtdvrcs (\jh

Jcoy Grcss, 4< Whpthàhr), Drgjdkehos Ldy (44 Kcvhàhr).

4> Wd`cs Eumlh / Qhomemcus Omnh

@hedom Ydkdemd@ck.

Ydkdemd ^rcktmdkm@ck.

\m`mcs Wtdvrcs@ck.

Demd \rmdld

@ck.

Demd Vckm@ck.

Vcclcgjcs Yheh@ck.

Hvdkehomstrmd@ck.

Vcclcgjcs Yheh cnBdbcphrdtc @ck.

Demcs McdkkmsHohm`ck @ck.

Ydkdemd Wpmomdkm@ck.

Yrcpjhtms Homds@ck.

Ydkdemd@dbrmkm

@htd`crpjcsmsGjurgj


19/36

4. \jrhh Gjurgjhs khdr Dkc ^dtjy1. Lhtdmo cn tjh gjurgj7. \jh gjdpho cn Dm Emdkkms mk Demdlhs. Yrcpjhtms Homds @ckdsthry5. Ydkdemd ̂ rcktmdkm @ckdsthry:. \jh mkthrmcr cn tjh gjurgj cn Ydkdemd ^rcktmdkm

<

4 71

8

4

8>

5 : 5

:

7


20/36

\curms` & Whrvmghs\curms` mk Wd`cs stdrthl lhvhocpmke mk tjh 4=>9s ̀ dmkoy mk tjh drhds

cn Yytjdecrmc, Bcbbdrm dkl Demcs Bckstdktmkcs. Mk tjh odth 4=:9s, mt hx-

pdklhl tjrcuejcut tjh msodkl, dkl `dmkoy tc tjh gcdstdo rhemcks. \cldy,

tjhrh drh rh`drbdaoh dggc``cldtmck ndgmomtmhs dkl tjh qudomty cn shrvmghs

ms gckstdktoy m`prcvhl ncoocwmke ̀ clhrk trhkls dkl stdkldrls.

\curms` jds erhdt pcthktmdo ncr nurtjhr lhvhocp`hkt dkl tjhrh drh

podks ncr khw mkvhst`hkts tc dttrdgt vmsmtcrs wmtj dk h`pjdsms ck tjh kht-

wcrb cn ̀ cuktdmk vmoodehs, hxphrmhktmdo dgtmvmtmhs, guoturh, edstrckc`y dkl

kdturh. Grumsh tcurms` dkl gckkhgtmck wmtj tjh gcdst cn Dsmd @mkcr drh

gurrhktoy ahmke lhvhocphl, ds Wd`cs ahgc`hs tjh khw trhkl ncr vmsmtcrsnrc` \urbhy. @dky Hurcphdks gjccsh tjh msodkl ncr phr`dkhkt rhsmlhkgh.

\jhy mkvhst mk khw prcphrty cr rhkcvdth col aumolmkes, gcktrmautmke tc tjh

prhshrvdtmck cn tjh ocgdo drgjmthgturh.

\jh Mkthrkdtmckdo Dmrpcrt ‟Drmstdrgjcs cn Wd`cs‐ ms d ̀ clhrk dkl

sdnh dmrpcrt tjdt shrvhs ̀ dky lc`hstmg dkl mkthrkdtmckdo nomejts.

Mk Yytjdecrmc, tjhrh ms d `drmkd ncr 178 vhsshos wmtj `clhrk mknrd-

strugturh dkl shrvmghs. \jh twc ̀ dmk pcrts cn tjh msodkl, mk Wd`cs (^dtjy)

dkl Bdrocvdsm, gckkhgt tjh msodkl wmtj ghktrdo dkl kcrtjhrk Erhhgh

(Gygodlhs, Ymrdhus, \jhssdockmbm, Bdvdod) dkl khmejacurmke \urbhy. \jh pcrt

cn Yytjdecrmc ms gckkhgthl wmtj tjh Lclhgdkhsh dkl \urbhy. ]cu gdk nmkl

s`doohr pcrts dkl acdt jdvhks mk sc`h shdsmlh shttoh`hkts ombh Bcbbdrm,

Demcs Bckstdktmkcs, Cr`cs @drdtjcbd`pcs.

Dermguoturdo Yrclugtmck & Grdnts

Wmkgh dktmqumty, Wd`cs jds ahhk d rmgj dkl shon-sunnmgmhkt msodkl, mknou-

hkghl ay tjh tcpcerdpjy, tjh scmo gc`pcsmtmck dkl tjh daukldkt ncuktdmks.

\jh nhrtmoh Wd`mdk hdrtj prclughs prclugts cn hxghptmckdo qudomty.

@usgdt wmkh, Wd`cs lhsmekdtmck cn crmemk, ms prclughl nrc` tjh

erdph ‟W`doo-ahrry (@mbrcrcec) @usgdt cn Wd`cs‐ wjmgj ms guotmvdthl mk

thrrdghs, up tc dk dotmtulh cn =99 ̀ htrhs. Mts lmstmkgtmvh nhdturhs drh tjh rmgj

drc`d dkl tjh nuoo, nrumty tdsth. \jh Wd`mdk wmkh ms rhkcwkhl smkgh dktmq-

umty dkl ̀ ytjcocey ̀ hktmcks tjdt tjh vmkh wds d prhshkt nrc` Lmckysus tc

Wd`cs.48tj ghktury trdvhoohrs rhnhr tc wmkh ̀ dbmke ds tjh ̀ dmk prcghssmke

dgtmvmty cn tjh msodkl dt tjdt tm`h. Wmkgh tjh odth 4=tj ghktury, mkthrkdtmckdo

`drbhts drh suppomhl wmtj Wd`mdk wmkh, wjmoh tjh Gdtjcomg Gjurgj catdmks mt

ncr tjh Hugjdrmst. Lry dkl swhht wmkhs prclughl ay tjh Xkmck cn Umkh`db-

mke Gccphrdtmvhs cn Wd`cs drh dwdrlhl wmtj lczhks cn ecol prmzhs dkl

juklrhls cn lmstmkgtmcks.

Wd`mdk Comvh cmo cn hxghptmckdo qudomty stdkls cut ncr mts ̀ hoocw tdsth,

mts godrmty dkl thxturh.

Jckhy, wmtj ukmquh nodvcurs, thxturhs dkl rmgj drc`ds, tjdkbs tc tjh

vdrmcus drc`dtmg jhras dkl trhhs. Ycoohk, prcpcoms dkl rcydo fhooy drh dosc

prclughl.

Cuzc ms ckh cn tjh ̀ cst nd`cus dkl trdlmtmckdo lmstmoodtmck prclugts cn

Wd`cs. Mt stdkls cut ncr mts sphgmdo nodvcur dkl drc`d cn dkmsh. Wcu`d ms

dkctjhr trdlmtmckdo lmstmoodth, sm`modr tc rdbm. Mt ms ̀ dlh usmke erdph ̀ drg mk

trdlmtmckdo nd`moy lmstmoohrmhs cn ̀ cuktdmk vmoodehs.

Crgjmls jdvh ahhk guotmvdthl smkgh 4=:9 mk shvhrdo vdrmhtmhs, dkl drh

hxpcrthl wcrolwmlh.

Jhras & hsshktmdo cmos cn suphrmcr qudomty drh guotmvdthl ck tjh msodkl

dkl ushl kct ckoy ncr tjhmr ahkhnmgmdo prcphrtmhs, aut dosc mk gccbmke.

Ctjhr ocgdo prclugts mkgoulh tjh occ` wcvhk thxtmoh, tjh erhhk scdp,

nmes, rdmsmks, ldmry prclugts (gjhhsh dkl ycejurt), trdgjdkds, swhhthkhl

nrumt dkl fd`s, vhehtdaohs dkl gmtrus nrumts, nmsj dkl shdnccl.

4: Wd`cs Eumlh / Ocgdo Hgckc`y

Ocgdo Hgckc`y


21/36

4. Wd`mdk wmkhs1. Jckhy prclugtmck7. Comvh jdrvhst. ^mkh jdrvhst

<

41

7

8

>


22/36

Ncob Drt

Lhvhocp`hkt cn trdlmtmckdo ncob drt mk `mkmdturh grdnts dkl smovhrwdrh

tdbhs podgh dockesmlh tjh hgckc`mg ercwtj cn Wd`cs. Hodacrdth ecol dkl

smovhr fhwhoohry drh lmspodyhl mk jmstcrmg gcoohgtmcks, ombh tjh ckh jcsthl dt

tjh Hggohsmdstmgdo Ayzdktmkh @ushu` cn Wd`cs.

Mk dllmtmck, tjhrh ms mkthksh drtmstmg dgtmvmty mk ̀ htdowcrbmke, lhgcrdtmvh

drts, sguopturh mk wccl dkl stckh, erhdt sd`pohs cn wjmgj ckh gdk nmkl

`dmkoy mk col ̀ dkcrs dkl puaomg aumolmkes.

\jh drt cn pctthry ms whoo-bkcwk dkl lhvhocphl smkgh dktmqumty. Ahdu-

tmnuo ghrd`mgs drh `dlh mk trdlmtmckdo dkl gckth`pcrdry styoh, mk wcrb-

sjcps, ̀ dmkoy mk tjh vmoodehs cn @dvrdtzdmcm, Bcu`drdldmcm dkl @dkcodths.

D typmgdo vdsh ms tjh sc-gdoohl ‟Ndmr Gup‐ wjmgj, dggcrlmke tc trdlmtmck, Yy-

tjdecrds tduejt hqudo trhdt`hkt. \jh gup mkthrmcr ms ̀ drbhl wmtj d omkh om`mtdkl mn mt ms nmoohl ahyckl tjdt, tjhk tjh hktmrh omquml gckthkt ms mkstdktoy

lrdmkhl.

19 Wd`cs Eumlh / Ocgdo Hgckc`y

\rdlmtmckdo Wjmpaumolmke

\jh drt cn sjmpaumolmke nocurmsjhl mk Wd`cs smkgh dkgmhkt tm`hs, wmtj

tjh shdwcrtjy ‟Wd`hkd‐ amrh`hs. Wd`mdk pmkh trhhs "pmkus arutmd" whrh mk

erhdt lh`dkl dkl suppomhl wmtj wccl sjmpydrls tjrcuejcut Erhhgh dkl

prcvmlhl tjh ̀ dmk gckstrugtmck ̀ dthrmdo ncr ocgdo juoos.

Ncr ̀ dky yhdrs tjh msodklhrs omvhl mkodkl, dwdy nrc` tjh gcdst, jmlmke

nrc` pmrdths dkl sjmpaumolmke rhgcvhrhl mk tjh 45tj ghktury. Wjmpwrmejts

ushl tc lhsmek dkl aumol rh`drbdaoh sjmps, ombh ‟bdrdvcsbdrd‐, ‟`drtmec‐ dkl

‟odtmkmd‐.

\jh lhvhocp`hkt cn sjmpaumolmke wmtj ̀ clhrk ̀ htjcls dkl ̀ dthrmdos

rhlughl tjh khhl ncr wcclhk vhsshos. \cldy, fust d nhw sjmpydrls drh stmoo mk

cphrdtmck (tdrsdkdlhs), `dmkoy aumolmke & rhpdmrmke nmsjmke acdts

‟trhgjdktmrmd‐.


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4. Lhtdmo cn d trdlmtmckdo `dsckry mk Yodtdkcs vmoodeh1. D sjmpydrl (tdrsdkds) mk Bdrocvdsm

7. D s`doo nmsjmke acdt mk @curtmd gcvh

>. ^mkh jdrvhst5. D pctthr mk jms wcrbsjcp

:. Lhtdmo cn d wcclhk jcush mk Dkc ^dtjy

5 :

1 7< 8 :


24/36


25/36

Ahdgjhs4. \sd`dlcu1. \sdacu7. Bdbcrh`d


26/36

^ctsdodbmd, d ocke, grcwlhl dkl credkmshl ahdgj ncr ̀ dky dgtmvmtmhs.

Gjrysm d``cs, ckh cn tjh `cst ahdutmnuo ahdgjhs wmtj sjdoocw wd-

thrs, credkmshl, mlhdo ncr nd`momhs. Dacvh mt rmshs tjh `dekmnmghkt Bhrbms

`cuktdmk.Om`kmckds, d ahdutmnuo, credkmshl, sdkly ahdgj.

Demcs Mcdkkms Hohm`ckds, d rh`cth ahdgj wmtj wmol ahduty dkl vmhws

tc tjh msodkls cn Ncurkcm.

^drsd`c, dk mscodthl dkl lhshrthl ahdgj mk d rcgby odklsgdph.

Nocrd & ndukd

Wd`cs ms d vhrldkt msodkl wmtj mkthksh tcpcerdpjy dkl erhdt amc-

lmvhrsmty luh tc tjh twc ̀ cuktdmks dkl mts prcxm`mty tc Dsmd @mkcr. Ymkh ncr-

hsts gchxmst wmtj vmkhydrls, comvh ercvhs dkl gmtrus trhhs. \jhrh drh dosc`dky sphgmhs cn hklh`mg, rdrh podkts dkl jhras. Luh tc tjh ehcocemgdo adgb-

ercukl dkl tjh ku`hrcus wdthr scurghs, gdvhs dkl euon gdvhs jdvh ahhk

grhdthl.

Mts rmgj ndukd, rdrh ncr dk msodkl, mkgoulhs wmol acdrs, jdrhs, tjh Wd`mdk

‟ecolhk fdgbdo‐, jhlehjces dkl rhptmohs ombh tjh gjd`hohck RlrdpdkcrmgjcsP

cn Wd`cs, omzdrls RbcurbculmdocmP, skdbhs, nrces dkl turtohs. D odreh ku`ahr

cn amrls ombh tjh jdwb, tjh hdeoh, tjh cwo, tjh pdrtrmleh, tjh aodgbamrl, tjh

gc``ck bhstrho htg ms prhshkt. \jh gcdstdo drhds jdvh dosc d pohtjcrd cn

sphgmhs dkl dk mkthrhstmke shdahl, wjmoh tjh lhhp shd pdssdehs drh edth-

wdys ncr odreh ̀ d``dos, ombh lcopjmks dkl ghtdghdks. Mk tjh rh`cth kcrtj-

whsthrk gcdsts omvh d s`doo ku`ahr cn ‟`ckdgjus-`ckdgjus‐ shdos.

Jdamtdts

\jh jdamtdt cn @ygdoh (col sdot nodts) ms pdrt cn tjh KD\XQD 1999 kht-

wcrb cn prcthgthl drhds dkl ms d stcppmke pcmkt ncr ̀ dky ̀ merdtcry amrl sph-

gmhs, ombh nod`mkecs, jhrcks, wmol lugbs, gc``ck stmots htg. @crh sphgmnmgdooy,

lurmke wmkthr, tjh whtodkl, ckh cn tjh vhry nhw mk tjh Erhhb msodkls, jcsts

cvhr 419 amrl sphgmhs, ̀ dky cn wjmgj drh godssmnmhl ds rdrh cr hkldkehrhl.

Bhrbms cr Bhrbhthds ̀ cuktdmk wmtj dk dotmtulh cn 4,

5: =


27/36

1> Wd`cs Eumlh / Dgtmvmtmhs (Qhgrhdtmck Hkthrtdmk`hkt Guoturdo Hvhkts)


28/36

Edstrckc`y

Qhstdurdkts dkl tdvhrks, gdnís dkl adrs mk lmnnhrhkt styohs dkl lmvhrsh

guomkdry gjcmghs drh edtjhrhl `dmkoy mk tjh tcurmst lhstmkdtmcks cn tjh ms-

odkl6 Yytjdecrmc, Bcbbdrm, Bdrocvdsm, tjh tcwk cn Wd`cs, ^ctsdodbmd,

Jhrdmck. Mk tjh mlyoomg `cuktdmk vmoodehs cn @ytmomkmcm, Ydohcbdstrc, @dkc-

odths, ^curomcths, Bcktdbhmbd, Yodtdkcs, Yyrecs ckh gdk hkfcy ocgdo gumsmkh

dkl trdlmtmckdo lhsshrts.

@dky ocgdo lmsjhs dkl shdnccl drh cnnhrhl mk tjh gcdstdo tdvhrks, mk

Bhrvhom, Ycshmlckmc, Ysmom D``cs, Demcs Bckstdktmkcs, Dvodbmd, Demcs Kmbc-

odcs, Yhnbcs, @pdocs, Cr`cs @drdtjcbd`pcs, Om`kmckds.

Jmbmke, Gomàmke & Gdvmke

Wd`cs, wmtj mts d`dzmke kdturdo tcpcerdpjy, ms mlhdo ncr wdobmke, jmb-

mke, gomàmke, gygomke, jcrsh-rmlmke dkl gdvmke.

Ujmoh pdssmke tjrcuej tjh msodkl, tjh m`dehs dothrkdth gckstdktoy dkl

vmsmtcrs gc`h dgrcss col trdmos, wmol ncrhsts, dkgmhkt comvh ercvhs, vmkhydrls

mk thrrdghs, ahdutmnuo vmoodehs, pmgturhsquh gjdphos, ncuktdmks dkl rdvmkhs,

gdkycks, gdvhs. Mk tjh adgbercukl, tjh vmhw dowdys ̀ hhts tjh mknmkmth aouhsjdlhs cn tjh Dhehdk shd.

Udthrspcrts

\jh Wd`mdk gcdsts wmtj tjhmr gohdr wdthrs dkl d`dzmke, austomke shd-

ahl, wmoo ndsgmkdth ocvhrs cn sguad-lmvmke dkl wdthr dgtmv mtmhs. @mol gom`dth

wmtj `clhrdth wmkls dkl `dky khdray, mkthrhstmke lhstmkdtmcks mk khmej-

acurmke gcdsts dkl msodkls, cnnhr tjh cppcrtukmty ncr ukmquh sdm omke hxphrm-

hkghs. \jh kcrtj smlh cn tjh msodkl, wjhrh mt ms cnthk wmkly, ms pcpuodr ncr

wmklsurnmke dkl bmth surnmke.

Guoturdo Hvhkts & Nhstmvdos

Guoturh jds ùotmpoh ndghts mk Wd`cs. Hsphgmdooy lurmke su``hr, wmtj

vmsmtcrs nrc` Hurcph dkl drcukl tjh wcrol, d rmgj guoturdo prcerd``h ms cn-

nhrhl mkgoulmke vdrmcus nhstmvdos, tjhdtrmgdo dkl ldkgh phrncr`dkghs, ̀ usmg

gckghrts, sgmhktmnmg gcknhrhkghs, wcrbsjcps dkl hvhkts.

\jh Mrhck @usmg Nhstmvdo ms tjh ̀ cst pcpuodr mk tjh hdsthrk Dhehdk. Mt

tdbhs podgh hdroy Dueust mk Jhrdmck, fust d nhw ̀ htrhs nrc` tjh dkgmhkt th`-

poh cn Jhrd. Mt wds hstdaomsjhl mk 199< dkl hvhry yhdr mt jcsts nd`cus drt-

msts cn tjh Erhhb dkl ncrhmek ̀ usmg mklustry.

\jh Mrhd-Yytjdecrmd nhstmvdo, wmtj rhnhrhkghs tc tjh dkgmhkt `ysthr-

mhs rhodthl tc tjh wcrsjmp cn ecllhss Jhrd. \jhy tdbh podgh uklhr tjh dus-

pmghs cn tjh Jhoohkmg Kdtmckdo Gc``mssmck ncr XKHWGC dkl tjh Dsscgmdtmck

cn Erhhb Coy`pmg Gjd`pmcks. Lurmke tjh nhstmvdo, pjmocscpjmgdo dkl sgmhk-tmnmg gcknhrhkghs dkl jmej-ohvho guoturdo hvhkts drh jcsthl.

DgtmvmtmhsQhgrhdtmck, Hkthrtdmk`hkt, Guoturdo Hvhkts

Wd`cs, wmtj mts guoturh, trdlmtmcks dkl kdturdo odklsgdph, cnnhrs hklohss dgtmvmtmhs dkl cppcrtukmtmhs ncr

hkthrtdmk`hkt dkl rhgrhdtmck.

1> Wd`cs Eumlh / Dgtmvmtmhs (Qhgrhdtmck, Hkthrtdmk`hkt, Guoturdo Hvhkts)


29/36

4. D wdthrndoo khdr D`phocs vmoodeh1. Gygomsts7. Lmvmke mk Ycsmlckmd shderdss. Jmbmke mk tjh rdvmkh, mk Yodtdkdbmd, Demcs

Bckstdktmkcs

<4

1 7

4

8 > <

8

>

1: Wd`cs Eumlh / Dgtmvmtmhs (Qhgrhdtmck Hkthrtdmk`hkt Guoturdo Hvhkts)


30/36

\jh ]cuke Drtmsts Nhstmvdo ms d ̀ hhtmke cn prc`mkhkt drtmsts nrc` doo

cvhr tjh wcrol mk tjh dkgmhkt tjhdtrh cn Yytjdecrmc, wmtj dk h`pjdsms ck tjh

hxgjdkeh cn guoturh tjrcuej ̀ usmg.

\jh Wd`mdk Umkh Nhstmvdos drh jcsthl hvhry su``hr, wmtj ̀ dky ̀ u-smgdo dkl ldkgh hvhkts tdbmke podgh tjrcuejcut Wd`cs dkl stdrrmke tjh nd-

`cus Wd`mdk wmkhs.

^msudo Drt Hxjmamtmcks (pdmktmke, pjctcerdpjy, nmo`/vmlhc, mkstdood-

tmcks) drh prhshkthl ay drtmsts dkl drtmstmg ercups lrdwmke mkspmrdtmck nrc`

mkthrhstmke ocgdo dkl eocado mssuhs.

D Nmo` Nhstmvdo, ms jhol hvhry su``hr wmtj cutlccr sgrhhkmkes cn

Erhhb dkl ncrhmek nmo`s dkl lcgu`hktdrmhs.

Jmstcrmgdo Mkthrhst, @cku`hkts & @ushu`s

\jh rmgj jmstcrmgdo dkl guoturdo jhrmtdeh ms phrvdsmvh tjrcuejcut tjh ms-

odkl wmtj m`pcrtdkt drgjdhcocemgdo `cku`hkts dkl rh`drbdaoh nmklmkes

lmspodyhl mk ̀ ushu`s. \jh ̀ cst smekmnmgdkt drh6

Jhrdmck wds d podgh cn wcrsjmp smkgh dkgmhkt tm`hs. Drgjdhcocemgdo

rhshdrgj jds rhvhdohl rh`kdkts cn dt ohdst < gjurgjhs6 Jhbdtc`phlck M

(:tj ghktury AG), Jhbdtc`phlck MM (5tj ghktury AG), tjh th`poh cn Qjcmbcs

dkl \jhclcrcs (>tj ghktury AG), tjh th`poh aumot ay tjh tyrdkt Ycoygrdths

(87:-811 AG) dkl ctjhr s`doohr th`pohs cn Jhoohkmstmg dkl Qc`dk phrmcls.

Jhrclctus ̀ hktmcks tjdt tjh Jhrdmck cn Wd`cs wds tjh ameehst dkl ̀ cst

m`pcsmke th`poh cn mts tm`h. Mt ms d lmpthrdo Mckmg th`poh, wmtj 488 emedktmggcou`ks, cn wjmgj ckoy ckh survmvhs uprmejt. @dky cnnhrmkes tc tjh ecllhss

Jhrd drh ̀ dsthrpmhghs dkl lh`ckstrdth tjh rhomemcus mknouhkgh cn tjh sdkg-

tudry tjrcuejcut Erhhgh, Dsmd @mkcr, tjh @mlloh Hdst dkl Heypt. Ydrt cn tjh

th`poh gc`pohx ms dosc Mhrd clcs (tjh Wdgrhl Udy), pdvhl wmtj stckh, tjdt

ohl tc tjh dkgmhkt tcwk cn Wd`cs (Yytjdecrmc).

\jh \ukkho cn Hupdomkcs, tjh ‟lcuaoh-hlehl tukkho‐ ds Jhrclctus

gdoohl mt, wds aumot lurmke tjh rhem`h cn tjh tyrdkt Ycoygrdths ay tjh drgjm-

thgt Hupdomkcs mk crlhr tc suppoy wdthr tc tjh dkgmhkt tcwk cn Wd`cs. Umtj d

tctdo ohketj cn 4,97>`, mt ms gcksmlhrhl ckh cn tjh erhdthst thgjkmgdo

dgjmhvh`hkts cn mts tm`h, dosc bkcwk ds tjh ‟:tj Ucklhr cn tjh Dkgmhkt

Ucrol‐. Gckstrugtmck ahedk smùotdkhcusoy nrc` twc cppcsmth smlhs cn tjh

jmoo cn tjh dkgmhkt dgrcpcoms dkl wds gc`pohthl ̀ mlwdy wmtj d lhvmdtmck cn

d nhw ̀ hthrs.

\jh Ycoybrdtmdk Udoos wmtj d ohketj cn dacut >.8 b` dkl d wmltj cn up

tc 7 ̀ htrhs, ncrtmnmhl tjh dkgmhkt tcwk cn Wd`cs. \jh nhw rh`dmkmke pdrts

cn tjh wdoos drh m`prhssmvh strugturhs aumot wmtj jueh stckhs dkl tjh odreh

drh tjhy ckgh hkgocshl gdk ah vmhwhl nrc` tjh tcp cn tjh dkgmhkt dgrcpcoms.

Wpcrts ndgmomtmhs cn tjh dkgmhkt tcwk jdvh ahhk lmsgcvhrhl mk tjh dr-

gjdhcocemgdo smth cn \jhr`hs, whst cn Yytjdecrmc, mkgoulmke d ey`kdsmu`,

dk drhkd dkl d stdlmu` cn dacut 199 ̀ htrhs mk ohketj, ckh cn tjh odrehst cn

mts tm`h. \jh sd`h rhvhdos tjh rumks cn tjh Qc`dk adtjs, aumot drcukl tjh`ml 1kl ghktury DL.

\jh Drgjdhcocemgdo @ushu` cn Wd`cs ms ocgdthl mk tjh tcwk cn

Wd`cs dkl mts nmklmkes drh hxjmamthl mk twc aumolmkes. \jh col ùshu`, d

erhdt khcgodssmgdo aumolmke cn 4=41, gcktdmks gcoohgtmcks nrc` ̀ dky phrmcls

dkl mkthrhstmke hxjmamts mkgoulmke sguopturhs, ghrd`mgs, gcpphr, mvcry, wccl,`mkmdturhs dkl fhwhoohry. \jh khw ̀ ushu`, mkdueurdthl mk 4=:5, jcsts tjh

gcoohgtmck cn drgjdmg sguopturhs. \jh ̀ cst nd`cus hxjmamt cn tjh ̀ ushu` ms

tjh m`prhssmvh 8.18`-tdoo "Bcurcs cn Wd`cs", gcksmlhrhl tjh ameehst whoo

prhshrvhl Bcurcs stdtuh mk Erhhgh.

\jh Drgjdhcocemgdo @ushu` cn Yytjdecrmc jcsts d rmgj gcoohgtmck cn

gjd`cms dkl ermnnmks, Mckmg dkl Wd`mdk byomghs, jylrmds, gcmks, sphgtdguodr

bcurcm dkl `dky nmklmkes cn tjh khgrcpcoms nrc` ncur lmnnhrhkt hrds (Ehc-

`htrmg, Drgjdmg, Jhoohkmstmg, Qc`dk). Wc`h cn tjh ̀ cst kctdaoh hxjmamts drh

d sguopthl hdrtjhk tdaoht cn Kmbh rmlmke d gjdrmct, austs cn Qc`dk h`phrcrs,

d stdtuh cn ̂ hkus dkl tjh jhdlstckh cn Ougmus.

\jh \cwhr cn Oybcurecs Ocectjhtms, scutjwhst cn tjh pcrt cn Yytjd-

ecrmc, mkgoulhs pdrts cn tjh Ayzdktmkh gdstoh tjdt wds dadklckhl mk tjh ̀ ml

48tj ghktury. \jh ohdlhr cn tjh Wd`mdk rhvcoutmck, Oybcurecs Ocectjhtms,

ncrtmnmhl mt dedmk dkl gckvhrthl ckh cn tjh tcwhrs mktc d gc``dkl pcst.

\cldy, mt ms d rhstcrhl ùshu`. \jh jmstcrmg \h`poh cn @htd`crncsm

Wctmrcs wds aumot khdr tjh tcwhr, tc gc``h`crdth tjh vmgtcrmcus Adttoh cn

Wd`cs mk tjh strdmts cn @ybdom mk Dueust 4:1


31/36

4. Dk hxjmamt dt tjh Drgjdhcocemgdo @. cn Wd`cs1. ‟\jh gckstmtutmck cn Ehkhohc‐, Jhrdmck

Drgjdhcocemgdo Wmth7. \jh Gdstoh mk Yytjdecrmc


32/36

( , , )

tjh `mlloh cn tjh odst ghktury. Mt mkgoulhs dutjhktmg hvhryldy cafhgts ombh

uthksmos, jdklmgrdnts, thxtmohs, gcstu`hs dkl fhwhoohry ds whoo ds tccos cn trd-

lmtmckdo prcnhssmcks, ombh adrahrs, gcaaohrs, nmsjhr`hk, adsbht-`dbhrs, ahh-

bhhphrs dkl ndr`hrs.

\jh gcoohgtmck cn tjh Ncobocrh @ushu` cn Bdrocvdsm mkgoulhs sc`hm`pcrtdkt hoh`hkts cn trdlmtmck dkl ncobocrh drt cn tjh phrmcl 4:59 - 4=88

wmtj nmkh hxjmamts, sugj ds pcrghodmk, gdrvhl ̀ mrrcrs, smovhrwdrh dkl dktmquh

nurkmturh.

\jh Ncobocrh @ushu` cn Ydeckld rhprhshkts hktmrhoy d trdlmtmckdo

Wd`mdk jcush wmtj nurkmturh dkl uthksmos, mk nmvh ahdutmnuooy ncr`hl rcc`s,

tjh ahlrcc`, tjh omvmke rcc`, tjh bmtgjhk, tjh occ` rcc` dkl tjh adsh`hkt.

\jh Ncobocrh @ushu` cn Bcu`dmmbd ms jcushl mk d jmstcrmg aumolmke

nrc` 4::9 dkl nhdturhs ku`hrcus ncobocrh hoh`hkts nrc` tjh rhemck.

Dk col stckh-aumot tdkkhry jcushs tjh \dkkhry @ushu` mk ‟\d`pd-

bmbd‐, Bdrocvdsm. Mt prhshkts col thgjkmquhs cn ohdtjhr tdkkmke, tjdt gcktrma-uthl ncr d ocke tm`h tc tjh msodkl's hgckc`mg ercwtj.

\jh Hggohsmdstmgdo Ayzdktmkh @ushu` cn Wd`cs hxjmamts mgcks, gjdo-

mghs dkl uthksmos, hggohsmdstmgdo accbs, rdrh thxtaccbs dkl tjh ‟jcoy gocdb‐ cn

tjh Hgu`hkmgdo Ydtrmdrgj cn Gckstdktmkcpoh Erhecry ̂ .

\jh Ghktrh ncr Hggohsmdstmgdo Wtulmhs cn tjh @htrcpcoms jcushs d

vhry rmgj drgjmvh cn Wd`mdk rhomemcus jmstcry dkl d omardry wmtj d gcoohgtmckcn ̀ dkusgrmpts, gclhs dkl lcgu`hkts.

\jh Yuaomg Omardry cn Wd`cs ms jcushl mk d whoo-prhshrvhl khcgodssm-

gdo aumolmke ck tjh gmty's prc`hkdlh wjmgj ldths adgb tc 4:89. Ckh gdk

shdrgj gcoohgtmcks cn rdrh puaomgdtmcks dkl `dkusgrmpts, m`pcrtdkt jmstcry

dkl omthrdry accbs.

D rhkcvdthl col prmsck cn 4::1 jcushs tjh Jmstcrmgdo Drgjmvh cn

Wd`cs. Mt prhshrvhs tjcusdkls cn jdklwrmtthk accbs, nmohs, lcgu`hkts dkl

gcoohgtmcks nrc` tjh 45tj ghktury. Lmemtdo drgjmvhs drh dvdmodaoh tc rh-

shdrgjhrs dkl vmsmtcrs. Mk tjh ahdutmnuo cgtdeckdo pdtmc sphgmdo gckghrts dkl

mkthrhstmke ohgturhs drh jhol.

@dp wmtj tjh @cst Wmekmnmgdkt

@cku`hkts & @ushu`s

cn Wd`cs

Yytjdecrmc6

\jh Ycoybrdtmdk wdoos

\jh Drgjdhcocemgdo @ushu`

cn Yytjdecrmc

\jh \ukkhocn Hupdomkcs

Drgjdhcocemgdo

smth cn \jhr`hs

Wd`cs \cwk6

Drgjdhcocemgdo @ushu` cn Wd`cs

Wd`cs Umkh @ushu`

Ncobocrh @ushu` cn Wd`cs

Hggohsmdstmgdo Ayzdktmkh @ushu`

Ghktrh ncr Qhomemcus Wtulmhscn tjh @htrcpcoms

Yuaomg Omardry

Jmstcrmgdo Drgjmvh cn Wd`cs

\cwk Jdoo (Col Ydromd`hkt cn Wd`cs)\jh \cwhr cn Oybcurecs Ocectjhtms

Jmstcrmgdo Gjurgj cn @htd`crncsm Wctmrcs

Bdrocvdsm6

Ncobocrh @ushu` cn Bdrocvdsm

\dkkhry @ushu`

Ncobocrh @ushu` cn Ydecklds

Ncobocrh @ushu`cn Bcu`hmbd

Yctd`m6

Ayzdktmkh Gdstohdkl Gjurgjhs

@ytmomkmcm6

Kdturdo Jmstcry @ushu` cn Dhehdk

Jhrdmck6

Jhrdmck Drgjdhcocemgdo Wmth(Dkgmhkt \h`poh cn Jhrd)

YytjdecrdsGdvh

Wdrdbmkms \cwhr


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4. Wd`cs Umkh @ushu`1. Lmvmke nrc` tjh rcgb mk \sdacu ahdgj7. Wdmomke rcuths. Dk hxgursmck tc Wd`mcpcuod

<

4 1

78

45

>

1

8 >

71 Wd`cs Eumlh / Xshnuo Mkncr`dtmck


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Xshnuo mkncr`dtmck

Yohdsh ush tjh prhnmx +79 11579 ds dk drhd gclh ncr doo tjh 8 lmemt thohpjckh ku`ahrs ahocw.

Jcspmtdos

Ghktrh ncr H`hrehkgy @hlmgdo Dssmstdkgh6 4>>Wd`cs Ehkhrdo Jcspmtdo6 :7499

Bdrocvdsm Jhdotj Ghktrh6 71111

Mknmr`drmhs

Yytjdecrmc Qhemckdo Mknmr`dry6 =4:=:

@drdtjcbd`pcs Qhemckdo Mknmr`dry6 74195

Ycomgh

Jhoohkmg Ycomgh Nmrst Qhspcklhrs6 11499

Wd`cs Ycomgh Lmrhgtcrdth6 :5748->

Ycomgh Wtdtmck cn Bdrocvdsm6 71


35/36


36/36

QHEMCK CN

KCQ\J DHEHDK

QHEMCKDO XKM\

CN WD@CW

Gc-nmkdkghl ay Erhhgh

dkl tjh Hurcphdk Xkmck

@XKMGMYDOM\]

CN WD@CW

Documents

Samos: A Tourist Guide in English