Sam-Haribhajan (Singh revised)6

2 ;wdoFh, ;wdoFh, ;wdoFh, ;wdoFh, ;wdoFh, ;szpo, 2020-caotoh, 2021;szpo, 2020-caotoh, 2021;szpo, 2020-caotoh, 2021;szpo, 2020-caotoh, 2021;szpo, 2020-caotoh, 2021

;wdo;ah;wdo;ah;wdo;ah;wdo;ah;wdo;ah;kb 36 nze 174 L ;szpo, 2020-caotoh, 2021

gzikph nekdwh dk d' wkf;e o;kbk

gqpzXeh ;zgkdegqpzXeh ;zgkdegqpzXeh ;zgkdegqpzXeh ;zgkdegqpzXeh ;zgkdeokfizdo e[wko

wfjwkB-;zgkdewfjwkB-;zgkdewfjwkB-;zgkdewfjwkB-;zgkdewfjwkB-;zgkdevkH ;[fjzdo pho

;jkfJe-;zgkde;jkfJe-;zgkde;jkfJe-;zgkde;jkfJe-;zgkde;jkfJe-;zgkdevkH wBhFk pZsok

u/now?Bu/now?Bu/now?Bu/now?Bu/now?BwBhF f;;'dhnk

tkJh;-u/now?BtkJh;-u/now?BtkJh;-u/now?BtkJh;-u/now?BtkJh;-u/now?BjoFoB f;zx pZbh

;wdoFh, ;wdoFh, ;wdoFh, ;wdoFh, ;wdoFh, ;szpo, 2020-caotoh, 2021;szpo, 2020-caotoh, 2021;szpo, 2020-caotoh, 2021;szpo, 2020-caotoh, 2021;szpo, 2020-caotoh, 2021 3

;zgkdeh dcaso dk gsk;zgkdeh dcaso dk gsk;zgkdeh dcaso dk gsk;zgkdeh dcaso dk gsk;zgkdeh dcaso dk gskgzikph nekdwh, fdZbhvhH vhH J/H efwT{fBNh ;?INo, ;do EkDk o'v, gjkV rzi, BthI fdZbh-110055\'B L 011-23616243, 23616265, 23615979

Punjabi Academy, Delhi

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gqekFs ;wZroh dh tos'I bJh b/ye, nB[tkde ns/ gzikph nekdwh dh wB}{oh }o{oh j?.gqekFs ouBktK dh ohsh-Bhsh iK ftukoK Bkb gzikph nekdwh, ;zgkdeh wzvb iK ;zgkdedh ;fjwsh }o{oh BjhI.

w[Zb L 25 o[gJ/;kbkBk uzdk L 150 o[gJ/fJzrb?Iv s/ :{og L 30 g"Ivnwohek, e?B/vk, fwvb Jh;N s/ j'o d/F L 60 vkbouzdk @@;eZso, gzikph nekdwh## d/ BK #s/ G/i'.Send the Subscription in the name of "Secretary, Punjabi Academy".

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b/}o NkJhg ;?fNzrb/}o NkJhg ;?fNzrb/}o NkJhg ;?fNzrb/}o NkJhg ;?fNzrb/}o NkJhg ;?fNzrg[Ffgzdo no'Vk

Samdarshi :

Bi-monthly journal of Punjabi Literature published by Punjabi

Academy, Delhi, Motia Khan, Paharganj, New Delhi - 110055, India

;wdoF h L; wdoF h L; wdoF h L; wdoF h L; wdoF h Lgzikph nekdwh, fdZbh, w'shnk ]kB, gjkV rzi, BthI fdZbh-55 Gkos d[nkok gqekfFs gzikph;kfjs dk d'-wkf;e o;kbk.


;wdoFh;wdoFh;wdoFh;wdoFh;wdoFh- nkgD/ tZb'I- nkbwh ;zgkdeh- jØE fbys$vkH jfoGiB f;zx- w/o/ fgsk ih$oFwh f;zx

ihtB-Mks ns/ F];hnsihtB-Mks ns/ F];hnsihtB-Mks ns/ F];hnsihtB-Mks ns/ F];hnsihtB-Mks ns/ F];hns

- vkH jfoGiB f;zx L ihtB, ouBk ns/ F];hns$;[fjzdo pho- Fq'wDh ;kfjseko L vkH jfoGiB f;zx$vkH i;gkb f;zx- fweBksh;h \eho L gq'H jfoGiB f;zx$n?Ø;H pbtzs- jfoGiB f;zx Bfws$nwoihs uzdB- w[wsk} F];hns vkH jfoGiB f;zx$gq'H wBihs f;zx- vkH jfoGiB f;zx ~ gVQfdnK-;wMfdnK$gq'H okfizdo gkb f;zx

pokV- dot/F dkfBFwzd L vkH jfoGiB f;zx$vkH GhwfJzdo f;zx- gzikph ;kfjs ;z;ko dk dkoFfBe ;kfjseko - vkH jfoGiB

f;zx$vkH r[oftzdo f;zx (e?B/vk)

nfXnkgBnfXnkgBnfXnkgBnfXnkgBnfXnkgB

- w/o/ T[;skd L vkH jfoGiB f;zx$gq'H nwohe f;zx g[zBh- vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh nfXnkgB :'rsk$vkH d/ftzdo e"o- vkH jfoGiB f;zx L w/o/ nfXnkge$irskoihs f;zx

ekft-irsekft-irsekft-irsekft-irsekft-irs

- vkH jfoGiB f;zx-ekft L ;[ji fdqFNh$gq'H pbihs e"o- vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ouBk *o[Øy s/ foFh* dk ekft-fuzsB$gq'H :'r

oki- o[Øy s/ foFh L jfoGiB f;zx$vkH oftzdo f;zx- *o[Øy s/ foFh* L wB'ftFb/FDkswe nfXn?B$vkH g{ik- vkH jfoGiB f;zx ekft L b'eXkokJh gq;zr$vkH dfonk- vkH jfoGiB f;zx dk ekft-irs L g[Bo-;ztko$vkH nksw ozXktk

;kb 36 nze 174 L ;szpo, 2020-caotoh, 2021


- *w?_ i' phs frnk* L gozgoktK s'_ gko dh ekftekoh$vkH T[fwzdo i"jb- wkBth ;zt/dBk dk f;oie$;opihs ;'jh, nk;No/bhnk- vkH jfoGiB f;zx ekft L gkmrs nB[Gt$;[oihs e"o e?B/vk- vkH jfoGiB f;zx-ekft L wB[Øyh wB'dFk dk fusoD$vkH jofizdo e"o- vkH jfoGiB f;zx ekft L gq;zr s/ gqtuB$vkH ewbgqhs e"o- gow wB[Øy dk ekft-nB[Gt L *s/ok BkT[_ epho*$;opihs f;zx wkB- wB[Øy d/ nX{o/gB dh ;[jikswe nfGftnesh$vkH feoBdhg e"o- vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh rhs-;zt/dBk$vkH gqhsh- o[Zy s/ foFh n"os w[yh g;ko$vkH ;kfoek Fowk

BkN-irsBkN-irsBkN-irsBkN-irsBkN-irs

- jfoGiB f;zx dk ekft BkNe *sko s[gek*$vkHokfizdo e"o

;whfynk-irs;whfynk-irs;whfynk-irs;whfynk-irs;whfynk-irs

- jfoGiB f;zx dhnK ;kfjs Fk;soh nzsofdqFNhnK$vkH wBw'jB- vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ;whfynk-F?bh$gq'H p{Nk f;zx pokV- vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ;whfynk L GkFk ftfrnkBe nzso fdqFNh$gq'H ;[yftzdo f;zx

;zxk- vkH jfoGiB f;zx L ;whfynk u/sBk$vkH p/nzs e"o- vkH jfoGiB f;zx dk b'et/dh fuzsB$gq'H ihs f;zx i'Fh- vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh g[;se *w[Øb s/ w[bzeD* dh nkb'uBk fdqFNh$p/nzs e"o- vkH jfoGiB f;zx dk gzikph ;{\h-fuzsB L g[Bo-;ztkd$vkH irftzdo :'Xk- vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ;kfjs-f;XKsekoh$vkH d/ftzdo ;?ch- vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ftjkoe ;whfynk$pfozdo f;zx- *o{geh* L ftjkoe nkb'uBk d/ gSkD fuBQ$vkH fJzdogqhs e"o- *fJe ys s/o/ BK* L ysK dh gVQs$joftzdo e"o;zgkdB-irs;zgkdB-irs;zgkdB-irs;zgkdB-irs;zgkdB-irs

- vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ;zgkdB ebk$vkH ewbgqhs f;zx

vkH jfoGiB f;zx dk ;zr-;kEvkH jfoGiB f;zx dk ;zr-;kEvkH jfoGiB f;zx dk ;zr-;kEvkH jfoGiB f;zx dk ;zr-;kEvkH jfoGiB f;zx dk ;zr-;kE

- nip nB'yk s/ nb'eko vkH jfoGiB f;zx$fgqz;hgb ;otD f;zx- fFbgh ebkeko vkHjfoGiB f;zxL f;wfoshnK d/ Mo'y/ *u'_$oftzdo oth, e?B/vk- ;"j s?B{ gzi-sØs$niw/o o'v/ eB/vk- ;[jitkd dk Mzvk podko$vkH r[ow/b f;zx f;ØX{ (nwohek)- fJe ;kfjse fwbDh L f;wfoshnK d/ Mo'y/ *u'_$;[oihs eb;h, e?B/vk- gfjb/ ftFt ;kfjs ;zw/bB ftu fwfbnk vkH jfoGiB f;zx$oDihs Xho, :{H e/H


- eftsk ns/ :kd d/ nk; gk;$r[od/t u"jkB, e?B/vk- r[o{d/t vkH jfoGiB f;zx dk ;zr-;kE$;[fjzdo pho

tkosetkosetkosetkosetkose

- ihtB-;zxoF ns/ f;oiBkswe ;\o dh rkEk L *u'bk NkehnK tkbk* ns/ *X[Øg/ pbdkdhtk*$vkH e[bdhg f;zx

- *u'bk NkehnK tkbk*L fposKse-gqtuB$jodhg e"o- fJe dot/F dh :ksok$vkH wBihs e"o- *fBoGT[ fBot?o* dk ebkswe gØy$Btdhg e"o

nB[tkdnB[tkdnB[tkdnB[tkdnB[tkd

- vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh nB[tkdekoh$vkH wBhFk pØsok


nkgD/ tZb'InkgD/ tZb'InkgD/ tZb'InkgD/ tZb'InkgD/ tZb'I

vkH jfoGiB f;zx gzikph ;kfjs irs dh T[j

F];hns jB, fi; pko/ fizBk th gfVQnk, x'fynk, ftukfonk

ikt/, T[j E'VQk j?. T[j ftdtsk ns/ nekdfwesk dk ;Ekgs

g[zi jB. ;kfjs d/ jo o{g ftu T[jBQK B/ nkgDk :'rdkB

gkfJnk. szrhnK, s[oFhnK Go/ ihtB #u'I r[}od/ j'J/ okiXkBh

d/ ftFt-ftfdnkb/ sZe gjz[uDk ;"yk BjhI ;h. gzikph d/

nekdfwe y/so ftu nkgDh XKe g?dk ehsh. T[j eth j'D

d/ Bkb nkb'ue, nB[tkde ns/ ;zgkde ;B.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx pj[-gZyh F];hns d/ wkbe,

gzikph, fjzdh, nzro/}h, cako;h ns/ T[od{ d/ ftdtkB ;B.

T[BQK B/ fdZbh :{Bhtof;Nh d/ gzikph ftGkr ftu @gzikph

nkb'uBk ;e{b# dh F[o{nks ehsh. pj[s ;ko/ T[&Zu e'Nh d/

ethnK ns/ ftdtkBK B/ T[BQK s'I ghH n?uH vhH ehsh. vkH

nso f;zx, vkH fsqb'e f;zx ezto, vkH nkswihs f;zx, vkH

wfjzdo e"o frZb ns/ vkH ;fszdo f;zx T[jBK d/ ftfdnkoEh

;B.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh iBw Fskpdh Bz{ ;Bw[Zy oZyd/

j'J/ gzikph nekdwh B/ ;wdoFh dk ftF/F nze gqekFs eoB

dk ca?;bk ehsk sK fe ;kvk gzikph gkme ns/ ftfdnkoEh

irs T[jBK d/ ihtB, ouBktK ns/ pj[gZyh F];hns s'I ikD{

j' ;e/ ns/ tZv/ gZXo #s/ T[jBK d[nkok ;kfjs d/ y/so ftu

gkJ/ :'rdkB dk b/yk-i'yk ehsk ik ;e/.

fJ; tZv-nkekoh nze dh ;zgkdBk dh f}zw/tkoh vkH

;[fjzdo pho Bz{ ;¯gh rJh. vkH wBhFk pZsok B/ ;jkfJe-


;zgkde d/ s"o #s/ nkgDh f}zw/tkoh pk]{ph fBGkJh. vkH ;[fjzdo pho B/

d/F-pd/F t;d/ b/yeK Bkb ;zgoe eo e/ fJ; ezw Bz{ B/go/ ukfVQnk. fJ; nze

ftu Fkwb b/yeK dk fdb'I XzBtkd j?, fiBQK B/ nkgD/-nkgD/ fdqFNhe'D s'I nkgD/

ftuko g/F ehs/.

eo'Bk-ekb ns/ e[M ftGkrh w[FebK eo e/ ;wdoFh dk fJj ftF/F nze

e[M d/oh Bkb gkmeK d/ o{-p-o{ ehsk ik fojk j?. fcabjkb fJ; nze Bz{ t?&Zp;kJhN

#s/ jh gkfJnk ik fojk j?. T[whd j? fJj nze gzikph gkmeK, y'ikoEhnK ns/

ftfdnkoEhnK bJh whb dk gZEo ;kps j't/rk. gzikph nekdwh d/ fJ; :sB Bz{

s[jkv/ j[zrko/ dh T[vhe oj/rh.

- okfizdo e[wko- okfizdo e[wko- okfizdo e[wko- okfizdo e[wko- okfizdo e[wko


nkbwh ;zgkdehnkbwh ;zgkdehnkbwh ;zgkdehnkbwh ;zgkdehnkbwh ;zgkdeh

d[Bhnk ftu i' th nkfJnk j?d[Bhnk ftu i' th nkfJnk j?d[Bhnk ftu i' th nkfJnk j?d[Bhnk ftu i' th nkfJnk j?d[Bhnk ftu i' th nkfJnk j?d[Bhnk s'_ eheD ikt/rkd[Bhnk s'_ eheD ikt/rkd[Bhnk s'_ eheD ikt/rkd[Bhnk s'_ eheD ikt/rkd[Bhnk s'_ eheD ikt/rke[M fwØNh ftu e[M g"DK ftue[M fwØNh ftu e[M g"DK ftue[M fwØNh ftu e[M g"DK ftue[M fwØNh ftu e[M g"DK ftue[M fwØNh ftu e[M g"DK ftue[M i'sK ftu ;wkt/rke[M i'sK ftu ;wkt/rke[M i'sK ftu ;wkt/rke[M i'sK ftu ;wkt/rke[M i'sK ftu ;wkt/rk

- jfoGiB f;zx- jfoGiB f;zx- jfoGiB f;zx- jfoGiB f;zx- jfoGiB f;zx

vkH jfoGiB f;zx dk ihtB-ekb 1920-2002 JhHd/ no;/ dofwnkB c?fbnk j'fJnk j?.thjth_ ;dh d/ gfjb/nZX dk ;wK T[jBK bJh gfotkoe ftS'V/ eoe/ d[fBnkthihtB ftu nkgDh j'_d-j;sh B{z puk e/ oZyD bJh iZd'-ifjd, fJeZbsk ns/ wk:{;h tkbk ;h. fJfsjk;e gZy s'_ thfJj ;wK e'Jh ][Frtko Bjh_ ;h. d/; dh nk}kdh bJhokFNoh$nzsookFNoh gZXo s/ ;[szsosk nzd'bB bJh ftnkges"o s/ oki;h, ;wkie, Xkofwe iE/pzdhnK nkgDh g{oh;orowh Bkb i{M ojhnK ;B.fJ; wB'oE B{z jkf;b eoBbJh gqrshtkdh skesK d/ T[s;kfjs j'D s/ B"itkB nkgD/u'fbnK B{z p;zsh ozr ftu vp' oj/ ;B, FjkdsK d/ oj/;B,jZ; jZ; e/ \K;h d/ oZf;nk Bz{ u[zw oj/ ;B ns/ wK XoshB{z nzro/}h }kps/ s'_ nk}kd eokT[D tkbh bfjo B{z rowkoj/ ;B. fJ; bfjo ftu Gkos dhnK ;w{j Xkofwe iE/pzdhnK nkg;h fyu'skDK ns/ f\oekgq;sh dhnK nwkBthftjkoK s'_ T[go T[m e/ ;KM/ w[jk} bJh fJe gb/Nckow s/J/esk ns/ ;d-GktBk dk ;p{s d/ ojhnK ;B. pkbVh T[wod"okB id'_ vkH jfoGiB f;zx xo ftu foFs/dkoK d/ ftjkos'_ T[esk iKdk ;h sK T[j nkgDh FoD wzfdo, w;fid,r[od[nkok nkfd Xkofwe ndkfonK ftu b? b?_dk ;h. u'bku'bku'bku'bku'bkNkehnK tkbkNkehnK tkbkNkehnK tkbkNkehnK tkbkNkehnK tkbk ns/ X[Zg/ pbdk dhtkX[Zg/ pbdk dhtkX[Zg/ pbdk dhtkX[Zg/ pbdk dhtkX[Zg/ pbdk dhtk d/ gqwkDe jtkfbnKokjh_ gzikp, gzikph ns/ gzikphns dk fJe T[;ko{ tksktoBth d/fynk ik ;edk j?.GkFk, ;kfjs ns/ ;fGnkuko d/ gZys'_ th fJj ;wK nwhoh ns/ |"otsk tkbk ;h.pj[s jhpdfe;wsh Bkb nzro/}h e{NBhsh eoe/ fJj ;wK nkgDhp[bzdh tZb B tZX ;fenk ns/ spkjh d/ o;s/ g? frnk.gzikph


GkFk, ;kfjs ns/ ;fGnkuko dh tvZsD ns/ nwhoh nshs dk fjZ;k pDrJh.;fGnkukoe nwhoh,fjzd-gke tzv ns/ ;[szsosk nzd'bB dk ib" fJ; ekbd/ gqw[Zy fujB jB.vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ nzso fto'XK ftu Goh j'Jh fJ; ;kohifNb ;fEsh B{z nkgD/ wB'-w;se ftu jzYkfJnk.nfs d/ ;zt/dBFhb wB B/ fjzd-gke tzv d/ d[yKs B{z fBwB fbys T[dk; p'bK ftu g/F ehskL

;"_ ik w/o/ wkbek t/ tofsnk jB/o.

t/ ekbyK *u skfonK dh v[Zp rJh ;t/o.

thjth_ ;dh d/ d{;o/ nZX ftu vkH jfoGiB f;zx B{z nØtb doi/ ftu gk;ehsh d;th_ dh gVQkJh, fdZbh Ffjo *u o[}rko fdtk e/ g?o Xoktk eoB bJh irjw[jZJhnk eok fdzdh j?.eth wB tk;st ftu'_ r[nkuhnK j'JhnK j;shnK B{z;[jikswe gk;ko d/ e/ wkBf;esk d/ eohp fbnkT[_dk j?.fJBQK Gktkswe sozrK dkgqrNk nXo?DhnXo?DhnXo?DhnXo?DhnXo?Dh ftu }kfjo j[zdk j?.

f}zdrh dk fto'XkGk; th fJj j? fe jehes ftu d{o s[o ikD tkb/ pzd/X[o wB d/ v{zx ftu t;/pk eo b?_d/ jB.T[BQK dh Gkb ftu pzdk nzdo{Bh y'id/ okj s[o g?_dk j?.ftSV/ ed'_ fwbd/ jB< go doFB dhnK gosK y[bQDhnK F[o{j' iKdhnK jB.e'Jh T[gokw j' iKdk j? s/ e'Jh frnkB d/ Mo'y/ y'bQdk j?.

thjth_ ;dh d/ u"E/ djke/ (1937) s'_ gqrshtkdh ftukoXkok B/ gzikpheftsk ns/ gzikph i[Z;/ B{z i' eZ; gkJh j'Jh ;h T[; ftu bue nkT[Dh F[o{ j'rJh ;h. gq:'rtkdh bfjo d/ w'jspo pkjoh :EkoE Bkb d;sgzik b?D d/ftgohs nkgD/ ftnefsZst$j'_d-j;sh B{z ;w{os eoB d/ nkjo ftu bZr iKd/jB.fJ;dk n;o nzfwqsk-w'jB f;zx s'_ p|?o gzikph d/ brGr ;ko/ ethnK T[gofgnk.fe;/ B/ ;[u/s ns/ fe;/ B/ nu/s, fJ;d/ gqGkt B{z rqfjD ehsk.fFt e[wkofJFe dh fJefjoh gos dk FkfJo ;h, T[; ftu T[;B{z f;ow"osk jkf;b ;h.nkb/d[nkb/ dhnK bfjoK s'_ gqGkfts j[zdk ;h sK T[;dh ouBkswesk ftu dt?s nkiKdh ;h.gq:'rtkdh ][d th gq:'r wkso gq:'r eo oj/ ;B.nw{os B{z ;w{oseoB ftu p[bzdh s/ Bjh_ gj[zud/ ;B go jfoGiB f;zx d/ ekft ntu/sB ftugqrhs, ;[ji ns/ Bro u/sBk dk J/Bk gqwkDe nB[Gt ;h fe gq:'rtkd B{zn?bkBhnK s"o s/ Bk ngBk e/ th nkgD/ n;fssth i[Z;/ d/ Ehw B{z gqrhsksweo{g d/ ;zi'r okjh_ g/F eoB ftu ;\b j' frnk. Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_ (1967)fJ;dh gqsZy fw;kb j?.fJ; ftu ;kXkoB wB[Zy dh ;kXkoBsk ns/ fBokoEe j'_dB{z ;w{os ehsk j? id fe o[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFh (1992) ftu ;kXkoB wB[Zy dhn;kXkoBsk dk r[DrkB ehsk frnk j?.fJj Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_ d/ \b;\/ dko{gKfsqs o{g j?. fJj n;fssth j'_d d/ \b;\/ dk th BtK ft;sko j?.jfoGiB


f;zx j'oK ][d th fejk j? fe fJ; ekft feos ftu w?_ gfjb/ ou/ j'J/ B{z ekN/ j/m oZfynk j?.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx Gkt/_ ;'B/ dk fuwuk w{zj ftu b? e/ iBfwnk ;h gofJj ;'B/ dk fuwuk f}nkdk d/o ;kE Bk d/ ;fenk. ;dh d/ gfjbk nZX dk ;\ogfotkoe ftr'funK ns/ d{;fonK T[Øgo fBoGosk dk ;h. ihtB ;zxoF dk d{;okBkw pfDnk j'fJnk ;h. ;dh d/ d{;o/ nZX ftu ;]s fwjBs-w[FZes eoe/ e[MgqkgshnK ~ ;o eoB dk wBFk ;h. nkX[fBe Gkosh GkFktK d/ ftGkr dh tkrv'o;zGkbD sZe dk o;sk fpyVk ;h go ;[gfBnK d/ ikd{wJh t/r B/ vkH jfoGiBf;zx ~ ftjkoh ns/ eowFhb :'Xk pDkfJnk. uVkJh dk ;\o EektN tkbk j[zdkj? go wzf}b d/ g[ZiD dk b[s\ o{j ~ nkBzfds eo fdzdk j?. ihtB d/ tZv/;zxoF ftu jZv-GzBth_ fwjBs eoe/ gzikph d/ nekdfwe y/so ftu nkgDk f;ZekiwkT[D tkbk jfoGiB f;zx fJe ;kXkoB ftnesh j[zdk j'fJnk th n;kXkoBF];hns dk ;[nkwh ;h.

fJ; ;w/_ jfoGiB f;zx dh b/yDh ftu eftsk d/ Bkb Bkb ;whfynk,y'i, ;zgkdB, nB[tkd, tkose nkfd ;wkBKso o{g ftu ub oj/ ;B. T[BQK B/nfXnkgB ns/ y'i dhnK }o{osK ~ g{fonK eoB bJh g{oph ns/ gZSwh fuzsBd/ Mo'y/ y'bQ/ j'J/ ;B. T[j fJ; ekoi bJh gZE-gqdoFe dh G{fwek fBGk oj/;B. T[u/oh ftZfdnk jkf;b eo oj/ ftfdnkoEhnK dk fJe ek\bk T[BQK dhnK;whfynkswe g?VK ~ dZp fojk ;h. fdZbh dk @gzikph nkb'uBk ;e{b# ftFth ;'uns/ fuzsB dk nB[;koh j' fojk ;h. gzikph d/ ftfdnkoEh irs ~ BthB ;whfynkgqDkbh dk jkDh pDkT[D bJh vkH jfoGiB f;zx f;o s'V :sB eo oj/ ;B.o{;h o{gtkd, ;zouBktkd, nwoheh Bt-nkb'uBk, GkFk ftfrnkBe nkb'uBk,ftouBk ftXh, ftXkrs nkb'uBk, ftjkoe ;whfynk nkfd ;kohnK nfXn?BgqDkbhnK gzikph wBK d/ nzr-;zr j' e/ ftuo ojhnK ;B. fJ; s'_ fJbktk gzikphfuzsB nzdo T[BQK ]sK okjh_ ehsh ikD tkbh ;whfynk eoe/ BthnK g?VKf;oihnK. o{geho{geho{geho{geho{geh B/ gzikph nkb'uBk d/ x/o/ B{z ftjkoe ;whfynk s/ T[; Bkbi[V/ gkm nkXkfos nkb'uBk d/ Bt/_ ;zebgK Bkb t;hj ehsk. fJ; ekoi ~ tX/o/ ;[ykfbnK eoB bJh no;s{ dk ekft Fk;so, o{;h o{gtkd, ;kfjs ftfrnkBtor/ p/F[wko w}w{BK dh ouBk th ehsh. y'ih-ftfdnkoEhnK ~ w{b fbysK d/gkm ns/ nfXn?B ;w/_ fJ; soQK r[DtkB pDkfJnk fe T[j d{;ohnK :{Bhtof;NhnKftu ik e/ nekdfwe ;whfynk ns/ y'i d/ y/so ~ t;hj eo ;eD. 1965-90 dk ;wK gzikph ;whfynk y/so ftu sfjbek wukT[D tkbk ;h. w?_ ][d 1980-82 ftu id r[o{ BkBe d/t :{Bhtof;Nh fty/ y'i-ekoi eo fojk ;K sK fdFk-fBod/F bJh vkH jfoGiB f;zx ~ fwbdk ofjzdk ;K. w?_ fJeZbk jh Bjh_ ;K pbfe


j'o y'ikoEh th T[BQK s'_ f;Zfynk rqfjD eod/ ;B. ;kok gzikph irs T[BQK d/ftfdnkoEhnK dh ;{uh ~ GbhGKs ikDdk jh j?.

ekbi gZXo dh gzikph gVQkJh ~ tX/o/ nekdfwe pDkT[D bJh th vkHjfoGiB f;zx B/ e[M gkm-g[;seK dh ;zgkdBk ehsh. fJBQK g[;seK B/ Bk e/tbftfdnkoEhnK ~ jh pbfe nfXnkge-irs ~ th frnkB w[jZJhnk eotkfJnk.;BksBh g[;seK d/ nB[tkd t/b/ id'_ T[BQK dh nkgDh GkFkJh ;hwk ;wkgs j' iKdhsK T[j GkFktK d/ ftF/FrK gk;'_ frnkB rqfjD eoB s'_ |[o/} Bk eod/. T[jXosh s/ ftuoB tkb/ ;kXkoB fJB;kB ;B. jbhwh, fBwosk ns/ ;[fjodsk dknBw'b ;zrw ;B vkH jfoGiB f;zx.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx d/ iBw Fskpdh d/ nt;o #s/ gzikph nekdwh, fdZbhtZb'I vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh iBw-Fskdph Bz{ wBkT[D d/ ca?;b/ sfjs fJj c?;bkfbnk frnk fe ;wdoFh;wdoFh;wdoFh;wdoFh;wdoFh dk ftF/F nze eZfYnk ikt/. fJ; bJh vkH jfoGiBf;zx d/ ihtB, ouBk ns/ F];hns d/ pj[-gk;koK ~ fBoyD-goyD bJh ftFtgZXo #s/ ftdtkBK gk;'_ ;fj:'r fbnk frnk j?. e'o'Bk ekb dh e[dosh nk\seoe/ wB[Zyh o\sko ;es/ ftu j?, bkfJpq/ohnK ni/ se pzd jB. fJ; bJh vkHjfoGiB f;zx dhnK fbysK ~ nkX[fBe ;zuko-izsoK okjh_ jh g[ukT[D dk :sBehsk j?. ftdtkBK d/ jK-gZyh j[zrko/ ns/ w[ezwb ;fj:'r bJh n;h_ sfj fdbs'_ F[eo r[}ko jK. fJBQK ftdtkBK B/ ;hfws ;w/_ ftu ;hfws ;kwrZoh Bkbftdtsk Gog{o y'i-gZso ;k~ g[Zidk ehs/ jB. ;Ekfgs ftdtkBK d/ Bkb BkbBt/_ y'ihnK dhnK ;zGktBktK ~ gqc[Zfbs eoB bJh th Gog{o w"ek gqdkB ehskfrnk j?.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx ih d/ gfotko d/ th n;h_ pj[s foDh jK fiBQK B/ fJ;g[;se d/ gqekFB bJh jo GKs dh ;wZroh ;k~ T[gbZpX eokJh ns/ G?D oFwhf;zx B/ nkgD/ fgsk ih dh :kd ftu e[M nb\k} th fby e/ G/i/ jB.

nzs ftu w?I gzikph nekdwh d/ whs gqXkB ;qH ioB?b f;zx ns/ ;eZso;qh r[oG/i f;zx r[okfJnk dk XzBtkdh jK fiBQK B/ ;wdoFh;wdoFh;wdoFh;wdoFh;wdoFh d/ fJ; ftF/F nzebJh wfjwkB ;zgkde ti'I w/oh f}zw/tkoh brkJh. ;w{j gzikph irs r[oG/i j[oKdh eowFhbsk ns/ \ok]-fdbh s'_ tkfe\ j?. T[j gzikph d/ ftek; bJh g{ohsBd/jh ns/ ;[fjodsk Bkb ekoi eo oj/ jB. fJ; ftu'_ T[jBK dh gzikph ;kfjsns/ ;fGnkuko gqsh tuBpZXsk fdykJh fdzdh j?. nk; j? ;wdoFh;wdoFh;wdoFh;wdoFh;wdoFh dk fJjftF/F nze ftfdnkoEhnK ns/ y'ihnK bJh bkj/tzd j't/rk ns/ gzikph nekdfwe-y/so ~ ft;skoB ftu nkgDh nfjw G{fwek fBGk ;e/rk.

- ;[fjzdo pho- ;[fjzdo pho- ;[fjzdo pho- ;[fjzdo pho- ;[fjzdo pho


vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh jZE-fbysvkH jfoGiB f;zx dh jZE-fbysvkH jfoGiB f;zx dh jZE-fbysvkH jfoGiB f;zx dh jZE-fbysvkH jfoGiB f;zx dh jZE-fbys


w/o/ fgsk ihw/o/ fgsk ihw/o/ fgsk ihw/o/ fgsk ihw/o/ fgsk ihgq'H oFwh f;zxgq'H oFwh f;zxgq'H oFwh f;zxgq'H oFwh f;zxgq'H oFwh f;zx

(J/; b/y #u fJe p/Nh dhnK :kdK ;w/NhnK jB. Gk;ak

dk frnkB Bjh_ j?, wkcah ukjKrh.)

w/o/ v?vh B/ ngDh wK s/ G?DK ~ ;dk :kd ehskj?. wktK XhnKwktK XhnKwktK XhnKwktK XhnKwktK XhnK g[;se T[BQK nkgDh wK eow e"o s/ G?Dfp;aB e"o dh :kd ~ ;wofgs ehsh. T[j ne;o wK ~:kd eofdnK nØyK Go b?_d/, w?_ J/; dod ~ Ud'_ wfj;{;Bk eo gkJh, nØi ;wM rJh jK, wK-pkg dk ftS'Vk nØyKBw fet/_ eodk j?. wktK XhnKwktK XhnKwktK XhnKwktK XhnKwktK XhnK d/ Bkb Bkb T[jBK dheftsk dh g[;se fBe;[ZefBe;[ZefBe;[ZefBe;[ZefBe;[Ze th Sgh, fJj g[;se T[jBK B/ngDhnK fszB B{jK ns/ p/Nh ~ ;wofgs ehsh. T[BQK n"osd/ ;zt/dB;ahb, ;wofgs, ;fjB;ahb, p[Xtzsh, d[ork (gkghnKdk ;zxko eoD tkbh) r[DK ~ pj[s tkoh, ngDhnKnB/e eftsktK ftØu, nB/e fpzpK ftØu, ;[oihs ehsk j?.T[BQK tk;s/ wK dk doik gowkswk s'_ xØN Bjh_ ;h, wK d/fgnko s/ fBØx ~ :kd eofdnK T[jBK B/ ngDh b/yDh s'_tko tko Bt/_ Bt/_ o{geK Bkb fbfynk j? .

@@wK##

wK s/o/ ;de/ $ w?_ s?E'_ tkoh

wK s/o/ i'rh $ wK s[Xtzsh

HHHHHH

T[d'_ T[d'_ jkiao $ wK d[XtzshHHHH

HHHHHHHH

fes/ Bk e'Jh pØsh pkb/ $ T[d'_ T[d'_ pbdh

wK ;[Xtzsh $ t?o id'_ wfjcab ftu p'b/

e{V ewkJ/ cØeV s'b/ $ p'b th s/o/ j'D np'b/n?;';hJ/N gq'ca?;o, wksk ;z[dohekbi cko ftwB, fdZbh.


T[d'_ T[d'_ p'b/ $ wK p[Xtzsh

HHHHHHHHHHH

feosxDK id'_ s/rK cVhnK $ fgnko s/ pDhnK g[ØmhnK xVhnK

w?_ jkiao s/o/ ;zr w?_ yVhnK $ i{M wo/ s/oh wK i[Xtzsh .

T[jBK d/ ihtB s/ Mks gkJhJ/ sK T[jBK dk ihtB pj[s ;kdk, ;ob s/sgØf;nk tkbk ;h. ;kdk ykDk, ;kdk ofjD-;fjD, jo t/b/ gVQBk-fbyDk s/gVkT[Dk. d/o oks eJh tko nukBe nØy y[bQh s/ v?vh ~ nkgDhnK feskpK,ekraiaK ftu p?m/, gVQd/-fbyd/ d/fynk. feskpK, ekraia s/ g?B T[BQK d/ d';s ;B,jo t/b/ T[jBK d/ nzr-;zr j[zd/. e'Jh #tkia th wko/ sK T[BQK ~ e[S Bjh_ ;h;[Ddk, n;h_ g[ØSDk, eh rØb s[;h_ itkp Bjh_ d/_d/, b'eh eh efjDr/ < go T[jp/gotkj j' e/ jh ihtB iht/. T[jBK u oØsh Go jT[w? iK fwikia Bjh_ ;h. T[Øuhgdth s/ tØv/ tØv/ ;BwkB fwb/, fJ; ~ ;dk r[o{ dh w/jo wzBh, T[jBK dk efjDk;h fe w/o/ tor/ j'o th B/ go @tkfjr[o{# B/ w/o/ #s/ feogk ehsh j? .

jw o[bs/ fcos/ e'Jh pks Bk g{Ssk

r[o ;fsr[o ;zfr eho/ jw Ekg/..

(nkfd rqzEnkfd rqzEnkfd rqzEnkfd rqzEnkfd rqzE, gzBk Bzpo 167)

T[jBK dh fwjBs ns/ sgØf;nk ~ ;dk cb fwfbnk, T[jBK #u Gk;ak s/;apd d/ frnkB dh i's ir rJh ;h. fJ; i's B/ pj[s ;ko/ ftfdnkoEhnK #ui's irkJh s/ gzikph ;kfjs d/ eJh y/soK ftØu ;kfjs f;oiBk ehsh. T[jBK B/pj[s sØdkd ftu gzikph Gk;ak u ;kfjs dh ouBk ehsh. T[jBK dh i's T[jBKdhnK ouBktK ftØu irwrkT[_dh oj/rh.

gzikph irs T[jBK d/ •”” t/I ;kb ~ wBk e/, T[BQK ~ :kd eo fojkj?. gzikph Gk;ak ;kfjs, nB/eK nBw'b ;kfjsekoK dh ouBktK dk r"otwJh Gzvkoj?, nk; j? nØr/ j'o nBw'b, w"fbe ouBktK Bkb gzikph ;kfjs #u tkXk j[zdkoj/rk. toswkB ftØu pj[s ;ko/ gqfsGk;akbh b/ye s/ ftdtkB B/, nk; j? fe ;G:sB eoBr/ s/ gzikph Gk;ak ~ j'o T[ukJhnK s/ b? ikDr/.

v?vh

u[Zg-ukg ofjDk B;hp j'fJnk $ Bk wK, Bk pkg dk ofjnk ;kfJnk

nkgDk Bk ;h e'Jh T[;dk $ ;fsr[o T[;dk ;kok ijK j'fJnk .

wZE/ d/ uzr/ B;hp ikr/ $ o";aB T[;dk ;kok ijkB j'fJnk

efo;awk ;fsr[o dh ofjws dk $ cao;a s'_ T[j nk;wkB j'fJnk .


u[Øg-ukg feos T[; ehsh $ oks fdB gVQdk-gVkT[_dk ;h

ngD/ Bkb eokwks i' i' phsh $ eftsk u fbydk iKtdk ;h.

Bk t?o, Bk t?oh T[j ikD/ $ ;fsr[o nzr ;zr T[;d/

pkp/ d/ xo pfj ehosB ;[Ddk $ ;apdK ~ ;wMdk iKtdk ;h.

dhtk wØE/ irdk T[;d/ $ o";aB ;G d/ okj eodk iKtdk ;h

w/o/ wZE/ ;fsr[o jØE oZfynk $ n?;k eokwksh w/ok v?vh j'fJnk.

õõõ


vkH jfoGiB f;zx L ihtB,vkH jfoGiB f;zx L ihtB,vkH jfoGiB f;zx L ihtB,vkH jfoGiB f;zx L ihtB,vkH jfoGiB f;zx L ihtB,ouBk ns/ F];hnsouBk ns/ F];hnsouBk ns/ F];hnsouBk ns/ F];hnsouBk ns/ F];hns

gq'H ;[fjzdo phogq'H ;[fjzdo phogq'H ;[fjzdo phogq'H ;[fjzdo phogq'H ;[fjzdo pho

nkX[fBe gzikph ;kfjs d/ tZy tZy y/soK (eftsk,;whfynk, ;zgkdB, nB[tkd, nfXnkgB nkfd) ftZu nkgDk:'rdkB gk e/ wBZ[yh frnkB d/ fd;jZfdnK ~ fizBhekpbhns Bkb vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ ft;skfonk j? GkoshGkFktK ftu UBh fbnkes ns/ :'rsk FkfJd jh fe;/ j'o;kfjseko iK ;whfyne d/ fjZ;/ nkJh j't/. brGr nZXh;dh gzikph ;kfjs d/ nkekF ~ ftdtsk d/ nkgD/ g{oB ib"okjh_ gqekFwkB eoB tkbh nfijh ;kfjs-;/th ns/ ftfFFNF];hns dk iBw 18 nr;s 1920 Jh;th ~ n;kw d/fJZe fBZe/ fij/ e;p/ bzwfvzr fty/ j'fJnk. nkg ih dh wkskdk Bkw ;qhwsh eow e"o ns/ fgsk dk Bkw ;odko rzvkf;zx ;h. nkg d/ fgsk ih F[ZX Xkofwe fposh tkb/ B/efJB;kB ;B fi; ekoB T[BQK ~ ;wekbh b'eK tb'_ @GkJhrzvk f;zx ih# efj e/ fBtkfink iKdk ;h.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx fszB G?DK dk S'Nk Gok ;h ns/xo ftu g[Zso dh nkwd ~ F[G-nkrwB ti'_ fbnk frnk.pj[s ;kohnK Xkofwe wB"sK eoB T[gozs wK dh M'bh ftZug[Zso dh dks gJh ;h. F[G-nkrwB dhnK xVhnK ihtBftZu pj[s E'VQ-fuohnK ns/ ftobhnK j[zdhnK jB. vkHjfoGiB f;zx d/ iBw t/b/ T[BQK d/ fgsk ikB-b/tk ns/ Bk-w[okd fpwkoh sgfde d/ woh} ;B. sgfde T[BQK fdBK ftuikBb/tk fpwkoh ;h. g[Zso d/ iBw s'_ gfjbK fszB XhnK d/ihtB d/ bzw-;bzw/ g?_v/ dh fpwkoh ftZu ckE/ j'J/ pkg ~rfjoh fuzsk ;h go g[Zso d/ iBw d/ w"e/ #s/ jfoGiB f;zxd/ fgsk ~ xZN'-xZN fuzsk s'_ J/Bh e[ okjs }o{o fwbh fe

;kpek gq'ca?;o, gzikph nfXn?B;e[b, r[o{ BkBe d/t:{Bhtof;Nh, nzfwqs;o


T[; d/ s[o ikD Bkb T[; dk ijkB ;[zBk Bjh_ j't/rk.

jfoGiB f;zx d/ iBw s'_ gfjbK w"s GkJh rzrk f;zx ih tb @bzw/ vzr#tZX ojh ;h go id'_ T[BQK d/ xo T[BQK dk tkfo; g?dk j' frnk sK T[jBK B/bzw/ edwK okjh_ w"s dh wzf}b tZb tXDk F[o{ eo fdZsk. o/bt/ ftZu o[}rkod/ pZX/ GkJh rzvk f;zx ih xo s'_ j}koK whb d{o t;/pk eo oj/ ;B. ihtBd/ nzsb/ fSDK t//b/ T[jBK B/ nkgDh iBw G{wh ~ jh gqDkw eoBk fpjso;wfMnk. ni'e/ fdBK sZe th sgfde fJe S{s dh fpwkoh j? s/ fJj nzdk}k ;fji/jh bkfJnk ik ;edk j? fe GkJh rzvk f;zx ih B/ nkgDh fpwkoh dh tiQk ekoBnkgD/ Bt-iBw/ pkb e'b'_ ;fjtB jh fJe \kf;bk Ekg fbnk j't/. vkH jfoGiBf;zx B/ th nkgDh ;t?-ihtBh ftu fbfynk j? fe fgsk ih nkgD/ ikBFhB ~T[vhed/ ;BHHHHT[BQK w/o/ iBw fdB #s/ jh nkgD/ ubkD/ dk n?bkB eo fdZsk ;h.T[; fdB T[jBK ~ skg ufVnk sK T[jBK fejk @w/oh EK b?D tkbk nk frnk j?.#

GkJh rzvk f;zx ih dk ihtB-ftjko d/yfdnK ][d-p-][d jh r"sw p[ZXd/ rqfj;s-fsnkr dh xNBk u/s/ nk iKdh j?. f;XkoE d; ;kb sZe rqfj;sh-ihtB pshs eodk fojk. 29 ;kb dh T[wo ftu id'_ T[; d/ xo okj[b dk iBwj'fJnk sK Ffjo ftu T[; fdB g{o/ T[sFkj Bkb iFB wBkJ/ ik oj/ ;B. f;XkoEd/ Fkjh wjZbK ftu th T[; oks Bku-ozr dk gqpzX j'fJnk. Ffjo d/ Fkjh-wjZbdk Bku-ozr nZXh oks t/b/ id nkgD/ g{o/ f;yo #s/ g[Zi e/ ]sw j'fJnk sKf;XkoE B/ rqfj;s fsnkrD dk \?;bk eo fbnk. nkgD/ gfotko ftu nkgDktkfo; iK ikBFhB nkT[D T[gozs ihtB d/ fsnkrD dk \?;bk GkJh rzvk f;zxih d/ ihtB-fposKs ftZu f;XkoE dh T[go'es xNBk d/ o[gKsoD ti'_ ;kjwD/nkT[_dk j?. vkH jfoGiB f;zx ni/ e[ZSV u[Zfenk pkb jh ;h. fgsk dk w[jKdokni/ s'sb/ p'bK tkb/ pkb d/ wk;{w B/soK ftu T[sfonk Bjh_ ;h fe fJe tZv-nkekoh SK-dko fpoS T[; d/ ihtB ftu'_ nb'g j' frnk. fJj T[j T[wo ;hid'_ jfoGiB f;zx ~ ihtB ns/ w"s d/ r[ZM/ noEK dk ojZ; Bjh_ ;h.

GkJh rzvk f;zx ih dk fdjKs j' ikD T[gozs jfoGiB f;zx d/ gfotkodk god/; ftu fNe/ ofjDk Bk w[wfeB j' frnk. god/; dk w'j fsnkr e/ ;kokgfotko nkgD/ iZdh fgzv G[Zbo nzfwqs;o fty/ nk frnk go god/;h ofjDh pfjDhd/ nB[Gt eoe/ gfotko dk fgzv Bkb ed/ th ;fji dk foFsk ;Ekfgs Bk j';fenk s/ fJE'_ T[gokw j' e/ nkgDk xo-xkN t/u e/ bkj"o tkb/ wekB ftu ofjDdh ftT[_s pDk bJh rJh. w"s dk dkBt GkJh rzvk f;zx ih d/ gfotko fgZS/fJ; soQK fgnk j'fJnk ;h fe jfoGiB f;zx dh nZm ;kb dh T[wo sZe T[BQKd/ fgsk, wksk ns/ G?DK ;GBK ~ fBrb u[Zek ;h. jfoGiB f;zx dk dkdk ns/


BkBk-BkBh sK T[BQK d/ iBw s'_ gfjbK jh ;tortk; j' u[Ze/ ;B. fdBK-p-fdBKftu jh ;[jktD/ pk| d/ ;[jb fpoy ~ eZboh Xosh dk tk; eoBk fgnk.jfoGiB f;zx dk pugB fpyV/ ns/ UpV g?_fvnK ftZu pshs j'fJnk.

w[jzwd ;kfjp dk pugB th wK-fgT[ pkjok ;h. wK dh e[Zy ftu ;B fefgsk ub tf;nk. e[M ;kb pknd wK th ub t;h sK g'so/ ~ gkbD dh f}zw/tkoh dkd/ (w[Zs fb:) d/ f;o gJh. dkdk th S/sh jh ub tZf;nk sK o;{b ;kfjpnkgD/ fgT[ d/ t/b/ dh B"eokBh dh d/y-o/y ftu nkJ/. wK d/ fiT[_fdnK th w[jzwd~ d[ZX fgbkT[D tkbh dkJh @jbhwk# nkgD/ gk; b? rJh. wK-fgT[-dkd/ s'_ ftSfVnkT[j gokJ/ xo gbdk fojk. fJj' fijh j'Dh FkfJd jfoGiB f;zx ~ fwbh. ;kokNZpo r[nk e/ T[; ~ gokJ/ xo (ftXtk wk;h d/ xo) ftu ofjDk fgnk. w[jzwdizfwnk wZe/ ftZu, fJ}s fwbh wdhB/ ftu. jfoGiB f;zx izfwnk bzwfvzr, gfVQnkfJSo/ (bkj"o ftZu). efjzd/ B/ w[jzwd dh p'bh nkgDh d[ZX-fgbkth d/ ;zgoe ekoBpVh ;ob s/ ;gZFN ;h. jfoGiB f;zx efjzdk j? fe w/oh p'bh T[Zgo fJSo/ dhnKrohp r[nKYDK, wk;hnK ns/ G{nk nkfd dk ns/ fgzv d/ r[od[nko/ dk n;o j?.w[jzwd ;kfjp ~ ;G s'_ f}nkdk fgnko nkgDh p/Nh @ckswk# Bkb ;h. jfoGiBf;zx ~ nkgDh p/Nh @oFwh# nkgD/ g[ZsoK s'_ th tZX fgnkoh ;h.

wK, pkg ns/ gfotko-ftj{D/ eZb-weZb/ pkb ~ pugB d/ v{zx// ns/ fsZy/j/ot/ dk nfj;k; j'fJnk. jfoGiB f;zx dk pugB fJe nfij/ fpoy d/ MV/gZs/ tork ;h i' jB/ohnK, MZyVK ns/ tk-to'fbnK dh UN ftZu nkgDk nk;okGkbdk fojk. Goh Goksh d[Bhnk ftZu fJeZbk, fBwkDk ns/ rohpVk fijk pkbnkgD/ nkg ~ fJT[_ wfj;{; eodk fiT[_ ybkn ftu bNedk p[M{ p[M{ eodk e'Jhskok j't/. jfoGiB f;zx dh T[wo d/ w[ZYb/ toQ/ nfs wk:{;h,ns/ fBok;sk tkb/;B. fJj' fijh wkBf;e go/FkBh ns/ T[dk;hBsk tkb/ tksktoD ftu nkg B/ vhHJ/H thH ;e{b bkj"o s'_ d;th_ iwks gk; ehsh. pkeh dh ;koh T[u/oh ftZfdnk,gqGkeo, ;kfjs osB, frnkBh, phH J/H, n?ZwH J/H, (nzro/}h ns/ fjzdh), ghn?ZuH vhHgqkJht/N s"o #s/ fBZih :sBK okjh_ jkf;b ehsh. phH J/H gk; eoB T[gozs nkg~ ]kb;k ;e{b fdZbh fty/ nzro/}h d/ nfXnkge dh B"eoh fwbh sK fuoK s'_ tesd/ tfjDK ftu o[VQd/ nk oj/ jfoGiB f;zx d/ g?oK ~ nNek bZrk. fJ; ;w/_ d"okB nkg dk ftnkj Fqhwsh feogkb e"o Bkb 1946 Jh;th ftu j'fJnk. nkgdh fJZe Xh ns/ fszB g[Zso jB.]kb;k ;e{b fdZbh d/ nfXnkgB d"okB nzro/}h ns/ fjzdh dh n?ZwH J/H eoB T[gozs nkg ~ ]kb;k ekbi fdZbh fty/ gq'\?;odh B"eoh gqkgs j'Jh. fJE/ ghn?ZuH vhH ns/ nZm e[ ;kb ekbi-;/tk eoB T[gozsjfoGiB f;zx ~ fdZbh :{Bhtof;Nh d/ nkX[fBe Gkosh GkFktK ftGkr ftu gq'\?;odk nj[dk f;ZX/ s"o #s/ gqkgs j'fJnk. fJ; nj[d/ s/ nkg 16 ;kb fNe/ oj/. fJj


T[j ;wK ;h id'_ T[BQK B/ g{oh sBd/jh Bkb gzikph nekdfwe y/so ftu Bth_ o{jc{e fdZsh. ;/tk w[es j'D T[gozs nkg ~ fdZbh :{Bhtof;Nh tZb'_ @gq'c?;o nk\nw?ohN;# dh gdth Bkb fBtkfink frnk. vkH jfoGiB f;zx gzikph GkFk ns/;kfjs Bkb ;zpzfXs T[u/oh s'_ T[u/oh gdth s/ fpokiwkB oj/ go nkg ~ ][dgzikph dh T[u/oh skbhw gqkgs eoB bJh fe;/ ekbi ns/ ftFtftfdnkb/ s'_ w"ekB;hp Bk j'fJnk. fJ; dk wsbp fJj jof|} Bjh_ fe T[BQK d/ wZE/ ftZu gzikphd/ frnkB dh e'Jh ewh ojh. wZ[Yb/ ihtB d/ dZ[ydkJh ns/ ikB d'y' tkb/ ;]ssB Mkr/ nB[Gt B/ T[BQK ~ nzsow[yh ns/ ;Zuh ;[Zuh brB eoB tkbk f;oVhwB[Zy pDk fdZsk ;h. T[BQK B/ ;koh T[wo fJe ;[fjod f;fynkoEh tKr fBZm e/g{oph ns/ gZSwh fuzsB dk w[skfbnk ehsk ns/ ftF/Fr pD e/ nfrnkBsk ftuGNe oj/ gzikph wZfEnK ~ frnkB d/ Gkrh pDkfJnk.

fdZbh ftFt ftfdnkb/ d/ nfXnkgB d"okB jfoGiB f;zx ~ ft}fNzrgq'\?;o d/ s"o #s/ d/F d/ j'o ftFt ftfdnkfbnK ftu ikD dk nt;o gqkgsj'fJnk. fJ; no;/ d"okB nkg B/ fBgkb (1969), u?e';btkehnk (1973),fJzrb?_v (1973, 1980 ns/ 1984), e?B/vk (1986), nwohek (1976), o{; (1981)nkfd d/FK ftu nzso-okFNoh gZXo dhnK ;kfjse ekB\oz;K ftZu Fkfwb j' e/y'i-gZsoK, ftfynkBK ns/ frnkB dhnK n;hw ;zGktBktK d/ gqrNk okjh_ ;o'fsnKd/ wBK #s/ nkgDh gqfsGk dk ;EkJh ns/ v{zxk gqGkt gkfJnk. fJ; gqGkt ;dekBk e/tb d/F ns/ ftd/F ftu nkg dh ftdtsk ~ wkBsk jh gqkgs j'Jh pbfenkg B/ gzikph gkmeK ~ th nfij/ gb/Nckow s/ g[uk fdZsk fiE/ g[Zi e/ T[j nzso-okFNoh ;kfjs-;whfynk ~ ;jh-gfog/y ftZu ;wM ;edk ;h. f;ZN/ ti'_ gzikphgkmeK bJh gZSwh fuzse niBph ns/ d{o d/; d/ tk;h Bk ofj e/ nkgDh Xoshd/ pkfFzd/ jh ikgD bZr gJ/. id'_ gzikph nekdfwe frnkB dk gZXo T[u/okj'fJnk sK ;whfynk dk dkfJok ;fji/ jh ft;fsqs j' frnk.

;kfjs ouB dh u/Ne nkg ~ S'Nh T[wo s'_ jh bZr rJh ;h.pdfe;wsh Bkb pkb T[wo ftu jh nkg dk xo ns/ gfotko d/ ihn tk;sfteihtB ftu'_ r[nku e/ ebgBk dh d[Bhnk ftu gqt/F eo rJ/ ;B, fiT[_ fiT[_ fJjpkjoh F];hnsK ns/ t;sK nkg d/ ihtB ftu'_ nb'g j[zdhnk rJhnK fsT[_ fsT[_fJj nkg dh wkBf;esk d/ B/V/ j[zdhnK ojhnK. wB'ftfrnkBhnK dk fJj efjDkdo[Z;s j? fe ftdk j' ikD Bkb e'Jh ftSV Bjh_ iKdk, ;r'_ T[j wB[Zy dh X[onkswk ftu gqt/F eo iKdk j?. fJe MNe/ Bkb fe;/ ~ ftdkfJrh Bjh_ ejh ik;edh. wksk, fgsk ns/ G?DK Gkt/_ ihtB ftu'_ |?o-jkf}o j' u[ZehnK ;B gojfoGiB f;zx B/ T[BQK ~ jk}o-Bk}o wzB e/ T[BQK d[nkok fdykJ/ rJ/ o;s/ B{zdoZ[;s ns/ gogZe eoBk jh fpjso ;wfMnk.][d jfoGiB f;zx dk th efjDk j?L


wks-gozgok nN[ZN j?, Bdh d/ ;wkB ;dk gqtkjwkB j?.

wks ftSV sK iKdh j? go wodh ed/ Bjh_. wks-GkFk, wksk-Xow, wks-;z;feqsh nkfd nB/eK o{gK ftu ;dk ihfts ofjzdh j?.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ wK d/ Fkpfde-Gkt ~ ft;fsqs ns/ ftokN o{g ftu;wMD dk ekoi ehsk. fgsk d/ fdjKs T[gozs jfoGiB f;zx dh ftXtk wkskXkofwesk Bkb nN[ZN foFs/ ftu pZMdh j?, fJ;/ ekoB jfoGiB f;zx dh wZ[Ybheftsk ftu Xkofwesk d/ gq/oe d/y/ ik ;ed/ jB.

d[Bhnk ftZu fJeZbsk tork FkfJd jh e'Jh j'o o'r j't/ go fJjfJeZbsk p[XhihthnK, f\bk;coK ns/ b/yeK tk;s/ fJe todkB pDe/ ;kjwD/nkT[_dh j?. jhrb B/ fJ; fJeZbsk pko/ tkofBzr fdzfdnK fejk ;h fe i/ fJZetko wB[Zy dh ;wkfie gqftosh sfj; Bfj; j' ikt/ sK T[j fJ; jZZd sZe ;t?-e/_fdqs j' iKdk j? fi; ~ @gkrbgB dh jZd# fejk ik ;edk j? s/ gkrbgB;wkfie gqfefonk Bkb'_ w[ezwb s"o #s/ fJZe soQK Bkb nbfjdk j'Dk j?. go feoe/rkod B/ jhrb d/ T[go'es fpnkB d/ i[nkp ftu nkgDk n;fssth fpnkB dk|e/ nbfjdrh ~ w[V o[spk gqdkB ehsk ;h. T[[; nB[;ko nkswgoesk ;ukJh j?.nkswgoesk T[BQK bJh jh ;ukJh j[zdh j? i' fJ; okjh_ ihtB dh ;ukJh ns/ u/sBk dhnK n;hw jZZdK sZe g[ZiDk ukj[zd/ jB go ;kXkoB p[ZX tkb/ ftneshnK~ nkgDhnK ;kXkoB jkbsK ftu jh ofjDk ukjhdk j?. ;'u d/ v{zx/ tfjDK ftZuftt/eh gj[zu ngBk e/ T[Zso ikDk gkoy{nK ns/ p[ZXhihthnK dk jh ewkb$ekoij[zdk j?. fBT{NB, Fzeokukohnk, r';[nkwh s[b;hdk;, ikfJ;h, fBsF/, okj[b;KfeqfsnkfJB, ihB gkb ;koso nkfd ftFt gZXo d/ wjKg[oy nkgD/ wkfgnK s'_S'Nh T[wo/ ftSV ikD ekoB x'o fJeZbsk ns/ wk:{;h d/ nB[Gt ftu'_ r[}o/ ;B.irs gqf;X ftfrnkBh ;o Jh}e fBT{NB ~ id'_ fJe ftd/Fh ftdtkB B/ T[BQKd[nkok ehsh y'i d/ ojZ; pko/ gZ[fSnk fe s[;h_ nkgD/ nkeoFe f;ZXKs dh bZGsfet/_ ehsh sK fBT{NB dk T[Zso ;h @;'uh ikD, ;'uh ikD Bkb.# fJeZbsk ftubkJh j'Jh fBozso ;wkXh bJh Gkosh fJfsjk; ftZu r"sw p[ZX fJ; dh gqsZyfw;kb jB. gzikph d/ wep{b FkfJo tkfo; Fkj, p[b/Q Fkj, fFt e[wko nkfdnkgD/ gfotkoK s'_ \k;fbnK T[Zgo ftuo/ jB. fFt e[wko nkgD/ pugB ftZu ;kok;kok fdB fgzv d/ e'b bzxdh p;zso Bdh d/ ezY/ gZEoK-rhfNnK Bkb y/vdk ofjzdk;h s/ v{zxh Fkw ~ tkg; xo gosdk ;h. ne;o ebkeko nkgD/ ;wki s'_ fBob/gsk d/ ;fji foFs/ ftu pZM/ j[zd/ jB, go jfoGiB f;zx ~ fJj fBob/gsk ns/fJeZbsk ngqsZy o{g ftZu e[dos d[nkok ehsh rJh eo'gh d/ o{g ftu gqkgs j'Jh;h. pkb T[wo dh fBok;sk ns/ fJ; d"okB ehs/ rJ/ ;zxoF #u'_ g?dk j'D tkb/


;[ji dh ebgBk d/ nkXko s/ nkg dhnK gfjbhnk ekft-ouBktK dh f;oiDk j'Jh.ekft-;kXBk ftu vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ bk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;K (1956), sko s[geksko s[geksko s[geksko s[geksko s[gek (1957),nXo?DhnXo?DhnXo?DhnXo?DhnXo?Dh (1962), Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_ (1967), ;Ve d// ;c/ T[Zs/;Ve d// ;c/ T[Zs/;Ve d// ;c/ T[Zs/;Ve d// ;c/ T[Zs/;Ve d// ;c/ T[Zs/ (1970), w?_ i'w?_ i'w?_ i'w?_ i'w?_ i'phs frnkphs frnkphs frnkphs frnkphs frnk (1970), nbc d[gfjonbc d[gfjonbc d[gfjonbc d[gfjonbc d[gfjo (1972), N[ZehnK ihGK tkb/N[ZehnK ihGK tkb/N[ZehnK ihGK tkb/N[ZehnK ihGK tkb/N[ZehnK ihGK tkb/ (1977), wZEkwZEkwZEkwZEkwZEkdht/ tkbkdht/ tkbkdht/ tkbkdht/ tkbkdht/ tkbk (1982), wfjeK ~ izdo/ Bk wkoh_wfjeK ~ izdo/ Bk wkoh_wfjeK ~ izdo/ Bk wkoh_wfjeK ~ izdo/ Bk wkoh_wfjeK ~ izdo/ Bk wkoh_ (1983), nbftdk s'_ gfjbKnbftdk s'_ gfjbKnbftdk s'_ gfjbKnbftdk s'_ gfjbKnbftdk s'_ gfjbK(1984), wktK XhnKwktK XhnKwktK XhnKwktK XhnKwktK XhnK (1991), fBZe ;[ZefBZe ;[ZefBZe ;[ZefBZe ;[ZefBZe ;[Ze (1989), w/oh ekft-:ksokw/oh ekft-:ksokw/oh ekft-:ksokw/oh ekft-:ksokw/oh ekft-:ksok (1989),u"E/ dh T[vheu"E/ dh T[vheu"E/ dh T[vheu"E/ dh T[vheu"E/ dh T[vhe (1991), o[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFh (1992), o/fr;skB #u bZeVjkoko/fr;skB #u bZeVjkoko/fr;skB #u bZeVjkoko/fr;skB #u bZeVjkoko/fr;skB #u bZeVjkok(2000) T[ZBh ;" u[ok;hT[ZBh ;" u[ok;hT[ZBh ;" u[ok;hT[ZBh ;" u[ok;hT[ZBh ;" u[ok;h nkfd ekft-ouBktK dh f;oiDk okjh_ bzwk ;co sfjehsk j?. bk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;K ekft-feos dh f;oiDk t/b/ sZe T[BQK d/ wB'-w;se T[s/gqrhsesk dk Gkt fNfenk j'fJnk ;h ns/ fJj Gkt Gkt/_ jfoGiB f;zx dh eftskd/ nko-gko c?fbnk j'fJnk j? go T[BQK dh ;wZ[uh ekft-:ksok GktBk s'_ftukoesk, gqrhs s'_ fposKsesk d/ o[] ftek; eodh j?. ;wekbh gzikph eftskd/ y/so ftZu dkoFfBe ftXh tkbhnK bzwhnK$fposKse ekft-ouBktK fbyD ftZu;G s'_ tX/o/ :'rdkB ;kv/ ;w/_ d/ irs gqf;ZX wB'ftfrnkBh eth vkH i;tzs f;zxB/eh dk j?. T[; B/ j[D sZe f;wfosh d/ feoB s'_ gfjbKf;wfosh d/ feoB s'_ gfjbKf;wfosh d/ feoB s'_ gfjbKf;wfosh d/ feoB s'_ gfjbKf;wfosh d/ feoB s'_ gfjbK (1975), eo[Dk dheo[Dk dheo[Dk dheo[Dk dheo[Dk dhS'j s'_ wro'_S'j s'_ wro'_S'j s'_ wro'_S'j s'_ wro'_S'j s'_ wro'_ (1978), Bk fJj rhs Bk fpojVkBk fJj rhs Bk fpojVkBk fJj rhs Bk fpojVkBk fJj rhs Bk fpojVkBk fJj rhs Bk fpojVk (1985), fpoy? j/fm ;fGfpoy? j/fm ;fGfpoy? j/fm ;fGfpoy? j/fm ;fGfpoy? j/fm ;fGizsizsizsizsizs (1989), e'Jh BkU_ B ikD/ w/oke'Jh BkU_ B ikD/ w/oke'Jh BkU_ B ikD/ w/oke'Jh BkU_ B ikD/ w/oke'Jh BkU_ B ikD/ w/ok nkfd okjh_ gzikph eftsk ~ doFB d/okj s'fonk j?. vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ epho dh ihtBh ~ bzwh ekft-feoss/ok BkT[_ ephos/ok BkT[_ ephos/ok BkT[_ ephos/ok BkT[_ ephos/ok BkT[_ epho (fwsh jhD) ftu fusoD ehsk j?.

eftsk ns/ ;whfynk vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ;kfjs-;kXBk d/ d' ftF/Fgfjb{ pD/ oj/ jB. ;whfynk y/so ftu id'_ nkg B/ gqt/F ehsk sK @@T[d'_ ;kfjsd/ \?;b/ gqrshtkd d/ jZe ftu ;B. vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ fJ; ;EkgBk ~;theko Bk ehsk ;r'_ ;wZ[u/ ftFt ftu frnkB d/ y/so ftZu i' e[M j' fojk ;hT[; pko/ gzikph ns/ Gkosh ;kfjs ftu uouk g?dk ehsh. j[D sZe ;whfynky/so ftZu nkg B/ gzikph ;kfjs L gzikph ;kfjs L gzikph ;kfjs L gzikph ;kfjs L gzikph ;kfjs L fJZe BtK gfog/yfJZe BtK gfog/yfJZe BtK gfog/yfJZe BtK gfog/yfJZe BtK gfog/y (1968), nfXn?B s/nfXn?B s/nfXn?B s/nfXn?B s/nfXn?B s/nfXnkgBnfXnkgBnfXnkgBnfXnkgBnfXnkgB (1970), w[Zb s/ w[bzeDw[Zb s/ w[bzeDw[Zb s/ w[bzeDw[Zb s/ w[bzeDw[Zb s/ w[bzeD (1970), ;kfjs s/ f;XKs;kfjs s/ f;XKs;kfjs s/ f;XKs;kfjs s/ f;XKs;kfjs s/ f;XKs (1973), ;kfjs;kfjs;kfjs;kfjs;kfjsFk;soFk;soFk;soFk;soFk;so (1973), nkozfGeknkozfGeknkozfGeknkozfGeknkozfGek (1974), gkorkwhgkorkwhgkorkwhgkorkwhgkorkwh (1976), o{geho{geho{geho{geho{geh (1976), ouBkouBkouBkouBkouBk;zouBk;zouBk;zouBk;zouBk;zouBk (1976), ;kfjs ftfrnkB;kfjs ftfrnkB;kfjs ftfrnkB;kfjs ftfrnkB;kfjs ftfrnkB (1978), ;kfjs nfXn?B;kfjs nfXn?B;kfjs nfXn?B;kfjs nfXn?B;kfjs nfXn?B (1981), gsoKibhgsoKibhgsoKibhgsoKibhgsoKibh(1981), fJe ]s s/o/ BkwfJe ]s s/o/ BkwfJe ]s s/o/ BkwfJe ]s s/o/ BkwfJe ]s s/o/ Bkw (1983), fgnko s/ gfotkofgnko s/ gfotkofgnko s/ gfotkofgnko s/ gfotkofgnko s/ gfotko (1988), ykw'Fh dkykw'Fh dkykw'Fh dkykw'Fh dkykw'Fh dki}hoki}hoki}hoki}hoki}hok (1988), w/oh g;zdw/oh g;zdw/oh g;zdw/oh g;zdw/oh g;zd (1991) nkfd g[;seK dh ouBk ehsh. gzikph;whfynk gqtkj ~ BthnK fdFktK d/D ftu nkg B/ p"fXe nrtkJh ehsh j? fi;ekoB jfoGiB f;zx ns/ T[BQK d/ ;kEh nfXnkge @gzikph nkb'uBk dk fdZbh;e{b# d/ Bkw Bkb ikD/ ikD bZr gJ/. jfoGiB f;zx B/ o{;h o{gtkd, nwohehBt-nkb'uBk, coK;h;h ;zouBktkd, gokr ;e{b, F?bh ftfrnkB, fujB ftfrnkB,


ftouBk ftXh, ;zouBktkd s'_ gko nkfd ;whfynk gqDkbhnK d/ v{zx/ frnkB okjh_;whfynk y/so ftu fJe soQK Bkb sfjbek wuk fdZsk.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ;whfynk dk ;kok pb ns/ dko'wdko ;kfjs-feosd/ gkm T[go fNfenk j'fJnk j?. ;kfjs feos ~ ][dw[]sko j'_d wzB e/ jfoGiBf;zx dh ;whfynk ;kfjs Fk;soh ;whfynk dk ;\o sfj eodh j?. gzikp;whfynk d/ fJfsjk; ftu fizBk wjZst gkm ~ jfoGiB f;zx dh ;whfynk ftugqkgs j'fJnk j? FkfJd jh j'o fe;/ ;whfynk gqDkbh d/ fjZ;/ nkfJnk j't/. fBeNnfXn?B, nzr-fBy/V, GkFk-nfXn?B, Ehfwe-gosK nkfd nB/eK gfjb{ fJ; ;whfynkftXh ftu'_ jh T[ikro j'J/ t/ot/ jB.

;kfjs f;oiDk ns/ ;kfjs ;whfynk dh w"fbe ouBk d/ Bkb Bkb pj[s;kohnK nkb'uBkswe g[;seK dk ;zgkde eoe/ th vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ gzikph;whfynkswe bfjo ~ gqGktFkbh pDkfJnk. fijVhnK g[;seK vkH jfoGiB f;zxB/ ;zgkfds ehshnK T[BQK ftu Xow s/ Xkofwe ekftXow s/ Xkofwe ekftXow s/ Xkofwe ekftXow s/ Xkofwe ekftXow s/ Xkofwe ekft (1971), eEk gzikpeEk gzikpeEk gzikpeEk gzikpeEk gzikp(1971), sqk;dhsqk;dhsqk;dhsqk;dhsqk;dh (1972), g[oksB iBw;kyhg[oksB iBw;kyhg[oksB iBw;kyhg[oksB iBw;kyhg[oksB iBw;kyh (1972), feZ;k gzikpfeZ;k gzikpfeZ;k gzikpfeZ;k gzikpfeZ;k gzikp (1974),f;;Nwhf;;Nwhf;;Nwhf;;Nwhf;;Nwh (1978), ;kyh ;[ofs;kyh ;[ofs;kyh ;[ofs;kyh ;[ofs;kyh ;[ofs (1982), ;BwkB s/ ;whfynk;BwkB s/ ;whfynk;BwkB s/ ;whfynk;BwkB s/ ;whfynk;BwkB s/ ;whfynk (1986) 2 Gkr,2 Gkr,2 Gkr,2 Gkr,2 Gkr,p[Zb/ Fkjp[Zb/ Fkjp[Zb/ Fkjp[Zb/ Fkjp[Zb/ Fkj (fjzdh) (1981), F/y \ohdF/y \ohdF/y \ohdF/y \ohdF/y \ohd (fjzdh) (1992), T[Bhth_ ;dh dk u'DtKT[Bhth_ ;dh dk u'DtKT[Bhth_ ;dh dk u'DtKT[Bhth_ ;dh dk u'DtKT[Bhth_ ;dh dk u'DtKgzikph ;kfjsgzikph ;kfjsgzikph ;kfjsgzikph ;kfjsgzikph ;kfjs (1993) nkfd dk f}eo ehsk ik ;edk j?.

tZy tZy ftfdne ndkfonK tZb'_ th fsnko eotkJhnK ikD tkbhnK gkm-g[;seK d/ ;zgkdB ftu vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ nfjw G{fwek fBGkJh j?. nkg B/fijVh gkm-g[;se th fsnko ehsh T[j Bt/_ pDB tkb/ ;zgkdB bJh th nkdoFg[;se d// s"o #s/ ;theko ehsh rJh. T[dkjoD d/ s"o s/ nZi dh gzikph, ekftnZi dh gzikph, ekftnZi dh gzikph, ekftnZi dh gzikph, ekftnZi dh gzikph, ekftozr, eEk d/F, ihT[_d/ ikrd/, ekft ewkJh, joc jw/Fk, ekft ehosh,ozr, eEk d/F, ihT[_d/ ikrd/, ekft ewkJh, joc jw/Fk, ekft ehosh,ozr, eEk d/F, ihT[_d/ ikrd/, ekft ewkJh, joc jw/Fk, ekft ehosh,ozr, eEk d/F, ihT[_d/ ikrd/, ekft ewkJh, joc jw/Fk, ekft ehosh,ozr, eEk d/F, ihT[_d/ ikrd/, ekft ewkJh, joc jw/Fk, ekft ehosh,eEk ejkDheEk ejkDheEk ejkDheEk ejkDheEk ejkDh nkfd. fJj ;zgkfds gkm-g[;seK Bk e/tb phH J/H gZXo sZe d/ftfdnkoEhnK dk fBZe/ fBZe/ gqFBK-T[ZsoK okjh_ gZE gqdoFB eodhnK jB pbfeT[BQK ~ gVkT[D tkb/ nfXnkgeK ~ th Go';/:'r ;wZroh gqdkB eodhnK jB.fBZe/ pZfunK ~ gVB-gVkT[D d/ f;bf;b/ ftZu id'_ vkH irdhF e"Fb B/ vkHjfoGiB f;zx ~ fe;/ nkT[_dh ;wZf;nk pko/ g[ZfSnk sK T[jBK fejk L

gVQBk ns/ gVQkT[Dk w/ok Xow j?. nkgD/ Xow dk gkbD Gkt/_ S'NhnKiwksK ftZu eoBk j't/, Gkt/_ tZvhnK ftu, eoBk jh ukjhdk j?.

gzikph GkFk s'_ fJbktk vkH jfoGiB f;zx fjzdh, ;z;feqsh, nzro/}h, T[od{nkfd GkFktK d/ uzr/ frnksk ;B. pj[-GkFktK d/ frnksk j'D ;dek T[BQK B/eftsk, rbg, tkose ns/ ;whfynk dhnK g[;seK ~ gzikph ftZu T[bEk e/ gzikphgkmeK dh nzso okFNoh ;kfjs-;z;ko Bkb B/Vsk ekfJw ehsh j?. eftsk ftZu


Jhvhg; ekb'B;Jhvhg; ekb'B;Jhvhg; ekb'B;Jhvhg; ekb'B;Jhvhg; ekb'B; (1960), forpkDhforpkDhforpkDhforpkDhforpkDh (1963), w/oh p'bh s/o/ p'bw/oh p'bh s/o/ p'bw/oh p'bh s/o/ p'bw/oh p'bh s/o/ p'bw/oh p'bh s/o/ p'b (1970), fJjfJjfJjfJjfJjgod/;D fgnkohgod/;D fgnkohgod/;D fgnkohgod/;D fgnkohgod/;D fgnkoh (1973), feZ;k }ko ;[bskB dkfeZ;k }ko ;[bskB dkfeZ;k }ko ;[bskB dkfeZ;k }ko ;[bskB dkfeZ;k }ko ;[bskB dk (1979), b?fBB L B?D-BeFb?fBB L B?D-BeFb?fBB L B?D-BeFb?fBB L B?D-BeFb?fBB L B?D-BeF(1980), ;{odk; d/ gd;{odk; d/ gd;{odk; d/ gd;{odk; d/ gd;{odk; d/ gd (1988), BkwXkoh f;ZyBkwXkoh f;ZyBkwXkoh f;ZyBkwXkoh f;ZyBkwXkoh f;Zy (1988), rbg ftu w/o/ ftFt w/o/ ftFt w/o/ ftFt w/o/ ftFt w/o/ ftFtftfdnkb/ftfdnkb/ftfdnkb/ftfdnkb/ftfdnkb/ (1960), fszB iD/fszB iD/fszB iD/fszB iD/fszB iD/ (1961) s/ vkB tfjzdk fojks/ vkB tfjzdk fojks/ vkB tfjzdk fojks/ vkB tfjzdk fojks/ vkB tfjzdk fojk (1962), tkoseftZu N?r'o dk pkb ;kfjs N?r'o dk pkb ;kfjs N?r'o dk pkb ;kfjs N?r'o dk pkb ;kfjs N?r'o dk pkb ;kfjs (1966), fuZmhnK fpB f;oBkftT[_fuZmhnK fpB f;oBkftT[_fuZmhnK fpB f;oBkftT[_fuZmhnK fpB f;oBkftT[_fuZmhnK fpB f;oBkftT[_ (1968), g?|zpog?|zpog?|zpog?|zpog?|zpo(1970), Bkwd/tBkwd/tBkwd/tBkwd/tBkwd/t (1970), b?fBB L B?D BeFb?fBB L B?D BeFb?fBB L B?D BeFb?fBB L B?D BeFb?fBB L B?D BeF (1980), gqekF g[oygqekF g[oygqekF g[oygqekF g[oygqekF g[oy (1980),itkjo bkb Bfjo{itkjo bkb Bfjo{itkjo bkb Bfjo{itkjo bkb Bfjo{itkjo bkb Bfjo{ (1991), ns/ ;whfynk ftZu no;s{ dk ekft Fk;so no;s{ dk ekft Fk;so no;s{ dk ekft Fk;so no;s{ dk ekft Fk;so no;s{ dk ekft Fk;so(1961), T[dks pko/T[dks pko/T[dks pko/T[dks pko/T[dks pko/ (1970), rDszsorDszsorDszsorDszsorDszso (1972), nkfd nB[tkd ehs/ jB.nB[tkd eoB tk;s/ nB[tkde dk fJe s'_ tXhe GkFktK T[Zgo nfXeko j'Dkbk}wh j?. jfoGiB f;zx dk fJe s'_ tXhe GkFktK T[Zgo t;heko ;h, fJ; d/pkti{d nkg ~ nB[tkd ehsh ik ojh GkFk d/ wkfjoK Bkb ;w/_ ;w/_ ;zgoe theoBk fgnk. nkg d[nkok ehs/ rJ/ tkose nB[tkd gzikph ftZu tX//o/ wep{b j'J/jB. ;kfjs nekdwh B/ T[BQK d/ nB[tkd ekoiK ~ T[u/o/ s"o #s/ ;bkfjnk thj?. eftsk d/ nB[tkd T[BQK dh w"fbe ekft-ouBk d/ gZXo she Bjh_ g[Zi;e/. nfijk FkfJd eftsk ftu ;zGt Bjh_ j?. eftsk pko/ ne;o fJj fejkiKdk j? fe fJ; dk nB[tkd Bjh_ ehsk ik ;edk. eftsk dh fJj fJe ;hwk thj? fe fJj w{b GkFk ftu jh nkgDhnK ;zGktBktK ~ jzYkT[_dh j?. rbg, tkosens/ ;whfynk nB[tkd d/ t;hb/ okjh_ ftFt d/ jo e'B/ ftu gZ[i ikD dh ;woZEkoZydh j?.

jfoGiB f;zx B/ Gkt/_ pj[s ;kohnK ;kfjse-ouBktK ~ gzikph ftZuT[bEkfJnk j? go nkgDh f;oiBkswe ouBk ~ T[BQK B/ nkgDh wks-GkFk okjh_jh gqrN ehsk j?. T[BQK dhnK ouBkswe feosK pj[s ;kohnK }[pkBK ftu nB[tkdj' u[ZehnK jB go fJj nB[tkd ns/ ][d d{;oh }[pkB ftu ouBkswe ekoi eoBs'_ T[BQK B/ ;ze'u ehsk j?.

nfXnkgB d/ y/so ftZu th vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh gqkgsh Fbkxk:'r j?.T[BQK B/ fJ; y/so ftZu th y'i-ekoi d/ Bt/_ ;zebgK ~ ;keko eoe/ gzikphnfXnkgB dk fwnko T[uk u[Zfenk j?. gzikph nkb'uBk dk nkX[fBe gk;ko vkHjfoGiB f;zx dh nrtkJh ;dek jh nr/o/ tfXnk j?. T[BQK B/ ed/ th nkgD/ftfdnkoEh ~ nkgD/ Bkb pzBQ e/ Bjh_ oZfynk, T[; ~ T[vD dh iku f;yk e/y[bQh f\}k ftu ;[ZfNnk j?. fJj' fijk ekoi e'Jh tZv/ firo/ tkbk fJB;kB jheo ;edk j?. vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ gzikph d/ fijV/ Bkwto nfXnkgeK d/ frnkB~ gogZe eoB ftu fBrokB dh j?;hns ftZu nkgDh ftF/F G{fwek fBGkJh j? T[j][d frnkB gqekF d/ tZv/ ;'w/ pD/ oj/ jBl fJBQK ftZu vkH nso f;zx, vkH ;fszdof;zx, vkH ;fszdo f;zx B{o, vkH i;gkb f;zx, vkH r[ouoB f;zx noFh, vkH


sob'e f;zx ezto, vkH wfjzdo e"o frZb, vkH nwohe f;zx g{zBh, vkH wBihs e"o,vkH wBihs f;zx, vkH d/ftzdo e"o, vkH doFB e"o ro'to, vkH jouoB e"o nkfddk Bkw fbnk ik ;edk j?.

fdZbh :{Bhtof;NhnK ftu id'_ vkH jfoGiB f;zx gq'\?;o d/ nj[d/ #s/fpokiwkB ;B sK T[; tes sZe T[BQK dh ;zouBktkdh ;whfynk dh XKe d{o d{osZe g? u[Zeh ;h. :{H ihH ;hH tb'_ ft}fNzr gq'\?;o dh j?;hns ftu T[jBK d/FdhnK ftfGzB :{Bhtof;NhnK ftu nkgD/ ftfynkB g/F ehs/. fJj fJe soQK BkbT[BQK dhnK ;kfjse T[dk;hnK jh ;B. 1980 JhH ftu id'_ T[j T[go'es ;ehwnXhB r[o{ BkBe d/t :{Bhtof;Nh, nzfwqs;o nkJ/ sK ;o'fsnK tb'_ T[BQK ~ GotKj[zrkok fdZsk frnk. T[j fdB n;b ftu T[BQK dh ;kfjse uVQs ns/ gqtkBrhd/ ;B. T[j ][d th o{;h o{gtkd gVkT[_d/ gVkT[_d/ p'fo; s'wkF/t;eh brd/,coK;h;h ;zoBktkd pko/ rZb eod/ sK o'bK pkos pD iKd/, GkFk ftfrnkBgVkT[_fdnK o'wB i?ep;B ns/ ;kf;T{o dk o{g Xkod/l ekft Fk;so gVkT[_d/ sKno;s{ ns/ s'd'o/t dk ;kyFks o{g brd/. T[BQK d/ frnkB ns/ ftdtsk d/ ezmehs/ j'J/ fBozso gqtkj ~ FqtD eofdnK brdk fe fJj fJB;kB e'Jh @d?th g[oy#j? fi; ~ frnkB dk fJbjkw j' fojk j?. jfoGiB f;zx dh wjkBsk fJ; rZbftu j[zdh fe T[j efjzd/ fe w?_ e/tb jfoGiB f;zx jK ns/ s[jkv/ tKr fJZe;kfjse ftfdnkoEh jK. w?_ nkgDh y[Ffe;wsh ;wMKrk id'_ s[;h_ w?~ T[bzx e/gko ub/ ikT[r/. nZi T[BQK dk ;fj ;Gkr/ fejk j'fJnk eEB g{o/ gzikph ;kfjs;z;ko d/ gq;zr ftZu u[D"sh Gog{o bZr fojk j?. vkH jfoGiB f;zx fJe nfijkgqGktFkbh p[bkok ;h i' nkgD/ ;o'fsnK ~ ehb e/ pzBQ b?D dh nEkj Fesh oZydk;h. fi; ftF/ ~ jfoGiB f;zx B/ nfXn?B-ekoi bJh t;s{ pDkfJnk, T[; t;s{dk nkg B/ fJ; soQK dkoFfBe ns/ ;{yw gZXo #s/ fBy/Vk ehsk fe ftjkoenfXn?B t/b/ th T[; ;zebg dh e'Jh ;wZf;nk Bk ojh. nkX[fBe gzikph ;whfynkdh T[wo e'Jh tv/oh Bjh_. jfoGiB f;zx dh ;kfjs-;whfynk dk w{b ;o's g{ophns/ gZSwh fuzsB j?. jfoGiB f;zx B/ frnkB dh gqkgsh bJh nkgD/ w;se d/u[\/o/ dotk}/ y'b e/ oZy/ jB. f;ZX/ o{g ftu fJ; ;whfynk-frnkB ~ Gkt/_jfoGiB f;zx rqfjD eo fojk ;h go nf;ZX/ o{g ftu fJ; u/sBk dk gqtkj gzikph;kfjs d/ jo gkme, ftfdnkoEh ns/ gkoy{ she gj[zu fojk ;h. ;whfynk-frnkBd/ w{b Fkpfde-;zebgK ~ ;wMD ns/ gzikph ftZu T[bEkT[D iK fgT[_d eoB dkekoi nfs efmB ;h go jfoGiB f;zx dh pj[-GkFkJh :'rsk ns/ p[ZXh dhshyDsk ;dek fJj ekoi efmB Bk fojk. jfoGiB f;zx ;whfynk dh xkbDk;dek jh nZi dh gzikph ;whfynk dk gZXo ftFt nkb'uBk d/ jkD dk j'fJnkj?. nZi ftFt d/ fe;/ th e'B/ ftu j' ojh ;kfjs-;whfynk gzikph-gkme s'_ d{o-


d[o/v/ dh t;s Bjh_ ojh. jfoGiB f;zx fdZp-fdqFNh dk wkbe ;h ns/ nkgDhfJ; ftbZyD gqfsGk ;dek T[j ftFt ;kfjs-;whfynk dhnK nkX[fBe gqDkbhnKns/ gzikph ;kfjs-;whfynk dofwnkB FpdK dk g[b pfDnk fojk j?.

ed/ ed/ gzikph ns/ |?o gzikph gkmeK tb'_ jfoGiB f;zx dh Fpd u'Ds/ Fpd-iVs d/y e/ T[; ~ @FpdK dk ikd{ro# th fejk iKdk fojk j?. vkHnwohe f;zx nB[;ko @jfoGiB f;zx xZN tos/ b\} n?;/ sohe/ Bkb tosdkj? fe T[BQK ftZu BtK ikd{ nk iKdk j?. b\}K dk fJ;s/wkb fJe i[rs th j?s/ ebk th. fJBK d'jK FeshnK dk jfoGiB f;zx wkbe j?.# jfoGiB f;zxFpdK Bkb y/vdk, eb'b eodk ns/ T[u/ nzpoK ftZu gotk} GofdnK gkmeK$;o'fsnK d/ f}jB irs ftZu J/Bk v{zxk T[so iKdk j? fe T[BQK dhnK fBFfeqnkFhbj'JhnK frnkB fJzdohnK w[V nkgDh i[zfpF ftZu nk iKdhnK ;B. T[; d/gkme$;o's/, Fkf|od ns/ ebk gq/wh T[; dh FkfJoh ns/ ;whfynk okjh_ nzXekodhnK r[\ktK #u'_ fBeb e/ dZp/ g?oh_ s[od/ s[od/ frnkB d/ gqekF tZb ;co eod/;B. frnkB gqekF ftu s[o oj/ ifrnk;{nK d/ wBK ftu gJhnK j'JhnK gZehnK-ghvhnK r[zMbK fiT[_ fiT[_ y[bQdhnK iKdhnK ;B fsT[_ fsT[_ jfoGiB f;zx gqtkBj' e/ T[BQK d/ fjofdnK ftu nkgDh v{zxh EK pDkT[_dk iKdk ;h. jfoGiB f;zxd/ fwZso th ;B ns/ nfwZso th. fBZe/-fBZe/ ;ztkd th ;B ns/ tZv/ tZv/ fttkdth go fJ; d/ pkti{d gqtkBrh d/ y/so ftu jfoGiB f;zx ;op gqtkB ;h. T[;d/ fto'Xh th T[; dk b'jk wzBd/ ;B.

@gVQ gVQ g[;se Y/o e[V/, w/ok tXdk ikJ/ jB/o e[V/# gq'H w'jB f;zx d/ekft-p'bK nB[;ko pj[s ;kohnK frnkBkswe g[;seK gVQB T[gozs y'ih d/ fe;/feBko/ Bk bZr/ j'D ekoB dbdb ftu c;/ j'D dk ;ze/s gqkgs j[zdk j?. skbhwdh d[Bhnk ftu f;ZfynkoEh fiT[_ fiT[_ edw-do-edw nZr/ s[fonk iKdk j? fsT[_fsT[_ T[; d/ w;se ftZu n;gFNsk ns/ X[zdb/gB d/ pZdb r{VQ/ j[zd/ iKd/ jB.;zegbK dh d[Bhnk ftu nzso ns/ ;wkBsktK nfs ;{yw gfoGkFktK ftZu pzBQhnKj'JhnK j[zdhnK jB. jo wB[Zy gk; p[ZXh sK j? go p[ZXh dh :'rsk dk shyDfBGkT[ gquzv p[ZXh dhnK wFkbK oZyD tkb/ ftob/ frnkBtkBK d/ fjZ;/ jh nkT[_dkj?. g[;seK dh gVQs ftu'_ Bk e/tb jfoGiB f;zx B/ ][d jh frnkB gqkgs ehskpbfe fJ; frnkB okjh_ frnkB-ftj{D/ gzXkD{nK dk okj th o"FB ehsk. jfoGiBf;zx BkoEo' cokJh dh fJ; XkoDk ~ ftFkb fjod/ Bkb ;theko eod/ jB feg[;seK ftu'_ g[;seK iBw b?_dhnK jB Gkt frnkB nfjw nkdkB-gqdkB dh fJegqfefonk j?. nkdkB-gqdkB dh gqfefonk ftu jfoGiB f;zx fJ; soQK nkgDhG{fwek fBGkT[_dk fojk fe T[; frnkB ~ nkgDh Xosh dh S'j gqkgs j' iKdhojh. d{;o/ ;fGnkuko d/ frnkB ~ nkgDh Xosh w[skfpe oukT[Dk-wukT[Dk jh


g?_dk j? Bjh_ sK T[; frnkB dh nt;Ek jfoGiB f;zx dhnK j/m fbyhnK ;soKw[skfpe j' iKdh j? L

fijVk fpoS g[ZN e/ Ssoh tKr u[Zfenkuko edw uZb e/ jh ;[Ze ;V iKdk j?gZsk gZsk MV iKdk j?w'J/ fpoS dh SK pj[s fuo ih Bjh_ ;edhUVe nkgDh fwZNh #u'_ jh fpoS T[rkfJnk

w/o/ tKr fJefjok fJebtKRk

god/;h wkvbK ~ th nkgDh }[pkB, ;kfjs, ;fGnkuko nkfd dh ikrbkT[Dh jh g?_dh j? Bjh sK T[j wkvb wekBeh GKs d/ pD iKd/ jB. Gkt/_ g[;seKftZu'_ g[;seK d/ iBw b?D dk wkvb ngqwkDe Bjh_ go fco th jo GkFk dk tZyokFkpfde-;fGnkuko j'D ekoB f;ZfynkoEhnK ~ eJh tko g[;seK d/ eofsnK ns/GkFk d/ wkfjoK e'b th gj[zu eoBh gJh j?. vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ fJ; rZb ~\ok] fdbh Bkb gqtkB ehsk fe nB[tkd ns/ d{;ohnK GkFktK dhnK ;whfynkgqDkbhnK ~ ;wMD bJh T[BQK B/ vkH ;fsd/t u"Xoh, vkH fFt BkokfJD Fk;sqh,vkH wX{ fwFo, vkH d/t ukBDk, vkH Br/_do, bkbk ;{oi GkB nkfd ftdtkBK dk;fj:'r gqkgs ehsk. T[j ][d fbyd/ jB fe nkgD/ Xow tkfbnK Bkb edwfwbk e/ s[odk w?_ th efj fdzdk fojk jK s/ j[D th efj fdzdk jK fe w/ok r[o{rqzE ;kfjp j?, w?~ d/jXkoh r[o{ Bjh_ ukjhdk. go eh eoK, w?~ jw/Fk jh fe;/d/jXkoh T[;skd dh b'V ojh j?. e'F s/ wjKe'F, g'EhnK ns/ rzqE id'_ ezw Bjh_fdzd/ sK fe;/ d/jXkoh fgZS/ d"VBk g?_dk j?. T[d'_ w?~ fe;/ dk fgSbZr nytkT[_fdnKth bki Bjh_ nkT[_dh. e'Jh d/jXkoh jh w/ohnK r[zMbK y'bD ftZu ;jkJh pDdkj?. e'Jh th g[;se fe;/ nB[Gth-ftfdnk r[o{ dh EK g{o Bjh_ ;edh.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ vkeNo/N dh T[gkXh fjzdh d/ gqf;ZX ftdtkB vkHBr/_dq dh nrtkJh ftZu gqkgs ehsh j?. fdZbh :{Bhtof;Nh B/ tZy tZy ;w/_ s/ d'jK~ jh @gq'\?;o nk\ nw?ohN;# d/ ;BwkB Bkb fBtkfink j?. fit/_ gb?N' B/ no;s{~ Fkf|od pDk e/ fJe BtK T[;skd g?dk ehsk fJt/_ jh vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/fJe T[;skd dh j?;hns ftZu nB/eK ftfdnkoEhnK ~ gqwkDe nfXnkgepDkfJnk.

jfoGiB f;zx gzikph irs dk fJe' fJZe ;kfjseko j? i' fJe' t/b/ ekft-ouBk ns/ ekft-Fk;so d/ go;go fto'Xh y/soK ftZu fBg[zBsk ;kfjs g{ok T[sodkj?HHHHHw?~ vkH jfoGiB f;zx dk ftfdnkoEh j'D dh jT[w?_ j?. T[BQK dk ihtB gzikphftdtsk ~ ;wofgs j?. vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ gzikph nfXnkgB Bt/_ frnkB,BthnK nfXn?B gqDkbhnK Bkb ;zpzfXs eoe/ fi; soQK fJe ftFkbsk fbnKdh T[;


dh gqkgsh ;dek gzikph nkb'uBk dk fdZbh ;e{b, fij/ Fpd gqtkBrh ti'_ tos/ikD bZr gJ/.

ftFt ;kfjs ;whfynk d/ rfjo-rzGho nfXn?sk ns/ pj[-GkFktK d/frnksk j'D ;dek vkH jfoGiB f;zx ~ s[bBkswe ;kfjs dk ftF/Fr th wzfBnkiKdk j?. Bk e/tb gzikph ;kfjs d/ nzsors pbfe ;wZ[u/ Gkosh ;kfjs d/ ;zdoGftu jfoGiB f;zx tor/ ftdtkB ftob/ ns/ Nkt/_ jh jB. vkH Br/_dq B/ vkHjfoGiB f;zx pko/ fejk ;hL

F[o{ ftZu fjzdh d/ dotk}/ okjh_ gqt/F eoB tkb/ UpV fij/ pzd/ dkgozgoktkdh gzfvsK B/ ftF/F ;[nkrs Bk ehsk, feT[_fe T[; gk; gzikph dh fJeth fvroh Bjh_ ;h go S/sh jh ftdtsk ns/ p"fXesk d/ pb ;dek jfoGiB f;zxB/ nkgDh ;q/Fmsk dk f;Zek iwk fbnk.

gzikph s'_ fJbktk |?o-gzikph }[pkBK ftu jfoGiB f;zx d/ wep{b j'Ddk ekoB f;oiBkswe :'rsk dh gqfsGk d/ Bkb Bkb Gkosh ekft Fk;so dhv{zxh ;wM ns/ ftF/F eoe/ fjzdh }[pkB d/ fuzsB ftu T[; dhnK w}p{s iVQKdk j'Dk ;h.

eftsk ns/ ;whfynk jfoGiB f;zx dh ;kfjs-;kXBk d/ d' w[Zy gfjb{pD/ oj/ jB. nB[tkd ns/ ;zgkdB ~ th nkg B/ nekdfwe ekoi d/ s"o s/fBGkfJnk j?. eftsk ihtB d/ ftfGzB nB[GtK d/ jzYkJ/ j'J/ t/oftnK dk fBu'Vg/F eodh j? id fe tkose tk;sftesk dk skofee gqrNk eodh j?. eftskihtB d/ sZEK dk o{ge f;oiD j? iK fJ; soQK fejk ik ;edk j? fe eftsk ihtBd/ nB[GtK ~ fJFkfonK ns/ ow}K okjh_ gqrN eodh j? id fe tkose ihtBdh tk;sftesk s'_ fBMZe j' e/ god/ T[skodh iKdh j?. ihtB dhnK xNBktK ns/t/oftnK ~ gqrN eoB bJh eJh tko eftsk eth dk ;kE Bjh_ fdzdh sK T[jfJBK ~ nfGftnes eoB bJh tkose d/ o{gkeko dh u'D eodk j?. jfoGiBf;zx B/ j[D sZe fBoGT[ fBot?ofBoGT[ fBot?ofBoGT[ fBot?ofBoGT[ fBot?ofBoGT[ fBot?o (1985), X[Zg/ pbdk dhtkX[Zg/ pbdk dhtkX[Zg/ pbdk dhtkX[Zg/ pbdk dhtkX[Zg/ pbdk dhtk (1985), u'bku'bku'bku'bku'bkNkehnK tkbkNkehnK tkbkNkehnK tkbkNkehnK tkbkNkehnK tkbk (1994), nkfd ouBktK gqekfFs ehshnK jB. fJBK tkose-ouBktK ftu jfoGiB f;zx dh ekfte-F?bh dk Gkt/_ tX/o/ dyb ekoiFhb ofjzdkj? go fco th fJj ouBktK jfoGiB f;zx d/ ihtB ns/ ;kfjse-;\o ~ rfjokJhftu ;wMD bJh nkgDh nfjw G{fwek fBGkT[_dhnK jB. fJj tkose ouBktKjfoGiB f;zx dh wkBf;esk s/ gJ/ j'J/ gqGktK ~ o{gwkB eodhnK jB. tkose-ouBk dk fJj ;owkfJnk jfoGiB f;zx dh eftsk dk ntu/sB j?. fJE/fJekrosk ;fjs p?m e/ jfoGiB f;zx dh eftsk d/ gq/oe ns/ ;o's Gkb/ ik;ed/ jB.


jfoGiB f;zx pj[-gZyh F];hns dk ;[nkwh ;h. fiT[_ fiT[_ T[; dhF];hns dhnK gosK ~ y'fbQnk iKdk j? fsT[_ fsT[_ T[; dhnK jZdK c?bdhnKiKdhnK jB. gzikph GkFk, ;kfjs, ;fGnkuko nkfd dkfJfonK ftu T[; dh gqfsGkdk ewkb ;keko j' u[Zek j?. nkgDhnK fbysK d/ ;BksBh nzdk} ;dek gzikph}[pkB dk fJj nBw'b ftnefsZst ;wZ[u/ Gkosh ;kfjs dhnK Bkwto j;shnK ftu;fsekfonk ik u[Zek j?. ;jh FpdK ftZu jfoGiB f;zx Gkosh eftsk, ;whfynkns/ nekdfwe y/so dk wkD ;h. ;kfjs dhnK tZy tZy f;BcK ftu jfoGiB f;zxB/ nfijk w[ZbtkB tkXk ehsk fi; dk s]whBk eoB T[gozs fJj ;kfjse ekoife;/ tZvh ;z;Ek dk gqshs j[zdk j?. jfoGiB f;zx ][d fJZe tZv-nkekoh ;z;Ekj?. T[; dhnK ouBktK dk ;[Gk gkorkwh j?, fJj ;kfjs-ouBktK jfoGiB f;zxbJh fJe nfijk tkjD jB fiBK dk Fkj-;tko j' e/ T[; B/ nDfrDs gkmeKdh t/dBk-;zt/dBk ~ N[zfpnk j?. ;kfjs Bkb nfBZyV o{g ftu i[V/ j'J/ ndkfonKns/ nekdfwe ;z;EktK tb'_ ;w/_ ;w/_ ftF/F wkD-;BwkB d/ e/ jfoGiB f;zx dh;kfjs ;kXBk ~ gqtkB ehsk iKdk fojk j?. wkD-;BwkB d/ y/so ftZu th jfoGiBf;zx d{o-dok} sZe gotk} GoB tkbk ;kfjseko j?. vkH e/;o f;zx d/ FpdKftZu L

jfoGiB f;zx nkgD/ :[Zr dh nktk} ~ g/F eoB dh ;woZEk oZydk j?.fJ; ;woEk ;dek jh T[; B/ Bkw ns/ F[jos ~ jkf;b ehsk j?. nkw ftukoKd/ T[bN T[; e'b ;o;tsh ns/ beFwh fJeZmhnK jh nkJhnK jB.

T[wo d/ gfjb/ tfoQnK ftZu jzYkfJnk j'fJnk nkofEe wzdjkbh dknB[Gt ns/ brGr gzikj ;kb dh T[wo sZe ehsk j'fJnk nekdfwe ;zxoFjfoGiB f;zx dhnK gqkgshnK bJh ;koEe nkXko pDdk j?. ;o;tsh ns/beFwh d/ ;zdoG ftu ;z;feqs GkFk d/ wjkB eth ekbhdk; dk ihtB t/fynkikt/ sK gsk brdk j? fe T[; B/ nkgDh f}zdrh dk ;kfjse ekoi Fesh ns/beFwh dh nkwd s'_ gfjbK jh ehsk ;h. jfoGiB f;zx gk; ;o;tsh ns/beFwh ihtB dh eqwesk ftu gfjbh d{ih gT[Vh tKr nkJhnK jB. vkH jfoGiBf;zx ~ j[D sZe gzikp ;N/N fJBkw (forpkDhforpkDhforpkDhforpkDhforpkDh 1963), ;kfjs nekdwh g[o;eko(Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_, 1969), ;kfjs ebk gfoFd g[o;eko (1975), gzikp ;oekoFq'wDh g[o;eko (1975), gzikp ;N/N GkJh tho f;zx g[o;eko (n¾c d[gfjon¾c d[gfjon¾c d[gfjon¾c d[gfjon¾c d[gfjo1975), jfonkDk ;N/N GkJh ;zs'y f;zx g[o;eko (;kfjs Fk;so;kfjs Fk;so;kfjs Fk;so;kfjs Fk;so;kfjs Fk;so 1975), ;?_Nobp'ov nkc ;?ezvoh n?i{e/FB p[Ze ntkov (tzB-;[tzBhtzB-;[tzBhtzB-;[tzBhtzB-;[tzBhtzB-;[tzBh 1975), gzikp ;N/N fJBkw(o{geho{geho{geho{geho{geh 1978), ;'thns b?_v Bfjo{ g[o;eko (b?fBB L B?D BeFb?fBB L B?D BeFb?fBB L B?D BeFb?fBB L B?D BeFb?fBB L B?D BeF 1980), gzikph;kfjs ;fGnkuko e/_do b[fXnkDk (1982), gzikp ;N/N g[o;eko (gsoKibhgsoKibhgsoKibhgsoKibhgsoKibh1982), frnkBh r[ow[y f;zx g[o;eko (1982), ;/tk f;csh g[o;eko (1982),


wjkwsh gqkD BkE fwFB (1983), sh;oh ftFt gzikph ekB\oz; g[o;eko (1983),ebkeko b/ye wzvb g[o;eko eoBkb (1983), frnkBh r[ow[y f;zx g[o;eko(nbftdk s'_ gfjbKnbftdk s'_ gfjbKnbftdk s'_ gfjbKnbftdk s'_ gfjbKnbftdk s'_ gfjbK 1984), gq'c?;o nkc nw?ohN; (fdZbh :{BhH, fdZbh 1985),eosko f;zx Xkbhtkb g[o;eko (1986), Fq'wDh nzso-okFNoh Fq'wDh ;kfjsekog[o;eko (fJnkwk 1987), :{H ghH fjzdh ;z;EkB g[o;eko (byBT{ 1987), Gkos;oeko c?b' w?ohN; ;BwkB (1987), tkfo; Fkj g[o;eko (gzikph ;kfjs nekdwhb[fXnkDk 1992), c?b'fFg dk ;ot'sw nekdwh g[o;eko (;kfjs nekdwh 1994),;[yBto wzu gzikp g[o;eko (1994), ;o;tsh g[o;eko (Gkos dk ;ot'sw;kfjse g[o;eko L e/H e/H fpobk ckT{_v/FB fdZbh 1994), bkJhc c?b'fFg (gzikph:{Bhtof;Nh gfNnkbk 1994), ;ot-;q/FN Xkbhtkb g[o;eko (2001) nkfdg[o;eko gqkgs ehs/.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx s'_ fJbktk gzikph ;kfjs ftu Bk sK fe;/ F];hns~ J/Bh pj[-ftftXsk tkbh ouBkswe j;sh jh gqkgs j'Jh ns/ Bk jh J/Bh tZvhsZdkd ftu fe;/ ~ wkD-;BwkB fwb/. ;ot'sw g[o;ekoK ~ jk;b eoB ftujfoGiB f;zx dk e'Jh ;kBh Bjh_ ;h. n;b ftZu vkH jfoGiB f;zx Bk e/tbgzikph dh pbfe Gkosh ;kfjs dh d[obZG ns/ ftokN F];hns ;h. id'_ jfoGiBf;zx ~ epho g[o;eko gqkgs j'fJnk ;h sK ;wZ[u/ gzikph ;kfjs dk wkD tfXnk;h. jfoGiB f;zx dh ;kfjs-;kXBk ftu id'_ th wkD-;BwkB gqkgs j'J/ jB sKfJj T[;dh ouBkswe gqfefonk ftu e'Jh o[ektN Bjh_ pD/ pfbe T[; dhf;oiBkswesk ~ nrb/oh gbKx g[ZND bJh gq/oe dh Fesh jh fBGkT[_d/ oj/ jB.o[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFh (1992) ekft-feos ~ epho g[o;eko dk T[Zsw Bshik fejk ik;edk j?. epho g[o;eko s'_ nZX/ djke/ pknd 1994 Jh;th ftu ;kfjs nekdwhtZb'_ vkH jfoGiB f;zx ~ @c?b'fFg dk ;ot'sw wkD# fdZsk frnk. fe;/ th;kfjseko bJh fJ; wkD dk fwbDk gq;z;k:'r j? feT[_fe fJj e/tb wkD jh j?,fJ; ftu beFwh Fkfwb Bjh_ j?. gzikph GkFk ns/ ;kfjs ~ fJj wkD 37 ;kbpknd gqkgs j'fJnk. gfjbh tko fJj ski ;odko r[opyF f;zx gqhsbVh dh;kfjs-;kXBk okjh_ gzikph ;kfjs d/ wZE/ ;fink ;h s/ 1994 JhH ftu fJ; w[eN~ gzikph-;kfjs d/ wZE/ s/ ;ikD bJh vkH jfoGiB f;zx d/ FpdK dk tkjDpfDnk. ;kfjs nekdwh dh c?b'fFg, gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh gfNnkbk dh bkJhcc?b'fFg ns/ fpobk ckT{_v/FB d/ ;o;tsh g[o;eko ~ gqkgs eoB Bkb fszB tZy'-tZyohnK ;z;EktK tb'_ jfoGiB f;zx dh ;kfjse-;/tk ~ gqtkBrh gqkgs j'Jh.Gkos dhnK ;kohnK GkFktK ftu ;o;tsh g[o;eko ;ot'sw fJBkw j? ns/ fJ;dh okFh th ;ko/ Gkosh fJBkwK ftu tX/o/ j?. fJj g[o;eko gqkgs eoe/ b/yed/; d/ gqshfBX$Bkwto ;kfjsekoK dh esko ftu ik yb'_dk j? ns/ nzso-okFNoh


;kfjsekoK d/ ;zdoG ftu b/ye dk F[wko j[zdk j?. fJj g[o;eko fwbD T[gozsjfoGiB f;zx Bkb w[bkeks ehsh rJh sK fJBkw pko/ T[BQK fejk L

@g[o;eko w?_ }o{o gqkgs ehsk j?, g[o;eko B/ w?~ gqkgs Bjh_ ehsk,g[o;eko w/o/ ihtB dk t/otk j?, fJj w/o/ X[o wB dh t;s Bjh_.#

;kfjseko dh w{b t\k nkgDh ;kfjs-feos gqfs j[zdh j?. T[j nkgDhX[B ftZu ihtB dh f;nkDg ~ GkbD bJh jw/Fk ekoiFhb ofjzdk j?. jfoGiBf;zx dh brGr jo feos fJBkw-:k\sk j' u[Zeh j? go ;kfjs-ouBk gqfefonkfJBkw-:k\sk s'_ w[es j?. ;o;tsh g[o;eko dh gqkgsh T[gozs vkH ;fszdo f;zxB{o B/ vkH jfoGiB f;zx pko/ fbfynk ;h L

vkH jfoGiB f;zx fJe gqfsGk dk Bkw j?, fJ; bJh ;o;tsh g[o;ekoBkb ;BwkfBnk ikDk e/tb gzikph GkFk ns/ ;kfjs dk ;BwkB jh Bjh_ ;r'_ ;wZ[u/Gkosh ;kfjs dk ;BwkB j?. vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ Gkosh ;kfjs ftu e[MBt/_ gqfswkB g?dk ehs/, fiBK ~ f;o\ gzikph ;kfjs d/ fJfsjk; ftu jh Bjh_ikfDnk ikDk ukjhdk ;r'_ Gkosh ;kfjs d/ fJfsjk; ftu tkfunk ikDk ukjhdk j?.

fpobk ckT{_v/FB d/ gqXkB feqFB e[wko fpobk B/ ;o;tsh ;BwkB d/nt;o s/ fejk ;h fe vkH jfoGiB f;zx pj[gZyh Fy;hns dk ;[nkwh j?. T[BQKdh b/yDh dhnK iVQK ;fGnkukoe fto;/ ftu v{zxh soQK ;wkJhnK j'JhnK jB. fJ;rZb dh th ;zs[FNh }kfjo ehsh fe fJ; ;kb dk ;o;tsh g[o;eko d/D T[gozs;kfjse ns/ nekdfwe jbfenK tZb'_ th Gog{o gqqFz;k gqkgs j'Jh j?.

Gkos d/ gqXkB wzsoh gh gh Bof;wQk okT[ B/ T[BQK dh ekft-feos dhFbkxk eofdnK fejk ;hL

vkH jfoGiB f;zx Gkos dk fJZe nfijk wjkB ;g{s j? i' ihtB ~ ;{ywfdqFNh Bkb t/ydk j? ns/ T[; ~ nkgDh fbys okjh_ d{;fonK ~ gqGkfts eoBdk todkB gqkgs j?. jfoGiB f;zx dh ekft-feos gkme ~ e/tb ;sj T[Zgojh Bjh_ oZydh pbfe gkme ~ th nkgD/ Bkb n;hw rfjokJh sZe b? iKdh j?.

jfoGiB f;zx d/ ihtB, ouBk ns/ F];hns d/ p[fBnkdh nkXkoK dhx'y eohJ/ sK gsk brdk j? fe nkg dk ;wZ[uk ihtB ;zxoF Gog{o fojk j?.fJ; ;zxoF ftu coK; d/ gqf;ZX fcbk;co ihB gkb ;koso tKr nkg B/ ;kohT[wo g[;seK Bkb rfjok brkT[ pDkJh oZfynk j?, J/Bk brkT[ fe jfoGiB f;zx][d p ][d jh ;z;Ek pD frnk. ;z;Ek pDB sZe T[j feskp-ebw-feos d/;zrbh-B[wk-foFs/ ftu gZeh ghvh soQK pZfMnk j'fJnk gqshs j[zdk j?. ;fjiskjfoGiB f;zx dk nfBtkoh r[D pD frnk. ihtB ns/ ;kfjs-;kXBk ftu pj[s;kohnK i']w ns/ e[VZsB Gog{o xNBktK tkgohnK go nkg B/ ihtB d/ ftFkd


ns/ T[gokwsk ~ ebkswesk dk o{g gqdkB ehsk. iowB dk dkoFfBe BhsF/efjzdk j? fe id'_ T[j x'o fBokFk ns/ fJeZbsk dh ;fEsh ftu ;h,T[j Bk ihn;edk ;h s/ Bk jh wo ;edk ;h, T[;dh jkbs n?p;ov ftneshnK torh j';edh ;h go fJe ebkeko j'D d/ Bks/ T[j nkgDh fJeZbsk dh ghV ~ gq;zBskd/ iohJ/ gqrN eodk fojk j?.

fJeZbsk ebkeko ftneshnK bJh T[;ko{ ns/ ouBkswe o'b fBGkT[_dhj?. jfoGiB f;zx nkgDh ouBkswe gqfefonk d/ nzsors pj[-fdFktK ftu c?bDtkbh F];hns j? go nkgD/ f}jB dh X[o rfjokJh ftu T[j e/tb FkfJo j?.fJeZbsk Bk e/tb eth bJh jh nfBtkoh j? pbfe gkme bJh th fJ; dk j'Dkbk}wh pD iKdk j?. jfoGiB f;zx B/ fJjBK sZsK ~ nkgD/ i[Z;/ ftZu t;k e/fJ; soQK nksw;ks eo fbnk fe T[j fBwosk ns/ fwmk; dk w[iZ;wk pD frnk.nkgDh ftdtsk ns/ fbfys pko/ T[j y[d efjzd/ jBL

nzro/}h gVQdk jK, fjzdh gVkT[_dk jKL ns/ gzikph ftu fbydk jK fJ;soQK dh obh fwbh fyuVh jK w?_.HH gfjbh iwks ftu gVdk ;K sK wk;No s]shT[s/ g?B;b Bkb eZuk fby fdzdk ;h s/ n;h_ T[; T[s/ ebw dtks Bkb fbyd/;K. w?~ ;k\ B}o nkT[_dk j? fe w?_ i' e[ZM th fbfynk j? nkgDh ;z;feqsh d/eZu/ fby/ w[skfpe fbfynk j?.

;kfjs dh gqwkDe ouBk bJh ouBkeko d/ g?o nkgD/ ;fGnkuko ftufNe/ j'D/ bk}wh jB. fJ;/ eoe/ jh d{;o/ ;fGnkuko dh eftsk ~ nB[tkd eoBkns/ eJh tko ;wMDk th w[Ffeb j' iKdk j? feT[_fe ;kfjs ftZu fbfynk ikDtkbk jo Fpd nkgDk ;fGnkukoe fgS'eV oZydk j?. vkH jfoGiB f;zx dk fJjefjDk fe T[jBK dh ;koh fbys ;z;feqsh d/ gkJ/ g{ofBnK #s/ fbyD tKr j? fJesoQK Bkb jT[w?_ dk fsnkr ns/ fBwosk dk gqrNktk j?.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx dk ihtB-ekb 20th_ ;dh d/ nko-gko c?fbnk j'fJnkj?. fJ; ;dh d/ nzsors ;[szsosk ;zrokw, ojZ;tkdh bfjo, gqrshtkdh bfjo,gq:'rtkdh bfjo, Bt gqrshtkdh, nX[fBesktkdh fuzsB, gzikp ;zskg nkfd bfjoK;dek fJE'_ d/ ihtB ftZu nB/eK T[sko uVkn nkJ/ jB. fJj jfoGiB f;zx d/nZyh fvZm/ t/ot/ }o{o jB go nkg B/ fJjBK ;ko/ tesh t/oftnK d/ tjk ftutfjD s'_ |[o/} ehsk. n;b ftu jfoGiB f;zx dk ftnefsst fBob/gsk ns/\kf;bk;k}h tkbk j?. T[j ;z;ko dh ;z;koesk dk fBoy-goy eoe/ T[; ~ \b;\/dh ozrD fdzdk j?. \b;\/ Bkb ;ztkd oukT[D bJh T[j d/; ekb dhnK jZdKs'_ gko th ftuo iKdk j?. \b;\/ dh gqkgsh bJh T[j fe;/ d/F dh ;hwk dh w[EkihBjh_ G'rdk. \b;\k T[;d/ ;[nk;-;[nk; ftu ofwnk j'fJnk j?. o{;' B/ fJe tkoh


mhe jh fejk ;h fe wkBth-ihtB dhnK v{zxhnK s?jK ns/ ;ukJhnK ~ e'Jh ihtBftfrnkBh Bjh_ pbfe e'Jh f\bk;\o jh ikD ;edk j?. ;koso d/ fwZsoK dkefjDk j? fe T[j nkgD/ ;[Gk ftu fJe mozQw/ tkbk ftnesh ;h i' ;dk v{zx/ ftukoKftu yZ[fGnk ofjzdk ;h. jfoGiB f;zx dk efjDk j? fe fizBK fdBK ftu T[j phwkoth ;h xofdnK s'_ u'oh nkgDh p[Zeb ftu eftsk fbydk ofjzdk ;h. n;b ftZujfoGiB f;zx dh F];hns nfijh j? i' ;dk ;kfjs d/ v{zx/ gkDhnK ftu rV[Zuojh j't/. T[j nkgDh fJe w[bkeks ftZu efjzd/ jBL

;kfjs w/o/ u[c/o/ ;[ydkJh jtk tKr c?fbnk fojk j?. fJ; ftu w?_ ;kjb?_dk fojk jK. fJj w/ok ihtB j?.

o[}rko dh Gkb ftZu jfoGiB f;zx B/ fJZe tko fdZbh gqt/F ehsk ns/;koh T[wo fdZbh Ffjo d/ b/y/ jh bk fdZsh. fdZbh ftZu n?ok-|?ok pzdk nkgD/g?o Bjh_ fNek ;edk. gZe/ g?oh_ yb'D bJh jfoGiB f;zx B/ g{oh sB-d/jh BkbsgZf;nk ehsh j?. eo'b pk| dh GhV-GVZe/ tkbh rbh ftZu ;?nK g[;seK d/ gZso/goskJ/ jB. nfs dh ;kXkoBsk ftu n;kXkoB pD e/ ftuoB tkbk T[j nkX[fBe:[Zr dk foFh ;h. s/}-soko o\sko Go/ fdZbh d/ nk;gk; d/ wkj"b B/ jfoGiBf;zx ~ nfs doi/ dk eowFhb pDkfJnk. id'_ ed/ T[j eftsk gVQdk iK b?euod/ fojk j[zdk sK T[; d/ ;oho dh ekfte-b?n Bkb ;o'fsnK d/ wBK #s/ ikd{X{fVnk iKdk. nkgD/ g?o d/ nzr{m/ #s/ Gko gk e/ T[j ;Zi/ jZE dh T[_rb T[ZgoT[Skbdk sK T[j Xosh s/ nk;wkB ftu yb'sk j'fJnk fJZe d/t-eZd gqshs j[zdk.nkgD/ wB'-w;se ftu J/Bk rfjok T[so iKdk fe T[; dk fJe fJe p'b gzikphgkmeK sZe fJt/_ g[Zi iKdk fit/_ rrB ftu Nzr/ j'J/ NZb dh X[B ;ko/ nkekF ftug;o iKdh j?.

T[j fiE/ jkf}o j[zdk, T[E/ T[; dk p'b g[Zrdk. |?o-jkf}o j' e/ jkf}oj'Dk w[Bkf;p Bk ;wfMnk. fe;/ ~ ohvoh, fe;/ ~ gq'\?;oh, fe;/ ~ ghn?ZuHvhH, fe;/~ fJBkw, fe;/ dk EkgBk s/ fe;/ ~ tkj-tkj! nZy d/ c'o ftu n"j iKdkHHHn"jiKdk, t;d/ oj' s/ T[iV ikT[ d/ B/w nB[;ko fdZbh d/ ftdtkBK dh EK-go-EKikr bkJh.

T[wo d/ nzsb/ tfoQnK ftu d/jh d/ ukB uZe bZr/ o'r B/ jfoGiB f;zx~ nkyoh T[wo/ rshjhD pDk fdZsk ;h. ;koh T[wo jfoGiB f;zx B/ nkgD/fdwkr ~ ;'uD Bdh d/ s/} tfjD ftu m/bh oZfynk. gzikph gkmeK d/ w'j ftupZXk j'fJnk fJj ;kfjseko nkgD/ fwZsoK Bkb t\k gkbfdnK ed/ ed/ nkgDh;woEk s'_ th tZvhnK g[bkxK g[ZN iKdk fojk j?. Gkosh fJfsjk; d/ wjkB fsnkrhns/ sgZ;th r"sw p[ZX nkgDh ;kXBk ftZu J/Bk bhB j' frnk fe ;oho dh fefonk


s'_ th n;woE j' e/ p/j'Fh dh jkbs sZe g[Zi frnk ;h. r"sw p[ZX dh nt;Ek~ bkrbh gjkVh s/ d/th dh g{ik #s/ ik oj/ e[ZM fBqsekoK B/ d/fynk. fJjBKfBqsekoK ftu fJZe i'pB tzsh ;h. fJ; rhs d/ p'b ;[D e/ r"sw p[ZX w[V j'Fftu gos nkfJnk ;hl T[; rhs d/ p'b fJ; soQK jBL

wX[o wX[o X[B, wX[o wX[o ;[o,

pkis j? d'skok, ;kiB.

pkis j? d'skok, ;kiB.

;[o yzvs j', N{N iks j?

eFN j's j?, Gkok,

wX[o wX[o X[B, wX[o wX[o ;[o

pkis j? d'skok.

Yhb Bk d', sko'_ e' ;kiB,

Yhb dhJ/ ;[o Gzr j's j?,

pj/ Bk rhse Xkok.

wX[o wX[o X[B, wX[o wX[o ;[o.

pkis j? d'skok.

fJ; Bkuh e[Vh d/ rkJ/ rhs B/ ihtB d/ ;Zu dk th ;fji/ jh fBu'Vg/F eo fdZsk ;h. f;sko dhnK skoK ~ pj[s fyuhJ/ sK fJj N[ZN iKdhnK jBs/ ;zrhs eZYD s'_ n;woE j' iKdhnK jB. i' skoK fYZbhnK SZv dJh/J/ sK ;fEbj' e/ ;zrhs eZYD' n;woE j' iKdhnK jB. fJjBK ~ ;{s f;o oZfynk jhb?nkswe ;[oK fBebdhnK jBl fJj' o{ge wB[Zyh ;oho bJh f;X j[zdk j?.

jfoGiB f;zx dh ihtB ns/ ;kfjse-F];hns ;ob, fJe gk;V ns/fJefjoh gos tkbh Bjh_ pbfe ifNb, ftokN ns/ pj-gk;koh j?. fit/_ n;wkBftu tzB-;[tzB/ skfonK d/ ib" Bkb nkekF dk gqekF irwr irwr eodk j?fJt/_ jfoGiB f;zx dh gqfsGk dhnK ozr pozrhnK wFkbK fiE/ gkme ~ ihtB d/frnkB dh ;'Mh fdzdhnK jB T[E/ T[; dh F];hns ~ th uwsekoh pDk fdzdhnKjB. fJ; wjkB F];hns d/ wjkB p'bK dh gzikph ns/ Gkosh gkmeK ftu ;dkfdbu;gh oj/rh. gzikph ekft ns/ fuzsB dk fJj dfonk gzikph ;wki dkfBod/F eofdnk nkgDhnK jZdK ~ brksko ft;skodk fojk j?.

;ohoe s"o s/ Gkt/_ vkH jfoGiB f;zx 21 nes{po 2002 JhH ~ gzikph;kfjs ns/ ckBh ;z;ko ~ ftS'Vk d/ rJ/ jB go T[jBK d[nkok irkJh j'JhfrnkB dh i's ;dek gzikph gkmeK ~ gq/oBk ns/ T[sFkj ;dk fwbdk oj/rk.

õõõ


Fq'wDh ;kfjseko LFq'wDh ;kfjseko LFq'wDh ;kfjseko LFq'wDh ;kfjseko LFq'wDh ;kfjseko LvkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH jfoGiB f;zx

vkH i;gkb f;zxvkH i;gkb f;zxvkH i;gkb f;zxvkH i;gkb f;zxvkH i;gkb f;zx

fJe tZvh gqfsGk ns/ n}hw F];hns d/ wkbe ;B- vkH jfoGiB f;zx. f;\o s'_ F[o{ j' e/ tZvhnK f;]oK ~S'fjnk ;h - T[jBK B/. ]kb;k ;e{b ftu wkw{bh fijhB"eoh s'_ nkozG eo e/ fdZbh :{Bhtof;Nh ftu GkoshGkFktK d/ w[Zyh s/ fco gq'\?;o nwo/N; pD e/, T[jBK B/gzikph ;kfjs d/ y/so ftu fJe fwnko ekfJw eo fdZsk;h. ;kXkoB F[o{nks tkb/ ftnesh bJh FkfJd fJj pj[stZvh gqkgsh ;h. go vkH ;kfjp d/ fJ; bzw/ g[bKxK Go/ihtB dk we;d uzrh B"eoh iK uzrk nj[dk Bjh_ ;h.T[jBK dk F"e sK f;oiBkswe ;h. T[jBK dh n;bh wzf}b;kfjs f;oiBk ;h. fJ;/ bJh F[o{ s'_ jh T[j s[o gJ/ ;B,nkgD/ ;kfjs-ouBk d/ ;\o #s/. nZi th T[jBK dh ;kfjseftbZyDsk ~ ;kfjsekoK dk jo tor ;thekodk j?. fJeFkfJo, tkoseeko, nkb'ue, ;zgkde, nB[tkde, jo o{gftu vkH ;kfjp B/ nkgDh fBt/ebh Skg SZvh j?. fJenfXnkge d/ o{g ftu th T[jBK dh F?bh d/ fBt/eb/gB d/rtkj T[jBK d/ ftfdnkoEh jB.

t?;/ sK ;kfjs dh jo tzBrfh T[go vkH jfoGiBf;zx ~ w[jkfos jk;b ;h go eftsk d/ y/so ftu T[jBKdk fJe ]k; okytK w[ekw ;h. nkgD/ t/b/ dh gqrshtkdhs/ gq:'rtkdh ekft-Xkok d/ d"o ftu T[jBK B/ nkgDh tZyohj;sh ekfJw eo bJh ;h. gzikph ekft-irs ftu T[jBKdh nkgDh jh fJe ftbZyD ;[o ;h. ;kfjs d/ ftdtkBK B/vkH ;kfjp dh eftsk T[go eJh soQK dhnK fNZgDhnK ehshnKjB. T[jBK dh eftsk ftu ftFkd dk ;[o jw/Fk shpo fojkj?. T[j ;[jitkdh eth ;B. T[jBK dk ebgBk-b'e dk

;kpek tkJh;-uK;bo, gzikph:{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk.


x/ok pj[s ftFkb j?. T[jBK B/ nkgDh eftsk ftu gqfeosh dk wkBtheoD ehskj?. fpzp ouBk T[jBK dh fBt/ebh j?. T[jBK dh GkFk ftu jo Gkt dhnfGftnesh j?. T[jBK dh eftsk pkjoh :EkoE dh EK #s/ tX/o/ nzsow[yh j?.pj[s ;kohnK oktK jB, T[jBK dh eftsk pko/ ns/ fJj th mhe jB go n;bhnsfJj j? fe fsZy/ ihtB ;zxoF #u'_ bzx/ vkH jfoGiB f;zx fJe fpbe[b fBt/eb/eth ;B ns/ nkgD/ d"o d/ ekft-irs ftu T[jBK dk f;Zek ;h. bk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;K s'_ b?e/ o/fr;skB #u bZeVjkoko/fr;skB #u bZeVjkoko/fr;skB #u bZeVjkoko/fr;skB #u bZeVjkoko/fr;skB #u bZeVjkok se d/ bzw/ ;\o #s/ s[ofdnK T[j nkgDhnK tZy-tZy ekft-ouBktK d/ gSkD-fujB SZvd/ ub/ rJ/.

don;b, vkH jfoGiB f;zx fJe rfjB ftukoe ;B. T[jBK dh ;koh;kfjs ouBk, Gkt/_ eftsk j't/ iK e'Jh j'o tzBrh, T[; ftu'_ T[jBK d/ fJe tZv/fuzse j'D dh gqfsGk Mbedh j?. T[j wB[Zy ~, ;wki ~, ;fEshnK ~ fdp fdqFNhBkb t/yd/ ;B. nkgDh Gog{o ekpbhns Bkb ;G e[M ftukod/ ;B. fco ebwu[Ze b?_d/ ;B. fbyD t/b/ T[j g{oh soQK fBogZy j'D dh e'fFF ftu ofjzd/ ;B.nkgDh iksh okfJ ~ b[ekT[D dk isB eod/ ;B. nkgDhnK GktBktK ~ S[gkT[Dd/ T[gokb/ eod/ ;B. ek\h jZd sZe T[j ;cb th j[zd/ ;B, fJ; fBogZysk ~ekfJw oZyD ftu. go fco th T[jBK dk nkgk, nZpVtkj/ T[jBK dhnK ouBktK#u'_ Mks wkoB bZr g?_dk ;h. T[jBK dk nkgDk B}ohnk go'y o{g ftu gqrNkJhT[gokwsk iK jwdodh okjh_ T[ikro j[zdk ;h. }kfjok s"o #s/ Gkt/_ T[j fJe ftZEw[eZoo eoB d/ isB eod/ ;B go rkj/-prkj/ T[jBK dh ;zt/dBFhbsk fJ; ftZE~ xNkT[_dh B}o nkT[_dh j?. ;gFN j?, fJj ;G e[M T[jBK d/ fJe rzGho,ftukoFhb fuzse j'D dk ;p{s jB. T[jBK dhnK ouBktK dk gkm eohJ/ sKouBkeko T[go fuzse dk gqGkt ;k\ B}o nkT[_dk j?. jehesB, vkH jfoGiBf;zx gk; T[j fdp fdqFNh w"i{d ;h fijVh fJe wjkB fuzse gk; j[zdh j?. T[jg{oh soQK ;[u/s, nzdo'_ g{oh soQK o"FB ;B. T[jBK d/ wZE/ ftu ;wM s/ f;oiBkdh i's gquzv ;h. ;kfjs bJh, f;oiBk bJh fJe ukBD dh b'V j[zdh j?. fJ;i's ~ irkJh oZyDk }o{oh j[zdk j?. MZyVK ftu th dhtk irdk ofjDk ukjhdkj?, fJj ftuko s/ ftFtk; th vkH jfoGiB f;zx d/ f}jB ftu jw/Fk ekoiFhb;h. T[jBK dhnK eJh ouBktK #u'_ fJ; nzdo d/ ukBD dk gowkD ns/ T[; ukBD~ o"FB oZyh oZyD dk w}p{s fJokdk ;k\ Mbedk ;h L

- nkgDk f;o eNk e/

sbh s/ fNek e/

ihDk pj[s w[Feb j?

go nkgD/ wZE/ ftu


i's fJe irk e/

d[Bhnk d/ MZyV #u'_

nDp[M/ bzx ikDk

fJj th fejVk ;"yk j?.

;kfjse wfj\bK ftu th jfoGiB f;zx dk w[ekw okytK jz[dk ;h.wfj\b eftsk dh j't/, uouk dh j't/ iK w;b/ ;[bMkT[D bJh rfjB ftuko-tNKdo/ dh. vkH jfoGiB f;zx dk fjZ;k T[; ftu T[u/u oZyD tkbk j[zdk ;h.c/o, T[jBK dk dkfJok gzikph se ;hws Bjh_ ;h. fjzdh s/ T[od{ dhnK ;kfjser'FNhnK ftu th T[j nkgDh ftF/F Skg SZv iKd/ ;B. fJe tkeJ/ dk f}eow?_ fJE/ eo fojk jK. rZb fpbe[b Ugo/ wkj"b dh j?. ek\h jZd sZe w[]sfb\fe;w dh wfj\b ;h. nbkwK fJepkb d/ ebkw #s/ nbhrVQ w[;fbw :{Bhtof;Nhftu fJe nzsookFNh gZXo dk ;?whBko j' fojk ;h. T[od{ }[pkB d/ wkfjo,nkbw-\kibK dk iwktVk ;h. w?~ gfjbh tko vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ekpbhnsT[go Fzek g?dk j' fojk ;h. ikgdk ;h fe fJE/ rZb Bjh_ pDBh. fco fdb'_ w?_fJzB/ ftu jh ;zs'y eoB dk c?;bk eo fbnk ;h fe rZb pokpo pokpo ofjikt/. pE/ok j't/rk fe vkH ;kfjp dh g/Fekoh d{finK torh th fBG ikt/. b'eh_sK ;fji ftu ;?whBko dk b[s\ b? oj/ ;B - w/oh fuzsk fJj ;h fe w/oh g[okDh:{Bhtof;Nh ftu gZr dh rZb ofj ikt/. t?;/ ftfdnkoEh j[zfdnK th w?~ fJjf\eo yKdk ofjzdk ;h. nZi fJj fuzsk osk tX/o/ ;h. go id'_ vkH jfoGiB f;zx;kfjp dh tkoh nkJh sK T[jBK B/ ;G e[M pdb fdZsk. ;uwZ[u T[jBK B/ nkgDhftdtsk s/ ndkfJrh Bkb ;kok wkj"b ehb fbnk ;h. b'eh_ tkj-tkj eo T[m/;B. jo/e dh }[pkB #s/ gq;z;k d/ Fpd ;B. uouk fJj ;h fe fJe f;Zy ftdtkBB/ T[od{ }[pkB dh nzsookFNoh w[;fbw wfj\b ftu pk}h wko bJh j?. ek\hd/o pknd se, fizBh tko w?_ nbhrVQ frnk, fe;/ Bk fe;/ o{g ftu vkH jfoGiBf;zx dk f}eo T[od{ ndp d/ x/o/ ftu ;[Ddk fojk ns/ w?_ nkg, nkgD/ snZb[eeo e/ \]o wfj;{; eodk fojk. bzwk ;wK w?~ fJe FkfJo dhnK fJj bkJhBKth u/s/ nkT[_dhnK ojhnK L

ijK oj/rk tjh_ o"FBh b[NkJ/rk

fe;h fuok| ek ngBk weK Bjh_ j'sk.

nkgDh fJ; nd[Zsh gqfsGk eo e/ jh, fJBkwK s/ ;BwkBK dh th ed/ ewhBjh_ nkJh, vkH jfoGiB f;zx ~. 1969 ftu T[jBK ~ ;kfjs ne?vwh g[o;ekofwfbnk. b?fBB L B?D-BeFb?fBB L B?D-BeFb?fBB L B?D-BeFb?fBB L B?D-BeFb?fBB L B?D-BeF g[;se bJh ;'thns b?_v Bfjo{ n?tkov Bkb;BwkfBnk frnk. gzikph ;kfjs ne?vwh, fdZbh s/ jfonkDk dhnK ;oekoK B/ th


tko'-tkoh T[jBK ~ ;BwkB gqdkB ehs/. j'o th pj[s ;ko/ wkD-;BwkB T[jBK dhM'bh g?_d/ oj/. jo ;BwkB dh nkgDh nfjwhns j[zdh j? go id'_ @epho ;BwkB#fwfbnk Ud'_ vkH ;kfjp d/ gq;z;eK dk f;o wkD Bkb T[Øuk j' frnk. fJe tkofco id'_ 1994 ftu Gkos d/ ;ot'sw ;BwkB @;o;tsh g[o;eko# Bkb vkH ;kfjp~ ;BwkfBs ehsk frnk sK ;ko/ gzikph irs ftu ][Fh dh bfjo d"V rJh.fJzBk tZvk ;BwkB gzikph GkFk d/ b/ye d/ fjZ;/ nkfJnk ;h. vkH ;kfjp dk BK;koh d[Bhnk d/ Bkwto ;kfjsekoK dh c?foFs ftu T[Got/_ nZyoK ftu doi j'frnk ;h.

c/o, nkw s"o #s/ ;BwkB pzd/ ftu jT[w? g?dk eod/ jB. go fJ; gZy'_th vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ pk}h wko bJh. tZvh s'_ tZvh gqkgsh s/ p[bzdh d/ pkti{dT[jBK ftu feBek wkso th jT[w? gqt/F Bjh_ eo ;eh. ;kok ihtB T[jBK B/jbhwh ftu r[}ko fdZsk. eftsk d/ f;]o #s/ gj[zu e/ th T[jBK ~ :kd ;h feeftsk dk nkozG pugB ftu fgzv d/ r[od[nko/ dh ;N/i #s/ eftsk gkm ;[Dk e/j'fJnk ;h ns/ eftsk Bkb fJj' T[jBK dk gfjbk siopk ;h. n;b ftu, gqwkDeftdtkB dh gSkD j? fe T[; dk tXdk frnkB, T[; dh tXdh F"jos, T[; dhftdtsk d/ gotkj d/ ;fji ~ yzvs Bjh_ j'D fdzdk. w?~ e'Jh fJj' fijk w"ek:kd Bjh_ id'_ vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ nkgDk ;fji r[nkfJnk j't/. T[jBK d/ ;[Gknftu ;w'Jh fBwosk B/, T[jBK d/ ;fji ~ pDkJh ofynk. d';s ;kyh jB fe jo;cbsk, jo ;BwkB ~, T[jBK M[e e/ ;theko ehsk ns/ T[; ~ gowkswk dkgo;kd ;wfMnk. epho ;BwkB jk;b eoB s'_ pknd jfoGiB f;zx nkgD/ d';sK~ fJj' efjzd/ ;[D/ iKd/ ;B - ;BwkB sK mhe j? go j[D T[j gowkswk gk;'_jw/Fk T[; ;woEk dh wzr eod/ jB, fi; okjh_ T[j, nd[Zsh gqfsGk tkb/ ephod/ BK Bkb i[V/ ;BwkB dh bki oZy ;eD.

w?~ T[jBK dh B/Vsk dk fBZx wkBD dk w"ek fwfbnk j?. T[j w/oh ghn?ØuHvhH d/ fBrokB ;B ns/ fJ; Bks/ nekdfwe ftuko-tNKdok ;kv/ ftuekoubdk ofjzdk ;h. f;Zy Xow rqzEK s/ fJfsjk;e fbysK T[go nkXkfos w/o/ y'iekoi d"okB w?~ fJ; rZb dk ;gFN nfj;k; j'fJnk fe vkH jfoGiB f;zx f;o\GkFkJh ;kfjs d/ jh ftdtkB Bjh_ jB, ;r'_ T[jBK ftu Xow ;kfjs dh th v{zxhgeV w"i{d j?. pkDh s/ fJfsjk; ftu ;w'J/ f;XKs s/ ftjko dhnK rZbK T[jBKd/ ;fji frnkB d/ x/o/ ftu ;B. eJh tko w?~ fJZdK th wfj;{; j'fJnk fiZdKT[jBK gk; fe;/ ]k; fe;w dk nB[Gt j?. fJj nB[Gt siopk th j' ;edk j?,d?th feogk dk go;kd th. g/uhdk s'_ g/uhdk w;b/ T[jBK dh fBy/Vth_ F?bh nZr/nkgDhnK gosK y'jbd/ B}o nkT[_d/ ;B. fJ;/ d"okB w?~ fJj th wfj;{; j'fJnkfe vkH ;kfjp dk r[o{-xo ftu nN[ZN nehdk j?, f;Zy gozgok ns/ T[; dhnK


;z;EktK gqsh T[jBK ftu Gog{o FoXk j?. fJj mhe j? fe f;XKsK, ;zebgK,ftjkoK dk, gkoy{ fdqFNh Bkb w[bzeD eoBk, T[jBK d/ nekdfwe ;[Gkn dk fjZ;k;h ns/ fJj }o{oh th j[zdk j?. go ftFtk; s/ nk;Ek dh e'Jh ewh Bjh_ ;h.

fJe fBrokB d/ s"o #s/ vkH ;kfjp nkgD/ ftfdnkoEhnK Bkb feZdK dkfoFsk pDk b?_d/ ;B, fJ; dk y[bk;k T[jBK nkg w/oh feskp dh G{fwek fbyfdnKehsk j?. T[jBK dk efjDk j? L @B'pb g[o;eko fti/sk nKdo/ :hd ~ fe;/ B/g[ZfSnk, @s{z J/vk ftdtkB fet/_ pD frnk < s/o/ Bkb rZbpks eofdnK ikgdk j?fe s{z ;opfrnksk j?_, f}zdrh d/ nB/e ftfFnK dh s?~ pVh gqwkfDe tke\h j?.s{z sK w"fbe ouBktK fbyD ftu jh pj[s o[ZMk ofjzdk j?_. J/Bk e[M gVQB dk tess?~ fet/_ fwb iKdk j? <# nKdo/ :hd B/ B/ itkp fdZsk, @gVQd/ sK w/o/ d';s jB,w?_ T[jBK ~ rZbK eofdnK ;[Ddk jK. frnkB d/ fi; y/so d/ T[j XBh j[zd/ jB,w?_ T[; ftu gqt/F jh_ Bjh_ eodk. f;o\ T[jBK dhnK rZbK ~ ;[D e/ nkgD/ nzdot;k b?_dk jK. J/dK d';sK Bkb ;zpzX th r{VQ/ j' iKd/ jB s/ w/ok frnkB th tXdkofjzdk j?. @p;, fJj' fijk jh ;zpzX w/ok i;gkb f;zx Bkb j?.#

;uw[Zu, ;kfjs irs vkH jfoGiB f;zx ~ jw/Fk :kd oy/rk. T[jBKdhnK ouBktK d/ gkm dk nBzd wkD/rk, T[jBK d/ nzsoht Gkt Bkb nB[Gteo/rk. T[jBK Bkb ;kfjse wfj\bK ftu fpskJ/ ;fwnK dhnK :kdK ~ sk}keodk oj/rk ns/ fJzs}ko eo/rk fe fco ed'_ ;kfjs dh pjko w[V c/ok gkt/rh. nkgDh rZb ~ T[jBK dhnK, T[jBK ;soK Bkb ;w/N fojk jK fijBK ftuT[j fco, fJe ]k; nzdk} ftu, w[V c/ok gkT[D dh fJZSk ikfjo eod/ jB L-

wkD; iBw d[pkok gktK

J/; jh d/F gzikp #u nktK.

tZv/-N[Ze/ d/F #u tZY/-N[Ze/ xo #u,

tZY/-N[Zeh iks dk w?_ nytktK.

fpoy fBgZso/ s/ uzdok gzSh,

rhs ftr'u/ d/ jodw rktK.

wZf;nk fdjkV/ jfo ;o iktK.

g[zfBnk ~ fJFe MBK ftu BktQK.

õõõ


fweBksh;h \eho LfweBksh;h \eho LfweBksh;h \eho LfweBksh;h \eho LfweBksh;h \eho Lgq'H jfoGiB f;zxgq'H jfoGiB f;zxgq'H jfoGiB f;zxgq'H jfoGiB f;zxgq'H jfoGiB f;zx

n?&Z;H pbtzsn?&Z;H pbtzsn?&Z;H pbtzsn?&Z;H pbtzsn?&Z;H pbtzs

g'qca?;o jfoGiB f;zx. gzikph d/ dko;afBe ;akfJo.;zrhseko. rkfJe. T[;skd. i' eJh j'o th ]{phnK nkgD/nzdo ;w'Jh p?m/ ;B. pj[s jh gsbh nktkia go j[zdh ;h;t?-Go';/ tkbh. id T[j nkgD/ ftfdnkoEhnK B{z gVQkT[_d/ sK;koh ekfJBks B{z G[Zb e/ T[BQK ftfdnkoEhnK d/ Bkb T[BQK dhjh j'_d ftu y[ZG iKd/. ftfdnkoEhnK B{z f}zzdrh s/ ft;a/dhnK v{zxkDK dh sfj she b? iKd/. T[j eftsk B{z \b;\/dh u"yN ftu oZy e/ ;wMkT[_d/. uzr/ ftfdnkoEh th T[BQK dhfJ; skoh ftu T[; d/ Bkb s?oB bZrd/. ed/ T[j nkgD/ftfdnkoEhnK Bkb ftukoe T[vkoh GofdnK, g?fo; b? iKd/ s/ed/ wZe/. ed/ eoskog[o gj[zu pkp/ BkBe d/ pqfjwzv dk\b;\k ;wMkT[_d/ s/ ed/ wB[Zysk *u gJh nZSkJh dh oytkbhbJh bfjokJh r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx dh ;aw;aho dh uwefdykT[_d/. T[; t/b/ dh iakfbwkBk je{wsh ftjko d/ f]bk\T[mh fJ; ;aw;aho B{z ;apdK okjh_ jtk ftu bfjok ftfdnkoEhnKftu fJe T[j iiapk g?dk eo fdzd/ fe ftfdnkoEh T[BQK d/f;a;a j'D ekoD dk wkD eod/. gq'H jfoGiB f;zx fJ; ;kohrZb B{z ;wMkT[D bJh e'Jh Bk e'Jh n?;h ekfte T[vkohwkod/ i' ftfdnkoEhnK d/ wBK ftu fJe whb gZEo tKrdoi j' iKdh. fJjh ebk T[BQK d/ ftfdnkoEhnK B{z wjkBpDk fdzdh s/ ;oeko T[BQK jh ftfdnkoEhnK bJh T[Øu/ T[Øu/nj[d/ gb/N *u ;ik e/ T[BQK d/ wro wro fcodh.

gq' jfoGiB f;zx dh Nhfuzr dk fJzBk uouk j'fJnkfe T[BQK B{z :{Bhtof;Nh tb'_ n?_Eo'g'b'ih s/ fbzr[fJ;fNe;ftGkr dh ;aw{bhns Bkb ;Ekfgs ehs/ rJ/ p'ov okjh_fdZbh :{Bhtof;Nh ftu nkX[fBe Gk;aktK d/ ftGkr B{z ;zGkbD

T[&Zx/ b/ye, gqekFe ns/gZsoeko. fJzrb?Iv.c'B L 0044 7450211512


bJh fejk frnk. gq'H jfoGiB f;zx B/ nkX[fBe Gkosh Gk;aktK d/ ftGkr dk ukoi;zGkbfdnK jh MZN *u fJ; ftGkr B{z fdZbh ;e{b nkc feqNhf;iaw nytkT[D dkdoik d[nk fdZsk. fco ftfdnkoEh sK eh tZv/ tZv/ ftdtkBK B{z fJ; ftfdne-wZe/gj[zu fJ; w[jo/ f;o fBtkn e/ f;idk eoB *u fJe \]o wfj;{f;nk ikD bZrk.

gq'H jfoGiB f;zx B/ nkgDhnK fbysK dhnK eohp ;skoK feskpK gqekf;aseotkJhnK. fJBQK s'_ fpBK T[BQK T[ØBh feskpK ;kfjse fJfsjk; dhnK s/ u"dKg[;seK j'o Gk;aktK *u'_ nB[tkd eo e/ gqekf;as eotkJhnK. T[BQK ;ko/ jh nB[tkdnkgDh g;zd d/ b/yeK dhnK g[;seK d/ ehs/, fiBQK ftu no;s{, okfpzdoBkE N?r'odhnK fbysK s/ fort/d pj[s nfjw oZyd/ ;B. jfoGiB f;zx pko/ fJj th fejkiKdk j? fe T[j gzikph d/ fJBebkph ;akfJo ;B fi; B/ fJBebkph eftsk dhGk;ak s/ ftuko B{z fJBebkph ;kDQ *s/ oZy s/ia ehsk. fJj th fejk iKdk fe T[BQKd/ g;zddhdk T[;skd ;B o?jw dhB, bkbk ;{oi GkB, w'jB f;zx dhtkBk, s/vkeNo Br/_do, fiBQK B{z T[j jw/;ak :kd eod/ j[zd/ ;B. fiBQK ;akfJoK B{z T[j;G s'_ T[Øsw ;wMd/ ;B T[BQK *u'_ i/ e[M e[ BKn b?D/ j'D sK T[j fJ; soshpftu fiaeo eod/ j[zd/ ;BL r[o[ BkBe d/t, r[o[ noiB d/t, ;akj j[;?B, tkfo;;akj, p[bQ/ ;akj, who seh who, b'oek, okfpzdokBkE N?r'o, B{o whw o;ahd s/ g{oBf;zx. gq'H jfoGiB f;zx d/ uzr/ ftfdnkoEhnK *u'_ T[j nso f;zx, fsqb'e f;zxezto, nkswihs f;zx, wfjzdo e"o frZb s/ ;fszdo f;zx B{z ;G s'_ w[jo/ d/ oZyd/;B. g'qH jfoGiB f;zx B{z tZv/ tZv/ ;BwkBK Bkb th ;fsekfos ehsk frnk, fiBQK*u'_ ;kfjs nekdwh, ;o;tsh ;BwkB, epho ;BwkB s/ eJh j'o BKn bJ/ ik;ed/ jB.

gq'H jfoGiB f;zx dh nkswk B/ fJ; Xosh *s/ gj[zu 18 nr;s 1920B{z wksk eow e"o s/ fgsk rzvk f;zx okjh_ nkgDk ;ohoe u'bk sK gkfJnk goT[BQK B{z iBw s'_ fJe dw pknd jh pj[s dZ[y MZbDk fgnk ;h. fi; w[ekw *s/T[j s[ofdnK s[ofdnK gj[zu/ ;akfJd T[E/ gj[zuD bJh fJjh d[Zy T[BQK dh GkrK *ujh fbfynk ;h. id'_ T[j fJe ;kb d/ th Bjh_ ;h j'J/ sK fgsk ub/ rJ/ s/ fcouko ;kbK dh T[wo dk j'D *s/ wksk s/ G?D s[o rJhnK. T[BQK dh fJe' fJewk;h ;h fi; B/ wK pD T[BQK dh gotfo;a ehsh. go ;e{b'_ MZN pknd jh xodh nkofEe szrh ekoB T[BQK B{z o?r{bo gVkJh SZvDh gJh. s/ nkofEe w[ZfdnKB{z w[jo/ oZy fJe j'w'Ug?Eh e?fw;N e'b ;/biaw?Bh dh B"eoh eoBh gJh. fcoeboeh s/ ;jkfJe bkfJpo/ohnB dh B"eoh th ehsh. T[BQK B/ pr?o ekbi frnKgqkJht/N gVQkJh ehsh s/ fjzdh s/ fJzrfb;a dhnK fvZrohnK gqkgs eo bJhnK s/fco j'o B"eohnK eofdnK T[BQK nkgDh gVQkJh g{oh eoB bJh fjzdh ftu jh ghn?uH vhH th ehsh, fi; dk ft;ak fjzdh ;kfjs ;h.


iBw sK jfoGiB f;zx dk n;kw d/ fJe fgzv ftu j'fJnk go T[j e[Mfuo ftu jh bkj"o ub/ rJ/ s/ nyho fdZbh nk e/ fJ; B{z nkgDk gZek eow-y/so pDk fbnk. gfjb'_ nzrq/}h gVkT[Dh ;a[o{ ehsh s/ fco fjzdh s'_ pknd gzikph.fdZbh ftu jh T[BQK dh nkswk 21 nes{po 2002 *u nkgDk ;ohoe u'bk bkjpqfjwzv ftu bhB j' rJh.

d';sK ftu d';s. \ehoK ftu \eho. ;akfJoK ftu ;akfJo. g'q jfoGiBf;zx fJe nihp w;sh Go/ fJB;kB ;B. fdZbh w?_ T[BQK d/ ;zgoe ftu brgr1975 ftu nkfJnk j'tKrk. T[d'_ w?_ nkgDk d\so fdZbh :{Bhtof;Nh d/ eo'VhwZb ekbi d/ ;kjwD/ pDkfJnk ;h. :{Bhtof;Nh dk jo ftfdnkoEh, Nhuo eo'VhwZb ekbi okjh_ rbh gko eoe/ pzrb' o'v gj[zudk ;h. s/ ;kjwD/ jh w/okd\so j[zdk ;h. :{Bhtof;Nh fty/ fe;/ dkfB;ato B/ nkT[Dk sK w?B{z jkiaoh iao{oGoBh g?_dh ;h. wro'_ d/ nkjo bJh w/ok d\so s/ iK fe;/ dk xo jz[dk. jowfjf\b T[d'_ j'o ozrhB j' iKdh id'_ g'q jfoGiB f;zx fJ; ftu gj[zud/. gzikphftGkr d/ nfXnkgeK ftu Bkwto b'e ;B, vkeNo ;[fszdo f;zx B{o, fsqb'e f;zxezto, r[opy;a f;zx, e[bihs ;a?bh, irpho f;zx, nwohe f;zx g[zBh, r[ouoBf;zx, w'jBihs, wBihs e"o, s/ j'o th pj[s ;ko/ BKn ;akwb j' iKd/ ;B. ekbiKd/ Nhuo, uzr/ ftfdnkoEh fJBQK wfjf\bK dh o"De j[zd/.

õõõ

fJj th Bjh_ fe jfoGiB f;zx ;akfJo s/ ftdtkB sK pj[s rzGho gojk;/ mZm/ s'_ d{o ofjzd/ ;B. fJ; d/ T[bN id T[j d';sK dh wfjfcb ftuftuod/ sK nkgD/ nkg B{z th j'oK tork pDk b?_d/. id'_ ftbkfJs s'_ tobvgzikph ;kfjs ekB\oz; ftu ps"o v?bhr/N ;akfwb j'D dk ;Zdk nkfJnk sK fdZbhs'_ j'o th eJh fsnko j' rJ//. pj[s tZvh s/ bzwh ekB\oz; ;h T[j. eohp fszBjcfsnK dh. ;kok fJzrb?_v rkj[Dk ;h s/ rkfjnk th. gqpzXe n?; soQK fpiah ;Bfe fit/_ T[BQK ekB\oz; Bjh_ ;r'_ xo ftu ftnkj oZy fbnk j't/. ;h th T[jfJZdK jh. e'Jh th f;oeZY ;kfjseko n?;k Bjh_ ;h i' fJ; ftu ;akfwb Bk j'fJnkj't/. fiBQK Bkwto ;kfjsekoK dh wip{oh ;h iK eJhnK dh nkeV ;h, T[j ofjrJ/. fdZbh s'_ rJ/ n;h_ uko ifDnK B/ nkgDh YkDh pDk bJh fijd/ ftuw/o/ Bkb ;[fszdo f;zx B{o, jfoBkw s/ nfws'i ;afwb ;B. ;kB{z ntskoizfvnkbth B/ fJe tZyok xo th feokJ/ *s/ b? fdZsk. jfoGiB f;zx j[oh_ fe;/j'o e'b mfjo/ ;B. ;kok fdB ekB\oz; ftu pfj; wro'_ id ;akw j[zdh sK ;ko/jh nkg' nkgD/ n;bh ozr ftu ozr j' iKd/. ;akw B{z E'jV/ E'jV/ v?bhr/N p[bke/ b'eb j';NK d/ xoK ftu S'NhnK S'NhnK wfjf\bK ;idhnK. jfoGiB f;zx fJBQK


wfjf\bK ftu th ed/ ed/ pj[s rzGho j' iKd/ s/ nkgDh eftsk jkow'Bhnw *s/p?m sozBw ftu ;[DkT[_d/ ;[DkT[_d/ T[;/ ftu jh bhB j' iKd/. e'Jh g?Ør gk fojkj[zdk s/ e'Jh g?Zr gh fojk j[zdk. jo e'Jh nkgDh ;akfJoh ;[BkT[D ftu w;o{\ j[zdks/ e'Jh M{w fojk j[zdk. go joBkw j'o ;aokosK s'_ fpBk ;kv/ cb?N ftu fbikDbJh d' p'sbK u'oh eoB d/ o[MkB ftu w;o{\ j[zdk.

fJ; soQK ekB\oz; g{oh Gyh j'Jh ;h. nkU-ukU pj[s j' fojk ;h.Gkt/_ n;h_ ekt?_Noh gj[zu/ j'JhJ/, iK nke;c'ov. voph iK t{btoj?zIgNB. rbk;r'iK pofwzxw. b'eK tb'_ ;Zd/ tX/o/ ;B s/ v?bhr/N xZN. fco v?bhr/N tzv e/G/i/ ikD bZr/. fJe fdB ;kB{z pofwzxw r[od[nko/ nkgDh ;/tk eokT[D bJh;Zfdnk frnk. tZv/ jkb ftu fJzrb?_v dh iBsk fJBQK v?bhr/NK d/ do;aB eoBB{z T[sktbh ;h. ;kfonK B{z f;o'g/ fdZs/ rJ/. fe;/ B{z e[M s/ fe;/ B{z e[M. s/ T[BQK;G s'_ tZX ;BwkB ehsk gq'H jfoGiB f;zx dk. T[BQK B{z ¿i' p'b/, ;' fBjkbÀ d/i?eko/ Bkb f;o'g/ ti'_ fJe sbtko G/_N ehsh rJh. w?B{z th thj g"_v fbckc/ftu gk e/ fdZs/ rJ/. w/ok ihn Bk eo/ fJj g?;/ b?D B{z. ;'jD f;zx wh;akw/o/ Bkb ;h. T[j ;wM frnk s/ thj/ g"_v w?E'_ y'j e/ b? frnk. e[M jh fwzNKftu T[j tkg; nkfJnk sK T[; d/ jZE fJe fbckck ;h. T[j T[BQQK thj g"_vK pdb/d' p'sbK ;eku dhnK yohd fbnkfJnk. tkg; nkT[_fdnK jh efjzdk ¿s?B{z fJjthj g"_v gZu Bjh_ ;B Bk oj/< b? w?_ fJj g[zB tkbh EK you nkfJnK.À T[;d' p'sbK f;atkia ohrb dhnK w/o/ w[jo/ eo fdZshnK. w?_ jZek-pZek ed/ T[BQK p'sbKtZb d/yK s/ ed/ wh;a/ tZb.

nzdo jkb ftu ;o'g/ b?D T[gozs r[od[nko/ tkfbnK dk XzBtkd eoBk;h. T[jd/ bJh jfoGiB f;zx j[oK B{z w{jo/ eo fdZsk frnk fe ;ko/ v?bhr/NKtb'_ fJjh r[od[nko/ dk XzBtkd eoBr/. jfoGiB f;zx B/ nkgDh rZb ;a[o{ ehsh,¿n;h_ r[od[nko/ tkfbnK d/ XzBtkdh jK. fJBQK Gkos s'_ nkJ/ ;ko/ v?bhr/NK B{zpj[s wkD-;fseko fdZsk. w/ok ;fseko th pj[s ehsk, go s[;h_ w?B{z fJj i'sbtko G/_N ehsh j?, T[j ikfJia Bjh_. w/o/ fynkb ftu fJj sbtko sK s[;h_fe;/ :'X/ B{z G/_N eod/ sK tXhnk ofjDk ;h. w?_ sK fbykoh jK. w?B{z e'Jh g?ØBjh G/_N eod/ sK w?_ T[; Bkb fJ; r[od[nko/ B{z u/s/ eofdnK e'Jh eftsk jhfbydk< w?B{z ;wM Bjh_ nkT[_dh fe fJ; sbtko dk j[D w?_ eh eoK<À jfoGiBf;zx fJ;/ d[fuZsh ftu ;B sK ;kv/ ftu'_ jh fJe v?bhr/N efjzdk ¿s[;h_ Bk bU:'fXnK tkbk jfEnko! fJj ;kB{z G/_N eo fdU. n;h_ fJ; ftu dzd/ eYk e/ nkgDk;zd pDk btKr/À. ;ko/ gk;h_ jk;k fybo frnk. fJ; rZb *s/ fJe j'o i[wbkfJj j'fJnk fe Bkb jh r[od[nko/ d/ GkJh yVQ/ jZ;d/ d{jo/ j'Jh ik oj/ ;B sKT[jh v?bhr/N B/ fJe c[jkok j'o SZv *sk ¿fJj GkJh th nkgDh pokdoh d/ jh


brd/ nk.À ;kok jkb fco fybfybk T[fmnk.

õõõ

id'_ gq' jfoGiB f;zx dh po;h wBkT[D dh rZb w?_ fJzrb?_v d/ tk;hnkgD/ d';s e/H;hH w'jB, e"_;bo ;kT{Ekb s/ ;eZso gqrshFhb fbykoh ;Gk Bkbehsh sK T[; vkHjfoGiB f;zx B{z e[M fJ; soQK :kd ehskL ¿gq' jfoGiB f;zxB{z w?_Ó gfjbh ns/ nkyoh d\k ;kb 1980 ftu :{H e/H ftu j'J/ ftFt gzikph;zw/bB d"okB fwfbnk ;kÓ. T[; s'Ó gfjbkÓ w?Ó T[jBkÓ B{z pj[s xZN gfVQnk ;h.T[jBkÓ B{z fwbe/, T[jBkÓ dhnkÓ eftsktkÓ ;[De/, T[jBkÓ B{z gofunkÓ T[go pfj;eofdnkÓ t/ye/ ns/ T[jBkÓ dh ;zrs eoe/ w/oh T[jBkÓ ftu fdbu;gh j'Dh e[dosh;h. y[bQ/ dkVQ/ ns/ ;kdh d;sko ftu T[j e'Jh dot/F brd/. T[jBkÓ dk bfj}k,sjZwb, frnkB ns/ fJfsfwBkB Bkb bpo/} brdk. wro'Ó nk e/ w?B{z vkH ;kfjpd/ fBZih ihtB dh iZd'-ifjd d/ ;\o dk frnkB j'fJnk. uko ;kb dh T[wosZe d't/Ó wkg/ r[nkT[D tkbk, fpBkÓ ekbi frnK, T[u/oh ftZfdnk gqkgs eoB tkbk,soQkÓ soQkÓ d/ gkgV t/b e/ |[ops Bkb i{M e/ fdZbh :{Bhtof;Nh ftu gVQk e/T[wo Go dh nkBo/oh gq'\?;oh jkf;b eoB tkbk, eftsk-sBehd ns/ nB[tkdftu T[u gkfJ dk ezw eoB tkbk f;oVh f;o\ vkH jfoGiB f;zx jh j' ;edk;h. fort/dfort/dfort/dfort/dfort/d i/j/ tZv/ rqzE dk nB[tkd e'Jh wkVk XhVk ftdtkB BjhÓ eo ;edk.tZv/ tZv/ ;zd/F fpy/oB tkbh T[jBkÓ dh ;kdh eftsk ;kXkoB gkme dh geV ftunkT[D tkbh ;h. vkH ;kfjp nkgDhnkÓ feoskÓ s'Ó fpBkÓ fJe tZvw[Zbk s'j\k th d/rJ/ jB. T[jBkÓ d/ g[Zso wdB r'gkb f;zx T[Zue'Nh d/ rkfJe ns/ ;ekbo jB.

¿w? vkH ;kfjp B{z FoXk ns/ ;fseko Bkb :kd eodk jkÓ. fJs\ke dhrZb j? fe w/o/ fgsk ih dk iBw th •œ nr;s B{z jh j'fJnk ;h.À

õõõ


jfoGiB f;zx fBfwsjfoGiB f;zx fBfwsjfoGiB f;zx fBfwsjfoGiB f;zx fBfwsjfoGiB f;zx fBfwsnwoihs uzdBnwoihs uzdBnwoihs uzdBnwoihs uzdBnwoihs uzdB

dogDdogDdogDdogDdogD

dogD dk r'oy-Xzdk pzd/ s'_ ed/ th Bjh_ ;[bMDk.Fpd dogD dh iVQ ;z;feqs dog dk noE njzeko j?.Dw dk noE j? -nZy. nZy j'o ;Ge[M d/y b?_dh j?,go ngD/-nkg ~Bjh_ d/y ;edh.dogD dh rZb jo\b;\h, FkfJo s/ebkeko-f\bwekoB/ ehsh j?. o?B/wko rhs tor/T[;skd fus/o/ FhF/nzdo FhF/ pDk e/th fJjdk G/s Bjh_gk ;e/. i/ T[BQKG k J h r [ od k ;ikfDnk j[zdk, sKFkfJd T[BQK ~ xN y"MbDk g?Dk ;h. GkJh ih nkyd/ jBfe FhFk fBob/g ofjzdk j?. (b/g B br? nko ;h. —•-š-˜.) fJj i' j?, Ujh fdykT[_dk, nkg ftu Bjh_ nkT[_dk.dogD d/ fgZS/ e"D j? < fJjdk T[Øso GkJh ih fdzd/ jBfe T[jh i' dogD d/ nZr/ fd;dk j?. (dogfD o{g fit/ jhfgmk. tko ™.) B"t/_ r[o{ ih B/ ;tkwh ~ FhF/ d/ ne;tork nkfynk j?, i' pzd/ d/ nzdo jh t;dk j?. (;' s[wjh wfjp;? fBozsfo BkBe dogB fBnkJh. ;'ofm wL .)

b/ye ns/ fuzse, fJzrb?Iv


;dhnK gfjbK sK sfoehJ/ FhFk d/yD dk sg eod/;h. FhFk pDB s'_gfjbK eZ[i/ ftu gkJ/ gkDh u w[Zy sZed/ ofjzd/. id frnkB j'Dk, e[Zik GzBd/Dk. ;zd{e, uo]/, gbzx, UVQBh s/ nzrh #s/ FhFk fuo wro'_ bZrk. pKdo FhFkGzB fdzdkl pzdk Bjh_ GzB ;fenk. \'N' e?wok th dogD jh j?. fJj u[rb MkshnKwkoB tk¾k fJe-nZyk iht j?.

gzikph ;kfjs ftu o'r, p[Ykg/ s/ fwqs:{ dk f}eq BK wksq j?. s;thos/ f\bw sK e'Jh th Bjh_. fJjdk ekoD G?n jh j'Dk j?. B"t/_ r[o{ ih B/ ngDhpkDh ftu fJj G?n u[Ze fdZsk ;h. w/o/ tork jkoh-;koh fJ; G?n nZr/p/tZ; j[zdk j?.

fJj s;thoK FkfJo jfoGiB f;zx dhnK ;zB 2000 d/ f;nk¾ d/ fe;/fBZx/ fdB dhnK jB.

fJj s;thoK Bjh_, dogD j? l fi; ftu jfoGiB f;zx ngDk ne;d/ydk j?. dt?s w[Zfenk brdk j?. o'r ns/ nNZb j'Dh nZr/ njzeko wZ[eh iKdkj?. d'jt/_ ;wo{g jB. jfoGiB f;zx wdB r'gkb f;zx j? ns/ wdB r'gkb f;zxjfoGiB f;zx. e"D eh j? < e[M Bjh_ gsk. fgT[ e"D < g[so e"D < ihtB-wk¾k dhnK bVhnK. fgT[ d/ fgT[ dk fgT[. g[s d/ g[s dk g[s. fgSb/ tk¾/ ths/ nrKj d/ th. iDBh oZp tKC w"i{d j?, go s;tho u Bjh_ fd;dh. fwqs:{


fJ; t/b/ ]kfoi j?. d'jtK d/ jZEK uukj d/ nZX-Go/ fgnkb/ jB. n?;k t/bk fe;/ GkrK tk¾/ ~ jh fw¾dk j?.

fJj s;thoK fyZu/ ikD s'_gfjbK wdB r'gkb B/ f\bw ]kw'FgkDh u rkJ/ ngD/ rhsK dh ohb;[DkJh ;h s/ fgsk B/ jtk u T[_r¾T[mk e/ g[so ~ u[Zg-dkd fdZsh ;h.wro' _ fgT[-g[s eh rZbK eod/oj/, w?_ ;[DhnK Bjh_. w?_ fes/ j'o ;h- fszB djke/ gfjbK phwkoh Bk¾x[¾-x[¾ w[Ze rJ/ ngD/ fgsk e'¾.

doFBdoFBdoFBdoFBdoFB

Btzpo 2000 d/ nkf]oh j\s/w?_ fdZbh u ;h. fuZs fNekD/ Bjh_ ;h. fgSbh tko T[VB bZr/ ijk} #u w?_ d/; w[V e/ Bk nkT[D dh nodk; ehsh ;h l T[j ;[Dh Bjh_ ;h rJh. ;'uK ;'ufdnKwzN{-wdB r'gkb f;zx-B{z \'B ehsk. T[j BZ;k nkfJnk. d{i/ fdB T[j w?B{z ngD/xo t;zs e[zi b? frnk. nukBe nkyD bZrk L ub', Gkgk ih e'¾ ubd/ jK.w?B{z th fwf¾nK d/o j' rJh n?.

gfjbK w?_ wzN{ Bk¾ Gkgk ih :kBh vkeNo jfoGiB f;zx dhnK rZbK fJzieodk fojk ;h, fit/_ T[j fpbe[b ok}h j[zd/ B/ l Bk th fw¾/, sK th e'Jh rZbBjh_. don;b nzdo'_ vo brdk ;h. fpoX w?E'_ d/y/ Bjh_ iKd/. w?_ ngD/ fgskB{z e?_;o Bk¾ x[¾-x[¾ w[ZefdnK d/fynk ;h. w/oh wK th fJzi jh w[Zeh ;h. w?_

jfoGiB f;zx dh n]pko uSgh s;tho d/yh ;h - T[jnXozr Bk¾ ;[Ze e/ shbk j'rJ/ jB. gqpzX o;hJ/ j[D T[BQKd/ xo ik e/ fJBk wM'¾h gkJhiKd/ jB. T[j fejV/ fdbBk¾ UE/ iKd/ jB l c/o T[BQKBk¾ pD-mD e/ \'N'nK fyutKd/ jB. w?B{z fyZM nkT[_dh l


wkD th okj-okj dk j[zdk j?.

wkB;o'to rkovB. T[j pkjo ;'uh_ gJ/ X[Zg/ yVQ/ ;B. T[BQK w{zj G[nKe/ ;kvh tZb d/fynk. fJj T[j jfoGiB f;zx sK Bjh_ ;h, i' w?_ d; ;kb gfjbKbzdB ftu d/fynk ;h. ;kjwD/ T[jdk BtK o{g ;h. w?_ jZE i'V e/ \sj p[bkJh.T[BQK w/o/ w'Y/ *s/ ngDk ;Zik jZE oZyfdnK nkfynk L s{z pj[s ;[jDk fbyd?_.

T[BQK dk yZpk jZE fit/_ fYZv Bk¾ i[V u[Zek ;h. ;Zik g?o gfjbK g[ZNd/s/ yZpk X{j e/ nZr/ eod/. j"¾h-j"¾h s[od/n;h_ nzdo ik p?m/. T[j ikD{nK dk jkbg[ZSd/ oj/. T[BQK dh nktk} pVh Xhwh s/ wjhB;h. w?B{z e'Jh rZb Bjh_ ;h nj[V ojh.

wzN{ efjzdk L ub' T[go uZbd/ nK.

Gkgk ih w/o/ ;jko/ g"VhnK uVQB bZr/.

wzN{ B/ e/;?ØN bk fdZsh. fJjB/ bj"ou ;zB ;zskbh pko/ pD ojh gzikph f\bw]kw'F gkDh dk ;zrhs fsnko ehsk j?. fJjdhroith_ nktk} okr e/dko u ftobkg eodhpK;oh s/ ;kozrh Bk¾ ;zrs eo ojh ;h li'Vh skb fdzdh ;h L

Xko i'r eo ek¾k t/;


oKMk N[fonk ozrg[o d/;

jho BwkDh gJh T[vhe/

nkt/ oKMk pD dot/;

oKMk i'rhVk pD nkfJnk

ezB gVtk e/ wZE/ fsbebrkfJnk

fit/_ nkgK T[go tk¾/ dhrZb eoB bJh T[_r¾ T[sKj eohdhj? l Gkgk ih B/ T[_r¾ jtk u skDh. w{zj'_ e[M Bk p'b/. fgT[ g[Zs B{z, ;o'sk okrhB{z s/ eth eth B{z dkd d/ fojk ;h. fJj' fij/ gb pj[s d[obG j[zd/ jB.

w/ok nkT[D dk gSsktk jN frnk. w?_ Gkgk ih tb d/yh iKdk ;h. rZbe'Jh ;[Mdh Bk ;h. fgT[ g[Zs rZbh_ bZr/ j'J/ ;B. e?wo/ B/ t/bk ;KfGnk. efbZe-efbZe j'D bZrh. w?B{z FhF/ dh nZy EkDh_ sg eod/ fgzio j'J/ p[ZX dh w{osh :kdnkJh, i' w?_ bj"o nikfJp xo u d/yh ;h. w?B{z T[Vdk \foFsk fdf;nk-gsbkBk}[e, fuZNk d[ZX pkDk, fuZNk d[ZX dkjVk. w?B{z j";bk j'fJnk-pzd/ dh fposh fNekD/j? l B?D gokD uZbd/ B/ l ebw tk¾k ;Zik jZE th. fJj j[D/ epho pko/ feskpfby e/ jN/ jB. c/o w?B{z FhF/ dh nZy EkDh_ ngDk fgsk fdf;nk. eoskoh B[jkotk¾/ ;ko/ fpoX fJZe'-fij/ brd/ jB. w/o/ fvrd/ jzM{ jfoGiB f;zx B/ d/y

bJ/. fJj j'o u[Zg eo rJ/.

w/ohnK XZcVhnK e{jDhnK d/ye/ g[ZfSnk L fJj eh j'fJn? <

- ;o"fJf;;, w?_ nzro/}h tk¾kBK dZf;nk.

- fJjdk fJbki e'Jh Bjh_.vkeNo efjzd/ B/ pj[sh fuzsk eoB Bk¾fJj e;o j[zdh n?.

d[gfjo dh b'J/ wzN{ w[jkmK up?mk ukj d/ eZg Bk¾ y/b fojk ;h.ukj w[Ze u[Zeh ;h.

Gkgk ih B/ T[jB{z fejk L bj"ofrnk Biw j[;?B B{z }o{o fw¾h_.

wzN{ efjzdk L @T[j rZb# phih B{z


Bk dZ;hT[.

w?_ woB?_ <! - Gkgk ih dh rZb ;[De/ w?_ wB u jh jZf;nk.

T[BQK d'jtK dh e?wo/ tb MkefdnKdh w?_ e'Jh s;tho Bk fyZuh s/ Bk nkg e'¾p?m e/ fyutkJh. fJe \'N' ftu nrkVh Gkgkih dh fgZm j? s/ Bzrk f;o l fgSkVh wzN{ g?oK-Gko p?mk nZyK u nZyK gkJh T[BQK Bk¾ rZbKeo fojk j?. d'jt/_ fit/_ FhFk d/y oj/ jB.wZE/ shT[Vh j?. \'N'' u ;Zi/ jZE g'fsnK dhnKezX *s/ fugekJhnK r'o/ n?eNoK dhnK d's;thoK jB. gVdkd/ GkJh rzvk f;zx dh t/b joh j?.

ftSVfdnK w?_ w[V jZE i'V e/ \sjp[bkJh. T[BQK dh T[_r¾ c/o jtk u sDh s/ nkyD bZr/ L doFB j' rJ/.

w?_ T[BQK d/ fgZS/ fgZS/ nkfynk L jK, doFB j' rJ/.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx N/w} dfonk ezY/, bzdB ftu (1995) L c'N'eko - nwoihs uzdB


fJe w[wsk} F];hns LfJe w[wsk} F];hns LfJe w[wsk} F];hns LfJe w[wsk} F];hns LfJe w[wsk} F];hns LvkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH jfoGiB f;zx

wBihs f;zx (gq'H)wBihs f;zx (gq'H)wBihs f;zx (gq'H)wBihs f;zx (gq'H)wBihs f;zx (gq'H)

fJ; ;zpzXh e'Jh d' oktK BjhI j' ;edhnK fe vkHjfoGiB f;zx j[ohI, ;jh noEK ftu w[wsk} s/ wkbe ;B.T[jBK dh F];hns dhnK fJzBhnK gosK B/ fe T[jBK;kohnK gosk pko/, fe;/ fJe b/y ftu fpnkB eo ;eDk,i/eo n;zGt Bjh, sK w[Ffeb }o{o j?. fJ; sZE dh g[FNhbJh w/o/ e'b, p/nzs fw;kbK jB. ;zB 1973-74 s'I b?e/, T[jBK d/ ihtB d/ nk]oh fdBK (2002) sZe, w?~ T[jBKd/ ;zgoe ftu ofjD d/, fBozso w"e/ jkf;b j[zd/ oj/ jB.gfjbK n?ZwHJ/H dk ;orow ftfdnkoEh j'D d/ Bks/, fco ghn?ZuHvhH dk fo;ou j'D d/ Bks/, fco fdZbh :{Bhtof;Nh d/]kb;k (JhtfBzr) ekbi @u gzikph ;kfjs dk nfXnkge j'Dd/ Bks/ ns/ wro'I, fJe fBZx/ fwZso j'D d/ Bks/. f}eo:'rj? fe fdZbh :{Bhtof;Nh d/ nekdfwe wkj"b ftu vkH ;kfjpd/ ;orow j'D d/ fdBK ftu, nZi tork ;[szso gzikphftGkr, nZi/ j'Id ftu BjhI ;h nkfJnk. T[d'I @nkX[fBeGkosh GkFktK ftGkr# dk fJe ftzr, gzikph th j'fJnk eodk;h. T[d'I 14-15 d/ eohp nkX[fBe Gkosh GkFktK (Department

of M.I.L.) d/ ftzr, fJ; ftGkr ftu j'fJnk eod/ ;B.gzikph ftzr, T[jBK ftu'I fJe j'fJnk eodk ;h. ;zB 1985ftu ik e/, fJj gzikph ftzr,n?ZwHnkJhHn?Zb, ftGkr s'I tZyokj' e/, fJe ;[szso ftGkr d/ o{g ftu, fte;s j[zdk j?. vkH;kfjp dk nekdfwe eZd, J/Bk T[Zuk j'fJnk eodk ;h fepkeh GkFktK d/ nfXnkge th, T[jBK dh fdb'I pj[s fJ}sefonk eod/ ;B. w/oh ;{uBk w[skfpe, T[j d' t/oK,o'N/FB okjhI, T[; ftGkr d/ w[yh th pD/. pkeh dk ;wK thT[j, T[; ftGkr d/ w[yh tKr jh ftuod/ oj/. feT[Ife, jo

;kpek w[yh, gzikph ftGkr,fdZbh :{Bhtof;Nh, fdZbh.c'B L 9868773902


w[yh T[jBK dh fJik}s Bkb jh ezw efonk eodk ;h. jo ftGkrh w;b/ T[go,T[jBK dh okJ/, nzfsw wzBh iKdh ;h. f}eo:'r j? fe T[jBK d/ T[Zu/ ;kfjse-nekdfwe eZd ~ t/yfdnK j'fJnK jh, fdZbh :{Bhtof;Nh B/, T[jBK ~ gzikph d/gq'\?;o dh g';N, nk\o ehsh ;h. Gkt, T[jBK B/, fJ; g';N bJh ed/ th ngbkJhBjhI ;h ehsk id'I fe T[jBK e'b gzikph dh b'VhIdh fvroh th w"i{d BjhI ;h.T[j sK n?ZwH J/H (fjzdh) ns/ n?ZwHJ/H (nzro/}h) j'D eoe/, T[d'I fdZbhI :{Bhtof;NhBkb ;zpzfXs Fqh r[o{ s/| pjkdo ]kb;k ekbi fty/, fjzdh ;kfjs d/ nfXnkgebZr/ j'J/ ;B. ns/ fJ;/ ekbi d/, tkfJ;-fgqz;hgb th ;B. gzikph ftu sK, T[jf;o\ eftsk fbfynk eod/ ;B. fjzdh ;kfjs dk nfXnkge j[zfdnK j'fJnk, T[jBK~ gzikph dh gq'\?;ofFg nk\o j'Dk, T[jBK bJh pj[s wkD tkbh rZb sK ;hjh, ;w[Zu/ gzikph irs bJh th, fJe pj[s tZvh xNBk ;h. :{Bhtof;Nh d/ fJ;\?;b/ d/ fto[ZX T[d'I, e[ZM fto'X d/ ;[o th T[ZGo/, go vkH ;kfjp dh nB'yhnekdfwe gqfsGk ~ t/yfdnK, MZN jh T[j ;ko/ fto'X, wZm/ g? rJ/. fJ; wro'I,vkH jfoGiB f;zx j[oK B/ th, gzikph nekdfwe gqsh, nkgD/ nkg ~, g{oh soQK;wofgs eo fdZsk. T[jBK B/ ;[u/s gZXo @s/, gzikph nkb'uBk dk o[], gZSw ftuftef;s j'Jh. BthB ;kfjs nkb'uBk tZb w'fVnk, T[jBhI fdBhI gzikp ftu, fgqz;hgb;zs f;zx ;/y'I dh wkoe;tkdh nkb'uBk, nkgDh g{oh uVQs @s/ ;h. fdZbhI ftu, gq'HfeFB f;zx dh nkb'uBk dk p'bpkbk ;h. ;/X;/X;/X;/X;/X BK dh gfsqek ftu pkekfJdk s"o@s/, T[jBK d/ wkoe;tkdh fuzsB-gqDkbh T[go nkXkfos bzw/ bzw/ b/y Sgd/ ns/T[;BK T[go fBZm e/ uouk j[zdh ;[DB ~ fwbdh.

gq'H feFB f;zx j[ohI, T[jBhI fdBhI, fdZbhI :{Bhtof;Nh d/ b'Xh o'v fty/;fEs, fdnkb f;zx (JhtfBzr ) ekbi ftu, nzro/}h ;kfjs d/ nfXnkge bZr/j'J/ ;B. w?Bz{ T[jBK d/ ftfdnkoEh j'D dk wkD jkf;b j?. fJ;/ ekbi ftu phHJ/H (gk;) dk ftfdnkoEh j'D d/ Bks/ w?I, fszBK ftu'I d' e[ ;kb pkekfJdk s"o @s/nzro/}h ;kfjs, T[jBK e'b'I gVQdk fojk. Gkt/I, n;hI ftfdnkoEh, T[jBK dhftdtsk dk f;Zek wzBd/ ;K, go ;k~ fJj BjhI ;h gsk j[zdk fe gq'H feFB f;zxj[ohI, fJsB/ tZv/ ;kfjs nkb'ue th jB. feT[Ife, ekbi'I xo tkg; gosD bJh,brGr ;kvh pZ; fJe' j'fJnk eodh ;h. fJ; bJh, T[jBK Bkb B/Vsk j' ikDh;[Gkfte ;h. S/ Bzpo o{N pZ; j'fJnk eodh ;h, fsbe Bro s'I b'Xh o'v sZedh. w?I fsbe Bro'I ufVnk eodk ;K ns/ gq'H feFB f;zx j[ohI, ftueko fij'eoe/ Jh;N gN/b Bro'I, pZ; gefVnk eod/ ;B. xo tkg;h t/b/ th,@:{Bhtof;Nh ;g?Fb pZ;# dk fJjh o{N j'fJnk eodk ;h. ;', d't/I ;\oK d/ d"okB.rZbpks okjhI, T[jBK e'b'I ;kfjs pko/ pj[s e[ZM f;ZyD ~ fwbdk. n?ZwHJ/H (gzikph)ftu dk]bk b?D wro'I fdZbhI :{Bhtof;Nh ftu ik e/ jh gsk ufbnk fe gq'H feFB


f;zx j[ohI, fezB/ tZv/ ;kfjse-nekdfwe eZd tkb/a fJB;kB jB. T[d'I, gkfe;skBhgzikph ;kfjs fuzse, iBkp B}w j[;?B ;Z:d j[oK dh ;kfjs nkb'uBk th, Fkjw[yhfbgh s'I r[ow[yh fbgh ftu, fbghnKso j' e/, ;kjwD/ nkT[IDh F[o{ j' u[Zeh ;h.T[jBhI fdBhI, T[jBK dh ;whfynk-g[;se ;/XK s/ ;koK;/XK s/ ;koK;/XK s/ ;koK;/XK s/ ;koK;/XK s/ ;koK Gog{o o{g ftu uouk dkftFk pDh j'Jh ;h.

;', }kfjo j? fe T[jBhI fdBhI, gzikph d/ nekdfwe jbfenK ftu,wkoe;tkdh ;kfjs nkb'uBk dk p'bpkbk ;h. vkH jfoGiB f;zx j[oK d/ fJ;gokfdqF @s/ nkT[D Bkb, gzikph ftu |?o-wkoe;tkdh ;kfjs nkb'uBk dk w[ZYpZfMnk. T[jBK B/ gZSw ftu ftef;s j'JhnK fGzB fGzB fuzsB-gqDkbhnK (nwoheho{gtkd, o{;h o{gtkd, ;zouBktkd, Ehw ftfrnkB, ;fGnkuko ftfrnkB, F?bhftfrnkB, T[Zso-;fEshnK Bkb i[V/ j'J/ fuzsB nkfd)~ gzikph ftu gqufbs eoBftu gfjb ehsh. nkfj;sk, gq'H sob'e f;zx ezto ns/ gq'H nkswihs f;zx tor/ftdtkB nfXnkge th, fJ; w[fjzw ftu, nkg' nkgDk :'rdkB gkT[D bZr/. gzikphd/ wkoe;tkdh ftdtkBK B/ vkH jfoGiB f;zx j[oK d/ fJ; T[Zdw ~, fJe tZvhtzrko ti'I rqfjD ehsk. BshiB, fsZyk tkd-fttkd j'Id ftu nkfJnk. ;?whBkoj[zd/, row row pfj;K j[zdhnK. Gkt/I, T[jBhI fdBh w/oh T[wo, nZi/ gzMh e[ ;kbKd/ fJod-frod dh j't/rh, T[jBK pfj;K ftu Fkfwb j'Dk, w?~ uzrk uzrk bZrdk.fgzqH ;/y'I s/ gq'H feFB f;zx, Gkt/I j?r/ d't/I,gzikph d/ wzB/-gqwzB/ wkoe;tkdh ;kfjsnkb'ue ;B, go wkoe;tkd ;zpzXh d'tK dhnK XkoDktK ftu, pj[s nzso j[zdk.nzso fJ; eoe/ fe fgqzH ;/y'I @nkoEesk (economy) ~, wkoe;tkd dh @vz{x;zouBk (structure) wzBdk ;h ns/ gq'H feFB f;zx, @;fGnkuko# (culture) ~.FkfJd fJ;/ eoe/, wkoe;tkd ;zpzXh d'jK dh ;wM ftu, nzsK dk \oe ;h.fJ;\oe ;zpzXh w?~ pj[s d/o pknd ik e/ gsk ufbnk. fJj gsk bZrD s'I gfjbK,w?I ne;o j?okB j[zdk fe fJjBK d'jK ftdtkBK ftukb/, ftukoXkok s/ \b;\/ dh;KM j'D d/ pkti{d th fJzBh bVkJh feT[I j?< w?I eJhnK s'I g[ZS ehsh, go fes/th, s;ZbhpyF itkp Bk fwbdk. w?~ nukBe, fdZbh d/ ekbi ftu j'J/ fJe;?whBko dh :kd nk rJh J/. T[; ;?whBko ftu, fgqzH ;/y', gqq'H feFB f;zx s/ vkHjfoGiB f;zx, fszB'I ftdtkB, ps"o tefsnK d/ jk}o ;B. w?I th T[ZE/, nkgDkg/go g/F eoBk ;h. ;?whBko ftu fJj fszB'I ftdtkB, r[Ew-r[ZEk j' rJ/. ftukoKftub/ wZsG/d sb]-ebkwh ftu pdb rJ/. n;b ftu fJj ftdtkB nkgD/XfVnK Bkb gqfspZX o{g ftu i[V/ j'J/ ;B. fJ; bJh nkgD/ ftukoK #s/ nV iKd/;B. gqpzXeK dh f;nkDg Bkb fJj w;bk S/sh jh mzvk j' frnk. ewkb dh rZbfJj ;h fe bzu d/ d"okB, fJj fszB' ftdtkB, nkg; ftu fJzM fxT[ fyuVh j'J/gJ/ ;B, fit/I e[M j'fJnk jh Bk j't/. vkH jfoGiB f;zx j[ohI, fgqzH ;/y'I Bz{ Fkw


fJeZfmnK fpskT[D dk ;Zdk d/ oj/ ;B ns/ gq'H feFB f;zx j[ohI, T[jBK Bz{ nkgD/xo oks fpskT[D bJh }'o gk oj/ ;B go fgqzH ;/y'I j[ohI fJj efjzd/ ;[D/ rJ/fe @@w?I jo jkbs b[fXnkD/ tkg; gosDk J/. e'Jh }o{oh ezw j?. XzBtkd.c/o ;h.## fJj B}kok t/y e/, ;ko/ j?okB ;B. n;b rZb fJj ;h fe fJj fszB'IftdtkB, tZv/ fJB;kB ;B. tZvhnK fJB;kBh edoK-ehwsK tkb/ tZv/ fJB;kB.

f}eo:'r j? fe ;zB 1974 d/ d"okB vkH jfoGiB f;zx j[oK dh;whfynk-g[;se gkorkwhgkorkwhgkorkwhgkorkwhgkorkwh gqekfFs j'Jh ;h. T[jBhI fdBhI w?I n?ZwHJ/H (gzikph) dkftfdnkoEh j[zdk ;K w?I s/ w/o/ ;fjgkmhnK B/, T[; feskp ~ jZE'I jZEhI gVQ fbnkj'fJnk ;h. T[; feskp ftu, j'oBK s'I S[ZN, d' b/y, f;ZX/ s"o @s/, fgqzH ;zs f;zx;'y'I d/ @;kfjs f;Xks-fuzsB# T[go ;B.d't/I b/y, pj[s jh feqNheb Jhvhnw ftufby/ j'J/ ;B. T[Xo ;kv/ e'o; ftu, fgqzH ;/y'I dh pj[-uofus nkb'uBk-g[;se;kfjfsnkoE;kfjfsnkoE;kfjfsnkoE;kfjfsnkoE;kfjfsnkoE (1957 JhH) ps"o fJe gkm-g[;se d/ bZrh j'Jh ;h. ;zpzfXsnfXnkge B/, id'I ;k~ T[; g[;se dh ;woh fveN/N eoBh F[o{ ehsh sK n;hIfszBK ftfdnkoEhnK B/ ob e/, T[;dk fto'X ehsk. feT[Ife, n;hI vkH jfoGiB f;zxj[oK d/ T[j d't/I b/y gVQ u[Ze/ j'J/ ;K i' T[; nfXnkge dh gj[zu s'I nZi/ pkjo;B. d't/I b/y, ;kfjfsnkoE;kfjfsnkoE;kfjfsnkoE;kfjfsnkoE;kfjfsnkoE g[;se @u'I T[ZGoD tkb/, fgqzH ;/y'I d/ wkoe;tkdhB}ohJ/ dk, nkb'uBkswe ikfJ}k b?D tZb o[fus ;B. T[; ;kjt/I, rzGho ;tkbyV/ eoB tkb/ ;B. ;', vkH ;kfjp nZr/ ;kvh fFekfJs ehsh rJh fe n;hI,nfXnkgeK ~ gqFB eo eo e/, szr eod/ jK. tZvk fJb}kw, w/o/ f;o wfVnkfrnk. ]?o ! nrb/ ghohnv d/ d"okB, vkH ;kfjp B/ nkg ebk; ftZu nke/, ;ko/ wkwb/ dh s\shF ehsh. id'I T[jBK ~ n;bhns dk gsk ufbnk sKT[j pj[s j?okB th j'J/ ns/ y[F th. g[ZSD bZr/ fe s[;hI gkorkwhgkorkwhgkorkwhgkorkwhgkorkwh feskpfet/I gVQ bJh < feZE'I T[gbpX j'Jh< nZi/ j[D/ jh sK gqekfFs j'Jh j?. bZrdk;h fe vkH ;kfjp ih gkoy{ fdqFNh B/ ;Zu ikD fbn? j'fJnk ;h. ;', nZr'I s'I T[jnkg ;k~, T[; feskp ~ gVQkT[D bZr gJ/. ;kvh th b'VhIdhI ;zs[FNh j'D bZrgJh. ;kvh ;G dh fJZSk ;h fe vkH ;kfjp, ;t/o/ j'D tkbhnK ebk;K dh soQK,FkwhI ;k~ th gVQkT[D. fJT[I, vkH ;kfjp ;kv/ ;kfonK d/ g;zdhdk nfXnkge pDrJ/. T[jBhI fdBhI, T[j fgqzH ;/y'I d/ ;kfjs-fuzsB T[go, pV/ feqNheb s/ fsZy/ jwb/eo oj/ ;B. fsZy/ ftukoXkoe-fto'XK d/ pkti{d, fgqzH ;/y'I j[oK B/ fJe b/y@@;whfynkeko jfoGiB f;zx## fbfynk. }fjo j? fe T[; b/y d/ wkfXnwokjh,T[jBK B/, vkH jfoGiB f;zx j[oK dh o{gtkdh-;zouBktkdh ftXh T[go, fsZy/nkeowD ehs/ j'Dr/. ehs/ th j'J/ ;B. go, fJzB/ rzGho fto'XK d/ pkti{d, fJ;b/y d/ nzs ftu T[jBK B/, vkH ;kfjp dh nB'yh gqfsGk dh skoh\ eoB'I, ;ze'uBk ehsk. fgzqH ;/y'I d/ Fpd ftu @@nzs ftu w?I vkeNo jfoGiB f;zx dh shyD-


u/sBk dh dkd fdZs/ fpBK BjhI ofj ;edk. eftsk iK j'o ;kfjs-ouBk, vkeNojfoGiB f;zx d/ jZEK ftu, fJe wdkoh d/ r'b/ tKr j?, fi; ~ T[j d' pDke/ th fdyk ;edk j?, fszB pDk e/ th s/ uko pDk e/ th. T[; dk, ouBk dkftFb/FD, Gkt/I fJe-gZyh ofj iKdk j?, go fJ; fJe gZy d/ doFB T[j ;k~, fJeFhF wjZb tkeo eok fdzdk j?.HHHHHH vkeNo jfoGiB f;zx dh gqfsGk, T[; d/ fJ;;[e/Vt/I :sBK dh ;hwk s'I pkjo ik e/, gkme ~ BthI ;{M gqdkB eodh j?.##

fgzqH ;/y'I d/ fJjBK FpdK s'I ;k~, vkH jfoGiB f;zx j[oK dh w[wsk}F];hns dk ;fji/ jh dhdko j' iKdk j?. vkH ;kfjp d/ Bkb Bkb, fgqzH ;/y'I j[oKdh tfvZsD th T[ikro j' iKdh j?. n\;';, fJj' fijk ;zs[fbs fJB;kBh i}pk,j[D ;kv/ Bt/I g[zro jo/ nkb'ueK dh F];hns #u'I, g{oh soQK rkfJp B}onkT[I[d/. bZrd/, T[jBK dh F];hns dk fBowkD th, T[jh ekog'o/N irs eo foj?,i' ftFtheoB (globalisation) dh nkV ftu, jo F? dk pk}koheoB eoB s'I oskth ;ze'u BjhI eodk.

fJ; ;zpzX ftu fJj f}eo eoBk th fdbu;gh dk ftFk j't/rk fe vkHjfoGiB f;zx j[oK B/ nkgDh ;whfynk-g[;se gkorkwhgkorkwhgkorkwhgkorkwhgkorkwh, T[; tes d/, pzrbkGkFk d/ nzso-okFNoh gqf;ZXsk d/ wkbe ;ekbo-nfXnkge ns/ ;kpek w[yh, n?ZwHnkJhH n?Zb ftGkr, vkH nkoH e/H dk; r[gsk j[oK ~ ;wofgs (vkH nkoHe/Hdk;r[gsk d/ Bkw, fi; B/ w?~ gzikph nfXnkgB d/ :'r ;wfMnk##) ehsh ;h.f}eo:'r j? fe vkH jfoGiB f;zx j[oK ~ gzikph dh gq'\?;ofFg, fJjBK (vkH dk;r[gsk) dh foe'w?Bv/FB @s/ jh nk\o j'Jh ;h.tX/o/ eoe/ vkH ;kfjp, nkgDhnKfeskpK, fe;/ ~ ;wofgs BjhI ;B efonk eod/. gkorkwhgkorkwhgkorkwhgkorkwhgkorkwh s'I S[ZN, T[jBK B/,fJe-d' j'o feskpK, }o{o nkgD/ y'ikoEhnK ~, ;KM/ s"o @s/ ;wofgs ehshnK jB.pj[sk eoe/, T[jBK dhnK feskpK ftu ;wogD tkbk gzBk j[zdk jh BjhI ;h. T[jBhIfdBh w?I, fe;/ ;?whBko ftu fJe g/go gfVnk. w/oh y[Ffe;wsh Bkb vkH ;kfjpth T[ZE/ w"i{d ;B. ;?whBko ]sw j'D @s/, T[jBK B/, w?~ iZ\h ftu b? fbnk ns/w/oh oZi e/ skoh\ ehsh. efjD bZr/, ##s/o/ @u'I, w?Bz{ w/ok nkgK ftef;s j[zdk B}onk foj?.## rZb, nkJh rJh j' rJh. e[ZM fdBK pknd, id'I w?I T[jBK ~ fwfbnk,sK T[jBK B/ fwbfdnK ;ko, nkgDh BthI Sgh feskp fJe ]s s/o/ BKfJe ]s s/o/ BKfJe ]s s/o/ BKfJe ]s s/o/ BKfJe ]s s/o/ BK dh fJegqsh w?~ G/IN ehsh. fJj rZb, FkfJd ;zB 1983 dh j?. w?~ gh n?ZuHvhH dh fvrohfwb u[Zeh j'Jh ;h. w?I XzBtkd eoe/, ;fseko ;fjs, feskp dh T[j gqsh jkf;behsh ns/ ekjbh ekjbh, fdZbhI :{Bhtof;Nh dh ;?INob o?\o?I; bkfJpq/oh d/ fo;ou\b'o @s/, T[; feskp dk ikfJ}k b?D bJh nk frnk. nkdsB, w?I T[; feskp~, S/sh S/sh gVQ b?Dk ukj[zdk ;K, sK i', T[; pkps ;ztkd oukfJnk ik ;e/ ns/iK fco, B/Vb/ GftZy ftu, T[; feskp T[Zgo j'D tkbh fe;/ ;zGkfts uouk ftu,


Gkr fbnk ik ;e/. go fiT[I jh w?I feskp d/ w[ZYb/ gzB/ co'b/. gVQ e/ j?okBofj frnk. feskp d/ ;wogD tkb/ gzB/ @s/ fJpkos doi ;hL-

@@;iD ;'Jh Bkfb w?I ubfdnk Bkfb ubfB..

fiE/ b/yk wzrhn? fsE/ yV/ fd;fB ..ojkT[..

(;{jh wjbk ., xo 6)

nkgD/ Fkfrod s/ fwZso

vkH wBihs f;zx d/ BK

fJj nb\k} gVQkT[D wro'I, w/oh y[Fh dk e'Jh fNekDk BjhI ;h fojk.w?I nekb g[oy dk XzBtkd ehsk ns/ feskp ftub/ w?No dk nfXn?B eoBk F[o{ehsk. ;'funk, j[D ;koh feskp gVQ e/ jh T[mKrk.go, fJzM j' Bk ;fenk. oksd/ 11 tZi u[Ze/ ;B. fJ; ekoi bJh, ekbi s/ w?I, N?bh\'B eoe/, gfjbK jh S[ZNhb? bJh ;h. bkfJpq/oh pzd j'D @s/ nk rJh. ofjzd/ gzB/, xo ik e/ gVQB d/ fJokd/Bkb, w?I T[ZE'I ftdk bJh. vkH jfoGiB f;zx j[oK Bkb i[VhnK j'JhnK e[ZM :kdK,w?I nkgD/ b/y, @@:kdK dh nkpFko## ftu th nzfes ehshnK jB.

fJe so\, ;zpzfXs g[;se dk ;wogD w?~ j'Dk, w/o/ bJh, p/nzs y[Fhdk ;pZp ;h ns/ d{i/ so\, T[j w/o/ ns/ vkH jfoGiB f;zx j[oK gqsh, fsZy/ fto'Xdk ekoB pD frnk. tZvk fto'X, vkH ;kfjp d/ ;kEh-nfXnkgeK tZb'I Jhoyk tZ;ehsk ik fojk ;h. brGr fJj ;ko/ ;ZiD, gfjbK w/o/ nfXnkge ofj u[Ze/ j'J/;B. p[fBnkdh fJb}kw fJj ;h fe bzw/ ;w/I s'I T[jBK d/ ;kEh-nfXnkge j'D d/pkti{d, vkH ;kfjp B/ nkgDh ;whfynk-g[;se, T[jBK #u'I fe;/ ~ ;wofgs BjhIehsh ns/ vkH wBihs f;zx BK d/ Bt/I g[zro oj/ fo;ou ;ekbo ~, ;wofgseo fdZsh j?. fto'X, fsZy/ th ;B ns/ fes/ fes/ sK T[j, nfXnkgBh-feZs/ dhnKp[fBnkdh jZdK NZg e/, p/j{drh dk o{g Xkod/ th B}o nkT[Id/ ;B. fJjBK p/b'V/fto'XK ekoB, id'I w?I T[dk; j' iKdk sK vkH ;kfjp w?~, fBZehnK fBZehnK fw;kbKd/ e/ ;wMkT[Id/ s/ j";bk d/Id/ @@ t/y wBihs! fto'X jw/Fk, nkgD/ s'I tZv/ dk ehskiKd?. nkgD/ s'I S'N/ dk BjhI. fto'X eoB tkb/ sK, pj[s/ s/o/ nfXnkge jhB/. id'I nfXnkge, nkgD/ Fkfrod dk jh fto'X eoB bZrd?HHHsK fJ; dk wsbpfJjh j[zd? fe Fkfrod, nkgD/ nfXnkge Bkb'I, nekdfwe s"o #s/, tZvk j' frn?HHHwBihs s{z fJjBK d/ fto'XK ~, u{zvh d/ dod s'I tZvk Bk ikDh. u{zvh wkoB tkb/d/ fgZS/ BjhI GZiDk. fJzM eoB Bkb ;wK nikJhI iKdk J/. T[j sK ukj[zd/ B/ fes{z GZi/I, go s{z fJzM BjhI eoBk.##ed/ efjzd/, @@tZyoh F];hns dh fBFkBd/jh bJh,fto'X }o{oh j[zd?. fto'X s[jk~ jw/Fk u/szB oZyd? ns/ e[ZM eo r[}oB dh Feshth d/Idk J/.## vkH ;fjp d/ fJj B[;y/, v{zxhnK ow}K Bkb Go/ j'J/ ;B. T[jBK


dh nfjwhns ~ ;wMfdnK, w?I T[jBK T[go pk]{ph nwb ehsk ns/ nkgD/ gVB-fbyD d/ i}p/ ~ j'o gquzv ehsk.

]?o ! nfij/ eJh fto'XK dk ;kjwD/, vkH ;kfjp bzw/ ;w/I s'I eod/ nkoj/ ;B. id'I T[jBK d[nkok g/F ehs/ iKd/ ;kfjs-fuzsB ~, gzikph d/ wzB/-gqwB/wkoe;tkdh ftdtkBK tZb'I, fJe u[D"sh$tzrko (u?bzi) ti'I rqfjD ehsk ikDbZfrnk, sK T[jBK B/ wFeoh ti'I T[;~ @@fdZbh ;e{b## dk ;kfjs-fuzsB, efjDkF[o{ eo fdZsk. fJj bep, brGr o{;h o{gtkdhnK d/ BkweoB tork jh ;h.fJT[I nkfj;sk nkfj;sk, j'o ftdtkB-nfXnkge th, fJ; fuzsBh N'b/ Bkb i[Vd/rJ/. fto'XhnK B/, fJ; ~ @@ fdZbh ;e{b nk\ gzikph feqNhf;}w## efjDk F[o{ eofdZsk. vkH jfoGiB f;zx j[oK ~, fJ; fuzsBh N'b/ dk w[yh ns/ @@fdZbhI ;e{b##dk pkBh (founder) wzfBnk ikD bZfrnk, Gkt/I, nkgD/ F[o{nksh d"o ftu, fJ;@fuzsBh ;e{b# dk gqGkt, fdZbh sZe jh ;hfws ;h, go ;fji/ ;fji/ fJ; d/ n;o,t;hj j[zd/ rJ/. fJ; tes, ;w[Zuh gzikph ;kfjs nkb'uBk T[go, fdZbhI ;e{b# dhnfwZN Skg, ;k\ ftykJh fdzdh j?. ##fdZbh dk gzikph ;whfynk-;e{bL fJfsjk; s/gqkgshnK## ftF/ T[go, ub oj/ nkgD/ y'i gq'i?ZeN ftu w?I, fJjBK ;kohnK rZbKdk ft;Eko ;fjs f}eo ehsk j?. nk; j? fe ibdh jh fJj y'i-ekoi, g[;seo{g ftu gqekfFs j' e/, ;kjwD/ nkt/rk. ]?o ! vkH ;kfjp B/ nkgD/ F[o{nkshnekdfwe-;\o, nfXnB ns/ nfXnkgBnfXnB ns/ nfXnkgBnfXnB ns/ nfXnkgBnfXnB ns/ nfXnkgBnfXnB ns/ nfXnkgB, w[Zb s/ w[bzeDw[Zb s/ w[bzeDw[Zb s/ w[bzeDw[Zb s/ w[bzeDw[Zb s/ w[bzeD ;whfynk-g[;seK BkbnkozG ehsk. wro'I, ouBk ;zouBk, ;kfjs Fk;so, gkorkwh, ;kfjsouBk ;zouBk, ;kfjs Fk;so, gkorkwh, ;kfjsouBk ;zouBk, ;kfjs Fk;so, gkorkwh, ;kfjsouBk ;zouBk, ;kfjs Fk;so, gkorkwh, ;kfjsouBk ;zouBk, ;kfjs Fk;so, gkorkwh, ;kfjsftfrnkB, ;kfjs nfXn?B, gsoKibh, fJe ]s s/o/ BK, o{gehftfrnkB, ;kfjs nfXn?B, gsoKibh, fJe ]s s/o/ BK, o{gehftfrnkB, ;kfjs nfXn?B, gsoKibh, fJe ]s s/o/ BK, o{gehftfrnkB, ;kfjs nfXn?B, gsoKibh, fJe ]s s/o/ BK, o{gehftfrnkB, ;kfjs nfXn?B, gsoKibh, fJe ]s s/o/ BK, o{geh nkfd;whfynk-g[;seK d/ }ohJ/ ;wekbh gzikph ;kfjs-;whfynk Bkb, v{zxk ;ztkdoukfJnk. nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk d/ y/so ftu th, T[jBK eJh gq:'r ehs/ ns/gzikph eftsk ~, nkX[fBe-;zt/dBk Bkb i'VD d/ eJh T[Zdw ehs/. bk;K,bk;K,bk;K,bk;K,bk;K,nXo?Dh, Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/I, ;Ve d/ ;\/ T[Zs/, wZEk dht/ tkbak,nXo?Dh, Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/I, ;Ve d/ ;\/ T[Zs/, wZEk dht/ tkbak,nXo?Dh, Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/I, ;Ve d/ ;\/ T[Zs/, wZEk dht/ tkbak,nXo?Dh, Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/I, ;Ve d/ ;\/ T[Zs/, wZEk dht/ tkbak,nXo?Dh, Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/I, ;Ve d/ ;\/ T[Zs/, wZEk dht/ tkbak, o[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFh,nbftdk s'I gfjbKnbftdk s'I gfjbKnbftdk s'I gfjbKnbftdk s'I gfjbKnbftdk s'I gfjbK nkfd nkgD/ ekft-;zfrqjK dh wdd Bkb, T[jBK B/ nkgD/;wekbh gzikph ethnK Bkb fsZyk ;ztkd th oukfJnk ns/ gzikph eftsk ftu nkJhyV's dh ;fEsh ~ pk]{ph s'fVnk th. fJT[I, vkH jfoGiB f;zx j[ohI, fJepj[;BwkBs eth, fJe nkdoF nfXnkge ns/ fJe gqfsGktkB ;kfjs-;whfynkekoti'I ikD/ ikD bZr/. u'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbk, nkg dh fJe tZyo/ w[jKdo/ tkbh ;t?-ihtBh j?. b?fBB L B?D BeFb?fBB L B?D BeFb?fBB L B?D BeFb?fBB L B?D BeFb?fBB L B?D BeF nkg dh fJe uofus nB[tkd-g[;se j?, fi;T[Zgo nkg ~, ;'thns b?v Bfjo{ n?tkov# jkf;b j'fJnk. fJ; n?tkov ftu, T[s'Id/ @@;'thns d/F## (USSR) dh ;?o th Fkfwb ;h. nkgDh fJ; ;?o d/ nB[GtK~ nkg B/, nkgD/ ;\oBkw/ fBoGT[ fBot?ofBoGT[ fBot?ofBoGT[ fBot?ofBoGT[ fBot?ofBoGT[ fBot?o ftu, pk]{ph ebkswe o{gKsoD fdZskj?.


;', }kfjo j? fe vkH jfoGiB f;zx j[oK B/ BthI gzikph ;kfjs-nkb'uBkns/ nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk T[go, nkgD/ fBt/eb/ j;sk]o nzfes ehs/ jB. fJ;;kfjse :'rdkB d/ fJZt} ftu, nkg ~ eJh y/soh, okFNoh s/ nzso-okFNohn?tkovK Bkb ;BwkBs ehsk frnk. eosko f;zx Xkbhtkb n?tkov, okFNoh;kfjs nekdwh n?tkov, GkFk ftGkr, gzikp n?tkov, fpobk \kT{v/FB dk;o;tsh n?tkov ns/ epho n?tkov \ko g'fJNoh nkfd, fJjBK ftu'I e[ZM e[toDB:'r n?tkov jB. w;bk, pzrbk d/F dh sqk;dh dk j't/ iK ni'e/ gzikp;zeN dk ns/ iK fco, ;w[Zuh wkBtsk d/ dog/F nzsjhD ;wZf;nktK dk, vkHjfoGiB f;zx j[oK dh FkfJoh fBozso gqfsT[so d/Idh ojh j? sko-s[geksko-s[geksko-s[geksko-s[geksko-s[gek ekft-BkNe, fJ; ftuko dh g[FNh bJh tZvk gqwkD j?.

õõõ


jfoGiB f;zx Bz{jfoGiB f;zx Bz{jfoGiB f;zx Bz{jfoGiB f;zx Bz{jfoGiB f;zx Bz{gVQfdnK$;wMfdnKgVQfdnK$;wMfdnKgVQfdnK$;wMfdnKgVQfdnK$;wMfdnKgVQfdnK$;wMfdnKokfizdo gkb f;zx pokVokfizdo gkb f;zx pokVokfizdo gkb f;zx pokVokfizdo gkb f;zx pokVokfizdo gkb f;zx pokV

id'_ s'_ ;kfjse ;[os ;zGkbh j? gzikph d/ jobØrGr fiT[_d/ ikrd/ gqf;ØX ;kfjseko ns/ nkb'ue ~fwfbnk, t/fynk ns/ ;[fDnk j? go w?_ nzfwqsk gqhsw ns/jfoGiB f;zx ~ ed/ Bjh_ fwfbnk. jK, w?_ jfoGiB f;zx~ fBØm e/ gfVQnk j? ns/ N?bhft}B s/ rktj[ ;Øuh pkDh ftur[opkDh dh ftnkfynk eofdnK ;[fDnk j?. fi; ;w/_ ;kvk;kfjs Bkb tkj fgnk. T[; ;w/_ yØp/ gØyh bfjo ns/ T[;d/ gqGkt tkbhnK ;kfjs ;GktK okjh_ wkoe;tkdh ;kfjsnb'uBk ftXh jh fJe' fJe ;jh soeFhb, pkjow[yh,ftfrnkBe ns/ gqwkfDe ftXh ;wMh iKdh ;h i' ;wki ~nØr/ b? ikD se s'_ b? e/ fJBebkp eoB d/ se ;ko/ekoi eodh ;h. ;kfjs ;GktK d/ dkfJo/ ns/ gzikp d/ ;kv/wkbt/ fJbke/ ftu fwbd/ ;kfjse gofunK ftu ;zs f;zx;/y'_ ns/ feFB f;zx dh Mzvh ;h. T[BQK dk nkg;h fttkdjh ;kfjs dk w[Øy w;bk ;h. fJ; s'_ pkjo sK jo e'Jhnzsow[yh, ftukotkdh, nkdoFtkdh, ftneshrs, o{ge/_dos, p[oi{nk ;[ji ;[nkdK tkbk jkew iwks dh ;/tkeoB tkbk ;kfjseko ;h ns/ T[;d/ ;kfjs ~ gqFz;kwJhtfvnkT[D tkbk nkb'ue p[oi{nk ;h. nfij/ ;w/_ ed/edkJh_ jfoGiB f;zx ns/ fdØbh ;e{b dh rØb BKjtkuenoEK ftu ubdh ;h go T[j eh fbyd/ jB, fJj gVQBikDB dh EK ;kvk }'o sK T[BQK ~ oØdD dk j[zdk ;h. nfij/wkj"b ftu e'Jh jfoGiB f;zx ~ fet/_ gVQ ;edk ;h. w?~sK t?;/ th i;tzs f;zx eztb, dbhg e"o fNtkDk, ;zs f;zx;/y'_, e[btzs ftoe, r[oFoB f;zx, niw/o n"by, w'jBf;zx, tfonkw ;zX{, ;[oihs gkso ns/ gkF uzr/ brd/ ;B.

gq 'ca ?;o, gzikph ftGkr,g z i k p h : { B h to f;N h ,gfNnkbk.c'B L 9815050617


fJBQK Bkb jh ;kvk tXhnk ;oh iKdk ;h. t?;/ th jfoGiB f;zx sK ;kv/ bj{ dhb'n tkbh b'j eEk d/ T[bN ;h ns/ ;[fDn? ;h fe T[j nkydk ;h ÀfJj e?;hFkfJoh j? d';s' i' nkgD/ Bjh_, d{;o/ d/ ]{B Bkb fbyh iKdh j?.À nfij/ g{otnkrqfjnK ftu'_ jfoGiB f;zx ~ fe; gVQBk ;h. T[j f;b/p; ftu jh Bjh_ ;h.ya?o w?_ id'_ n?ØwH fcbH eoB gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh ftu nkfJnk sK :{Bhtof;Nh d/f;b/p; ftu wkoe;tkd s'_ fJbktk o{gtkd, ;zouBktkd, Bt nwoheh nkb'uBk,n;fssttkd ns/ wB'ftFb/FD bØr/ j'J/ ;B. fJBQK Bkb ;zpzfXs pj[shnK g[;seKnzro/}h ftu ;B. n;h_ i'BkEB, e{bo iK ;{bo d/ uØeo ftu gJ/ j"bh j"bhnzro/}h dhnK ;kfjse NowK ~ ;wMd/ go e[M ftfdnkoEh gzikph dhnKrkJhvB[wk g[;seK th gVQd/. ;kvk nukBe jh jfoGiB f;zx dhnK g[;seK Bkbtkj fgnk. woj{w ejkDheko wfBzdo eKr e'b T[; dhnK feskpK ;B. nfXn?BnfXn?BnfXn?BnfXn?BnfXn?Bs/ nfXnkgB, w[Øb s/ w[bzeD, ;kfjs Fk;so, ;kfjs d/ f;XKs, nkozfGek,s/ nfXnkgB, w[Øb s/ w[bzeD, ;kfjs Fk;so, ;kfjs d/ f;XKs, nkozfGek,s/ nfXnkgB, w[Øb s/ w[bzeD, ;kfjs Fk;so, ;kfjs d/ f;XKs, nkozfGek,s/ nfXnkgB, w[Øb s/ w[bzeD, ;kfjs Fk;so, ;kfjs d/ f;XKs, nkozfGek,s/ nfXnkgB, w[Øb s/ w[bzeD, ;kfjs Fk;so, ;kfjs d/ f;XKs, nkozfGek,gko|kwh, o{geh, ouBk-;zouBk, ;kfjs ftfrnkB, o{;h o{gtkd, f;;Nwh,gko|kwh, o{geh, ouBk-;zouBk, ;kfjs ftfrnkB, o{;h o{gtkd, f;;Nwh,gko|kwh, o{geh, ouBk-;zouBk, ;kfjs ftfrnkB, o{;h o{gtkd, f;;Nwh,gko|kwh, o{geh, ouBk-;zouBk, ;kfjs ftfrnkB, o{;h o{gtkd, f;;Nwh,gko|kwh, o{geh, ouBk-;zouBk, ;kfjs ftfrnkB, o{;h o{gtkd, f;;Nwh,;kfjs nfXn?B, gsoKibh, ouBk ftouBk, fgnko s/ gfotko;kfjs nfXn?B, gsoKibh, ouBk ftouBk, fgnko s/ gfotko;kfjs nfXn?B, gsoKibh, ouBk ftouBk, fgnko s/ gfotko;kfjs nfXn?B, gsoKibh, ouBk ftouBk, fgnko s/ gfotko;kfjs nfXn?B, gsoKibh, ouBk ftouBk, fgnko s/ gfotko g[;seK d/BK ekfte b?n ftu nB[gqk; f;oid/ ;B. GkFk ;"yh ;h ns/ F?bh pzBQ e/ fpmkb?_dh ;h. fbys fBØe/ fBØe/ fBy/V/ Ekgdh, nkgDh rØb ~ T[dkjoBK Bkb ;gFNeodh. w?_ ;kohnK feskpK wjhB/ s'_ th xØN ;w/_ ftu gVQ frnk. ;' bØfGnk sKf;b/p; bJh ;h go nekdfwe fdbu;gh pD rJh ns/ gVQBk nkBzd d/DbØfrnk. w?~ T[; dhnK e[M XkoBktK nkgD/ gfjb/ f;Øy/ wkoe;tkd s'_ tØyohnKbrdhnK go w?~ fJj fes/ th Bjh_ bØfrnk fe T[j fe;/ ;kfiF nXhB wkoe;tkds/ frD fwE e/ jwb/ eo fojk j't/ iK T[j nkgD/ fe;/ iksh ckfJd/ bJh p[oi{nkXkoBktK dk gouko eo fojk j't/ ;r'_ w?~ bØfrnk fe ;kfjs s/ ebk dhnKpohehnK ;wMD bJh T[; dhnK fbysK s'_ bkG fbnk ik ;edk j?. T[; dhnKe[M g[;seK dhnK gØSwh nkb'uBk pko/ XkoBktK nzro/}h g[;seK dhnK XkoBktKtkbhnK jh j[zdhnK go w?~ T[j ed/ u'oh Bjh_ ikgh fijk fe goukfonk iKdk;h. ;r'_ w?~ bØrk fe T[j sK n"y/ ;zebgK ~ ;"y/ Yzr Bkb r[ow[yh ftu ;wMkfojk j?. ;wMk jh Bjh_ fojk ;r'_ pj[s e[M nkgD/ nB[Gt Bkb nkgDhf;oiDkswesk okjh_ e'b'_ i'V fojk j?. w?_ nØi ;'udk jK fe gzikph ;kfjsnkb'uBk ftu BthnK gØSwh nkb'uBk gØXshnK ~ fbnkT[D dk f;jok jfoGiBf;zx ~ jh iKdk j?. fJj ekoi Gkt/_ joihs f;zx frØb ns/ sob'e f;zx eztoth eo oj/ ;B go joihs f;zx frØb dh GkFk nzro/}h ;h s/ sob'e f;zx eztodh gzikph j' e/ th nzro/}h torh ;h ns/ Bho; F?bh ekoB ;wM'_ go/ ;h.jfoGiB f;zx s'_ fpBk fJj BthnK nkb'uBk fdqFNhnK Bk gkmeK se g[ØiDhnK ;hBk fJBQK Bkb e'Jh ;ztkd uØbDk ;h. fe;/ XkoBk ~ oØdD bJh, nkgD/ w/u/ eoB


bJh ozdD ykso ns/ nzdo oukT[D bJh th jfoGiB f;zx torh Fya;hns dh}o{os ;h. jfoGiB f;zx ~ gVQfdnK wkoe;tkdh ;[ji Fk;so ~ w?_ tX/o/ ;wM;fenk jK. ;kfjs nkb'uBk d/ Bt/_ ftfdnkoEhnK ~ w/oh ;bkj j? fe T[j g{otnkrqfj s'_ puD i' ;kv/ nfXnkge u/sB s"o s/ ns/ ;kv/ ;wekbh y'ikoEh (ghnoro[Øg) nu/s s"o s/ jh ;kv/ nzdo fNek fdzdk j?. ;' i/ e'Jh ftukoXkoe fto'Xhikgdk j? sK T[; ~ fBØm e/ gVQ' sK i' T[; ~ ikD ;e'_. ewkb j? fe jfoGiBf;zx ~ gfVQnk sK ikfDnk fe T[j sK ;kvk jh pzdk ;h. pØ; e[M XkoBktK Bkbn;h_ fJs\ke Bjh_ oyd/ ;h.

w/oh ftXkrs ftF/Fsk eftsk j? go w?_ jfoGiB f;zx ~ nkb'ue ti'_gfjbK ns/ eth ti'_ pj[s pknd gfVQnk. eftsk gfjbK N[ØNt/_ o{g ftu gVQh ns/pknd ftu ;w[Øuh gVQh. T[; ~ ed/ nkX[fBetkdh ns/ ed/ ;[jitkdh eth nkfynkiKdk fojk j? id'_ fe eftsk pDdh jh sK j? i/ ;[ji f;oi/. fJzi jo eth jh;[jitkdh j?. jfoGiB f;zx d/ ekft ouBk d/ ;wftØE eJh bfjoK ubdhnKojhnK ns/ eJh ysw j'JhnK. jfoGiB f;zx ;kohnK jh bfjoK s'_ gqGkfts thfojk, gqGkfts eoB dh e'fFF th eodk fojk ns/ nkgDh w"fbe gSkD th pDkJhoØyh. T[dkjoB ti'_ bk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;K s/ nXo?DhnXo?DhnXo?DhnXo?DhnXo?Dh ;w/_ o'wK;tkdh gqrshFhb Xkok dk }'o ;hsK jfoGiB f;zx dh eftsk T[go th fJ; dk n;o fdykJh fdzdk j?. Bk X[Øg/Bk X[Øg/Bk X[Øg/Bk X[Øg/Bk X[Øg/Bk Skt/IBk Skt/IBk Skt/IBk Skt/IBk Skt/I ns/ ;Ve d/ ;c/;Ve d/ ;c/;Ve d/ ;c/;Ve d/ ;c/;Ve d/ ;c/ T[&Zs/T[&Zs/T[&Zs/T[&Zs/T[&Zs/ ;zrqfj ;w/_ gq:'rFhb bfjo uØb ojh ;h.jfoGiB f;zx T[go gØSw d/ n;fssth fuzsB dk gqGkt fdykJh fdzdk j?. fJ;/nXhB jh T[j wB[Øy dh bx{sk ns/ ndB/gD ~ }[pkB fdzdk j? ns/ gqwkfDe nkg/dh sbkF ftu fBebdk j?. N[ØehnK ihGK tkb/N[ØehnK ihGK tkb/N[ØehnK ihGK tkb/N[ØehnK ihGK tkb/N[ØehnK ihGK tkb/ eftsk ftu n?woi?_;h dk ;zeN;wK fdykJh fdzdk j?. fgSb/o/ d"o dhnK eftsktK ftu T[j tX/o/ dkoFfBe j'iKdk j?. yak; eoe/ o[Øy s/ foFho[Øy s/ foFho[Øy s/ foFho[Øy s/ foFho[Øy s/ foFh ftu T[j wB[Øy d/ ihD EhD d/ nXkoK ~dkoFfBe gq;zrK ftu ftukodk j?. wB[Øyh ekwBktK, fsqFBktK ns/ n;fssth j'_dd/ gqFBK ~ nroG{wh ftu fbnkT[_dk j?. fJe soQK Bkb jfoGiB f;zx dh eftskftu ;w/_ Bkb pdbkU nkT[_dk fojk j?. vk eowihs f;zx T[; ~ gq:'rFhb bfjos'_ nrb/ d"o dk nkX[fBetkdh eth ;wMd/ ;B. f}zdrh dk :EkoE pj[gosh ns/pj[fdFkth j[zdk j?, T[; d/ ;ko/ gk;ko fe;/ eth dh fJe eftsk iK e[M ekft;zrqfjnK ftu geV/ Bjh_ ik ;ed/. ftukoXkok ns/ ebkswesk dk fBoBk eoBbJh ;w[Øuh eftsk ~ tkuDk }o{oh j' iKdk j?. jfoGiB f;zx ~ gVQfdnK fJ;rØb dk fFØds Bkb nfj;k; j' iKdk j? fe T[; dh eftsk fBØs pdb oj/ :EkoEBkb d;sgzik b?_fdnK ihtzs ;ztkd oukT[_dh j?. fJj th fejk ik ;edk j? fejfoGiB f;zx dh eftsk ;wki Bkb ftnesh d/ ;zpzXK dh Ekt/_ ftnesh d/ftnesh Bkb iK ftnesh d/ nkgD/ Bkb ;zpzXK s/ tX/o/ fXnkB e/_dos eodh


j?. go T[j e/tb nkswd[tzd dk eth Bjh_ ;r'_ T[j ;wkfie-Xkofwe ft;zrshnKs/ shpo ftnzr th f;oidk j?. T[j wB[Øy d/ ndB/gD dk wy"b th T[vkT[_dkj? ns/ T[; dh ngqwkfDe j'_d ~ ekft gqwkfDesk fdzdk j?. jfoGiB f;zx e/tby[ØbQhnK eftsktK dk jh Fkj ;tko Bjh_ ;r'_ T[j gqrhse eftsktK ftu thb'erhsK dh ;zrhse S'j ns/ nkX[fBe eftsk tkbh p"fXe rfjokJh ekfJw oydkj?. fJe tkoh sØe b? e"D, ;ØiD s/o/ p{j/ torhnK ya{p;{os gqrhse ouBktKf;oidk j?. 1984 d/ fdØbh dzfrnK pko/ T[; dhnK eftsktK e/tb f;Øy dod~ g/F Bjh_ eodhnK ;r'_ T[j jo xØN frDsh d/ dod ~ }[pkB fdzdhnK jB.ftukoXkoe s"o s/ T[j nkX[fBetkdh Bjh_ nkX[fBe ;h. fJe gk;/ sK T[; dhouBk ftu gozgok dh w}p{s geV ;h. T[j nkX[fBe ndB/ wB[Øy dhnK bx{fJØSktK ns/ GktK ~ ;fji jh fpnkB fdzdk ;h. T[; e'b GkFk dh nwhoh ns/e[dosh b?n ;h. T[; dh eftsk dk fJe nkXko T[; dk f;Øy ntu/sB ;h gonfijk eofdnK T[j f;Øy fwØE dh f;woBk Bjh_ eodk ;h ;r'_ GziBk eodk ;h.T[j ni'e/ nkX[fBe wB[Øy d/ Xkofwe gkyzv, d'rb/ ufoØso ns/ pkjoh eoweKv~ ;{yaw ftnzr nXhB fbnkT[_dk ;h. T[dkjoB ti'_ T[; dh eftsk Bof;zr j'ws'_ jfowzdo ;kfjp se ;h fi; ftu T[j ;G s'_ gfjbK sK jfonk d/ okjh_ b'efwE dh T[bN pk;h fsnko eodk j? fe fet/_ nkX[fBe wB[Øy nkgDhnK ekwBktK,fJØSktK ns/ nkofEe d[tzdK ftu cf;nk gfotko fB:'iB eofdnK nkgD/ jØEh_ jhnkgDh n"bkd dk esb eodk j? ns/ fco fJj esb iK gkg ;[Øyh_ ;Kdh f;o/uVQ ikD s/ Xow ;EkB s/ F[eokBk eoBk b'udk j?. fJ; gq;zr ftu T[; dhfJe j'o eftsk s/o/ j}{o w/oh jk}oh dh dk;skB ;koh jh T[Xfos eoB :'rj?. ekft BkfJe nshs pko/ ;'udk j? fe fi; ;w/_ r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih B/ yakb;kgzE ;kfink ;h ns/ f;ØyK s'_ f;o wzr/ ;B, T[; ;w/_ i/ w?_ T[E/ jk}o j[zdk sKw/oh ;fEsh eh j[zdh, nkgD/ nkg ftu fJj eftsk fJfsjk;e gbK dh rtkjh thj?, fusqD th j? ns/ v'bd/ wB[Øy d/ d[fpXkrq;s wB dh s;tho th j?.

jfoGiB f;zx e/tb eth ns/ nkb'ue jh Bjh_ ;h ;r'_ T[j ya{p;{osnB[tkde th ;h. T[; B/ Gkosh doFB d/ nkozG fpzd{ fort/dfort/dfort/dfort/dfort/d, ;z;ko d/ gfjb/BkNe fJvhg; ekb'B;fJvhg; ekb'B;fJvhg; ekb'B;fJvhg; ekb'B;fJvhg; ekb'B;, gb?N' dh rDszsorDszsorDszsorDszsorDszso s'_ b? e/ gb?ykB't dh fuØmhnK fpBfuØmhnK fpBfuØmhnK fpBfuØmhnK fpBfuØmhnK fpBf;oBkftU_f;oBkftU_f;oBkftU_f;oBkftU_f;oBkftU_ se ns/ yabhb f}pokB dh g?|zpo g?|zpo g?|zpo g?|zpo g?|zpo se pj[s e[M nB[tkfdnk. j?okBhtkbh rØb j? fe T[; B/ oFhnB ;kfjs w?ef;w r'oeh d/ w/o/ ftFt ftfdnkb/w/o/ ftFt ftfdnkb/w/o/ ftFt ftfdnkb/w/o/ ftFt ftfdnkb/w/o/ ftFt ftfdnkb/,Fb'y't dk s/ vkB tfjzdk fojks/ vkB tfjzdk fojks/ vkB tfjzdk fojks/ vkB tfjzdk fojks/ vkB tfjzdk fojk, g[FfeB dhnK eftsktK sK nB[tkdhnK jh, T[;B/ b?fBB pko/ fby/ d[Bhnk Go d/ b/yK ~ th B?D BeF EØb/ nB[tkfdnk. ;' fi;jfoGiB f;zx ~ nkw wkoe;tkdh jbfenK ftu efwT{fB;N fto'Xh ;wfMnk iKdk;h, T[; B/ jh tØvh wksok ftu wkoe;tkdh ;kfjs ~ gzikph ftu fbnKdk. j?okBh


tkbh rØb j? fe wkoe; d/ ;kEh J/_rb} dh fJe g[;se NØpo, fBØih ikfJdkdNØpo, fBØih ikfJdkdNØpo, fBØih ikfJdkdNØpo, fBØih ikfJdkdNØpo, fBØih ikfJdkdns/ oki dk w[ØYns/ oki dk w[ØYns/ oki dk w[ØYns/ oki dk w[ØYns/ oki dk w[ØY d/ d' nB[tkd fwbd/ jB. fJe nB[tkd gkoNh B/ eotkfJnki' bkb fibd ftu Sfgnk ;h ns/ T[j gVQBk s/ gVQkT[Dk pj[s n"yk ;h id'_fe d{ik J/Bk tXhnk ;h fe Bktb tork brdk ;h ns/ ikgdk ;h fit/_ J/Irb}B/ gzikph ftu jh fbfynk j't/.

w?_ T[BQK ~ ;N/i s'_ f;ØXk p'bfdnK ed/ Bjh_ ;[fDnk ns/ T[BQK e'b'_ gfVQnkth Bjh_ go fiBQK B/ ;[fDnk j?, dØ;d/ jB fe T[j p'bd/ ;w/_ o{j ;oho fJe j'iKdk ;h. w? T[BQK ~ N?bhft}B s/ rktj[ ;Øuh pkDh gq'rokw pko/ p'bfdnK ;[fDnK.ftukoK ftu ;gFNsk, GktK ftu T[sok-uVkn nB[;ko GkFk ns/ nØyK thftnkfynk eodhnK ;B. T[j fJe' ;w/_ eth ns/ eEkeko ;B.

T[BQK dh ;zgkdB i[rs th ewkb ;h. ekft ozr, eEk d/F, ekftekft ozr, eEk d/F, ekftekft ozr, eEk d/F, ekftekft ozr, eEk d/F, ekftekft ozr, eEk d/F, ekftehosh, ekft ewkJh, eEk gzikp, feØ;k gzikp ehosh, ekft ewkJh, eEk gzikp, feØ;k gzikp ehosh, ekft ewkJh, eEk gzikp, feØ;k gzikp ehosh, ekft ewkJh, eEk gzikp, feØ;k gzikp ehosh, ekft ewkJh, eEk gzikp, feØ;k gzikp ;zgkdB ebk dh f;yao jB.nekdfwe fizw/tkohnK j'D ekoB nØi y[d g[;seK ns/ gkm g[;seK ;zgkdseofdnK wfj;{; j'fJnk fe jfoGiB f;zx j'oK dh fdqFNh ftFkb ;h. ;k~ sK eJhrbshnK dk g[;se Sg ikD s'_ pknd jh gsk ubdk j?. jfoGiB f;zx dk iBwbzwfvzr n;kw ftu j'fJnk. gfjbh tko w?~ bzwfvzr :'og dk e'Jh Ffjo ikfgnk;h. pknd ftu gsk uØfbnk fe T[BQK dk fgsk n;kw ftu ezw eodk ;h. pugBftu wK pkg Bjh_ oj/ ns/ jfoGiB f;zx ~ T[; dh wk;h B/ gkfbnk. d/F tzvBkb bkj"o S[ØN frnk. pugB ftu gVQB ~ s/} ;h. 22 ;kb dh T[wo ftueboeh i[nkfJB ehsh ns/ 23 ;kb dh T[wo ftu ;e{b nfXnkge ns/ 31 ;kbdh T[wo ftu ekbi nfXnkge ns/ pknd ftu fdØbh :{Bhtof;Nh, fdØbh ftu skT[wo gq'\?;o oj/. fjzdh s/ nzro/}h ftu n?wH J/H ;B ns/ ghn?uH vhH dk ftFkth r[ow[yh fbgh ftu w"i{d fjzdh ;kfjs ;h. T[BQK ~ eJh GkFktK s/ nkp{o jkf;b;h. fJjh ekoB j? fe T[BQK dh GkFk F?bh pVh of;e ;h. T[BQK dk ihtB i/ fJegk;/ pugB dh :skws ftu'_ fBeb/ ;zxoF okjh_ Yfbnk ;h gozs{ T[BQK ~ wkD;BwkB ns/ gdthnK th pj[s fwbhnK. T[j ukj/ epho n?tkov j't/ ukj/, ukj/;o;tsh fJBkw j't/, ukj/ gzikp ;oeko dk fJBkw j't/, Gkosh ;kfjs ne?vwh dkfJBkw sK T[BQK ~ pj[s gfjbK 1969 ftu Bk X[Øg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Øg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Øg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Øg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Øg/ Bk Skt/_ T[s/ jh fwb frnk;h. T[j ty ty :{Bhtof;NhnK ftu ft}fNzr c?b' th oj/ ns/ T[BQK ~ wkD fjsvh fbN dhnK fvrohnK th fwbhnK. j'o sK j'o efwT{fB;NK dk wØek ;'thns:{BhnB B/ T[BQK ~ ;'thns b?_v Bfjo{ g[o;eko Bkb fBtkfink. fi; dk fposKsT[BQK B/ nkgD/ ;\oBkw/ fBoGT[ fBot?ofBoGT[ fBot?ofBoGT[ fBot?ofBoGT[ fBot?ofBoGT[ fBot?o ftu fpnkfBnk j?. T[BQK B/ pVh ]{p;{oshBkb fJ; rØb ~ T[Gkfonk fe r[opkDh fi; ;s:[r ns/ r[ow[y wB[Øy d/ f;oiDkdh rØb eodh j? T[j ;'thns :{BhnB ftu f;oiD dh e'fFF ehsh ik ojh j?.


nØi n;h_ ikDd/ jK fe fJj rØb tXk e/ fbyh j' ;edh j? go fJe rØb ;gFNj? fe jfoGiB f;zx ~ fi; soQK wfj;{; j'fJnk T[; B/ T[;/ soQK jh fpnkB fdØsk;h. w?_ fJj rØb nkgD/ siop/ s'_ nky ;edk jK fe jfoGiB f;zx B/ i' ;kfjsenkb'ue ti'_ fbfynk T[j Gkt/_ ;dhth sK Bk j't/ go ;kvh ghVQh dh ;kfjs u/sBk~ fte;s eoB ftu tØvk :'rdkB gkfJnk j?. jfoGiB f;zx dh eftsk dk w[Øb;dhth j? s/ T[j gzikph ekft ;kfjs d/ fJfsjk; ftu ;dk jh wjØstg{oB pfDnkoj/rk. T[; dh GkFk F?bh ns/ fuzsB ftXh s'_ pj[s e[M f;Øfynk j? ns/ Bth_ ghVQhth f;Øy ;edh j?.

õõõ


dot/F dkBFwzddot/F dkBFwzddot/F dkBFwzddot/F dkBFwzddot/F dkBFwzdvkH GhwfJzdo f;zxvkH GhwfJzdo f;zxvkH GhwfJzdo f;zxvkH GhwfJzdo f;zxvkH GhwfJzdo f;zx

vkH jfoGiB f;zx eth ;h, nkb'ue ;h, nfXnkge;h, nB[tkde ;h, ;zgkde ;h, tkoskeko ;h, ftnkfynkeko;h, ;zrhseko ;h ns/ BkNeeko th. fJjBK ftu'I fe; ftuT[j tZX uzrk ;h s/ fe; ftu xZN, \?;bk eoB }ok w[Febj?. go fJe \?;bk eoBk ek\h ;fji j? fe T[j fJedkBFwzd ;h. Bt/I-Bt/I FpdK, ;[ji ns/ ;[gfBnK ~ f;oiDtkbk dkBFwzd. dot/F dkBFwzd. fJj' dkBFwzdh T[; dhd;sko, r[\sko ns/ o\sko ftu'I gqrN j[zdh. dkBFwzdh dkfJj' ib" T[[; dhnK fbysK ftu ;[nkd pD e/ x[fbnkjz[dk. T[; dh dkBFwzdh Bkb e'Jh fezBk e[ ;fjws j?, fJjfJe ftneshrs iK ftukoXkoe w;bk j?. go T[[; dhdkBFwzdh ~ ;theko/ fpBK gzikph ;kfjs s/ fuzsB dhstkoh] ~ ;wMDk ek\h n"yk j?.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ nkgD/ wZE/ ftu dkBFwzdh dkdhtk pugB ftu jh pkb fbnk ;h. fJ; dht/ ftu s/b;zrhs dk ;h s/ pZsh eftsk dh. fJ; dh b'n B/ ;[jiwJhgqekF pD T[; d/ nkg/ ~ o[FBk fdZsk ;h. fJj' ;[jiwJhgqekF T[; dh ;zg{oB F];hns ~ xVB ftu nfjw o'bndk eodk fojk. fJj' gqekFwJh ][wkoh T[; dhnK pkehfbysK ftu'I th ]koi Bk j' ;eh. pugB ftu jh wK-fgT[dh w"s B/ T[; ~ f;nkDk s/ ;zihdk pDk fdZsk. d' G?DKdhnK p/tesh w"sK ekoB ;wki Bkb T[; dk foFsk ]kw'Fh,thokBh s/ ftZE tkbk pD frnk. T[; dk nkgk nkgD/ nkgshe ;[zrV e/ ofj frnk. nfijh wkBf;e dFk ftu'I jh T[;nzdobk ;kfjseko, nfXnkge ns/ dkBFwzd ftr;D bZrk.f;ZN/ ti'I T[; dh ngDZs ftu niBphns dk M"bk ;dk bJhuzd d/ dk| tKr fNe frnk. T[; dh @eZbh-ekoh#

w[yh, gzikph ;kfjs nfXn?BftGkr, gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh,gfNnkbk.


nksfwesk ftu'I fJe nfijk o[Zy B/ iBw fbnk i' fe;/ foFh dh sbkF ftu ;h.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx dk iBw ;zB 1920 ftu Gkt/I n;kw ftu j'fJnk gofgsk dh w"s ekoB S'Nh T[wo ftu jh g{o/ gfotko ~ bkj"o B/V/ nkgD/ iZdhfgzv nkT[Dk fgnk. gzikp ftu fJj d"o Xkofwe g[Bo-ikroB ns/ w}jpheFhdrhnK d/ F[o{ j'D dk d"o ;h. fjzd{, w[;fbw ns/ f;ZyK dhnK e[bhB iwksKnkgDh f;nk;h j'Id ~ fizdk oZyD bJh Xkofwe ntu/sB ~ fe;/ th jZd shetosD bJh T[sktbhnK ;B. nzrq/}K dhnK e'MhnK ukbK s/} j' rJhnK ;B. fJZE'Id/ f;Zfyne YKu/ ftu f\oe{ ozr r{VQk j' fojk ;h. fJ; wkj"b ftu pkb jfoGiBf;zx nu/s jh fjzdh ;kfjs tZb fyZfunk frnk. fjzdh T[; bJh ;e{b ftFk Bkojh ;r'I nk;Ek dk tkjB pD rJh. T[; B/ T[od{ gVQB dh e'fFF th ehsh gonkohnk ;wkih ;e{bK ftu T[od{ dh skbhw gqfs p/o[]h dh GktBk j'D ekoB T[jpj[s nrKj Bk ik ;fenk. gzikph T[; d/ xo ftu f;Zyh dk wkj"b j'D ekoBf;Zyh. pqi GkFk ftu fby/ frnkBh frnkB f;zx d/ rqzE gzE gqekFgzE gqekFgzE gqekFgzE gqekFgzE gqekF B/ T[; ~f;Zyh ns/ eftsk dh ndt?s u/sBk Bkb ;oFko eo fdZsk. ekdo :ko dk g{oBg{oBg{oBg{oBg{oBGrsGrsGrsGrsGrs s/ d"bs okw dk o{g p;zso{g p;zso{g p;zso{g p;zso{g p;zs dk feZ;k rkT[Idk T[j fJzR ikgdk fit/I nkgD/ftSV/ GoktK g{oB, o{g s/ p;zs ~ nktk}K wko nkgD/ e'b p[bk fojk j't/.T[; B/ r[og[opK ftu jfoGiB f;zx nkfi} d/ BK j/m eftsk T[ukoBh nkozG eofdZsh. eftsk ftu j[zdh wFj{oh ~ t/y e/ T[; B/ nkfi} s]ZbF tkbk BK nkgDhpKj *s/ th y[Dtk fbnk. eftsk gqf;ZXh sK d/ ;edh ;h go o'}h o'Nh BjhI. T[jo[}rko dh sbkF ftu 1942 Jh;th ftu fdZbh nk frnk.

fdZbh nk e/ ;G s'I gfjbK T[; dh B/Vsk gzikph ;kfjs d/ @gzi gKvtK#Bkb j'Jh. fJj gzi gKvt - pktk pbtzs, JhFto fuZsoeko, ;[w/o, vkH jouoBf;zx ns/ ;[ikB f;zx ;B. fJjBK dk n;o T[; B/ f;ZX/ iK nf;ZX/ s"o *s/ep{fbnk. pktk pbtzs dh FkfJoh ~ sK T[j nkgDk nkdoF wzBD bZrk. JhFtofuZsoeko dh gq/oBk ns/ ;e?uK Bkb T[; dh gb/mh g[;se bk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;K 1956 ftugqekfFs j'Jh. fJ; s'I pknd tkbhnK g[;seK fit/I sko-s[geksko-s[geksko-s[geksko-s[geksko-s[gek ns/ nXo?Dh nXo?Dh nXo?Dh nXo?Dh nXo?Dh thT[; B/ JhFto fuZsoeko s/ j'o ;B/jhnK dh wdd Bkb gqekfFs eotkJhnK. j[Dshe T[j gVQ/-fby/ b'eK dh nfijh iwks ftu Fkfwb j' u[Zek ;h fi; B/ Bt/IfrnkB-ftfrnkB, f;Zfyne ns/ ;kfjse irs ftu g?dk j'JhnK BthnK gqftoshnKBkb ;KM gk bJh ;h. fJ; d"o ftu T[j nkgDh iksh s/ iwksh ntu/sB okjhIfdZbh dh wjK Broh u/sBk ~ nksw;ks eo u[Zek ;h. ;kfjs dh f;nk;h skes~ fsbKibh d/ e/ T[j ;kfjs d/ ;[ji ~ f;oiD tZb o[fus ;h. T[; d[nkokou/ ;kfjs ftu ;[ji sK ;h go ;/X BjhI ;h. b'e w[jk} ns/ f;nk;h ;{M dhnDj'Id ekoB T[; dh fBo'b ;[jitkdh fdqFNh dh T[&Zsgsh T[; d/ ;kfjs-


;ztd/Bk dk ;fji nwb ;h.

nfs rzGho ftfFnK dk ftFb/FD s/ ftt/uB eoB bZfrnK vkH jfoGiBf;zx ;kfjs d/ ;[ji-nkBzd ~ nZy'I go'y/ Bk j'D fdzdk. FkfJoh ~ T[juzfrnkfVnK T[&Zgo s[o b?D pknd g?oK d/ }]wK ~ ;fjbkT[D dh ebk nkydk.T[; nB[;ko fJFe eoBk s/ fJFe efjDk d' tZy'-tZyohnK fefonktK ;B.d't/I w"fbe jehesK. d't/I fJe-d{;oh dk gfsfpzp BjhI ;h j' ;edhnK. nkFeh~ T[j gqsZy doFB dZ;dk s/ FkfJoh ~ go'y/ dh :kd. T[; bJh nkFeh Xow;h s/ FkfJoh wfj} Fkpfde ebk. iK FkfJo j'fJnk ik ;edk j? iKnkFe$nkFeh s/ FkfJoh fJe' t/b/ dhnK jw;\o BjhI jB. fJFe s/ fJFehnKFkfJoh ftu T[j UBk jh nzso dZ;dk fizBQK fJe g?|zpo s/ FkfJo ftu iK nkfJss/ fFno ftu jz[dk j?. nkFe pDB ~ T[j f;o sbh *s/ Xo e/ dorkj ftug/F j'D torh eokwks efjzdk. T[; dh eftsk dk w{b nkXko nfijhu/sBk ftu'I f;oi/ fpzp ;B fJj fpzp T[; dh eftsk dh skes th ;B ns/ ;hwkth. nkgDh fJ; skes ;dek jh T[j nkgD/ ;wekbh ethnK Bkb'I tZyok s/Bt/ebk j?.

eftsk d/ Bkb Bkb T[; dh nkb'uBk ~ th nfjw doik jk;b j?.nkb'uBk Gkt/I T[; d/ nfXnkgB dh b'V ftu'I g?dk j'Jh go nkgD/ fwjBsh ns/f;oVh ;[Gkn ;dek T[j gzikph nkb'uBk ftu nkgDk ]k; w[ekw pDkT[D ftuekw:kp fojk. nkb'uBk dh gb/mh g[;se 1970 ftu nfXnB s/ nfXnkgBnfXnB s/ nfXnkgBnfXnB s/ nfXnkgBnfXnB s/ nfXnkgBnfXnB s/ nfXnkgBBk j/m gqekfFs j'Jh. fJj d"o Gkos d/ nkofEe wkvb d/ ;zeN dk d"o ;h.f;ZN/ tZi'I, ;kfjs s/ ;whfynk d/ ;zeN B/ nfXn?B s/ nfXnkgB ~ gqGkfts ehsk;h. nfij/ ;w/I vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ;kfjse nkb'uBk nkgDh g{oB gqfspZXskokjhI fJe BtK okj sbkFD dk isB eodh j?. fJj BtK okj Gkt/I ;kfjs d/;wkfie s/ f;nk;h y/soK tZb BjhI iKdk go ;kfjs dh ;kfjsesk d/ tZy tZynzrK dh fBFkBd/jh }o{o eodk j?. fJ; fBFkBd/jh dhnK nkgDhnK ;hwktK s/;zGktBk ;B. vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh o{gtkdh nkb'uBk gzikph ;kfjsekoK, fuzseK,nkb'ueK ns/ nfXnkgeK ~ ek\h jZd she gqGkfts eodh j?. f;ZN/ tZi'I fdZbh:{Bhtof;Nh dk gzikph ftGkr @nkb'uBk dk fdZbh ;e{b# ti'I ikfDnk ikD brdkj?. vkH jfoGiB f;zx dk fJj d"o T[; dh f}zdrh dk @;[Bfjoh d"o# pD e/nkT[Idk j?. fJ; d"o ftu jh T[j tZvh frDsh ftu nkgD/ Fkfrod, F[G-fuzses/ ;'qs/ fsnko eodk j?. vkH jfoGiB f;zx dk fJj d"o g[o;ekoK ns/ gqkgshnKdk d"o fejk ik ;edk j?.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh nkb'uBk pj[-gosh s/ pj[-ozrh j?. fJj t/dKs s'I


b? e/ tho f;zx sZe, o'wB i?ep;B s'I b? e/ o?B/ t?be sZe, o{;h o{gtkd s'I b?e/ ouBk-ftouBk sZe, pktk p[ZX f;zx s'I b? e/ pktk pbtzs sZe c?bh j'Jh j?.gzikph nkb'uBk dk fJ; tv/o/ dkfJoh ftu GkFk ftfrnkB, fwZE ftfrnkB,;zouBktkd, F?bh ftfrnkB, gokr ;e{b, eKstkd nkfd fte'fbso/ nkb'uBk-wkvbou/-fwu/ j'J/ jB. fpBK FZe fJjBK nkb'uBk wkvbK B/ gzikph fuzsB dk dkfJokt;hj ehsk.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ nB[tkd okjhI th gzikph ;kfjs ~ ;wfoX eoB dhe'fFF ehsh. ftFt gqf;ZX ouBktK dk nB[tkd eftsk, Bktb, ihtBh, nkb'uBk,BkNe nkfd ;kfjs ftXktK Bkb ;zpzfXs j?. fJjBK ftu r'oeh, ekw{, j/fwzrt/,gb?N', gb?ykB't, N?r'o nkfd dhnK ebk;eh ouBktK Fkfwb jB. fJj nB[tkde/tb Fkpfde nB[tkd she ;hfws BjhI jB ;r'I w{b fbys dh GktBk ~ ;wMe/ rqfjD ehs/ rJ/ jB. t/d tkDh dk nB[tkd eoB bZfrnK ekft-fodw dkftF/F fXnkB oZfynk frnk j?. fJ; soQK rZd-nB[tkd ftu th nB[tkde i[rsK~ nZy'I go'y/ BjhI ehsk frnk. nZi th no;s{ dk ekft-Fk;sono;s{ dk ekft-Fk;sono;s{ dk ekft-Fk;sono;s{ dk ekft-Fk;sono;s{ dk ekft-Fk;so, fuZmhnK fpBfuZmhnK fpBfuZmhnK fpBfuZmhnK fpBfuZmhnK fpBf;oBkftT[If;oBkftT[If;oBkftT[If;oBkftT[If;oBkftT[I, s/ vkB tfjzdk fojks/ vkB tfjzdk fojks/ vkB tfjzdk fojks/ vkB tfjzdk fojks/ vkB tfjzdk fojk, b?fBB L B?D BeFb?fBB L B?D BeFb?fBB L B?D BeFb?fBB L B?D BeFb?fBB L B?D BeF, nkfd g[;seK gzikphgkmeK d[nkok bZG bZG e/ gVQhnk ikD tkbhnK g[;seK jB.

fdZbh d{odoFB B/ f;zx pzX{nK ~ b? e/ @rkt' ;kuh pkDh# gq'rokw fsnkoeotkfJnk. pkDh ftnkfynkeko d/ s"o *s/ vkH jfoGiB f;zx ~ u[fDnk frnk.T[; gq'rokw dh pj[s XKe gJh. fJ; gq'rokw s'I pknd T[j Gkos d/ fi; e'B/ftu th iKdk b'e vzvT[s j' e/ Bw;eko eoB she iKd/. T[; ~ wkD s/ ;fsekofJ; okjhI fwfbnk T[; ;kjt/I T[; dh ekft-gqf;ZXh th fcZeh g? rJh. 1984 dk;kb T[; bJh FkfJd f}zdrh dk ;G s'I T[dk; eoB tkbk ;kb ;h. ;qh jfowzdo;kfjp *s/ \"ih jwbk s/ fdZbh dzfrnK B/ T[; dk fdb dfjbk fdZsk. fJ; T[dk;hd/ nkbw ftu T[; B/ nB/e eftsktK s/ b/y fby/. @;kek Bhbk skok# ~ T[jgzikph b'e fJfsjk; ftu nfs d[ydkJh xNBk dZ;dk, i' bk-fJbki Bk;{o tKrgzikph ntu/sB ftu t; frnk. fJ;/ soQK fdZbh dzfrnK s'I pknd id'I f;Zy fdZbhSZv e/ gzikp ikD bZr/ sK fJfsjk; T[; ~ Gkos ftu p/goshsh dk wsk gk;eodk j'fJnk bZrk. T[; ~ p/tsBh s'I fes/ tZvk d[Zy pdtsBh dk ;h. T[; B/fbfynk @@p/tsBh j'D dk d[Zy Gh ih fbnk io fbnk, pdtsB j' ikD dh p'bhfe;/ wkoh Bk ;h.##

fJjBK ;zeNK s'I pknd T[; dh eftsk p/n]fsnko j' e/ o[dBwJh ;[onbkgD bZrh. fJjBK ;zeNK ~ T[j fBo'b fJfsjk;e xNBktK s'I tZX ;fGnkukoesqk;dh wzBdk. fJj' sqk;dh T[; dh eftsk ftu eo[Dk, G? s/ efunkD d/ o{g ftu


gqrN j'Jh. fJjBK sqk;dhnK d/ pkti{d T[;B/ nkgDk d{;ok iBw nkgDh iks-;w/s gzikp ftu wzfrnk L

wkB; iBw d[pkok gktK $ J/; jh d/; gzikp *u nktK.

tZY/ N[Ze/ d/; *u tZY/ N[Ze/ xo ftu $ tZYh N[eh iks dk w?I nytktK.

T[whd j? fe ;kv/ dot/F dkBFwzd dh w[okd }o{o g{oh j't/rh.nkwhB !

õõõ


dkoFfBe ;kfjseko LdkoFfBe ;kfjseko LdkoFfBe ;kfjseko LdkoFfBe ;kfjseko LdkoFfBe ;kfjseko LvkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH r[oftzdo f;zxvkH r[oftzdo f;zxvkH r[oftzdo f;zxvkH r[oftzdo f;zxvkH r[oftzdo f;zx

gzikph wK p'bh d/ XzB Gkr jB, fi; d/ ftjV/wjkB dkoFfBe vkH jfoGiB f;zx iBfwnk. b'eXkokJh u/sBk d/ gqtkj ~ Fpdh fFbg ftu r[zB e/, T[; B/ gzikph;kfjsekoh ~ gkorkwh pDkfJnk j?. r[opkDh ns/ ;{\h ekftftubhnK T[ùkJhnK s/ gfenkJhnK ~ ekft eosZtK okjhIfuDd/ j'J/ 20thI ;dh d/ wjkB ;kfjs dh f;oiDk ehsh j?.;kfjs ~ FpdK d/ nko-gko fbiKfdnK ;kfjse ;woZEk d/f;]o ~ S[jD tkb/ GkFkeko d/ o{g ftu vkH jfoGiB f;zxB/ gzikph ;kfjs ;z;ko ~ uko-uzB bkJ/ jB. FpdK d/ikd{ro d/ o{g ftu wKih j'Jh Fpdktbh, ;[BZyh ;kfjs ouBkns/ ;{]w nzdk} d[nkok T[;B/ p[bzdh jkf;b ehsh j?.

nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk ftu vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh;kfjse, p"fXe ns/ ftukoXkoe gZXo dh T[̀sw ;kfjsouBk, T[;~ 20thI ;dh dk dkoFfBe ;kfjseko# f;ZX eodhj?. vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh eftsk, tkose, nkb'uBk ns/nfXnkgB d/ ;w[Zu/ nfXn?B s'I pknd fJj wzBD *u e'Jhrz[ikfJF pkeh BjhI ofj iKdh fe fJ; @fuzse eth# dk;kfjse eZd nkgD/ ;wekbh b/yeK s'I fes/ T[̀uk j?. ;kfjsy/so d/ f;yob/ g[o;eko @epho ;BwkB# ns/ @;o;tsh;BwkB# gqkgs eoB tkb/ eth dh feos o[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFh fJ;dh fw;kb j?, fi; ftu epho, p[ZX ns/ g{oB Bkb ethdoFB d/ o;fsUI ;ztkd f;oidk j'fJnk ][d ~ oZd eoBdh ;zGktBk s'I w[Beo BjhI j[zdkl

sbkF

e'Jh feskp BjhI fibd ftu pZMh,

e'-nkovhB/No, gzikph ;kfjs;G k w [ Z Yb h (o fi H ) ,n?pN;c'ov (e?B/vk).c'B L 011 604 825 1550Jhw /b L singhnews

[email protected]


fe fwZE/ j'J/ nzs T[̀go gj[zu e/

g{oB-;zg{oB j' ikt/HHHHH

pzd/ d/ gsB dh j? Uj' xVh

pzd/ s'I id'I T[jdh ][Fp' y[; iKdh j?.

Ud'I T[j j[zdk j? nkgD/ nkg s'I ftS'fVnk

d/ u[Zek j[zdk j?

nkgD/ nkg ~ pBtk;.##

fbys T[jh T[̀sw j[zdh j?, fijVh fi; tor bJh fbyh ikt/, T[; sZe;zg{oB Gkt-noEK ;w/s gj[zu ;e/. fJj efjDk |bs j't/rk fe jo fbys jo/e tk;s/ j[zdh j?. vkH jfoGiB f;zx dk ;kfjs doFB ihtB ow} ~ ikBD d/fJSZ[e ns/ frnkB nfGbkyh gkmeK bJh j? ns/ T[BQK sZe fJj ekft ouBk g{oBs"o *s/ gj[zudh j?. nfijh fbys wro'I gkme nksw-fuzsB d/ okj s[odk j'fJnk,ihtB d/ Bt/I noEK dh Gkb eodk j?. eth dh fbys ekb d/ nko-gko j'Ddh ;woZEk ekoB, ;E{b s'I ;{]w tZb nb"fee ;\o sfj eodh j?. fJj FpdFesh wB[Zyh wB nzdo nfijh T{oik g?dk eodh j? fe T[j nv'b j' e/ w}p{sfJokfdnK dk XkoBh j' fBpVdk j?. Fpd FeshnK nfpXk, beFDk, ftnziBk d/Mbeko/ jfoGiB f;zx ekft *u EK EK B}oh g?Id/ jB, fit/I fe fJj Fpd ;{]wT[vkB dh gqtuBekoh dk nB{mk Bw{Bk jBl

@@w/o/ p{N/, rZGo{ j' ik,

s/oh Skt/I w?I ;"I iktK

ed/ ed/ pkbK d/ e[ZSV

;"D fBfuzs, fBeowD wktK

w?I nkgDh wksk dk Ujbk

T[; dh SK T[;dk goSktK

TI[i sK jo wK ;[jDh jz[dh,

go w/oh wK t/y t/y e/,

jo nZy ;[br/ fit/I d[gfjoh

w?I T[; d/ ;zr s[fonk iktK

u[Zg ;zxDh SkT[I fJefjoh.##

(w/ok pugB)


vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh eftsk ftub/ b?n, X[B ns/ gqrhse gZyb'eXkokJh fto;/ *u'I j[zd/ j'J/ ouBk *u gqt/F eod/ jB. fJj b?n s/ X[B ethdhnK nB/eK fbysK ftu'I Mbedh j?, fit/I @wkJ/ w?~ nzpo;o brdk fgnkok#,@okwk BjhI w[edh c[bekoh#, @w'JhJ/ G[zB d/ \ehoK d/ dkD/# @uzBk t/ s/oh ukBDhc[ZbK s/oh ][Fp', @p'b ;iB s/o/ fwmV/ fwmV/, @t/ w?I Goh ;[zrXhnK g"D ;iB s/o/ p{j/#, @d{o'I sK nkJ/ ;kv/ ;iB ;b'BV/ pfj rJ/ nZyK ftueko#, wkJ/ Bh, nzpoK*u ofjD tkbhJ/ ! ;k~ uzB dh rokjh d/ d/,# :ko pdBhshnk, e/jh rZb ehshnk#,@Bh ;JhU ;{oi e"D p[MkJ/# nkfd. w/oh ekft :ksokw/oh ekft :ksokw/oh ekft :ksokw/oh ekft :ksokw/oh ekft :ksok ftu vkH jfoGiB f;zxdk eEB j? fe fe;/ th ;fGnkuko ftu ekft dk wjKgqtuB dfonk tKrjw/Fk trdk ofjzdk j? ns/ eth T[; ftu'I @fuVh u'Iu Go b? rJh# tKr osk wk;kghId/ fgbkT[Id/ jB. fJ; dfonk ftu jw/Fk pj[s e[M nfijk fgnk ofjzdk j?, fi;B/ fe;/ j'o eth dh eftsk ftu ;{jihbh ;so pD e/ fNeDk j[zdk j?. ethnB[;ko X[B eftsk dh rqkwo j?, fi; d/ g{ofBnK T[̀go eftsk dh ouBk j[zdhj?. don;b eth dh Fpd fus/o/ ti'I xkb-ewkJh g[ofynK dh d/D j?, fi; ftu'IFpd ;kXBk jkf;b eoe/ T[j ftukoK dh b?n pzBQD d/ ;woZE pDdk j?. e"wKdk fto;k ns/ fJfsjk; ;kfjsekoK bJh gq/oBkdkfJe j[zd/ jB. fJj rZb nbZrj? fe p"fXe dhtkbhJ/gD ns/ jhD GktBk d/ fFeko ny"sh pqfjwzvh b/ye nkgD/xo tZb fgZm eo, j'oBK EktK *s/ ik e/ FoB bZGd/ jB. vkH jfoGiB f;zxdoFB ftu gzikp dh b'eXkok ns/ ;fGnkuko s'I fJbktk fJfsjk;e ;'Mh bJhth nkgD/ xo s'I ;/X bJh rJh j?. fit/I g'qH g{oB f;zx ;Nhe ekft fdqFNh, @gzikpBk fjzd{ Bk w[;bwkB, gzikp ihIdk r[oK d/ BK *s/# ;w[Zuh r"otwJh ftok;s ~pk]{ph fpnkB eodh j?, T[t/I jh vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh eftsk ;opZs d/ Gb/ dhnN[ZN ;KM @r[o{ BkBe doFB# ftu'I fBjkodh j? @wodkBk p'bdk j?# eftskB;btkd, ikshtkd eZNVtkd ns/ ni'e/ okFNotkd dhnK ezXK Yfj-Y/oh eodhj? L

@@;\o ~ wzf}b BjhI

fgnk; bJh gkDh BjhI

w?I nkgD/ :ko dh Broh *u

p/:ko fcodk jK.

GNeDk d/ d/; ftu

nZe-eZeVhnK ~ e"D nZi fwZmk eo/<

e'Jh nky' w/o/ BkBe ~


w/o/ Ffjo nkt/, --- nkgD/ Ffjo nkt/

e'Jh nky' w?~ wZe/ T[dk;h c/o b? ikt/

fe w?I sJhnko jK

w[V d';sh d/ ;\o *s/ s[o ikD bJh

f;o\ s;tho ftu pfj ikD dk

w"ek BjhI nk frnk.

w/ok BkBe fJeZbk ofj frnk j?

pj[s fdB phs rJ/

;zrs Iu wodkBk BjhI nkfJnk.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx ;kfjs-doFB ekb d/ nko-gko ftuoB dh ;woZEkoZydk j?. nfijh ;kfjs u/sBk wjK ekfte gk;koK dh XkoBh j[zfdnK FpdK dhnKgqfsX[BhnK okjhI Bt/I fposKs f;oidh j?. ekft F?bh ftu fposKse, gqrhse ns/p"fXe gk;ko Bkb'-Bkb ubd/ jB. ekft i[rsK okjhI b'e XkokJh gq;zr, fJfsjk;ejtkb/, ;wekbh ;zeNwJh jkbks, wkBth ghVk ns/ ekfte o'; d/ Mbeko/ g?Id/jB. nfijh ekft fFbgekoh vkH jfoGiB f;zx d/ ekft-eow d/ nzr-;zrMbedh j?. nkgD/ rhs @;"I ik w/o/ wkbek thokB j'Jh oks# pko/ eth fbydkj?, @@Gkos dh nk}kdh## dk n?bkB th nZXh oks t/b/ jh j'fJnk. fejV/ r[zMbdkookjK EkJhI bzxd/ thokB j'Jh oks, @Gkos dh nk}kdh# s/ nk}kdh s'I gfjbK d/@f\oe{ dzr/# fJe -d{i/ ftu obfwb rJ/ s/ w/oh ekft-;woZEk d/ nzr pDrJ/.## wkBth dod dh t/dBk ns/ f;nk;h dwB dh F?skBh gj[zu fJ; rhs ~G{sekbh tosko/ s'I ;wekbh jkbs ns/ GftZy w[yh u/sBk sZe b? ikD d/ ;woZEj' fBpVd/ jB, fit/I fel

;"I ik w/o/ wkbek t/ $ tofsnk jB/o.

t/ ekb]K *u skfonK dh $ v[Zp rJh ;t/o.

t/ f}zdrh p/j'F s/ ]kw'F ekfJBks

ftjbk j' e/ ;"I frnk n? $ b'jk fJ;gks.

;"I iK fJzR nZyhnK *u'I $ nZyhnK Bk e/o

f;skfonK dh ;dk BjhI v[ZpDh ;t/o.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx-ekft doFB d/ fJfsjk;e ;fGnkukoe gq;zr gkme ~p"fXe gZy'I frnkBtkB ns/ GktBk gZy'I ;[uZik fJB;kB pDkT[Id/ jB. ukj/ fBxko


tkbh ;'u d/ XkoBh Bx'uhnK B/ vkH jfoGiB f;zx ~ o{gtkdh, ;zouBktkdh, o'wkBh;[Gkn tkbk, ftfFFN tor dk eth, ;[jitkdh, fwZEeh b'etkdh ouBkeko, ethnKdk eth ns/ eJh j'o @T[gwktK# th fdZshnK, go T[j bZy e'fFFK d/ pkti{d vkHjfoGiB f;zx dh ekft T[vkoh, fuzsB, frnkB ns/ gq"V ;'u d/ B/V-s/V th Bkgj[zu ;e/. nkgD/ iknbh tkdK dh x[zwDx/oh *u T[bM/ nfij/ Fpd ftj{D/nktk}eko eftsk ~ Gkt-noE ftj{Dh fpnkBpk}h s'I nZr/ Bk fbik ;e/. ;kfjs~ nZy'I go'y/ eoe/ f;nk;h eqKsh dk Yzv'ok fgZND tkb/ Bkno/pk} ekft-gqtuBekoh,ekft-fFbgekoh ns/ ekft-u/sBk tkbh vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh rfjo-rzGho fbys~ ;wM jh Bk ;e/. nfij/ b'eK pko/ vkH jfoGiB f;zx pk]{p fbyd/ jB, @@w/o/ nkb'ueK dk efjDk j? fe w?I o'wkBh ;[Gkn tkbk eth jK. w?I T[BQK d/ fJ;eEB *s/ edh FZe BjhI ehsk. T[j fJj rZb ftnzr ti'I efjzd/ oj/ jB, w?I fJj~nkgDh f}zdrh d/ ;Zu ti'I ;thekodk fojk jK. o'wkBh FkfJo nkgD/ s'I d{o t;dhfe;/ d[Bhnk tZb T[bo/ j[zd/ jB. w/ok izrb s/ w/ok iBw-xo w?E'I pj[s d{o jB,go g'N/ ftu u[ZGh fSbs tKr w/o/ pj[s B/V/, ;r'I w/o/ nzdo jh, u;eK wkod/ofjzd/ jB.## T[dkjoD ti'I @pdhnK pdBkwhnK EkJhI# eftsk *u eth B/ nkb'ueK~ ihtB ow}K ;wMk fdZshnK jBl

@@fwZsoK sheD fet/I g[ukJhJ/ feZ;k fdb fdbrhoK dk

bZy pdhnK pdBkwhnK EkJhI bzxDk okj \ehoK dk.

fJ; prbh ftu T[jBK ykso ni/ th irwr dht/ B/

;k~ fijBK p[MkT[D bJh ;h bkfJnk }'o n]hoK dk.

nkgD/ s/ ;kfjs pko/ fBZih s/ ;kfjs nkb'uBk ~ fyV/ wZE/ gqtkB eoBtkb/ vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ gzikph, nzrq/}h, ;z;feqsh s/ fjzdh ftu pj[gZyh frnkBokjhI wZE/ tkbk dhtk Fpd o{gh i's d[nkok ;dk irkJh oZfynk. pj[-GkFkJhfrnkB d/ pkti{d ;kfjsekoh bJh @fBo'b gzikph ~ jh u[DBk, gzikph ;kfjs bJhnEkj wkD tkbh rZb j?. ekft fuzsB ftu bk;K, sko-s[gek, nXo?Dh, Bk X[Zg/bk;K, sko-s[gek, nXo?Dh, Bk X[Zg/bk;K, sko-s[gek, nXo?Dh, Bk X[Zg/bk;K, sko-s[gek, nXo?Dh, Bk X[Zg/bk;K, sko-s[gek, nXo?Dh, Bk X[Zg/Bk Skt/I, ;Ve d/ ;\/ T[`s/, nb\ d[gfjo, N[ZehnK ihGK tkb/, wZE/ tkbkBk Skt/I, ;Ve d/ ;\/ T[`s/, nb\ d[gfjo, N[ZehnK ihGK tkb/, wZE/ tkbkBk Skt/I, ;Ve d/ ;\/ T[`s/, nb\ d[gfjo, N[ZehnK ihGK tkb/, wZE/ tkbkBk Skt/I, ;Ve d/ ;\/ T[`s/, nb\ d[gfjo, N[ZehnK ihGK tkb/, wZE/ tkbkBk Skt/I, ;Ve d/ ;\/ T[`s/, nb\ d[gfjo, N[ZehnK ihGK tkb/, wZE/ tkbkdhtk, nbftdk s'I gfjbK, wktK-XhnK, fBe;[e dhtk, nbftdk s'I gfjbK, wktK-XhnK, fBe;[e dhtk, nbftdk s'I gfjbK, wktK-XhnK, fBe;[e dhtk, nbftdk s'I gfjbK, wktK-XhnK, fBe;[e dhtk, nbftdk s'I gfjbK, wktK-XhnK, fBe;[e ns/ o[Zy s/ foFh o[Zy s/ foFh o[Zy s/ foFh o[Zy s/ foFh o[Zy s/ foFh s'I fJbktk;t?-ihtBh u'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbk, tkose dhnK T[ù e'Nh dhnK feskpK gzikph;kfjs dh M'bh gkJhnK. nko;hnko;hnko;hnko;hnko;h ftu ;kfjse ekbw @f;wo wBkJh f;oiDk#brksko gqekfFs j[zdk fojk. nZm tofenK d/ pj[uofus ;kfjse gqekFB fJZeshfJZeshfJZeshfJZeshfJZeshcotohcotohcotohcotohcotoh ftu Sg/ vkH jfoGiB f;zx d/ b/yK B/ @gzikph ;kfjs d/ f;nk;h# jbfenKftu fsZyh pfj; ~ iBw fdZsk. pV/ p/pkeh s/ p/fbjk}h Bkb fJeZsh cotohfJeZsh cotohfJeZsh cotohfJeZsh cotohfJeZsh cotohftub/ b/yK okjhI vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ gq'H w'jB f;zx s'I b? e/ nzfwqsk gqhsw sZe


;GBK dhnK ;kfjse feosK dk @;Zu'-;Zu# w[bKeD ehsk. Bshik fJj j'fJnk feXfVnK nzdo tzv/ b/yeK tZb'I vkH jfoGiB f;zx f]bk\ ;KMk w[jk} yVQk eo fbnkfrnk s/ gzikph d/ wjkB dkoFfBe ~ ;kfjs irs s'I fwNkT[D dk sjZJhnk ehskfrnk. fJj rZb tZyoh j? fe bZyK e'fFFK d/ pkti{d fto'Xh e?IgK tkb/ vkHjfoGiB f;zx dh dkoFfBe j;sh ~ fwNk Bk ;e/, ;r'I nZi th vkH ;kfjp dk;kfjse eZd T[jBK ;kfonK s'I fes/ T[̀uk fejk ik ;edk j?. fJ; gZy'I eth dkftFkb fjodk eftsk @d[FwB# okjhI T[ikro j[zdk j?l

d[FwB BhtK ed/ Bk fwZEhJ/

T[j fwZso s'I tXe/, ikJhJ/ ;de/.

;kvh ]kso ihG t;kJh

;gDh T[jB/ ;d e/, }fjoh jZd e/.

T[jd/ o'w-o'w *u'I v[bQd/

;kv/ Bkw d/ tZM e/, F[jos rZv e/.

n?;h e"D w[jZps eodk

jfo ihn fpBk ;pZp e/, Bkb ndp e/.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx FpdK dk fuZsoeko j?. T[j gzikph dk wjkB GkFkekoj?. T[;dk ;[nk;-;[nk; gzikph ;kfjs ~ ;wofgs j?. T[j gzikph dk \eho ethns/ fuzse B;oeko j?. ;z;ko d/ T[̀sw ftdtkBK dk jkDh nkb'ue j? ns/wzfBnk-gqwzfBnk nB[tkde j?. b/ye s'I p/jso p[bkok ns/ p[bko/ s'I tZvk dkoFfBevkH jfoGiB f;zx ][d s'I th \kf;bkg;zd j?. frnkB d/ tfjzd/ dfonk tKr jZdKs/ tbrDK *u Bk pZM e/, ;w/I dk jkDh vkH jfoGiB f;zx ;kfjs ;z;ko ftuftbZyD j;sk]o fet/I j?, fJ; dh fw;kb fJ; ouBk #u'I fwbdh j? L

jfo ih j'o fby' j[D pkDh $ p'X fpuko' ;'X ;[Xko'

i' fbfynk j[D skDh $ ;'u ej/ sK g'u th d/t'

s]sh c/o' gkDh $ T[wo ftjkJh bhe i{ tkjh

j[D sheo nfGwkBh $ J/; bhe d/ pD' Bk e?dh

bkj' e[zi g[okDh $ vo vo e/ s[;K p'b T[uko/

wo wo fbfynk ekBh $ G/yh pks ejh w{zj t/yh

nZyo i'V ipkBh.


fJj gzvskJh fJj us[okJh $ fes/ Bk nktD ikDh

wjK frnkBh sZs ;wM b? $ ihtB j? nfrnkBh

Bk p'b/ s[;hI X[o'I gkskb'I $ Bk p'b/ n;wkBh

X[o nkg/ *u'I p'b/ jfo ih $ SZv' pks fp|kBh.##

fiZE/ gqrhse ekft, b?n ;[o ns/ T{oik s'I ;ZyDh fbys ~ th eftsk efje/ tfvnkT[D dk nvzpo, ni'e/ d"o *u Gko{ j[zdk ik fojk j?, T[̀E/ ;t?-nkb'uBkns/ nzso-Mks dk nzsoBkd jfoGiB f;zx ekft dk fBnkokgD j?. fJ; eftsk*u gqfso'X ns/ Bkno/pk}h dh EK, v{zx/ noEK okjhI ;{]w GktK dk nfj;k; j[zdkj?. @ftr'u/ wBZ[y# dh sqk;dh ns/ ngqwkfDe jkbs ~ ojZ;wJh Yzr Bkb fpnkBeoBk nfijh uofus eftsk @ngqwkfDe# dh ftbZyDsk j?l

@@jo ;t/o id'I w?~ n]pkoh nkD irkT[Idk j?

w?I ]{p ;wMdk jK w/o/ xo ;{oi nkfJnk j?

;G sko/ rJ/ p[jko/ j[D w/oh jh tkoh j?.HHHHH

w/ok dotk}k fJe T[pk;h tKr{z y[bQdk j?

w?I nkgDk nkgk j{zM rbh *u'I nzdo ;[Ndk jK

w?~ j[zw; dk godk j?

w?I ;dk g[o/ ftu Bzrk jK

w/oh xo tkbh xo dk e{Vk j{zM

rbh ftu pkjo ;[Ndh j? $ w?I vodk jK

w/oh xo tkbh w?~ fes/ B t/y bJ/ !##

vkH jfoGiB f;zx ekft ;z;ko ftu ftr'funk wB[Zy-gdkoEtkdh s/ T[g:'rhtk;sfte f}zdrh dk dZfpnk e[ufbnk wFhBh g[oik ikgdk j?. fJZE/ ihtB dk jogZy fdyktk s/ gqgzu ikgdk j?. eth B/ fi; rfjokJh Bkb ni'eh ihtB F?bh ~fpnkB ehsk j?, T[; s'I gkyzv, G/y ns/ @wB j'o-w[Zy j'o# tkb/ d'jo/ wkgdzv ;gZFNB}o nkT[Id/ jB. @joBk]F BjhI wo/# eftsk fJ; dh Gktg{os fw;kb j?l

gqG ih pko-pko ntso/ $ joBkyF BjhI wo/

jo fdj[z nkgDk wzdo ;ki/ $ nkgDk fdT[sk xV/

nrb/ fdj[z gqfjbkd gXko/ $ s'V skV ;G Xo/

Bt/I pqjw ~ BthI ebgBk $ BthI pzdBk eo/


joBk]F BjhI wo/.

;oxh dk gqfjbkd ;zM ~ $ joBk]F pD ikt/

;zM B}o ~ o{g \io dk $ i[r w?bk fd; nkt/

nkgDk jh ;kj nkgD/ okj dh $ w{b Bk jkwh Go/

joBkyF BjhI wo/.

20thI ;dh d/ joBkyFK d/ ji{w dk ;G s'I fGnkBe ns/ dfjFs GfonkBw{Bk vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh eftsk *u T[; ;w/I B}o nkT[Idk j?, id'I eth @b'eKd/ oky/# Fk;eK ~ nkgD/ jh d/F dh Xosh *s/ t;d/ xZN frDsh b'eK d/ gktBn;EkB *s/ d/F dhnK \"iK dk jwbk j[zdk t/ydk j?. 1984 ftu dopko ;kfjp*s/ j'J/ \"ih jwb/ ~ eth dk Bk f;o\ fpnkB eoBk pbfe jZvhI dod jzYkT[Dtkb/ d[]d nfj;k; ~ th Fkfwb eoBk n;fj wjKd[yKs j' fBpVdk j?. fJZE/ fJ;;ukJh ~ nZy'I Ujb/ BjhI ehsk ik ;edk fe fJ; nDfust/ efjo dhnK xVhnKw"e/ sEk-efEs nrKjtX{ b/ye s/ b/fyektK dhnK ebwK iK sK w"B XkoB eorJhnK ;B s/ iK fco j[ewokB fXoK dh p'bh p'bD bZr gJhnK ;B. ;Zsk;Ekgsh Bkb ;fjwsh oZyD tkb/ s/ ;\kosykfBnK d/ iFBK ftu j[ewokBK d/jwf]nkbh FkfJoK d/ T[bN, vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ @\"iK e"D d/; s'I nkJhnK# fbye/ }po fto'Xh dkoFfBe eth dh ;FZes G{fwek fBGkJh. ][d ~ gqrshtkdh s/nrKjtX{ efjD tkb/ ns/ vkH jfoGiB f;zx o{gtkdh s/ ;zouBktkdh dZ;D tkb/ekfJo nkgD/ d/F dh xZNfrDsh, pbfe nkgD/ jh GkJhuko/ *s/ efjo N[ZND t/b/ w{zj *u x[zrDhnK gkJh p?m/ ;B. nfij/ ;w/I vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh }kbw-je{ws fto'Xh fcbk;\h B/ @e'Jh jfonk p{N ofjU oh# tkbk \o} fBGkT[IfdnKfpnkB ehskl

\"iK e"D d/; s'I nkJhnK<

fejV/ d/; s'I efjo fbnkJhnK $ feZE'I }fjo fbnkJhnK

fe; cBhno dh c{e fe $ fi; B/ gZehnK ezXK YkjhnK

;Zu ;o'to vZf;nk $ nZrK gZEoK ftu bkJhnK

jfo e/ wzdo ftj[ dhnK BdhnK $ p[ZeK Go toskJhnK

\"iK e"D d/; s'I nkJhnK<##

fiZE/ wjkB fuzse b/ye tZi'I vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ 1947 dh d/F tzvdk dodwJh rhs @;"I ik w/o/ wkbek thokB j'Jh oks# fbfynk, T[È/ 1984 d/efjo ;w/I th ;Zu'-;Zu fpnkB ehsk. d{i/ gk;/ ;wekbh eftZsoh tZb'I @Gkos-gkfe


tzv# ;w/I sK wB[Zyh d[yKs s/ esb/nkw pko/ fby e/ o'; gqrNkfJnk frnk go u[ok;h*u fdZbh *u j'J/ f;Zy esb/nkw ns/ j}koK XhnK dh j'Jh p/gZsht/y e/ th T[;B/ }pkB Bk y'bQh. vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ fBXVe j' e/ ;ko/ jkbkspko/ gzikj d/ eohp eftsktk fbyhnK s/ ipo f]bk\ p'bD d/ r[o{ BkBe f;XKs@pkpo ~ ikpo# nkyD d/ p'bK *s/ gfjok fdZskl

fdZbh B/ id nzfwqs;o *s/ $ iw eo w[rb uVQkfJnkj?to r?to s'I th seVk $ id b'j/ :kB uVQkfJnkw?I oZp ~ pj[s fXnkfJnk

\"iK B/ id ;'BebF *s/ $ s[ge skB ubkfJnkyyVh yyVh j' fvZrk $ id w/o/ f;o dk ;kfJnk;Zuk s]s fiBQ/ ;h YkfJnk $ T[;/ id'I pDkfJnksK ngokXh d{Dk fBtdk $ w?~ B}oh nkfJnk.##

vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ u[ok;h d/ d[yKs ;zpzXh fBZih nB[Gt fpnkBeofdnK fbfynk j?, @@id'I jfowzdo ;kfjp dh p/j[owsh ns/ Btzpo, 84 d/ fdZbhdzfrnK (dzr/ BjhI, esb/nkw) dh tk;sftesk s'I ;oe e/ Fkpfdesk ftu nkT[Ddh f}Zd eoBh F[o{ eo fdZsh fJj gzikj e[ d/ eohp fbysK jB. fJjBK ouBktKdk ;[Gkn w/ohnK d{ihnK feosK s'I tZyok j?. fJZE/ w?I fJfsjk;e tosko/ ns/;zgodkfJe G'r d/ J/Bk B}dhe j' frnk jK fe ebkswe ftZE dk fBGkT[ eoBkw[Ffeb j' frnk j?. e[M th j't/ fJ; ;w/I sZe fJBQK ;zpzXh w?I nkgD/ ;whfynkswefBoD/ ~ th w[nZsb eoh oZfynk j?.## b/ye nB[;ko fdZbh f;Zy esb/nkw ftufJe fwZso, fJe Fkfrod ns/ fJe foFs/dko d/ wko/ ikD dk dod T[; ~ (vkHjfoGiB f;zx) nkgDh gsBh ;w/s ][d d/ nfDnkJh w"s woBk fijk nfj;k;ikfgnk--

oks e[M G¯ed/ e[Zs/ ;h s/ ]kw'Fh ;he'Jh sbtko f;o T[`s/ ;h s/ ]kw'Fh ;hpkjo ;[zB;kB *u brdk ;h e'Jh s[odk j?b'e ;G BhId ftr[Zs/ ;h s/ ]kw'Fh ;hnkgD/ bkr/ ;K fgnk nkg jh w?I e\B ;w/s;'r dk Gko w/o/ T[`s/ ;h s/ ]kw'Fh ;hwo u[Zeh wK ;h T[jd/ t?D *u w/ok BK ;h;[Dd/ ;G b'e fBg[Zs/ ;h s/ ]kw'Fh ;hih *u nkT[Idk ;h fe;/ p{j/ dh d;se pD iK


p; fJj' F"e e[o[Zs/ ;h s/ ]kw'Fh ;h

wB[Zyh esb/nkw ~ 84 d/ d[yKs ;w/I fbyDk fiZE/ eth dh fBvosk,db/oh, ipo fto'Xh ;'u ns/ ghVs b'ekJh gqsh ;zt/dBk T[ikro eodk j?, T[̀E/fJj fbysK T[; ;w/I Bk gqekfFs Bk j'Dk eJh ;[nkb g?dk eodk j?. d{i/ gk;/eth dh ;oekoh ipo f]bk\ f;zx-roi B/ f;o\ jkewh fXo ~ jh fBFkBkBjhI pDkfJnk, pbfe ;wekbh @]kw'F ;kfjsekoK# ~ th efNjo/ *u yVQk ehsk.f;ZN/ tZi'I vkH jfoGiB f;zx fto'Xh e?Ig B/ T[;d/ f]bk\ ;kfjse jbfenK *unfijh w'oukpzdh ehsh fe T[; ~ nk]oh ;w/I sZe jkFhJ/ *s/ XZeh oZfynk. ethd/ 2002 ftu d/jKs j'D s'I b? e/ j[D sZe th, T[;dh ;kfjse xkbDk pko/ y'infXn?B d/ o{g ftu ;koEe T[gokb/ BjhI ehs/ rJ/. eftsk s/ tkose dhnK nB/eK tvw[ZbhnK fbysK gzikph p'bh, ;kfjs ns/ ;wki dh M'bh gkT[D d/ pkti{dfJ; wjkB dkoFfBe ;kfjseko dh tvw[Zbh d/D *s/ fB`ro o{g ftu y'i ekoiBjhI j'fJnk, i' fe ;kfjse jbfenK nzdobh B\os s/ r[ZNpzdh dk Bshik fejkik ;edk j?.

b'V j? fe vkH ;kfjp d/ BK *s/ y'i e/Ido iK u/no ;Ekfgs ehsh ikt/, sK fe 20thI ;dh d/ gzikph ;kfjs d/ wjkB dkoFfBe ;kfjseko ~ ;dk :kdoZfynk ik ;e/ s/ T[; d/ ;kfjse \b;\/ s'I gq/oBk bJh ik ;e/. nzfsw fJZSk tZi'IvkH jfoGiB f;zx d/ @d/F gzikp# gqsh nN[ZN fgnko ns/ ;KM d/ nb"fee Bw{B/@d[pkok nktK# eftsk okjhI T[ikro j[zd/ jBl


J/; jh d/; gzikp *u nktK

tZYh-N[Zeh Xosh s/ tZY/-N[Ze/ xo ftu

tZYh-N[Zeh iks dk w?I nytktK

fpoS fBgZso/ s/ gzSh uzdok

T[jhU rhs ftr'u/ dk rktK

wZf;nk fdjkV/ jfo-;o iktK

g[zfBnk ~ fJFe MBK ftu BktK

õõõ


w/o/ T[;skd L vkH jfoGiB f;zxw/o/ T[;skd L vkH jfoGiB f;zxw/o/ T[;skd L vkH jfoGiB f;zxw/o/ T[;skd L vkH jfoGiB f;zxw/o/ T[;skd L vkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH nwohe f;zx g[zBhvkH nwohe f;zx g[zBhvkH nwohe f;zx g[zBhvkH nwohe f;zx g[zBhvkH nwohe f;zx g[zBh

nkgD/ r[o{ pko/ fbyDk pj[s efmB j[zdk j?.r[o{Bkb Fkf|od dk foFsk Gktesk tkbk j[zdk j?. vkHjfoGiB f;zx Bkb w/oh fBeNsk$B/Vsk brGr shj ;kbpDh ojh j?. nZi w?B{z T[j ;wK :kd nk fojk j? id w?gfjbh tko vkH jfoGiB f;zx B{z T[jBK d/ BkJhtkbk xofty/ fwfbnk ;K.w?_ T[d'_ gzikph dh n?wHJ/H gk; ehsh ;h ns/nZr/ gVQB pko/ ;'u-ftuko eo fojk ;K.vkH ;kfjp ne;ofJj fejk eod/ ;B fe gzikph dh gVQkJh T[jh eoB nkT[_d/B/ fijBK Bz{ j'o e'Jh y/so ok; Bjh_ nkT[_dk.gzikph d/ftfdnkoEh sK fJe gqeko d/ ofjzd-y{zd jh j[zd/ jB fJ;bJh fJj ftfdnkoEh ;[gB/ sK nkw b'eK tKr jh b? b?_d/B/ go T[jBK B{z g{o/ eoBk fJjBK d/ tZ; dk o'r Bjh_j[zdk.nZi fJ; rZb pko/ ;'udk jK sK w?B{z fJ; rZb dhn;bhns dk gsk brdk j?. vkH jfoGiB f;zx tZvh pZ[Xhd/ wkbe ;B, fJ; bJh T[jBK w?B{z dZf;nk fe w?_ T[; t/b/ eh eo ;edk jK.T[j FkfJd wB jh wB ftu w/o/ T[ib/GftZy dk BeFk T[;koh p?m/ ;B.

T[jBK w?B{z ;bkj fdZsh fe i/eo w?_ T[u/oh y'ieoBh ukjK sK T[j w/o/ fBrokB pD ikDr/.T[jBK d/ fJ;gq;skt B/ w/o/ nzdo gVQB dh T[s/iBk g?dk ehsh go w/ohwip{oh fJj ;h fe T[d'_ ni/ xo/b{ jkbks ][Frtko Bjh_;B.go e[M no;/ pknd w?B{z :{H ihH ;hH tZb'_ \?b'fFg fwbrJh sK w?_ vkH ;kfjp dh fBrokBh nXhB y'i eoBh F[o{eo fdZsh.

fiU_ fiU_ ;wK pdb fojk j? fsU_ fsU_ ghn?ZuH vhHd/ fwnko ftu th froktN nkJh j?.fi; ;w/_ n;h_ y'i eooj/ ;K T[j ;wK tkfenk jh gVQB-gVQkB tkbk ns/ ;kXBk

;kpek gq'ca?;o ns/ w[yh,g zikph ftGkr, fd Zbh:{Bhtof;Nh, fdZbh


tkbk wzfBnk iKdk ;h.

rZb eh T[j ;wK frnkB jkf;b eoB tkbk ;h s/ j[D fvroh B{z gqkgseoB tkbk.ni'e/ fBrokBK dk ;[Gkn th gfjb/ fBrokBK Bkb'_ pdb frnk j?,go g[okD/ ;w/_ ftu y'ih B{z frnkB gqkgsh d/ efmB-wkor ftu'_ r[}oBk g?_dk;h.y'ih sK fJ; efmB wkor ftu s[odk jh ;h fBrokB iK T[;skd B{z th nrb/o/ okjK dh gSkD oZyDh g?_dh ;h.y'ih d/ wB ftu e[M eo r[}oB dh ohM g?dkeoB ftu r[o{ dk ]k; o'b j[zdk ;h.

fJ; ekoi bJh vkH jfoGiB f;zx ;kB{z BthnK g[;seK gVQB bJh efjzd/ns/ T[; ftu'_ i' ;wM nkT[_dk T[j fbyD bJh skehd eod/.T[j ;kvh fbys B{zpko pko gVQd/ ns/ pko pko ;'Xd/.fJ; soQK fJj f;bf;bk T[d'_ sZe ubdkofjzdk id'_ sZe T[jBK dh s;Zbh Bk j' iKdh.ek\h ;kohnK p?meK pknd ;kvhfbys ;zg{oB j[zdh s/ nkgDh fbys T[go |"ot j[zdk.sd w?B{z brdk fe r[o{ B/w/o/ frnkB ftu tkfenk jh tkXk ehsk j?.

nZi w?B{z fJU_ gqshs j' fojk j? fe fit/_ T[jBK dk T[; t/b/ we;d e/tb ;kB{z y'i okjh_ fvroh fdtkT[D dk Bjh_ ;h. T[jBK d/ wB-w;se ftu fJjrZb tZ;h j'Jh ;h fe fe;/ sohe/ okjhI gzikph d/ fJ; ftGkr B{z rb'pb frnkBBkb i'V e/ fJ;dk gZXo T[uk ehsk ikt/.fJ; bJh T[j fJe Nhw toe eoBkukj[zd/ ;B.w?_ ni/ y'i dk w[ZYbk ekoi jh eo fojk ;K fe T[jBK B/ w?B{z nwohehBt-nkb'uBk tZb s'o fdZsk. T[j g[;seK nzro/}h }[pkB ftu ;B ns/ eJh tkogVQB-;wMD ftu fdZes th nk iKdh ;h go T[;/ rZb B{z id'_ vkH ;kfjp nkgDhfrnkB dhfynk okjh_ dZ;d/ sK T[j rZb tX/o/ ;wM ftu nk iKdh. fJ; soQKy'ih dk wkor ;[ykbk j' iKdk.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx fJ; bJh fJe j'o sohek th tos b?_d/ ;B.T[j fJj;h fe T[j T[; ftF/ pko/ e'Jh Bk e'Jh fBpzX fby d/_d/ ;B sK i' ftfdnkoEhB{z ;"y jkf;b j' ikt/. 1970-75 sZe dk vkH ;kfjp dk nkgDk ;whfynk dkgqekFB-;\o th ftfdnkoEhnK dh y'iK w[skfpe ubdk fojk.T[j y'i e/tb fdZbhd/ ftfdnkoEhnK sZe jh ;hfws Bk ojh pbfe gzikp dhnK d{ihnK :{Bhtof;NhnKftu y'i ekoi eo oj/ ftfdnkoEhnK bJh th bkj/tzd ojh.Bt/_ frnkB dh gqkgshbJh fJe soQK Bkb d"V th bZrh j'Jh ;h.fJ; soQK w?_ ;wMdk jK fe fdZbh d/gzikph nkb'uBk ;e{b dh T[;koh ftu fBrokB-y'ih dh nfjw G{fwek pDh ojhj?.fJe gqkgsh e'Jh ;[ZN gkT[D tkbh Bjh_ j? fJj rZb nkgD/ nkg ftu fJfsjk;ewjZst oZyD tkbh j?.

vkH ;kfjp d/ Bkb y'i eofdnK fJe j'o nfjw rZb i' w?_ d/yh fe


fBrokB ns/ y'ih dk foFsk T[jBK Bkb fJt/_ j[zdk ;h fe fit/_ w?_ T[jBK d/ gfotkodk fjZ;k jh j'tK.T[jBK B{z w/o/ Bkb'_ w/oh y'i dh tZX fuzsk ofjzdh.id'_ w?_ ghn?ZuHvhH dh fvroh jkf;b eo frnk sK w/oh B"eoh dh w/o/ Bkb'_ T[jBK B{z tZX f\eo;h.vkH jfoGiB f;zx w/o/ ihtB ftu gfjb/ ns/ nzsb/ nfXnkge ;B fijBK B/w?B{z J/Bk gqGkfts ehsk.w?B{z jw/Fk T[jBK dk fFF pDB dh ohM j?.T[j i' e[Mth f;ykT[_d/ T[j J/Bk ;fji s/ ;[ykbk j[zdk fe T[j Fkf|od d/ wB'-w;se ftugZek t;/pk eo b?_dk.

vkH ;kfjp dh fJj XkoDk j[zdh ;h fe T[j nfXnkge jh nkgD/ ezw ftu;\b j? i' nkgD/ ftukoK B{z ;\bsk ;fjs ftfdnkoEhnK sZe g[uk ;edkj't/. fJ;dk wsbp fJj j? fe T[j ;zuko d/ wjZst B{z soihj d/_d/ ;B.;zukos'_ p|?o nfXnkge dk nfXnkgB nX{ok j?.w?B{z :kd j? fe w?_ fJe tko fJenfXnkge dh rZb ehsh i' gVQdk pj[s j? go nkgDh rZb d{i/ sZe g[uk Bjh_;edk. fJj rZb ;[De/ vkH ;kfjp efjD bZr/ L

Bjh_ j' ;edk. s[jkv/ e'b i/ frnkB j? sK T[;d/ ;zuko dh e'Jh ;wZf;nk Bjh_j' ;edh. i/ ;zuko Bjh_ j' fojk sK fJ;dk wsbp fe ftuko B{z s[;h_ g{oh soQK ;wM/Bjh_.;wM s'_ p|?o g[;seK tkuD dk e'Jh noE Bjh_ ofj iKdk.;zuko bJh frnkB dh

gqgZesk dk j'Dk bk}wh j?.

vkH ;kfjp Bkb w/ok fgnko dk J/Bk rfjok ns/ r{VQk foFsk fojk j?fe T[;B{z e[M gzfBnK ftu ;w/NDk ;zGt Bjh_ j?.w? i' e[M th ihtB ftu f;ZfynkiK T[u/oh ftZfdnk jkf;b ehsh, T[j T[jBK dh ofjB[wkJh ns/ fdnkBsdkoh jh;h.ed/ w/o/ wB ftu e'Jh frbk-fFetk th j[zdk ;h sK e[M no;/ pknd nkgD/nkg jh wB-w[Bktk j' iKdk ;h.j[D vkH ;kfjp dh iBw Fskpdh d/ nt;o s/w? fJjh ekwBk eodk jK fe nkT[D tkb/ nfXnkge vkH ;kfjp dhnK fbysK s'_}o{o fdFk jkf;b eoB.J/;/ ftu jh T[jBK d[nkok irkJh j'Jh nkdoFnfXnkgB dh i's irdh oj/rh.

õõõ


vkH jfoGiB f;zx dhvkH jfoGiB f;zx dhvkH jfoGiB f;zx dhvkH jfoGiB f;zx dhvkH jfoGiB f;zx dhnfXnkgB :'rsknfXnkgB :'rsknfXnkgB :'rsknfXnkgB :'rsknfXnkgB :'rskd/ftzdo e"o (:{H e/H)d/ftzdo e"o (:{H e/H)d/ftzdo e"o (:{H e/H)d/ftzdo e"o (:{H e/H)d/ftzdo e"o (:{H e/H)

fe;/ th ftfdnkoEh B{z uzrk ftfdnkoEh pDB bJhnfXnkge dh }o{os j[zdh j?. nfXnkge d/ ;zebg B{zGkosh r[o{ fFF gozgok d/ ;zdoG ftu oZy e/ t/fynk ik;edk j?. fi; soQK g[okD/ }wkB/ ftu fFF o{jkBh frnkBgqkgs eoB bJh nkgDk r[o{ Xkod/ ;B T[;/ soQK ftfdnkoEhB{z nekdfwe iK p"fXe frnkB dh gqkgsh bJh nfXnkgedh ofjB[wkJh dh b'V g?_dh j?. fit/_ r[o{ nkgD/ fFF B{znfrnkBsk d/ jB/o/ u'_ frnkB-u/sBk dh o"FBh ftu ikD dkokj dZ;dk j? T[;/ soQK nfXnkge nkgD/ ftfdnkoEh B{z;kXkoB p[ZXh s'_ ftef;s p[ZXh d/ ftek; d/ okj s/ s[oB dhiku f;ykT[_dk j?.

Gkosh ftfdne gozgok ftu r[o{e[b f;;Nw dkftF/F wjZst fojk j?. r[o{e[b f;;Nw dk T[d/F n?;/GftZyw[yh BkrfoeK dh f;oiDk eoBk ;h i' d/F d/ ftek;ftu nkgDk ;[fjod :'rdkB d/ ;eD. b/feB r[o{ fFFgozgok ftu r[o{ ns/ fFF dk foFsk T[&Zu/ s/ Bht/_ dk foFsk;h. fFF jw/Fk nkgD/ nkg B{z r[o{ d/ ;kjwD/ fBT[_ e/ oZydk;h. fe;/ fe;/ t/b/ r[o{ nkgD/ fFF dk }pod;s fJwfsjkBth b?_dk ;h.J/ebftnk d/ nzr{mk d/D tkbh fw;kb fJ; dhnfjw T[dkjoD j?.

w?_ id'_ nkgD/ nfXnkge vkeNo jfoGiB f;zx B{znfXnkge d/ o{g ftu ftukodh jK sK nfj;k; j[zdk j? fefJ; dk nfXnkge tkbk o{g r[o{-fFF gozgok s'_ tZyokBt/eb/ nzdk} tkbk j?. vkeNo jfoGiB f;zx d/ nfXnkgetkb/ o{g ftu ftfdnkoEh tkbk o{g ;wkfJnk j'fJnk j?.ekoB, T[;dk nkgD/ ftfdnkoEhnK Bkb foFsk T[&Zu/-Bht/_,gotk;h b/fyek ns/ fuzse


iK T[&Zsw-fBwB tkbk Bjh_ ;r'_ pokpoh tkbk j?. vkeNo jfoGiB f;zx n?;knfXnkge j? i' nkgD/ ftfdnkoEhnK B{z w'j eodk j?.vkeNo ;kfjp d/ gVQkT[Ddk sohek pVk nip |}p ;h. T[j ebk; ftu nkT[_d/, ftfdnkoEhnK Bkb;kXkoB r[\sr{ eod/, c/o gVQkT[Dk F[o{ eod/, gVQkT[_fdnK gVQkT[_fdnK xVh T[skoe/ w/} s/ oZy d/_d/. c/o nkgD/ p{N T[skoD br g?_d/, c/o i[okpK s/ fJ; soQKgVQkT[D ftu J/B/ bhB j' iKd/ e/ ed'_ ebk; dk tes ]sw j[zdk T[BQK B{z gskjh Bk brdk s/ nrb/ ghohnv dk nfXnkge dotk}/ s/ nkD yVQk j[zdk sKvkeNo ;kfjp c/o xVh pzBQd/, i[okpK p{N gkT[_d/ s/ ebk; u'_ pkjo fBebiKd/. w?B{z :kd j? id'_ w?_ T[BQK e'b'_ n?wH J/H dh gVQkJh eo ojh ;K sK fJe fdBgVQkT[_fdnK gVQkT[_fdnK T[BQK fJj ]kfjF }kfjo ehsh ;h fe T[BQK dh f}zdrh dknyhobk fdB th ebk; ftu gVQkT[_fdnK gVQkT[_fdnK r[}oBk ukjhdk j?. J/j' fijknfXnkge f}zdrh ftu ed/ ed/ B;hp j[zdk j? ns/ w?_ nkgD/ nkg B{z fJ; fbjk}Bkb B;hp tkbh ;wMdh jK fe vkeNo jfoGiB f;zx tork nfXnkge ;kB{zgVQkT[D bJh fwfbnk.

w?_ vkeNo jfoGiB f;zx e'b'_ d' ;kb n?wH J/H ns/ d' YkJh ;kb ghn?uH vhH dh gVQkJh ehsh j?. n?wH J/H ftu gfjb/ ;kb ftu T[BQK nkX[fBe eftskns/ d{;o/ ;kb ftu wZXekbh ;kfjs ns/ ftF/F b/ye d/ o{g ftu r[o{ BkBe dhpkDh ftF/ T[go b?euo fdZs/.T[BQK d/ gVQkT[D dk sohek fJ; soQK j[zdk ;h feT[j nkgDh rZb fJ; nzdk} ftu ;wMkT[_d/ fe ftfdnkoEhnK d/ f}jB ftu sk-T[wo xo eo iKdh. eftsk ;wMkT[_fdnK ;wMkT[_fdnK T[j fJ; soQK eftsk ftuy[ZG iKd/ fe fJe' t/b/ T[BQK dk FkfJo ns/ ;whfyne tkbk o{g T[ikro j' iKdk.nkg FkfJo j'D eoe/ eftsk Bkb Gkt[e s"o s/ fJ; soQK i[V iKd/ s/ nkgDkftuko fJ; soQK g/F eod/ fe f;oiDk ns/ ;whfynk dk nkg;h foFsk T[ikroj' iKdk.

NhH n?;H JhbhnN pko/ ftuko j? fe T[j uzrk nkb'ue fJ; bJh pD;fenk feT[_fe T[j nkg FkfJo ;h. fJj rZb vkeNo ;kfjp s/ fJ; s'_ th tZXfJ; bJh YZ[edh j?, feT[_fe vkeNo ;kfjp e/tb FkfJo Bjh_ ;B, e/tb ;whfyneBjh_ ;B ;r'_ fJe fpjsohB nfXnkge th ;B. T[BQK d/ ;ko/ o{g fJe d{i/ ftufJ; soQK ybs wbs j' iKd/ ;B fe T[BQK dh F];hns d/ eJh ozr fJe d{i/ftu x[b fwb iKd/ ;B. T[BQK dh F];hns d/ ozr vZp yoZpV/ ;B.w?B{z :kdj? fe T[BQK fdBQK ftu id'_ w?_ T[BQK dh ftfdnkoED ;K, T[BQK T[go fJe b/yfbfynk ;h, *jfoGiB f;zx, vZp yVZpk ftnesh* fi; B{z gVQ e/ T[BQK w?B{z FkpkFfdZsh ;h.do n;b nkgDh FkfJoh ftu th T[j fbyd/ jBL-

*fgZgbhnK u'_ g[D g[D nkJ/


ukBD vZp yoZpV/ j'*vZp yVZpk, u'bk NkehnK tkbk tor/ fujB T[BQK dhnK ouBktK ftu'_

fwbd/ jB i' ;kB{z T[BQK d/ nfXnkgeh o{g d/ dhdko th eokT[_d/ jB.fJ;/ eoe/T[BQK d/ nfXnkgeh o{g ftu tzB ;[tzBsk, ftftXsk j? i' ftfdnkoEhnK B{z ehbb?_dh j?.

T[BQK d/ nfXnkgeh o{g ftu fijVh rZb w{b o{g ftu ;wkJh j'Jh j?ns/ fijVh T[BQK B{z r[o{ fFF gozgok s'_ th ftbZyD nzdk} tkbh pDkT[_dh j? T[jj? T[BQK d/ ftfdnkoEh j'D tkbk o{g.fJj o{g w?B{z T[d'_ pV/ ;gZFN o{g ftu B}onkfJnk id'_ w?_ T[BQK e'b'_ gh n?uH vhH eo ojh ;K. fijVhnK o?co?_; dhnK feskpKT[j ;kB{z iK w?B{z gVQD bJh efjzd/ w?_ ni/ T[[; feskp B{z gqkgs eoB dh gqfefonkftu jh j[zdh T[j feskp T[BQK d/ jZEK ftu j[zdh s/ T[j T[; B{z fJe ftfdnkoEhtKr nksw;ks eo oj/ j[zd/. fJj rZb f;o\ w/o/ Bkb jh Bjh_ ;h, w/o/ s'_ fJbktkT[BQK d/ j'o th eJh ftfdnkoEh ;B ns/ T[BQK d/ gh n?uH vhH d/ ftF/ tZy' tZyo/;B s/ T[BQK ftfFnK B{z ftfdnkoEhnK sZe gj[zukT[D bJh T[j nkg T[; d/ftfdnkoEh pD/ j[zd/.nkgD/ ftfdnkoEhnK B{z T[j jo o'} p[bkT[_d/, T[BQK BkbN"fge fv;eZ; eod/, eJh Bt/_ B[es/ pkjo nkT[_d/ s/ ftfdnkoEh fdwk|h s"o s/o"FB ns/ Gfonk Gfonk wfj;{; eod/. vkeNo ;kfjp dh fJe j'o ftF/Fsk fJj;h fe T[j nkgD/ ftfdnkoEhnK B{z Ehf;; dk u?&ZgNo fbyD bJh efjzd/. id'_ftfdnkoEh ftykT[D iKdk, d/yd/, e[M B[es/ j'o ;wMkT[_d/, c/o d[pkok fbyD bJhefjzd/. w?B{z :kd j?, eJh u?&ZgNo w?B{z gzi gzi S/ S/ tko fbyD/ gJ/. eJh tkofdb nZe iKdk, b/feB T[j ezw eoBk g?_dk, feT[_fe fJ; ftu fe;/ ftfdnkoEhB{z e'Jh fonkfJs Bjh_ ;h fwbdh. ftfdnkoEh B{z T[; t/b/ n"yk Gkt/_ brdk, b/feB T[j n?;k uzfvnk iKdk fe nkgD/ ;pi?eN T[go g{o/ Go';/ Bkb rZb eo;edk. vkeNo ;kfjp d/ ftfdnkoEhnK dk id'_ tkfJtk j[zdk sK T[j ftfdnkoEhg{oh soQK fsnko j[zdk. ftfdnkoEh nzdo fJj Go';k vkeNo ;kfjp dh fwjBsdk Bshik j[zdk.

nfXnkge d/ s"o s/ vkeNo ;kfjp nkgD/ ftfdnkoEhnK Bkb d';stkbk, pkg tkbk foFsk ekfJw eo b?_d/, ftfdnkoEh d/ jo d[Zy ;[Zy ftZu T[jFohe j[zd/. w?B{z :kd j? fJe tko w?B{z p[]ko j'D eoe/ w?_ vkeNo ;kfjp e'bik Bjh_ ;eh. fJ; d"okB T[j d' tko w/o/ xo w/ok gsk b?D nkJ/. w?B{z nZisZe j'o e'Jh nfXnkge fJ; soQK dk B}o Bjh_ nkfJnk.id'_ T[j ftfdnkoEh B{zed/ nkgD/ xo th p[bk b?_d/ sK T[BQK dh gsBh T[BQK dh g{oh ]kso eodh.fJ;soQK vkeNo ;kfjp d/ xo ik e/ Bk¾/ frnkB fwbdk Bk¾/ G'iB.J/E'_ sZe feid'_ xo ikD dk tes j[zdk sK vkeNo ;kfjp pZ; ;Nkg se SZvD iKd/ ns/


okj ftu Bt/_ B[efsnK pko/ ;wMkT[_d/ ofjzd/.fJ; soQK vkeNo ;kfjp nkgD/ftfdnkoEhnK Bkb edw Bkb edw fwbk e/ ubd/ ns/ ;fji wkj"b ftu T[BQKB{z frnkB gqdkB eod/. fJ; bJh w?_ vkeNo ;kfjp dh nfXnkgeh B{z r[o{e[bdh r[o{ fFF gozgok s'_ tZyo/ ns/ tX/o/ ;koEe o{g ftu t/ydh jK fi; ftuftfdnkoEh frnkB dh gqkgsh fe;/ eoV/ pzXB ftu ofj e/ Bjh_ ;r'_ pV/ ;fjins/ d';skBk wkj"b ftu eodk j?, fiE/ nfXnkgB t/b/ Bk e'Jh T[uk Bk e'Jh BhtKj[zdk j? b/feB fco th ftfdnkoEh d/ wB ftu nkgD/ nfXnkge bJh ;fsekoj[zdk j?.

vkeNo jfoGiB f;zx th n?;k nfXnkge j? fe T[; d/ ftfdnkoEh nise T[; B{z :kd eod/ jB ns/ T[BQK d/ wB ftu UBk jh ;fseko ekfJw j?.T[;dk ekoB fJj fe vkeNo jfoGiB f;zx Gkt/_ gzikph dk nfXnkge ;h b/feB T[;e'b ;z;feqs ns/ fjzdh ;kfjs ns/ ;z;feqs ;kfjs f;XKsK dk g{ok frnkB ;h.fJ;d/ Bkb Bkb T[; e'b gZSwh fuzsB dhnK fGzB fGzB nb'uBk gqDkbhnK dk frnkBth jkf;b ;h. uzrk nfXnkge T[j j[zdk j? fi; e'b nkgD/ ftF/ s'_ tZX frnkBj't/. fJj' fijk nfXnkge nkgD/ ftfdnkoEhnK ftu frnkB dh fuDr pkb ;eDd/ ;woZE j[zdk j?. nkgD/ ftfdnkoEhnK dh f}zdrh dk T[d/F ;wMD ftuofjB[wkJh eo ;edk j?. vkeNo jfoGiB f;zx B/ nkgD/ ftfdnkoEhnK B{z gzikphd/ Bkb Bkb ;w[Zu/ ftFt d/ frnkB fuzsB Bkb i'V e/ fdZbh ;e{b nkcfeqNhf;}w dh ;EkgBk ehsh. fJ; soQK vkeNo jfoGiB f;zx j'Djko nfXnkgej'D d/ Bkb Bkb ftbZyD j;sk]o tkbk ;whfyne th ;kfps j'J/. T[jBK dhnfXnkgeh ftu ;obsk ;h feT[_fe T[jBK e'b t;sK toskfonK d/ frnkB dh;gFNsk ;h. T[j n"yh s'_ n"yh rZb B{z th ;"yh soQK eoBk ikDd/ ;B. fJ; bJhT[jBK B/ nkgDh nfXnkgB :'rsk Bkb eJh n?;/ ftfdnkoEh g?dk ehs/ i' nZr/uZb e/ :'r nfXnkge th f;ZX j'J/.uzrk nfXnkge jh uzr/ nfXnkge g?dk eo;edk j?. s/ fJj ekoi vkeNo jfoGiB f;zx B/ pk]{ph fBGkfJnk j?.w?B{z :kdj? fe gh n?uH vhH d/ d"okB T[BQK w?B{z n?wH J/H gfjb/ ;kb B{z o{gtkd gVQkT[DbJh e[M ebk;K fdshnK. w?_ id'_ gVQkT[D iKdh sK vkeNo ;kfjp ebk; d/ pkjop?m e/ ;[D oj/ j[zd/ fe Nhuo eh gVQk fojk j?. fJ; soQK w/o/ wB nzdo fJevo j[zdk fe ebk; ftu gVQkT[D ikD s'_ gfjbK g{oh fsnkoh j'Dh }o{oh j?.fJ;soQK vkeNo ;kfjp g{oh JhwkBdkoh ns/ g{oh gqshpZXsk Bkb nkgD/ ftfdnkoEhnKB{z nfXnkgB dk ekoi eoB dh Nq/fBzr d/_d/.

pj[sh tkoh t/yD ftu nkfJnk j? fe eJh nfXnkge nkgD/ ftfdnkoEhnKB{z b?euo d/_d/ jB b/feB T[BQK tZb'_ e'Jh ;tkb nk ikJ/ sK n;fji j' iKd/ jB.J/j' fij/ nfXnkge ftfdnkoEh B{z ;[Dd/ Bjh_ ;r'_ f;o\ p'bd/ jB. vkeNo


;kfjp jw/Fk ftfdnkoEhnK d/ ;tkbK B{z ;[Dd/ ns/ T[BQK d/ T[&Zso J/B/ d';skBknzdk} ftu ;wMkT[_d/ fe ftfdnkoEh d/ wZE/ dh i's irD bZr g?_dh. vkeNo;kfjp nkgD/ ftF/ B{z gVQkT[D bJh g{oh soQK fsnko j[zd/. vkeNo ;kfjp B/ nkgD/tes ftu ftfdnkoEhnK B{z fJj ikr bkJh fe T[j id'_ nfXnkge pDB sKgfjbK nkgD/ B'N; fby e/ fsnko eo b?D. fJ; soQK eoB Bkb nfXnkge d/nfXnkgB ftu brkskosk ns/ ;gFNsk pDh ofjzdh j? ns/ T[j nkgD/ ftF/ s'_J/Xo UXo GNedk Bjh_. fJj rZb w?B{z U; t/b/ tX/o/ ;koEe bZrh id'_ w?_fJzrb?_v ftu nfXnkgB dk ezw ehsk sK gsk bZrk fe ebk; ftu ikD s'_ gfjbKnfXnkge e'b nkgD/ b?&Z;B d/ fbys B'N; j'D/ }o{oh jB ns/ T[; e'b b?&Z;Bgb?B j'Dh }o{oh j?.

uzrk nfXnkge T[j j[zdk j? i' ftukoK d/ ndkB gqdkB ftu :ehB oydkj?. fJ; soQK nfXnkge ns/ ftfdnkoEh nzdo ;ztkd dk foFsk g?dk j[zdk j?.;ztkd okjh_ ftukoK ftu ;gFNsk nkT[_dh j?. vkeNo ;kfjp jw/Fk nkgD/ftfdnkoEhnK dh ;[Dd/ p/Fos/ fe ftfdnkoEh ;tkb eoB tkbk j't/. fJ; soQKd/ ftfdnkoEh B{z T[j pj[s g;zd eod/ ;B. nkw s"o s/ nfXnkge ;tkb eoBtkb/ ftfdnkoEhnK e'b'_ vod/ ofjzd/ jB.fJj T[j nfXnkge j[zd/ jB fiBQK B{znkgDh nfXnkgB-:'rsk ftu ftFtk; Bjh_ j[zdk. vkeNo ;kfjp fJe n?;/nfXnkge ;B fiBQK ftfdnkoEhnK nzdo ;ztkd eoB dh :'rsk g?dk ehsh.

vkeNo ;kfjp fJe n?;/ nfXnkge ;B fiBQK nfXnkgeh B{z fJe g/F/ ti'_Bjh_ ;r'_ fJe n?;/ i}p/ tKr rqfjD ehsk i' sk T[wo T[BQK nzdo f;Zyd/ gVQd/ofjD dh fuDr bk frnk. id'_ T[j nkgD/ nfXnkgB ekoi s'_ Bftos j'J/ sKth T[BQK gVQBk fbyDk Bjh_ SZfvnk.w?_ fJj dknt/ Bkb efj ;edh jK fe w?B{znkgDh f}zdrh ftu vkeNo ;kfjp tork e'Jh j'o nfXnkge Bk fwfbnk s/ Bkjh t/yD ftu nkfJnk. J/E/ w?B{z T[od{ dk fJe F/no :kd nk fojk j?L-

j}ko'_ ;kb Bofr; nkgDh p/B{oh g/ o'sh j?,pVh w[Ffeb ;/ j'sk j? uwB w/I dhdkto g?dk.

tkfenk jh vkeNo jfoGiB f;zx tork fuzse, FkfJo, nfXnkge edhedh g?dk j[zdk j?. fJj n?;k ftnesh j[zdk j? fi; dk wZEk dht/ tkbk j[zdk j?,T[;dk wZ[yVk irdk wxdk j[zdk j? s/ nzdo frnkB dh bkN pb ojh j[zdh j?.w?_ vkeNo ;kfjp pko/ vkeNo ;kfjp dhnK jh fJBQK gzeshnK Bkb nkgDh rZb]sw eoBh ukjtKrhL-

fJ; X[ydh p[Mdh d[Bhnk ftufJe irdk wxdk w[yVk ;h

fJ; r{VQ jB/o/ nzdo th i' d/_dk ni/ tykbh j?õõõ


vkH jfoGiB f;zx LvkH jfoGiB f;zx LvkH jfoGiB f;zx LvkH jfoGiB f;zx LvkH jfoGiB f;zx Lw/o/ nfXnkgew/o/ nfXnkgew/o/ nfXnkgew/o/ nfXnkgew/o/ nfXnkgeirskoihs f;zxirskoihs f;zxirskoihs f;zxirskoihs f;zxirskoihs f;zx

vkH jfoGiB f;zx ~ fe; fpX :kd ehsk ikJ/<;wM BjhI nk fojk. T[jBK dh eftsk rZd, BkNe, nB[tkdns/ ;kfjs ;whfynk pko/ rZb eoB'I w?I n;wZoE jK feT[Ifenfijh ;{M jkb/ BjhI gBgh. T[jBK d/ e'b'I gVQB d/ pjkB/T[jBK d/ eohp j' e/ T[jBK ~ ikDB dk w"ek fwfbnk.

phshnK xNBktK Bk sK :kd j?, Bk jh T[jBK d/;zdoG. sK th nB/eK ftu'I e[M ~ Fpd g'Fke g[nk fojkjK. pj[s t/ot/ fbyh vkfJoh ftu doi jB. eJhnK ~;KMk BjhI ehsk ik ;edk. fJjBh e[ rZb ;gFN eo fdnKfe w?I fe;/ th soQK T[jBK dh ebk; dk ftfdnkoEh BjhIfojk. nkgDh T[&Zu f;Zfynk tk;s/ T[jBK dh Fkfrodh }o{oehsh, nkjwD/-;kjwD/ p?m e/. nZyK nZr/ Ii' fdqF pDdk j?T[j fJe nfXnkge ;w[Zy nB/e ftfdnkoEhnK tkbk BjhIpbfe fJe nfXnkge ;w[Zy fJe ftfdnkoEh dk j? Ii'nkjwD/-;kjwD/ p?m/ jB. ftfdnkoEh T[jBK d/ eohp jhp?mk ;[D, fby, gVQ fojk j?. fJ; gVQkJh dk nZvok nkBzdfwbdk fojk, fBozso.

gfjbh tko ed ns/ feZE/ d/fynk< T[jBhI fdBhI T[jnkX[fBe GkFk ftGkr (n?wH nkJhH n?b) d/ w[Zyh ;B. toQ/-SwkJh T[&ZE/ ikD dk w"ek pDdk ofjzdk feT[Ife @pZ; gk;#d/ ek|} T[&Zgo j;sk]o eotkT[ID bJh ftGkr d/ w[yh e'bikDk g?Idk ;h. w?I, T[jBK ~ T[&ZE/ jh tZyo/ ewo/ ftup?fmnK, ezw eofdnK d/fynk ;h. ezw eod/ fe;/ ;Nk\w?Ipo B/ dZf;nk ;h fe T[j ;]F vkH jfoGiB f;zx j?.118 J/, gqskg Bro, i/bQ

o'v, BthI fdZbh-110064


T[; t/b/ w?I fdZbh :{Bhtof;Nh d/ e'o;gKvI/; e'of;; s'I phHJ/H dh gVQkJheo fojk ;h i' 1978 ftu gk; eo bJh ;h.

phHJ/H s'I pknd n?wH J/H eoB ~ wB ehsk sK ;wfMnk ;h fe fe; ftF/~ fbnk ikJ/. n;kwh GkFk dk fvgb'wk eod/ ;w/I n?wHJ/H eo oj/ d'-fszBftfdnkoEhnK Bkb rZbpks j'Jh. T[jBK ~ d/y e/ w/o/ wB nzdo gzikph gVQBdh sKx g?dk j'Jh. fJ; bJh g[ZS-frZS F[o{ j'Jh gsk bZrk fe n?wH J/H gzikphftu dkybk skjhUI fwb ;edk j? i/ frnkothI sZe gzikph fJe ftF/ ti'I gVQh rJhj't/. fJ; gZy'I w?I e'ok ;h. j[D eh ehsk ikJ/< g[ZS gVskb s'I frnks j'fJnkfe i/ frnkBh gk; eo bJh ikt/ sK n?wH J/H gzikph dk ftfdnkoEh pfDnk ik;edk j?. ;zB 1982-83 ~ frnkBh dk fJwfsjkB gk; ehsk.

T[; toQ/ w?I d' gohfynktK fdZshnK. fJe n;kwh GkFk d/ fvgb'w/ dh ns/d{ih frnkBh dh. tZvh n"eV frnkBh gk; eoB dh ;h. gzikph gVQBh sK nkT[Idh;h go fbyD dh w[jkfos fpbe[b BjhI ;h. fbykJh pj[s rzdh ns/ fbyD dhrsh th xZN ;h. frnkBh dh gVQkJh ub ojh ;h fe fJe fdB vkH jfoGiBf;zx s[o/ nkT[Id/ fdykJh fdZs/. vkH ;kfjp fJzdok r';tkwh Bkb N[N'fonb fpbfvzrs'I nkoN; c?efbNh dh fpbfvzr tb ik oj/ ;h. vkH r';tkwh tZb'I ehsh g[ZS,fe feXo ik oj/ U, d/ itkp ftu T[jBK dZf;nk fe @@nZi ;/tk w[es j'D T[gozsxo ik fojk jK.##

yZp/ jZE ftu e[M feskpK ;B. jbeh ubdh g"D y[bQh ;\?d dkVh ~fjbk e/ bzx ojh ;h. ;Zi/ jZE dh joes ej/ ik oj/ p'bK dk ;kE d/ ojh;h. nZyK dh fbFe th BthI ;h.

;/tk w[esh dh ]po B/ vkH fJzdok r';tkwh ~ j?okB ehsk. nZi ;'ufojK fe eh vkH fJzdok r';tkwh ~ fJjd/ pkps ;Zuh w[Zuh BjhI gsk ;h. T[jsK T[; ftGkr dh fjZ;k ;h fi; d/ w[Zyh vkH jfoGiB f;zx oj/. fJe j'ot/ot/ nB[;ko vkH fJzdok r';tkwh ~ B"eoh d/D ftu vkH jfoGiB f;zx dk jh:'rdkB ;h.

tfoAQnk pknd rZbpks d"okB T[jBK fejk ;h fe fJzdok r';tkwh ~ftGkr dk nzr pDk fbnk, go fJ; eko/ B/ gzikph nfXnkgeK ~ G[nkNDhnK d/fdZshnK ;B. T[j jZd'I tZX ;[zdo ;B.

frnkBh d/ gqwkD-gZso Bkb b?; j' id n?wH J/H gzikph dk ftfdnkoEhpfDnK sK w/o/ fjZ;/ @fJtfBzr ebk;# nkJh feT[Ife w?I ;oekoh B"eo th ;h.

id w?I dk]b j'fJnk sK vkH ;kfjp ~ BthI ebk; b?D s'I goQK oZfynkfrnk. w?E'I ;hBhno d' ftfdnkoEh ;B. j'o nfXnkgeK d/ fJbktk vkH jfoGiB


f;zx T[jBK ~ gVQkT[D nkT[Id/, j\s/ ftu FkfJd d' ghohnv b?Id/ ;B.

nkgDh ebk; dk w?I #eZbk ftfdnkoEh ;h. ;w/I f;o gj[zu e/ nkoN;fce?fbNh dh gfjbh wzf}b d/ ekohv'o Bkb brkJh g?okg/&ZN tkb T[&Zgo p?m iKdk.i/ e'Jh fwjopkB nfXnkge nk iKdk sK ebk;-o{w ftu ub/ iKdk BjhI sK ;wKg{ok j'D T[gozs nkgD/ xo tZb ~ s[o g?Idk.

T[&ZE/ p?mk p?mk jh vkH jfoGiB f;zx ~ ebk; b?D T[gozs iKfdnK d/ydk j[zdk ;h. fJe tko w?I i'frzdo f;zx ns/ ;[yd/t f;zx Bkb ekohv'o ftuyVQ/ rZbK eo oj/ ;h sK i'frzdo p'fbnk, @@pkp/ ;kjwD/ BjhI j'Dk. nkU ebk;o{w *u S[Zg ikJhJ/.##

n;hI fszB/ bkrb/ ebk; o{w ftu tVQ rJ/. w/o/ fJj g[ZSD pknd fefJT[I feT[I ehsk frnk sK T[jBK tZb'I itkp fwfbnk fe T[; e'b'I vo brdk j?.

fJe fdB gVQkT[D T[gozs ;[zB/ ekohv'o ftu'I bzxd/ J/dK bZr/ fit/I e'Jhco/w ftu wVh e'Jh ihtzs s;tho ik ojh j?. tkfunk ik fojk gkso pkjK jZEKdh joes Bkb ybkn ftu fbyD ftu wFo{\ br fojk ;h. T[; fJekrosk~ fgZS'I nkJh nktk} B/ Gzr ehsk, @@vkH ;kfjp. vkH ;kfjp.##

;hBhno ftfdnkoEhnK d/ jZEhI T[jBK dh n?Be ns/ xVh ;h fi; ~ T[jw/} T[&Zgo jh SZv nkJ/ ;B.

HHHH % HHHH % HHHH % HHHH

w/ok fJe g/go GkJh tho f;zx dh ouBk okDk ;{os f;zxokDk ;{os f;zxokDk ;{os f;zxokDk ;{os f;zxokDk ;{os f;zx Bkb ;zpzfXs;h. fJj g/go BthI ekft-fdqFNh w?NkBwh (;zrbh) ns/ w?Nk\o (Fpd$fJekJh)okjhI vkH d/ftzdo e"o tZb'I gVQkfJnk-;wMkfJnk ik fojk ;h.

ghohnv ]sw j'D T[gozs d'-fszB tko ukj ghD dk ;pZp pfDnk. fJ;t/b/ vkH ;kfjp th Bkb j[zd/. T[j d't/I rZbK eod/ ofjzd/. w?I w{e doFe, ;o'skti'I jk}o j[zdk ;h. pknd ftu vkH d/ftzdo e"o s'I gsk bZrk fe vkH ;kfjp pkjoyVQ/ j' T[j ;G e[M ;[Dd/ i' fit/I gVQkfJnk iKdk ;h. T[;/ nkXko T[&Zgo nrb/o/ nfXnkgeh ekoi ~ ;[Xkfonk iKdk j[zdk ;h.


n?wH J/H d/ d' tfoQnK B/ frnkB fdZsk fe sZsekbh nfXnkgeK gZb/ T[jhe[M ;h i' e[S T[jBK d/ gZb/ vkH ;kfjp tZb'I gkfJnk frnk ;h. gh n?uH vhH eooj/ ftfdnkoEhnK ns/ ;hBhno; B/ ftGkr ftu ub ojh eFwF pko/ ]{pikDekohnK fdZshnK. fBu'V fJj' fBebdk j? fe fi; F]; B/ shbk shbk i'VftGkr ns/ gzikph ;whfynk ~ wkD:'r ns/ gSkD:'r EK fdZsh T[;/ ftGkr d/


gzikph nfXnkge T[; ~ shbk shbk eo fpy/oB bZr/ j'J/ ;B. fJ; d/ T[dkjoDfjs w/o/ gk; j;sk]oj;sk]oj;sk]oj;sk]oj;sk]o Bkw dh gZfsqek d/ d' nze jB fi; dk ;zgkde vkH nwohef;zx g[zBh ;h. gZfsqek F[o{ eoB dk ekoD ns/ fJ; dh ;EkgBk ;h fe @fdZbhd/ ;whfynk ;e{b# ~ vkH jfoGiB f;zx s'I tZy eoBk i' fe brGr n;zGt ;h.i/ J/dK BjhI j[zdk sK d'jK T[&Zgo ekNk c/o Bt/I f;foUI rZb s'oh ikJ/. eqwtko44 ns/ 40 gzfBnK tkbh fJ; gZfsqek dk gkm dZ;dk j? L-

fby/ ftu dt?y j?. d{i/ nze sZe gj[zufdnK gj[zufdnK fJ; d/ NZpodhnK f]nkbh d"VK EZe-jko u"IeVk wko p?m iKdhnK jB. T[j tF?bh u"IeVk nZisZe nkgDhnK bZsk f;ZXhnK BjhI eo ;fenk. T[&ZmDk, s[oBk ns/ d"VBk sK d{odh rZb j?.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ ;kfjs Bz{ ;'uK ftukoK Bkb ;wMD dk T[gokbkehsk. okiBhfse bfjo, Gkt[e iK T[g-Gkt[e ftukoK nB[;ko ;kfjs dh goy ~fJe gk;/ eo fdZsk. fJjd/ Bkb jh ouBkswe f;oiBkswe GkFk ;kjwD/ nkJh.nZi sZe fe;/ th nfXnkge B/ ouBkswse j' e/ p/b'Vh Fpdktbh s'I w[es j'nkgDh rZb BjhI ehsh.


T[; t/b/ w?I ftfdnkoEh jh ;h id @;kek Bhbk skok# tkgfonk d[Zy sKn;fj ;h go gqrNkt/ dk e'Jh okj BjhI ;h fdydk. ;{uBk-;o's n]pko ns/o;kb/ ;B. N?bh T[&Zgo ;oeko ekp} ;h.

wB dh Nh; ;KMh eoB fjs jwf]nkbh ~ bZGDk g?Idk ;h. nkgD/nfXnkge tkgoh t;s{ ;fEsh ~ gzikp d/ fJfsjk;e, ;fGnkukoe, Xkofwe fdqFNhokjhI d/yD s'I w[Beo ;B. nkgD/ ~ wkoe;tkdh ejkT[D tkb/ ikpo fXo BkbyVQ/ brd/ ;h. ;dhnK pknd }[bwh jkew fXo tZb'I @f;Zy ;kfJeh# T[&Zgo wkoh;ZN ~ B}o nzdk} ehsk ik fojk ;h. ;zGt j? fe T[j i[bkJh wjhBk ;h.:{Bhtof;Nh dh ebk; T[gozs ;h;rzi r[od[nko/ ikD dk wB ehsk. \[jko/ u"Iedh ;Ve d/ fJe gk;/ tZb, g/go t/uD tkb/ e'b'I gzikph dh ne;ne;ne;ne;ne; gfsqek ]ohdh.fJj gfsqek gfjbh tko d/y fojk ;K. T[; ftu vkH jfoGiB f;zx dhnk eftsktKns/ fJe iK d' b/y ;B. gfjbh eftsk ;h @Nkjbh NZg frnk uzfrnkVk#.b/y dk f;ob/y ;h @r'bhnK dh tkSV# ;wM Bk nkfJnk @Nkjbh NZg frnkuzfrnkVk# dk noE-G/d eh j?< nkgD/ nfXnkgeK e'b'I ehsh g[ZS fpB T[&Zsow[Vdh ojh. \"iK e"D d/F s'I nkJhnK# eftsk dk fJj efj e/ w}ke ehsk iKdkfe UE'I jh nkJhnK jB fiE'I fJj fwi'okw, Bkrkb?Iv iKdhnK jB. vkH jfoGiBf;zx dhnK i{B-84 fdZbh dzfrnK dhnK eftsktK dh s"o tZyoh j? fiBQK nzdo T[j


;G t/ot/ Fkfwb jB fiBQK Bkb f;Zy @fJe f;Zy j'Id# pDdh j?. T[j ;wK ;h idnko;hnko;hnko;hnko;hnko;h B/ vkH ;kfjp dhnK SkgD s'I wBQk eo fdZsk ;h. ne;ne;ne;ne;ne; dk ;zgkdenwoihs f;zx j[zdk ;h. T[; ;w/I okfizdo nkfsF th fJ; ftu fJe ;fj:'rh tZi'Iezw eodk j[zdk ;h.

ne;ne;ne;ne;ne; d/ d' nze jh fBeb/ ;B fe nkJhH phH dk Skgk g? frnk. SkgkwkoB tkbk nfXekoh vkH jfoGiB f;zx ftfdnkoEh fBefbnk. T[; B/ Skg/ dhikDekoh gfjbK g[Zidh eo fdZsh fi; ekoB pukn j' frnk. nrbh ekotkJheofdnK ;oeko B/ fJjBK d/ gk;g'oN }ps eo bJ/.

T[j ][d fJ; ekb dhnK eftsktK ~ BjhI SkgDk ukj[zd/ ;B. T[jBK dkws ;h fJj eftsktK dk ;[Gkn gzikp dk wkj"b ftrkV ;edk j?.

w?~ wfj;{; j[zdk j? fJe fJfsjk; ;kfjs th oudk j?. GftZy ftu fby/ikD tkb/ gzikp d/ fJfsjk; ftu fJjBK dk :'rdkB nfjw j't/rk.

ne;ne;ne;ne;ne; d/ T[; t/b/ d/ nze gzi-gzi ;" dk fte fojk ;h, gzikp ftu. T[;t/b/ ;kv/ gkmeqw ftu w?I i' phs frnkw?I i' phs frnkw?I i' phs frnkw?I i' phs frnkw?I i' phs frnk (u'DthI eftsk vkH jfoGiB f;zx) brhj'Jh ;h. d{ihnK eftsktK d/ Bkb Bkb @s/o/ j}{o w/oh jk}oh dh dk;skB# eftskw?I nB/eK tko gVQh. ;wM Bk nkT[D d/ pkti{d T[j w?~ nkgD/ tZb fyZuh oZydh.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx ns/ d{;o/ gzikph ;kfjsekoK ~ B/fVU d/yD ns/ ;[DBdk w"ek @gzikph nekdwh fdZbh# tZb'I eotkJ/ iKd/ gq'rowK okjhI fwfbnk. T[jt/bk nekdwh dh rshftXh dk f;]o fejk ik ;edk j?. fB;fus fdB ns/;w/I j'D tkb/ gq'rokwK ftu fJeZm th GotK j[zdk ;h. f}nkdk gq'rokw fsqt/DhEhJ/No d/ jkb ftu j[zd/. ed/-ed/ f\Zeh d/ ekB\oz; jkb ~ tos fbnk iKdk.

T[&Zu fwnko dk frnkB d/D tkbhnK feskpK jBl

;BwkB ns/ ;whfynk;BwkB ns/ ;whfynk;BwkB ns/ ;whfynk;BwkB ns/ ;whfynk;BwkB ns/ ;whfynk (d' Gkr), fgSb/ djke/ dh eftsk, fgSb/fgSb/ djke/ dh eftsk, fgSb/fgSb/ djke/ dh eftsk, fgSb/fgSb/ djke/ dh eftsk, fgSb/fgSb/ djke/ dh eftsk, fgSb/djke/ dh ejkDh, fgSb/ djke/ dh tkosedjke/ dh ejkDh, fgSb/ djke/ dh tkosedjke/ dh ejkDh, fgSb/ djke/ dh tkosedjke/ dh ejkDh, fgSb/ djke/ dh tkosedjke/ dh ejkDh, fgSb/ djke/ dh tkose.

pknd ftu gsk bZrk fe vkH jfoGiB f;zx fdZbh dhnK fszB'I nekdwhnK(fjzdh, gzikph ns/ T[od{) d/ tkfJ; u/nogo;B ;B.


nkgD/ y'iekoi ~ nrQK s'oB tk;s/ id T[jBK ~ T[jBK d/ xo w?Igfjbh tko fwfbnk sK fe;/ soQK dk UgokgB wfj;{; Bk j'fJnk. J/dK th fejkik ;edk j?, T[jBK B/ fJ; dk fJj;k; BjhI j'D fdZsk. ;G s'I gfjbK w/o/ fgS'eVns/ f;Zfynk pko/ g[fSZnk frnk. fJjd/ pknd T[jBK nkgD/ pko/ dZf;nk:{Bhtof;Nh d/ ezweko ~ poheh Bkb ihtzs ehsk. T[jBK nkgD/ ;kEhnK d/


ftjko ~ T[ikro ehsk fpBK fe;/ fNZgDh s'I.

u[ok;h d/ f;Zy-;zjko pko/ th rZb s[oh. ;kv/ Bkb i' tkgfonk efjw[ekfJnk. T[jBK ngDh ;fEsh pko/ dZ;D d/ Bkb nkgD/ gV";hnK d/ ftjko ~fdb uhot/I nzdk} ftu fpnkfBnk.

S/eV T[jBK w/o/ nkT[D dk ;pZp gZfSnk. i' w/o/ wB ftu ;h w?I efjfdZsk. T[jBK ;k\ wBQk eo fdZsk fe w?I j[D fe;/ :{Bhtof;Nh dk nzr BjhI jK.s{z fdZbh d/ fe;/ nfXnkge e'b'I gVQ b?.

w?I fejk fe w?~ jo nfXnkge gVQkT[D ~ fsnko j? go w?I s[jkv/ e'b'Ijh gVQBk ukj[zdk jK.

fpB b[ekn d/ fJj th fejk fe fJZE/ dk]b/ bJh w?~ S[ZNh b?Dh gt/rh.;oekoh B"eo j'D ekoD w?I bzph S[ZNh BjhI b? ;edk. fJjd/ Bkb Bkb w?~;hBhno ftfdnkoEhnK B/ dZf;nk j? fe i/ fe;/ nfXnkge B/ s/o/ f]bk\ T[&ZgofFekfJs eo fdZsh sK s/oh gVQkJh ns/ B"eoh d't/I yso/ ftu g? ;edhnK jB.fJe-d' nfXnkgeK ~ u[rbh eoB dh nkds j?.

fJj ;[D T[j E'VQk u[Zg oj/. ;zGt j? T[jBK nzdo'-nzdo nkgD/ ;kEhnK~ w[V SkfDnk-ikfDnk j't/.

sd/ fJe nktk} nkJh, @@j[D, p; eo'. o'Nh dk t/bk j' frnk J/.##

w?I @;fs ;qh nekb# efj T[&Zm yVQk j'fJnk.

pkjo s/} b'n ftu srVk ;/e ;h. b{ nkgDh soQK d/j d/ d[jkb/ ;h.f;nkj ;Ve dk w'VtK skg w{zj}'o ;h.

X[o nzdo mzvh mzvh y[Fh ;h T[; bJh fi; pko/ ed/ ;'funk jh BjhI;h.


gVQkJh pktk p[ZX f;zx dhnK ofus g[;seK s'I F[o{ j'Jh. w/o/ nzdo;whfynk w[V ikrfos eoB bJh ekft ehoshekft ehoshekft ehoshekft ehoshekft ehosh dh gq;sktBk ~ ;wMkT[D dkisB nkozfGnk i' fe nZm-d; fdB sZe ufbnk. jo/e tkd ns/ bfjo pko/df;nk frnk. gfoGkFe Fpdktbh d/ fgS'eV pko/ gVQB ~ fejk. pknd ftuT[jBK dh ftnkfynk ehsh fit/I ebk; o{w d/ ftfdnkoEhnK ;kjwD/ eod/ j[zd/ ;h.y'i ekoi dk ftFk ;h @nkX[fBe eftsk dh ;whfynk dk w[bKeD.# fJ; dk gk;kopktk p[ZX f;zx s'I b? e/ ;whfynk d/ fdZbh ;e{b sZe ;h.

T[; t/b/ w/oh fbykJh uzrh BjhI ;h. sK th w/o/ fby/ ~ nZyo-nZyo


gfVQnk iKdk. i/ fes/ Fpd-i'V iK gzrsh dh pdso jkbs j[zdh sK T[; ~ do[;seo fdZsk iKdk. i/ fes/ ;wMkT[D tkbk sZE j[zdk, T[jd/ pko/ f}eo ehsk iKdk.

T[jBK ed/ fby/ T[&Zgo beho Bk tkjh. UdK T[jBK jo u?gNo fszB ukotko fbytkfJnk.

fJe j'o nkds tZb th fXnkB iKdk j?. T[jBK jw/Fk nkgD/ fBZp tkb/g?&ZB dh tos'I ehsh fijd/ ftu Bhbh f;nkjh j[zdh ;h. u/bgkZe dh Bhbh f;jkJhd/ fJbktk T[jBK fe;/ j'o ozr dh f;nkjh BjhI tosh.

w?~ behodko g/go T[&Zgo fbyD dh nkds j? go T[jBK fbyD tk;s/jw/Fk ;\?d ns/ tXhnk g/go jh tofsnk.

gVQkJh d/ Bkb'I-Bkb w?I fuZsoekoK Bkb rZbpks th eo fojk ;h. ;t/o ;ko xo'I s[o g?Idk ns/ d/o oks ~ xo w[VQBk o'} dk B/w ;h. e[M Sg/ b/y w?I T[jBK ~ fdykJ/. T[j gVQ e/ y[F j'J/ fe s{z fJzihfBfozr gk; eo e/ th;kfjs dk ftfdnkoEh j?I. ebk gZy tkbk gk;ko ftnesh dh ;{M ~ ft;Ekodhj?. b/y gVQ e/ T[jBK gZSwh ebkekoK, ebk-bfjoK ns/ ebk-F?bhnK pko/;wMkT[D br g?Dk. w/o/ bJh fJj gZy th r[Dekoh ;h.

ebkekoK Bkb ehshnK rZbK ~ g[;se o{g d/D ;w/I w?I vkH jfoGiB f;zx~ T[; dk w[ZypzX fbyD tk;s/ fdZsk. g[;se dk Bkw oZfynk frnk @ebk ns/ebkeko# g[;se nkT[IfdnK jh nogBk e"o B/ fJ; d/ f]bk\ w[fjzw S/V fdZsh.w?I gzikj e[ feskpK b? uzvhrVQ d/ fgqz;hgb gq/w f;zx B/ @ebk ns/ ebkeko# ]ohdDs'I wBQK eo fdZsk feT[Ife nihs e"o B/ gfjbK jh ;kfonK ~ ;[u/s eo fdZsk ;h.wsG/d ns/ p/wsbp dk e{V gquko fBozso tZXD brk. vkH ;[fszdo f;zx B{oB/ wkwbk mzvk eoB d/ isB ehs/ go gzikph ftGkr d/ sZsekbh w[yh B/ tZyokg?Isok fbnk. T[; nB[;ko fejk frnk fe gfjbh EKJ/ fJj rZd dh g[;se jhBjhI. d{ik fJjd/ ftu s/ok e'Jh :'rdkB BjhI. s{z sK f;o\ ebkekoK d/ ej/~ fbfynk j?.

id gzikph nekdwh, fdZbh dh g[;seK ~ fJBkw d/D tkbh ew/Nh dhwhfNzr j'Jh sK nihs e"o B/ fJBkw ns/ ]ohd fto'X ehsk. S/eV vkH jfoGiBf;zx B/ nkgD/ n]fsnkoh nfXekoK dh tos'I eo gZuh feskpK ]ohdD T[&Zgo w'jobrkJh.

T[jBhI fdBhI gzikph nekdwh ~ ezw eofdnK d; ;kb j' oj/ ;B fi;~ fJ; ;z;Ek B/ tZyoh soQK wBkT[D dk T[gokbk ehsk. fJjBK d; ;kbK d"okBouh rJh T[&Zsw ejkDh, rZd, eftsk dh u'D eoe/ jo ftXk dh tZy'-tZyoh g[;se


Skgh rJh. rZd ~ ;wofgs g[;se fuZsoeko gowihs f;zx Bkb ehs/ w/o/fJzNoftT{ ~ irQk fdZsh. fJj T[jBK b'eK ~ w'VtK itkp ;h i' @ebk ns/ebkeko# g[;se ~ rZd ftXk ftu Fkfwb eoB s'I fJBekoh ;B.


fJj gZek ;h fe nekdwh y/soK ftu T[j gfjbK tKr rshFhb BjhI ;B.go sK th T[jBK dh g[ZS-gVskb gqGkth pDh j'Jh ;h. fJe y/so fJBkwK dk ;h.;kfjs nekdwh dk fJBkw p'uB bJh nkgD/ ;kfjseko wFj{o jB. vkH irskoth fJ; bJh ek\h go/FkB ;h. T[j fJj th ukj[zdk fojk fe vkH jfoGiB f;zxT[;dh eftsk pkps fbyD. vkH irsko B/ nkgD/ wB ftu w?~ vkH jfoGiB f;zxse gj[zuD dk wkfXnw Ekg fbnk ;h. w?I vkH irsko dh rZb T[jBK sZe g[ZMdhehsh. T[jBK dk itkp ;h, @@T[jdh eftsk mhe j? go w?I jo/e pko/ BjhI fby;edk. :{Bhtof;Nh ftu T[jd/ eJhI fwZso jB, T[jBK e'b'I feT[I BjhI fbytkb?Idk.##

fJe fdB id w?I T[jBK ~ fwfbnk sK efjD bZr/ @@s{z y[F j't/Irk, s/o/ :ko ~ ;kfjs nekdwh dk fJBkw fwb frnk j? - -.##

@@e"D j?, T[j<##

@@vkH irsko. j[D T[; ~ w/o/ fby/ dh b'V BjhI - -.##

pknd ftu gsk bZrk fiT{oh ftu vkH jfoGiB f;zx th Fkfwb ;B.


fJj rZb T[; ;w/I dh j? id T[j fjzdh nekdwh d/ tkfJ; u?now?B ;B.xNBk dk t/otk fjzdh d/ ;kfjseko, nfXnkge ftFtBkE fsqgkmh Bkb j'JhrZbpks T[&Zgo nkXkfos j?. T[j ][d fjzdh nekdwh dh ew/Nh dh w?Ipo ;h.ew/Nh B/ fBoDk fbnk fe vkH Bkwto f;zx ~ @Fbkxk ;BwkB# fdZsk ikt/.nekdwh dk f;]o ;BwkB b?D bJh eh vkH Bkwto f;zx wzB ikDr/< ;wZf;nkdk jZb bZfGnk frnk. ew/Nh d/ fBoD/ s'I pknd ikD{ eotkT[D bJh vkH jfoGiBf;zx ns/ ftFtBkE fsqgkmh T[jBK d/ xo rJ/. T[; ;BwkB ;wkrw dk nkgDkozr ;h. ;BwkB d/D tkbh fXo ns/ ;BwkB b?D tkbh fXo B/ nkg'-nkgDh soQKFpdK dk ikj'-ibkb fdykfJnk. vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ fjzdh ftu fby/ ;tkrshp'b T[uko/, fiBQK dk nkXko vkH Bkwto f;zx d[nkok ofus @@d{;oh gozgok dhy'Ii## g[;se ;h.

vkH Bkwto f;zx B/ nkgDh wVe Bkb ;BwkB - ;thfeqsh d/ p'bT[uko/, fpB fby/. T[jBK fejk fe w?~ sK ;BwkB d/D dh nkds g? u[Zeh j?, b?D


dh nkds jkb/ BjhI gJh.


rZbK eofdnK eofdnK T[jBK dh fdFk wBihs fNtkDk ~ fwb/ ;kfjsnekdwh ;BwkB tZb ~ j' rJh. w?I fejk @@fNtkDk dh feskp gVQh j?.w?~ sKfbyh Bkb'I ykbh EK f}nkdk fdykJh fdZsh j?.## vkH jfoGiB f;zx p'b/, @@fJjfJBkw ]kbh SZvh EK ~ fdZsk frnk j?, eftsktK ~ BjhI.##

nNe e/ c/o fejk, @@eJh tko fJBkw ouBk ~ BjhI, nkgfDnK iK w/b-i'b tkfbnK ~ fdZsk iKdk j?. wBihs fNtkDk nzfwqsk d/ ek\h eohp j?. fJBkwfwbD dk fJe ekoD fJj th j?.##


nzs T[&Zgo fJe j'o xNBk dk f}eo eoBk }o{oh brdk j? fi; dk;zpzX b/ye dh ;[szsosk Bkb i[fVnk j'fJnk j?. fJj T[j ;wK ;h id gzikpftu n;fEosk ;h. ;oekoh }[bw f;]o S'j fojk ;h. T[;/ t/b/ jfozdo f;zxwfjp{p dh tZv nkekoh ekft ouBk MBK dh oksMBK dh oksMBK dh oksMBK dh oksMBK dh oks ~ 1991 d/ ;kfjs nekdwhd/ ;BwkB bJh u[fDnk iKdk j?. fJj ekft g[;se ;Zs ekft g[;se dk ;w{jj?. ;kok e[S mhe mke ub fojk ;h fe c/o fJedw G[ukb nk frnk.eKro;hnK dk fJe N'bk nekdwh ik tVdk j? ns/ T[&ZE'I d/ T[&Zg-;eZso d/ w{zjT[&Zgo ekb] wb d/Idk j?. jfozdo f;zx wfjp{p ;koh rshftXh dk e/Ido jh BjhIpDdk pbfe T[j d/F fto'Xh d/ o{g ftu g/F ehsk ikD brdk j?. T[; gk;'IfJBkw ns/ fJBkw d/ g?;/ tkg; bJ/ ikD dh wzr f;]o S'jD brdh j?. nfij/;zeN dh xVh ;w/I ;q'wDh r[od[nkok gqpzXe ew/Nh eth ns/ eth dh ouBk d/pukn fjs ;kjwD/ nkT[Idh j?.

jfozdo f;zx wfjp{p gfNnkb/ d/ G{stkV/ dk fjZ;k fojk ;h. fiZE'I sZe:kd nkT[Idk j? fe;/ B/ T[jd/ jZe ftu nktk} Bk u[Zeh. fe;/ th yZph gkoNh iKT[;d/ B[wkfJzd/ B/ b/ye d/ gqrNkt/ d/ jZe ftu Bk sK p'fbnk, Bk jh fbfynk.e[M tfoQnK pknd ][d ~ wkoe;tkdh efjD tkb/ fdZbh :{Bhtof;Nh d/ nfXnkgeKns/ b[fXnkD/ d/ Be;b ejkT[ID tkb/ ;kfjsekoK B/ fwbe/ ;Zih fXo d/ r'ghuzdt'NK gk e/ fiskfJnk. Bkozr d/ fto'X ftu yVQh wjk Ft?sk d/th ~ fFe;s fwbh.go fJj ;G jfozdo f;zx wfjp{p Bkb j' ojh tXheh ;w/I ]kw'F oj/.

fJBkw tkbh g[;se dhnK e[M ekghnK bkfJp/qoh ftu oZyhnK iKdhnKjB. r[ow[y f;zx Bkw d/ fJe gkme B/ fJj feskp d/ T[j fjZ;/ gVQ/ fiZE/ fJzdokrKXh ns/ p/nzs f;zx, ;stzs f;zx dk f}eo ;h. T[; B/ T[j fjZ;k o/yKfes eobkfJpq/ohnB fti/ beFwh ~ d/ fdZsk. bkfJpq/ohnB B/ ;kok e[M nekdwh d/


;eZso nZr/ ik oZfynk. fJ;/ fuDr B/ pknd ftu nZr dk o{g b? fbnk.

;zGt j? t/b/ d/ eBthBo iK fJBkw d/D tkbh ew/Nh B/ fJj fjZ;k BkgfVQnk j't/ iK gVQ e/ nDd/fynk eo fdZsk j't/.

r[ow[y f;zx ~ gfjbh tko w?I vkH jfoGiB f;zx d/ xo fwfbnk ;h.T[; B/ vkH j'oK dhnK eftsktK pkps fJe feskp @vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh eftsk#fbyh ;h. pknd ftu ;kvk nkg;h w/b i'b ;zxDk j' frnk ;h.

T[go'es xNBk dk f}eo, tfoQnK pknd T[;/ B/ ehsk ;h. T[; dZf;nk;kok e[M fJe Fokos t; ehsk ;h. fJj T[; d/ ;[Gkn dk fjZ;k ;h. go fJ;ikDekoh B/ w?~ j?okB ns/ d[yh ehsk. jfozdo f;zx wfjp{p Bkb ;zpzfXs uZboj/ o'b/-oZg/ dofwnkB nkgDh gVQkJh fjs vkH jfoGiB f;zx d/ xo gj[zfunk sKd/fynk T[jBK ;\?d g/go T[&Zgo e[M fby e/ w/} T[&Zgo oZfynk jh ;h. fJFkokeoe/ w?~ fejk, @@fJ; ~ gVQ e/ d/y. eh mhe fbfynk j?<##

nzrq/}h ftu fbyhnK gzdoK-;'bK ;ZsoK ~ w?I fszB-uko tko gfVQnk. T[jtosK dk ndG[Zs Bw{Bk ;h. go fi; nzdk} ftu T[jBK jfozdo f;zx wfjp{pdh ouBk dk fi; wkD Bkb pukn ehsk j'fJnk ;h, T[j p/i'V ;h.

T[jBK dZf;nk ;h fe nekdwh tZb'I G/i/ fJe ;[B/j/ ftu MBK dk oksMBK dk oksMBK dk oksMBK dk oksMBK dk oksdk w[bKeD eo fJjd/ gZy-ftgZy ftu fbyD ~ fejk ;h. fJ;/ nB[;ko fJBkwtkg; b?D iK Bk b?D dk fBoDk fbnk ikt/rk.

eth, b/ye ~ nkgD/ ftuko gqrNkT[D dk jZe j?. T[j ;Zsk BjhI pbfe;skfJnK tZb j[zdk j?. fJ; dk w[ikjok T[; t/b/ fdZsk id 1997 d/ w"e/ j'Dtkb/ @rDszso fdt; eth dopko# dh wekos eofdnK pkpoh w;fid YkJ/ ikDpknd GVe/ dzfrnK dk f}eo eofdnK T[jBK fejk ;h fe nfij/ ;w/I ouBkekoje{ws d/ Bkb BjhI yVQ ;edk ns/ nkgDh rZb efjD dk T[; ~ jZe j?.

õõõ


vkH jfoGiB f;zx-ekft LvkH jfoGiB f;zx-ekft LvkH jfoGiB f;zx-ekft LvkH jfoGiB f;zx-ekft LvkH jfoGiB f;zx-ekft L;[ji-fdqFNh;[ji-fdqFNh;[ji-fdqFNh;[ji-fdqFNh;[ji-fdqFNhgq'H pbihs e"ogq'H pbihs e"ogq'H pbihs e"ogq'H pbihs e"ogq'H pbihs e"o

nkX[fBe s/ T[so-nkX[fBe ekb dh gzikph eftskd/ fJfsjk; ftu jfoGiB f;zx-ekft nkgD/ g{otekbh s/;wekbh ekft Bkb'_ tØyoh gqfeosh ;dek fBt/ebh gfjukDoydk j?. w"i{dk ihtB d/ ;[ji-ftj{D/ :EkoE d/ em'oe[;?b/ nB[GtK d/ ebkswe o{gKsoD ftu'_ T[d? j[zdk ekft-;[ji jfoGiB f;zx-ekft ftu ekoiFhb ;[ji-fdqFNh dhftbØyDsk dk gfou: fdzdk j'fJnk eth dh pbtkB ekft-gqfsGk dh nfGftnziBh ;woØEk dk gqwkD pDdk j?.fJe ebko{g j'D ti'_ eftsk dh gqwkfDe gSkD T[;dh ;[ji-T[d? dh:'rsk jh j?.ekft fJe ;[jiwJh o{g-ouBk j? fi;dk ;[jiikD/-gSkD/ ~ T[_i dk T[_i g/F eoB ftu Bjh_ , T[;d/w"fbe gqsØyD s/ nB[Gt dh Bh_j T[Øs/ fJe Bth_ s/ ftfusod[Bhnk f;oiD ftu j?.eth d[nkok f;ofis BtK s/ nB'ykekft-wzvb T[;dh ;[ji-fdqFNh dh gfjukD eoB dk fJe'-fJe gqwkfDe ;o's j?. eth dh f;oiD-;wØroh GkFkj?.T[j GkFk d/ gqkgs Fpd Gzvko ftu'_ ftF/F Fpd-u'D ns/Fpd-soshp d[nkok FpdK ~ T[BQK d/ ikD/-gSkD/ s/ fBFfusfujBsK Bkb'_ fBy/Vdk j'fJnk Bt/_,nDikD fujBsK Bkb;zi[rs eodk j?, fi; Bkb fujBeK s/ fujBsK d'jK dkniBpheoD j' iKdk j? ns/ T[j Bt/_ ftbØyD o{g d/ XkoBhj' ;[ji-nkBzd gqdkB eod/ jB. fJ; gqeko, ;[ji-T[d? ekftdk gqwkfDe gqekoi j?,i' FpdK dhnK nfGXkw{be s/byFDkw{be FeshnK s'_ gko T[BQK d/ nfGftnziBkw{benoE f;oiD dh ekfte ;woØEk d/ fBGkT[ dk bykfJepDdk j?.

jfoGiB f;zx-ekft ni'e/ ;w/_ d/ wB[Øyh ihtB d/

gq'ca?;o, gzikph ftGkr ns/g{ot vhB, GkFktK c?ebNh,r[o{ BkBe d/t :{Bhtof;Nh,nzfwqs;o.


ifNb s/ eo{o :EkoE d/ ftfGzB gk;koK d/ nB[GtK ns/ T[BQK d/ cb;o{g T[sgzBj'D tkb/ sBkT[ s/ ftFkd dk gq;s[sheoD j?. fJ; :[r ftu ihn fojk ;kXkoBwB[Øy gfo;fEshnK dh em'osk dk fFeko j'fJnk fe; soQK dk t;s{-:EkoEe s/wB':EkoEe ;zskg MØbdk j? ns/ nX{ok, y'ybk, p/p; s/ dzGh ihtB fiT[_dk j?,nfijk ihtB MZbd/ j'J/ T[;dh wkBf;esk sBkT[ s/ frbkBh d/ s[oF nfj;k;iodh j'Jh fe; soQK yzfvs j[zdh j?, fJ;d/ nB[GtK ~ ftfGzB gfo;fEshnK ftuftuod/ ekft-gksoK dhnK fefonktK-gqfsfeqnktK, ;'uDh s/ eEBh d/ o{g ftu;w{os eoBk jfoGiB f;zx-ekft dh tØyosk j?.;[ji-jhD ihtB :EkoE dhem'osk ns/ wB[Øy dh ;[Gkfte ;[ji-b'uk dh e'wbsk ~ fJe d{i/ d/ Nkeo/ s/oØy e/ fe;/ gqsh th T[bko Bk j' e/ fJBQK ftub/ fto'X, sBkT[ s/ NeokT[ ~ r?o-o[wKfNe s/ r?o-Gkt[e fdqFNh s'_ ;{yw ftnzr dh ftXh ftu o{gwkB eo ikDkjfoGiB f;zx-ekft d/ jh fjØ;/ nkfJnk j?. Gkt/_ fJ; ekft ftu ekft-;[ji d/;q's, gqfeosh, gqGkt nkfd gØyK ;zpzXh fByVt/_ s/ ;gFN T[ukoK dh nDj'_d j?,goekft-;[ji dh ;[MkT{ nfGftnziBk fJ; ekft dh ftbØyD ftF/Fsk ti'_ T[Goh j?.

fJj ekft gqw[y s"o s/ fi; nB[Gt y/so Bkb ;zpzfXs j?, T[j ni'e/wB[Øyh ihtB ftu ;[ji-b'uk s/ ;[ji-fposh T[go ;[ji-ftj{DhnK ns/ ;[ji-fto'Xhgfo;fEshnK d/ rbp/ dk nB[Gt y/so j?. ebk$eftsk gqfeosh ti'_ ;[jiwJh j?ns/ fJ;dh gqfeosh d/ nB[o{g jh fJ;dk gqekoi th ;[ji-T[d? j?. go ni'e/ihtB dhnK ;[ji-xksh ;fEshnK-gfo;fEshnK dh fgmG{wh ftu ebk$eftsk d/;[jiwJh gqfeosh s/ gqekoi dk fBGkT[ nfsnzs efmB j'fJnk fgnk j?, fit/_ fejfoGiB f;zx ofus fBwBnzfes eftsk d/ nfXn?B s'_ ;gFN j?L

f;yo d[gfjoK ftu ;[Ddk jK

fJe e'fJb dk p'b

fiT[_ nrBh d/ M[owN EkDh

bzx/ fJe SK ;[jb

(@eftsk#, Bk X[Øg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Øg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Øg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Øg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Øg/ Bk Skt/_, gzH103)

fJj eftsk @f;yo d[gfjo#$ @e'fJb dk p'b#, @nrBh dk M[owN#$ @fJeSK ;[jb#, @wjK nrB#$ @jfonk ;[o#, @fB;ozrk gkDh#$ @fMbfwb dhg#, @fwosedh r'dh#$ @fuDrh ;tk; bt/#, @GT[ ;kro#$ @wjKfBr{Dh nr dh vbh#,nkfd fto'XhfpzpK dh f;oiDk eodh j'Jh :EkoE d/ ;[ji-fto'Xh s/ ;[ji-xksh gk;koK d/Nkeo/ ftu ebk d/ e'wb ;[ji ~ oØydh j? ns/ ;[ji dh e'wbsk d/ Nkeo/ ftu:EkoE dh eo{osk ~ T[xkVdh j?. fJ; soQK fJj d'jK d/ fto'X , sBkT[, NeokT[dh ftXh ftu nkgDh gqfeosh nB[;ko gqekoi fBGkT[_d/ ikD dh ;zGktBk dh ;[MkT{


pD iKdh j?.fJ; s'_ wB[Øy dh ;[Gkfte ;[ji ohM, ihtB ftu ;[ji dh b'V s/;koEesk, ;[ji-b'uk dh g{osh bJh :sBFhbsk iK fJ; ohM ~ dpk e/ iK wkow[ek e/ n;[Gkfte s/ ngqwkfDe ihtB ihD dh wip{oh gqfs eth dh ;irsk dkgqwkD fwbdk j?. nfijh ;irsk jfoGiB f;zx d/ gfjb/ ekft-;zfrqj bk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;K s'_T[;d/ wrob/ ;ko/ ekft-;zfrqjnK dhnK eftsktK ftu pj[-gosh s/ pj[-gk;kohnB[GtK ti'_ nfGftnes j?.

bk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;K s/ nXo?DhnXo?DhnXo?DhnXo?DhnXo?Dh ekft-;zfrqjnK dhnK eftsktK ;[ji ~ fJe d[obG s/E'VQ-fuoh fBnkws tKr b'uD,bØGD ns/ rqfjD eoB d/ nB[GtK dh o{gwkBskjB. ;w/_ dhnK ihtB-gfo;fEshnK dh efmBsk s/ em'osk d/ ekoD w;K ihn-Eh oj/ ;kXkoB ftnesh ~ nkgDh ;[ji-G[Øy ~ fsqgs eoB ns/ ;[ji-fgnko ~wkDB bJh i' ehws ndk eoBh g?_dh j?, pj[sh tkoh T[;dh ;woØEk ns/ i[oØnsjo/e d/ fjØ;/ Bjh_ nkT[_dh. fJ; eoe/ T[; dhnK tX/o/ eftsktK d/ gkso ;[jidh b'V ns/ ;koEesk gqfs u/szB j[zd/ j'J/ th fJ;~ wkDB ns/ ihtB ~ ;[jiGog{o pDkT[D dh i[oØns s'_ e'o/ jB. nfij/ gksoK dk wB'fusoD fBwBnzfesekft-;soK jBL

w?_ eo eo isBK jkoh

okwk Bjh_ w[edh c[bekoh !

(@Bjh_ w[edh c[bekoh#, bk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;K, gzH34)

nfijhnK ekft-;soK ekft-gksoK d/ nzdo gb ojh ;[ji ~ wkDB dhohM ns/ ihtB ~ ;[jiwJh pDkT[D dh b'u dhnK ;ze/se sK jB, go fJj ekft-gkso fJ; ohM d/ w[es gqrNkt/ ns/ fJ;dh g{osh bJh b'Vh_dh :sBFhbsk s'_e'o/ B}o nkT[_d/ jB. go fJ; ;[Gkfte ohM ~ dpk b?D iK wko w[ek d/D dhp/t;h nu/s iK ;[u/s fi; wkBf;e sBkT[ ~ iBw fdzdh j?, T[;d/ tØy-tØy nB[Gthgk;ko jfoGiB f;zx dh ;w[Øuh ekft ouBk dh nB[Gt ;wØroh jB. T[;dhnKeJh eftsktK gksoK ~ sBkT[ G'rd/ j'J/ th fJ; gqfs nu/s iK nt/;b/ ofj e/nkgDh gdkoEe j'_d ~ G'rh ikD tkbh wkBf;esk tkb/ do;kT[_dhnK jB, fit/_ fe @ngqwkfDe#, @bx{-wkBt#, @fJe fwBN ykw'Fh#, @fi;B/ e'Jh pks Bk gkJh#, @eu-;{se#, @tofis G'r#, @phpk izrb#, @e/tb FoXKibh#, @yzvoh dhtko d/ ;kJ/ ftu#,@p[ØXhihth g/got/N#, @G[Øy/ ;{oi#, @gVSØshnK s/ izr#, @ikb/#, @Bk-j'J/#, nkfdeftsktK. fJBQK ftub/ gksoK dh wkBf;esk yV's ftu j?.eJh j'o eftsktK d/gkso sBkT[ dh rshwkBsk ~ G'rd/ jB, noEks, T[j sBkT[ s'_ sBkT[ se dk;\o eod/ j'J/ fJ; s'_ g?dk j'D tkb/ wB'ftFkd d/ nB[GtK ftu'_ r[}od/ jB.fJj nB[Gt fiBQK eftsktK ftu ngqwkfDesk, ng{oBsk, gfjukDjhDsk,bx{sk,


fBopbsk d/ nfj;k;K ti'_ fusfos j?, T[BQK ftu, @w/oh s;tho#, @fBgsqk#, @s/o/ j}{ow/oh jk}oh dh dk;skB#, @;[brdk jØE#, @w/o/ Bzr/} ftu dhtk#, @fJeØbh fgØm#, @d'y{jK dh r[csr{#, @f;tk#, @whBko#, @fJj th fejVk ;"yk j?#, @fpoS#, @ezXK dh Skt/_#, nkfd eftsktK ftF/F s"o s/ nfXn?B :'r jB. e[M ;soK nfXn?B fjsfBwBnzfes jBL

edh fJ; Ffjo ftu

e'Jh oks nkT[_dh j? ni/jh th

i' w/o/ nzdo jh nk e/ p?mDk ukj/

w/o/ nzdo eJh sko/ irk e/ oØy fdzdh j?

(@;bhp#, ;Ve d/ ;c/ T[Øs/;Ve d/ ;c/ T[Øs/;Ve d/ ;c/ T[Øs/;Ve d/ ;c/ T[Øs/;Ve d/ ;c/ T[Øs/, gz 59)

jfoGiB f;zx dhnK e[M eftsktK d/ gkso sBkT[ s'_ NeokT[ se dk ;coeod/ j'J/ sBkT[ d/ pkjoh s/ nzdo{Bh ekoDK ~ ;wMd/ s/ ftFb/fFs eod/ thB}o nkT[_d/ jB. fJ; s'_ nrKj, T[j fJBQK ekoDK Bkb d;sgzik b?D tkbhwkBf;e i[oZns th do;kT[_d/ jB, Gkt/_ fJ;dk f;ØNk j'o nrb/o/ i'yw d/ nB[GtKd/ o{g ftu jh feT[I Bk j't/. nfijhnK e[M eftsktK sBkT[ s/ NeokT[ s'_ nrKj;[bMkT[ se ;co dk th fusoD jB, go ;[bMkT[ tk;sfte nB[Gt dh pikJ/ekfte ;zGktBk d/ ;[MkT[ d/ o{g ftu ;ze/fss j?. fw;kb ti'_ T[;dhnK eftsktK,@s/oh g'Fke ftu#, @nkgD/ dotk}/ y'bQ#, @N[zvh ftdk#, @Bt/_ jØE#, @y[de[Fh s'_ pknd#,@ijk} s/ u{jk#, @fpoS Bkb b? e/ s[oBk j?#, @nØr dh :ksok#, @;Ve d/ ;c/ T[Øs/#, @ezv/dko#, @d[gfjo t/b/ dhtk#, @n;gzib#, nkfd, T[;dhnK ouhnK w'B'bkrh eftsktKns/ ekft-BkN sko-s[geksko-s[geksko-s[geksko-s[geksko-s[gek dk nfXn?B eoBk pDdk j?. fJe fw;kb g/F j?L

nzdo d/ ;/w/ ftu feXo/ fuDr b[eh j?

dbdb @u'_ i' th g[ØNKrk, g?o pD/rk

nkgD/ @u'_ fizBk N[ØNKrk gzy pDKrk

nk; sqk; dk n?;k ukBD

(@y[deFh s'_ pknd#, ;Ve d/ ;c/ T[Øs/;Ve d/ ;c/ T[Øs/;Ve d/ ;c/ T[Øs/;Ve d/ ;c/ T[Øs/;Ve d/ ;c/ T[Øs/, gzH10)

sBkT[ s'_ T[GoB ns/ fJ;d/ ;[bMkT[ bJh :sBFhb j'D tk;s/ fi; gqekod/ pbtkB wB'gqpzX dh b'V j?, T[;dh xkVs bJh g[okD/ wB'gqpzX ~ wko e/ Bt-f;oiBk eoB dh db/oh dk ;[MkT[ d/D tkbhnK ouBktK ftu wØEk dht/ tkbkwØEk dht/ tkbkwØEk dht/ tkbkwØEk dht/ tkbkwØEk dht/ tkbkftF/F s"o s/ f}eo eoB :'r ouBk j?. fJj ouBk wB[Øyh wkBf;esk dhnK ftfGzBgosK ns/ T[BQK ftu b[ehnK ftFkb jK-w[y ;zGktBktK ~ BkNeh gqrhs dh ftXhftu o{gwkB eodh j'Jh ftbØyD ;[ji-:'rsk dk T[dkjoD pDh j?. fJ; ouBk


dk e/_doh gkso fJBQK f;oiBkswe ;zGktBktK ~ nkgD/ pj[-gk;koh ftnefsst d/nfBØyV gk;ko ti'_ do;kT[_dk j?, fijVhnK wB[Øyh j'_d dh gqwkfDesk s/ftek;w[ysk dk ;p{s pDdhnK jB. nfijhnK ;zGktBktK dk ;[MkT[ gqdkB eoBkjfoGiB f;zx-ekft dk ;[jikswe nkdoF j?, i' wØEk dht/ tkbkwØEk dht/ tkbkwØEk dht/ tkbkwØEk dht/ tkbkwØEk dht/ tkbk ns/ o[Øy s/o[Øy s/o[Øy s/o[Øy s/o[Øy s/foFh foFh foFh foFh foFh ouBktK d/ gksoK dh n;kXkoB :'rsk se gj[zu d/ o{g ftu ;[MkfJnkfrnk j?.ftnesh ~ fJe' t/b/ ;kXkoBsk-n;kXkoBsk, bx{sk-ftokNsk, nBkfJest-BkfJest, d/ fto'X-r[ØNK dk w[iØ;wk do;kfJnk frnk j?. fJj wB[Øy nzdobhf;oiBkswe gqfsGk d/ fBGkT[ dh :'rsk j?, i' T[;~ ;kXkoB s'_ nk;kXkoB,nBkfJe s'_ BkfJe, pDkT[_dh j? ns/ fJj :'rsk wB[Øy ~ o"FB w;se tkbk pDke/ foFhst d/ w[ekw se gj[zuk ;edh j?. nfij/ w[ekw se gj[zuD tkb/ wB[Øydh wjKeØd F];hns d/ ;kjt/_ jo soQK dk jB/ok, jo soQK dh d[Ftkoh, sBkT[,n;woØEk s/ i[onsjhDsk r'v/ N/e d/D tkbh ;fEsh ftu fuso/ rJ/ jB. fw;kbti'_ L

ifDnK s{z fJe j?_ iK d' $ nzdo G'o/ b[fenk

pkjo v[bQdh b'n $ nkg/ okj ftykt/_

(wØEk dht/ tkbkwØEk dht/ tkbkwØEk dht/ tkbkwØEk dht/ tkbkwØEk dht/ tkbk, gzH78)

fJ; gqeko dh pbtkB s/ ;woØEktkB wB'xkVs bJh wB[Øy nzdo w"i{df;oiBkswe ;zGktBktK ~ T[ikro eoBk eth jfoGiB f;zx dh ;[ji-fdqFNh dh;koEe fdFk j?.J/E/ f;oiBkswesk fJe T[u s/ nkdoFe ;[ji-wØb j?, fi;dh;koEesk jo soQK d/ e[ji Bkb NØeo b?D ns/ T[; T[Øs/ jkth j'D dh ;zGktBkT[ikro eoB ftu j?. jo BtK f;oiB ;[ji d/ nkdoF tb T[Bw[y j? ns/fJ;d/ bJh gozgokrs s/ ;Ekgs ~ T[bzxDk$ oØd eoBk bk}wh j?. T[bzxD iKoØd eoB s'_ gfjbK T[;dh ioiosk s/ fBokoEesk dh u/sBk j'Dh th }o{oh j?.jfoGiB f;zx-ekft ;[ji-ftj{D/ s/ ;[ji-fto'Xh :EkoE dh u/sBk g?dk eoe/ ;[jigqfs brkT[ ~ ;[ji-T[d? dhnK ;zGktBktK dk ;[MkT{ pDkT[D tkbh ;[ji-fdqFNhd[nkok ;zukfbs j?. fJj ;Ekfgs ekft-gozgok ~ T[bzx e/ ekft dh p[Dsh s/pDso d'jK d/ gØy s'_ Bt/_ f;oiBkswe gqfswkB f;oiB tkbh ;[ji-fdqFNh j?, i'fJe w"fbe s/ wjK-eØd ekft-gqfsGk dk gqwkD g/F eodh j?.;w/_ d/ ;kXkoB wB[Øydh ihtB-;fEsh ns/ wkBf;esk ftu ftnkg oj/ ftnzr dh BkNeh g/Fekoh ~T[;dh ekft-:'rsk d/ fBGkT[ dh f;yo ti'_ d/fynk ik ;edk j?. ;[Gkfte ikgDtkb/ ftjko s/ T[uko ~ ;{yw ftnzr dh ftXh ftu fJ; soQK fusoBk fe T[;~T[;d/ ;zdoG Bkb'_ nftt;fEs eoe/ Bt/_ noE f;oi d/D/, T[;dh ekft-:'rskdh fJe j'o ftbØyDsk j?. nD;[bM/ gqFBK dh j'_d-;fEsh, nksw ftFb/FD,


fto'XkGk;h ftT[jko, BkNeh u'N, nkfd dh J/Bh ;fji f;oiBk fe ftnzrg{oBsk dk;u/s nfj;k; se Bk j'D d/Dk, fJj th jfoGiB f;zx dh ekft-gqfsGk dk ewkbj?. T[;dh f;oiBkswe gqfsGk gquZfbs, ;Ekfgs ns/ nkgDhnK ;kohnK ;zGktBktKjzYk e/ pZio j' u[ØehnK ekft-ftXhnK ~ T[bzxD s/ oØdD dh tzrko Bkb BfiØmDd/ th ;woØE j?. ni'e/ ;w/_ ftu ebk d/ tgkoheoD d[nkok u[zfXnkJ/ j'J/ gkmeK$;o'fsnK dh ;[ji-;zt/dBk ~ N[zpD s/ shpo eoB tkbh T[;dh ;[ji-fdqFNh ekftdh ;[jikswe gqfeosh s/ gqekoi gqfs fBozso fBFmktkBsk dk gqwkD pDh j?.

õõõ


vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ouBkvkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ouBkvkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ouBkvkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ouBkvkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ouBk@o[Zy s/ foFh# dk ekft-fuzsB@o[Zy s/ foFh# dk ekft-fuzsB@o[Zy s/ foFh# dk ekft-fuzsB@o[Zy s/ foFh# dk ekft-fuzsB@o[Zy s/ foFh# dk ekft-fuzsB

vkH :'rokivkH :'rokivkH :'rokivkH :'rokivkH :'roki

nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk d/ fJfsjk; ftu vkH jfoGiBf;zx fJØe nfijk fuzse FkfJo pDdk j? fi;d/ ekft-fuzsB~ nkX[fBe ftukoXkoktK d/ fJefjo/ ns/ fBFfussktkdhwkvbK okjh_ Bjh_ ;wfMnk ik ;edk. e'Jh fJØe frnkBnB[Fk;B iK ftukoXkok ~ id'_ T[;dh eftsk ftØu'_ gSkDB dkgq:sB eod/ jK sK e'Jh nrbk ftuko$ftukoXkok fJ;~T[bzx e/ fe;/ d{i/ ftuko Bkb gkme ~ ;zpzfXs eo fdzdkj?. T[;dh eftsk ~ gVQfdnK ni/ gkme fJØe ftukopDkT[Dk F[o{ jh eodk j? fe eftsk dh nrbhnK ;soK,gkme d/ fgSb/ ftukoK ~ gqFBK d/ x/o/ #u yVQk eo fdzdhnKjB. n;b ftu vkH jfoGiB f;zx ekft ftØu fi;BkfJe$wkBt$nkdoF dh sbkF j?, T[j ;op ;kXkoB j[zdkj'fJnk th n?Bk n;kXkoB j? fe ;fGnsk dhnK f;oihnKftukoXkoktK, Xow, wfonkdktK, gozgoktK ns/ ftXhnK dhnK;hwktK s'_ gko ikD dh sKx ftØu j?. nkX[fBe ;fGnskdhnK f;oihnK ftukoXkoe ;zouBktK ed'_ ;hwktK ns/ ed'_;zGktBktK pDdhnK jB ns/ wB[Øy bJh T[BQK dh ;koEeskfezBh e[ pDdh j?, fJ; T[so dh sbkF ftu jh jfoGiBf;zx fJfsjk;$fwfEjk; ns/ toswkB ftØu jk}o nkdoFBkb ;ztkd oukT[_dk j?. fJ; eftsk ftubh ;zpkdeh ftXhBk fe;/ fJØe nkdoF #s/ yVQdh j? ns/ Bk fJ;dk fto'Xf;oidh j?. jfoGiB f;zx dk ekft-BkfJe fJfsjk; ns/toswkB Bkb ;zpkdeh foFfsnK ftØu pØfMnk B}o nkT[_dkj?. fJjh ekoB j? fe jfoGiB f;zx dh eftsk d/F, ekb,ftukoXkok ~ T[bzx e/ x/oktkdh ;fGnkuko s'_ gko dh eftskj' fBpVdh j?. T[;d/ ekft-fuzsB dk fJj nkdoF nkgD/

gq'ca ?;o s/ w[yh, gzikphftGkr, gzikp :{Bhtof;Nh,uzvhrVQ


g{o/ ib"n ftØu T[; dhnK bzwhnK eftsktK ftØu ft;Eko ;fjs g/F j[zdk j?. vkHjfoGiB f;zx dh eftsk nkgDh gozgok #u'_ fwEkb'ih ns/ b'eXkok Bkb v{zxh soQKi[Vh j'Jh j? ns/ T[;dh eftsk ftubk gqrhse ;[ji eJh tko sK b'e-rhsK dhgqrhskswesk ns/ otkBhns dk o; d/ e/ gkme ~ nkgD/ Bkb i'V b?_dh j?. gofeT[_fe fJj ekft b'eXkok ns/ fwEkb'ih ~ g/F Bjh_ eo fojk, ;r'_ T[BQK d/ Bt/_ noE th xV fojk j?l fJj noE xkVs fJ; eftsk ~ b'eXkok ftubh of;eskns/ ;q'skw[ysk #u'_ eØY e/ p[ØXh d/ y/so dh f;oiDk pDk fdzdh j?. fJ; bJh vkHjfoGiB f;zx dh ;[jitkdh fdqFNh th b'eXkok tkbh of;esk ~ go/ XØe e/ p[ØXhd/ y/so dhnK ;zt/dBktK Bkb tk;sk i'Vdh j?. fJjh ekoB j? fe ;[u/s ns/ p"fXegkme jfoGiB f;zx dh eftsk d/ noEK dh tfuØsosk okjh_ fJ;d/ ;[ji ~ wkDdkj?. vkH jfoGiB f;zx d/ nfij/ ftbØyD ekft-fuzsB ~ T[;dh dh wjØstg{oB ouBko[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFh d/ ekft-gkm okjh_ ;wMd/ jK.

o[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFh vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh fJe gq'V ns/ ebkf;e ouBk j?fi;dh f;oiDk dh nkXkofFbk ftØu T[;d/ uko djkfenK dh ekft ;kXBk gJh j?.1956 ftØu T[; dk gfjbk ekft-;zrqfj bk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;K gqekfFs j[zdk j? ns/ o[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFhdh gqekFBk 1992 ftu ;kjwD/ nkT[_dh j?. 1989 ftØu jh jfoGiB f;zx wØEkwØEkwØEkwØEkwØEkdht/ tkbkdht/ tkbkdht/ tkbkdht/ tkbkdht/ tkbk dh ouBk okjh_ fJØe nfij/ wkBt dh j'_d ~ g/F eodk j? fijVknkX[fBe ihtB dh GhV ftØu niBphns ns/ n?po;fvNh dk fFeko j?. ;t?gSkDd/ ;zeN ftØu fxfonk fJj wjKBroh wØXtorh iht bx{ j'_d pD e/ nkgD/ nkb/d[nkb/ f;oih ik ojh ;ØfGnsk Bkb Neokn dh ;fEsh #u sK j? go T[;dhfBr{Dh ;woØEk fJ;d/ w/u dh Bjh_. FkfJd fJ;/ bJh jfoGiB f;zx o[Øy ns/o[Øy ns/o[Øy ns/o[Øy ns/o[Øy ns/foFhfoFhfoFhfoFhfoFh ftØu fi; T[&Zwh wB[Øy dh sbkF dk nkdoF g/F eodk j?, T[j T[&Zwh wB[ØypØu/ tork wk;{w ns/ ;op ;kXkoB j[zdk j'fJnk th wjK-BkfJe pD iKdk j?.fJØe ;kXkoB T[&Zwh fet/_ wjK-BkfJe pDdk j?, dk toBD ns/ fposKs jh o[Øyo[Øyo[Øyo[Øyo[Øyns/ foFhns/ foFhns/ foFhns/ foFhns/ foFh dh f;oiDk j?. o[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFh o{gkeko dh fdqFNh s'_ th fJØe ftbØyDouBk j?. bzph eftsk d/ o{gkeko ftØu fbyh fJj ouBk Gkt/_ pkjoh ;zouBk s'_sK wØEk dht/ tkbkwØEk dht/ tkbkwØEk dht/ tkbkwØEk dht/ tkbkwØEk dht/ tkbk tkb/ o{gkeko tkbh jh gqshs j[zdh j? go fJ; dh nKsfoev{zxh ;zouBk fBt/ebk w[jKdok xVdh gqshs j[zdh j?. fJ; eftsk dk ekft-BkfJe;t? fposKs dh F?bh okjh_ nkgDk BkfJest f;ØX eodk ubk iKdk j?l rshFhbskfJ; BkfJe dh fposh j? fijVh fes/ mfjodh Bjh_, ;zpkdeh ;zpzXK okjh_ nkgD/nkg ~ gfoGkfFs eodh ubh iKdh j?, id'_ e'Jh gfoGkFk w[ezwb j'D ezY/ nkT[_dhj? sK fJ; gfoGkFk ~ fJj BkfJe nkg jh oØd eoe/ nØr/ tX iKdk j?. nfijhft;EkgBk jfoGiB f;zx ekft dk w{b pD iKdk j?. go o[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFh dh ouBkftØu ft;EkgBktK dhnK eVhnK pDdhnK iKdhnK jB. ft;EkgBk d/ noE nfijh


eftsk ftØu foi?eFB d/ Bjh_ ;r'_ ftFb/FD d/ pD iKd/ jB. fe;/ gozgok iKftukoXkok Bkb ;zpkd #u i/eo e[M rqfjD eoB:'r j? sK ehsk ik ;edk j?go fgSbØr Bjh_ pfDnk ik ;edk. nkgDh nfijh ekft-fdqFNh gqsh ][d f;oiejfoGiB f;zx ;[u/s j?. T[j efjzdk j?, ¿w?~ nkgDh iku nB[;ko ihT{D dh,ouD dh, ehws skoBh g?_dh j? ns/ w?_ y[Fh y[Fh skodk jK. n;b ftØu fJjw/oh ftouBk fposh dk jh fBt/ebk nzdk} j?. oØp d/ fgsk ns/ wksk d't/_ ;kvhgozgok d/ nzr jB. w?_ fJjBK ftØu'_ fe;/ ~ fsnkfrnk Bjh_, f;o\ fJjBK dhgfjb d{i ~ pdfbnk j?. (w/oh ekft-:ksokw/oh ekft-:ksokw/oh ekft-:ksokw/oh ekft-:ksokw/oh ekft-:ksok, gzBk 12) fpbe[b fJ; ;fEshftØu epho, g{oB ns/ p[ØX d/ wkvbK ~ oØd Bjh_ ehsk frnk ;r'_ fJjBK dh gfjb,d{i pdbh rJh j?. gfjb, d{i pdbD dh gqfefonk #u jh T[j gozgok #u'_ fJBQKg?|zpo BkfJeK Bkb ;fji dk foFsk pDkT[_dk j? go mfjodk fJBQK ftØu'_ fe;/ fJØe#s/ th Bjh_. fJj BkfJe sK o[Øy o{g j? fijVk gqfeosh dh ftFkbsk dk w?Nk\oj?. o[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFh d/ fujB jB fijV/ eftsk d/ ;w[Øu/ fttjko ftØu gqshe pDe/ noEK dh f;oiDk eod/ jB. o[Øy gfjbh B}o/ gqfeosh iK gqfeosh dhftFkbsk dk gqshe pD iKdk j?l f;oie fJ;~ wkBth j'_d ftØu nG/d eo fdzdkj?. eftsk d/ F[o{ ftØu jh o[Øy d/ noE ;gFN j'D brd/ jBl nrb/o/ t/oftnKftØu fJj noE ekft-BkfJe dh f;oiDk eod/ jB. foFh fco frnkB dk gqshej?. o[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFh ftØu fejVk gfjbK j? ns/ fejVk r"D iK fJj fJØe d{i/ d/g{oe, fJ; ;tkb dk T[so g{oe jh pDdk j?. feT[_ ;w[Øuh ekfte ;zouBk ftØuo[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFh g{oe j'_dK jB, nG/d j' e/ noE dh f;oiDk eo oj/ jB. n;bftØu id'_ o[Øy wkBth n;fsst$ekft-BkfJe pDdk j? sK fJ;d/ noE foFh tkb/pD iKd/ jB, id'_ foFh gqrN j[zdk j? sK frnkBtkB$T[&Zwh dh sbkF F[o{ j' iKdhj?. fJBQK j'_dK ~ fJt/_ th fejk ik ;edk j? fe i/eo foFh o{g frnkBtkB, T[&ZwhwB[Øy pDBk j? sK o[Øy torh ftFkbsk dh }o{os j?. nkgD/ fJ; ekft-fuzsB ~vkH jfoGiB f;zx eftsk d/ wzrbkuoD ftØu jh gqrN eo fdzdk j? L

jtk d/ tofenK #s/ y[Fp' d/ tke fbyK

jo/ jo/ gØs/ w/o/ p'b j' wjkw'B

(o[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFh, gzBk 7)

wzrbkuoD s'_ pknd fJ; ouBk ~ 09 ekvK ftØu tzfvnk frnk j?. joeKv d/ nØr'_ nzeK okjh_ tzv ehsh rJh j? ns/ nzs ftØu nzfsek fdØsh rJh j?.n;b ftu bzph eftsk dk nkX[fBe eftsk ftØu fJj fJØe j[D sØe dk gqwkfDewkvb j?. fJj wkvb n?Bk w"fbe j? fe fJ;dh ;zouBk nkgD/ s'_ g{opb/ fposKseekft ~ nkXko Bjh_ pDkT[_dh. jfoGiB f;zx s'_ gfjbK dh nkX[fBe bzwh eftsk


feØ;/ iK wjKekft ~ fe;/ Bk fe;/ o{g ftØu nkgDk nkXko pDkT[_dh ojh j? ns/fJ;dk o{gkeko iK sK wjKekft pDdk fojk j? ns/ iK ekft-BkN. go wØEk dht/wØEk dht/wØEk dht/wØEk dht/wØEk dht/tkbktkbktkbktkbktkbk s/ o[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFh okjh_ jfoGiB f;zx fJØe ftbØyD ns/ w"fbe ekft-o{gkeko dh ;Ekgsh okjh_ n;b'_ Bt f;oiDk dk fJfsjk; f;oi fdzdk j?.jfoGiB f;zx pknd e[M ethnK B/ bzph eftsk d/ fJ; g?NoB ~ ngDk e/ pkndftØu e[M ouBktK dh f;oiDk th ehsh j?. jfoGiB f;zx fJ; eftsk d/ fposKs~ behoh fposKs s'_ s'V e/ fposKse N[efVnK ftZu tzv fdzdk j?. ;t?-fposKsokjh_ f;ois fJj ouBk fe;/ fBozso ejkDh ~ g/F Bjh_ eodh, ;r'_ S'N/ S'N/ ;t?-fposKsK okjh_ nkgD/ BkfJe ~ xVdh j?. tkoskbkg dh gozgoe ftXh dk fsnkreoe/ f;oie ][d jh jkf}o j' e/ nkgD/ ihtB doFB ~ g/F eodk j?.

f;oie eKvK dh tzv sK Gkt/_ eodk j? go f;ob/yK okjh_ T[BQK ~ e'JhgSkD d/ e/ gfjbK jh ekft-nkdoF ~ gqrN eoB s'_ r[o/} eodk j?. f;oiDkd/ ekft-fuzsB ~ ;wMD dh tX/o/ f}zw/tkoh th bØrdh j? T[j gkme #s/ jh SØvDkukj[zdk j?. n;b ftØu jfoGiB f;zx fi; T[&Zwh ~ sbkF fojk j? T[;d/ e'JhpD/ pDkJ/ BeF Bjh_ xV fojk ;r'_ gozgok tkb/ ;kv/ ntu/sB ftØu nkdoFKd/ i' BeF xV/ th jB, T[BQK ~ th T[j fwNk d/Dk ukj[zdk j?. fBozso ;ztkddk fJj ekft nkgDh sbkF ~ nzs s/ gqFBK d/ x/o/ ftØu yVk eo fdzdk j? L

sbkF e'Jh $ e'Jh feskp Bjh_ fibd ftØu pØMh

fe fwØE/ j'J/ nzs T[go gj[zu e/ $ g{oB ;zg{oB j' ikt/


sbkF sKx j? ihtB dh, fJ;dh wzf}b d/ Gow sK f;oi/ ik ;ed/ jB,Ekj Bjh_ gkJh ik ;edh. ihtB dh fBozsosk wo}h Gog{o ihtB fiT[_ bt/, j'ofiT[D dh nfGbkyk pDh ofjzdh j?. sbkF dh wzf}b Bjh_, fco sKx pDdh j?.fJ; fBozso sKx ns/ ;zpkd ;zpzXh vkH irihs f;zx dk eEB fJ; ouBk dhftXh ns/ noEK ~ ;wMD bJh pVk wjØstg{oB j?, ¿fJj ouBk ekft-gkso dk;t? ihtBe dkoFfBe gqtuB j?. fJ; ~ gqtuB (-) th fejk ik ;edk j?. gzikphGkFk ftØu jh nfijh, ni'e/ Gkosh ekft dh p/i'V gqkgsh nDr"bh ofj ;edh j?.o[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFh dh ftbGs o{ge ouBk tkbh fJj feos fJØe fBozso ;ztkd j?ouBk d/ gfjb/ nØX ftØu o[Øy foFh tZb tØXdk j?, fco foFh o[Øy tØb w[Vdk gqshsj[zdk j?. fJ; :ksok ftØu e[M j'o gkso EK-go-EK fJ; ;ztkd ftØu Fohe j[zd/s/ nkgDk o'b fBGk e/ s[od/ pDd/ jB - f;XkoE, g{oB, ;hsk, okw, f;ftnK dkpktk, e'Jh GkJh, r[owksk, r[o{d/t, god/;h, e[Vh, wK, ng;ok, T[&Zwh fJj ;ko/ jhgkso ekft-w?_ dh nksw ;ztkd gqfefonk d/ gVkn-o{g jB. ekft-w?_ nkgD/ nkg


~ fBozso ofus eodh f}zdrh d/ ;Øu ~ ;wMD dk :sB eodh s[oh iKdh j?.;Øu eh j? - fJj f}zdrh dh fBozso ftouBk j?. (gkm T[so gkmgkm T[so gkmgkm T[so gkmgkm T[so gkmgkm T[so gkm, vkH irihsf;zx, gzBk 189-190). nkgDh fJ; ftouBk fposh ~ sK f;oie jfoGiB f;zxeftsk d/ gfjb/ eKv ftØu jh n?bkB fdzdk j? id T[j nksw-;ztkd okjh_ nkgDhekft-w?_ ~ o[Øy ftØu nG/d eodk j? L

i{BK ftØu i{B w/oh o[Øy j?

Xosh #u rØfvnK th w?_ x/fonK s'_ pkjo


fJ; feos d/ gfjb/ eKv d/ u"E/ T[g fjØ;/ (1-4) ftØu vkH jfoGiB f;zxekwBk ns/ fsnkr d/ w{b$;dhth sDkn ~ g/F eodk j?. o[Øy j'_d wB[Øy dhfgnk; ~ @;'jDh F?n# efj e/, T[j fJ; dtzd ~ sK ]sw eo fdzdk j? fefgnk;$bkb;k$ekwBk wkBt dk w{b j?, go eh fJj ekwBktK @;'jDh F? fgnk;#jh pDhnK ofjzdhnK jB iK fJBQK #u fxfonk wB[Øy GNeDk ns/ sDkn dk fFekoj' iKdk j?. fJØE/ o[Øy dh fgnk; d/ w?Nk\o okjh_ wkBth ekwBk ~ gfoGkfFs eoBdk beF jh ekwBk ~ ihtB Bkb i'VBk j?. T[; soQK sK jfoGiB f;zx dk ;w[Øukekft jh ekwBk ns/ fsnkr dh sDknFhb ;fEsh ns/ sqk;dh ~ g/F eodk j? gofJ; feos ftØu T[j ekwBk ~ tX/o/ dkoFfBesk Bkb gfoGkfFs eodk B}onkT[_dk j?. u"E/ eKv sØe gj[zufdnK ;fEsh ek\h ;gFN j[zdh B}o nkT[_dh j?.pzdk fiBQK ekwBktK d/ ;z;ko ftØu ofjzdk j? eh T[BQK s'_ fBiks ;zGt j?< fJ; gqFBdk e'Jh fJØe T[so fJ; ouBk dk ;[Gkn Bjh_ go ekwBk ns/ pzdk d' nfBØyV j'_dKjB - fJBQK ~ tØy fet/_ ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJj th jehes j? fe pzd/ dk ;kok;zxoF iK sK bkb;ktK dh gqkgsh ftØu bzx iKdk j? iK fco fJBQK s'_ fsnkr bJh.fJBQK d'BK ;fEshnK ftØu jh pzdk sqk;dh jzYkT[_dk j?. ekwBk ns/ fsnkr d/;zs[bB tkbh ;fjisk dk nkdoF jh fco ihtB dh y[Fp' j' ;edk j?. FkfJd fJ;/bJh pzd/ ns/ ekwBk ~ @f;nkw d/; d/ i'V/# efj e/ T[j fJj d[fpXk th fwNkfdzdk j? fe ekwBk s'_ gko ikfJnk ik ;edk j? L

eJh tko fejk L

GkJh Bkr, j[D s{z ik J/E'_

s?~ Bkb b? e/ foFh ;kjt/_ fet/_ iktKrk


n;b ftu bkb;k ns/ fsnkr dk sDkn jh ;zeNrq;s$sqk;fde j'_d dhnkXkofFbk j?, ekwBktK ~ sDkn #u'_ eØY e/ ihtB Bkb bpo/} eoB dh fuzsBh


;{M fJ; ouBk d/ nko-gko c?bh j'Jh j?. f}zdrh dh d"V GØi ftØu, ftek; gqki?eNK#u fxo/ nkX[fBe wkBt e'b ftjb jh Bjh_. i/ f}zdrh Bkb bpo/} j'Dk j? sK@o[Øy dh ihoKd# ukjhdh j? (gzBk L 27). fJj wkB foFh$frnkB sK bØGD uØfbnkj? go T[j sK d[Bhnk dh X[Øg ftØu r[nkfunk j'fJnk j?. fJ;/ bJh vkH jfoGiBf;zx foFh ~ bØGD tkfbnK ~ skehd eodk j? fe i/ foFh bØGD uØb/ j' sK nkgD/bJh e'Jh nfijk o[Øy b? e/ uØfbU fijVk X[Øg ftØu r[nku/ foFh ns/ T[&Zwh ~ SKd/ ;e/. n;b ftØu fi; GNeDk dk fFeko fJj wkBt j?, T[;~ fJ; GNeDk s'_fBiks T[;d/ nzdob/ fNekn B/ d/Dh j?, ;fjisk B/ d/Dh j?. fJ;/ bJh eth e[dosdh y[Fp', fJeKs, FKs tksktoD, SK, ;{oi nkfd dk nroG{wB eoe/, wkBt ~fJBQK Bkb fJe;[o j'D dh gq/oBk fdzdk j?. o[Øy gqfeosh$e[dos ftØu o{gKfsqs j' e/fJ; GNe/ j'J/ wB ~ fNekn fdzdh j?. fJ; bJh fJ; eftsk ftØu gqfeosh ns/;z;feqsh Neokn #u Bjh_ ;r'_ g{oe jB. ;r'_ gqfeosh ][d ;z;feqfse o{g j' e/ fJ;wB d/ gq/oBk ;q's pDd/ jB. foFh ns/ o[Øy tko tko nG/d j[zd/ jB L

d[Bhnk dh X[Øg #u r[nku frnk foFh

bØG th frnk sK gSkD'r/ fet/_


o[Øy s/ foFho[Øy s/ foFho[Øy s/ foFho[Øy s/ foFho[Øy s/ foFh wkBth j'_dK d/ s"o #s/ id'_ ekft-w?_ okjh_ ;zpkdh gqfefonk#u g?_dhnK jB sK fJj ;ztkd fes/ mfjodk Bjh_, fBozso gqtkjwkB ofjzdk j?.fJ; gqeko fJj eftsk x/oktkdh ;fGnkuko s'_ gko dh ouBk pD iKdh j?. ekft-w?_ n;b ftØu wkBth n;fsst dh ;opekbh gSkD ns/ ihtB-iku d/ w;b/ Bkbr[ØEwr[ØEk j?. fJ; ouBk dk ftukoXkoe ntu/sB T[BQK wjK-fposKsK ~ thvhez;NqeN eo fdzdk j? fijV/ wB[Øy ~ ;zg{oBsk dhnK ;hwktK #u e?d eoe/ fJØefBFfus wkor f;oi fdzd/ jB. wjK-fposKsK dh nfijh fBFfus fdqFNh ~vhez;NqeN eoe/ jh jfoGiB f;zx nkgD/ ekft-fuzsB ~ gqrN eodk j?. e'Jhth fposKs wjK-fposKs pD e/ fJ; ouBk dk nkdoF Bjh_ pDdk, ;r'_ fijV/fposKs fJØe fJØe eoe/ T[d?wkB j[zd/ jB, T[j th fJ; ;t? f;oih ekft-w?_ dhu/sBk #u Yb e/ noE rqfjD eod/ jBl fJj th fejk ik ;edk j? fe wjK-fposKs id'_ bx{ fposKs d/ s"o #s/ g/F j' e/ fJ; ekft-w?_ Bkb i[Vdk j?, sK;thekoB :'r pD iKdk j?. ekwBk dk cokfJvhnB ;zebg th nkgDh;EkBesk$;fGnkukoesk #u Yb e/ pkbe ns/ r[owksk d/ ;zpzX okjh_ w"fbenoE rqfjD eo iKdk j?. vkH jfoGiB f;zx fi; w"fbe ekft-gqtuB dh f;oiDkeodk j? T[;d/ nkXko Bk fe;/ g'Eh #u B/ s/ Bk fe;/ wjK-fposKs #u. g'EhnK s'_gko wB[Øy ~ fe;/ T[&Zwh r[o{ dh b'V j? s/ T[&Zwh r[nkuk j'fJnk j?. d[Bhnk dh


GhV ftØu T[j J/Bk ;kXkoB j? fe T[j~ gSkfDnk th Bjh_ ik ;edk HHH. fJ; ouBkdk nkdoF e'Jh o[Øy fijk wB[Øy j? i' jo x/o/ s'_ pkjo j?. (o[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFh;otoe dk fgSbk gzBk) g'EhnK ns/ swkw ftukoXkoktK s'_ gko w"fbe frnkB dhf;oiDk dk fJj ekft-gqtuB gqfeosh ns/ ;z;feqsh #u okj pDkT[_dk j'fJnk@nDfby/ nØyoK# ~ co'bfdnK fi; frnkB ~ f;oidk j? T[; dhnK iVQK Xosh #ubrdhnK jB L

frnkB j? jB/o/ #u r[nku/ j'J/ o;s/ dk $ o"FB j' ikDk

g?oK dhnK sbhnK #u $ nØyhnK dk T[d? j'Dk


fJ; feos dh ekft-w?_ (ekft-BkfJe) id'_ o[Øy s'_ foFh pD e/ T[&Zwh dhsbkF eodk j? sK T[&Zwh d[nkb/ tbhnK ezfvnK dhnK tkVK fJ; wkor ~ j'on"fynK eo fdzdhnK jB. fJ; T[&Zwh ~ ezfvnkb/ pzXBK s'_ w[esh dk ekoi foFhdk n;b ekoi j?. jfoGiB f;zx ~ tkVK tkbk Bk r[o{ ;theko j? ns/ Bkjh oØp. jfoGiB f;zx T[&Zwh ~ jh Bjh_ oØp ~ th nk}kd eotkT[D d/ nkjoftu j?. go g'EhnK #u fiZE/ oZp ~ nk}kd eotkT[Dk ;"yk ekoi Bjh_, fJ; bJhX[o ntu/sB #u fJj g'EhnK nzfes j'JhnK gJhnK jB. fJ;/ bJh fJ; ekft-w?_ dh ftouBk bJh f;oie ~ ;zxoF eoBk g?_dk j?. ouBk ftØu EK-go-EK ekft-w?_ nkgD/ nkg ~ th ft;Ekfgs eodh B}o nkT[_dh j?. fJ; ekft-w?_ ~ fi; T[&Zwhr[o{ dh sbkF j?, T[;dh j'_d sK fJt/_ j? fit/_ fe;/ wjK Mhb ftØu b{D dh vbhr[zw j'Jh j't/ ns/ T[j n?Bk ;kXkoB j? fe gSkDBk th w[Ffeb j?. fJ; ouBkd/ nyho ftØu o[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFh ftubk \kf;bk fiØE/ w[Øedk j?, T[E/ jh ekft-w?_ T[&Zwh~ gqkgs eo b?_dh j?. fJØE/ gj[zu e/ f;XkoE T[&Zwh r[o{ ~ fwb e/ gqp[ØX s'_ p[ØXj' iKdk j? L

feØE/ xkj w[Øedk j?

s/ d[ØX F[o{ j' iKdk


Gkt/_ fe o[Øy s/ foFho[Øy s/ foFho[Øy s/ foFho[Øy s/ foFho[Øy s/ foFh dk fJj ck;bk sK fwN iKdk j? go frnkB dhsbkF dh e'Jh wzf}b Bjh_, Bk jh fJj fe;/ fibd ftØu pØMh feskp j?. frnkBdh sbkF dh fJj :ksok sK fBozso j?. fJ;/ bJh vkH jfoGiB f;zx efjzdk j?fe foFh dk w/b e/tb ;zGktBk j? ns/ id'_ s[jkv/ ;kjK ftu'_ y[Fp' t; ikt/, cbKdh c[ØbK dh okyh dh u/sBk ft;o ikJ/ sK ;wM bt'_ s[jkvk foFh Bkb w/b j'frnk. fJj y[Fp' fJ; ouBk ftØu ihtB fiT{D sh sKx dk BK j? fi; pzd/ e'b'_ihtB fiT{D dh fJj sKx ysw j' iKdh j? T[j pzdk th gsB tØb ubk iKdk


j? L

pzd/ d/ gsB dh T[j' xVh

pzd/ s'_ id'_ T[jdh y[Fp' y[; iKdh j?

(o[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFh, nzfsek)

fJ; gqeko fJj ouBk T[&Zwh r[o{ dh sbkF okjh_, ihtB Bkb bpo/} j'e/ ihtB fiT{D dk gqtuB f;oidh j?l fiØE/ Bk bkb;ktK dh GNeD j? ns/ Bkjh fsnkr tkbk w'eF ns/ w[esh. fJj wkor ;fji ihtB fiT{D dk wkor j?fijVk f}zdrh ftub/ fBozso ;zxoF s'_ pknd jh ;zGt j?. nkX[fBe ns/ ;wekbd/ gq;zr ftu o[Øy s/ foFho[Øy s/ foFho[Øy s/ foFho[Øy s/ foFho[Øy s/ foFh dk ekft-gqtuB# Gqfws ns/ GNekT[D tkb/ gqtuBKBkb ftbØyD ;zxoFwJh fposKs j?. fJj ekft-fposKs, eftsk dh GkFk BkbtØyo/ tØyo/ eKvK dh tzv okjh_ n;b ftØu T[BQK wjK-fposKsK Bkb th ;ztkd j?fijV/ gqFBK d/ x/o/ #u jB. gØSwh ns/ Gkosh doFB ftu ihtzs j?, ;wkiej?, fiT{D i'r j?, n;b/ Bkb w/b yKdk j?, ~ jfoGiB f;zx o[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFh d/w?Nkco} okjh_ nØi d/ wkBt ;Bw[Øy g/F eodk j?. fBo;zd/j wkBt ns/ e[dosfJ; ekft-gqtuB ftu fJØe d{i/ d/ g{oe j' e/, Bth_ sk}k ihtB dh sbkF dhbeF Bkb ;zpzfXs j' iKd/ jB. T[&Zwh e'Jh wjK-fposKs Bjh_, fJØe ihtzs nkdoFj? fijVk nØi d/ wkB ~ b'Vh_dk j?. fJ; ihtzs nkdoF dk e'Jh fJØe BkfJeBjh_- BkfJe jB, fJØe s'_ tX/o/. fJØe ftukoXkok Bjh_ - ftukoXkoktK jB. T[jjo ftukoXkok @T[&Zwh# nkdoF pD ;edh j? fijVh pzd/ bJh ;e{B ns/ ;fjiskfbnk ;e/. gzikph eftsk ftØu nfij/ @T[&Zwh# nkdoF dh sbkF dk ekft w"fbeth j? ns/ BtK th.

õõõ


o[Zy s/ foFh L jfoGiB f;zxo[Zy s/ foFh L jfoGiB f;zxo[Zy s/ foFh L jfoGiB f;zxo[Zy s/ foFh L jfoGiB f;zxo[Zy s/ foFh L jfoGiB f;zxvkH oftzdo f;zxvkH oftzdo f;zxvkH oftzdo f;zxvkH oftzdo f;zxvkH oftzdo f;zx

vkH jfoGiB f;zx fJe jowB fgnko/ ftdtkBnfXnkge ti'_ ikD/ iKd/ ;B. T[BQK dh r[o{d/t ;wkBF];hns fe;/ ftF/F gfjukD dh w[Eki Bjh_ j?. ;kfjs Bkbtk;sk oyD tkbk jo F]; T[BQK d/ BK Bkb Gbh-GKstkfe\ j?. fJe nfXnkge j'D d/ Bkb Bkb T[j ;kfjs-fuzse, nkb'ue, tkoseeko ns/ pj[s jh ;zt/dBFhb ethth ;B. vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh eftsk dk g;ko T[BQK dhekft-feos w/oh ekft :ksok, u"E/ dh T[vhe, w?_ i' phsw/oh ekft :ksok, u"E/ dh T[vhe, w?_ i' phsw/oh ekft :ksok, u"E/ dh T[vhe, w?_ i' phsw/oh ekft :ksok, u"E/ dh T[vhe, w?_ i' phsw/oh ekft :ksok, u"E/ dh T[vhe, w?_ i' phsfrnk, wktK XhnK, fBZe-;[Ze, nbftdk s'_ gfjbK, wZEkfrnk, wktK XhnK, fBZe-;[Ze, nbftdk s'_ gfjbK, wZEkfrnk, wktK XhnK, fBZe-;[Ze, nbftdk s'_ gfjbK, wZEkfrnk, wktK XhnK, fBZe-;[Ze, nbftdk s'_ gfjbK, wZEkfrnk, wktK XhnK, fBZe-;[Ze, nbftdk s'_ gfjbK, wZEkdht/ tkbk, nb\ d[gfjo, ;Ve d/ ;\/ T[Øs/, Bk X[Zg/dht/ tkbk, nb\ d[gfjo, ;Ve d/ ;\/ T[Øs/, Bk X[Zg/dht/ tkbk, nb\ d[gfjo, ;Ve d/ ;\/ T[Øs/, Bk X[Zg/dht/ tkbk, nb\ d[gfjo, ;Ve d/ ;\/ T[Øs/, Bk X[Zg/dht/ tkbk, nb\ d[gfjo, ;Ve d/ ;\/ T[Øs/, Bk X[Zg/Bk Skt/_, nZXo?Dh, sko-s[gekBk Skt/_, nZXo?Dh, sko-s[gekBk Skt/_, nZXo?Dh, sko-s[gekBk Skt/_, nZXo?Dh, sko-s[gekBk Skt/_, nZXo?Dh, sko-s[gek ns/ o[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFh sec?fbnk j'fJnk j?. fJj gk;ko T[BQK dh gq:'rtkdh fuzsBFhbouBk fdqFNh dk ;p{s j?.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh F];hns Bkb i[fVnk j?T[BQK dk nfXnkgeh r[D, frnkB dh sbkF ftu oZ[fMnkftdtkB ns/ fJe T[Øsw p[bko/ tkbh ekpbhns. fJBQK r[DKd/ XBh, vkH jfoGiB f;zx nkgD/ feZsk-y/so dh p[bzdh T[s/sK gj[zu/ jh ;r'_ Bkb jh T[BQK B/ nkgDh nksfwe gSkD dhsbkF th ikoh oZyh. T[BQK dhnK eftsktK gq:'rFhb ikgdhnKB/ go T[BQK dk gqXkB-;[o g[oksB frnkB-fuzsB tkbk jhgqshs j[zdk j?. fi; ftu dkoFfBe gqFB ns/ T[BQK d/ T[Øsodh bkb;k th fd;dh j?. gqFB-T[Øso dh gqfefonk ftu T[j;z;kfoe ihtB nB[Gt ~ e;tZNh pDkT[_d/ jB. fi; ftu'_T[j fe;/ ;ot-ftnkgh foFh u/sBk tKr dkoFfBe noE thsbkF eod/ jB. o[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFh ekft-feos th fJ;/ soQK dhfJe ;zihdk ns/ bzwh eftsk j?. nkgDh T[wo d/ w[esh-gzXT[go ftuofdnK th T[BQK wfj;{; ehsk fe Fkpfde wkfXnw

oftzdo f;zxn?;';hJ/N gq'ca?;o, fdnkbf;zx ekbi, fdZbh


Bkb ;G e[M nfGftnes eo d/Dk ;zGt Bjh_ j?. fit/_ fe T[j efjzd/ B/L

pj[s e[M efjD pkd $ ofj iKdk J/ pj[s e[M efjD:'r

pj[s ih b?D s'_ pkd $ ofj iKdh j'o ihtB-nfGbkfynk

fJe nfXnkge d/ s"o @s/ T[Øuk w[ekw jk;b eoB dh gqfefonk ftu jhvkH jfoGiB f;zx foFhnK tor/ fuzsB-y/so Bkb i[V rJ/. T[BQK dh ekft-feoso[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFh fJe nfijh ouBk ;kfps j[zdh j? fi; ftu T[j fJe o[Zy ns/ foFhdh :EkoEe ns/ nfXnkswe nt;EktK dh ;wkBsk ~ T[bhefdnK j'fJnK,nkgDh j'_d ~ th gSkBD dk isB eod/ jB. fit/_ fe T[BQK dh fJ; bzwh eftskdk nkozG jh nfij/ nksw-gqrNkt/ Bkb j[zdk j?L

w?_ nkgD/ xo ftu s[odk fcodk o[Zy jK

w?_ ;"_dk ikrdk th jK

w?~ nkgD/ gk;'_ ][Fp' th nkT[_dh j? (gzL9)

fi; t/b/ fJj eftsk fbyh rJh, vkH jfoGiB f;zx nkgDh T[wo dh tD-nkFow nt;Ek ftu ;B. fJ; nt;Ek ftu ngVe/ T[BQK B/ fBogZysk Bkbnksw-fuzsB ehsk ns/ T[wo-Go d/ nofis frnkB ftu'_ foFhnK torh fuzsB-u/sBk g?dk j'Dh, vk, jfoGiB f;zx torh F];hns bJh e'Jh nb'eko rZb Bjh_;h. nfXnkswe ;[o-;zt/dBk d/ wkfXnw okjh_ T[BQK B/ @o[Zy# dh j'_d ~ frnkBd/ gqshfpzp @foFh# d/ ;wkBzso ;Ekfgs eoB dk T[gokbk ehsk j?. fJ; ekft-fpzp dh T[;koh okjh_ T[j nkgDh F];h j'_d ~ th gfoGkFs eod/ ikgd/ jB.o[Zy ns/ foFho[Zy ns/ foFho[Zy ns/ foFho[Zy ns/ foFho[Zy ns/ foFh dhnK o{gkswe ;wkBsktK ftu T[j nkgDh Mbe wfj;{; eod/B/ ns/ d'jK dh r[Dkswe ;wkBsktK dh e;tZNh T[Øgo nkgDh j'_d ~ goyD ns/w[eZoo eoB dk isB th eod/ jB.

o[Zy s'_ tZvk foFh j'o Gbk e"D j?<

X[ZgK ftu gkfbnK @u nub ;wkXh

whjK ftu ;'fenK @u nv'b (gz-20)

nkgDh fJ; sbkF ftu T[j ihtB d/ e"V/ :EkoE s'_ w[Beo Bjh_j[zd/, T[j fJ; rZb ~ ;fteko eoe/ jh nfXnkswe-nB[Gt dh sbkF ftu s[od/jB, fit/_ fe T[BQK B/ fbfynk j?L

pzdk jB/o/ s'_ tZy ed/ Bjh_ j[zdk

B/Qok ubk ikJ/ $ T[jdh vfj; ofj iKdh j?. (18)

go fJ; jB/o/ ns/ T[; dh vfj; dh j'_d dh ;ftfeqsh d/ pkti{d T[j;[fjod :kso{ tKr okjK ns/ wz}bK d/ ;kEhnK Bkb B/e-Bhnsh tkbk ;zpzX pDkJh


oyDk }o{oh ;wMd/ jBL

s[;h_ fiE/ Bjh_ $ UE/ th nkgDk fJspko Sv ikU

fgnko Sv ikU. (19)

nkgD/ ftneshst ftub/ o[Zy ns/ foFho[Zy ns/ foFho[Zy ns/ foFho[Zy ns/ foFho[Zy ns/ foFh r[DK dh sbkF jh T[BQK dh fJ;bzwh eftsk dk f;oiD-gZy pDdk j?. frnkB ns/ fuzsB Bkb i[V/ p[ZXhihth tors'_ jh ;wki ~ ukBD-w[Bko/ dh sKx j[zdh j?. ni'e/ :[Zr ftu foFhnK tor/ ihtBnB[Gt ~ fBGkT[D tkb/ ftnesh dh Gkb pj[s efmB j?. fJ; dh sbkF s'_gfjbK T[;dh gSkD ;Ekfgs eoBk th n"yk ekoi j?. eth jfoGiB f;zx ;G s'_gfjbK fJ;/ ~ fB;fus eoB dk T[gokbk eodk ikgdk j?. fit/_ fe fBwB-nzfes;soK s'_ ;gFN j[zdk j?L

¿foFhd/t fejVk< $ T[jdk EK iK froK<

w{zj-wZEk< w[jKdok< $ bGd/ j' T[j~ fijdk gsk Bjh_ e'Jh<

foFh ~ sbkF eofdnK T[j, foFh d/ r[DK ~ gSkD dk j? ns/ fco T[BQKr[DK ~ o[ZyK d/ ;wkB r[DK Bkb }kjo eoB dh e'fFF eodk j?. fJE'_ jh T[j@o[Zy# ns/ nkgD/ ihtB nB[Gt ~ i'Vdk s[odk iKdk, fJ; bzwh eftsk dh ouBkeodk j?. nkgDh T[wo d/ gVkn ~ B}o ftu oyfdnK T[j nkgDh jh eEk ~o[Zy dh j'_d Bkb i'Vdk gqshs j[zdk j?.

Ffjo d/ pkjotko $ UE/ fiZE/ edh fJe fgzv fijk t;dk ;h

s/ j[D fiE/ pkeh pfunk y'bk fijk wzdo j?

eZbk, ih-fGnkDk (25-26)

nfXnkgeh fposh j'D ekoD T[BQK d/ ekft fpzp ns/ eftsk dk w[jktokth T[gd/Fkswe j' iKdk j?. nkgD/ fJ;/ nB[Gt ftu'_ T[j S'NhnK-S'NhnK dkoFfBerZbK th eod/ gqshs j[zd/ B/, fit/_ fe fBwB-nzfes ekft-N'N/ s'_ gqrN j[zdk j?L

rZb ;[DB tk;s/ $ oZ[y dh ihoKd ukjhdh

J/Bk e[ tes fe Xosh ftu wkVh fijh iVQ br ikJ/

fi; sbkF dh rZb vkH jfoGiB f;zx eoBk ukj[zd/ B/ T[j sbkFGkt/_ nkfd ekbhB gqFB dk jh fjZ;k j? go jo :[r d/ ihtB nB[Gt ns/nfGftnesh tZyo/ j' fBpVd/ jB. go fJ; dk wkvb nZi th T[jh j?, fe nofisfrnkB iK ;z;koe frnkB dk gfjb'_ nfttjkoe j' ikDk ns/ fco fJ; frnkBd/ jkf;b T[Øgo gqFB fujB br ikDkL

w?_ bZGD sK Bjh_ frnk $ go ikgd? w?_ e'Jh j'o


fe;/ j'o Ffjo @u r[nku frnk jK

jkf;b frnkB s'_ jN e/ fe;/ Bt/_ okj dh sbkF tk;s/ pj[s e[MfsnkrDk g?_dk j?. g{ot gqkgs frnkB ~ SZvDk T[d'_ se ;zGt Bjh_ id se T[jftnoE Bk ikg/ iK fco BtK okj Bk fd;D br gJ/. vkH jfoGiB f;zx fJ;;fEsh ~ gzikph b'eXkokJh w[jkto/ okjh_ ;wMD dk :sB eod/ jB. fit/_ feg{oB dh eEk d/ jtkb/ Bkb T[j efjzd/ B/L

g{oB xo Bjh_ ik ;edk $ xo ftu b{Dk j? T[t/_ dh T[t/_ nfsqgsk, ng{oh

g{oB xo'_ nk th Bjh_ ;edk $ nkgD/ jh ehfsnK e[M Bjh_ j[zdk

frnkB dh :ksok Bkb i[V/ nksw-ghVk d/ gZy ~ jfoGiB f;zx B/ d[Zydh ftnkfynk df;nk j?. fJ; s'_ fBiks th sK jh fwbdh j? id e'Jh fJ; okj@s/ g? e/, fJ; s'_ gko bzxdk j?. T[; t/b/ fe;/ ftF/F nfj;k; d/ xNs j'D dknB[Gt j[zdk j?L

frnkB j? jB/o/ @u r[nku/ j'J/ o;s/ dk $ o"FB j' ikDk

g?oK dhnK sbhnK @u $ nZyhnK dk T[d? j'Dk

gow-;Zu d/ frnkB dh gqkgsh bJh g{ot-gqkgs d[fBnkth frnkB d/ p'Ms'_ w[esh bk}wh j?, feT[_fe T[j fe;/ Bth_ ;'u d/ T[rwD ftu o[ektN pD ;edkj?. @r[owksk T[tku# ftu eth fJ;/ ;fEsh Bkb BfiZmdk j?L

@foFh id'_ xo'_ s[oB bZr/ w?_ fejkL

@;G e[M Sv uZb/ i/ fgSKj $ j'o Bjh_ sK

uko g'EhnK jh Bkb bJh uZb'

fJ; dk itkp th r[owksk T[tku okjh_ fdsk j?L

@;kv/ foFh $ ni/ g{oB foFh Bjh_ j'J/

N'j N'j e/ s[od/ B/ $ g'EhnK dh b'J/ (91)

vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh fJj bzwh eftsk nksfwe frnkB d/ ;o'sK o[Zyo[Zyo[Zyo[Zyo[Zyns/ foFhns/ foFhns/ foFhns/ foFhns/ foFh d'jK dh rkEk dk fpnkB eofdnK nkgDh fBZi dh nksfwe frnkBdh :ksok dk b/yk-i'yk j?. fi; ftu T[j o[Zy ns/ foFho[Zy ns/ foFho[Zy ns/ foFho[Zy ns/ foFho[Zy ns/ foFh d/ r[DK Bkb fJefweskb'ud/ jB go nkgDh :EkoEe gq;fEshnK dk ftFb/FD eofdnK, fJ; sbkF ~fpBK w[ekw tkbh fBo'b fJe :ksok jh fpnkB eod/ jB.

õõõ


o[Zy s/ foFh Lo[Zy s/ foFh Lo[Zy s/ foFh Lo[Zy s/ foFh Lo[Zy s/ foFh LwB'ftFb/FDkswe nfXn?BwB'ftFb/FDkswe nfXn?BwB'ftFb/FDkswe nfXn?BwB'ftFb/FDkswe nfXn?BwB'ftFb/FDkswe nfXn?B

vkH g{ikvkH g{ikvkH g{ikvkH g{ikvkH g{ik

;kfjs d/ tZy-tZy o{gK eftsk, ;whfynk, ;zgkdB,nB[tkd, nfXnkgB nkfd ftu nkgDk nEkj :'rdkB gk e/fizBh fFZds Bkb gzikph ;kfjs ~ vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ft;skfonk j? FkfJd jh T[Bh fbnkes ns/ :'rsk fe;/ j'o;kfjseko d/ fjZ;/ nkJh j't/. J/;/ eoe/ rkorh T[;dhs[bBk fdT[ Bkb eodk j? i' ;G ~ nkgDh dp'u ftu b?b?_dk j?. T[;dk efjDk j? fe L

vkH jfoGiB f;zx y[bQh dkVQh tkbk fJe nfijkfdT[ j? i' fBZe/ w'N/ ;kfjseko ~ s[os jh GZyF eo iKdkj?.1

vkH jfoGiB f;zx fJe n?;h d[obZG ns/ ftokNF];hns dk ;[nkwh j? fe fit/_ fit/_ T[; dh F];hns dhnKgosK ~ co'fbnk iKdk j? fst/_ fst/_ T[; dhnK jZdK c?bdhnKiKdhnK jB. vkH jfoGiB f;zx gzikph d/ ;G s'_ }jhBb/yeK ftu'_ fJe j?. J/;/ f}jBhns dk ;p{s j? T[;dhg[;se o[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFh. ;kfjse ouBktK ;kfjseko d/ ihtBd/ fBZi s'_ ftothnK Bjh_ j[zdhnK ;r'_ T[jBK d/ nu/sB wBftu eth d/ jzYkJ/ e[Zb siop/ th Fkfwb j[zd/ jB. fJjouBk o[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFh th ;kvh fJ; rZb dk ngtkd Bjh_ j?.fJ; ftu eth dhnK nkgDhnK FzektK, vo, jk;/, y/V/ nkfd;w'J/ j'J/ jB. fJ; g[;se ftu wB[Zy d/ nkgD/ s'_ gko ikDdh rZb ehsh rJh j?. fi; ftu fes/ fes/ ftnesh d/ nu/sB dh gbkfJDtkdh o[uh th ;zfwfbs j?. fJ; ftu T[;wB[Zy dh g/Fekoh j'Jh j? i' fJe' t/b/ eJh fto'XK, ;t?fto'XK, nzso-fbysK dk d[yKs ;t?-u/sB s/ ;{MtkB j'DekoB jzYk fojk j?.

nf;;N?IN gq'ca?;o, ;o{g okDh;oekoh ekbi (fJ;sqhnK),nzfwqs;o


sDkT[ wB[Zyh ihtB ftu ;zeNwJh ;fEsh tkbk j[zdk j?. jo/e wB[Zy fJ;s'_ fBiks gkT[Dk ukj[zdk j?. eJh tko ;fEsh s'_ GZi ikDk jh fJ;dk nkyoh ukokj[zdk j? go fJE/ eth dk ;\o G"fse Bk j' e/ nzsohth j? L

BefFnK #u g'EhnK #u

ihtB dh bkb;k

gZfsnK s/ gJh rod tKr fdT[ MkV

d[Bhnk B/ w/o/ frod tbh i' sVkrh

T[j~ s'V ikD fdT[ pkjo.2

sDkT[ jZEbh feos dk jh w{b sZs Bjh_ ;r'_ vkH jfoGiB f;zx dhnKpj[shnK eftsktK dk gqw[Zy sZs j?. ;kv/ fJ; eEB dh gq'Vsk eofdnK j'fJnK vkHofizdo f;zx GZNh dk efjDk j? fe L

id'_ th e'Jh f;oiBkswe gqfsGk gozgokrs gqfswkBK d/ fto'X ftu yVdhj? sK T[;~ sDkT[ dh gqfeqnk EkDh bzxDk g?_dk j?. vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh brGrjo eftsk sDkT[ dk nzF ;KGh p?mh j?.3

fJ; gqeko sDkT[ wB[Zyh wB T[go nkgDh v{zxh Skg SZv fdzdk j? fi;s'_ pu fBebDk pj[s w[Ffeb j' iKdk j?. fi; dk fJe' fJe jZb gbkfJD jhpudk j?. gbkfJD wB'ftfrnkB dk fJe ]k; f;ZXKs j? fi; ~ ;gFN eoBk fJE/bk}wh j? L

gbkfJD dk gqGkt nkw ihtB T[Zs/ jh Bjh_ fJ; dk gqGkt ;kfjs T[Zs/ d/fynk ik ;edk j?. nfij/ b/ye nkgD/ gksoK ~ gbkfJDtkdh fdqFNh s'_ fusod/jB. gZSwh b/ye nkgD/ gksoK ~ gbkfJB dh fdqFNh s'_ fusod/ jB.gZSwh b/yeK ftu nbpoN, ekw{, ;koso/, p?eN d/ Bkw toBD:'r jB.4

eth d/ wB nzdo th gbkfJD dk Gkt fes/ rfjo/ o{g ftu ;wkfJnkj'fJnk j?. fJ; s'_ fBiks gkT[D bJh T[j jo/e gqeko dk ;kXB tosdk j?.nkgDh F];hns ~ ;zpzXK s'_ ;w/N e/ nzso tosh j' ikDk th fJ; ftu Fkfwbj?. w{b o{g ftu eth nzsow[yh jh j[zdk j?. fJ; nzso w[ysk dk ekoD pkjo/;wki s'_ T[g/fynk iK jhDsk dk Gkt j' ;edk j?. eth eJh tko nkgD/ ;zpzXhnKd[nkok ehs/ wkV/ ftjko T[gozs Bkok}rh }kjo Bjh_ eodk ;r'_ nkgD/ ;t? ftunzso ;woB j' iKdk j?. vkH jfoGiB f;zx d/ ;wekbh b/ye pbtzs rkorhnB[;ko L

vkH jfoGiB f;zx nkgD/ d';sK ~ wK pD e/ fgnko eodk j?. i/ Bkok}j' ikt/, sK T[j ngDh wwsk fyZu b?_dk j?, dfonk tKr nkgDk gkN pdb b?_dk


j?, s/ d';s T[;dh w[jZps s'_ e'ok ofj iKdk j?. T[j T[;d/ f]bk\ Bjh_ p'bdk,f]bk\ Bjh_ fbydk, fFekfJs Bjh_ eodk, p; u[Zg ;kX b?_dk j?. fJj' T[; dk ;Gs'_ tZvk pdbk j?.5

go eth dh fJj ;fEsh ;d?t Bjh_ pDh ofjzdh T[j ;t? ntb'eB dhftXh d[nkok fJ; s'_ gko ubk iKdk j?. eth fJe ;{MtkB ftnesh j? fi; ekoBwB' ;zeN s'_ gko ikDk T[; bJh fJe ;fji gqfefonk j?. fJ; bJh T[j nkswwzEB eodk j? fi; Bkb T[j fdbh Gkt th ftnes eodk j? ns/ ekft ;zeNs'_ th w[es j' iKdk j? L

BhtK osk j'o BhtK eo b? wBknkgD/ f;o bfjodkbkb ;{jk fgnk;-ozrFwbk d;sko dk.6

eth dk gbkfJD ed/ ed/ ;zp'XBh ;[o dk XkoBh th j' iKdk j? sd T[;dh T[go'es fposh nzso w[ysk dh XkoBh Bk j' e/ pkjo w[yh j' iKdh j?. fJ;gqeko jZEbh g[;se dk nfXn?B eofdnK n;h_ d/yd/ jK fe eth dh wkBf;eskftu eJh soQK d/ pdbkt nkT[_d/ jB i' fe T[;dh ftbyD GKs dh wkBf;esktZb fJFkok eod/ jB. n;h_ pkjo w[yh ftnefsst dh rZb ehsh j?. fi; pko/;gFN j' ikDk }o{oh j?. pkjo w[yh ftnesh dk tshok ek\h ;gFNsk tkbk j[zdkj? T[j ;zp'XB Bjh_ eodk ;r'_ nkgDh rZb ;gFN sohe/ Bkb efjzdk j? L

bZGd/ j' sK bZGd/ oj'f;o\ w?~ Bk bZG'eJh EktK s'_ Gr"Vkfe;/ th EK w?_ jk}o Bjh_ j'Dk.7

eth ~ gsk j? fe ftneshrs ;wki d[nkok T[;dh gqfsGk j'_d, nkfddk T[g:'r d[o-T[g:'r th ehsk ik fojk j? go fco th T[j cbdko fpoy tKrgZEo yk e/ th j'oK ~ cb pyFdk j?. fJ; ;zg{oB ;fEsh ~ T[j fizBh ;fjiskBkb b?_dk j? FkfJd fJ; soQK j'o e'Jh th Bjh_ eo ;edk. fJE/ T[j nzso Mksdh ftXh ~ ngBkT[_dk j?. fi; Bkb fJj d/fynk frnk j? fe T[j b'N{ ;wki d/tsho/ ~ u[Zg ukg ;fjD eoh iKdk j?. fJ; s'_ fpBK T[j fJe ;B/jh ftneshtKr ftjko eodk j?. n;h_ T[&Zgo th f}eo ehsk ;h fe T[j u'N pdb/ u'Ngj[zukD dk jkwh Bjh_ j?. fJ; bJh o[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFh g[;se ftu th eth fJ;;B/jh nkg/ dk gqrNktk eodk j?. nfij/ gqrNkt/ bJh fJe o[Zy torh F];hnsukjhdh j? L


\ohdk ;kfjp dh efo ukeoh fdb dh bkfj GoKfd.dot/;K B' b'Vhn? o[ZyK dh ihoKd.8

pkpk \ohd ih d/ T[go'es ;b'e nB[;ko eth dh fposh th e[M nfijhjh j? L

xo'_ pkjo fBebdk fojk fpoS tKr{zjK, b'e w/oh Skt/_ th p?md/ oj/ fBFzrpkbK B/ fJZNK gZEo th wko/nkFeK B/ w/o/ sB ftuuke{ wko e/ nkgD/ BK-gs/ th fby/ B/e[M b'e w?~ T[jbk fijk pDk e/fBeh w'Nh jkis th ;ko b?_d/ oj/ nkgDh.9

j[D sZe n;h_ ;wM rJ/ j'tKr/ fe ;t? ntb'eB nkgD/ nkg nzdoMkshwkoB dh ftXh j? fJ; s'_ gfjb'_ fe n;h_ j'o nZr/ tXhJ/ ;kv/ bJh ;t?ntb'eB pko/ ;gFNsk jkf;b eo b?Dh |?o tkfip Bjh_ j't/rh. ;t? ntb'eBbJh nzso gq/yD Fpd dh th tos'_ eo bJh iKdh j? L

nzso gq/yD bkshBh GkFk dk Fpd j? fi;dk noE j? nzso Mks wkoBku/sB wkBf;e sZEK ~ nzdo{Bh gqfsGk Bkb w/b e/ w[bKeD eoBk nzso gq/yD j?.fJ; soQK fJ; ftXh okjh_ ftnesh nkgDk wkBf;e ftFb/FD eoB bJh nkgDkfXnkB wkBf;e o[uhnK ~ ikBD tZb bkT[_dk j?.10

fit/_ jh ekft feos nrKj edw tXkT[_dh j? fst/_ fst/_ eth wfj;{;dkj? fe i' ;fEsh gfjbK T[; bJh nkBzd dkfJe ;h iK gqFz;k dk ekoB ;h j[DT[jh ;fEsh T[;~ eFNdkfJe gqshs j'D brdh j?. o[Zy j'D eoe/ T[j iVQ j?ns/ fBwkDk j? nkgDh fJ; ;fEsh pko/ T[j fuzss th j? s/ ikD{ th. fJ; fBwkDhj'_d gqfs T[j ;ze/s th eodk j?. fJj foFhd/t fet/_ j' rJh< feT[_fe foFh wB[Zyhf}zdrh ftu fJe ;funkoh j'_d dh soiwkBh eodk j?. ;t? ntb'eB dh ftXh~ ngDkT[_fdnK j'fJnk T[j nkgDh fJ; ;funkoh j'_d ~ F[ZX nksfwe fposh dkXkoBh pDkT[D pko/ ftuko eo fojk j?. feT[_fe foFh wB[Zy dk fJe ;kfXnkj'fJnk ;funkok o{g j?. fi; pko/ T[j nkgD/ nkg Bkb rZbpks eodk j? L

fpoy i/jh i{B w/ohfjZb rJh iVQK shefpoyK u'_ fpoy w?_ fBwkDknkw i/jh j'_dfoFhd/t fet/_ j' rJh.11


foFh wB[Zy dk fJe ;kfXnk j'fJnk ;funkok o{g j? fiE/ nk e/ fBZih fjZsiK ;[nkoE ]sw j' iKd/ jB. nkgDk nkgk wkoB s'_ pknd jh foFh d/ w[ekws/ gj[zfunk ik ;edk j?. wB[Zy nzdo o[Zy s'_ foFh pBD dh ;zGktBk T[d'_ jh g?dkj' ;edh j? id'_ T[j nkgD/ nzdo t;dh w?_# dk BkF eo/rk. ;t? ntb'eB dhftXh okjh_ T[j nkgD/ nkg dk fBskok eodk j'fJnk B}oh_ nkT[_dk j? L

Mhb ftu y[oh j'Jhb{D dh vbh bG ;edk jKnkgD/ #u y[fonk nkgDk nkg Bjh_ bGdk.12

eth nB[;ko f}zdrh wB[Zyh nkg/ s'_ fBozso d{o j[zd/ ikD dk Bkw j?.wB'ftFb/FD dh ftXh ;t? ntb'eB okjh_ T[j nkgD/ nzdo ub ojh fBozso;zxoF dh gqfefonk ~ NN'bD dh e'fFF eodk j'fJnk jo fe;w d/ sDkT[, fto'XKns/ FzektK ~ nkgD/ T[go jh jzYkT[_dk j?.

fJ; gqeko eftsk ftubk tesk wB'ftfrnkBe fdqFNh ~ ngDkT[_fdnKj'fJnK :EkoE GktBk ~ tX/o/ fsy/ok eofdnK nkgD/ nzdo{Bh irs ftu nkgT[sodk B}o nkT[_dk j?. foFh dk nzdo{Bh w[Zb ebkswe w[Zb ftu spdhb j'DbZrdk j?. fi; s'_ fJj gsk bZrdk j? fe g[;se ftubk foFh pkjob/ ns/ nzdob/;z;ko d/ ;[w/b s'_ jh nkgDh j'_d rqfjD eodk j?. nkgD/ nkg/ nzdo T[;~ g"Vhdo g"Vh nkg jh T[soBk g?dk j?. nkgDh o"FBh dh gkb ftu edw do edwnZr/ tXD Bkb jh T[;dh g[Bo f;oiDk dk ;\o w[ezwb j'Dk j?.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx wB[Zyh wB ~ wkBtsk d/ ;{so ftu go'Jh wB[ZyhfoFfsnK ftub/ ;zpzXK ~ pzBQD dh e'fFF th eodk j?. wB[Zyh wB w[ZY edhw s'_jh ftgohs fbzr tZb nkeofFs fojk j? ns/ fJ; nkeoFD s'_ T[gihnK T[s/iBktKdh i/eo g{osh Bk j't/ sK wB[Zy wkBf;e o'r dk fFeko j' iKdk j?. fJjBKT[s/iBktK dk iBw \okfJv d/ f;ZXKs fJZd s'_ j[zdk j?. \okfJv nB[;ko L

fJj T[j eVkjk j? fiE/ T[s/iBktK pV/ }'o F'o Bk T[pkb/ wko ojhnKj[zdhnK jB.13

fJj T[jBK w[ZfdnK *u ]k; fdbu;gh b?_dh j? fiE/ T[s/iBktK s'_ T[gihnKb'VK fwb e/ nBzd dh ;fEsh g?dk eodhnK j'D. J/;/ ftXh j/m ftuo oj/ jBeth vkH jfoGiB f;zx d/ Fpd. T[j nkgD/ FpdK nzdo nfijk ikd{ gkT[_dk j?fe ;koh eftsk ftu \okfJv dk fJZd f;ZXKs fJjBK p'bK okjh_ nu/s jh gqrN j[zdkB}oh_ nkT[_dk j?. pj[s jh pkohe B}o Bkb tkufdnK fJj gqGkt ;gFN j[zd/jB L

d[Bhnk ftu ;G s'_ ;'jDh F? fgnk;


ehwsh pj[s jh ehwshi/m dh jkV dh X[ZgfijVh fgnk; bkT[_dhfsZyh fit/_ Xko sbtko dhg?oK dhnK sbhnK j/m wud/ uzfrnkV/fi;w ftu fuDrKwZE/ ftu bkb ;{jh bkb;kd{o fe;/ o[Zy j/m Skt/_ pfj ikD dhnZyhnK u nuBu/s Bud/BdhnK MbkoK nkpFkoK d/ BeF/v{zx/ pj[s v{zx/ y{jK ftufpBK bi-v'oh d/p/]so T[soB dk ;[y fijk ikrdkiku nk iKdh nkgD/ nkg;kT[D Gkd'_ j' e/ G[zR/ v[bQ ikD dh.14

o[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFh dk fposKs d[fBnkth T[gG'rh bkb;ktK, fi;wkBhns s/o{jkBhns d/ sDktK ns/ ;u/s nu/s dhnK nfijhnK wkBf;e r[zMbK ftu ftuodkj? fe fgnk; f}zdrh dh fJe pj[w[Zbh F? pD iKdh j?. n?;h tvw[Zbh t;s{ fi;s'_ fpBK ;e{B Bjh_. fgnk; eth bJh n?;h T[u/oh u/sBk dh sbp j? i' jB/ohnKr[\ktK ftu o"FBh dh feoB T[sgzB eo ;edh j?. eth \okfJv d/ f;ZXKs fJZdtKr fgnk; dh g/Fekoh eodk j? fi; s/ f;o\ nkBzd f;ZXKs bkr{ j[zdk j?.nkBzd dh gkb ftu T[j nfij/ FpdK dh g/Fekoh eodk j? L

T[j i' xo/ p?mhjZEK u cVhSzBk nkp/ j:ks dkBhth_ B}oT[j s?~ ezXK EkDh t/ydhnZr dh ukb/ s[o/ nkT[_d/ fgnk;/ ~.15

eth B/ pVh ]{p;{osh Bkb eEk ftu g{oB ~ ;K;feqfse pzXBK ns/ b{Dk~ wkBth w{b gqftoshnK d/ o{g ftu g/F ehsk j?. fJ; dtzd ftu'_ g?dk j'fJnkfposKs ekft$eEk dh fizd ikD j?. fi; Bkb fe eEk nkgDk gqtkj rqfjD eodhj?. fJE/ b{Dk torh e[Vh (fJZd) dk ekft gqshe fpzp j? i' eth ~ g{oB nt;Ekgqkgs eoB ftu o[ektN g?dk eo ojh j?. ekft eEk d/ fJ; fjZ;/ se ekft BkfJe


g{oB nt;Ek gqkgs eoB dk nfGbkFh j? go T[j ni/ fJ; nt;Ek ~ gqkgs Bjh_eo ;fenk fi;dk ekoB ekft-BkfJe dZ;dk j? L

w?_ Bjh_ g{oBgo w/o/ okj ftu pko pkob{Dk i/jh e[Vh w?~ fwbhjZ;dh tzrko fijk jk;knZyhnK u'_ ekwBk;gDh dh ihG tKr v[bQdhefjzdh L@nZr# u'_ Bk bzfxU_w/o/ EkDh_ bzxDk }o{o s?~ gJ/rkr'oy s'_ gfjbK w?_ jh b{Dk.16

ekft BkfJe w[ZYbhnK fJZSktK Bkb pZMk j? go ;wki d/ vo ekoB T[jnfijk Bjh_ eo ;edk. B?fsesk d/ fB:w nXhB ftuofdnK wB[Zy nkgDhnKfJZSktK dh g{osh Bjh_ eo ;edk feT[_fe ;wki nfijk eoB dh fJik}s Bjh_fdzdk. nzdobhnK fJZSktK dh g{osh dh okj/ o[ektN g?dk eodh j? Jhr' i' wB~ T[e;kB tkbhnK jo T[jBK ]kfjFK ~ dpkT[D ftu ekoiFhb j[zdh j? i' ;wkitZb'_ tofis j[zdhnK jB. \okfJv nB[;ko L

jT[_ fJZd ~ ekp{ ftu oZy e/ tZyo/ wkBf;e YKu/ dk fBowkD eodh j?.F];hns ~ ;[xV ;bhe/dko ns/ fJe;[osk ftu pzBQdh j?.17

J/;/ f;ZXKs dh gkbDk eodk j'fJnk ekft BkfJe e'Jh th nfijk ekoiBjh_ eoBk ukj[zdk fi; Bkb T[;dh F];hns ~ m/; gj[zu/ L

;G s'_ ]soBke vfj;nkgD/ jh Bk| dk;G s'_ ]soBke jk;knzdob/ dk| dk.18

ekft BkfJe eEk ftu nzsohth fsqgsh ~ gqkgs eofdnK th fdykfJnkfrnk j?. fi; Bkb fe Gkosh i'r gozgok is, ;s s/ ;tkbhnk fuzBQ th T[Go e/;kwjD/ nkT[_dk j?. Gkt/_ fe fJj nfj;k; fSD Gzro tk;s/ jh ;h. fJjBK gbKfSDK dh fwbDh dk ekft BkfJe n\;'; th }kjo eodk j? L

e[Vh d/ fwbD dkihG s/ y[ow/ i/jh


][Fp' d/ y[oB dkfSD pj[s S'Nk ;h.19

ekft BkfJe ~ w/b dk fSD sK gqkgs j' frnk go T[j w/b dk fSDfJzBk S'Nk ;h fe T[;dh wB'fsqgsh Bjh_ j[zdh ;r'_ T[jdh GNeD ftu j'o f}nkdktkXk j' iKdk j?. nfijhnK nfsqgs GktBktK dfws j' e/ nu/s wB ftu ;wkiKdhnK jB i' fe ;wK gk e/ wB'rzYK d/ o{g ftu ;kjwD/ nkT[_dhnK jB. ekftBkfJe d/ wB nzdo th nB/e gqeko d/ nu/sB Gkt dfws j'J/ gJ/ jB fiBQK dkMbekok o[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFh ftu pj[s EkJh_ B}oh g?_dk j?.

wkso gq/w dhnK nB/e T[dkjoBK vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh eftsk ftud/yhnK ik ;edhnk jB. fi; ftu fe fJvhg; wB'rzY ;gFN o{g ftu B}oh g?_dhj?, fi;~ fe gqf;ZX wB'fuzse vkH i;tzs f;zx B/eh B/ ;fji/ jh gfjukD fbnk ;h.vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh eftsk dk w[skfbnk th T[jBK nkgDh gqf;ZX g[;se nu/sBnu/sBnu/sBnu/sBnu/sBdh bhbQkdh bhbQkdh bhbQkdh bhbQkdh bhbQk ftu ehsk j?. eftsk pko/ rZb eoB s'_ gfjbK vkH B/eh dk vkH jfoGiBf;zx pko/ eEB gVQ b?Dk tkf}p j't/rk L

gzikph d/ fJe T[x/ s/ gqfsGkFkbh eth jB vkH jfoGiB f;zx T[jBK dhnKe[M eftsktK nzdo nD;[bMh fJvhg; wB'-rzY dk Mbekok tZidk j?.20

o[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFh g[;se d/ ekft BkfJe ftu th fJvhg; wB'rzY dhnKnbkwsK fpokiwkB jB. fi; dk nzdk}k T[;d/ eEBK ns/ ;fEsh d/ gqfsoew s'_bkfJnk ik ;edk j?. fJ; gqeko fJvhg; wB'rzY fiE/ ekft BkfJe dk ;Zu j?T[E/ eth d/ nkgD/ ftnefsst dh th soiwkBh eodh j? L

i'r dh ftG{s j/m fgzvkT[jd/ j/m i' BfgzvkT[; T[gofwjopkB b{Dk d/ Bj[zdoK dh f;zwdh MohN j?;[zdoK sK Bjh_ ;h ws/Jhw/o/ bJh tofis n"os w/o/ pkg dh;'jDh, ;[BZyh, Bth_ s/ Be'or[oK nkg p]Fh.21

vk B/eh dk wzBDk j? fe ;kXkoB s"o s/ b'e fJ; nt;Ek ftu'_ ;fjijh r[}o iKd/ jB go eth d/ wB T[go fJvhg; wB'rzY dk gqGkt fojk j?. vkHi;tzs f;zx B/eh nB[;koL

eth yV's ftu j?. ;kfwne s"o s/ T[j nkgDh f}zdrh d/ Bkb Bkbs[fonk nkfJnk j?, go Gkt[e s"o s/ T[j wK Bkb nkgD/ ;zpzXK ftu ni/ th pZMk


fgnk j?. fJ;/ bJh pko pko T[j T[Xo gqfsrwB eodk j?.22

o[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFh ftu g/F tX/o/ fJ;soh gksoK gqfs th BkfJe dk B}ohnkg[Zso w'j tkbk jh j?. fi; ftu nfXeko dh GktBk B}o nkT[_dh j?. wK ~ T[j;fjitkB jh gqtkB eo b?_dk j?. nkgDh eftsk d/ FpdK ftu fit/_ L

fizB/ ftu SK ;fji/ wK pD iKdh j?T[m e/ j'o fes/ ikD ~ ih Bjh_ eodkpkb Bh_ SZvdkED fit/_ wK dk.23

fJ; fposKse ekft ftu fiE/ T[j fe;/ e[Vh d/ w/b s'_ gq;zB ;h fco T[jhibXko ftu ;wk rJh. nrKj ube/ c/o T[;/ ~ rzrk dh Xko u'_ T[Goh r[owkskdZ;dk j?. r[owksk tkbk B}ohnk T[j fJvhg; wB'rzY d/ gqGkt nXhB jhngDkT[_dk j? fiE/ T[;~ jo/e e[Vh wK torh ;B/j Gog{o gqshs j[zdh j? L

rzrk dh Xko ftu e[Vh r[owksk ;hg[zfBnk g[Bhs ibSkBDh d/ gkso u T[Skbdhe'Jh e'Jh p{zd w/oh ekfJnk s/ so'_edh.24

nkgDh wK s'_ d{oh ekft BkfJe nzdo ;'r$wksw dh nt;Ek Go fdzdhj? fi; ekoB T[j ;'rtkB j' iKdk j?. T[;d/ ihtB uZeo ftu pdbkn nkT[_dkj? go ekft BkfJe fJ;~ ;keokswe o{g ftu b?_dk j?. wksw (Mourning) d/ o{g

ftu ekft BkfJe fJj eEB T[ukodk j? L

w?E'_ d{o ub/ frnK dh ][Fp'Jhw/o/ se gj[zudh ojhs[o frnK ~ @tk} w?_ Bjh_ wkoh ed/ubk frnk ;' uzdBT[jdh F'Gk w/o/ sZe nkT[_dh ojh.25wksw dh nt;Ek pko/ \okfJv dk wzBDk j? fe L

wksw fi; tk;s/ ftobkg Fpd th tofsnk iKdk j?, fJ; ftu ;±?-nkdodh xkN j[zdh j?. fJj nfij/ ftnesh j[zd/ jB fijV/ nkgD/ s'_ ftZSV rJ/fgnkfonK d/ ftS'V/ ftu nkgD/ nkg ~ e';d/ ofjzd/ jB. T[j wfj;{; eod/ jBfe T[jBK B/ s[o rJ/ nkgD/ fgnkfonK ~ ed/ g{ok fgnko Bjh_ ;h fdZsk.26

fJeZbsk dh nt;Ek ftu ftnesh eJh tko ;'rtkB j' iKdk j?. fsVehj'Jh fposh tkb/ b'eK bJh fJeZbsk j'o th sebh\d/j ;kps j[zdh j?.fJeZbsk d/wjZst ~ do;kT[_fdnK vkH r[opuB dk eEB j? L


N[ZNk j'fJnk wB[Zy fJeZbk Bjh_ ofj ;edk. T[j~ i[VB dh b'V j[zdh j?.T[j ;[szso fuZs th Bjh_ j[zdk. T[j ezw Bkb i[fVnk j'fJnk Bjh_ j[zdk. T[j ezw~ fgnko Bjh_ eo fojk j[zdk. Bk ezw s'_ T[j~ e[M gqkgs j[zdk j?.27

vkH r[opuB dhnK T[go'es ;soK s'_ fJj ;fji jh nzdk}k brkfJnkik ;edk j? fe fJeZbsk iK wksw ftnesh nzdo T[gokwsk g?dk eod/ jB. fi;Bkb ftnesh ftu irs ns/ t;sK gqfs w'j ]sw j' iKdk j?. e[M ftnesh fJ;;fEsh d/ S[ZNeko/ bJh nksw y'i dh okj s/ s[o g?_d/ jB. o[Zy s/ foFh ftubkekft BkfJe th e[M fJ; gqeko dh jh fposh dk XkoBh j?. eJh tko ftnesh;t? j'_d dh Gkb ftu fJekrosk nXhB ;t? ntb'eB eodk j?. ;t? ntb'eBd[nkok eth wfj;{;dk j? fe f}zdrh ftu T[;d/ ;[Gkn d/ e[M bZSD T[;~ tZyfonKeod/ oj/ jB. fi; eoe/ T[j fJeZbsk dh j'Dh G[rsdk j? L

s{z fBok e'Ve{f}zdrh Go s{z nDfufEnk ihftnk;G ek;/ s'_ tZyok, nZvok, fByZVtKd{finK u x[b-fwb e/ ofjD s?~ Bk nkfJnk.28

fiE/ eth dh fJeZbsk dk ekoB T[;dk tZyok ;[GkT[ j? T[E/ ;w/_ ;w/_ s/T[;d/ fgnkfonK dk ;dhth ftS'Vk th fJ;dk ekoB pDdk j?. Gkt/_ fe eth dkwzBDk j? fe w"s T[;dh eftsk dk gqw[Zy Ehw Bjh_ j? go fco th T[;d/ nkgfDnKdk tes p/tes s[o ikDk T[;~ go/FkB eodk fojk j? fi; ekoB w"s, fJeZbsknkfd dk f}eo T[;d/ ekft ftu nkg w[jko/ nk iKdk j? pe"b eth L

:ehBB, fJj ihtB nkgDhnK d[FtkohnK d/ pkti{d pj[s w[ZbtkB j?,fiT[D:'r j?. go w[Ffeb fJj j? fe w/o/ nk;/-gk;/ w/o/ nkgD/ jh fgnko/ feoBwfeoBh ub/ ik oj/ jB. T[jBK dk ftS'Vk w/o/ nzdo w"s dh fsZyh u/sBk irkT[_dkj?. T[j sK wo rJ/, go w/o/ nzdo T[jBK dh w"s fiT[_dh ofjzdh j?.29

nzdobh fJeZbsk T[;~ ekft f;oiB bJh gq/odh j?. fi;dk goSKtKT[;dh ekft feos T[go th ;fji/ jh d/fynk ik ;edk j?.

ekw[esk dh gq/oe Fesh nXhB ekft BkfJe dk ftuoBk th wkBth j'Dhdk fJe Gkr j?.eJh tko fBoXkfos ehs/ gZE T[go ubfdnK jh ekw fsqgsh d/nt;o T[gbpX j[zd/ jB go eJh tko fdFk jhD j'D eoe/ nkgD/ gZE pko/nt/;b/ j[zfdnK j'fJnK th fe;/ gq/w gkso Bkb w/b j' iKdk j?. nfijk jh fJent;o ekft g[;se ftub/ BkfJe ~ th gqkgs j[zdk j?. id'_ fe T[j gfjbh tkoe[dos dh fJ; ftXkB (ekw[esk) dk nfj;k; nkgD/ nzsoht ftu wfj;{; eodkj? L


T[jB/ w?~ t/fynknKdoK d/ fezro/ s/wZmh wZmh ghV fit/_ o"FB j' ikJ/p'N fit/_ nkbQD/ s'_ osk pkjo u[zM y'bQ/;[pQk ;t/o/ fit/_ u[e fsVe ikD dhtk} fijh nkJ/.30

T[go'es ekft ;soK ftu Gkt/_ eth ekft BkfJe dh wB' ;fEsh dk f}eoeo fojk j? go fco th n;h_ fJj Bjh_ efj ;ed/ fe f;oiBk ftu'_ f;oie dknkgk wB\h j?. fJ; bzw/oh eftsk ftu vkH jfoGiB f;zx dk nkgk th fdqFNhwkBj[zdk j?. o[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFh pko/ f}eo eofdnK eth efjzdk j? fe L

eoskoh s'_ ftSfVnK gzikj tfoQnK s'_ T[go ;wK phs u[Zek j?. eh w?_T[;~ ft;ko u[Zek jK g{o/ dk g{ok < FkfJd Bjh_. w?_ nkgDh j[D/ j[D/ Sgh eftsko[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFh ftu fbfynk j? @i]w ubk ikJ/, T[jdk dk| ofj iKdk j?, dk|~ gb';D dh b'V pDh ofjzdh j?. fJj e[M fbyD bZfrnK w/ok i' siopk p'bfojk ;h, T[; ftu skoh th Fkwb j't/rh, Gkt/_ nu/s s"o s/.31

fiBK e'Jh eth f}zdrh d/ B}dhe j't/rk T[BK jh f}nkdk T[;dh eftskftu ihtB d/ sZs Fkfwb j'Dr/. fJE/ ;kvh w[okd fJj efjD s'_ j? fe fBZihf}zdrh d/ siop/ eth dh feos ftu :EkoE dk ozr GoB ftu ;jkJh j[zd/ jB.eth dh ihtBh u'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbk dk gkm eoB T[gozs i/eo o[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFh dkgkm ehsk ikJ/ sK ;fji jh nB[Gt ehsk ik ;edk j? fe fJ; bzw/oh eftsk dkfejVk gq;zr eth d/ nkgD/ fBZi Bkb snZbe oZydk j?. Gkt/_ fe nkgDh ;t? ihtBhftu @fbphv'# (ekw[esk) Bkb ;zpzfXs fe;/ gqeko dk e'Jh jtkbk Bjh_ fdZsk frnkgo o[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFh ftu BkfJe d/ ekw wB'GktK ~ pj[s pkohe-phBh Bkb ekft o{gftu g/F ehsk frnk j?. fJ; ftu eth nkgDh ;hwk s'_ pkjo Bjh_iKdk L

bkb;k d/ ozr fijh r{VQhgqEw fgnk;Xosh dk gfjbk fgnko fgnk;fi;w e[obkfJnk w?_ Bzrk jKo'w o'w c[ZbK Bkb Go ikDk ukfjnk.32

T[go'es ekft ;soK s'_ gfjbK n;h_ f}eo ehsk j? fe eth ekwT[s/iBk d/ gq;zr ftu BkfJe dh wB'dFk T[bhedk nkgDh jZd gko Bjh_ eodk, fJ;;zpzXh eth fpbe[b ;[u/s j?. eth nB[;ko L

;z;feqs d/ eth wjkB ;B. T[BQK B/ ;oho s/ nkswk ~ ;wfMnk ;h.


;oho d/ nzr T[BQK dh eftsk ftu y[iokj'_ d/ wzdoK dhnK w{oshnK tKr ;[zdo Bzr/i ftu eZ;/ j'J/ ;B. nFbhb eftsk ekbhdk;, ftfdnkgsh, e/Ftdk; s/ r[o{r'fpzd f;zx jh fby ;ed/ ;B, n;h_ Bjh_. T[j wjKeth ;B s/ wjkB nkswktK.nkw nkdwh i/ nfijhnK rZbK fby/ sK b[Zuk bZr/rk. w?_ fbzr tkFBk ftu fGZiheftsk Bjh_ ou ;edk. w?_ S'Nk eth jK.33

vkH jfoGiB f;zx f;oiBk ns/ ;whfynk d/ y/so ftu fJe ftnesh Bjh_;r'_ nkgD/ nkg ftu fJe g{oh gozgok dk BK j?. fi; dk bkG T[;d/ ;wekbhnKd/ Bkb Bkb T[;d/ T[so ekbhnK B/ th fbnk j?. fdZbh Ffjo d/ nekdfwe;kfjse jbfenK ftu fe;/ th tes frnkB gozgok pko/ uouk vkH jfoGiB f;zxd/ f}eo s'_ fpBK g{oB Bjh_ wzBh iKdh. ;kfjsekoh ns/ ;whfynk d/ y/so ftufJe' ;w/_ pokpo Bkw yZND tkb/ ;kfjsekoK ftu vkH jfoGiB f;zx dk Bkw nZtbdoi/ ftu fbnk iKdk j?. fiE/ vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh frDsh f;ZXKsekoh ftu;otekbh gzikph ;kfjsekoK d/ ]k; BktK ftu ehsh iKdh j?, T[E/ ekftekoh ftuth T[; dk BK T[gob/ doi/ d/ ethnK ftu fbnk iKdk j?. fJ; dk f}eo pbtzsrkorh, r[b}ko f;zx ;zX{ nkgD/ o/yk fuZsoK ftu eod/ jB s/ vkH i;tzs f;zx B/eh tor/ wB'ftfrnkBh nkgDhnK w[bkeksK ftu th fJjBK pko/ uouk eod/ jB.

;' n;h_ wB'ftfrnkB dh fJ; irs gqf;ZX ;zgodk dh ;jkfJsk Bkb vkHjfoGiB f;zx dh ekft feos o[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFh dh gVu'b eoB dk T[gokbk ehsk j?.fi; ftu'_ BthB gqeko d/ f;ZN/ gqkgs j'J/ jB. fJjBK pko/ j[D sZe gzikph ekftnkb'uBk ftu pj[s xZN f}eo j'fJnk j?. jo/e ;whfynk pko/ ukj/ fezBh thrzGhosk ns/ wjhBsk Bkb goy ehsh ikt/ fco th e[M Bk e[M gk;ko nfij/ j[zd/jB fijV/ nX{o/ ofj iKd/ jB. fJj ekft feos J/Bh ftFkb gqfeqsh tkbh j? fefJe y'i-gZso okjh_ fJ;d/ ;ko/ gk;ko T[ikro j'D/ ;zGt Bjh_.

jtkb/ ns/ fNZgDhnKjtkb/ ns/ fNZgDhnKjtkb/ ns/ fNZgDhnKjtkb/ ns/ fNZgDhnKjtkb/ ns/ fNZgDhnK

1H pbtzs rkorh, Fops dhnK x[ZNKFops dhnK x[ZNKFops dhnK x[ZNKFops dhnK x[ZNKFops dhnK x[ZNK, gzBk 159

2H vkH jfoGiB f;zx, o[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFh, gzBk 8

3H y'i dogDy'i dogDy'i dogDy'i dogDy'i dogD (;zgk eoB?b f;zx fEzd), gzikph nfXn?B ;e{b, r[o{ BkBe d/t :{Bhtof;Nh, nzfwqs;o, iBtoh 1985, gzBk 105

4H F?bh, b{Dk L wB'ftFb/FDkswe nfXn?Bb{Dk L wB'ftFb/FDkswe nfXn?Bb{Dk L wB'ftFb/FDkswe nfXn?Bb{Dk L wB'ftFb/FDkswe nfXn?Bb{Dk L wB'ftFb/FDkswe nfXn?B, gzBk 53

5H r[b}ko f;zx ;zX{ (;zgk), vkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH jfoGiB f;zx, gzBk 46


7H T[jhT[jhT[jhT[jhT[jh, gzBk 28


8H dhtkB f;zx (;zgk), \ohd doFB\ohd doFB\ohd doFB\ohd doFB\ohd doFB, gzBk 81


10H F?bh, b{Dk L wB'ftFb/FDkswe nfXn?Bb{Dk L wB'ftFb/FDkswe nfXn?Bb{Dk L wB'ftFb/FDkswe nfXn?Bb{Dk L wB'ftFb/FDkswe nfXn?Bb{Dk L wB'ftFb/FDkswe nfXn?B, gzBk 53



13H e[btzs f;zx, f;rwzv \okfJv ns/ wB'ftFb/FDf;rwzv \okfJv ns/ wB'ftFb/FDf;rwzv \okfJv ns/ wB'ftFb/FDf;rwzv \okfJv ns/ wB'ftFb/FDf;rwzv \okfJv ns/ wB'ftFb/FD, gzBk 59




17H f;rwzv \okfJv ns/ wB'ftFb/FDf;rwzv \okfJv ns/ wB'ftFb/FDf;rwzv \okfJv ns/ wB'ftFb/FDf;rwzv \okfJv ns/ wB'ftFb/FDf;rwzv \okfJv ns/ wB'ftFb/FD, gzBk 61



20H i;tzs f;zx B/eh, nu/sB dh bhbQknu/sB dh bhbQknu/sB dh bhbQknu/sB dh bhbQknu/sB dh bhbQk, gzBk 83


22H i;tzs f;zx B/eh, nu/sB dh bhbQk, gzBk 83




26H f;rwzv \okfJv ns/ wB'ftFb/FDf;rwzv \okfJv ns/ wB'ftFb/FDf;rwzv \okfJv ns/ wB'ftFb/FDf;rwzv \okfJv ns/ wB'ftFb/FDf;rwzv \okfJv ns/ wB'ftFb/FD, gzBk 66

27H f\bjkbf\bjkbf\bjkbf\bjkbf\bjkb, g[;se bVh 7, gzBk 2


29H vkH jfoGiB f;zx, u'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbk, gzBk 220


31H vkH jfoGiB f;zx, u'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbk, gzBk 99


õõõ


vkH jfoGiB f;zx ekft LvkH jfoGiB f;zx ekft LvkH jfoGiB f;zx ekft LvkH jfoGiB f;zx ekft LvkH jfoGiB f;zx ekft Lb'eXkokJh gq;zrb'eXkokJh gq;zrb'eXkokJh gq;zrb'eXkokJh gq;zrb'eXkokJh gq;zr

(Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/I - d/ ftF/F gq;zr ftu)(Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/I - d/ ftF/F gq;zr ftu)(Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/I - d/ ftF/F gq;zr ftu)(Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/I - d/ ftF/F gq;zr ftu)(Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/I - d/ ftF/F gq;zr ftu)

vkH dfonkvkH dfonkvkH dfonkvkH dfonkvkH dfonk

vkH jfoGiB f;zx gzikph ;kfjs dk fJe T[Zxkj;sk]o j?, fiE/ T[; B/ f;oiDkswe b/ye d/ s"o #s/nkgDh ftbZyD gSkD ekfJw ehsh j? T[ZE/ T[; B/ ;kfjsnkb'uBk ftu th nkgDk wjZstg{oB :'rdkB gkfJnk j?.vkH jfoGiB f;zx fdZbh ;e{b Bkb i[V/ j'J/ nfij/ gqw[Zyfuzse jB fiBQK B/ nkgDh gqfsGk Bkb ;kfjsekoh ns/;kfjs nkb'uBk ftu BthnK bhjK gkJhnK. ;kfjsekoh d/y/so ftu vkH jfoGiB f;zx fJe gqw[Zy eth j? fi; B/nkX[fBesktkdh gfog/y s'_ wB[Zy dh j'Dh ~ gqGktFkbh YzrBkb fusfonk j?. T[d:'rheoB ns/ FfjoheoB d/ Bt/_gqGktK d/ nzsors wkBth n;fsst ~ dog/F uD"shnK T[;dh f;oiD gqfefonk dk w{b nkXko pDhnK jB. wB[Zy d/p[fBnkdh ;o'ekoK Bkb i[Vh j'Jh fJj FkfJoh tZy-tZy gq;zrKs'_ nfXn?B dh wzr eodh j?. jZEb/ y'i-gZso dk w{bwe;d vkH jfoGiB f;zx ekft d/ b'eXkokJh ;o'ekoK Bkb;zpzX oZydk j?. fJ; gq;zr s'_ Gkosh ;kfjs nekdwh d[nkokg[o;ekfos g[;se Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_ ~ nkXko pDkfJnkfrnk. 20th_ ;dh d/ ;st/_ djke/ ftu ojh fJ; g[;seftu g/F ;zt/dBk nkX[fBesk ~ rqfjD eodh ns/ gozgoktKs'_ p/w[Zy j'Jh gqshs j[zdh j?. ;kfjs f;oiDk ftu b'eXkok~ tZy-tZy o{gK okjh_ fJ;s/wkb ehsk iKdk j?. vkH eoB?bf;zx fEzd nB[;ko ;kfjs f;oiDk ftu b'eXkok dh tos'_fJ; Yzr Bkb fBFus ehsh ik ;edh j? L

T) b'e:kfBe ;kwZrqh dk ;kfjse ouBktK

woj{w, n?;';hJ/N gq'ca?;o s/w[yh, gzikph nfXn?B ;e{b,r[o{ BkBe d/t :{Bhtof;Nh,nzfwqs;o.


bJh f;ZX/ o{g ftu gq:'r

n) b'e:kfBe ;kwZrqh dh pdbt/_ o{g ftu tos'_

J) b'e:kfBe ;kwZrqh dk ;ze/s nEtk gqshe o{g ftu T[b/y

;) b'e o{VQhnK (Folk motifs) dh tos'_ 1

;kfjs ftu b'eXkok dh tos'_ nu/s iK ;u/s d'tK gZXoK #s/ ehsh iKdhj?. b'eXkok dh tos'_ ;kfjs ~ tX/o/ ;zukoh pDkT[D d/ Bkb-Bkb ;[ji g?dk eoBftu th wjZstg{oB G{fwek fBGkT[_dh j?. ;kfjs ftu Bt/_ noEK dh f;oiDk eoBbJh th b'eXkok dk o{gKsoD ehsk iKdk j?. gozgoe fwZEK ~ Bt/_ ;zdoGK ftutos e/ Bt/_ noE g?dk eoB dh e'fFF ehsh iKdh j?. vkH jfoGiB f;zx ekftftu b'eXkok ftfGzB o{gK ftu fJ;s/wkb j'Jh j?. nfijh b'eXkokJh tos'_ fJ;ekft ~ tX/o/ ;[ji Gog{o ns/ noE Gog{o pDkT[D ftu ;cb j'Jh j?.

Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_ ekft-;zrqfj ftu nkX[fBe wkBt dh yzfvs j'_d dk]{p;{osh Bkb fusoB j'fJnk j?. ftfrnkBe u/sBk d/ nkT[D Bkb wFhBheoBdh j'_d g?dk j'D eoe/ wB[Zy th wFhB d/ fJe g[oi/ dh soQK pD iKdk j?. nfijkwekBeh ihtB ftjko T[;d/ ihtB ftu nB/eK gqeko dhnK ;wkfie ns/ wkBf;er[zMbK ~ iBw fdzdk j?. pzd/ dh j'_d ;kjwD/ nB/eK gqeko d/ gqFB yVQ/ j[zd/ jB,fi; eoe/ wB[Zy d[fpXk dk fFeko j' iKdk j?. T[;dh j'_d gqwkfDesk dh sbkFftu ngqwkfDe j'_d ns/ fdqFNh ftu T[bMDK dk fFeko pD iKdh j?. jZEb/ ekft;zrqfj ftu Fkfwb eftsktK d/ f;ob/y th nfijh gqftosh dh rtkjh d/_d/ jB.bx{ wkBt, ngqwkfDe, nZi dk pzdk, eZbQ dk w;kD, fBgZsqk, FhF/ dh u'r, fBopz;h,yzfvs rhs dh fXZeko, ;[brdk jZE, eZu ;{se, ng?ok nkdwh, ibktsB X[Zg nkfdeftsktK wB[Zy dh yzfvs j'_d dh ftfEnk fpnkB eodhnK jB. vkH jfoGiB f;zxekft okjh_ wB[Zy d/ X[o nzdo ;zxoF eo ojhnK gqftoshnK f;oiDkswe nwbokjh_ g/F j'JhnK jB. gozgok ns/ nkX[fBesk ftubh eFweF fJ; g[;se ftub/ekft ftu d/yh ik ;edh j?.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx fwZEK ~ T[bNkT[D dh ;woZEk th oZydk j?. @joBk]FBjh_ wo/#, @nkgD/ pZu/ ~#, @;[bxdk jZE# ns/ @eZu ;{se# nkfd eftsktK okjh_ T[jfwEK ~ pdbt/_ noEK ftu g/F eodk j? L

gqG ih pko pko ntso/

joBkyF Bjh_ wo/

jo fdj[z nkgDk wzdo ;ki/

nkgDk fdT[sk xV/


nrb/ fdj[z gqfjbkd gXko/

s'V skV ;G Xo/

Bt/_ pqjw ~ Bth_ ebgBk

Bth_ pzdBk eo/

joBk]F Bjh_ wo/.

T[go'es eftsk okjh_ T[j joBk]F ns/ gqfjbkd dh fwE okjh_ nkX[fBe;zt/dBk dk gqrNktk eo fojk j?. Bt/_ pqjw dh ebgBk ftfrnkBe u/sBk Bkbi[Vh j'Jh j? ns/ nfijh u/sBk gqzgok Bkb'_ ftZE Ekg e/ Bt/_ gqshwkB ;Ekfgs eoBtZb o[fus j?. jfoGiB f;zx ekft ftu g/F fwZEK dk ;q's Gkosh fwfEjk; j?.Gkosh fwfEjk; ftu'_ T[j fjzd{ ;z;feqsh ns/ Xow ftu gqufbs BkfJeK ns/ T[jBKd[nkb/ T[;o/ fposKsK$fwZEK ~ ekft w[jKdo/ ftu Ykb e/ g/F eodk j?. nfijhnKfwZEK dh g/Fekoh noE f;oiDk ftu wjZstg{oB G{fwek fBGkT[_dh j?.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx nkgDh ekft f;oiDk okjh_ b'eXkokJh sZsK dk Bt/_;zdoGK ftu BthBheoB th eo iKdk j?. fJ; gq;zr s'_ fJ; ;zrqfj ftu T[;dhpj[s wjZstg{oB eftsk @eZu ;{se# ~ nfXn?B dk nkXko pDkfJnk ik ;edkj?. fJ; eftsk okjh_ T[j gozgoe b'eXkokJh noEK ~ T[bNkT[_dk jh Bjh_ ;r'_Bt-f;oiDk eodk j?. fJj eftsk @eZu pZu/# s'_ @oZp ;Zu/# sZe d/ nkX[fBe wkBth_ftjko dh rZb eodh j?. fJ; eftsk d/ fposKs ftu Ffjoh ihtB ftu nkX[fBens/ ny"sh Bth_ u/sBk tkbk ftfrnkBe ihtB ihT[ oj/ gsh-gsBh i'V/ d/ fttjko~ g/F ehsk frnk j?. fJ; fposKs okjh_ wkBttkd ns/ gdkoEtkd fto'Xh i[ZNKftu yV/ j'J/ gqshs j[zd/ jB. wkBth iDB gqfefonk dk gqfeqfse fttjko gdkoEe;[Zy gqkgsh ;kjwD/ dw s'Vdk j? ns/ ftfrnkBe B}ohnk nwkBth fttjko ~iBw fdzdk j?. ftfrnkBe u/sBk nXhB nkJh gdkoEtkdh ;'u d/ nzsors idwB[Zy nwkBth fttjko eo b?_dk j? sK nfijh wkBf;e r[zMb dk jZb Xow ftu'_bZGdk j?. fJ; eftsk okjh_ vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ nkX[fBe ihtB T[go gozgoegeV ns/ Xow d/ dpdp/ ~ fiE/ gqtkB ehsk j? T[ZE/ nkX[fBe wB[Zy d/ dtzddk gqrNktk th ehsk j?. nfijh ;{yw ns/ wB[Zyh ;zt/dBk Bkb i[Vh j'Jh r[zMbdkowB'rzY ~ g/F eoB bJh T[;B/ b'eXkokJh sZsK dk ;jkok fbnk j?. @eZu ;{se#,@;cb eow#, @d[ZX g[Zs#, @rzYVh#, @fuZs w?bk# nkfd FpdK d/ wkfXnw okjh_ GktK~ b'eXkok d/ wkfXnw okjh_ g/F eoB dh e'fFF ehsh j?. T[j b'erhs ~Bt/_ ;zdoGK ftu tos e/ gozgok Bkb'_ p/w[Zy ns/ nkX[fBe ikthJ/ ~ g/F eodkj?. fJ; eftsk ftu g/F b'e rhs dhnK ;soK ~ T[j j/m fby/ nB[;koT[bNkt/_ o{g ftu g/F eodk j? L


jfonk Bh wkJ/_, jfonk Bh G?D/

jfonk sK Gkrh_ Gfonk

fi; fdjkVh w/ok jfonk Bk izfwnk

;'Jh fdjkVk Gkrh_ Gfonk

fJ; eftsk okjh_ vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ b'eXkok ftu gqufbs gozgoeFpdK d/ o{gK ~ ;zebfge ns/ gqshekswe o{g ftu g/F ehsk j?. fJj eftskfiE/ wB[Zyh sBkT[ s/ dtzd ~ g/F eodh j? T[E/ fJj ftnzr dh f;oiDk th eodhj?. roGgks fiE/ ;cb eow d/ s"o #s/ wfj;{; ehsk ik fojk j? T[E/ jfowzdofty/ ik e/ wB fuZs w?bk X'D dk ftuko th g/F j'fJnk j?. BhthnK j'JhnK nZyKfiE/ nkgD/ fto;/ Bkb'_ N[ZN e/ frbkBh dk nfj;k; eotkT[_dhnK jB T[E/ N?uhftu oZyh j'Jh rzYVh wB ftu pZMh j'Jh wB'rzY d/ ;zebfge noEK dk gqrNktkeodh j?. vkH jfoGiB f;zx ekft ftu g/F wB[Zy nfij/ tor dh gqshfBXskeodk j? i' gozgoe bhjK s'_ jZN e/ nkgDh fJe tZyoh gSkD ns/ j'_d ekfJweoB tZb o[fus j?. fJ; gqfefonk ftu nfijk tor nkgDh gozgok s'_ p/w[Zyj' e/ gdkoEe y[Fjkbh ~ ;kjwD/ oZydk j'fJnk wkBf;e dtzd dk fFeko j' iKdkj?. fJ; gq;zr s'_ j/m fbyhnK ;soK ~ d/fynk ik ;edk j? L

iBsk ~ jo o'is/ ;k~ ed/ edkJh_iBsk rZvh B/ sK ikDkN/FD s'_ N/FD sZefBT{ fdZbh s'_ nzfwqs;o sen;h_ sK ikDk Bof;zr xo s'_ jfowzdo seeu-pZu/ s'_ op ;Zu/ sZed[y-;[y toQ/ fSwkjhiBsk ~ jo o'} ;\os/ ;k~ ed/ edkJh_

fJ; gqeko fJ; ekft ftu eZu pZu/ s'_ oZp ;Zu/ se d/ ;\o d"okB g?dkj'JhnK wB'-sqk;fde ;fEshnK ~ fpnkB ehsk j?.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx ekft foFfsnK ftu tkgo oj/ N[ZN GZi d/ toskfonK~ th ;fGnkukoe s/ b'eXkokJh ;zdoGK okjh_ g/F eoB dh e'fFF eodk j?. T[jfiE/ ;fGnkuko d/ y[Z; oj/ nkXkoK d/ ftr'u/ ~ g/F eodk j? T[E/ wfonkdsfoFfsnK ns/ fFFNkukoe jZdK d/ N[ZND ~ th ekft nkXkoK ti'_ rqfjD eodk


j?. fJ; gqeko T[j ;wki ftu tkgo ojh spdhbh ~ ;ekokswe o{g ftu th g/F eodk j? ns/ fJ; ;wkfie spdhbh ~ ;fGnkukoe fpzpK ftu Ykb e/ g/Feodk j?. fJ; gq;zr s'_ j/m fbyhnK ;soK d/yhnK ik ;edhnK jBL

j[D sK wZf;nk nk e/ th

;k~ Bjh_ fwbdh

j[D Fkwh_ xo she gj[zuDk

fJFe Bjh_ j?

w/o/ fgzv d/ fgzv/ s/

j[D gfjbK torh pk; Bjh_ j?.

T[go'es ;soK okjh_ ftfrnkBe u/sBk d/ gk;ko j'D Bkb o{VQhtkdh ns/gozgoe fgSkj fyZu{ edoK-ehwsK dk ]kswk j'fJnk j?. b/ye ~ nkgDk ;wkigfjbK Bkb'_ ;'jDk ns/ y[Fp{dko wfj;{; j[zdk j?. fJ; soQK vkH jfoGiB f;zxfrnkB d/ gk;ko j'D Bkb wB d/ jB/fonK ftu ukBD dh b'n j'D eoe/nkFktkdh fdykJh d/ fojk j?. fJ; eoe/ jh T[; d/ nfij/ ftukoK d/ gqrNkt/bJh g[zfBnk, wZf;nk, uzB ns/ ;{oi ;fGnkukoe gq;zrK ftu g/F j' e/ eftsktK~ noE gqdkB eod/ jB.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ nkgDh ekft f;oiDk ftu b'eXkokJh fposKsei[rsK dk th pk]{ph fJ;s/wkb ehsk j?. fJj b'eXkokJh i[rsK gqshekswe o{gftu noEK ~ ft;Eko gqdkB eodhnK jB. b'e wB ftu gJhnK j'JhnK b'efposKs dhnK nfijhnK o{VQhnK fiE/ eftsk ~ ;[ji Gog{o pDkT[_dhnK jB T[E/noE ;zuko ftu th wjZstg{oB G{fwek fBGkT[_dhnK jB.

T[go'es ftuko-uouk s'_ pknd fejk ik ;edk j? fe vkH jfoGiB f;zxekft 20th_ ;dh d/ ;Zst/_ djke/ ftu tkgo ojhnK ;wkfie ns/ wkBth_ spdhbhnK~ g/F eodk j?. T[;dh nfijh g/Fekoh gozgok ns/ nkX[fBesk d/ dtzd ftu'_g?dk j'JhnK T[bMDK ns/ wB'rzYK d/ fJod-frod T[;oh j'Jh j?. T[j nfij/ ;{]wftfFnK ~ b'eXkok ns/ ;fGnkukoe fpzpK ftu Ykb e/ ]{p;{osh Bkb g/F eoiKdk j?.

jtkb/ ns/ fNZgDhnKjtkb/ ns/ fNZgDhnKjtkb/ ns/ fNZgDhnKjtkb/ ns/ fNZgDhnKjtkb/ ns/ fNZgDhnK

1H vkH eoB?b f;zx fEzd, b'e:kB s/ wZXekbhB gzikph ;kfjsb'e:kB s/ wZXekbhB gzikph ;kfjsb'e:kB s/ wZXekbhB gzikph ;kfjsb'e:kB s/ wZXekbhB gzikph ;kfjsb'e:kB s/ wZXekbhB gzikph ;kfjs, ihtBwzfdo gqekFB, nzfwqqs;o, gzBk 39Hnzfwqs;o

õõõ


vkH jfoGiB f;zx dkvkH jfoGiB f;zx dkvkH jfoGiB f;zx dkvkH jfoGiB f;zx dkvkH jfoGiB f;zx dkekft-irs L g[Bo-;ztkdekft-irs L g[Bo-;ztkdekft-irs L g[Bo-;ztkdekft-irs L g[Bo-;ztkdekft-irs L g[Bo-;ztkd

nksw f;zx ozXktk (vkH)nksw f;zx ozXktk (vkH)nksw f;zx ozXktk (vkH)nksw f;zx ozXktk (vkH)nksw f;zx ozXktk (vkH)

vkH jfoGiB f;zx ekft dk id'_ nkozG j[zdk j? sKT[; t/b/ pj[s ;koh gzikph eftsk wkoe;tkdh ftukoXkoks'_ gqGkfts ;h. gzikph nkb'uBk ftu th fJ;/ fdq;aNh s'_eftsk ;thekoh ik ojh ;h. vkH jfoGiB f;zx fJ; s'_tØyo/ ofj e/ ekft-f;oiDk eod/ jB fi;dk ;zpzX fBo'b;[ji Bkb pDdk j?. T[BQK dh gfjbh g[;se bk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;K i' 1956ftu gqek;fas j[zdh j?, T[; ftu T[j gqrshtkd s'_ fJbktkj'o gozgoe s/ gquØfbs ekft-w[jkto/ ~ fsnkr e/ ftbØyDekft dh f;oiDk th eod/ jB s/ fJ; s'_ g{oh soQK ;[u/sth jBL

nfj fJe skok j'o $ fJjdh i's ftbØyD fb;aedh

fJjdh fMbfwb Bth_ Be'o.1

fJ;/ tes gzikph ekft ftu ;wkBzso eJh gqftoshnKT[GodhnK jB. fJBQK d/ ftukoXkoe nkXko ;wki-;fGnkukoens/ oki;h bfjoK Bkb i[V/ ;B. fJBQK bfjoK d/ gqGktjhDj'D iK ftukoXkoe ;zeN ekoB fJj gqftoshnK wØXw g?rJhnK ns/ pj[shnK dhnK ;hwktK th ibdh ;kjwD/ nkrJhnK. e[M gqftoshnK nkgDhnK fe;/ ]k; ft;a/;asktK ekoBni/ th gqGkt oØy ojhnK ;B. vkH jfoGiB f;zx fJ;;wkBzso ;fEsh s'_ g{oh soQK tkfeca j[zd/ j'J/, fJBQK ftu'_ fe;/~ th ngDkT[_d/ Bjh_, ;r'_ T[; dhnK ;hwktK s/ ;zGktBktKtØb'_ u/szB ofjzd/ jB. fw;kb d/ s"o *s/ T[j gqrshtkdhekft-;ak;so dhnK ;hwktK ~ gSkD e/ nkgDk gqsheow ekftftu fJT[_ g/;a eod/ jBL

w?_ c[Øb T[rkfJnk ;h J/;/ jh Xosh @s/

n?;';hJ/N gq'ca?;o s/ w[yh,gzikph nfXn?B ftGkr,]kb;k ekbi, nzfwqs;o.\'BL 9872217273


go c[Øb Bkb ya[;ap' nkg/ s[o nkJh j?

w?_ gfjbh tkoh s/o/ w{zj'_ ;[fDnk j?

c[ØbK ~ ya[;ap'nK dh ;dk wBkjh_ j? 2

fJ;/ ;w/_ vkH jfoGiB f;zx T[; eftsk Bkb th tkd-fttkd s/ ;ztkdoukT[_d/ jB i' i[Mko-ekft d/ nzsors fbyh ik ojh ;h ns/ @fJBebkp ~ pzd{edh Bkbh# #u'_ fBebdk d/ydh ;h. fJ; eftsk Bkb i[V/ eth$b'e oki;h b'eszsohfXoK tØb'_ pko-pko fdykJ/ ny"sh pdbkn tkb/ ;[gfBnK s'_ szr nk e/ jfEnkopzdfJBebkp dk ;[gBk t/yd/ ;B. fJ; bfjo d/ fgS'eV ftu gqrshtkdhbfjo$;kfjs dh T[j f;ØEbsk th fJe ekoB pD iKdh j? i' T[; tes ;EkgshBkb GkJhtkb pDe/ b'e fjØsK dk Bknok d/ oj/ yØp/gØyhnK d/ ekoB g?dk j'Jh.fJ; soQK fJ; Xkok d/ ethnK B/ Gkosh ny"sh iwj{ohns ~ oØd eoe/ fJ;d/f]bk\ oki;h bfjo ti'_ ebwpzd s/ jfEnkopzd ;zxoF ftØfYnk. vkH jfoGiBf;zx dh fdqFNh ftu eftsk dk gq:'iB ;[jikswesk j?. T[j eftsk d/ fjz;e;[Gkn Bkb n;fjws j[zfdnK T[; Bkb fJT[_ ;ztkd oukT[_d/ jB L

fJj e/jh ;akfJoh j? d';s'i' fdb *u'_ Bjh_ pzd{e dh Bkbh *u'_ fBebdh j?i' ;[DkJh Bjh_ iKdh, p; ubkJh iKdh j?fJj fejk fFno j? d';s'i' f;oca esb ftu ihT[_dk j?i' nkgD/ Bjh_ gokJ/ y{B Bkb fbfynk iKdk j?s/ fJj e/jk castk j? Bk;Bk;ah dkfe w?_ pzd{e dh p{ ~ wfje Bjh_ efjzdk 3

;wekbh ;fEshnK s/ ekft-gqftoshnK gqsh g{ok ;[u/s j'Dk, ;woØE eftskbJh iao{oh j[zdk j?. nfijh u/sBk Bkb jh vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh eftsk tX/o/uofus ofjzdh j? ns/ fJj nkgDhnK ;wekbhB ;fEshnK ns/ ekft Bkb fBozsotkd-fttkd s/ ;ztkd pDkJh oØydh j?. T[BQK d/ ;wekb ftu ekft dhnK Bt-gqrshtkd s/ nkX[fBesktkdh-gq:'r;ahb gqftoshnK fe;/ Bk fe;/ ft;a/;ask ekoBnkgDk-nkgDk gqGkt pDkJh oØydhnK jB. gq:'r;ahb eftsk F[o{ ftu nkX[fBesktkd~ ngDkT[_dh j'Jh gquØfbs XkoktK d/ fto'X ftu'_ ;kjwD/ nkT[_dh j?, i' fpbe[bBth_ ;zt/dBk ~ tX/o/ p"fXesk ns/ ya[bk;/gB Bkb g/;a eodh j?. go fJj ekft-;zuko dh p/fXnkBh eoe/ ibdh jh nkgDh ;hwk gqrN eoBh F[o{ eo fdzdh j?.d{i/ gk;/ i[Mko{-ekft nkgDh ftukoXkoe-:'rsk ekoB uouk ftu nkT[_dk j? goBe;btkVh bfjo dh n;\bsk ns/ oki;h ftukoXkoe ;zeN ekoB ibdh jh wØXwg? iKdk j?. fJBQK ;fEshnK d/ ;wkBzso vkH jfoGiB f;zx, ekft d/ ;zuko dhnK


;wØf;nktK s'_ ;[u/s j' e/ ekft-f;oiDk tØb o[fus j[zd/ jB. T[j wB[Øy dhngqwkfDesk ns/ ;wkie toiDk dh fto'XkGk;h ;fEsh ~ gqrhse ns/ j'ob'eXkokJh i[rsK okjh_ g/;a eod/ jB, fi;dk w[Øy wzst ;[ji-f;oiDk ns/ wkBDkjh j?L

w/oh p'b s'_ fBØeVh rØbw?_ fet/_ ;[DktKi/ s{z ;kjK d/ B/V/ s/V/ j'fJzsK e[M ;wMktK 4

fJ; soQK T[BQK dk f}nkdk ia'o ;[ji-fdq;aNh s'_ f}zdrh dh yV's ns/ngqwkfDesk ~ g/;a eoB ftu j?. fJØE'_ she (bk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;K s/ nØX o?DhnØX o?DhnØX o?DhnØX o?DhnØX o?Dh) T[; dhnKeftsktK dh ;zouBk brGr fJefjoh j? s/ T[j fJefjo/ gk;ko ~ jh g/;aeodhnK jB. fJj eftsktK gfjbK jh fB;afus ehs/ rJ/ e/_doh B[es/ *s/nkXkfos bØrdhnK gqshs j[zdhnK jB. fJBQK ftu f}zdrh dh yV's ~ e/_doh;wØf;nk pDk e/ fit/_ fJe fpzp T[;kfonk ns/ T[; d/ d[nkb/ j'o fpzp f;oi/ rJ/jBL

d/y' ih w/o/ ek¾/ ek¾/ e/;nØi th ek¾/ eØbQ th ek¾/ek¾/ ofjD jw/;a 5

nfijh o[uh fJØE'_ se dhnK brGr ;kohnK eftsktK ftu fdydh j?, i'gzikph ekft ftu gquØfbs gqrshtkdh-fB;afusktkdh ns/ nkX[fBesktkdh-e/_dotkdho[uh s'_ nu/s-;[u/s gqGkfts j?. Gkt/_ ftukoXkok T[;d/ ekft ftu r[zw jh ofjzdhj? go seBhe gØy'_ fJØE/ gqGkfts iao{o j?. fJj seBhe eftsk dh nfijh T[;koheodh j?, i' gkme d/ wB ftu fJe jh ftuko ~ pko-pko fpmkT[D dk :sBeodh j?. go ibdh jh vkH jfoGiB f;zx fJ; o[uh s'_ ;[u/s j' iKd/ jB. fJ;soQK T[j nkX[fBesktkd, n;fssttkd, gq:'rtkd iK j'o gquØfbs gqftoshnK s'_gqGkfts th j[zd/ jB, fJBQK Bkb ;ztkd ftu th pØMd/ jB ns/ fJBQK s'_ tØyok thofjzd/ jB.

fJj tØyokgB iK spdhbh T[BQK d/ nrb/o/ ekft Bk X[Øg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Øg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Øg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Øg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Øg/ Bk Skt/_ ns/;Ve d/ ;ca/ T[Øs/;Ve d/ ;ca/ T[Øs/;Ve d/ ;ca/ T[Øs/;Ve d/ ;ca/ T[Øs/;Ve d/ ;ca/ T[Øs/ g[;seK ftu ;gØ;aN fdykJh fdzdh j?. fJ; ekft ftu T[j;wkBzso ;fEsh ftu c;/ wB[Øy d/ pj[-gosh feodko ~ gSkDd/ jB. eJh;wkfie fto'XK ftu fxfonk wB[Øy @ngqwkfDe# s/ @yzfvs fijk ihtB ihn fojk j?L

1H w/ok dotkiak fJe T[pk;h tKr{z y[ØbQdk j?

w?_ nkgDk nkgk j[zM rbh *u'_ nzdo ;[ØNdk jK


w/oh xo tkbh xo dk e{Vk jz{Mrbh ftu pkjo ;[ØNdh j? $ w?_ vodk jKw/oh xo tkbh fes/ w?Bz{ Bk t/y bJ/ 6

2H edh dogD #u nkgD/ nkg ~ fwbdk jK, sKyzfvs fijk dhdko j[zdk j?n-pki{ jØE, n-XV rodB, n-f;o wØEkfe;/ p[oeh j'Jh s;tho d/

pkeh pu/ fjØ;/ 7

vkH jfoGiB f;zx wB[Øy dh nfijh ftnzrkswe ;fEsh ~ gqfeosh ns/;fGnkuko d/ dtzd *u'_ gSkDd/ jB. yzfvs nkgk iK fte/_dos wkBf;eskgqfeose s'_ ;fGne j'D dk f;ØNk j?. ;wkfie s/ ;fGnkukoe j'D eoe/ jhT[;dh wkBf;esk niBphns ns/ d[fpXk ftu ftuodh j?. T[;dh eEBh s/ eoBhiK tØE e/ eØE ftu Gkoh nzso nk frnk j?. T[j d'jok ihtB G'r fojk j?.nfij/ f}zzdrh d/ fto'XkGk; ~ vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ *ng?ok nkdwh#, @e/tb;aoXKibh#, @d[gm/ ;afjo# ns/ @s/o/ jia{o w/oh jkiaoh dk dk;skB# nkfd eJheftsktK ftu g/;a ehsk j?L

s/ id'_ s{z ;h; ~ $ d;sko dk ;fseko d/ e/syas T[Øs/ gk; nkgD/ jh fpmkfJnk ;hw?_ M{fonk L $ jkfJ i/ gfjbK gsk j[zdkfe J/Bk fgnko d/ e/ $ ;fsr[o{ B/ ;h; tkg; w'V d/Dk j?sK w?_HHH $ sK w?_HHHwzfBnk fe w/o/ XV s/ w/ok ;h; Bjh_

;h; dk gkyzv sK j? 8

wB[Øy d/ fJ; dzGh s/ pj[-gosh feodko ~, T[;dh ;fEsh ;w/s f;ocaT[ikro ehsk j?. fJØE/ eth fe;/ fJe ftuko d[nkb/ ;apd-nkvzpo ouD tØbo[fus Bjh_ T[j fes/ th nkdo;ae fdq;aNh s'_ wB[Øy iK toswkB ;fEsh ~ g/;a Bjh_eodk ;r'_ T[j ;wkBzso ;fEsh ftu ftuod/ wB[Øy dh ftvzpBk ~ g/;a eodk j?L

1H fiBQK okjK s/ BkBe ftufonk ;hT[BQK okjK d/ gfjb/ w'V s/ jhw?_ yb'sk jK e'Jh wfjow Bjh_ i' fJ; ;cao ftu ;kE d/t/s/ @eØbk s[oB dh nkds Bjh_ w/ohHHH 9

2H w?_ fgzio/ pzd fJe f;caokyabkn nzdo GNedk jK 10

vkH jfoGiB f;zx ekft-ftek; d/ fJ; gVkn *s/ nkgDh g{opbh eftsk


#s/ nkb'uBkswe Mks wkod/ j'J/ (@nkgD/ fgzv/ s'_ gko#, w?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnk) nkgDhgfjbh eftsk ~ fsbKibh d/ fdzd/ jB. fJ; soQK T[j nrb/o/ ekft bJh tØyo/j'D dk ;[u/s :sB eod/ jB. wØEk dht/ tkbkwØEk dht/ tkbkwØEk dht/ tkbkwØEk dht/ tkbkwØEk dht/ tkbk g[;se se gj[zufdnK T[j nu/s s/ ;[u/s d'BK gØXoK T[Øs/ nkgDh ns/ ;wekbh eftsk s'_ ftØE Ekg b?_d/ jB.fJ; eftsk ftu fuzsB-wzEB dh gqfefonk fJT[_ gqrN j'D bØrdh j?L

GhVK d/ ftunkgDk e[M sK ;[N nkfJnk jKnkgD/ nzdo pj[s pj[s tkcao brdk ;hnkgD/ nkg s'_ osk fijk sKN[ØN nkfJnk jK 11

fJ; g[;se ftu vkH jfoGiB f;zx ;wkBzso ntu/sB Bkb i[V/ wB[Øy dhwkBf;esk ~ nfB;afus ns/ ;z:[es seBhe Bkb g/;a eod/ jB. ;Øsk, pdbdhnKgq;fEshnK, N?p{ ns/ toiDk-gqXkB ;wki ftu wB[Øy ifNb s'_ ifNb ;wØf;nktK;kjwD/ d[fpXkrs ;fEsh ftu j?. nfijh t;s{-;fEsh wB[Øy ~ d'-w[yh ufoØsotkbk pDk fdzdh j?. T[j fe;/ th EK ;zg{oB ihtB Bjh_ ihn oj/ ;r'_ niBphnsT[BQK dk B;hp pD rJh j?L

fJe t/b/ fJe EK s/ jkiao ed/ Bk j'JhJ/fJe' EK fJe s'_ tØX t/b/ ihth ikJhJ/yb/ yb's/ th nDfrDsh okjK s/ s[o ikJhJ/jo fJe EK s/ n;h_ ng{o/n;h_ nX{o/ 12

fJ; wB[Øy ftu e[opkBh dh ohM j? go T[j fsnkr Bjh_ eo ;edk. fJegk;/ T[j y[ØbQ$nkiakdh dh ohM gkbdk j?, d{i/ gk;/ ;EkgBk iK wkBf;e N?p{ s/toiDk ;kjt/_ bkuko s/ p/tØ; j?. fJ; soQK T[j ohM ns/ m'; jehesK d/ sDkT[ekoB sqk;dh G'r fojk j?. fJØE/ T[;dh ftvzpBk fJj j? fe T[j fJ; ;G e[M s'_tkfeca th j?. T[; ~ p/p;h ftu fJj ;G e[M ;theko th eoBk g? fojk j?. fJ;soQK fJ; eftsk ftubk wB[Øy nkdo;atkdh fdq;aNh dh EK ;wkBzso fdq;aNh s'_ g/;aj'fJnk j?. fJj wB[Øy fJe gk;/ @d[Bhnk j'o# pDkT[D ns/ ¿wB ukj/ ozrK ftuozrD# dh rØb eodk j?, d{i/ gk;/ @prakts# Bjh_ eo ;edk. fJ;/ eoe/ jh vkHjfoGiB f;zx B/ fJ; wB[Øy dh wkBf;esk ~ fBoDkfJe, nzfsw, ;EkJh ns/ itkpd/j d/ s"o *s/ T[ikro Bjh_ ehsh ;r'_ fJ; wB[Øy e'b gq;aB, ;aze/ ns/ nfB;afusskj?. T[;dk ;zd/jh ntu/sB fBozso gq;aBK s/ gq;aB g/;a eodk j? ns/ fJT[_ ekft-ftXh th fB;afus Bjh_ ofjzdhL

1H w?_ efjzdk jK T[; d[Bhnk dk eh j't/rk<


fiØE/ d[oxNBk Bjh_ e'Jh<johnK bkb w;ahBh pØshnk B/d[Bhnk ~ fejVh s'o #u pzBQ fbnk j?<fJ;/ s'o ftu pØM/ pØM/ j[zu iktKr/<yV/ yV's/ ofjDk jh ;kvk s[oBk j?<ngDk nkg T[bzxDjkok e'Jh edw th u[e Bjh_ ;ed/< 13

2H b[Øuh rbh s'_ ;[Øu/ xo sefezBh e[ d{oh fezBk e[ o;sk<feØE'_ e[ sheo b[Øuh fBoh g[oh b[Øuh j?<fejVh Ekt/_ fBoh fBo'b ;[Øu fwbdh j?<

;[fBjk Bjh_ ;tkb j? w/ok 14

fJT[_ fJj eftsk @;[B/jk Bjh_ d/_dh @;tkb# eodh j?. fe;/ fB;afusT[d/;a (;[fBjk) ~ gkme d/ wB se gj[zukDk fJjdk Xow Bjh_ j?. fJj sK gkmed/ wB ftu fJe ifrnk;k g?dk eodh j? s/ gkme eftsk *u'_ nkgD/ nB[GtnB[;ko w[V fJe @fbys# f;oidk j?. ;' eth fJ; eftsk ftu e/_doekoh seBhes'_ th g{oh soQK w[es j'D bØrdk j? ns/ fJe rsh;ahb g?okvkJhw dh f;oiDkj[zdh j?. fJØE/ fes/ th fJe B[es/ d[nkb/ jh fpzp nkfd Bjh_ f;oi/ rJ/. fJ;eftsk ftu wB[Øy dh wkBf;esk dh nzdo{Bh e;awe;a edh fposKs, edh gqrhss/ edh BkNehnsk okjh_ ;kjwD/ nkT[_dh j? ns/ edh ;ztkd, ;t?-;ztkd iK w'B'bkrftu tØN iKdh j?. fJT[_ fJj eftsk nfB;afus, n;EkJh ns/ rsh;ahb g?okvkJhwf;oidh j?.

ftukoXkoe ns/ ekft-ftXh d/ s"o *s/ fJjh nfB;afus, n;fEo s/;wkBzso ntu/sB vkH jfoGiB f;zx d/ nrb/o/ ekft ftu fte;s j[zdk j?. fJØE/T[j wB[Øy d/ nDfd;d/ s/ yakw';a gØyK ~ gqrNkT[_dk-p[bkT[_dk j?. T[j nkgD/ nkg~ oØd eodk, nkgD/ fby/ s/ w[V fbyD s/ tX/o/ u/szB j[zdk j? feT[_fe T[j@tØyo/# ofjD s'_ ;dk ;[u/s j?L

pdbdhnK gq;fEshnK ;kjwD/ Bth_ ;No?fNih dh b'V ns/ nkgD/ fby/ ~goyD s/ vhez;NoØeN eoe/ w[V-f;oiD dh fJj u/sBk T[BQK dhnK j'o g[;seKnbftdk s'_ gfjbK, u"E/ dh T[vhenbftdk s'_ gfjbK, u"E/ dh T[vhenbftdk s'_ gfjbK, u"E/ dh T[vhenbftdk s'_ gfjbK, u"E/ dh T[vhenbftdk s'_ gfjbK, u"E/ dh T[vhe ns/ fBe-;[efBe-;[efBe-;[efBe-;[efBe-;[e nkfd ftu fFZds Bkbg/;a j'Jh j?. b'eXkok dh ;kwØroh th T[BQK d/ ekft ftu fJ;/ fdq;aNh s'_ g/;a j'Jhj?, fi; Bkb T[j nkgD/ gozge ns/ gquØfbs noEK Bkb'_ fpbe[b N[ØN iKdh j?.

T[go'es u/sBk dh ft;fsqs s/ ;fji g/;aekoh o[Øy s/ fo;aho[Øy s/ fo;aho[Øy s/ fo;aho[Øy s/ fo;aho[Øy s/ fo;ah g[;se ftuj'Jh j?. fJj eftsk fJe ;wkBzso ntu/sB tkb/ T[; wB[Øy ~ g/;a eodh j?, i'eJh fto'XK, ;t?-fto'XK, ;azektK, nzso-fbysK ns/ d'-w[Øysk d/ sDkT[ ~ ;t?-u/sB


s/ ;{MtkB j'D ekoB jzYkT[_dk j?. fJT[_ jh fJj eftsk ftukoXkoe ;wkBzsosk s'_fJbktk ekft-ftXh d/ s"o #s/ th wØEk dht/ tkbkwØEk dht/ tkbkwØEk dht/ tkbkwØEk dht/ tkbkwØEk dht/ tkbk g[;se dk nrbk ftek; j?.fJj eftsk gozgoe, gquØfbs ftukoXkok ns/ ekft-ftXh dh EK fe;/ tØyo/gB dhsbk;a ftu j? i' ;fji s/ ;[szso j't/L

jtk d/ tofenK #s/ ya[;ap' d/ tke fbyKjo/ jo/ gØs/ w/o/ p'b $ j/ wjKw"Bd/t' w?~ u[Øg dh iapkBezBK se gj[zuD s'_ gfjbKpj[s gfjbK $ o{j fij~ bJ/ gfjukB 15

ekft-f;oiDk dk fJj tØyok ;o'eko fe;/ g{ot-XkoBk #s/ fB;afus Bjh_j?, ;r'_ fJj ;G e[M ~ ;aØe d/ x/o/ ftu fbnkT[_dk j? ns/ T[; #s/ ekNk wkodkj?L

fgnk; bJh iao{oh j?fi;w d/ w[;kwK *u'_gfjb/ ghs/ gkDhnK dk pzd-p{zd f;zw ikDkfbys bJh iao{oh j? $ g'EhnK dk w[V e/ e'o/ ekria j' ikDk 17

fJT[_ fJj eftsk brksko ;Ekfgs ~ ft;Ekfgs eoe/ jh ekft-f;oiDkd/ okj g?_dh j? feT[_fe ;Ekfgs edoK-ehwsK, pdbdhnK gq;fEshnK s/ ;Øsk d[nkok;Ekfgs ;z;EktK wB[Øy dh n?;h wkBf;esk xV fdzdhnK jB fe T[;dk w{b e[Mth Bjh_ pudk, T[j fJØe' ;w/_ eJh g{opb/ gkmK s/ ;z;ekoK ftu fiT[_dk j? ns/T[;/ ;w/_ toswkB dhnK ;fEshnK ftu th. fJ; soQK T[j eJh soQK d/ ;Øu ihnfojk j[zdk j?. s[;h_ fe; gØy s'_ T[;~ gfoGk;as eo'r/< fJj ;wØf;nk pD iKdhj?L

1H iBw ;w/_ nkdwh $ j[zdk w{b gkmouBk ouDjko dh $ c/o tkVK dhtkoKBkb/ ezv/dko skoK dhnK GKs-GKs p'bhnK *uiKdk nB[tkfdnk $ fJe' jh wB[ØyfiT[_dk J/B/ nB[tkdgsk th Bk brdk $ T[j fJe iK nB/e 18

fJT[_ vkH jfoGiB f;zx nkgD/ fJ; ekft ftu wB[Øy d/ d'-w[yhJ/ feodko~ gSkDdk j?, i' nkgDh ;kbw-;p{sh j'_d dh f;oca ukjBk eodk j?, T[; bJhe'Jh iØd'-ifjd Bjh_ eodk. T[;~ gsk j? fe fJj ;zGt Bjh_ j? feT[_fe T[j fiBQKgVktK ~ s?n eo nkfJnk, T[BQK ftu'_ tkg; r[iao Bjh_ ;edk s/ nkgD/ w{b sheBjh_ gj[zu ;edk. T[j fiBQK jkbksK ftu r[iao fojk j?, T[BQK *u'_ th T[;dh j'_d


;kbw-;p{s Bjh_ j' ;edh. fJ; fto'XkGk;h ;fEsh ftu jh T[j sqk;dh G'rdk j?L

1H o[Øy s'_ wB[Øy j'J/ pzfdnks{z tkg; Bjh_ ik ;edk nkgD/ nkfd setkg; ikD dh ebgBk eo ;ed?_ iao{o 20

2H pzdk jw/;a ekN/ j/m $ jo ;w/_ jo irQknkgD/ #u ecaB-dcaB pj[s e[M u[Øeh fcodk

wodk sK Bjh_ Gkt/_ $ u[g ukg ngDk t?D nkg eoh iKdk j? 21

fJ; eftsk ftu gqfeosh ns/ ;z;feqsh dk sDkT[ pVh fFZds Bkb g/;aj'fJnk j?. fJ; s'_ fJbktk ;obsk s/ ifNbsk, ;fji frnkB s/ feskph frnkB,;zt/dB;ahbsk s/ G"fsesk ns/ wk;{whns s/ ;z;koesk d/ fto'Xh gØyK ~ fJ; eftskftu f}zdrh d/ sDkT[ s/ fes/-fes/ NeokT[ d/ o{g ftu g/;a ehsk j?. fJT[_ f}zdrhdh d'-w[Øysk d/ eth B/ eJh gk;ko g/;a ehs/ jB. ;z;koesk, ifNbsk, G"fseskns/ feskph r{V frnkB s'_ fJj eftsk wk;{whns, ;zt/dB;ahbsk, ;fji frnkBns/ ;kXkoBsk dh sbk;a eodh j?L

f;XkoE gqp[ØX $ j[D T[Øwh r[o{ dh sbk;a ftu j?

s/ T[Øwh r[nkfunk fgn? $ d[Bhnk dh GhV ftu 22

T[j fJ; ;fji s/ ;kXkoB dko;afBe ;{M s'_ f}zdrh s/ frnkB d/ ojØ;y'bQD/ F[o{ eodk j?L

1H f}zdrh nkgD/ s'_ d{oj'o j'o d{o j[zd/ ikD dk ;cao j? 23

2H jo fo;ah d/ nshs ftu e'Jh iayaw j?frnkB fe;/ d[y dh ftnkfynk 24

go fJj fe;/ nzfsw s/ fB;afus fdq;aNh s'_ g/;a ehsk nkdo;a Bjh_ j?.fJj fe;/ th sbk;a dh nzfswsk ~ x'fFs Bjh_ eodh, ;r'_ fJj n;hw, nw[Øe ns/nBzs sbk;a dh rØb eodh j?, i' fes/ th Bjh_ w[ØedhL

sbk;a $ e'Jh feskp Bjh_ fibd ftu pØMh

fe fwØE/ j'J/ nzs T[Øgo gj[zu e/

g{oB-;zg{oB j' ikt/ $ fJj sK nktkrwB i' fes/ Bjh_ w[edk 25

fJj eftsk fB;afus jh EK @j'o# @j'o dh sbk;a wB ftu irkT[_dh j?.fJj j'o o[Øy th go'y o{g ftu j? s/ go'y th gqsØy o{g ftu. fJ; ~ gSkDBdh fdq;aNh j'Dh ukjhdh j? i' go'y ~ gqsZy eo ;e/, feT[_fe gkm f;oiDk nDj'J/s/ nDfd;d/ ~ gqrN eodh j? s/ j[zd/-;[zd/ s/ fd;d/ ~ gkm d/ ngqsØy o{g iK


u[ØgK s/ ftØEK ftu go'y/ eo fdzdh j?. fJ; go'y/ ~ gqsØy eoB d/ ekoBkw/ s'_ fJjeftsk g{oh soQK ;[u/s j?, fi; bJh fJekrosk dh stØe' eodh j?L

1H w{osK *u p?m/

u'yNK u wV/ j'J/ b'erØbK eod/ B/;[DB tkbk ukjhdk fJekro;[caBk j? p'bdk iao{o

ekN/ j/m b[fenk j'fJnk th j' iKdk jkiao 26

2H frnkB j? gØEo dh ezX ftu $ p{j/ dk y[bDk

#tkia ftu u[Øgdk $ u[Øg ftu #tkia dk wØmk wØmk p'bDk 27

fJ; soQK fJj eftsk, feos ftu f;oihnK r?o-jkiao u[ØgK s/ ftØEK s'_ ;[u/s j?. fJjh vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ftouBkswe ekft-u/sBk dk ewkb j?. T[jekft ns/ f}zdrh d/ nfB;afus s/ ng{oB ;[Gkn ~ @j'o# ;zGktBktK Bkb i'V fdzd/jB fiØE/ dh :ksok #nzs'_# pr?o j?L

pj[s e[M efjD pkd

ofj iKdk J/ pj[s e[M efjD:'r

pj[s ih b?D pkd

ofj iKdh j'o ihtB-nfGbkfynk 28

o[Øy s/ fo;aho[Øy s/ fo;aho[Øy s/ fo;aho[Øy s/ fo;aho[Øy s/ fo;ah g[;se dh eftsk ftXk gØy'_ th gozgoe s/ fB;afus ;[Gkndh Bjh_ j?. fJ; ftu fposKs, toDB s/ gqrhs dk fJ; soQK ;fji ;zrw j?.fJ; ftu fes/ sK jbek-jbek fposKs ubdk j? ns/ fes/ fBØi-goesk, ;t?-;ztkdns/ gqrhse ;a?bh okjh_ eftsk ;t?-ihtBhw{be j' iKdh j?.

fJ; soQK vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh eftsk fJ; ftek;-gVkn #s/ gj[zu e/ftukoXkoe s/ ekft-ftXh d/ s"o #s/ fpbe[b @ftbØyD# fdq;aNh s'_ g/;a j'Jh j?. T[jgquØfbs ftukoK s/ ekft-ftXh d/ fJefjo/gB, fJØe'-fJe nzfsw ftnkfynk ns/fB;afusktkdh-e/_dotkdh o[uh dk fsnkr eoe/ pj[-gosh, nfB;afus ns/ n;hw;[Gkn tkb/ ;o'ekoK Bkb i[Vd/ jB. bk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;K s'_ o[Øya s/ fo;aho[Øya s/ fo;aho[Øya s/ fo;aho[Øya s/ fo;aho[Øya s/ fo;ah se T[BQK dh eftskfBozso ekft-g?okvkJhw pdbdh j?. fJj fe;/ th fJe wkvb ~ nkXko pDk e/fbyh eftsk Bjh_, ;r'_ ftouBkswe ekft-u/sBk Bkb T[j nkgDh Bth_ eftsk ~ftXh s/ ftukoXkok gØy'_ fBozso ;wekbh eftsk Bkb'_ th @tØyok# oØyD dk :sBeod/ jB ns/ nkgD/ gfjb/ ekft Bkb'_ th. fJØE'_ se fe T[BQK ftukoXkoe ns/ekft-ftXh ;zpzXh nkgDhnK jh g{opbhnK XkoBktK #s/ g{oh y[ØbQ-fdbh Bkb eKNkwkfonk e/ nØr/ fJ;d/ fBozso ftr;D ftu :ehB oØfynk.


jtkb/ s/ fNØgDhnKjtkb/ s/ fNØgDhnKjtkb/ s/ fNØgDhnKjtkb/ s/ fNØgDhnKjtkb/ s/ fNØgDhnK1H jfoGiB f;zx, bk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;K, gzBk 9H2H T[jh, nØX-o?DhnØX-o?DhnØX-o?DhnØX-o?DhnØX-o?Dh, gzBk 93H3H ;[yd/t f;zx, @jfoGiB f;zx dh ekft-u/sBk#, ;[ji-f;oih L vkH@jfoGiB f;zx dh ekft-u/sBk#, ;[ji-f;oih L vkH@jfoGiB f;zx dh ekft-u/sBk#, ;[ji-f;oih L vkH@jfoGiB f;zx dh ekft-u/sBk#, ;[ji-f;oih L vkH@jfoGiB f;zx dh ekft-u/sBk#, ;[ji-f;oih L vkH

jfoGiB f;zxjfoGiB f;zxjfoGiB f;zxjfoGiB f;zxjfoGiB f;zx, gzBk 152 s'_ T[Xfos.4H jfoGiB f;zx, nØX-o?DhnØX-o?DhnØX-o?DhnØX-o?DhnØX-o?Dh, gzB/ 60-61H5H T[jh, bk;K, gzB/ 12-13H6H T[jh, Bk X[Øg/ Skt/_Bk X[Øg/ Skt/_Bk X[Øg/ Skt/_Bk X[Øg/ Skt/_Bk X[Øg/ Skt/_, gzB/ 11-12HH7H T[jh, gzBk 43H8H T[jh, gzBk 74H9H jfoGiB f;zx, ;Ve d/ ;ca/ T[Øs/;Ve d/ ;ca/ T[Øs/;Ve d/ ;ca/ T[Øs/;Ve d/ ;ca/ T[Øs/;Ve d/ ;ca/ T[Øs/, gzBk 29H10H T[jh, Bk X[Øg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Øg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Øg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Øg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Øg/ Bk Skt/_, gzBk-9H11H T[jh, wØEk dht/ tkbkwØEk dht/ tkbkwØEk dht/ tkbkwØEk dht/ tkbkwØEk dht/ tkbk, gzBk 21H12H T[jh, gzBk 10H13H T[jh, gzBk 18H14H T[jh, gzBk 90H15H ;[yd/t f;zx, @jfoGiB f;zx dh ekft-u/sBk#, ;[ji f;oihL vkH@jfoGiB f;zx dh ekft-u/sBk#, ;[ji f;oihL vkH@jfoGiB f;zx dh ekft-u/sBk#, ;[ji f;oihL vkH@jfoGiB f;zx dh ekft-u/sBk#, ;[ji f;oihL vkH@jfoGiB f;zx dh ekft-u/sBk#, ;[ji f;oihL vkH

jfoGiB f;zx,jfoGiB f;zx,jfoGiB f;zx,jfoGiB f;zx,jfoGiB f;zx, gzBk 159 s'_ T[Xfos.16H jfoGiB f;zx, o[Øy s/ fo;ah, gzBk 7H17H T[jh, gzBk 15H18H T[jh, gzB/ 88-8919H T[jh, gzBk 32 H20H T[jh, gzBk 39H21H T[jh, gzB/ 41-42H22H T[jh, gzBk 95H23H T[jh, gzBk 39H24H T[jh, gzBk 42H25H T[jh, gzBk 98H26H T[jh, gzBk 43H27H T[jh, gzBk 69H28H T[jh, gzBk 98H

õõõ


w?I i' phs frnk L ekft-w?I i' phs frnk L ekft-w?I i' phs frnk L ekft-w?I i' phs frnk L ekft-w?I i' phs frnk L ekft-gozgoktK s'I gko dh ekftekohgozgoktK s'I gko dh ekftekohgozgoktK s'I gko dh ekftekohgozgoktK s'I gko dh ekftekohgozgoktK s'I gko dh ekftekoh

vkH T[fwzdo i"jbvkH T[fwzdo i"jbvkH T[fwzdo i"jbvkH T[fwzdo i"jbvkH T[fwzdo i"jb

vkH jfoGiB f;zx nkX[fBe gzikph ;kfjs ns/;kfjs-fuzsB d/ fJfsjk; dk T[j ft;Eko j?, fi; B/ thjth_;dh d/ ;kfjs ns/ fuzsB ~ BthnK gfoGkFktK s/ T[;koKftu go' e/ Bt/_ g?okvkfJw T[;ko/ jB. vkH jfoGiB f;zxdk ekoi-y/so gzikph ;kfjs, ;kfjs-nfXn?B s/ nfXnkgBdh nekdfwesk fojk j? go vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh gSkDfJe FkfJo, nkb'ue, nB[tkd s/ fuzse dh gSkD j?.jfoGiB f;zx ~ ;kfjs fuzsB d/ Gkosh s/ ftFt fJfsjk;ns/ ;wekbh ;{M-wkvbK Bkb gzikph ;wki ~ i'VB s/ft;EkoB dh fJfsjk;e G{fwek fBGkT[D tkb/ eowFhbfuzse ti'_ gSkfDnk iKdk j?. d[Bhnk Go d/ ;kfjs-;{M-wkvbK ~ gzikph ;kfjs-nfXn?B, nfXnkgB s/ ouBksweskftu ;EkfBe ;fGnkukfoe nkGk ftu owk e/ fbysK-gkmKdh fgos i' jfoGiB f;zx dhnK fbysK okjh_ ;kjwD/ nkJh,nfijh T[dkjoD j'o e'Jh Bjh_ j?. noEks jfoGiB f;zxfJe' ;w/_ ouBkswesk ns/ ;kfjs nfXn?B dhnK fBt/ebhnKbhjK dk f;oie pfDnk, i' jfoGiB f;zx dhnK fbysK d/o{g ftu gzikph ;kfjs-;z;ko dk ;[Bfjok fJfsjk; jB. fJ;/bJh jfoGiB f;zx ~ ;kfjs y/so d/ jo tZv/ ;BwkBK BbfBtkfink iKdk fojk. ;kfjs nekdwh g[o;eko, epho;BwkB, ;o;tsh ;BwkB, ;'thns b?_v Bfjo{ g[o;ekotor/ ftekoh ;BwkBK Bkb ;fsekoh rJh fJj F];hns;kfjs-Fk;so d/ T[BQK ;{soK ~ gzikph ;kfjs nfXn?B-nfXnkgB ftu ftjko dk fjZ;k pDkT[dh ojh, fiBQK ;{soKokjh_ gzikph ;kfjs-fuzsB nkX[fBe d"o ftu nkgDh gSkD;Ekgs eo ;fenk. fJ;/ soQK T[; dhnK ekft-g[;seK

n?;'FhJ/N gq'ca?;o s/ w[yh,gzikph ftGkr, d[nkpk ekbi,ibzXo.\'BL 9417494444


bk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;K, nXo?DhnXo?DhnXo?DhnXo?DhnXo?Dh, Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_, o[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFh, wZEk dht/ tkbKwZEk dht/ tkbKwZEk dht/ tkbKwZEk dht/ tkbKwZEk dht/ tkbK ns/ w?_ i'w?_ i'w?_ i'w?_ i'w?_ i'phs frnkphs frnkphs frnkphs frnkphs frnk, gzikph ekft dk T[j fBt/ebk ozr ns/ d"o j? fi; B/ gzikph ekft-XkoktK d/ ;wkBKso fJe nfijk ouBksfwe ekft-gqtuB T[;kfonk, fi; gqtuBdh nkX[fBe gzikph ekft-y/so ftu e'Jh gozgok f;ZX/ s"o #s/ B}o Bjh_ nkT[dh;r'_ jfoGiB f;zx dh ;w[Zuh eftsk ~ th gzikph dhnK ;w[ZuhnK ekft-XkoktK d/;wkBKso ftuod/ d/fynk ik fojk j?. fJj jEbk nfXn?B-ekoi jfoGiB f;zxdh ekft feskp w?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnk d/ ekft-g?o'b okjh_ ekft-bKr sZe gj[zuD dk:sB j'J/rk. w?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnk dk gqekFB ekb gqrshtkdh ekftXkok s/gq:'rtkdh ekft-gq:'rK d/ d"o dk ekb j? noEks gzikph eftsk ftuko dhgqshpZXsk ns/ gq:'r dh i[rs d/ nfGnk;K ftu'_ r[}o ojh ;h id'_ jfoGiB f;zxw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnk d/ wzEBh eFNK-ghVK d/ o{gKsoDK ftu ftuodk gSkfDnk ik;edk. gzikph eftsk d/ ;[Gkn, ;woZEk s/ gzikph ;fGnkuko ftu xVh rJhwB[Zyh wkBf;esk ~ T[j w?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnk dh G{fwek ftu nzfes eodk efjzdkj? fe ;wki-ftt;EktK dh ieV wB[Zy ~ fet/_ fJe soQK e?d dh nkds gk fdzdhj? s/ fJ; ;wkfie tosko/ dk wkBf;esk ftu ow/ j'Dk, fet/_ BthnK ;zGktBktK~ fte;D dk w"ek Bjh_ fdzdk ns/ fJj ;fEsh wB[Zy ~ fe; soQK d/ pzXBK ftupzBQdh j?, jfoGiB f;zx fJ; ;wkfie ;fEsh dk p'X ;fji/ jh eotk fdzdk j?ns/ fJ; ;fEsh ftu wB[Zyh j'_d d/ ft;EkoK dh ;zGktBk th fJe ;hwk pD e/ofj iKdh j? L

@@;kv/ ;wki ftu fJsBk e[ZM tofink frnk j? s/ toiDjkfonK d/ p'bfJsB/ gqpb jB fe fJe ;zxDk ;fjw ;kv/ nzdo pkjo SkfJnk j'fJnk j? ns/fJ; dh ;Zg tbQ/N ftu'_ pkjo fBebD dk e'Jh o;sk ftykJh Bjh_ fdzdk. eftsk;kvh ;z;feqsh dk jh fJe nzr j?. fJ; toiDk-gqXkB ;wki ftu ftuod/-tosd/w?_ i' th ekft-ouBk ehsh j?, T[; dh fposh toiDk-w[Zy j?. w[es nksw-gqrNktk;kv/ ;wki dk ;fji ;[Gkn Bjh_. i/ eftsk nksw-gqrNktk j? sK ;kvh ;wki-GktBk ekft-ouBk d/ nB[e{b Bjh_.##1

g[;se w?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnk d/ nfXn?B ~ t;s{ pDkT[D dk n;b T[d/F fJ;/ T[go'es jfoGiB f;zx dh ftuko-fNZgDh ftu th fgnk j?. fJ; gVknsZe nkT[dk jfoGiB f;zx nkgD/ ou/ ;kfjs ns/ ;wki-ftt;EktK ns/ j'oBKT[;koK pko/ fe; soQK Bt/_ f;foU_ ;'uD dh wkBf;esk d/ wzEB ftu'_ r[}o fojkj?, fJj w?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnk dh G{fwek ftu @nkgD/ fgzv/ s'_ gko# f;ob/y j/m T[jft;Eko ftu (;\k 3 s'_ 23 sZe) fbydk j?. fJ; g[;se dh G{fwek dk nkozGGkt/_ T[j ;t?-wzEB okjh_ nkgDhnK @;hfws ;woZEktK ns/ nkgDh ;[;sh d/ fpnkBKBkb eodk j? go fJ; dk ft;Eko gzikph ;wki-;fGnkuko dk T[j gqwkfDe N?p{-


ftXkB j? i' ;w{fje s"o #s/ ;kvh wkBf;esk dh w{b xkVs ti'_ jk}o j?. fJjtoiDktK dk ;fji ;wki-ftjko fe; soQK wB[Zy ~ dkfJfonK ftu ftuoB dhy[ZbQ dk Gow f;oidk j?, fJ; ojZ; ~ ;wMD dh i[rs ;kXkoB wkBf;esk sZesK eh ;kvhnK @ebkswe# ouBktK sZe dh geV ftu Bjh_ nkT[dh, fJ;/ bJhjfoGiB f;zx fJj efjDk }o{oh ;wMdk j? @@eftsk ;kvh ;z;feqsh dk jh fJenzr j?.HHH w[es nksw-gqrNktk ;kv/ ;wki dk ;fji ;[Gkn Bjh_. i/ eftsknksw-gqrNktk j? sK ;kvh ;wki-GktBk ekft ouBk d/ nB[e{b Bjh_.##

;wki-ftt;EktK d/ N?p{-ftjko dk fiT{D G'rdh gzikph b'ekJh eh ;uw[Zunksw-gqrNk s'_ ftS[zBh j?< eh nksw-gqrNk fBGkT[D (fe;/ th o{g s/ gZXo T[Øgo)d/ n;h_ :'r iK nkdh Bjh_< ;kvhnK ;kfjs-ekft gozgoktK d/ @gqrNk# ~ fco fe;tzBrh ftu ftukoB dh b'V j?< eh fJj ebk-;kfjs-ekft-T[;ko N?p{-ftjko d/ jhgqtuBh yk;/ jB< jfoGiB f;zx dhnK G{fwek ftu fbyhnK ;kfjs XkoBktK sKfJBQK ;tkbK ~ w{b o{g g?dk eo ojhnK jB. fJjh wzEB-nt;Ek B}o nkT[dhj? fi; ftu'_ w?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnk dh ekftekoh nkgDk w[jKdok xVdh j? ns/ fJ;/fdqFNh-fpzd{ s'_ jfoGiB f;zx gzikph dh ;w[Zuh ekft-gozgok ~ w[V-w[bzeD dh;fEsh ftu fbnk yVQk eodk j?. gzikph ekft-gozgoktK ~ fJ; p/pkeh Bkb d/yD s/ nkgDh eftsk d/ th gfjb/ ;w[Zu/ T[;koK ~ ;wMD$oZdD dh fJj ;fEshgzikph ekft-fuzsB d/ Bt/_ ft;EkoK ftu y[bQ e/ w?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnk d/ gkm-T[;koKftu ;kjwD/ nk ojh j?.

w?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnk dh eftsk ihtB d/ T[BQK ;ZuK-eZuK dh sbkF d/ BeFgSkBD dh eftsk j?, fiBQK B/ ihtB d/ fBowb ftukoK ~ th X[zXbk e/ wkBthf}zdrh ~ yw'Fh s/ @ekfJBks ~ p'j'Fh# dh nt;Ek sZe gj[zuk fdZsk j?. fJjeftsk f}zdrh dh yw'Fh ~ p'bK ftu o{gKsos eodh j? ns/ ekfJBks ~ wkBth;woZEktK d/ irs Bkb i'V e/ d/yD dh i[rs sbkFD tZb nro;o j?.

- @;{oi/ dk w[Zy ;k~ B}o Bk nkt/ftu gops fojk J/ yb',n"; gko X[ZgVh s/ n?; gko SK;kvh fizdVh ~ g?_dh T{ y'j.#2

- @;"_ ik fJzi nZyhnK #u'_ nZyhnK Bk e/of;skfonK dh ;dk Bjh_ v[ZpDh ;t/o

jfoGiB f;zx dh ekft-;[o ;fji-gqtkj ftu ftuodh ihtB d/ T[; ;[jidh sbkF dk T[uko j?, fi; ;[ji B/ ihtB ~ fiT{D dh jh Bjh_ wkBD dh thnXkofFbk gqdkB eoBh j[zdh j?. ihtB-fiT{D dh jo gos fe; soQK ihtB-T[;koKBkb gZe/ ghv/ s"o #s/ i[Vh j[zdh j? ns/ fet/_ fJj ;fGnkukoe-T[;ko wB[Zyh


wkBf;esk dhnK szdK ftu go'J/ j'J/ jh Bjh_ j[zd/, ;r'_ wB[Zyh wkBf;esk dk skDkn;b ftu fJBQK ;fGnkukoe-T[;koK dk jh sfDnk j[zdk j?. jfoGiB f;zx gzikphpzd/ dh wkBf;esk d/ fJBQK szd-nXkoK ~ ;wMD, y'bQD s/ fJBQK dhnK s?jK sZegj[zuD dk :sB jh Bjh_ eodk ;r'_ fJBQK szd-nXkoK ~ w[V ftT[_sD dh ekft-;kXBk dk eth j?. T[j g{otb/ gozgfoe T[;koK dh fBoy-goy ftu'_ jh Bjh_ ;r'_nkgD/ eow-fBGkU d/ wzEBK dh okj/ s[odk j'fJnk, gzikph ;fGnkuko d/ T[BQK ;"V/fyfsnK dh fBFkBd/jh th eo fdzdk j?, fiBQK B/ gzikph pzd/ ~ @y[bQ# d/ tksktoDftu fiT{D d/ :'r jh Bjh_ j'D fdZsk. pzd/ dh fJefjo/ toskfonK ftu fBGDdh ;hwk, fet/_ gzikph f;oiDktK dk x/ok ;ze[fus eo fdzdh j?, jfoGiB f;zx fJ;gqsh th g{oB rzGho j?. jEbh g[;se dh f;oiDk dh i[rs ~ fJ;/ gq;fEsh d/ouBkswe gqsh-T[Øso ti'_ t/yD dh b'V j?.

@@n;b ftu n;h_ ;\o ed/ th Bjh_ ehsk, f;o\ e[M no;/ bJh e[Me[ dkfJfonK ftu (o[wkBh rhs, gqrshtkdh eftsk, gq:'rtkdh eftsk, nkX[fBetkdheftsk-;[jitkdh gVkT[) pzd j' e/ ihDk ;fteko eo fbnk j?. tofink, ftukok,rzY-pZMk wB[Zy fJe pzXB ~ SZv e/ d{;o/ pzXB ;fteko eo b?_dk fojk s/ fJ;~ nkgDk ftek; (ekft-bfjoK dk ftek;) wzB b?_dk fojk j?. ftek; tk;s/ fi;w[es ns/ gquzv ihtBXkok dh b'V j[zdh j?, T[j jo EK rkfJp ojh j?. n;h_i{M/ Bjh_ e/tb ;wM"s/ ehs/ jB ns/ fJBQK ;wM"fsnK dh bVh ~ jh ftek; dkpdb wzB fbnk j?. o'wK;tkd, gqrshtkd, gq:'rtkd ;kv/ ;wM"s/ jB, jo EK n;KfBZe/-fBZe/ N'fbnK ftu ;[oZfynk gqkgs eoB dk :sB ehsk j? ns/ ed/ nkgDhgqkDXkok ~ ftbZyD ftnefsst dk ;[nkwh pDB Bjh_ fdZsk.##5

w?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnk ;zrqfj ftubh eftsk fe;/ pkjoh iK nzdo{Bh F'o #uBk tfjzdh j? s/ Bk fe;/ F'o dk ;jkok b?_dh j?. ekft-t;s{ nkgD/ t/r ~ nkg/f;oi e/ nkgD/ ;fji f;]o tb tXdk fdykJh fdzdk j?. ekft-t;s{ d/ fJjfBGkU FkfJd fJ; bJh ;fji brd/ ;B feT[fe ou/sk ekft-ftF/ d/ f;oiD dhfe;/ ekjb dk @fFeko# Bjh_. ekft-g?o'b dh T[;koh ftu i[ZNhnK swkw ouBksweszdK dh Bk iVQs gozgfoe j? ns/ Bk jh fe;/ ftuko d/ ekft-gkm ftu p/b'V/gqt/F dk e'Jh d]b j?. fJ;/ bJh fJ; ;zrqfj dhnK pj[shnK eftsktK gzikphwkBf;esk d/ T[BQK pD u[Ze/ u"yfNnK bJh u[D"sh tKr w"i{d jB, fiBQK u"yfNnKB/ gzikph pzd/ d/ ihtB-ftjko ns/ ;{M-;dkuko d/ w[bzfwnK ftu jw/Fk tZvhnKykJhnK pDkJh oZyhnK jB. fJj ekft-g?o'b T[BQK ;{M-;dkuko d/ w[bzwkXkoh T[;gqpzX ~ g[Bo-T[;koB dh G"_ fsnko eodk fdykJh fdzdk j? i' gqpzX wB[Zy dhwkBf;esk ~ ;wkfie dkfJfonK ftu fiT[D d/ nkdh pDk fdzdk j?. ;wkfiedkfJfonK ~ jh @;[oZfynk# dh ;wkfie dks ;wM e/ fiT[_dh b'ekJh jfoGiB f;zx


~ wBi{o Bjh_. T[; dk T[go'es fNZgDh ftubk wZs th fJj j? fe ihtB d/ n;bftek; bJh e'Jh gquzv gqkDXkok jh n;b ihtBXkok ~ ihtzssk gqdkB eo ;edhj? id fe ;kv/ ;ko/ d/ ;ko/ ;wkfie T[;koK ftu fJ; dh nDj'_d ;gFN j?. fJ;/bJh jfoGiB f;zx ekft-gozgok ftubhnK gSkDhnK s/ ;bkjhnK rJhnK ekft-XkoktK ~ wkBf;e yV's d/ ;N?fNe-nwb ti'_ gSkDdk fdykJh fdzdk j?. eth dkwZs j? fe ftnefsst dh T[;koh ns/ fco ekft-T[ukoK dh gqwkfDe T[;koh d/nwb N?p{-w[es wkBf;esk okjh_ jh T[;ko/ ik ;ed/ jB. FkfJd fJ;/ bJh eftsk~ T[j w[es-tksktoD B;hp Bk j'fJnk, fi; ftu f;oiDktK d/ nwb B/go/ uVQB/j[zd/ jB. jfoGiB f;zx dhnK fJ; ;zrqfj ftubhnK eftsktK ;wkfie-toiDktKd/ ;wkBKso nkgDk f;oiDkswe ftnefsst T[;koD dh i[rs b? e/ jk}ohGodhnK B}o nkT[dhnK jB. jfoGiB f;zx ~ Bk @fJe fwBN ykw'Fh tkbk B/w# GkT[dk j?, Bk gokJh g'Fke GkT[dh j? s/ T[; ~ nkgD/ wfjzr/ w[Zb d/ w'shj'D dh gSkD th j? go fJj eftsk ;fji gqtkj dk nfijk ftXkB-f;oidh j?,fi; dk p"Xe ]k;k T[; d/ ;fji fBGkU ftu Yfbnk fdykJh fdzdk j?, fJ;/ bJhfJ; ~ F'o-w[es ekft T[uko gSkfDnk frnk j?, i' nkgD/ ftuko-ftXkB d/o{gKsoDK dh ;[ji-eVh ti'_ jk}o j? L

@@s{z w/ok w'jD Bjh_ sK thfeBko/ s/ gJh g'Fke ~ b? ikw?~ gkDh, gtD, X[Zg, SKd/ G'SD jh pj[s B/j[Bkok gfjB e/ gkDh #u'_ bzxf;nkbk gfjB e/ X[ZgK #u ftuoKfdrzpo j' fdFk d/ jkD j' ikDKfeBko/ s/ gJh g'Fke i/ gfjBkfeBko/ s'_ goK w?_ ik Bjh_ ;edkfeBkok jh fit/_ w?~ gfjBdk j?.##6

@@w/ok dotk}k fJe T[pk;h tKr{ y[ZbQdk j?w?_ nkgDk nkg j{zM rbh #u'_ nzdo ;[ZNdk jKw?~ j[zw; dk godk j?w?_ ;dk g[o/ ftu Bzrk jKw/oh xotkbh xo dk e{Vk j{zMrbh ftu pkjo ;[ZNdh j?w?_ vodk jK

w/o/ xo tkbh w?~ fes/ Bk t/y bJ/.##7

jfoGiB f;zx dh fJ; ;zrqfj ftubh eftsk d/ fJj T[go'es T[uko pzd/


dh T[; nB[Gt-u/sBk d/ o{gKsoD jB, fi; nB[Gt-u/sBk B/ pzd/ ~ nkgDh gSkDd/ w"fbe ;{soK dh sbkF d/ okj gk fdZsk j?. @gokJh g'Fke# B/ fet/_ wB[Zy dhj'_d ns/ j'Dh ~ sko-sko eoe/ fpy/o fdZsk ns/ fet/_ @feBkfonK# dhnK ;hwktKdh e?d G'rdk wkBt yzfvs j'Dh dh @j'_d# jzYkT[dk j?. jZE n-pki{ jB, rodBn-XV j? ns/ wZEk n-f;o j' e/ pzd/ dk ;Zu pfDnk j'fJnk j?. fJj eftsk pzd/d/ fJ;/ ;Zu s/ j'Dh ~ g/F eodh j'Jh, pzd/ ~ nkgDh ;woZEk dh sbkF dk okj;[MkT[Idh j?. pzd/ d/ w/ub/ ;wkfie-tosko/$gqpzXK dh pks nkozGdh fJj ekftekohftt;EktK ;kjwD/ pzfdnK d/ @phs# ikD d/ ydF/ th gqrNkT[dh j?. jfoGiB f;zx~ wB[Zy dh ;wki ftu ns/ fBZih foFfsnK ftubh ngqwkfDesk X[o nzdo sZeMzi'V e/ oZy fdzdh j?. rbh #u uVQdk fdB s/ xo #u'_ j{zfMnk e{Vk, d't/_ ;fEshnKekft-w?_ ~ T[; ;wkfie fteokbsk dk nfj;k; eotk ojhnK jB, fi; fteokbsk;kjwD/ pzd/ dh j'_d nj'_d pDh fdykJh fdzdh j?. fJj ekftekoh n;b noEK ftu'_wkBt dh gSkD dk gqtuB j?. pzdk nk]o eh j? s/ eh j'Dk b'udk j? s/ T[;dhnK ;woZEktK T[; bJh fejV/ w"e/ f;oidhnK jB s/ ;wkfie ftt;EktK ftufJ; sDkU-;fEsh ~ e"D fe; soQK fiT{_dk s/ jzYkT[dk j? s/ fe; soQK dhnKftt;EktK Bkb ;wM"fsnK ftu pzdk nkgDh j'_d dhnK gosK bkj-bkj e/ nkgD/nkg ~ @;w/_ d/ jkDh# efjD dh Gow wkBf;esk fiT{_dk j?, fJj ekftekoh nfij/pzd/ d/ d[yKs d/ pks gkT[dh j?. jfoGiB f;zx fJ; ;fEsh d/ w[bzeD ftu'_ fJjth efjzdk j? fe ;kv/ ;ko/ ;{M-T[;ko ;wM"fsnK d/ r/MV/ d/ T[;ko jB. N?p{ w[esc?bkU ;kvh ;z;feqsh dk B;hp Bk pfDnk. fJ; bJh ebkswe T[;koK ftu fJ;dh nkwd ;zGt jh Bjh_ j' ;h. fJ;/ bJh jfoGiB f;zx T[; ouBkswe T[;koKd/ f;oiD d/ okj sbkFdk B}o nkT[dk j?, fiZE/ c?bkU ns/ y[ZbQ dk nkekF pzd/dh ;woZEk dk B;hp pD/. fJ;/ bJh @sko-s[gek# ftub/ gfjo/dko pD/ pzd/ dh;hwk th n;fj j? L

@@eh fJ; X{Dh ftu G;w pD/rh Xosh<:k J/; bJh e[M nk; ni/ pkeh j?<nZyhnK #u'_ bZfink, |w,wwsk d/ jzM{J/Bh S/sh ;[Ze ikD, w?_ wzB Bjh_ ;edk,J/Bh S/sh sK pzdk wo Bjh_ ;edk.##8

-pkjo dbdb nzdo ;/wk d/jh dh wip{ohi' nzv/ ;' fgzv/nzdo d/ ;/w/ ftu feXo/ fuDr b[eh j?dbdb ftu i' th g[ZNKrk, g?o pD/rknkgD/ #u'_ fisBk N[ZNKrk, yzG pDKrk


nk; sqk; dk n?;k ukBD

;kjK d/ ftu ni/ fe;/ Bk ;[brkfJnk ;h.9

w?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnk ftubk ekft-;z;ko ;wekbh toskfonK d/ wzEB okjh_jh Bjh_ T[;odk ;r'_ nshs ns/ fJfsjk; dh toswkB gq;zfresk dhnK T[BQK wjhBgosK$ ;zGktBktK ~ T[;ko$T[ikro eo fojk j? i' gzikph ekft-gozgok #u gfjbKfe;/ gZXo #s/ th fJ; soQK t;s{ Bjh_ pDhnK. pZu/ ~ @pugB# #u fwfbnk :EkoEdh eo{osk dk nfj;k; fe; soQK dh @;{M# d/ o{g ftu T[;odk j?, jfoGiB f;zxfJ; Gkt-b'e ~ fiBQK FpdK ftu pzBQdk j?, gzikph ekftekoh ;fji jh ft;EkohiKdh j? L

- @@T[M sK jo wK ;[jDh j[zdhgo w/oh wK t/y-t/y e/jo nZy ;[br/ fit/_ d[gfjoh

- B}o B}o w/ok wesp ;hp'b p'b ;h ;zEk w/ohpugB nkT[dk sK fe; okj/

jo okj ;{M ;wM B/ x/oh.10

;wkie tosko/ d/ fJj nB?fse wjhB t/oftnK dk pZu/ dh wkBf;esk~ xVB dk nwb fe; soQK pzd/ nzdo T[efonk iKdk j?, pugB eftsk dh ekft-w?_, id @@;{M## dk fJj gkm gVQdh j?, sK ihtB dh eo{osk pugB ~ y'j b?_dhj?. jfoGiB f;zx dh ekftekoh toswkB d/ fJ;/ eo{o w[jKdo/ ftu'_ y/o{z-y/o{z j'J/wB[ZyK dh j'_d-j'Dh d/ f;oiD dh ekftekoh j? go jfoGiB f;zx pzd/ ~ fJfsjk;d/ T[BQK r"ot gbK d/ jtkb/ okjh_ ;t? ~ sokFD s/ sbkFD d/ okj th gkT[dkj?, fiBQK r"ot-gbK B/ fJfsjk; ~ xfVnk. @s/o/ j}{o w/oh jk}oh dh dk;skB#tork ekft gqutB gzikph wkBf;esk ~ T[BQK y/soK$;[ZusktK tZb gq/fos eoB dk:sB j?, fiBQK y/soK$;[ZusktK B/ pzd/ ~ pzd/ dh gSkD p]FDh j[zdh j?. fJe ekft-xkVs okjh_, ;[ZusktK d/ eow-y/soK ftu @dzG dk f;Zek Bjh_ ubdk# fJj gqtuBf;oiDk jfoGiB f;zx dh ekftekoh ftubk T[j ;fji gqtkj j?, i' gkme ~nkgDh ;[Zuh eow-gSkD tZb s'odk B}o nkT[dk j? L

@@w/o/ nzdo i' s{z ;{oi fijk fJe pkb Xfonk ;hT[j fiT{_dk ikrdk ;hs/ efj fojk ;hJ/; Ekt/_ dzG dk f;Zek Bjh_ ubdk;h; nogB dk ;dk t/bk j? go

nkgD/ XV s/ ;h; g?dk eo.11


jfoGiB f;zx dh ekft-feos dk J/E/ fJj yk;k j'o tX/o/ fBZ]ot/_ o{g ftugSkfDnk ik ;ed? fe fJj ekft-T[uko ;t?-wzEB d/ ftXh-ftXkBK okjh_ b'ekJh d/ntu/sB dh Ekj th gk oj/ jB s/ fJ; ntu/sB dhnK T[BQK ftobK dh fBFkBd/jh th eo oj/ jB, fiBQK ftobK B/ ftnefsst T[;koh okjh_ ;wki-;dkuko dhT[Øusk dk T[j f;]o Bjh_ f;oiD fdZsk, fi; ;dkukoe wkj"b$f;]o B/ pzd/ dhgSkD ~ f;oiDk j[zdk j?. jfoGiB f;zx dh eftsk ihtB-:EkoE d/ eo{o s/wjhB t/oftnK dhnK p/nzs fw;kbK tkb/ ekft-T[ukoK d/ o{g ftu w"i{d j? i'wkBf;e-ftjko g?NoBK dh rtkjh th j?. fJ; T[ØyV/-T[bM/ ihtB ftjko ~ d/y e/, ihtB :EkoE dh nwkBth ;fEsh ;gZFN j' ojh j?. jfoGiB f;zx dh eftskt;s{-:EkoE d/ B?fse-nB?fse, wkBth-nwkBth BeFK ~ g[Bo-ftT[sD dh ekftekohj?. jfoGiB f;zx ekftekoh dk nwb fBGkT[dk, wfji ekft-gkm f;oiDk d/ nwbsZe ;hws Bjh_ fdzdk ;r'_ T[; dk jo f;ois-gkm ;wki-ftjko d/ ;wKBkso ftjkodh Bth_ ihtB-xkVs tKr jk}o fdykJh fdzdk j?. fJ;/ bJh fJj Bth_ ihtB-xkVsihtB dk BtK ftXkB f;oidh j?.

jfoGiB f;zx dh w?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnk ftubh eftsk nkgD/ ftF/-ft;EkoK-T[;koK gZy'_ t/yhJ/ sK gzikph ekft-y/so dk fJj jo gZy'_ BtK w[jktok s/ w[jKdokxVdh ekftekoh j?. fJ; soQK dh gofeosh tkb/ ekft-T[;ko dh nkX[fBe gzikphekft-gozgok ftu e'Jh g{ot-gozgok w"i{d Bjh_ j?. fJ;/ bJh fJ; ekftekoh ~nkgD/ fBt/eb/ ouBkswe-ftXkB s/ gj[zu ekoB nkX[fBe gzikph ekft-gozgoktK s'_gko dh ekftekoh ti'_ gSkfDnk frnk j?. noEks fJj ekftekoh gzikph ;kfjs-;wki s/ ekft-gozgoktK d/ ft;EkoK dh ekftekoh j?.

jtkb/ s/ fNZgDhnK Ljtkb/ s/ fNZgDhnK Ljtkb/ s/ fNZgDhnK Ljtkb/ s/ fNZgDhnK Ljtkb/ s/ fNZgDhnK L

1H jfoGiB f;zx, w?_ i' phs frnk,w?_ i' phs frnk,w?_ i' phs frnk,w?_ i' phs frnk,w?_ i' phs frnk, gzBk-5H2H jfoGiB f;zx, w?_ i' phs frnk,w?_ i' phs frnk,w?_ i' phs frnk,w?_ i' phs frnk,w?_ i' phs frnk, gzBk-26H3H jfoGiB f;zx, w?_ i' phs frnk,w?_ i' phs frnk,w?_ i' phs frnk,w?_ i' phs frnk,w?_ i' phs frnk, gzBk-27H4H jfoGiB f;zx, w?_ i' phs frnk,w?_ i' phs frnk,w?_ i' phs frnk,w?_ i' phs frnk,w?_ i' phs frnk, gzBk-59H5H jfoGiB f;zx, w?_ i' phs frnk,w?_ i' phs frnk,w?_ i' phs frnk,w?_ i' phs frnk,w?_ i' phs frnk, gzBk-15H6H jfoGiB f;zx, w?_ i' phs frnk,w?_ i' phs frnk,w?_ i' phs frnk,w?_ i' phs frnk,w?_ i' phs frnk, gzBk-71H7H jfoGiB f;zx, w?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnk, gzBk-63H8H jfoGiB f;zx, w?_ i' phs frnk,w?_ i' phs frnk,w?_ i' phs frnk,w?_ i' phs frnk,w?_ i' phs frnk, gzBk-119H9H jfoGiB f;zx, w?_ i' phs frnk,w?_ i' phs frnk,w?_ i' phs frnk,w?_ i' phs frnk,w?_ i' phs frnk, gzBk-91H10H jfoGiB f;zx, w?_ i' phs frnk,w?_ i' phs frnk,w?_ i' phs frnk,w?_ i' phs frnk,w?_ i' phs frnk, gzBk-73-74H11H jfoGiB f;zx, w?_ i' phs frnk,w?_ i' phs frnk,w?_ i' phs frnk,w?_ i' phs frnk,w?_ i' phs frnk, gzBk-78H

õõõ


wkBth ;zt/dBk dk f;oie -wkBth ;zt/dBk dk f;oie -wkBth ;zt/dBk dk f;oie -wkBth ;zt/dBk dk f;oie -wkBth ;zt/dBk dk f;oie -vkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH jfoGiB f;zx

;opihs ;'jh;opihs ;'jh;opihs ;'jh;opihs ;'jh;opihs ;'jh

nkX[fBe gzikph ;kfjs ftØu vkH jfoGiB f;zx T[BQKT[_rbK s/ frDB i'r/ b/yeK ftØu'_ fJØe j?, i' f;oiDk ns/nkb'uBk d'tK jh y/soK ftØu g{oh fBg[zBsk Bkb jkiaohbtkT[_d/ jB. ;akfJoh ns/ nkb'uBk ftØu ;ws'b oØyfdnKnfGftnesh ns/ nfGftnesh d/ fust/ j'J/ jk;ahJ/ ftØuofjDk p"fXe ;woØEk dh pj[s wjhB gqhfynk j?. vkHjfoGiB f;zx d/ nkb'uBkswe nkXkoK ns/ f;oiDkswegqfso{gK ftØu o{g ns/ t;s{ dh nG/dsk pko/ T[;dh gj[zujh T[; ~ nbØrsk ns/ nd?tsk gqdkB eodh j?. vkHjfoGiB f;zx pkjoh gqshe'DK dh pikJ/ ftneshrs ftnke[bskns/ wkBf;e sBkU ~ nkgDh fdq;aNh ns/ nzso fdq;aNhnB[;ko rqfjD eodk j?. T[;dk fpjpb wB T[;d/ f;oiDk;Eb dk w{b j?, fJj nkg/ dk ;[Gkfte gqs"n j?. T[; dhftt/e;ahbsk pkjoh gqGkt s'_ g{oh soQK w[es j' e/ ;[szsoBiaohnk ns/ fuzsB;ahbsk xVdh j?. T[; dk ;zouBktkdg{oh soQk gzikph Xoksb s/ T[;fonk j?, fi; dh g[;aNh T[;d/gqrhse ekft dk w[jktok ns/ o[gKfsqs j'J/ fwEe jtkb/eod/ jB.

gzikph ;kfjs ~ vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh d/D pj[gØyhns/ pj[gk;koh j?. fJj nzdo'_ pkjo tØb dk ;cao eodhj'Jh d'w/b Bkb ;ztkd oukT[_dh j?. ;[jitkd, gq:'rtkd,;zouBktkd, o{gtkd ftØu'_ dh bzxdh j'Jh T[;dh u/sBk T[wod/ nzsb/ tfoQnK ftØu nkg/ ftØu f;wND ~ gosdh j?.T[;dhnK ouBktK ~ T[BQK d/ ouBk-ekb ns/ ;wkfie;wheoBK nB[;ko jh tkuDk gt/rk. vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/nkgD/ ;w[Øu/ ihtB ftØu 16 ekft g[;seK, 37 nkb'uBk ns/

T[&Zx/ b/ye, nk;Nq/bhnk.

\'BL O61410 584 302Email:sohisarbjeet13

@gmail.com


tkose g[;seK, 12 ekft nB[tkd g[;seK, 14 tkose nB[tkd g[;seK ns/ doiBd/ eohp j'o gkm-g[;seK gzikph ;kfjs dh M'bh ftØu gkJhnK jB. fJe eth ti'_T[;dh ;kfjse :ksok 1956 ftØu feskp bk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;K Bkb ;a[o{ j[zdh j?. T[;dh d{;ohfeskp sko s[gek sko s[gek sko s[gek sko s[gek sko s[gek nrb/ jh ;kb gqek;fas j[zdh j?. sh;oh ekft g[;se nXo?Dh nXo?Dh nXo?Dh nXo?Dh nXo?Dh;zBQ 1962 ftØu gqek;fas j'Jh ;h. T[;dhnK gfjbhnK eftsktK d/;a dh y{Bh se;hwftØu tb{zXo/ j'J/ fjofdnK dh o{j-uhoth_ nktkia ~ ;apdK ftØu fusodhnK jB.;Ømt/_ djke/ ftØu gzikph ekft jbfenK ftØu fiØE/ ni/ th gozgokrs ns/ ;N/ih;akfJoh dk ibtk poeoko ;h, T[; t/b/ bk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;K Bkb fJe ;[jitzs/ ;akfJo dh nkwdj[zdh j?. GhV s'_ fpbe[b goQ/ fit/_ ;zxD/ SzG s'_ pkjo e'Jh oks'-oks e'Jh p'jVdk p{Nk Xosh ftØu'_ fBeb nkt/. fit/_ fpBk fe;/ ;a'o-;aokp/ s'_ dfonk dkjfVnkfJnk gkDh wzv ftØu nkD uVQ/. vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh nkwd T[; t/b/ d/gqufbs gzikph ekft w[jkto/ d/ T[bN o{g ftØu ftbhB j'J/ ftukoK dh gqshe pDe/;[jitkdh g?V T[bhedh j?. fJjBK fszBK ekft ;zrqfjnK ftØu gqrhse ;a?bh ewkbdh j?. vkH jfoGiB f;zx dk pugB ns/ itkBh gkfe;skB ftØu r[iao/ ;B, fJ;eoe/ Gkos dh se;hw B/ T[; d/ u/sB-ntu/sB ~ p[oh soQK ftzBQ e/ oØy fdØsk.T[;dhnK tzv Bkb ;zpzfXs eftsktK wfjia xNBktK d/ fpnkB sØe ;hws Bjh_ jB,fJBQK ftØu tb{zXo/ j'J/ fjod/ dh p'bdh j'Jh u[Øg gkme d/ wB' Xoksb ~ Mzi'V e/oØy fdzdh j?. T[; d/ ;apd X[o nzdo bfjzd/ j'J/ gzi BdhnK d/ G{-yzv s/ g;a{g[D/ekoB yzfvs j' rJh wkBtsk ~ g/;a eod/ jB L

t/ gØ;oh ijkB T[Øs/ w"s dh jtkV.

t/ fyzv rJhnK wfjcbK s/ Sk rJh T[ikV.

vkH jfoGiB dh eftsk ;kXkoB ;apdK ftØu tØv/ noE ;w'Jh p?mh j?.fes/ th ;apdK dh fyØu-X{j iK yØr e/ fbnKd/ ;apdK dh ;iktN Bjh_ j?. o{gns/ t;s{ dk ;[w/b ;[ji dk nB{mk ft;wkd g?dk eodk j?. ;[Gkftesk vkHjfoGiB f;zx dh eftsk dk w{b nkXko j?. T[j nkgD/ nkb/-d[nkb/ ftØu nfs;[u/s j' e/ ftuodk j?, jo ;{yw tosko/ ~ pj[s B/fVU wkDdk j?. go nB[Gtdh ;apdh fdq;aekoh pj[s ;ob, nkgw[jkoh ns/ rsh;ahb t/r ftu j'Jh j'D eoe/pØMtK ;[jiswe gqGkt f;oidh j?. fJj T[;d/ ekft dh ya{p;{osh j? fe T[; ~gVQfdnK ;apd-e';a Bjh_, fjod/ d/ egkN y'bQ e/ oØyD/ g?_d/ jB. joca do jocaT[;dh Biaw gkme ~ Bkb b? s[odh j? s/ nksw nkBzd dh T[; f;yao s/ b? iKdhj?, i' gmB eosk dh sbk;a ns/ syaØJhnb bJh ngj[zu j[zdk j?.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx dk ekft ft:'r, ftr'u/ ns/ tks;b dh fwØNh ftØur[zBQ/ j'J/ ;apdK dh eØuh ezX s/ ehsh j'Jh fuØsoekoh torh g/;aekoh j?. fJ; ftØu


gzikphns dh wfje ns/ r[owfs ozrK dh Mbe pj[s T[ØGoth_ ns/ T[Øib o{g ftØuT[ikro j[zdh j?. T[;dk pugB pj[s j/ot/ ns/ fJeØbsk ftØu r[iafonk ;h.nkgDh ;t?-T[;koh eofdnK T[; ~ nkgDh j:ksh ftØu wkfgnK dh G{fwek th ya[dfBGkT[Dh gJh. n;kw dh fwØNh ftØu T[rfwnk pkb-g"dk bkj"o dh xVwØ; ftØuwk;h fJØSoK d/ xo/ spdhb sK j' frnk go T[; ~ gzikph ;kfjs dk iNhbkp'jV pDB sØe w[ykfbca w";wK ftØu'_ dh bzxDk fgnk. fJj th sK n;uoi j?fe fteokb jkbsK ns/ :shw ;fwnK ftØu T[; d/ nzdobk wkBt ;[jijhD Bjh_j'fJnk. T[; dh o{j yaotk j'D dh pikJ/ T[wo d/ Bkb Bkb j'o e'wb ns/ekfte j[zdh rJh. T[;dhnK eftsktK ftØu fo;afsnK dk yabkn ns/ ya;{;hns dhfFZds Bkb wfj;{; j[zdh j?. ;zp'XBh ;a?bh ftØu T[j fo;afsnK s'_ ftot/ oj/ np'XT[wo d/ ihtB dh fJeØbsk ~ :kd eodk j?.

feØE/ rJhnK G?DK

feØE/ rJhnK wktK <

vkH jfoGiB f;zx dk ekfte ;cao T[;d/ nzdob/ gzX nB[;ko jh w'V b?_dkj?. T[;d/ nzsoht wB ftØu nkJhnK spdhbhnK, soEØbhnK ns/ s[;aNhnK T[; dhf;oiDkswe :ksok dhnK ;koEh pDdhnK jB. vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ftbØyDskj? fe T[j gØSwh f;XKsK dh fwØNh ftØu m/m gzikph YzrK Bkb ft;at ftnkgh jocaKdh y/sh eodk j?, s[;h_ fJT[_ efj ;ed/ j' fe fit/_ e'Jh fe;kB ;Bnsh :[Ør ftØuckowh ;'u ngBkT[D dh pikJ/ gozgokrs ;zdK Bkb feos ftØu i[ØfNnk j't/. nkgD/;t? eEBK ftØu th T[j fJepkb eodk j? fe ;akfJoh n;cbsk iK ng{osh dhg?dkfJ;a j?. T[j fust/ j'J/ ~ ;zg{oB Bjh_ wzBdk ;r'_ w[ezwb j'D dh b'uk s'_T[o/ ofjD dh nt;Ek dk ekfJb j?. T[j nkydk j? fe @tko; ~ nkg oKMk pDBdk :sB Bjh_ eoBk ukjhdk# fJ;dk wsbp fe ;akfJoh fJe ebk j?, fJj fBØistdh j{ p{ j{ g/;aekoh Bjh_. gq:'r;ahb eth j[zfdnK j'fJnK th T[j T[; d"o dhekfteh T{b ib{bsk s'_ tØyok j?. ;akfJo dk coia j? fe T[j jB/o/ ftØu e'Jh bheth wko/ s/ T[;dk th e'Jh noE fBeb/, vk jfoGiB f;zx T[; esko dk eth ;h.T[j ;dk nkgD/ ozr ftØu ofjzdk, fJe gqGkt T[; pko/ rqfjD eoB bØrd/ s/nrbh jh ;so ftØu T[j yzfvs j' iKdk. T[; ~ u"yN/ ftØu oØy e/ gVQDk w[Bkf;pjh Bjh_ j?. T[j ;apdK okjh ;G e[ØM wbhnkw/N eoB bJh eftsk fbydk jh Bjh_j?. gozgok ftØu th T[;dk n;fsst nksw r"ot Bkb Gfonk j'fJnk j?. T[; ~idhd gqsh e'Jh T[bKGk iK nkswfrbkBh Bjh_ j?. T[j toswkB ~ jh GftØy ftØuihD dk ;a?dkJh j?. nkgDh fJe eftsk @d[pkok nktK# ftØu T[j gq:'r;ahbsk d/ fpzp~ s'Vdk j'fJnk ya[d fbydk j?L-



J/; jh d/; gzikp #u nktK

vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh gqrhse ;a?bh jh T[;dh ;kfjse gfjukD ns/ nksws[nkoca j?. T[;d/ gqrhs wB'GktK dh nu/s o{g ftØu ;apdK ftØu gqftqs j'D dhnt;Ek ftØu j'Jh f;oiDk j?. T[j T{_xdh j'Jh oks ftØu N'j N'j e/ edw oØyDdh pikJ/ fe;/ nfdØy Mbeko/ dh b'o ftØu N[fonk w;s okjrho j?. T[;dk ;caofe;/ wziab tØb ;/fXs j'D dh pikJ/ f;oiDkswe wB d/ ft;aokw b?D dh nt;Ek~ wziab pDk d/D dk j?. go ibd jh T[j fJ; ;E{bsk s'_ pkjo fBeb e/ jtktKdk ;zrh j' fBpVdk j?. T[; dh caehoh T[; ~ wziabK dk w[ohd Bjh_ j'D fdzdh,fJ; eoe/ jh T[j fBozso nkgD/ nkg ~ oØd dk j'J/ Bt/_ fd;jØd/ f;oidk j?.gqrhse ;a?bh T[;dk j[Bo Bjh_, T[; dh ndk j?. fJj n;b ftØu ft;wkd dk T[jf;yao j?, fiØE'_ ebgBk dk gkDh T[Sbdk j'fJnk w[V c[jko/ d/ nkrkia tØb gosdkj?. vkH jfoGiB f;zx d/ gqrhs ;[Øs/ j'J/ pkb d/ fujo/ s/ nukBe nkJh w[;ekBtKr fyV T[ØmD tKr gqrN j[zd/ jB. T[;d/ ;apdK dh ;zrs wkDfdnK nkeo;aBdh pikJ/ fJe ;wogD T[gidk j?, i' gkme ~ gqrhse tfjD ftØu tjk e/ b? iKdkj?. T[;dh eftsk ftØu ebk;eh ;kfjs tkbh wfje gkoekbh th j? ;opftnkgh thj?L-

wkJ/ Bh, fe nzpoK *u ofjD tkbhJ/

;k~ uzB dh rokjh d/ d/

;zBQ 1967 ftØu vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh u"Eh ekft g[;se Bk X[Øg/ Bk Bk X[Øg/ Bk Bk X[Øg/ Bk Bk X[Øg/ Bk Bk X[Øg/ BkSkt/_Skt/_Skt/_Skt/_Skt/_ gqek;fas j[zdh j?, i' gq:'rtkdh ;[o tkbahnK eftsktK dk ;zrqfj j?. mhe fJ;/jh ;w/_ Gkos ftØu Be;bpkVh bfjo dk fprb tØidk j?. Gkos ftØu fJ;d/ Bkbjh ftdo'jh ;kfjs dk nkrwB j[zdk j?. eftsk ;w/s ;kohnK ftXktK fJBebkphfXoK bJh fJe jfEnko ti'_ fbyhnK ikD bØrdhnK jB. pdbd/ j'J/ okiBhse;wheoBK ftØu gq:'rtkd ;w/s j'o ;kfjse nkXko ya[oB bØrd/ jB. go vkHjfoGiB f;zx T[Øuh ;[o tkbh ftdo'jh eftsk d/ o[MkD ~ nzrheko Bjh_ eodk,T[; ftØu nzsow[Øysk tØXdh j?. Be;bh eftsk dh g{oh uVQs ;w/_ th T[j wkBth;zt/dBk d/ fJefjo/gD ns/ yzfvs wB[Øy dh ftneshrs j'_d ~ g/;a eoB dh nkjoftØu n;h_-s[;h_ d/ w[jkto/ ftØu Bjh_ Ybdk. T[; dh eftsk w?_ d/ ft;Eko ftØuekoi;ahb ofjzdh j?. T[;dh wB[Øyh ;zt/dBk ;w[dkfJe gqtuB pDB dh pikJ/nkdwh d/ fsVe/ j'J/ n;fsst dk fto/uB eodh j?. vkH jfoGiB f;zx T[;;w/_ fdØbh ftØu ofj ojh T[; p"fXe fXo Be;ak Bth; pDe/ ;kfjs ftØu gØSwhf;XKsK dh g?otkJh eodk j?, i' ;kfjs ~ ;wki ftØu wfjia ebk d/ fJe wkfXnw


ti'_ ;Ekfgs eoBk b'udh j?.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh eftsk ftØu nokieh, nbfjdrh ns/ T[rosk dhnDj'_d j?. T[;dk ;w[Øuk ekft GktK d/ ;z:'iB d/ nzsoht fuzsB s/ nkXkfos j?.T[;dh nfGftnesh pkjoh ekoBK d/ gqGkt j/m j'J/ fust/ ns/ jkiao toskfonKd/ ftyzvB dh T[gi Bjh_, ;r'_ T[j fBØe/ fBØe/ GktK, fBØe/ fBØe/ fpzpK dh iVs eodkj'fJnk sqk;d ~ th fGnkBesk Bkb g/;a Bjh_ eodk. d[yKs dh g/;aekoh, sBkUdh s;thoe;ah ns/ ;zeNK ftØu jzG/ j'J/ jØ;k; fiT{V/ dh wB' d;ak fpnkB eofdnKth T[j eftsk ~ ;fjw dh g[Øm Bjh_ fdzdk. n;b ftØu eEkof;; dk ;zebg fJ;/jh ;a?bh ftØu ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?. T[;dhnK eftsktK d/ gkso sbya jkbkspko/ ;'ud/ sK Biao nkT[_d/ jB, go T[jBK dh b'uk ftØu e'Jh nb'ekoh ftebgBjh_ j?. T[j sBkU ns/ ojkU ftØu bNe/ j'J/ gbK dh nt;Ek ~ nzfes eodkj?. T[j gqkgsh$nkgqkgsh, ;zGktBk$jk;b ns/ T{Dsk$Gog{osk ftubk ;cao wekT[DbJh ekjbk Bjh_ j?.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx nkX[fBe gzikph ;kfjs dk ;opKrh ns/ ft;at ftnkgh;wM tkbk b/ye j?. T[; B/ gzikph ;kfjs ftØu gØSw d/ ;kfjse nkXkoK ns/o{gtkdh tzBrhnK d/ phi phi/ jB. wB[Øyh ;zt/dBk dh ofjsb ftØu gJ/ nu/sBe;aK ~ ekfte ;zouBk ftØu Ykfbnk j?. T[j fpzp dh T[;koh ftØu nB[Gt dh;w[Øusk ~ ;w/ND bJh e'fFFtkB ofjzdk j?. ftuko dh ftokNsk ~ fpzp ftØu ;w'd/D dh ;a?bh eftsk ~ t;s{rs ;Øu pDB dh pikJ/ o{gkrs nB[eoB ftØu Ykbdhj?. T[j ya[d th ;kfjs ~ nB[eoB dk nB[eoB nkydk j?. vkH jfoGiB f;zxdh eftsk GktK dh e;ahdrh s'_ nrbh nt;Ek j?. fJ; ftØu t;s{ fBjs j?.gqrNkn n?Bk ;ob, ;[Gkfte ns/ nkgw[jkok j?, fe gkme dh ;wM T[; tjknftØu tfj s[odh j?. ;{yw s'_ ;{yw nB[Gt th fpzp ftØu nfjb nk fNedk j?.vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh iBw ;askpdh toQ/ s/ T[; ~ :kd eofdnK, w[V gVQfdnKT[;dh f;oiDk, nkb'uBk ns/ nfXnkgB fszBK jh gØyK s'_ pj[gØyh d/D nØr/ f;oM[Øedk j?. T[j ;kfjs wzvb ftu ;[jiswe T{oik Bkb Gfonk T[j BkfGeh skokj?, i' n;s j' e/ th u/fsnK ftØu Nfjedk oj/rk.

õõõ


vkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH jfoGiB f;zxekft-gkmrs nB[Gtekft-gkmrs nB[Gtekft-gkmrs nB[Gtekft-gkmrs nB[Gtekft-gkmrs nB[Gt

;[oihs e"o;[oihs e"o;[oihs e"o;[oihs e"o;[oihs e"o

f}zdrh @u pj[s ;ko/ nB[Gt j[zd/ B/, pj[s :kdKj[zdhnK Gkt/I fBØih jh j[zdhnK B/ w;bB xo, gfotko,foFfsnK-BkfsnK ns/ d';sK dhnK gozs{ fe;/ feskp iK ethdhnK :kdK dk nfwN j' ikDk FkfJd eokwksh j[zdk j't/.f}zdrh ftu pj[s ;koh eftsk gVQB dk w"ek fwfbnk s/pj[s e[M g;zd th nkfJnk go vkH i;tzs f;zx B/eh ns/vkH jfoGiB f;zx d' nfij/ eth j'J/ B/ fiBQK B/ w/o/ u/fsnKdh uzr/o ftu fJe ftF/F EK wØbh oØyh. jØEb/ b/y fturØb f;o\ vkeNo jfoGiB dh eftsk dh jh eoKr/.

vhH J/H thH ekbi, ibzXo ftu n?wH J/H gzikpheofdnK vkeNo jfoGiB f;zx d[nkok ofus Bk X[Øg/ Bk Bk X[Øg/ Bk Bk X[Øg/ Bk Bk X[Øg/ Bk Bk X[Øg/ BkSKt/_ SKt/_ SKt/_ SKt/_ SKt/_ dhnK eftsktK Bkb gfofus j'D dk gfjbk w"ekfwfbnk fi; B/ fuzsB dh fJe fBt/ebh fyVeh y'bQfdØsh.T[;dh eftsk d/ fpzp fJzB/ ftt/eg{oB jB fe nktkwB/ T[BQK B{z ;theko eoBk F[o{ eo fdZsk. fJe ykfjF fijhf;o u[ØeD bØrh fe ¿fBØeh fBeØdh jhDsk j[D w?E'_ ihth Bjh_iKdhÀ torhnK ;soK fbyD tkb/ T[; FkfJo B{z ed/ fwbDdk ;pZp pD ikt/.fJs\keB vhH J/H thH ekbi ftu T[; d/b?euo ;[BD dk w"ek th fwb frnk. r[o{ BkBe d/t:{Bhtof;Nh ftu n?wH fcbH eofdnK T[;dh ;zouBktkdh;whfynk pko/ gVQfdnK fJe tko fco s'_ p[ØXh d/ yzGK B/BthnK T[vkohnK GoBhnK F[o{ ehshnK ns/ fJ;/ d"okB:{Bhtof;Nh d[nkok eotkJ/ iKd/ T[; d/ b?euo ;[BD dknt;o th gqkgs j' frnk. nØi T[; gqfsGktkB ftnesh pko/;'udh jK s/ T[;dh dot/FK torh fdy, fuØNh gØr ns/w[;eokT[_dk j'fJnk d[ØX fuØNh dkjVh tkbk fujok nØyK w{jo/

T[&Zxh eftsoh ns/ b/fyek,e?B/vk.


s?o iKdk j? T[;dh ftdtsk s/ gqfsØGk dk gqGkt ;koh f}zdrh fdwkr @s/ SkfJnkfojk fJj gqsheow T[;dh eftsk dk gquØbs eftsk Bkb'_ tØyok s/ ftbZyD j'Dk ;hi' fe ;'u ~ N[zpdh ;h.

;kfjs ;wki dk dogD j[zdk j? ns/ ;kfjseko nkgD/ ;w/_ d"okB tkgoBtkbhnK xNBktK dk e/tb uFwdhd rtkj jh Bjh_ j[zdk ;r'_ T[j T[; ;w/__ B{zfusodk th j? ns/ fJ;s/ fNZgDh th eodk j?.fJfsjk;eko fe;/ ;w/_ d/ ;kfjsdh ;jkfJsk Bkb jh T[; ;w/_ d/ ;wki dk nzdk}k bkT[_d/ jB.vkH jfoGiB d/nkrwB Bkb gzikph eftsk ftu Bt/_ ftfFnK ns/ Bth_ F?bh B/ gqt/F ehsk.T[;dh eftsk nkX[fBe eftsk j? i' fBozso pdbd/ j'J/ :EkoE dh rØb eodh j?.T[dkjoD d/ s"o s/ T[;dh eftsk eZu-;{se :kd nkT[_dh j?.fJj eftsk pdboj/ ;wki ftu roGgks dh Bth_ uZbh fgos dk fJe wjZstg{oD fuZso g/F eodhj?.fJj toskok Gkt/_ wB[Zyh ;wki ftu ;dhnK s'_ uZbdk nkT[_dk j't/ go fJe i'V/dk fJ; ekoi d/ ;cb j'D s/ Bof;zr xo s'_ jfowzdo sZe dk ;co Bth_ ;'udk bykfJe j? id'_ pzdk Xow B{z th nkgD/ wkV/ eowK dk Gkrh pDk b?_dk j?,jfowzdo T[j FoXkt; Bjh_ iKdk ;r'_ nkgD/ rT[_ iKdk j? Ts/ ;'udk j? fe T[j;koh w?b T[ZE/ bkj e/ j"bk cZ[b j' ikt/rk. pZu/ d/ nkrwB @s/ t/b tZXD d/rhs rkT[D dh pikfJ T[j e[Zy ftu nkgD/ nzF B{z BFN eoe/ @e[opb e[opb,sVc{z-sVc{z eodhnK fynkbK dhnK wØShnK# B{z N?uh ftu pzd eo jfowzdo tZbs[o g?_dk j?, fJe d[ftXk j? i' Bk nko j? Bk gko j?, wB y[F th j? s/ p/u?Bhth- fJj j? nkX[fBe wkBt dh s;tho-

(jfonk Bh wkbD, jfonk Bh G?D/jfonk sK Gkrh_ Gfonkfi; fdjkVk w/ok jfonk Bk izfwnk;'Jh fdjkVk Gkrh_ Gfonk)

fJj pdb oj/ ;wki dh Bth_ ;'u B{z gqrNkT[_dh j'Jh eftsk j? i' nZij'o gqpb o{g ftu ;kv/ ;kjwD/ nk ojh j?. pj[s ;ko/ i'V/ fpB ftnkj'_ fbtfJB fob/FB} ftu ofj oj/ jB pZu/ g?dk eoBk fJBQK dh gokfJoNh Bjh_ j?.fJj;wki nZi dh GZi d"V tkbh f}zdrh dk gqsho{g j?.

;' n;h_ t/yd/ jK fe vkeNo jfoGiB B/ gzikph eftsk ftu ftukoXkoeeoKsh fbnKdh, f;oiDk ns/ ;whfynk d'jK ftu jh BthnK bhjK gkJhnK i'Bt/_ b/yeK bJh fwE s/ tzrko pD rJhnK.T[;dh eftsk Bkb gzikph eftsk ftuBt/_ wB[Zy d/ ;zebg B/ gqt/F ehsk i' ftfrnkB ns/ seB"b'ih Bkb g?dk j'Jh u/sBk eoe/ pj[s ;ko/ fto'XK Bkb fxfonk j'fJnk j?.fJ; u/sBk B{z gqrNkT[D bJhT[;B/ Bt/eb/ fpzp f;oi/ fit/_ nkgD/ nkg s'_ w[fVnk wfj;{;Dk, fgzio/ pzd f;\ok


j'Dk, nkgD/ e'b s[o e/ nkT[Dk, fBopz;h, nrBh dh d;se, nkfd. fJj' fijhnKeftsktK gVQ e/ gfjbK gfjb sK Gtzso ikD tkbh jkbs j'Jh. fJj' fijhnK rØbKfJj' fij/ fpzp ed/ ;[D/$gVQ/ jh Bjh_ ;B. vkeNo ;kfjp d/ fBt/eb/ Ehw s/w?Nkco gkme ~ Bth_ ;'u ns/ Bth_ Fpdktbh Bkb bpo/} eod/ jB.

Bk X[Øg/ Bk SKt/_ Bk X[Øg/ Bk SKt/_ Bk X[Øg/ Bk SKt/_ Bk X[Øg/ Bk SKt/_ Bk X[Øg/ Bk SKt/_ dh jo/e eftsk B[jko gØy'_ tØyoh s/ ftF/ gØy'_ ndG[Øsj? T[;B/ T[ØBh ekft-;zrqfj fby/ jØEbk ekft ;zrqfj Bk X[Øg/ Bk SKt/_ Bk X[Øg/ Bk SKt/_ Bk X[Øg/ Bk SKt/_ Bk X[Øg/ Bk SKt/_ Bk X[Øg/ Bk SKt/_ 1969 ftu;kfjs nekv?wh tb'_ g[o;efos th j'fJnk. nfijk ftdtkB i' fe ;kfjs irsdk Xo{ skok ;h nzdo'_ fezBk e'wb j't/rk fe T[;B/ pj[s p"fXe eftsk d/ BkbBkb Gkt[e eo d/D tkbhnK eftsktK th fbyhnK Gkt/_ fJBQK dh p'bh-F?bh gquØbseftsktK Bkb'_ fpbe[b tØyoh ;h. wK T[;dk g;zdhdk ftFk j?. T[;B/ nkgDh wK~ ;zp'XB eoe/ pj[s ;kohnK eftsktK fbyhnK. T[;dh eftsk wK ftj{D/ pØu/ dkdod u[Øeh fcodh j?. fJ; g[;se dh G{fwek ftu T[j fbydk j?, ¿w/o/ fwEehoØp dk w[jKdok w/oh wK tork j? ns/ T[j jw/Fk w/o/ nzdo tØ;dk j?.HHHfJ; nzdo'_p'bdh wK B/ w/oh ;w[Øuh ihtB iku ~ fJe fBt/eb/ fij/ ozr ftu ozfrnk j'fJnkj?.À pugB ftu f;o s'_ T[Øfmnk wK dk ;kfJnk T[;dhnK eJh eftsktK dh j{epfDnk. fJj' fijh eftsk Bk ed/ G[Øbh Bk G[Øb jh ;edh j?. fJe j'o eftski' w?~ ;dk T[dk; eodh j? s/ fJ; ftu'_ wK dk j/otk fJT[_ T[Godk j?l

edh edh w/oh wK nky/T[J/ w/o/ d[y dod d/ jkDhw/oh fje ~ bØr e/ ;"_ ikfi; okj'_ s/ok pkg f;XkfJnkT[; okj/ e'Jh gkg Bk nkt/w/o/ p{N/ rØGo{ j' iks/oh SKt/_ w?_ ;"_ iktKedh edh pkbK d/ e[ØSV

;"D Bfuzs fBeowD wKtK

vkeNo jfoGiB dh eftsk ;opekbh j? J/B/ tfoQnK pknd nØi th T[;dh;koEesk j?. fJj eftsk pj[gosh s/ fJe yk; gVQ/ fby/ tor bJh j? i' fefinkdk so gVQ/ ikD bJh j? i' ;kv/ tor/ ftfdnkoEhnK ~ Gkt/_ n"yh th bØrdh;h go fdb ~ N[zpdh th ;h. nØi-eØb T[;dh e[M gqrhse eftsk e[M b'eK tb'_rkJh th ik ojh j? fit/_

ekbh oks pb{zrk ftbe/w?~ Bh_d Bk nkJ/ wkJ/ w/ohJ/

ftfdnkoEh ekb s'_ b? e/ nØi sØe w?~ T[;dh eftsk, nkb'uBk ns/


T[;dhnK rØbK ;G e[M fBt/ebk s/ feq}w?fNe jh bØrdk fojk j? fJjh ekoD j?fe vkeNo ;kfjp pko/ j'o ikBD dh fJØSk B/ T[BQK dhnK fJzNoB?ØN @s/ gJhnKfJzNoftT{nK e'b gj[zuk fdØsk i;tzs dhd d[nkok ehsh rJh vkH jfoGiB dhfJzNoftT{ gVQ ojh ;K, T[; nB[;ko ¿vkH jfoGiB nukBe jØ;dk jØ;dk e[Mr[Dr[DkT[D bØr iKdk j?HHHjfoGiB f;zx GhV @u fJeØbk j' iKdk. r[Dr[DkjNT[;d/ Bkb s[oB bØr g?_dh. fJjh r[Dr[BkjN vkeNo d/ rhsK @u nkT[_dh, fJjhnØyK @u, fJjh j'mK @s/, fJjh ihtB, fJjh s'o @u s/ fJjh r[Dr[DkjN T[;dh d';sh@u j[zdh, d[FwDh @u j[zdh, eftsk @u j[zdh, nkb'uBk @u j[zdh. pkbK fijk wk;{wvkeNo pØuk pD iKdk i' MohNK gk iKdk j? dhtkoK @s/, fujo/ @s/ ns/ ed/ edkJh_nkgD/ Bj[z dk eØuk wk; fSØb pfjzdk j? fit/_ wk;{w pkb fJt/_ j' iKdk j?À ftdtkBKtb'_ fbyhnK T[;d/ feodko dhnK fJj' fijhnK rØbK eoe/ T[j gkme ~ j'o uzrkuzrk bØrD br iKdk j?. fJ;/ fJzNoftT{ ftu fJe ;kXkoB fijh rØb ~ T[jnkgDh bØS/dko F?bh ftu fJT[_ efjzdk j?, ¿e'Jh th pzdk nfijk Bjh fi;dh fgØms/ fJpkos Bjh_ fbyh iKdh. d[Bhnk ftØu fJØe w[eØdwk n?;k j? i' jo fe;/ dhfgØm s/ uØbdk j?. fizBh d/o s[;h_ fiT{Dk j? T[Bh d/o T[; w[eØdw/ B/ uØbDk j?.w?~ d{finK dh fgØm J/Bh gq/FkB Bjh_ eodh, w?~ fijVh gq/FkB eodh j? Bk i' w?_efjDk ukj[zBK, don;b, i' ;'jps d/_dh j? T[j w/oh fgØm j?, T[j w/oh nkgDhfgØm j? fiØ; T[s/ e[M fbfynk iKdk j?À fJj ;h vk jfoGiB dk rØb eoB dknzdk}!

vkeNo jfoGiB dhnK u/fsnK @u t;hnK eftsktK ftu'_ fJe j'owjZstg{oD eftsk j?, @s/o/ j}{o w/oh jk}oh dh dk;skB# fi;B{z gVQ e/ nzdo fJenihp fijh ybb wØu iKdh J/. FkfJd jh fe;/ j'o eth B/ ft;kyh dh T[;fJfsjk;e xNBk pko/ nfijk ;'funk$fbfynk j't/. fJ; eftsk dhnK fBwBfbys;soK B/ f}zdrh d/ eJh w[jkiK @s/ fdFk fBod/F th eodhnK jB fe ;h; d/Ddk ;dk t/bk j? go b'V j? f;o s/ ;h; g?dk eoB dh feT[_fe j[D @ fBoh BzrhfBeØdh jhDsk# Bkb ihn e/ T[j nZe-EZe u[Zek j?.

fJj eftsk fiZE/ fJe vo/ j'J/ wB[Øy dh jhD GktBk dk nfj;k; eotKT[_dhj? i' jo i[r ftu j[zdk j? T[Zs/ fJ; s'_ T[Øgo T[ØmD ns/ fjzws eoB dk ;ze/sth fdzdh j?, fJe Bth_ T{oik Bkb Godh j?.fJ; eftsk ftu b[fenk gSsktk gkmed/ fdb'-fdwkr @s/ Sk iKdk j?. ;koh eftsk gVQfdnK gkme d/ wB';Eb s/ fJe;zg{oD fuØso T[ØGodk j?l pzfdnK Bkb Gfonk gzvkb, r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx dhnK B}oKs'_ S[gd/-S[gKd/ bx{ wB[Øy, r[o{ ih dh nktk} @;h; fi;d/ gk; j? jkf}o eo/# s/gziK f;ØyK dk r[o{ ih ~ ;h; nogD eoBk. eth wB fustdk j? fe T[j th T[d'_T[; gzvkb ftu jkf}o ;h s/ T[;~ fJ; rØb dk gSsktk j? fe T[j r[o{ ~ ;h;


feT[_ Bjh_ ;h G/_N eo ;fenk go j[D T[j nkgDh ew}'oh s'_ fBiks gkt/rk.eftskt/y'L

T[d'_ jkf}o ;K w?_

id'_ fJe p'b dk N[eVk

;[brdh bkN tKr{z fBefbnk ;h

;h; fi;d/ gk; j? jkf}o eo/

T[d'_ p/;h; pzd/ tKr w/oh jk}oh ;h

nfXnkgB-ekb d"okB nkgD/ ftfdnkoEhnK ~ w?_ jo ft;kyh s/ fJjheftsk ekft-gqfs:'rsktK bJh fsnko eotkT[_dh ojh jK fi;~ ;[D e/ ;q's/ nF-nFeo T[Ømd/ ;B. fJj eftsk pj[s Gktg{os, pj[gosh s/ pj[noEh j?. nØi dk jopzdk th fJ;/ ;zeN ftu ihn fojk j?. T[j gq;fEshnK ftu fxfonk j'fJnk,xpokfJnk j'fJnk ns/ go/FkBhnK dk fFeko j?.fJj BtK wB[Zy ;zeNekb dk;kjwDk Bjh_ eo ;edk ns/ fe;/ f;ZN/ s/ gj[zuD s'_ vodk j?. T[j fe;/ d/ ezwth Bjh_ nk ;edk s/ fe;/ bJh e'Jh e[opkBh sK T[;B/ eh eoBh j?.T[j sKjfowzdo ;kfjp th nkgDhnK G[ZbK pyFkT[D jh iKdk j?. Bk X[Øg/ Bk SKt/IBk X[Øg/ Bk SKt/IBk X[Øg/ Bk SKt/IBk X[Øg/ Bk SKt/IBk X[Øg/ Bk SKt/I ekft-;zrqfj dk BK jh fto'XkGk;h j?l e'Jh iK sK X[Øg/ j[zdk j? iK SK ftu. ni'ek wB[Øyftu-ftukb/ yVk j? fi;~ T[;B/ fJe EK sko T[Øs/ bNed/ s[ge/ Bkb th s[bBkfJnkj?.fJ; g[;se dhnK seohpB ;kohnK eftsktK bx{ wB[Øy dh bx{sk dh rØbeodhnK jB fi; e'b'_ nkgD/ nkg/ dh gSkD r[nku u[Øeh j?,

w?_ fgzio/ pzd fJe f;cok

ybkn nzdo GNedk jK

w/oh nkgDh ykw'Fh fpB

e'Jh ;kEh Bjh_ w/ok

e'Jh ok;sk Bjh_

fe s[o e/ nkgD/ e'b jh nktK

dhd fbydk j?, ¿vkH jfoGiB f;zx \eho th ;h s/ gktoc[b gq'\?;o th.jbhw th s/ jT[_ tkbk th.À fi; gq'ca?;o B/ nkgDh f}zdrh ~ u'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbkfejk j't/, nkgDh eftsk ftu fJe fBØe/ pkb tKr wK ~ nktk}K wkohnK j'D,nkb'uBk d/ y/so ftu Bth_nK g?VK gkJhnK j'D, 73 feskpK fbyhnK j'D, ;kfjsnekdwh, epho ns/ ;o;tsh g[o;eko jkf;b ehs/ j'D T[;dh Fy;hns FkfJdnfijh jh j't/rh. T[;dh eftsk, T[;dh nkb'uBk ns/ T[;d/ b?euo ek¾iK:{Bhto;NhnK ftu p[ØXhihthnK d/ fdb'-fdwkr s/ SkJ/ oj/, dhd dk eEB e'JhnfseEBh Bjh_ fe T[j ;Øuw[u fJe gktoc[b ftdtkB ;h. pbtzs rkorh sKjfoGiB f;zx dk o/yk fuso fbyfdnK T[;d/ pko/ fJØE/ sØe fby frnk, ¿jfoGiBf;zx y[ØbQh dkVQh tkbk fJe nfijk fdT[ j? i' fBØe/ w'N/ ;kfjseko ~ s[ozs jh GeFeo iKdk j?.À fJBQK jtkfbnK s'_ ikD{z j[zdk j? fe fBo;zd/j vkeNo jfoGiB f;zx


fJe tØvk ;kfjseko ns/ fweBksh;h Fy;hns dk wkbe ;h.nkgDh fJ; feskp dh G{fwek ftu T[j fbydk j?, ¿fFno efjDk w/ok F"e

j?, fFno efj e/ w?_ nkgD/ nkg ~ ;wMD dk isB eodk jK.À fJ; ;zrqfj dhnKpj[s ;kohnK eftsktK T[;dh fBih f}zdrh Bkb ;zpzfXs jB. T[;dk efjDk j? i/T[j rhs Bjh_ fbydk s/ fJj T[;d/ woD pokpo j[zdk j? T[j whs fpB ihn;edk j? go rhs fpBk Bjh_-

rhs r[nk e/ i/ fizd iht/

x'b jbkjb ght/.

jfoGiB f;zx dh eftsk dk jVQ T[;d/ ihtB ftu nkJhnK d[FtkohnK dkgqsheow j?. nkgDh f}zdrh ftu jzYkJ/ dod ~ T[;B/ fJT[_ gfoGkfFs ehsk,

fwfbnk ih

;k~ u'bk NkehnK tkbk

s/j ;kvh ~ dfonk fwfbnk

fgnkbk ;kehnK tkbk

T[[go'es eftsk ftu T[;d/ ihtB dk dod j?, MofBnK torh otkBrh j?ns/ fiBQK T[;~ eftsk efjzd/ ;[fDnk j? T[j dØ;d/ jB fe id'_ T[j nkgDh eftskT[ukodk ;h sK o; dk MoBk c[ØN g?_dk ;h vkH jfoGiB dh ;zouBktkdh ;kfjs;whfynk gVQfdnK fJT[_ bØrdk j? fe T[j fBo'b nrw nr'uo gqp[ØX ftdtkB;whfynkeko j? i' ftdtsk dhnK T[ZukJhnK s/ yVk j?. T[;dh eftsk gVQfdnK T[jfBo'b eth gqshs j[zdk j? fi;dk fjodk eo[Dk Bkb Gfonk fgnk j?.T[j nkgDheftsk okjh_ nkgD/ d[ZyK Bkb ;KM gkT[_dk j? s/ nkydk j? fe eftsk @eth dkd[jokT[ Bjh_ Btf;oiDk j? ft;sko j?#. T[;dh eftsk ftu fJe fBt/ebk ;[ji j?feT[_fe T[j ;wMdk ;h, ¿eftsk e'M d/ fto[X p/goshsh dk wsk j?, i' tk;sfteskdk bk}wh nzr j?. ;dkuko, gqrsh, eqKsh fJj ;G nkg' nkgDh EK ;[ji d/ jhtØy' tØy w[jKdo/ jB.À vkeNo jfoGiB dh eftsk dk ;[ji, fBt/ebh F?bh ns/:EkoE jh T[;B{z nkgD/ ;wekbhnK s'_ tZyok pDkT[_d/ jB.i' T;B/ gqrhse b?nftu fbfynk j? T[;dh ;[rzXh u[c/o/ c?b iKdh j?-

t/ w?_ Goh ;[rzXhnK g"D ;ZiD s/o/ p{j/

t/ s{z fJe tkoh sZe b? e"D ;ZiD s/o/ p{j/

vkH jfoGiB fbydk j?, ¿w/oh eftsk dk w{b nkXko fpzp j?. fJj' w/ohFesh j? s/ fJj' w/oh ;hwk j?H w?_ f;XKs dh Bh_j T[go nkgDh eftsk dh T[;kohBjh_ eo ;edk. w?_ fpzp B{z T[vhedk jK - w/o/ fpzp dk ;[Gkn BkNeh j? - w?_wKrt/_ f;XKs B{z nkgDh eftsk dk nkXko Bjh_ pDk ;edk, Gkt/_ T[j fezBk thw[ZbtkB feT[_ Bk j't/.À

;kfjs fJe ;wkie ;z;Ek j?. e'Jh th ftnesh iK b/ye nkgD/ ;wki dkfsq;eko Bjh_ eo ;edk, fJ; dk ekoD fJj j? fe ftnesh ;wki dk fBowksk


ns/ T[;dh ;G s'_ S'Nh fJekJh j[zdk j?. T[j nkgDh nkFk, nfGbkFk, fJØSk,gq/w ns/ fxqDk d[nkok ikD/ nDikD/ w[ØbK dk fBowkD eodk j?. T[; ftu w[ØbKdh GktBk fBozso feqnkFhb ofjzdh j?. ftnesh ftu fwbD tkbk fJj w[Øb ;wkiew[Øb dk o{g tNk b?_dk j?. ;wkie w[Øb dk fJj ;o{g wB[Øy ~ nB[Fkf;s eodkj? fi;~ vkH jfoGiB B/ @n;hbDk# dk BK fdsk j?. fJj n;hfbnk ftnefsst;wkie ihtB ~ ftef;s eoe/ T[;~ ftnesh -ftek; dh fdqFNh Bkb w[ØbtkBpDkT[_dk j?. jo d/F, ;wki ns/ ;kfjs ftu fJ; gqeko d/ w[ØbK dk gq:'r fwbdkj?. vkH jfoGiB f;zx nB[;ko ¿fJj efjDk :'r jh gqshs j[zdk j? fe ekft-;z;kodh w[Øb-pDso t;s{-;z;ko dh w[Øb-pDso d/ nB[e{b jh j[zdh j?À vkH jfoGiB B/ni'e/ ;w/_ ftu pj[s ;ko/ N[ØN oj/ ihtB w[ØbK dh ns/ pD oj/Bt/_ w[ZbK dh rZb ehsh j?, d\so ftu ezw eod/ fe;/ ;kEh d/ s[o ikD @s/ i'@fJe fwBN ykw'Fh# dk nkw toskok uØbdk j? T[;B/ fJ;B{z nkgDh eftsk fJT[_fbfynk fe fe;/ ;fj eowukoh d/ s[o ikD @s/ fJe fwBN dh yw'Fh Bkb nkgDkco} fBGk fdzd/ B/. T[;dh gsBh djkVK wkodh j? go T[;dh d';s n"os fes/fe;/ B{z gsk Bk br ikt/ fJ; bJh y[ZbQ e/ o' th Bjh_ ;eh s/

:ko f;oc eØu yDekT[_d/ B/,

nkgD/ ;kjt/_ ykbh ikw fNek e/,

FkfJd e'Jh nky/l

¿d[Bhnk ftu ;G s'_ e"Vk j? ykbh fgnkbk

nkgDh wo}h e'Jh Bk ght/À

T[; dh ykso, ;kvh ykso

nkU fJe fwBN bJh ;[zMk ;'r wBkJhJ/

u[Øg eo ikJhJ/.

fJj eftsk th Bkb Bkb jh s[odh ojh.fJBQK eftsktK ftu tosh rJhFpdktbh B/ th ;kvh GkFk ~ nwho ehsk. ng?ok nkdwh, p[jkoh dk rbh ftuyoyok eoBk, ngqwkfDe, dotki/ dk T[pk;h tKr y[ØbQDk, fdFk dk fBotkD tKr{p/noE wfj;{; j'Dk nkfd pj[s ;ko/ w?Nk\o jB i' ;dk Bkb jh ;\o eod/ oj/. JhbhnN dk eEB j? fe Bo'Jh ;fGnsk ftu f;fynk dh jo gØXo T[s/ wjkBeth e'b nkgD/ b'eK bJh e[M Bk e[M efjD ~ }o{o j[zdk j?. vkeNo ;kfjp B/p[ØXhihth tor ~ frnkB Bkb wkbwkb eo fdØsk. ftdtkBK dk wØs j? fe T[;dh w"s wro'_ fdØbh nkb'uBk d/ ;e{b ftØu yV's nkJh j? s/ T[; d/ ikD wro'_T[; soQK dh nkb'uBk Bjh_ j'Jh. fBo;zd/j vkeNo jfoGiB f;zx dh eftskebkf;e eftsk j'D dk doik oZydh j? i' pj[s fuo sZe gVQh ns/ ;bkjhikt/rh.

õõõ


vkH jfoGiB f;zx ekft LvkH jfoGiB f;zx ekft LvkH jfoGiB f;zx ekft LvkH jfoGiB f;zx ekft LvkH jfoGiB f;zx ekft LwB[Zyh wB'dFk dk fusoDwB[Zyh wB'dFk dk fusoDwB[Zyh wB'dFk dk fusoDwB[Zyh wB'dFk dk fusoDwB[Zyh wB'dFk dk fusoD

vkH jofizdo e"ovkH jofizdo e"ovkH jofizdo e"ovkH jofizdo e"ovkH jofizdo e"o

vkH jfoGiB f;zx fJe pj[gZyh b/ye jB. T[jBKdk iBw bzwfvzr, n;kw ftu wksk rzrk d/Jh ns/ fgskrzvk f;zx d/ xo j'fJnk. fJ; y'i-gZso dk w{b we;dvkH jfoGiB f;zx d/ ekft ftu'_ wB[Zyh wB'dFk dh g/FekoheoBk j?.

vkH jfoGiB dh eftsk p'fXe ozrD tkbh j?.T[jBK dh eftsk u/szB wB[Zy dh eftsk j?. T[j fe;/ thbfjo Bkb ;[u/s gZXo T[go Bk i[V e/ ;wekbh wB[ZyhihtB d/ tZy tZy gZyK dh g/Fekoh eod/ jB. ¿eftsk ftu;wekb d/ w;fbnK, fuoihth iK ;dhth_ w;fbnK$gqFBK #s/T[BQK dofwnkB ;zpzXK dh sbkF b'Vh_dh j[zdh j?. eth id'_nkgD/ d[y iK sDkT[ B{z d{finK d/ jtkb/ Bkb fJfsjk; ftu'_dh fBjkodk j? sK eftsk iBw b?_dh j?.1

vkH jfoGiB f;zx @s/o/ j}{o w/oh jk}oh dhdk;skB# eftsk ftu ekfte fposKs f;oidk j?. fJjekfte fposKs fJfsjk; Bkb ;zpzfXs j?, id'_ r[o{ r'fpzdf;zx ih B/ 1699 JhH ftu ykb;k gzE dh ;EkgBk ehsh ;h.fJ; ekoi bJh T[jBK B/ ykb; wBZ[y (nzdo'_ pkjo'_ fJe')dh u'D bJh gzi tko ;h; dh wzr ehsh ;h. ;h; b?D s'_pknd T[jBK B/ gziK B{z nzfwqs gkB eotkfJnk ns/ gzifgnkfonK d/ o{g ftu ;fseko fdZsk. fJ; eftsk ftufJfsjk;e t/ot/ okjh_ ni'e/ wBZ[y dh d[fpXkrq;s wkBf;eskB{z fusfonk frnk j?. eth ;{]w nfj;k;K B{z b'e wB sZegj [ zu kT [D bJh nkgDh ouBk ftu ikD / -gSkD /fJfsjk;e$fwfEjk;e t/ot/ nu/s$;[u/s o{g ftu tosdk j?.fJ; ftubk ;ztkd wB[Zy d/ nkgD/ nkg/ Bkb j?. fJj eftsk

;jkfJe gq'ca?;o, gzikph,fjzd{ ezfBnk wjkftfdnkbk,Xkohtkb.


pzd/ dhnK nB/e nzsoht sfjnK B{z co'bdh j?. vkH jfoGiB f;zx ;wekb dhg/Fekoh bJh fJfsjk; ftu gJhnK xNBktK dk ;jkok b?_dk j?. ;w/_ d/ J/B/ gVknbzxD d/ pkti{d th wB[Zyh wkBf;esk nZi th nkgDh g{otbh ;fEsh ftu yVQhfdqFNhr'uo j[zdh j?. fJj eftsk j"bh-j"bh nkgDhnK gosK y'bQdh nrKj tb Bz{nro;o j[zdh j?. fiT[_ fiT[_ xNBktK y[bQdhnK jB. wB[Zyh wkBf;esk dhnK gosKth j"bh-j"bh ;kjwD/ nkT[_dhnK iKdhnK jB. eth B/ nB/eK jh fto'XGk;h FpdKfit/_ w/bk$u[Zg ;h;$p/;h;k, bfjo$vheh Bdh dh f;oiBk eoe/ wB[Zyh wB dhfto'XkGk;h ;fEsh dk toDB ehsk j?. w/fbnK ftu o'bk j[zdk j?, fJE/ u[Zg j?.pkjoh s"o T[go sK jo fiT[_d/ wB[Zy e'b f;o j?, go fJE/ @f;o# dh irQk @;h;#dh pks gkJh rJh j?L

T[d'_ jk}o ;K w?_

s/o/ w{zj'_ id'_ fJe p'b dk N[eVk

;[brdh bkN tKr{z fBefbnk ;h

;h; fi;d/ gk; j? jk}o eo/

T[d'_ p/;h; pzd/ tKr w/oh jk}oh ;h

w/o/ ;hB/ @u'_ w/oh ikB

nu/sh bfjo tKr{z w/oh ikB

s/ f\o vheh Bdh tKr{z ;" rJh2

@T[;dk p/;h;/ j'Dk# ;ze/s j? fe T[;d/ u/sB nkg/ dk, T[;dh ;'Mh dk.fi; d[nkok T[j GKg frnk j?, fe T[;dh efjDh s/ eEBh ftu \oe j?. ;[u/s j'D d/ pkti{d th T[;dk p/;h;/ j'Dk nkX[fBe wB[Zy dh j'Dh j?. fJ; bJhT[;B{z jhDGktBk dk fFeko th j'Dk g?_dk j?. fJj nfj;k; wB[Zy d/ X[o nzdob/T[; tosko/ dh g/Fekoh eod/ jB, fi; nB[;ko wB[Zy r[o{ dh f;Zfynk B{z;[Ddk$;wMdk$wB w;se ftu t;kT[_dk j'fJnk th T[;B{z ftjkoe nwb ftufbnkT[_dk fEVe iKdk j?. wB[Zyh ;[Gkn j? fe T[j jo tko nkgD/ nkgB{z mhe;kps eoB bJh @ekoB# ik @fdbk;/# o{gh m[zwD/ bZGdk j?. go ;fEsh dh ftvzpBkfJj j? fe T[j nkgD/ nkg B{z fdbk;k Bjh_ d/ gkT[_dk. T[j r[o{ dh f;Zfynk Bkb;XkoB wB[Zy s'_ nrb/ gVkn ftu gqt/F eo u[Zek j?, fiE/ T[j ;t?-ftFb/FD eoBd/ ;woE j?.

fJ; eftsk ftu wB[Zy dh eowjhDsk B{z g/F ehsk frnk j?. @w/okpugB# eftsk ftu eth pkg ftj{D/ pZu/ dh wB'dFk B{z fusodk j?. eftsk d/F[o{ ftu @pugB dk BK nkT[Dk# ;o's/ d/ wB ftu gqFB g?dk eodk j?, fco j"bh-


j"bh fJj eftsk nkgDhnK gosK y'bdh iKdh j? L

w/ok pugB ni/ B nkfJnk

w/ok pugB ed nkt/rk<

id T[woK dh M'bh d/ ftu

d' fszB uko iK gzi toQ/ ;B4

fJ; ;wkie ftt;Ek ftu n"os gsh dh w"s s'_ pknd nkgD/-nkg B{zn;[ofyns wfj;{; eodh j? iK ;wki tb'_ T[;B{z n;[ofyns wfj;{; eotkfJnkiKdk j?. wK o{gh n"os fiT[D bJh iK nkgD/ nkgB{z ;wki ftu ;[ofyns eoBbJh g[Zso o{gh wod (ukj/ T[j T[wo ftu pj[s S'Nk j?) dk nk;ok bZGdh j?.

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ekft-f;oiBk #s/ th fgnk. d/F dhnK pdbdhnK gq;fEshnK ns/ nkJ/ gfotosBKB/ eftsk okjh_ i' fpnkBrh ehsh, T[j ;gFN eodh j? fe eftsk nkb/-d[nkb/ dkrfjok w[skfbnk j[zdh j?, Bk fe f;ZXk ;wkih ;gFN fpnkB. ni'e/ jkbks ~ gqtkBeoBk ni'e/ wB[Zy dh j'Dh j?. nZi wB[Zy T[Øgo Xow ns/ okiBhsh s/ okiBhsh ftZuehs/ iKd/ Xkofwe nvzpo Gko{ g?_d/ ik oj/ jB. iK efj bT[ Xkofwe-okiBhsh dkrbx'N{ wkj"b wB[Zy d/ nkb/-d[nkb/ dkfJok pDkJh p?mk j?, fi; ftZu ni'e/ wB[Zydh ;wM fJe;ko Bk j' e/ pj[btkdh s/ Gow G[b/fynK Goh j' ojh j?, fi; nzdowB[Zy wkBf;e ns/ ;ohoe |[bkwh G'r fojk j?. fJBQK phwko toskfonK ftZufxfonk pzdk G?-:[es o[uh nXhB Bk sK T[j fe;/ G"fse gqkgsh ~ BekoBk ukj[zdkj?, ns/ Bk jh nkgDh ;[nkoEh fdqFNh ns/ bkb;k nXhB T[; s'_ GZiDk ukj[zdk j?.ni'e/ ygs ebuo ns/ ;wkfie skD/-pkD/ B/ T[; ~ nkgD/ weV-ikb ftZu T[bMkfbnk j?. nfij/ p/w/b ;fwnK ftZu th ;[ji Go/ ;kfjs dh f;oiBk eo fJekroofjDk fe;/ jkoh-;koh d/ tZ; ftZu Bjh_, go g?|zpoh nZy tkbk eth w[ZY edhw s'_jh ;wki dk ;Zu eftsk okjh_ ekr} d/ e?Bt; #s/ T[skodk nk fojk j?. Gkt/_ fJjgq;fEshnK T[; T[Øgo th Gko{ ofjzdhnK jB. e[Zb fwbk e/ gzikph ekft d/ pko/ fejkik ;edk j? fe ;wkfie, oki;h, nkofEe, Xkofwe ns/ ;fGnkukoe gq;fEshnK ;zrb/ye dk ;ztkd j'Dk Gkt/_ bk}wh j?, go f;oiBk eod/ ;w/_ fJj th }o{oh Bjh_j[zdk fe fBZxo ojhnK gq;fEshnK iK ;zeNwJh ;w/_ ftZu Bo'J/ ;kfjs dh f;oiBkBjh_ j' ;edh. ;zt/dBFhb j'D eoe/ eth wB T[Øgo fJBQK dk gqGkt f}nkdk g?_dkj?, go eth d/ fgq}w ftZu'_ SD e/ eftsk nfij/ jkbks ftZu th T[; d/ p'X irsdk fjZ;k pD gkme ;kjt/_ fBZso/ gkDh tKr g/F j[zdh j?. j[D i/eo ekft ns/;wkfie gq;fEshnK dh ;KM ~ do;kJ/, sK fJZehth_ ;dh dk gfjbk djkekfJfsjk;e gZy'_ fsZyhnK s/ j?okBhiBe spdhbhnK dk ;wK j?. n?foe jp; pkwnkgDh uofus g[;se ftZu fJ; dk BkweoB @nfssktK dk d"o# 5 ti'_ eodk j?.4gqf;ZX fjzdh fuzse w?B/io gKv/ fJ; ;w/_ ~ ftnzr Bkb @nekb p/bk# efjzdk j?.5fjzdh eEkeko T[d? gqekF nkgDh fJZe eftsk @uzeh gKv/ w[Zeo frnk# ftZu fJ; ~@b[N/ok ngokXh ;wK# efjzdk j?.6 go toswkB ;w/_ ftZu fJ; ~ j'o th eJh BkwfdZs/ ik ;ed/ jB, ftFtheoB, FfjoheoB, wzvheoB, T[d:'rheoB, T[dkoheoBnkfd. i/w} g?Nok; fJ; ftFtheoB ~ ;kwoki dh uVQs ns/ gqG[st ~ do;kT[Dtkbk ;ze/se gd efjzdk j?. T[; nB[;ko ftFtheoB nwoheh ekog'o/FB dh nzBQhb[ZN s/ nkofEe dpdp/ ~ T[fus mfjokT[D tkbk ftukoXkoe w[y"Nk j?7 fi; ~gzikph ethnK B/ @nkgkXkgh# ns/ @efjo-gfjo# dk Bkw fdZsk j?. go ;zs'y tkbhrZb fJj j? fe nfij/ pdhnK ns/ ][dro}hnK d/ d"o ftZu th ;[ji Gog{o ekft-f;oiBk ehsh rJh j? ns/ j' th ojh j?, fiBQK ftZu vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh eftsk


gzikph d/ ikD/ gSkD/ ekft-gkmK dh gozgok d/ nzsors n;b'_ jh BtK ekft-gkmf;oidh j?. fJj tkd s'_ gko ikD tkbh ;[ji Gog{o eftsk j?, i' eth ns/ ;w{jd'jK Bkb tkp;sk j?. jfoGiB f;zx ;{ywGkth o[uhnK tkbk ekft-eko j?, fi; B/Bt/eb/ w[jKdo/ tkb/ ekft-gkm okjh_ nkgDh ftbZyD gfjukD pDkJh. fiZE/ T[j gqp[ZXfuzse j?, T[ØE/ ;{MtkB eth th j?, fi; B/ eftsk nzdo Bt/_ gk;koK ~ iBw d/e/ T[; ~ tkd w[es ehsk ns/ eftsk dk x/ok w'ebk jh ehsk. T[; ~ x/o/ ftZu'_pkjo fbnKdk. T[; ~ x/fonK iK dkfJfonK #u e?d j' ekft-f;oiBk eoBk wB}{oBjh_ j?. T[j fJZe e'wb-fuZs j;k; eth j?, fi; dh eftsk d{o-o;h gqGkt SZvdhj'Jh nZi th gkmeK ftZu ftF/F s"o #s/ ftukoh iKdh j?.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ f}zdrh d/ d[jokT[ s'_ gko ik e/ ekft-f;oiBk ehsh.xV/-xVkJ/ ;wkfie B/wK dk T[d/F dZ;Dk T[; dh eftsk dh wBFk Bjh_, ;r'_eftsk nkgD/ T[d/F nkg T[ikro eo e/ o{geh ftXkB f;oi Bt/_ fpzp xV e/ ;wki~ gkme ;kjwD/ g/F eodh j?. T[; dk ekft gkm T[; nB[;ko e'Jh nb'ekoh Bjh_,go fgSbZr pD f;oiBk eoBk T[; ~ wB}{o Bjh_ ;h. fJ; bJh T[; B/ i'fbfynk b'esk d/ Bkw fbfynk ns/ nkg/ s'_ ;w{j sZe fby e/ gkmeK dk x/okw'ebk ehsk. vkH jfoGiB f;zx fJZe ;{yw fposh tkbk o[wkBh FkfJo ;h. T[jnk}kd gzSh tKr y[ZbQ/ n;wkB ftZu T[ØvDk ukj[zdk ;h, fi; ~ e'Jh o'e-N'e Bk j'J/s/ ][nkpK fiZvhnK ;ZXoK g{ohnK eo T[j th bzwh s/ T[Øuh T[vkoh dk nkFe ;h, fi;ftZu fe;/ gqeko dh e'Jh |[bkwh Bk j' e/ nk}kdh dk jh s;Zt[o Gfonk j'fJnk;h. jfoGiB f;zx gzikp dh wkDwZsh Xosh ns/ gzikph ekft-Xkok d/ ozrb/ tfjDftZu'_ T[gih T[j wfje ;h, fi; B/ brGr nZXh ;dh gzikphns ~ ;[ji okjh_w[jZpsh s/ o{jkBh ;o{o ftZu wdw;s oZfynk. T[j fJZe gqp[ZX fuzse j'D d/ Bks/Gbh-GKs ;wMdk ;h fe ihtB Bt T[;koh bJh ;Ekgs w[Zb ftXkB ns/ ;z;EkJhYKu/ ~ GzBDk xVBk g?_dk j?. ihtB dh Bt T[;koh dk ezw fJeZbh eftsk iK ebkBjh_ eo ;edh.

go f}zdrh d/ pj[ozr/ fw}ki ftZu eftsk dh G{fwek p/FZe wjZstg{oB j[zdhj?, go ;hws gqGkt tkbh, fi; ftZu wB[Zysk dh ;w[Zuh T{oik jh gqGktFkbh j'f}zdrh dh Bt-T[;koh eo ;edh j?. vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ th T[; ftZu nkgDhpDdh ;odh G{fwek fBGkJhL-

- jtk d/ tofenK #s/ ][Fp' d/ tke fbyKjo/ jo/ gZs/ w/o/ p'bs/ wjkw"B d/t' w?~ u[Zg dh }[pkBezBK sZe gj[zuD s'_ gfjbKpj[s gfjbK


o{j fij~ bJ/ gfjukB.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx shpo GktBkswe sozrK s'_ gq/fos j' e/ eftsk tZbnj[bdk j?. eftsk dk ;jh T[d/F gkme sZe iK ;o's/ sZe ikt/, fJj T[; dkekft-Xow j?. fJ; bJh T[; B/ eftsk ~ pkb tKr bkv bvk e/ ;kfjs dh M'bhgkfJnk j?, go eftsk ~ Bkjok Bjh_ pDB fdZsk. eftsk fBZso/ gkDhnK tKr T[jd/Bkb Bkb ubdh j?. d{o d;"oh, fiZE/ sZe pzd/ dh iks j?, T[; dk ;zt/dBFhb wB;wki dk rfjok n;o ep{bdk j?. go fBoh-g[oh fFbg-xkVs Bk eo e/ rfjo/gkDhnK dk r'sk bk tZyo/ fuzBQ T[;ko eftsk ~ GkrK tkbh pDkT[dk j?. T[;f;wqsh ftZu nkb/ d[nkb/ d/ F'o ftZu'_ th w"B s/ fNekn dh GktBk gqpb j?. T[jnkg/ s'_ n;s-ftn;s Bk j' e/ fJekro j?L-

- o[Zy s'_ wB[Zy j'J/ pzfdnks{z tkg; Bjh_ ik ;edk nkgD/ nkfd sZetkg; ikD dh ebgBk eo ;ed?_ }o{o. (jfoGiB f;zx)

shpo i}pksh T[pkb T[; dh eftsk nzdo tZy'-tZyo/ o{g ftZu g?dk j'fJnkj?, fi; ftZu foFfsnK dh gfoeowk eofdnK ;fji Gk tZyoh-tZyoh gfoGkFkdo;kJh. gq/w ns/ t;b T[; dh ekftekoh ftZu ofj ofj e/ g/F j[zd/ nkJ/. T[;dh n"os gqsh gj[zu, T[wo d/ sek}/ s/ ftukoK dh gqgZesk ;w/_ d/ nB[e{b pdbd/oj/. T[j ;[u/s-nu/s o{g ftZu ;{\h ws iK o{jkBh i}fpnK ns/ r[opkDh d/ gqGktnXhB n"os dh nokXBk tZy'-tZyo/ foFfsnK okjh_ eodk j?L-

- feZE/ rJhnK G?DKfeZE/ rJhnK wktK<Eb ftZu ;Z;hnK, Mb ftZu jhoK;'jDhnK gJhnK ftZu dfonktKHHHG?D ejK sK dZ;Dk g?_d?nkgDh Bhns dk f;oBktKHHHjK fJZe xo dh ]k; fBFkBhjo fJZe ih dk nkgDk BktK. (jfoGiB f;zx)

- Xosh d/ j/mKX"b j? Xow j?fJZe w/oh Xh j?Xosh sK p'M j?d[Zy j? e'M j?;fjzdh j? Xhgo efjzdh Bk ;h j?. (jfoGiB f;zx)

fJ; soQK rkj/-prkj/ T[j tZy tZy foFfsnK dh gqfefonk eodk eftsk


okjh_ T[BQK dh go-T[;koh eodk j'fJnk fJfsjk;, fwfEjk; ~ th Bkb b? s[odk j?.go eftsk T[Øgo p'M Bjh_ g?D fdzdk. fJj T[; dk whoh r[D fojk j? fe eftsknzdo ;[ji Gog{o o{g ftZu g/F j'fJnk j?. eftsk ;wki d/ jo gZy ~ T[ikroeodh ojh j?, go ;[ji ekfJw oZy ;jh T[d/F dh gqkgsh bJh T[; B/ ngqwkfDe~ gqwkfDe do;kT[D bJh niBpheoB dk ;jkok fbnk j?. p/FZe ebgBk s/ p'Xirs th rshFhb oj/. go jfoGiB f;zx dh eftsk fe;/ fJZe tkd tZb T[bkoBk j' e/ tZyo/-tZyo/ g?okvkJhw f;oidh j?. foFfsnK nzdo nkJh p/rkBrh gqsh T[jT[gokw sK j?, go foFfsnK gqsh w'j T[j dZpD Bjh_ fdzdk, ;r'_ o[wkBh Yzr Bkbg/F eodk fojk.

T[; dh ekftekoh nzdo fJFe dh gfoGkFk i/eo o[wkBh j?, sK w[jZps T[;bJh fJpkds dh t;s{ j?. tZy tZy foFfsnK ftZu T[; dh n"os gqsh ntu/sBhfyZu Gkt[e T[;ko dk fJZe j'o gqwkD j?, fi; ~ tZv/ w?Nk\o okjh_ T[xkVdk j'fJnk;fji ftZu jh pj[s tZvh rZb efj iKdk j?L-

- id'_ gsh gsBh s'_ gfjbKn;h_ fwb/ ;KnkgD/ Ffjo gokJ/ xo ftZud' ;{oi fwb e/ p?m/ ;KfJZe d{i/ d/ ukBD d/ ftZu fgxb rJ/ ;K.

- w?_ eo eo isBK jkohokwk, Bjh_ w[Zedh c[bekohHHH

fJ; T[go'es eftsk ftZu n"os dh c[bekoh Bkb ;KM dh th g/Fekoh j'Jhj? ns/ wB[Zy d/ f}zdrh Go Bk w[ZeD tkb/ ezwK dh th. jfoGiB f;zx n"os s/c[bekoh d/ gqshe okjh_ S'Nh fizdVh ezw tv/o/ dh tekbs eodk j?.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx gzikph ekft dk nfijk FkfJo j?, i' ftukoXkokJh gZXo#s/ ;[u/s ns/ ekft nfGftnesh d/ gZy'_ ;{yw j?. T[j ;wkfie skD/-pkD/ d/ wkBthf\eoK gqsh fizBk ;[u/s ;h, T[Bk jh ekft-f;oiBk pko/ ;ir. ;EkBe, e"wh ns/e"wKsoh gZXo #s/ tkgodhnK nfjw xNBktK pko/ sp;ok eofdnK T[; B/ eftskd/ ebkswe ;[ji fwnko ~ ekfJw oZfynkL-

- t/ w?_ Goh ;[rzXhnK g"D;iB s/o/ p{j/

vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh eftsk ;wekbh gqtuBK Bkb ;ztkd S/Vdh j'JhwB[Zyh u/sBk ~ Mzi'Vdh j?. ihtB fuZso ~ ;wkfie gZN #s/ ft;Eko ftZu g/FeofdnK T[; B/ eftsk d/ ;jh T[d/F dh g{osh bJh ekft-pkjo/ ;wkfie;fGnkukoe T[d/FK ~ Gkt/_ fgZm G{wh ftZu jh oZfynk, go ed/ nZy'_ go'y/ Bjh_ ehsk.T[; dk ekft ;wki dh ;w[Zuh s/ ;jh gqwkfDesk ~ gSkDB tkbk ekft j?, i' p/


b'V/ dk fsnkr s/ b'Vh_d/ ~ rqfjD eodk j'fJnk BthnK g?VK gkT[dk j?. ;wekbhtosko/ dh ];bs ~ ;wMdk j'fJnk fFbg gZXo T[Øs/ eftsk d/ ekfte ;[ji ~th ekfJw oZydk j? ns/ ekft nfGftnesh d/ Bt/_ nk:kw th sbkFdk j?. T[jGbh-GKs ikDdk j? fe wB[Zyh w[esh dk w;bk fe;/ |?ph Fesh d/ tZ; #u Bjh_,;r'_ wB[Zy dh wB[Zy gqsh gqshpZXsk Bkb i[fVnk j'fJnk j?l fi; ftZu u/szB ofjDk}o{oh j?. ekft-f;oiBk dk nwb T[; d/ ;t? s'_ ;w{j sZe d/ gqwkfDe tosko/ ~fJ; edo gkmeK ;kjwD/ oZydk j? fe ;Zio/ fpzpK ;zr eftsk ;zy tKr r{zi T[Ømdhj?. nkgD/ w[jZpsh nfj;k; ~ T[j ;wkfie toskfonK Bkb ob-rZv Bjh_ eodk,go nkg/ s'_ ;w{j sZe iKdk eJh ;tkb nkgDh ekft-ekoh s/ nksw-p'X okjh_ ;kv/;kjwD/ SZv iKdk j?. T[jB/ e[dos ~ n?Bk B/fVT[ tkfunk fe T[; ftZu'_ wB[Zy dhw[esh sbkF eod/ gk;koK ~ iBw fdZskL-

ihtB dh em'o n;bhns ~ w[bkfJw ;[ji ftZu pdbD dh u/FNk T[;B/ ;G s'_ tZX ehsh. :EkoE s'_ ebgBk s/ ebgBk s'_ :EkoE sZe dk ;\o T[; B/ pj[sw[;s?dh Bkb s?n ehsk. ebgBk s/ :EkoE d/ g[V ;gFN gSkD/ ik ;ed/ jBL-

- d/y' ih w/o/ ekb/ e/;nZi th ekb/ eZb th ekb/ekb/ ofjD jw/F

jfoGiB f;zx ekft ftubh brGr jo B}w ngqwkfDesk d/ rrB-w[Zyfpzd{ ~ fGzB fGzB d[w/b gk;koK ftZu c?bkT[D tkbh j?. ftF/F eoe/ fit/_ n;h_d/y ;ed/ jKL-

- w?_ nkgDh fgnk; dh wko{EbhnzrK #u b? e/u[ok;h s'_ yVQk jK fJ; Bdh ezY/;dk ukfjnk fe fBowb fgnk; jh fBowb Bdh dk Bho j't/fdB' fdB fgnk; ftZu fJfsjk; i[Vd/ ik oj/ jB.(jfoGiB f;zx)

vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ nkgD/ b'e fto;/ dh fwZE Bkb ;zt/dBk dk BtKfoFsk i'fVnk ns/ eftsk ftZu fwZE-f;oiB s/ ekft f;oiB dh d{joh gqfefonk;gFN B}o nkT[dh j?. fJ; ftZu ouBk ftXkB dk tk;sfte Xow gSkDB bJh;G s'_ gfjbK fwZE ns/ ekft d/ go;go ;zpzX ~ fdqFNhr'uo eoBk nfs }o{oh j?.feT[fe ouBk-fwZE-;wki fszB/ fJZe d{i/ Bkb nzso ;zpzX pDk e/ jh ekft f;oiBk ftZug/F j[zd/ nkJ/ jB ns/ jfoGiB f;zx ~ fJ; ftZu tZvh w[jkos jk;b j?L-

- Xosh #s/ pD/ n;h_ Xosh #s/ fpD; rJ/foFfsnK #u izw/ n;h_, foFfsnK #u wo/ftSV/ ftS'V/ th rJ/wfjbK s'_ pkjo n;h_ ][Fh-][Fh ub/ rJ/


foFfsnK s'_ pkjo ikDk ed/ ukfjnk Bk fusftnk. (jfoGiB f;zx)

jfoGiB f;zx Gbh-GKs ikD{ j? fe eftsk fBoh fFbg-xkVs Bjh_. fJ;ftZu wB[Zyh f}zdrh dk jo ozr Yzr ;w'fJnk j[zdk j?, fi; ~ ;wki ftZu ftuod/gqwkfDe f;ZX eoBk j?. ni'ehnK pdbdhnK ;wkfie, oki;h, nkofEe ns/ Xkofwegq;fEshnK dk T[; d/ wB-w;se #s/ ]k;k gqGkt j?. ueku"_X ftZu nkfJnk pzdkfet/_ nkgD/ d[nkb/ jh r/V/ eZYh iKdk, foFfsnK s'_ p/w[Zy j' T[gokwsk d/ okj g?iKdk j?. fJ; dtzdh spdhbh ~ jfoGiB f;zx nZy'_ go'y/ Bk eo e/ fJ; gqshfFetk }kfjo eodk j?L-

- ;Ve pj[s s/} j?b'e s[o/ iKd/ B/ ekjbh ekjbhfpBK fe;/ nk; d/tes j? }o{ogo xVhnK #u ;oedk

ni'e/ wzvh d/ fJ; d"o ftZu wB[Zy nzdobh wB[Zysk fdB-p-fdB w[Zedh ikojh j? s/ wkBth r[DK s'_ ;ZyDk pzdk uwe ftZu r[nku nkgD/ fJfsjk;e fto;/s'_ p/w[Zy j[zdk ik fojk j?. jo tes d"V ftZu bZrk wB[Zy ;fji fNekn dh nt;Ekdh EK wkBf;e sDkT[ s/ GNeDk ftZu ftuo fojk j?. nfij/ ;fwnK ftZu id'_ n;h_nkgDh j'_d s'_ jh w[Beo j' ikJhJ/, sK eth dk Xow pD iKd? j'_d ftj{D/ pzd/nzdo ihtB i'rh i's irkT[Dk, wB[Zyh n;fsst dh j'_d ~ gqwkfDesk Bkb ekfJwoZyDk, sK fe n;h_ ed/ nkgDk r"otwJh fJfsjk;, fi; ftZu fJZe nwho fto;k thj?, r[nk Bk d/JhJ/. jfoGiB f;zx fJ; edo nkgDh FoXk g/F eofdnK ;kv/;kjt/_ B}w @wodkBk p'bdk j?# oZydk j'fJnk ;kv/ j'D EhD #s/ jh ;[nkbhnk fuzBQbkT[dk j? fe n;h_ fe; edo ;[Zs T[Bh_d/ wFhBK tKr uZbh iKd/ jK, fi; ftZu gskBjh_ eh eh r[nk fbnk.jtkb/ fNZgDhnKjtkb/ fNZgDhnKjtkb/ fNZgDhnKjtkb/ fNZgDhnKjtkb/ fNZgDhnK1H vkH r[opuB e"o, y'i gqfsek, y'i gqfsek, y'i gqfsek, y'i gqfsek, y'i gqfsek, 2005 nze, gzBk 592H vkH jfoGiB ekft ehosh ekft ehosh ekft ehosh ekft ehosh ekft ehosh gzBk - 73H Ujh4H Ujh5H p{Nk f;zx pokV y'i gfsqek y'i gfsqek y'i gfsqek y'i gfsqek y'i gfsqek gzBk -1296H vkH jfoGiB THo THo THo THo THo gzBk - 177H Ujh gzBk

õõõ


gow-g[oy dk ekft-nB[Gtgow-g[oy dk ekft-nB[Gtgow-g[oy dk ekft-nB[Gtgow-g[oy dk ekft-nB[Gtgow-g[oy dk ekft-nB[GtL s/ok BkT[I ephoL s/ok BkT[I ephoL s/ok BkT[I ephoL s/ok BkT[I ephoL s/ok BkT[I epho;opihs f;zx wkB;opihs f;zx wkB;opihs f;zx wkB;opihs f;zx wkB;opihs f;zx wkB

jfoGiB f;zx dk f;oiDk y/so nkfd-ekb,wØXekbs/ nkX[fBe ekb d/ sq?ekbe g;ko/ ftu c?fbnk j'fJnk j?.ftFt d/ gqkuhBsw Xow rqzE fort/d d/ f;oiBkswenB[tkd forpkDh s'_ b? e/ wØXekb d/ r[opkDh, ;{ch s/ feØ;kekft, ;kyh ;kfjs dh ftnkfynk ns/ nkX[fBe ekb ftunkX[fBe gzikph ekft, rbg, tkose se fJ;dk c?bkT[ j?.fJ; Bz{ f;oiDk, ;whfynk, nB[tkd, nkfd fszB Fq/DhnK ftutzfvnk ik ;idk j? go s/ok BkT[_ epho jfoGiB f;zx dhnfijh fbys j? i' wXekb s/ nkX[fBe ekb dk ;[w/bf;oidh j?. fJ; fbys ftu Grsh ekb d/ Grs fFo'wDhGrs epho d/ ihtB nB[Gt ~ ekft nB[Gt okjh_ g[Bo-f;oiB dk fJe p/i'V siopk ehsk frnk j?.fJj gzikphftu fJe ftbØyD fe;w dh ouBk j?. fJj Bk F[ØX fBiw[ynB[Gt dh nfGtnesh j? s/ Bk F[ØX ihtBhw{be ;kfjs dhtzBrh j?.

fJ; fbys d/ fgS'eV ftu jfoGiB f;zx ~ nkgDhf;oiB-xkbDk eoe/ gqkgs j'J/ epho ;BwkB d/ foD-Gktdh gq/oDk ekoiFhb j? go ;w[Øu/ s"o s/ fJj fbys Grsepho gqsh FoXk s/ nehds Gkt ti'_ fbyh rJh j?. ethB/ epho d/ ;fji ihtB ~ ;fji ekft nB[Gt ftu g/Fehsk j?. fJj ;fjisk Grsh s/ ekft d'tK bJh bk}whFos j?. e'oh ftdtsk iK gVQ- gVQ rØvh bØdD tkb/ ed/th T[&Zwh ;kX dh ;fjisk dk gkoktko Bjh_ gk ;ed/. ephoth T[&Zwh ;kX ;h, fJ; bJh fJ; T[&Zwh d/ nkGk-wzvb s/s/} ~ ekft nB[Gt dk nzr pDkT[D bJh frnkB s/ftdtsk dh EK ;fjisk s/ gq/w-Gkt Bkb e[M jØd se

;jkfJe gq'ca?;o, nkJhH e/Hr[iokb gzikp N?eBheb:{Bhtof;Nh, eg{oEbkc'B L 9478098061


ikfDnk-bfynk ik ;edk j?. frnkB s/ gq/w pko/ fJ; ;Øu ~ epho pkDh ftu fJT[_fJe d{;o/ d/ ;kjt/_ oØfynk frnk j?L

d/y' GkJh rQkB eh nkJh nKXh..

;G? T[vkBh Gqw eh NkNh oj? Bk wkfJnk pKXh..

d[fus/ eh d[fJ E{B frokBh w'j pb/vk N{Nk..

fs;Bk SkfB Xoh go T{gfo d[owfs GKvk c{Nk..

nKXh gkS/ i' ib[ poy? fsfj s/ok iB[ GhBk..

efj epho wfB GfJnk gqrk;k T[d? GkB[ ip uhBk..1

jfoGiB f;zx dh fbys s/ok BkT[_ epho th epho pkDh d/ fJ;/ ;Øu ~j'o gqekFwkB eodh j?.epho pkDh d/ nkXko s/ fJj fbys th Xow ;kXBk dkw{b gq/w ftu d/ydh j?.

fJ; fbys dh ;o's ;wØroh d/ w{b o{g ftu uko nkXko jB. gfjbk,epho pkDh, d{ik ;kyh, shik b'e-wkB; ftu ftnkgs epho-fpzp ns/ u"Ek ethjfoGiB f;zx dk epho ih pko/ fBiw[y ekft nB[Gt. go fJBQK ftu'_ epho pkDhd/ ;G s'_ Go';/:'r s/ gqwkDe ;o's ;wØroh j'D ti'_ fJ;d/ nkXko s/ fbysT[;koh rJh j?. epho pkDh ftu ;zebfgs gow-g[oy d/ fujo/-w[jo/ ftu'_ ephod/ ihtBhw{be B?D-BeF f;oi/ rJ/ jB. fJj N?e;N epho pkDh dh ;obhfeqsf;oiBkswe ftnkfynk tKr j?. d{i/ FpdK ftu pkDh N?e;N dk ekft N?e;Nftu ;kyh-fwFos o{gKsoD s/ ekft-ehosh j?. go eh fJ; Bkb eth dh w"fbesks/ gqFB fuzBQ bØr ;edk j? < i/eo w'fbesk pko/ nfijk gqFB j? sK fco nzso-gkm dh j'_d dk ;tkb ;kjt/_ nk yb'_dk j?, fi; ftu jo N?e;N fe;/ g{opbhN?e;N dk jh gos" j[zdh j?. ;zy/g ftu, fJj N?e;N Bk sK g{oh soQK w"fbe j?s/ Bk jh pkDh s/ ;kyh dk fJzB-fpzB T[skok ejh ik ;edh j?. fJj sK w"fbesks/ nzso-gkm d/ fJBQK d'tK f;fonK d/ ftu-ftukb/ w"bdh-ftr;dh N?e;N j?.

jfoGiB f;zx dh nkfd toskfonK ftu o[uh ojh j?. fJj nkfd ed/forpkDh d/ o{g ftu, ed/ r[opkDh d/ o{g ftu s/ edh ;kyh d/ o{g ftu gqrNj[zdk j?. fJBQK fbysK ftu jfoGiB f;zx edh Xow dk nkfd ;o's sbkFdk j?,edh ;fGnkuko dhnK nkfd iVQK dh Gkb eodk j? s/ edh ;kyh d/ nkfd-o{g d/BeF sbkFdk j?. go T[;dh nkfd toskfonK ftu o[uh dk Gkt fJj Bjh_ fe T[jnkgD/ nØi s'_ ftS[zfBnk j'fJnk j?, ;r'_ Xow ;kjt/_ wB[Øy dh gqfeose fposh,gqfeosh s/ ;z;feqsh ns/ g[oksB s/ nkX[fBe ftub/ tec/ dh nØrV-fgØSV :ksokeodk j?. jEbh fbys th fJ;/ ;z:'r dh fBozsosk ftu j?.i/eo fJ; fbys dh


e/tb pkjoh fdØy th d/yhJ/ sK th fJj gozgok s/ nkX[fBesk dk ;[w/b f;oidh j?,fit/_ fJ; fbys d/ ;b'e-B[wk ekft-pzd dh jo gfjbh gzrsh dk ftokw fJefjohgzrsh (.) Bkb ehsk j? s/ d{ih gzrsh dk ftokw wØXekbh gozgok tKr d'johgzrsh (..) Bkb ehsk j?.fJ; fbys ftu wØXekb d/ nkGk wzvb s/ d/; -ekbdh gqshsh eokT[D bJh fJ;dh Fkpfde ;zouBk s/ nzdk}/ - fpnkB wØXekbh ekfttork j?. ;r'_ pj[sh tko sK fJj fbys pkDh d/ Fpd gqpzX s/ gzrshnK ~pdbt/_ o{g ftu iK fiT[_ dk fsT[_ ngDk b?_dh j?. fit/_L

rrB dwkwk pkfiU gfoU Bh;kB? xkT[..2 (pkDh-gzrsh)

-rrB dwkwk tØi fojk3 (ekft gzrsh)

dhB dod d[y GziBk xfN xfN BkE nBkE..4 (pkDh-gzrsh)

dhB dod d[y GziDk (ekft-gzrsh)5

gfjbk woD[ ep{fb ihtD eh Sfv nk;..6 (pkDh-gzrsh)

woB/ eh fuzsk Bjh_ ihB/ eh Bjh_ nk;7( ekft-gzrsh)

pkDh gzrshnK dh f;ØXh iK e[M pdbth_ tos'_ d/ pkti{d fJj fbys ftuekft tkbh ;zGktBk jh pDh ojh j?, Grsh bfjo tkbh T[Ødks :'rsk Bjh_.;zy/g ftu fJj epho pkDh T[go fbfynk ekfte T[uko j?. iK fJT[_ ejhJ/ fefJj fbys epho pkDh ~ epho ihtB dk nkXko pDkT[_dh eftsk d/ d/; b? iKdhj?.

Gkt/_ fJ; fbys dh N?e;N epho-ihtB dk pugB s'_ b? e/ ;w[Øuk ihtBgq;zr T[bhedh j? fco th fJ; N?e;N dh ouBk-ftXh behoh Bjh_ s/ Bk jh fJ;N?e;N ~ fJe fJfsjk;e d;skt/} d/ pdb ti'_ gfVQnk ik ;edk j?. fJjN?e;N fposKs tKr ;zrbhB[wk xNBktK dh EK gqrhse N[efVnK ftu f;oih rJhj?. don;b fJj xNBk dh EK Gkt ftu tX/o/ o[uh oydh j?.nfijk FkfJdepho- fpzp T[;koB bJh bk}wh th ;h feT[_ i' tkoseB[wk eEB$xNBk nkgDhf;oiBkswe ;hwk ekoB epho ihtB d/ @gqekF# se o;kJh Bjh_ eo ;edk. ekftdh gqrhse s/ pj[noEe gqfeosh jh fJ; gqekF ~ j'o gqekFtkB eo ;eD dh;zGktBk d/ ;edh j?. iK fJT[_ ejhJ/ fe o/yk fuØso s/ ihtBh dh nkX[fBe tkoseftXk ntskoh g[oy d/ ihtB d/ ;w;s ekfJBsh c?bkT[ se Bjh_ nØgV ;edh.jfoGiB f;zx ~ fJ;dh rfjoh ;{M j?. T[;dh fJj fbys ekft f;oiBk d/ pjkB/ftnesh- fpzp iK ftnesh fuso dh EK epho-gqekF iK d?th-gqekF ftu o[uh oydh


j?L

irwr wksk j'fJ ojh, ukBD fybo frnk .

;[or b'e dk g[Fg fJj, wksb'e fyfVnk ..

fi; EK wkJh bzxdh, j'fJnk i'fs gqekF .

d/jh nzdo p'bdk, T[so nkg nkekF ..

eow s[jh ekoB s[jh_, e[b s{ jh e[bpho .

s{ eosk ekfdo s[jh, s/ok BkT[_ epho ..8

eth B/ Grs epho d/ Xosh T[go gqrN j'D d/ nB[Gt ~ fusfos eoBs'_ gfjbK pBko; ftu g;oh G/yh Xkofwe jBQ/orodh dk f}eo ehsk j?. nfijhfgmG{wh ftu epho fpzp tX/o/ nroG{fws j[zdk j?.fJj GkJh r[odk; d/ BkBefpzp d/ wkvb dk jh fJe gqeko dk nB[;oD j?. jfoGiB f;zx B/ fgmG{wh-nroG{wh dk fJj wkvb nu/s jh GkJh r[odk; s'_ rqfjD eo fbnk gqshs j[zdkj?.T[;B/ fJ; wkvb Bkb pBko; ftu gqufbs nvzpo dh fgmG{wh ftu Grshgozgok Bkb T[d? j[zd/ tk;sfte Xkofwe-nfXnkswe wzvb ~ pVh ;fjisk Bkbg/F eo fdØsk j?L

pkBko; J/j' Bro, J/E/ tØ;D mØr .

oØp ~ wØEk N/ed/, b'e b[jkT[_d/ gØr ..

g{ik s/ gkyzv dk nuoi J/E/ w/b .

wkfJnk ns/ pqjw dk, i[rK i[rK s'_ y/b ..9

fJ; fbys ftu epho dk nfXnkswe wzvb g/F eoB d/ Bkb Bkbepho-ihtB Bkb i[V/ ;wkfie gfjb{nK ~ th g/F ehsk frnk j?. pkDh-;z;ko iKj'o T[Ødks f;oiBktK bJh ;wkfiesk UBh bkf}w Bjh_ feT[_fe nfijhnK f;oiBktKftu ;wkfiesk d/ fgmG{wh ftu ubd/ ;zdoG ~ th F[ØX nfXnkswesk ftuo{gKsfos eo fbnk iKdk j?. fit/_ gsh-gsBh dh ;wkfiesk d/ ;zdoG ~ nksw-gowksw d/ nfXnksw Bkb i'V fbnk iKdk j?. go jfoGiB f;zx dh fJj fbysfJe nfXnkswe g[oy d/ ihtB nB[Gt ~ ekft-o{gKsoD fdzd/ j'J/ fJ;d/ ;wkfiegq;zrK ~ th Bkb oydh j?. fJ; fbys dh ;wkfiesk s'_ fJj th N'j fwbdhj? fe epho :[r d/ wB[Øy dh ;wkfiesk ni'e/ wB[Øy s'_ e'Jh pj[sh tØyoh Bjh_,nzso e/tb fJj j? fe epho :[r dk wB[Øy fJ; ;wkfiesk ~ nfXnkswesk ftupdbD dh ;Fes ;zGktBk ftu ihn fojk j?. epho dh iBwdksh wksk pkbepho ~ nkgDh ;wkfie wip{oh eoe/ rzrk B/V/ xkN s/ SØv e/ ubh iKdh j?ns/ gkbDjko wksk fJ; pkb ~ nkgD/ xo sK b? nkT[_dh j? go ;wkfie


skjfBnK-T[bQkfwnK s'_ vodh-vodh T[;~ gkbdh j?. fJ;/ soQK epho d/ wksk fgskpko/ ;wki d/ gqFBK ~ th ;wkfiesk d/ ;zdoG ftu fJ; N?e;N dk bk}wh fjØ;kpDkfJnk frnk j?L

b'e epho/ g{Ss/, e"D s[wkoh wkT[_.10

fJ;/ soQK epho ih dh gsBh nkgD/ dzgsh-fgnko s/ epho d/nfXnkswe wkor ftu nfs d/ o[M/t/_ gqsh fuzss j[zdh T[BQK ~ nkgD/ dzgsh-fgnkodh :kd d[nkT[_dh j?, go epho fJ; ;wkfiesk s'_ gko j?. ;wkfiesk ~ fJ;soQK f;oiBk dk nzr pDkT[Dk ;kfjs dk fJe wjØstg{oD gfjb{ j?. ;wkfieskd/ gfjb{nK ~ Fkfwb eoe/ eth B/ epho d/ wK-wfjØNo pkb-ihtB d/ fJebkg/~ j'o r{VQk eo fdØsk j? s/ fJ; fJebkg/ ftu'_ epho dh gqwkDe-gfogØenfXnkswesk dh gqshsh dh ;{M j'o fsy/oh j' rJh j?.

fJ; fbys ~ ;kyh gozgok dk th UN-nk;ok j?. ;kyh-B/w s'_ fpBK fe;/gow-g[oy d/ ihtB gq;zr d/ ;w;s gk;ko w[ezwbsk ~ Bjh_ gj[zu ;ed/.jfoGiB f;zx ~ ;kyh d/ fJ; eoskoh fB:w dk nfj;k; j?. nfijh ;kyh-B[wkeftsk nkX[fBe :[r dh eftsk ftu Bdkod j?. s/ok BkT[_ epho dh fbys bJh;kyh wkfXnw th j? s/ ekft-;o's th j?. fit/_L

b'Jh efjnk gqkj[D/, e?;/ nkfJnk gXko.

¿ w?_ e[FNh ;[D nk frnk, wfjwk ngo ngko ..

pj[s ;skfJnk e[FN B/, w[M e' nkm' :kwÀ.

b'Jh efjnk fe shB pko, ig' okw ek Bkw..14

efjnk epho/ G'bhJ/, d[yh jwkok uhs.

s[w B/ e?;/ s'V dh, fJ; iB eh goshs..

fJ; ;kyh nB[;ko fJe tko fJe nfGnkrs e[FNh epho ih d/ doFBKbJh nkfJnk go epho ih xo'_ pkjo rJ/ j'J/ ;B s/ epho d/ xo'_, wksk b'JhB/ T[; nfGnkrs ~ g[ØfSnk, ¿ih nkg e"D j' s/ fet/_ gXko/ j'<À nfGnkrs B/fejk, ¿ih w?_ e[FNh jK, e[FN pj[s ;sk fojk j?. ;zsK dh ;'Gk ;[D e/ nkfJnkjKÀ. wkJh b'Jh B/ fejk, ¿fJe T[gkn j?. s{z fszB tko okw dk ikg eo b?, s?B{z}o{o FKsh gt/rhÀ. e[FNh B/ okw okw ifgnk s/ T[j~ e[M mzY gJh s/ ubkfrnk. epho ih xo tkg; nkJ/ s/ xo d/ pkjo jh yb's/ oj/. wksk b'Jh B/T[BQK ~ nzdo nkT[D B[z fejk. epho sK ikDh-ikD ;B, e[FNh tkbh rØb T[jikD rJ/ ;B. Bkok} j'J/ s/ p'b/ L ¿GbhJ/ s?~ okw s/ fJspko Bjh_< T[j sKgow fdnkb{ jB fJe tko d/ ikg Bkb jh pVk cb d/_d/ jBÀ L


jfoGiB f;zx dh fJ; fbys dh ftXk Ugoh B}o/ d/fynK ekft-fuØso iKekfte o/yk fuØso gqshs j[zdh j? go fJ; fbys dh gqfeosh nfijh j? fe fJ; ftuekft-fuØso dh th e[M-e[M ozrs j? s/ fJj fJ; s'_ gko ikD dh ;zGktBk th oydhj?. fJj fbys ftXk-gkbe th j? s/ ftXk-Gzie th j?. ;b'e-B[wk ekft o{g ftuouh fJj fbys ;b'e s/ d'j/ d/ ftu-ftukb/ dh ;zGktBk ftu th yb'sh j?.don;b nfijh pj[-nk:kwh fbys nkgDh ftXk d/ x/o/ ~ j'o t;hj eodh j?.ftXk d/ fBFfus s/ pD/-pDkJ/ u"yN/ d/ nzdotko ofj e/ ;kfjs ~ g{ok c?bkT[gqkgs Bjh_ j' ;edk. ;kfjs sK nkgD/ pDkJ/ fB:w ~ brksko s'Vdk s/ f;oidkj?. yk; eoe/ id'_ Grs epho tor/ Grs iB d/ ihtB nB[Gt Bkb ;KMgkT[Dh j't/ sK e'Jh fJe ftXk fJ; Bkb fBnK Bjh_ eo ;edh. X[o eh pkDhd/ gKXh d/ ihtB dh pks gkT[D tkbh fbys nfijh jh pj[-nk:kwh ftXk ftujh w"b-ftr; ;edh j?.

fJ; soQK vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh fJj fbys gzikph ekft ftu fJe n;b'_BtK siopk j?, fi; ftu T[;B/ epho pkDh s'_ gq/fos j' e/ epho-fpzp f;ofinkj?. fJj wfj} ftnesh-fuØso Bk j' e/ fJe gow-g[oy d/ d?th-gqekF dkf;oiBkswe :sB j?. fJj N?e;N gfjbK ftnesh-epho ~ gqekF o{g j' u[Øe/ntskoh g[oy ftu o{gKsfos eodh j? s/ fco nØr'_ fJ;~ no{g pqjw ftunksw;ks eo b?_dh j?. fJ; N?e;N B/ ekft-f;oiB d/ y/so ftu Bth_ ;zGktBkirkJh j?.

jtkb/ L-jtkb/ L-jtkb/ L-jtkb/ L-jtkb/ L-1) ;qh r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp;qh r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp;qh r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp;qh r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp;qh r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp, gzB/ 331-332H2) T[jh, gzBk- 1105H3) jfoGiB f;zx, s/ok BkT[I ephos/ok BkT[I ephos/ok BkT[I ephos/ok BkT[I ephos/ok BkT[I epho, Bt:[Zr gpfbFo}, BthI fdZbh, fwshjhD,

gzBk L 27H4) ;qh r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp;qh r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp;qh r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp;qh r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp;qh r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp, gzBk L 263H5) s/ok BkT[I ephos/ok BkT[I ephos/ok BkT[I ephos/ok BkT[I ephos/ok BkT[I epho, gzBk L 27H6) ;qh r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp;qh r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp;qh r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp;qh r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp;qh r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp, gzBk L 1102H7) s/ok BkT[I ephos/ok BkT[I ephos/ok BkT[I ephos/ok BkT[I ephos/ok BkT[I epho, gzBk L 73H8) T[jh, gzBk L 24H9) T[jh, gzBk L 13H

õõõ


wB[Zy d/ nX{o/gD dh ;[jikswewB[Zy d/ nX{o/gD dh ;[jikswewB[Zy d/ nX{o/gD dh ;[jikswewB[Zy d/ nX{o/gD dh ;[jikswewB[Zy d/ nX{o/gD dh ;[jikswenfGftnesh L Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/InfGftnesh L Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/InfGftnesh L Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/InfGftnesh L Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/InfGftnesh L Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/I

vkH feoBdhg e"ovkH feoBdhg e"ovkH feoBdhg e"ovkH feoBdhg e"ovkH feoBdhg e"o

nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk dk y/so pj[s ftnkgej?.fJj :Z[r seBkb"ih s'_ gqGkfts :Z[r j?.fJj gozgoeftFtk;K, fotkiK ns/ ;z;ekoK dh EK Bth_ ftfrnkBe ;'utkb/ toskfonK dh jwkfJs eodk j?.eftsk wB[Zy d/ pkjohns/ nzdob/ ;z;ko ;zpzXh frnkB Bz{ ;iht o{g ftu g/FeoB dk fJe tXhnk ;kXB j?. wB[Zyh ti{d dh nEkjrfjokJh B{z wkgD ns/ T[; nzdob/ GktK B{z o{gwkB eoBbJh eftsk ;kfjs d/ pkeh ;ko/ o{gK Bkb'_ tX/o/ ekoiFhbj?L- ¿ fJj ;kv/ ;kfjs dk ;G s'_ w[ZYbk o{g j? ns/ frDshftu ;G s'_ tZX ouDjkfonK B{z nkgD/ tZb nkeoFs eodkj?. eftsk gfotosB gqsh pkeh ;kfjs o{gK Bkb'_ tX/o/ u/sBFhb j?.À1 gzikph eftsk d/ y/so ftu ;w/_ ;w/_ pj[sfbykoh nkJ/ fizBKQ dh ebw B/ ekft B{z fJe Bth_ fdFkfdZsh. fJjBK ftZu' vkH jfoGiB f;zx fJe nfijk BK j? fi;okjh_ gzikph eftsk fJe Bt/_ :Z[r ftu gqt/F eodh j?.fJjT[jBK b/yeK dh esko ftu Fkwb j?, fizBKQ B/ nkgDhnKfbysK d/ okjh_ ;wkie ;'u ns/ pdbkn ftu rfjok:'rdkB gkfJnk. gzikph eftsk ns/ ;kfjs nkb'uBk d/y/so ftu vkH jfoGiB f;zx dk ]k; :'rdkB j?. T[jBK d/;zg{oB ;kfjs B{z fJe y'i gZso ftu pzfBnk Bjh_ ik ;edk,w/o/ fJ; y'i gZso dk nkXko T[jBK dh eftsk j?. ;zg{oBeftsk Bk b? e/ T[jBK d/ fby/ ekft ;zrqfj Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/ Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/ Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/ Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/ Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_ _ _ _ _ B{z w?_ nkgD/ y'i g/go dk nkXko pDkfJnk j?.T[;dh fJjouBk sqk;dh Bkb Goh j'Jh j?.wB[Zy d/ wB nzdobk ;zskg,fJeZbkgB, T[;dk nkgD/ nkg B{z nX{ok wfj;{; eoBk,ftukokgB, p/rkBkgB nkfd T[;d/ fJ; ekft ;zrqfj ftu t/

nf;;N?IN gq'ca?;o (gzikph),vhH J/H thH ekbi, ibzXo


yD B{z fwbdk j?. T[;dh eftsk wB[Zy d/ nKsfoe wB B{z pkjo d/ :EkoE Bkbobk e/ g/F eodh j?.vkH jfoGiB f;zx ;[ji dk eth j?, fJ;dh eftsk d/ gksotX/o/ eoe/ ;t? ftFb/FD ns/ ;t? fuzsB ftu bhB B}o nkT[_d/ jB. eth dknkgDh eftsk okjh_ ;t? gVu'b eofdnK ;wkfie ftt;Ek dh s;tho B{z g/F eoBkj?.T[;B/ nZi d/ wB[Zy dh f}zdrh dh nfGftnesh b'e:kfBe sZsK ns/ o{VhnK,fJfsjk;e, fwfEjk;e jtkfbnK okjh_ th ehsh j?. fi; okjh T[; dk ekft pj[noEh ns/ pj[ gk;koh pD frnk j? L

jo fdjz[ nkgDk wzdo ;ki/

ngDk fdT[sk xV/

nrb/ fdj[z gqfjbkd gXko/

s'V skV ;G Xo/ 2

eth dhnK eftsktK ngqwkfDe, bx{ wkBt, nkgD/ w/u, nu/sh, ng?oknkdwh, nkgD/ dotk}/ y'bQ, Bdh ezY/ nkfd nfijhnK eftsktK jB fijVhnK nZid/ wB[Zy dhnK ifNbsktK, wB[Zy dh ngqwkfDesk, T[;dk y'ybkgB, y[d Bkb ;zxoFnkfd dh pVh jh gqGktFkbh g/Fekoh eodhnK jB.p/Fe nZi wB[Zy d/ e'bnDfrDs ;[Zy ;j{bsK jB go T[j nkgDh gqwkfDe gSkD rtkJh ik fojk j?.fJ;;zdoG ftu eth dh eftsk ngqwkfDe t/yh ik ;edh j? L

s/ id' p[jkoh nkD yoyok J/; rbh dh fgZm s/ eodh j?

w?_ y{p ;wMdk jK rbh j[D ;ogN d"V/rh

w?_ T[Øm p?mK

Bjh_ sK w?_ uhDk uhDk j' e/ fvr- vZ[bQ iktKrk 3

fJj eftsk nZi d/ wB[Zy dh ngqwkfDe j'_d dk p'X eotkT[_dh j?. fJjfJe nfijh ftnzrwJh eftsk j? fi; ftu ni'e/ wB[Zy d/ fBoj'_d n;fsst B{zg/F ehsk frnk j?.fJ; eftsk ftubk gkso nkgD/ yzfvs n;fsst s'_ Gbh GKsikD{ j?. eftsk ftu eth B/ T[dk;hBsk ns/ Bw'Fh B{z g/F ehsk j?. Bk X[Zg/ BkBk X[Zg/ BkBk X[Zg/ BkBk X[Zg/ BkBk X[Zg/ BkSkt/_Skt/_Skt/_Skt/_Skt/_ pko/ vkH nso f;zx dk ftuko j? fe Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_ B/ T[; d/ ihtBdh x'o fBokFk s/ brGr jB/o/ gZy B{z T[ikro ehsk j?. FkfJd fJj fJZe' fJenkX[fBe gzikph eth j? fijVk u/szB s"o s/ ;[ji g?dk eoB bJh :sBFhb j?.À4

i/eo T[;dh ouBk B{z fXnkB Bkb gfVQnk ikt/ sK w[Zy r[D fijVk eftsk ftZu'_fBeb e/ ;kjwD/ nkT[_dk j? T[j r[D ;[jitkd dk j?.eth d/ ekft dh ;[zdoskT[;d/ d[Zy ns/ ghVk s'_ T[gih j?. T[j nkgD/ fJ; d[Zy Bkb d;sgzik b?_dk B}onkT/_dk j?. @w/ok pugB# eftsk T[;dh j'F ;zGkbD t/b/ dh d[ZyK dodK Goh


f}zdrh dk toDB j?. T[;dh eftsk ftu sDkT[ ns/ sDkT/[ s'_ g?dk j'fJnk ;zxoFjh vkH jfoGiB f;zx d/ ihtB dk w[ZYbk siopk j?. @w/ok pugB# eftskfXnkBr'uo j?L-

fJe fdB wK B/ pks ;[DkJh

fet/_ T[; B/ nkgD/ jEh_-

fgsk w/o/ dh fusk ibkJh

fco e[obkJh L

Bjh_ Bjh_ w?_ nkgD/ jEh_

s/ok pugB nkg ibkfJnk.5

eth dh ;zg{oB ouBk jh ftFkd Bkb Goh j'Jh j?.pugB s'_ jh dZ[yK Bkbfxoh j'Jh f}zdrh B/ ;zskg jzYkfJnk j'D eoe/ fJj ;G T[; dh fbys ftu jk}oj' iKdk j? ns/ fJ;/ ;zskg B/ T[; dh eftsk B{z fJe tZyok w[jktok ns/ tZyoko{g fdZsk j? ns/ id'_ gkme fJj ;G gVQdk j? sK T[;d/ wB nzdo th T[jh i}pksuVd/ bfjzd/ jB i' fJe eth d/ wB nzdo jB. fJjh ;G e[M T[;dh ouBk B[zfJe tZyok ns/ ;[zdo o{g d/ fojk j?.eth d/ fgsk dk T[;dh ;[os ;zGkbD s'_gfjbK jh fJ; d[Bhnk s'_ ub/ ikDk T[;dh f}zdrh dh ;G s'_ d[yd xNBk j?.fJ; ;G B/ eth B{z T[wo s'_ gfjbK jh f;nkDk pDk fdZsk. fgsk s'_ pknd wKT[;dh f}zdrh dk fJe ;jkok ;h ns/ wK dh Sth B/ eth dh fbys ns/ T[;dhf}zdrh T[Øgo pj[s gqGkt gkfJnk ¿wK w/oh X[o f}zdrh ftu pj[s v{zxh bZEh j'Jhj?.À6 eth dk ;zg{oB ihtB dZ[yK dodK dk Gfonk j'fJnk j?. T[;dh eftsk ftufgnko dh ngqkgsh ns/ ;[zdosk dh ukjs jo ouBk ftu jk}o j?. fwbkg dhirQk s/ ftS'Vk T[;dh ouBk ftu tX/o/ t/yD B{z fwbdk j?. T[; bJh fwbkg fJe;[gB/ tKr j?.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx fJe nfijk eth j? fi; B/ wB[Zy d/ wB dh S'Nh s'_S'Nh ;fEsh B{z nkgD/ ekft ftu fbnk j?. nZi dk wB[Zy ;fEshnK Bkb ;wM"skeo fojk j?, T[; ftu bVB dh skes Bjh_ j?. T[;B{z fJzM brdk j? fe T[jfJZebk e[M Bjh_ eo ;edk, fi; eoe/ T[j ;w/_ Bkb, ;fEshnK Bkb ;wM"sk eob?_dk j?. nZi dk ;wK T[Øso nkX[fBesk dk ;wK j? T[; bJh nZi d/ ;w/_ ftu;jh |bs B{z ;wMDk e[M w[Ffeb j' frnk j?.fi; ekoB T[j p/p; wfj;{;eodk j? ns/ j"bh j"bh d[Bhnk dh GhV ftu r[nku iKdk j?. id'_ eth dh eftskgVQd/ jK sK eth dh j'_d dk fBj'_d j'Dk ;kjwD/ nkT[_dk j?. fit/_ w/oh s;tho,bx{ wkBt, sko/ ;[zdo B/, fJe fwBN ykw'Fh nkfd eftsktK fJ; ;zdoG ftut/yhnK ik ;edhnK jB. eth dh eftsk nZi d/ wB[Zy B{z f}zdrh fiT[D dh gq/oDk


fdzdhnK jB. fBj'_d f}zdrh ih oj/ ftnesh dhnK ftfGzB ;fEshnK dhnfGftnesh dk ;kXB vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh eftsk j?.nkofEe wzdjkbh ekoDftef;s j'Jh jhD GktBk th wB[Zy dh ngqwkfDesk dk ekoD j? L-

w?_ T[; dk jk;k sfenk ;h

T[; dk jk;k ;[D Bk ;fenk

eheD ;[Ddk

;G jZ;d/, ftu T[j jZ;dk ;h.7

fJ; eftsk ftu eth fJj fpnkBdk j? fe wB[Zy f}zdrh dhnK pzfdFK d/nXhB f}zdrh fiT[_dk j? ns/ fJjh pzfdF T[; bJh fJe ;okg pDdh j?.eth dheftsk @ nkgD/ w/u # gkme dk fXnkB fyudh j? fi; ftu T[j wB[Zy d/ nX{o/gBB{z pj[s jh ;'jD/ FpdK ftu g/F eodk j? L-

edh dogD @u nkgD/ nkg B{z fwbdk jK, sK

yzfvs fijk dhdko j[zdk j?

n pki{ jZE, n XV rodB, n f;o wZEk

fe;/ p[oeh j'Jh s;tho d/

pkeh pu/ fjZ;/

w?_ nkgD/ nkg dh pkeh

nkgDk ;rb dhdko wzrdk jK.8

eth jo soKQ dh yV's dk fto'Xh j? ns/ BthnK edoK ehwsK dk nB[;kohj?. T[j ;kohnK ;wZf;nktK dk ekoD ;kvk ihtB Yzr ns/ ;'uD F?bh B{z wzBdkj?.T[;dh fJ; eftsk ftu fijVk wB[Zyh ftneshst T[ØGo e/ ;kjwD/ nk fojk j?T[j jko/ j'J/ ns/ p/p; wB[Zy dk j?. nZi dk wB[Zy f}zdrh N'fNnK ftu fiT[ fojkj?. ofizdo f;zx GZNh jfoGiB f;zx dh eftsk pko/ efjzdk j? feL-¿wB[Zy d/ fJ;ngqwkfDe ufoZso B{z jfoGiB f;zx B/ ftfGzB gk;koK okjh_ T[xkfVnk j?. gozgokrsw[Zb ftXkB fJe nfijk jh gk;kok j? . ftnesh B{z nkgDk n;fsst fJBKQ w[ZbKdh G/_N uVQ frnk gqshs j[zdk j?. fi; ekoB T[j gozgokrs w[ZbK B{z ;zd/j dhfdqFNh s'_ t/ydk j?. fJjBK ;K;feqse w[ZbK Bkb tZv/ j'D ekoB T[;dk nkgDkn;fsst dzGh j'_d o{g n]fsnko eo frnk j?. fi; eoe/ T[j fJjBK ;Ekfgsgozgokrs ;z;feqse w[ZbK s'_ S[Nekok gkT[Dk ukj[zdk j? gozs{ sqk;dh fJj j? fe T[;ftu Bk sK fJjBK g[okD/ wZ[bK B{z fsnkrD dh ;woEk j? ns/ Bk jh Bth_ u/sBkBkb i[VB dh.À9 fJj wB[Zyh ngqwkfDesk dh fJzsjk jh j? fe id'_ T[j FhF/ ftunkgD/ nkg B{z t/ydk j? sK nX{ok ns/ yzfvs wfj;{; eodk j?.eth gzogok d[nkok


gqtkfBs wZ[bK B{z j{ p j{ ;theko Bjh_ eodk pbfe ftnzr okjh_ nkgDh rZb B{zefjD dk j"_;bk oZydk j?. T[j yV's dk fto'Xh j? ns/ BthnK edoK ehwsK dknB[;koh j?.T[j tko tko nkgDh ouBk d/ okjh_ gkme sZe fJjh ;[B/jk bkT[Dkukj[zdk j? fe wB[Zy dhnK ;kohnK ;wZf;nktK dk ekoD T[; dh ;'u ns/ fiT[D Yzrj?. T[j ;wekbh eftsk gqsh Bk sK T[dk;hB j?, Bk jh Gkt[e j?. T[j Bt/_fdqFNhe'DK Bz{ ;wMD dk nB[;koh j?. wB[Zy dk nX{okgD T[; dh jo ouBk ftujk}o j? L-

fBoh Bzrh fBedh jhDsk

w?E'_ j[D ihth Bjh_ iKdh.1110

T[;dhnK eftsktK d/ gkso wZXtorh p[ZXhihth ns/ yzfvs ftneshst d/wkbe jB.eth T[jBK b'eK dh pks gkT[_dk j? fijV/ nkgDk r"ot nkgDh j'_drtk u[Ze/ jB ns/ gF{nK tork ihtB ih oj/ jB. T[j wkBth w[ZbK B{z sbkFDdk :sB eodk ftykJh fdzdk j?. ;fszdo f;zx B{o B/ vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh fJ;g[;se pko/ pj[s tXhnk rZb ejh j? i' ;kvk fXnkB nkeofFs eodh j?. ¿gkmeid'_ fJBKQ eftsktK d/ ;kjwD/ j[zdk j? sK fJj eftsktK fJ; yzfvsk s/ ngqwkfDeskdk fJe ;zd/F d/ s"o s/ ;zuko Bjh_ eodhnK, ;r'_ fJ; sqk;dh dh ghVk B{zirkT[_dhnK jB.À11

b'eXkokJh sZs th vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh fJ; g[;se ftu t/yD B{z fwbd/jB. T[;B/ b'erhsK B{z nkgDh fJ; g[;se ftu y{p tofsnk j?. ¿iKrbh ephb/;kv/ xo bkfrT[_ BZud/ BZud/ bzxd/ oj/ s/ w/o/ f}jB ftu nkgDhnK X[BK dhnKg?VK SZv iKd/ oj/. pVk Gog{o fe;w dk F'o fNe frnk w/o/ wB wZE/ ftu fi;ftu Y'b dh nktk} th ;h, S?fDnK dh th s/ BZud/ g?oK dh th w/oh eftsk bJh}whB fJj' fij/ fBZe/ fBZe/ gqGktK B/ jh fsnko ehsh j?.À(12) T[j nkgDh;t?ihtBh ftu fJj efjzdk j? fe T[;B{z jw/Fk g{oB Grs ns/ o{g p;zs Bkbw'j fojk j?. fJj b'e gkso jw/Fk T[; d/ f}jB ftu ;wkJ/ oj/.T[j fpnkBdkj? L-¿g{oB Grs ns/ o{g p;zs ftu w/ok wB ;fji/ jh bZr frnk. j? Bk fJj;zi'r fe fJe' xo ftu g{oB, o{g ns/ p;zs ;B s/ T[jBK @u u"Ek w?_ nk ofbnk.;ko/ p/xo/ wK- pkg s'_ ftSV/.À12 g[okD eEktK d/ jtkb/ th eth dh eftsk ftunk jk}o j[zd/ jB.

;oxh dk gqfjbkd ;zM B{z

joBkyF pD ikt/

;zM B}o B{z o{g c|o dk

i[r w?bk fd; nkt/


nkgDk jh ;kj ngD/ okj dh

w{b Bk jkwh Go/

joBkyF Bjh_ wo/.14

b'eXkok d/ ;zdoG ftu eth dh eftsk @eZu ;{se# fXnkB e/_dfos eodhj?. eZu ;{se dh nroG{wh ftu b'eXkokJh ;zdoG ekoiFhb jB. fJZE/ ;kv/;fGnkuko d/ T[bN pZuk Bk j'D dh y[Fh wBkJh ik ojh j?. ;kvhnK gzogokrsb'e o{VhnK pZuk iBw s/ y[Fh wBkT[D dh pks eodhnK jB go fJZE/ eth B/;kv/ nZi d/ ns/ g[oksB wB[Zy dh ;'u ftub/ noE B{z g/F ehsk j?.

iBsk B{z jo o'} ;co

s/ ;kB{z ed/ edkJh_

iBsk rZvh B/ sK ikDk

@N/FB s'_# N/FB sZe

fBT[ fdZbh s'_ nzfwqs;o se

n;h_ sK ikDk Bof;zr xo s'_ jfowzdo se

eu -pZu/ s'_ op ;Zu/ se dZ[y- ;[Zy to/Q fSwkjh_

iBsk B{z jo o'} ;co

s/ ;kB{z ed/ edkJh_.15

gozgokrs b'e o{Vh nB[;ko pZu/ dk iBw xo d/ wkj"b ftu y[FhnK y/V/ b? e/ nkT[_dk j?. go fJj eftsk g[okD/ rhs B{z Bt/_ noE d/ ojh j?. gfjbkwB[Zy e[M wzrD bJh Xkofwe ;EkBK s/ iKdk ;h s/ nZi gsh gsBh dk jfowzdo;kfjp ikDk ;K;feqse Xow ftu pZM/ wB[Zy dhnK fJZSktK tZb ;ze/s j?. roGgksdk ehsk ikDk d'jK dh wkBf;esk s/ Gko{ j'Jh nkofEesk tZb ;ze/s j?. wkBf;ey[Fh pZuk gqkgs eoB dh Bjh_ rtkT[D dh j?.¿fJj eftsk nkdoF ftu ftFtk;fpbe[b Bjh_ oZydh ns/ nkX[fBe wB[Zyh j'_d B{z :EkoEe fdqFNhe'D s'_ t/ydh j?.fJj eftsk :EkoEe gfjb{ s'_ wB[Zyh wB dhnK r[zMbK sZe gjz[udh j'Jh, wB[ZyhwB d/ nzdo Mkedh j?. wFhBh ;fGnsk d/ Gko j/mK NZ[Ndh, GZidh, y[odh, fXZ;dh,fcZ;dh wB[Zyh j'_d dh p/p;h, T[dk;h, f;Ebsk ns/ ftFkd B{z :EkoEe gZXo T[Øs/fuZsodh j?.À16 vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh eftsk wFhBh :[Zr d/ p'M EZb/ ofjzdh wB[ZyhwkBf;esk nkgDk ;zskg G'rdh j'Jh fijVk dZ[y g/F eodh j?, tkfenk jh nfij/wB[Zy Bkb gkme dh jwdodh i[V iKdh j?.nZi d/ wB[Zy dh fJe sqk;dh fJjth j? fe T[j nkgD/ nkg B{z pj[s gofdnK ftu oZyD dk nkdh j' frnk j? gofJ; ;G d/ pkti{d T[j j'o Bzrk j' fojk j?. nB/eK god/ gkT/[D d/ pkti{d th


T[;dh Fokcs dk gkfJnk godk bfj jh iKdk j?. eth nfij/ god/ B{z nkgD/ nkgs'_ d{o oZyD dh rZb eodk j?. T[j gfjb/ tkbh ;kdrh d/ Bkb fiT[Dk b'udkj? feT[_fe nZi d/ d"o ftu wB[Zy B/ nkgD/ nkg B{z nB/eK gofdnK ftu be' e/oZfynk j'fJnk j? L

w/ok eZiD w?B{z d/ d/

pj[s fuo s'_ s/oh g'Fke B/

w?B{z jzYkfJnk J/ 17

Bt/_ :[Zr dh rZb eofdnk eth pV/ jh ;[jikswe Yzr Bkb ;koh rZbgkme d/ nZr/ oZy fdzdk j?.nZi wB[Zy nkgD/ b'e ihtB Bkb'_ NZ[N e/ fBZi tZbtX/o/ fuzss B}o nkT[_dk j?. T[;/ fuzsk B{z ftnzrkswe sohe/ Bkb efj e/ ethB/ nkgDh rZb gkmeK sZe gj[zukJh.eth dh eftsk nkX[fBesk dhnK gosK co'bdh;kv/ o{-p-o{ B}o nk ojh j?.ihs f;zx i'Fh vkH jfoGiB f;zx pko/ efjzdk j? fe¿T[;B/ nkX[fBe ihtB ftu nk uZ[eh fBokoEesk ns/ wB'r[zMbK B{z fusoD ftuewkb d/ j[Bo dk gqrNktk ehsk j?. T[j toswkB ;w/_ dh wekBeh , p/jZ; s/ngqwkfDe ihtB iku T[Øs/ shyD ftnzr eodk j?. wB[Zy dh p/t;h bkukorh s/noEjhDsk vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh eftsk ftu g/F j'J/ nfij/ fpzd{ jB fijV/toswkB ihtB d/ nko gko c?b/ ;zskg tZb fJFkok eod/ jB.À18

fJ; ekft ;zrqfj dhnK eftsktK ftubk wB[Zy nkgDh sqk;dh ns/ sbkFfJZe' t/b/ ;keko eodk j?. Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_ Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_ Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_ Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_ Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_ ftubk gkso fBokFk d/ Bkb BkbnkFk dk gZbk Bjh_ SZv fojk. p/Fe wB[Zy dh ngqwkfDesk jk}o j? go ;fEshnKgqsh u/sBsk th }o{o j?. nkgD/ b[gs nkg/ dh sbkF vkH jfoGiB f;zx dheftsk dh w[Zy ;[o j?.T[;dh eftsk ftfGzB gVkQtK B{z gko eodh ftek; d/ fJ;gVkn s/ gjz[u u[Zeh j?.eth dhnK eftsktK gkme B{z pj[s g/qfos eodhnKjB.jfoGiB f;zx dk fJj ekft ;zrqfj gVQB s'_ pknd Gbh GKs fJj rZb T[xVe/ ;kjwD/ nkT[_dh j? fe wkBth ngqwkfDesk fJ; dk w{b sZs j? ns/ fJ; dhg/Fekoh T[j ;[u/s gZXo s/ Bjh_ eodk ;r'_ fJj nfGftnesh ;fji/ jh j' iKdhj?.fJj ouBktK ni'eh f}zdrh d/ ftfGzB gk;koK B{z ;[jiwJh Yzr Bkb g/FeodhnK jB.T[;dk ekft ;[ji f;oiDk dk ekft j?.jfoGiB f;zx B/ fJ; ouBkokjh_ wkBttkdh fdqFNhe'D ngBkT[D dh g/qoBk th ehsh j? ns/ ni'e/ ;w/_ ftuwkBt fto'Xh ;'u d/ XkoBh wB[ZyK d/ nDwB[Zyh ftjko dh n;bhns dh th g/Fekoh ehsh j?. fJj ouBk ni'eh :EkoEe ;fEsh dh nfGftnesh eoB tkbhfJe wjZstg{oB ouBk j?.


jtkb/ L-jtkb/ L-jtkb/ L-jtkb/ L-jtkb/ L-1) gqhsw f;zx, @1970-80 dh gzikph eftsk#, gzikph ;kfjs ;ot/yD

(;zgkfds), gzBk-25H2) jfoGiB f;zx, Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_, Btu/sB gpfbFo}, nzfwqs;o, 1975,

gzBk-38H3) T[jhT[jhT[jhT[jhT[jh, gzBk- 11H4) dh fNqfpT{B, 26 i{B 1960H5) jfoGiB f;zx, Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_, Btu/sB gpfbFo}, nzfwqs;o, 1975,

gzBk-57H6) T[jh, u'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbk, Bt:[r gpfbFo}, fdZbh, 1994, gzBk-33H7) T[jh, Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_, Btu/sB gpfbFo}, nzfwqs;o, 1975, gzBk-13H8) T[jh, gzBk-53H9) vkH ofizdo f;zx GZNh, nkX[fBe gzikph ekft ;zt/dBknkX[fBe gzikph ekft ;zt/dBknkX[fBe gzikph ekft ;zt/dBknkX[fBe gzikph ekft ;zt/dBknkX[fBe gzikph ekft ;zt/dBk, gzBk - 76H10) jfoGiB f;zx, Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_, Btu/sB gpfbFo}, nzfwqs;o, 1975,

gzBk-75H11) ;[fszdo f;zx B{o, eftsk dh G{fwekeftsk dh G{fwekeftsk dh G{fwekeftsk dh G{fwekeftsk dh G{fwek, fFbkb/y p[e;, fdZbh, 2002, gzBk-

25H12) jfoGiB f;zx, u'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbk, Bt:[r gpfbFo}, fdZbh, 1994,

gzBk-29-30H13) T[jhT[jhT[jhT[jhT[jh, gzBk- 45H14) T[jhT[jhT[jhT[jhT[jh, Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_, Btu/sB gpfbFo}, nzfwqs;o, 1975, gzBk- 38H15) T[jhT[jhT[jhT[jhT[jh, gzBk- 46H16) okfizdo f;zx GZNh, nkb'uBknkb'uBknkb'uBknkb'uBknkb'uBk, (d;zpo) 1985, gzBk- 92H17) jfoGiB f;zx, Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_, Btu/sB gpfbFo}, nzfwqs;o, 1975,

gzBk-52H18) ihs f;zx i'Fh, gzikph nfXn?B s/ nfXnkgB pdbd/ gfog/ygzikph nfXn?B s/ nfXnkgB pdbd/ gfog/ygzikph nfXn?B s/ nfXnkgB pdbd/ gfog/ygzikph nfXn?B s/ nfXnkgB pdbd/ gfog/ygzikph nfXn?B s/ nfXnkgB pdbd/ gfog/y, tkfo;

Fkj ckT{_v/FB, nzfwqs;o, 2011, gzBk- 394Hõõõ


vkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH jfoGiB f;zxdh rhs-;zt/dBkdh rhs-;zt/dBkdh rhs-;zt/dBkdh rhs-;zt/dBkdh rhs-;zt/dBk

vkH gqhshvkH gqhshvkH gqhshvkH gqhshvkH gqhsh

vkH jfoGiB f;zx gzikph dk fJe gqwZy eth ns/fuzse j?, fi; B/ nkgD/ ihtB d/ nB[GtK B{z rhs-ekft okjho{gwkB ehsk j?. fJ; y'i-gZso ftu n;h_ T[BQK dh rhs-;zt/dBk pko/ ftuko-uouk eoKr/. rhs gzikph dk gqwZy ekft o{gj? i' fe gqrhs dk jh G/d j?. ekft-tzv B{z w[Zy s"o *s/ d'GkrK ftZu tzfvnk frnk j? nzsow[yh ns/ pkjow[yh.nzsow[yh ekft ftu eth fBZih siofpnK, f]nkbK ns/i}fpnK B{z ;zrhse ftXh okjh g/F eodk j? ns/ pkjow[yhekft ftu eth ;wki dhnK gfo;fEshnK ns/ xNBktK s'_rqfjD ehs/ siofpnK B{z nkgDh fdqFNh s'_ gqrNkT_dk j?.rhs gqw[Zy o{g ftu nzsow[yh ekft dh Fq/Dh ftu nkT[_dk j?i' fe nkX[fBe gzikph ekft d/ fJfsjk; ftu ;G s'_ tZXwep{bhns jkf;b eoB tkbh ekft-ftXk j?. *rhs* Fpd;z;feqs d/ *r?* Xks{ dk G{s feodzsh o{g j?, fi; dk noEj? *rkfJnk j'fJnk*.1 fJ; gqeko i' rkfJnk ikJ/ T[j rhsj?. vkH e/;o f;zx e/;o rhs B{z gfoGkfFs eod/ j'J/fbyd/ L

rhs ;o'dh ekft dk fJe G/d j? fi; ftu ethnkgD/ shpo GktK B{z nfij/ Szd ftZu g/F eodk j? fe T[;B{zfe;/ ;k} *s/ rkfJnk ik ;e/.2

gzikph d/ gqf;ZX nkb'ue vkH ;fszdo f;zxnB[;ko L rhs bx{ nkeko dh T[; gqrhs ouBk B{z fejkiKdk j?, fi; ftu eth pkjoh ;zrhs gqsh ;[u/s ofj e/fJ; dk o{g fBowkD eodk j?. fJj fJe nfijh ;zrhsouBk j?, fi; B{z rkJ/ ikD ftu fe;/ soQK dh n;[ftXkBjh_ j[zdh.3

nf;;N?IN gq'ca?;o, gzfvsw'jB bkb n?;H vhH ekbicko rob}, cfsjrVQu{VQhnK, r[odk;g[o


;' T[go'es gfoGkFktK d/ nkXko s/ fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe ;zrhseskrhs dh gfjbh Fos j? ns/ fBØihgD, ebgBk, Gkt[esk, ;zy/gsk, ;zp'XBh gqftosh,T[Øu/ p'b, bzwh rz{i, j/e, ;[o skb nkfd rhs d/ r[D jB.

gzikph rhs ekft d/ fJfsjk; *s/ B}o wkohJ/ sK gzikph rhs ekft gozgokb'e rhsK, nfXnkswe rhsK ns/ ;{\h rhsK okjh_ fBozso tfjzdh j'Jh nkX[fBe :[Zrftu gqt/F eodh j?. GkJh tho f;zx, XBh okw ukfsqe, f\o'}dhB Fo\, Bzd bkbB{og[oh, gq'H w'jB f;zx, nzfwqsk gqhsw, vkH jfoGiB f;zx, i;tzs f;zx B/eh, fFte[wko nkfd nkX[fBe :[Zr d/ gqw[Zy rhseko j'J/ jB, fiBQK s'_ ;wekbh FkfJo gq/oBk b?_d/ jB. fJjBK ftu vkH jfoGiB f;zx dk ftF/F ;EkB j?. T[j fJe ;\beth jh Bjh_ pbfe T[Øx/ b/ye, nfXknge, p/-fw;kb GkFDeko, gqw[Zy tkoseeko,;zgkde ns/ ;\b nB[tkde d/ s"o *s/ ;kjwD/ nkT[_dk j? go T[;dh gqw[Zy gqftoshrhs-ouBk dh jh ofjzdh j?. fJ; rZb dh g[FNh ][d jfoGiB f;zx d/ fJe eEBs'_ th j' iKdh j?. fiE/ T[j dZ;dk j? fe **nkb/-d[nkb/ d/ jwfbnK s'_ pukU eoBbJh T[; B/ rhs dh FoB jh bJh ns/ fJ; ekft-o{g ftu gSkBD:'r fBg[zBskth gqkgs j'Jh.¿ 4

ekft y/so ftu T[jBK B/ brGr 15 d/ eohp ekft ;zrqfj fby/, fizBKftu'I T[; dk ekft ;zrqfj nXo?Dh fBo'b rhs ;zrqfj j?. fJ; s'_ fJbktk bk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;K,Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/_, w?_ i' phs frnk, N[ZehnK ihGK tkb/, nbftdk s'_ gfjbKw?_ i' phs frnk, N[ZehnK ihGK tkb/, nbftdk s'_ gfjbKw?_ i' phs frnk, N[ZehnK ihGK tkb/, nbftdk s'_ gfjbKw?_ i' phs frnk, N[ZehnK ihGK tkb/, nbftdk s'_ gfjbKw?_ i' phs frnk, N[ZehnK ihGK tkb/, nbftdk s'_ gfjbKnkfd ekft-;zrqfjK ftu th ek\h rhs fwbd/ jB. fJjBK rhsK ftu T[; B/;wkie t/dBk B{z nkgDh fBØih t/dBk ns/ nkgDh fBØih t/dBk B{z ;wkie ;zt/dBkpDk e/ g/F ehsk j?. T[; dh rhs ;zt/dBk shpo, ;t? u/sB ns/ nkX[fBesk d/jkD dh j?. ;kv/ jZEb/ y'i-gZso dk w[Zy wB'oE vkH jfoGiB f;zx d/ rhsK ftug/F j'J/ wB[Zyh ihtB d/ tZy tZy gfjb{nK Bkb ;zpzfXs ;zt/dBk B{z ikBDk j?, fJ;bJh gfjbK ;zt/dBk eh j? fJ; pko/ ;zy/g ftuko eoBh }o{oh j?.

;zt/dBk ;z;feqs GkFk dk Fpd j?, fi; dk Gkt uzrh soQK ;wMD dhgqfefonk s'_ fbnk iKdk j?. wB[Zy dhnK gzi frnkB fJzdohnK jB L d/yDk, ;[DBk,;[zxDk, uZyDk s/ wfj;{; eoBk. fJBQK fJzdohnK okjh wB[Zy i' rqfjD eodk j?,;zt/dBk dk ;zpzX fJ;/ Gkt p'X Bkb j?. ¿nzro/}h ftu fJ; bJh sensibility

Fpd dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?, fi; dk noE j? *e'wb GktBktK dk n;o rqfjDeoB dh Fesh.* fJ; dk ;zpzX wB[Zy d/ ;ohoe s/ Gkte j[zrkfonk Bkb j?.**5vkH Br/_do nB[;ko, ¿;zt/dBk wkBt dh nfijh ;woZEk j? fi; Bkb T[j d{;fonKd/ w[ekpb/ ftu d[Zy-;[Zy d/ GktK B{z nk;kBh Bkb rqfjD eo b?_dk j? ns/ T[; d/;[Gkn nB[Gt gqsh shpo gqfsfefonk ;EkJh o{g ftu rqfjD eo b?_dh j?.¿ 6;gFN j? fe ;zt/dBk wB[Zy dh T[j wkBt Fesh j?, fi; Bkb T[j nkgDhnK


frnkB fJzdohnK d/ ;Bw[Zy nkT[D tkbhnK t;s{nK dk gqGkt rqfjD eodk j?. ;'rhs ;zt/dBk T[; nfj;k; dk jh ;zrhse gqrNktk j?, fi; dk nB[Gt ethnkgDhnK frnkB fJzdohnK okjh eodk j?. rhs ;zt/dBk rhseko d/ Gkt[ei}fpnK dk gqpb t/r j?, fJj i}p/ fBØih j[zd/ j'J/ th ;ot-ftnkgh j[zd/ jBfeT[_fe fJj ;kvhnK ;KMhnK GktBktK dh nfGftnesh eod/ jB. rhseko dhnK;{]w ;zt/dBktK, T[; dk fuzsB, T[; dhnK fuzsktK nkfd T[; dh ouBk ftuftdwkB j[zd/ jB.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx u"Eh ghVQh dk ;zt/dBFhb FkfJo j?, fi; B/ ;wkie ;zt/dBk B{z nkgDh t/dBk pDk e/ g/F ehsk j?. T[; dh w[ZYbh rhs ouBk s'_ jhT[;dh ;{]w ;zt/dBk pko/ gsk ub iKdk j?. bk;K bk;K bk;K bk;K bk;K, ns/ nXo?DhnXo?DhnXo?DhnXo?DhnXo?Dh ekft-;zrqfjKftu ;{]w s/ Gktg{os rhs fwbd/ jB. fizBQK ftu T[j nkX[fBe wB[Zy d/ ihtBdh ifNb ns/ dtzdwJh ;fEsh B{z ;{]wsk Bkb fusodk j?. ¿fizBQK fdBK ftujfoGiB f;zx B/ fbyDk nkozG ehsk T[j ;wK gqrshtkdh bfjo d/ gfjb/ d"odk Ybdk ;wK ;h, j"bh-j"bh gq:'rFhbsk ns/ nkX[fBesktkd dh rZb ;kjwD/ nkojh ;h.¿ 7 i' fe i{Mko ftdo'jh nkfd bfjoK Bkb fwFfos j' e/ ub ojhnk;B, go jfoGiB f;zx B/ fe;/ th bfjo Bkb gqshpZX Bk j' e/ nkgDk tZyokfpzp ns/ tZyoh f;oiBk-ftXh ;Ekfgs eoB ftu o[uh fdykJh. fJ; s'_ Gkt fJjBjh_ fe jfoGiB f;zx nkgDhnK ;wekbhB ekft-XkoktK s'_ T[dk;hB fojk pbfeT[; B/ jo gqufbs ;kfjse bfjo Bkb edw w/u e/ s[oB dk ;kj; ehsk¿gqrshtkd, T[so-gqrshtkd, o'wK;tkd, gq:'rtkd, nfs nkX[fBetkd Gkt fJj fejo gqufbs go ;[ykth_ bfjo d/ gqGkt B{z T[;B/ nkgDh ;[Gkfte wX[osk, e'wb;'jitkd ns/ ftFkb nfXn?B d/ ozrK ftu ozr e/ gqekFwkB ehsk.¿ 8 T[;dh nfijh o[uh ekoB jh vkH sob'e f;zx ezto T[;B{z *nkozG s'_ jh ftbØyD ;[og?dk eoB tkbk* eth dZ;d/ j'J/ T[;dh ekft ouBk B{z nkX[fBe :[Zr dhnK;wZf;nktK Bkb i[fVnk do;kT[_d/ jB.9 e[ZM nfij/ jh GktK nXhB vkH e/;of;zx e/;o jfoGiB f;zx B{z *ftfrnkBe :[Zr p'X dk eth* efj e/ ;BwkfBseod/ jB.10 T[; d/ rhs-ekft dk e/_doh gkso nkX[fBe wB[Zy jh j?. T[;d/;w[Zu/ rhs-ekft ftu nkX[fBe wB[Zy d/ ihtB dhnK ;wZf;nktK dh g/Fekoh ehshrJh j?. wB[Zyh j'_d dh sbkF, gozgok ns/ nkX[fBesk ftu fxfonk wB[Zy,nkX[fBe wB[Zy ftZu jhD GktBk, fJeZbsk dh GktBk, n;fsst dh sbkF nkfdftF/ eth dh ;zt/dBk d/ nzsors nkT[_d/ jB, fizBQK dh T[; B/ pV/ jh ;fji s/;[Gkfte o{g ftu g/Fekoh ehsh j?. fJ; dk ekoB fJj th j? fe T[j gzikph s'_fJbktk nzro/}h ns/ fjzdh GkFk dk frnksk ;h. fJjBK GkFktK d/ ;kfjs ns/;kfjs-f;ZXKsK dk T[; B/ f;bf;b/tko nfXn?B ehsk j'fJnk ;h, fi; d/ cb;o{g


T[[;dh ouBk ftu fJe ftF/F doi/ dh gq'Ysk ftdwkB j?.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ wB[Zy dh nkX[fBetkdh ;fEsh dk pj[fdFkth fBo{gDehsk j?. T[; B/ nkgD/ rhsK ftu nfij/ wB[Zy dh ;zt/dBk B{z g/F ehsk j? i'fe nkX[fBesk d/ x/o/ ftu ;[Zy gqkgs eodk-eodk wkBf;e dtzd ftu cf;nkj'fJnk wfj;{; eodk j?. fJ; wFhBh :[Zr ftu wB[Zyh ihtB dh ukb J/Bh s/}j' rJh j? fe T[; e'b nkgD/ wB dk nksw ftFb/FD eoB dk ;wK th Bk fojk.nkX[fBe wB[Zy eh ukj[zdk j? s/ eh Bjh_ ukj[zdk, fJ; dk th ftFb/FD Bjh_ eogkT[_dk. wFhBK ftu ofjzdk j'fJnk T[j ][d fJe wFhB pD e/ ofj frnk j?.nfij/ wB[Zy B{z d[fBnkth ezwK s'_ ftjb fwb th ikt/ s/ T[j ftjbk j' e/ nkgD/;kjwD/ p?m ;edk j't/ sK T[;B{z nkgDk nkg th niBph brdk j?. T[; dhnKnkgDhnK pugB ns/ itkBh dhnK iwKdo{ nkdsK nZi T[; ftu'_ B}o Bjh_nkT[_dhnK. nkX[fBe wB[Zy dh fJ; wkBf;e ;zt/dBk B{z jfoGiB f;zxfJt/_ fusodk j?.

edh dogD *u ngD/ nkg B{z fwbdk jK, sKyzfvs fijk dhdko j[zdk j?

fJ; wFhBh :[Zr ftu pBktNhgD dh f}zdrh fiT[_dk wB[Zy fJzBk d[Zyh j'frnk j? fe T[j w[V nkg/ dh Gkb ftu GNedk j? ns/ fco gfjbK torh f}zdrhfiT[Dk ukj[zdk j?. fJ; soQK dk ni'ek wB[Zy nkX[fBesk s'_ wB'puBh okjh nkg/tZb ikD dh wzr eodk j?. fi; dh t/dBk-;zt/dBk B{z eth j/m fbyhnK ;soKftu fpnkB eodk j?L

w?B{z w/o/ nkgD/ e'b fpmk d/,w?B{z w/oh Bzrh d/j ftyk d/,

iKw/ok eZiD w?B{z d/ d/

nkX[fBe wB[Zy nzdo nkg/ dh Gkb jh T[; dh j'Dh dk nzr pDdh j?.fJBQK ukj[D d/ pkti{d th T[j fJjBK edoK-ehwsK B{z Bjh_ fsnkr gkT[_dk ;r'_T[; B{z fJBQK nkX[fBe edoK-ehwsK d/ jkD d/ pD e/ ofjDk g?_dk j? feT[_fe T[jnkgD/ nkg B{z nkX[fBe ejkT[Dk ukj[zdk j?. fJj jh nkX[fBe wB[Zy dk ;zskg j?fe T[j bZy ukj e/ th nkgD/ nwbh nkg/ d/ wBw[Zy Bjh_ j'Dk ukj[zdk. fJ; ;zt/dBFhb nfj;k; B{z vkH jfoGiB f;zx wB'puBh i[rs okjh fJt/_ fpnkB eodkj?L-

gsk Bjh_ fe; vo dk wkok,GhVK ftu yb'tK,nkg fJezs/ nkgD/ ;kjt/_


w?_ Bk jk}o j'tK.

nkX[fBe wB[Zy dk ihtB tZvhnK-tZvhnK gqkgshnK ns/ ftFkb ;zGktBktKBkb j'D d/ pkti{d nzdo{Bh s"o *s/ y'ybk ns/ ng{oB j[zdk ik fojk j?. fJjng{oBsk iK y'ybkgD ni'ehnK gdkoEe ;fGnsk dhnK edoK-ehwsK B{z ngDke/ ihtB d/ ;dhth w[ZbK Bkb'_ N[ZN ikD dk f;ZNk j?. ni'ek wB[Zy Bk sK g{oh soQKBth_ ihtB iku B{z ngDk ;fenk ns/ Bk jh gozgoe edoK-ehwsK B{z SZv ;fenk,fi; ekoB T[; B{z pj[s ;kohnK w[FfebK dk ;kjwDk eoBk g?_dk j?.vkH jfoGiBf;zx B/ nkgD/ rhsK ftu nkX[fBe wB[Zyh ihtB dhnK fJjBK ifNb ;wZf;nktKns/ T[jBK d/ cb;o{g T[sgzB j'D tkbh wkBf;e t/dBk B{z gq;s[s ehsk j?.fit/_ L-

Bk n;h_ X[Zg/ Bk n;h_ Skt/_Bk wB ftu ftFtk; g[okDkBtK e'Jh Xotk; Bk ikDk.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ nkgDh f}zdrh dk pj[sk ;wK wjKBro ftufpskfJnk, fJ; ekoB T[;dk nkgDk ihtB nB[Gt wjKBro dh f}zdrh *s/nkXkfos j?. fi; d/ cb;o{g wjKBroh wB[Zy d/ ihtB dh ;zt/dBk T[; d/ ekftftF/ d/ nzsors nkT[_dh j?.wjKBro dh s/} o\sko f}zdrh ftu wB[Zy sBkUGfonk ihtB pshs eodk j? fi; ekoB nkgfDnK s'_ d{o j[zdk ik fojk j?. fJ;sBkU Go/ ihtB B/ T[; ftu'_ wk;{whns, ;kdrh s/ wkBtsk B{z wB\h eo fdZskj?, fi; ekoB jo e'Jh ;tkoE Gfonk ihtB fpskT[_dk j?. T[j nkgDkgB ukj[zdkj? go T[; B{z e'Jh th nkgDk B}o Bjh_ nkT[_dk. T[; B{z foFs/-Bks/, d';s-fwZso;G gokJ/ brd/ jB. nkX[fBe wB[Zy dh nfijh wkBf;e ;zt/dBk B{z eth fJzMfpnkB eodk j? L-

fejV/ fpoS B{z nkgDk nky p[bktKfejVh fejVh SK w/oh wK torhfejVk fejVk vkjDk

tKr GoktK.

T[go'es ;koh ftuko-uouk d/ nkXko *s/ n;h_ fJj efj ;ed/ jK fevkH jfoGiB f;zx dh rhs ;zt/dBk nkX[fBe wB[Zy d/ ihtB dhnK ifNbsktK ns/T[jBK d/ cb;o{g g?dk j'D tkbhnK gfo;fEshnK ns/ wB'r[zMbK B{z g/F eodh j?.T[; d/ rhs Ugoh B}o/ gfVQnk ;ob brd/ j'J/ th noEK gZy'_ p'fXesk d/ XkoBhgqshs j[zd/ jB go x'y e/ gfVQnk fco th fJjBK ftu ;[Gkftesk jh fdykJh fdzdhj?. i' fe fJe ;[fjod eth dh gfjukD j?. Bshi/ d/ s"o s/ fejk ik ;edkj? fe vkH jfoGiB f;zx fJe nfijk rhseko j?, fi;B/ nkgDhnK gfo;fEshnK


s'_ gqGkfts j' e/ nkgDh f}zdrh ftu g/F nkT[D tkbhnK xNBktK, fSDK, gbK B{znkgD/ ;o"dh ekft ftu w{oshwkB ehsk ns/ nkX[fBe gzikph rhs-ekft gozgokftu fJe u/sBFhb rhseko d/ s"o s/ ;EkB gqkgs ehsk.

jtkb/ s/ fNZgDhnKjtkb/ s/ fNZgDhnKjtkb/ s/ fNZgDhnKjtkb/ s/ fNZgDhnKjtkb/ s/ fNZgDhnK1H gzikph d[Bhnkgzikph d[Bhnkgzikph d[Bhnkgzikph d[Bhnkgzikph d[Bhnk, (rhs ekft nze) ;szpo 1956, gzBk - 562H ofizdogkb f;zx pokV, (;zgkH), pbd/t f;zx uhwk, nkX[fBe gzikphnkX[fBe gzikphnkX[fBe gzikphnkX[fBe gzikphnkX[fBe gzikph

;kfjs o{gkeko f;XKs s/ o{gKsoB;kfjs o{gkeko f;XKs s/ o{gKsoB;kfjs o{gkeko f;XKs s/ o{gKsoB;kfjs o{gkeko f;XKs s/ o{gKsoB;kfjs o{gkeko f;XKs s/ o{gKsoB, gzikph :[Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk,2011, gzBk - 157

3H ;fszdo f;zx, nkX[fBe gzikph ekft L o{g-nfXnBnkX[fBe gzikph ekft L o{g-nfXnBnkX[fBe gzikph ekft L o{g-nfXnBnkX[fBe gzikph ekft L o{g-nfXnBnkX[fBe gzikph ekft L o{g-nfXnB, r[o{ BkBe d/t:[Bhtof;Nh, nzfwqs;o, 1977, gzBk - 203

4H jfoGiB f;zx, w?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnk, Bt:[r gpfbFo}, fdØbh, 1970,(G{fwek)

5H Princton Encyolopedia of Poetry and Poeties, Princton University

Press, USA, 1965, gzBk - 762

6H vkH Br/_do, wkBfteh gfoGkfFe e'F wkBfteh gfoGkfFe e'F wkBfteh gfoGkfFe e'F wkBfteh gfoGkfFe e'F wkBfteh gfoGkfFe e'F (;kfjs: yzv), okiewb fdØbh,1985, gzBk - 234

7H ;fszdo f;zx B{o, jfoGiB f;zx dh ekft-:ksokjfoGiB f;zx dh ekft-:ksokjfoGiB f;zx dh ekft-:ksokjfoGiB f;zx dh ekft-:ksokjfoGiB f;zx dh ekft-:ksok, nko;hnko;hnko;hnko;hnko;h, (nes{po1989), gzBk -39

8H nso f;zx, ;wdoFB;wdoFB;wdoFB;wdoFB;wdoFB, bkj"o p[Ze Fkg, b[fXnkDk, 1959, gzBk - 1319H gq'H sob'e f;zx ezto, ¿jfoGiB f;zx dh ekft-:ksok¿, ;[ji f;oih;[ji f;oih;[ji f;oih;[ji f;oih;[ji f;oih

vkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH jfoGiB f;zx, (;zgk L wfjzdo e"o frZb), nko;h gpfbFo}, 1990,gzBk - 66

10H gq'H e/;o f;zx e/;o, ¿jfoGiB f;zx L ftfrnkBe :[Zr-p'X dk eth¿;[ji f;oih vkH jfoGiB f;zx;[ji f;oih vkH jfoGiB f;zx;[ji f;oih vkH jfoGiB f;zx;[ji f;oih vkH jfoGiB f;zx;[ji f;oih vkH jfoGiB f;zx, (;zgk L wfjzdo e"o frZb), nko;hgpfbFo}, 1990, gzBk - 53

11H jfoGiB f;zx, w/oh ekft :ksokw/oh ekft :ksokw/oh ekft :ksokw/oh ekft :ksokw/oh ekft :ksok, Bt:[r gpfbFo}, 1989, gzBk -118

12H T[jhT[jhT[jhT[jhT[jh, gzBk - 11713H T[jh,T[jh,T[jh,T[jh,T[jh, gzBk - 11714H T[jhT[jhT[jhT[jhT[jh, gzBk - 11715H T[jh T[jh T[jh T[jh T[jh ,gzBk - 20316H T[jh T[jh T[jh T[jh T[jh ,gzBk - 20317H T[jhT[jhT[jhT[jhT[jh, gzBk - 204

õõõ


o[Zy s/ foFh n"os w[yh g;koo[Zy s/ foFh n"os w[yh g;koo[Zy s/ foFh n"os w[yh g;koo[Zy s/ foFh n"os w[yh g;koo[Zy s/ foFh n"os w[yh g;kovkH ;kfoek FowkvkH ;kfoek FowkvkH ;kfoek FowkvkH ;kfoek FowkvkH ;kfoek Fowk

nkX[fBe gzikph ekft ftu jfoGiB f;zx-ekft nkgD/s'I g{opb/ s/ ;wekbh ethnK Bkb'I tZyok w[jKdok s/ ftbZyDu[zpeh gqGkt T[;kodk j?. ni'e/ ;w/I d/ wB[Zy dk @n;fssth;zeN# gqw[Zy w;b/ ti'I T[BQK dh ;w[Zuh ekft :ksok d/ e/Idoftu fojk j?. fJ; rzGho w;b/ s'I pkjo fBebD iK BfiZmDbJh Bt/I gqshwkBK dh sbkF jw/Fk fBozso ekoiFhb ojhj?. fJ; sbkF dk tZvk T[u/ok f;yo o[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFh ekftouBk ti'I j[zdk d/fynk ik ;edk j?. j[D pzd wkj"b bkevkT{B nzdo o[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFh dh gkmeh gVQs eoB dk w"ekfwfbnk sK pj[-noEK ;w/s fJ; gkm dh pDso B/ ekftnzdo BkNeh ;ztkd s/ fposKs okjhI w/oh u/sBk ~ jb{DkfdZsk j?. jfoGiB f;zx-ekft nzdo n"os gqsZy$go'y o{gftu tzB-;[tzB/ gk;koK ;w/s fJe tZyo/ nzdk} ftu g/F j[zdhj?.

jZEb/ y'i gou/ #u w/oh ykfjF o[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFh nzdog/F n"os ;o{g ~ gqekoih gZXo #s/ nfXn?B ftFb/FD eoBBkb i[Vh j'Jh j?. jkbKfe gfjb' gfjb jfoGiB f;zx-ekftnzdo n"os gqsZy s"o #s/ iK fgZm-G{wh s/ ekft g/Fekoh dknfBZyVtK fjZ;k th pDh ojh j? fw;kb ti'I T[BQK dh ouBkw/oh ekft :ksokw/oh ekft :ksokw/oh ekft :ksokw/oh ekft :ksokw/oh ekft :ksok nXhB pj[s ;kohnK ekft ouBktK ~ftukfonk ik ;edk j? - pb[zrk, w/ok pugB, wK T[vhedh,wzso BjhI f;fynk BjhI, wK w/oh j'Jh wso/Jh nkfd. d{i/gk;/ ekft f;oiDk d"okB n"os pko/ gqsZy iK go'y o{g ftutos/ rJ/ fujB ekft T[d/F dh g{osh eod/ jB.

fe;/ okjrho B/

o;s/ #u'I w'Jh ;ZgDh uZe e/

w/o/ rba Nzr fdZshHHHHH

w ?s q / J h ekbi, fd Zb h:{Bhtof;Nh, fdZbhc'B L 9958812157


HHHHH;ZgDh u[Zg

fJj FkfJd tfjw j?

;ZgDh BjhI w?I p'bdk jK

;wkXh ftu w/o/ wZE/ #u shih nZy, w/oh d[FwB

nukBe e{e T[&Zmdh j?

(w'Jh ;ZgDh, ;Ve d/ ;c/ T[s/;Ve d/ ;c/ T[s/;Ve d/ ;c/ T[s/;Ve d/ ;c/ T[s/;Ve d/ ;c/ T[s/, gzBk 165)

fJt/I n"os$;ZgDh fujB BkE i'rh s/ feZf;nK dh gozgok w[skfpe fBy/XhGfonk Bekokswe ;hl T[j' jfoGiB f;zx ekft nzdo ;[ji Gog{o fJe p'bD tkbhfXo ti'I wB[Zy d/ p[ZX ftt/e nzdo @wZE/ dh shih nZy# ;ekokswe noE T[Gkodhj?. Gkosh g"okfDe eEktK #u fFt d/ @uzdoekorB ftb'uB# iK sh;o/ B/so Bkbi[fVnk fposKs j?. fJe tkoh gkopsh B/ fFt dhnK d't/I nZyK nkgD/ jZEhI pzd eofdZshnK T[d'I nZyK pzd j[zfdnK jh ;w[Zu/ ftFt nzdo jB/ok Sk frnk sd'I fFt d/wZE/ shih nZy gqrN j'Jh sK d;K fdFktK ftu s/i o"FBh c?b rJh. fJj' shihnZy pqfjwzvh u/sBk s/ nzso frnkB dk ftF/F e/Ido j?.2 Gkosh nfXnksw, doFBgozgok ftu shih nZy dh ftF/F wjZssk j?. o[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFh nzdo tZy tZy ekftfujBK - wZE/ dk ukBD$ wZE/ #u fbfynk gkm$ wZE/ #u dhtk$ wZE/ dh shih nZyfifrnk;k Goh sbkF Bkb nkgDk ;ztkdh foFsk ekfJw oZydh j?.

o[Zy s// foFho[Zy s// foFho[Zy s// foFho[Zy s// foFho[Zy s// foFh gkm dk nkozG ekft tesk dh oZp gkf;T[I ehsh rJh noi'JhftF/F fXnkB fyZudh j?. o[Zy dk ihtB$ o[Zy dh ;wkXh pDBk fJe v{zx/ fuzsB dhT[gi tZy ;ze/s eodk j?. toswkB ;w/I d/ wB[Zy dh p/w[Zysk s'I fJebkg/ GohwB'nt;Ek Bkb i[fVnk gqw[Zy fujB tZy tZy ;ze/s j?. j"b/-j"b/ tesk ;kXkoBsknzdo n;kXkokDsk tZb ;ze/se noE nXhB nzso nkg/ ~ T[;kdok j?. jfoGiBf;zx dh ftF/Fsk gozgokrs fuzsB d/ gZyK dh BthI ;zdoG ftu noE ftnkfynkg/F eoB dh j?. T[; dh eftsk ftu fJBQK dh Bt/I noE-Gog{osk dh sbkF ofjzdhj?. T[; dh eftsk sbkF dk p"fXe tk:{wzvb f;oidh j? ns/ toswkB ihtB ~nshs dhnK gqkgshnK s/ GftZy dhnK b'VK Bkb ;zpzfXs eodh j?.3 fJ; gkmnXhB @o[Zy# gzikph b'e gozgok ns/ gqfeosh dk nfBZyVtK fjZ;k pDB s'I nZr/ fBt/eb/ ;zdoG Bkb ;zpzfXs j?.

j/ gow d/;

j/ gow ekb

o[Zy dh ;wkXh j' ikJ/ w/ok ihtB

fwZNh w/oh wK, gkDh fgsk


jtk d/ tofenK #s/ y[Fp' d/ tke fbyK

(gzBk 7)

;G s'I gfjbK wB[Zy dh j;sh dk ftF/F foFsk wK$ fwZNh ns/ fgsk$ gkDhBkb j?. wB[Zy dh ;w[Zuh j'Id wK gkf;T[I Fesh s/ ;woZEk jkf;b eodh j?. fgskf}zdrh ~ rshFhb otkBrh gqdkB eodk j?. gowkswk s/ T[; dh pDkJh gqfeoshftubk nN[ZN foFsk wksk s/ fgsk $ Xosh s/ gkDh o{g ftu f;oiDkswe FeshnKti'I wjZst oZydk j?. fit/I r[owfs ekft nzdo ig[ih ;kfjp ftu r[o{ BkBe d/t ih B/ dZf;nk j? L

gtD[ r[o{ gkDh fgsk wksk Xofs wjs[..

fdt; okfs d[fJ dkJh dkfJnk y/b? ;rb irs[..

fJ; feqnkFhb g;ko/ nXhB tfvZsD d/ nB'y/ Gkt ekft tes bJh @][Fp'd/ tke# fbyD bJh gq/oDk ;o's pDd/ jB. tesk nkgDh sbkF dk nkozG nkswwzEB iK nksw gVu'b eoe/ Gkosh gzikph ;wkie ;zouBk nXhB s[od/ fcod/@o[Zy# ti'I gSkDdk j?. gfjb/ Gkr ftu neZE shpo nfj;k; @][Fp'# ehwsh cb(n"ossZt-gSkD) ti'I ekft tesk wfj;{; sK eodk j? go T[; gSkD ~ fB;fusBjhI eo gkT[Idk j?. @wZE/ dh shih nZy# nfijk ftF/F ekft fujB j? i' ;kvhGkosh gozgok nXhB fuoK s'I s[od/ nk oj/ o[Zy (gqfeqsh) ns/ foFh (frnkBtkBg[oF-;z;feqsh) d/ Fpd-;zebgK ~ t/yD goyD bJh BthI fe;w dh noE gfogkNhf;oidk j?. fJ; d/ ;wftZE tesk nkX[fBe wB[Zy dhnK wB'rzYK ~ y'bQdk-co'bdkj? ns/ fJe nzso ;KM ;Ekfgs eoe/ dkoFfBesk Gog{o fuzsB T[;kodk j?. fJ; gkmnzdo T[&Zwh gkso ekft fposKs nXhB sbkF dh :ksok dk ftF/F gVkn j?L

@foFhd/t,nZi d/ ;fwnK dh fsZyh fube"o ftuwK-fijh j[Zp tkbk;fjzdk-fijk fBZxk fijk ukBDfijVk nkgk Bk iskJ/HHHHHHo[Zy-foFhd/tb{nK #u'I ;dk bJh ;GBK bJh f;zwdhwfje-w[;ekBwK i/jh ;/tkeh fJj' oZph frnkB<##

(gzBk-16-17)

n"os wK ;o{g d/ pokpo o[Zy ~ @foFhd/t# dk doik fwbdk j?. Bshi/ti'I wB[Zy-nkg/ dk w[Zy ;o's- @o[Zy# ;kvh Gkosh gzikph gozgok nXhB xo'rh,


;wkie GkJhukoe foFfsnK s/ f}zw/tkohnK fBGkT[Idk fJe ftF/F ekft fujB pDdkj?. fJ; fdFk #u wK T[sw ihtB iku fdzdh j?. T[BQK dh eftsk nzdo n"osd/ wK ;o{g dk fusoB f;oiDkswe gZy s'I FoXk s/ ;wofgs Gkt @w/oh ekft:ksok# ftu doi jB L

@w/o/ fwZyeh oZp dk w{zj wZEk w/oh wK tork j? ns/ T[j jw/Fk w/o/ nzdo t;dkj?.#

(gzBk-43)

fJt/I n"os fJe e/Idoh Fesh ti'I T[BQK dh ekft f;oiDk nzdo ftF/F;EkB oZydh j?. fJ; ouBk-gkm nzdo n"os fuoK s'I s[o/ nk oj/ @o[Zy# ns/ @foFh#d/ ;zebgK ~ t/yD goyD bJh BthI fe;w dh noE gfogkNh f;oidh j? fi;dknkXko p/Fe ekft fposKs j?. fJBQK Fpd ;zebgK d/ ftueko i'VBh dk ekoieod/ j'fJnK fJe ftF/F fe;w dk nzso-;zpzX ;Ekgs eodh j?. fJj ftF/Fnzso-;zpzX dkoFfBe fe;w dh frnkB gfogkNh f;oidk j?. @o[Zy foFhd/t# ;[Dd/;ko jh o[Zy dh sbkF - oZph frnkB < foFh e"D s/ feZE/ < dh sbkF ~ nZr/s'odh j?.

fJ; sbkF d/ ;o's r[owfs gozgok, b'e:kfBe iK b'e-fto;k ns/ t?fdegozgok B}o nkT[Id/ jB. eth tesk u/sB ntu/sB gZy'I fJBQK Bkb i[Vdk thj? Bkb jh ni'e/ ;w/I dh wB[Zyh ;'u ~ ;kjt/I oZy e/ fuzsBFhb j[zdk j?. fJ; ouBkdh tZvh y{p;{osh ekftesk d/ Bkb' Bkb fposKs f;oiD ftu b[eh j'Jh j?.@;kfjs (ekft) eth dk ;kEh j? - ndt?sw[yh, Gkt/I T[j dt?srs Gkt jh w{oshwkBeo fojk j't/. eftsk ;ztkd th j? ns/ nkswtkd th, d';sh th ns/ cehoh th.fJe nZX-ftukb/ dk nB[Gt-y/so j? fi; dh nkgDh ftF/Fsk ns/ gkopqjwsk j?- fi; j[ew ~ fJj p[ZMdh j? ns/ fi; ftu pZMdh j? fJe ndt?s-fJekroskj?, Gkt/I T[j dt?s iK dtzd ~ g/F eodh j't/.#6 fJ; d/ Bshi/ ti'I nkX[fBe wB[Zydh ;'u fgSKj gos e/ gozgok Bkb ;ztkdh foFsk f;oiD dh ;zGktBk pDkT[Dkukj[zdh j? b/feB ;w/I ns/ ;fEshnK gfotosBFhb j' e/ ;G e[M iK pj[s e[M ]bswbs eo fdzdhnK jB. fJ; w[ekw #s/ yb' e/ tesk wfj;{; eodk j? L

nkdsK ;jko/ ihD EhD tkb/ pzfdnk

MkT[bk j? s?~

dfonk gko izrb ftu ofjD tkb/ foFh dkHHH

HHHizrb th ykXk-ghsk frnk

foFhnK ~ gzvsK B/ g'EhnK #u gk fbnk


(gzBk-40)

@foFh-g'EhnK# ns/ @xo-;wkXh# wB nzdo tZvk gqFB yVQk eod/ jB. g{oB~ foFh ti'I ftukod/ j'fJnK nzso;ztkd b{Dk dh j'Id s'I w[Beo BjhI j' ;edk.nkX[fBe ;w/I ftu fFt e[wko B/ b{Dk d/ Bkekokswe feodko ~ jkFhJ/ s'I u[Ze e/e/Ido ftu b? nkT[D dh nfjw G{fwek fBGkJh ;h. fJE/ ekft tesk B/ b{DK dhj;sh ~ tZyo/ noEK ftu xo'I p/so j'D bJh }o{oh wzfBnk j?. fJj pdbktfJfsjk;e ;wkie ;fEshnK d/ o{gKsoD tZb th ;ze/s eodk j?. fJjh pdbkt id'In:'fXnk s'I okwl wfonkdk g[oF'sw j[zd/ jB s/ id'I tkg; gosd/ jB sK wfonkdkdk o{g j'o tZyok XkoB eo b?Id/ jB fit/I L

izrb s'I ni[fXnk w[VD tkbk okw

T[j' BjhIHHHHH

(gzBk 100)

ekft tesk B/ pdbkt Bkb i[V/ nB[Gt ~ wjZst fdZsk j?. teskdkoFfBe noEK ftu @foFh# d/ nshs nB[Gt f;oiD fgZS/ b{Dk ~ ftF/F ;zdti'I ftukfonk j?L

- jo foFh d/ nshs ftu e'Jh }]w j?frnkB fe;/ d[Zy dh ftnkfynk

(gzBk 43)- ik xo w[V ikni/ s{z g{oB ~ fwbD i'r BjhI.

(gzBk 42)

fJt/I f}zdrh dh sbkF eod/ j'fJnK g{oB-ng{oB eoe/ i' ftr'uk T[Godkj?, T[j nZr/ nkdoF s/ wfonkdk Bkb i[VhnK ;hsk-okw dhnK w{osK d/ go;go;ztkd ;Ekfgs o{g s'I pkjo Bk nkT[D pko/ ;ze/s j?. fJ; d/ ;Ekfgs o{g s'I pkjobheK T[bzxD tkb/ ;[gB d/F Bk ik e/ ;hsk B/ w{osh dh i{B/ fNe/ ofjD ~ g?othfdZsh j?. fJj wfonkdkrq;s nkdoF ;fEsh ~ n;zs[bB s'I pukT[D dk isB j?.fJt/I w{osK e/tb Fpd Bk j' e/ ;Fes fujB d/ o{g ftu T[GodhnK jB. fJ;dk fJe f;ok ;kv/ Gkosh fwfEjk;e gozgok d/ fgS'eV Bkb i[Vdk j? ns/ d{ikf;ok nZi d/ T[gG'rh gdkoEtkdh ;w/I d/ d"okB fiT{Id/ ;[nkoEh wB[Zy Bkb i[Vdkj?.

Gkr shi/ nXhB ekft fposKs fto'XkGk;h i[ZNK okjhI eJh nzso-d±zdK ~fiT[Idk j? - nv'b frnkB$ v'bdk JhwkB. fJjBK B/ ;kvh wB'fposh s/ nzso ;'u


~ d[fuZsh ftu gk e/ nshs ~ ;[nkbK d/ x/o/ #u yVQk eo fdZsk j?. fJ; gVkn#s/ n"os jh soiwkBh eodh j? L

efjzdh L@@nZr #u'I Bk bzfxUw/o/ EkDhI bzxDk io{o s?~ gJ/rkr'oy s'I gfjbK w?I jh b{DkHHHHHHwksk r[owksksK th bkb;k d/ fgzv/ ftu M[DM[DhyVh jK fpp/e d[nkow?I jh s/oh dbdbw?I jh rzrk dh Xko##

(gzBk 50-51)

fto'Xi[ZN jtkb/ gozgok d/ ;kjt/I oZy e/ ftukod/ j'fJnK u'D eoB dhnzso ;{M gqdkB eod/ jB. t?fde ;w/I s'I s[oh nk ojh foFh gozgok nzdo r[owkskdk ;EkB ;fsekoi'r fojk j?. fort/d d/ eJh ;{es ns/ fouktK dhnK ou?skn"os ~ T[; ;w/I pqjwtkfdBh, foFhek, ftd[Fh dk doik jkf;b ;h.7 dkoFfBe-fuzsB nXhB ;ztkd ns/ w'B'bkr r[owksk d/ okjhI @foFh# dh gfoGkFk ns/ftnkfynk ekfte-fposKse ;woEk ti'I T[God/ jB. fJ; d/ Bkb jh oZph frnkBdh gSkD dk T[so nkX[fBe gk;ko F[o{ j[zdk j?. @n"ossZt-ojZ;# ~ r[owksk y'bQdhj'Jh p/Fe ebgBk iK ;[cB/ dh ;fEsh ~ do;kT[Idh j?. b/feB Bkoh-nfXnksw$doFB dk T[ggkm (sub text) tZb ekft tesk ~ ;[jiGog{o Yzr Bkb i'Vdhj?.

-@@t/y ekfJBks ~wK fit/I t/ydh nkgDh e[y d/ ikJ/ ~HHHH##

(gzBk 59)- foFh s[jkv/ sfjykB/nDfbyh g'Eh j?g"Vh do g"Vh nkg jh T[soBk g?Idk

(gzBk 62)- fJj' foFh ihtB j?, J/j' foFh-F?bhwZE/ #u dhtk i' irkfJnk

(gzBk 71)

nZr/ r[owksk T[tku L @;kv/ foFh ni/ g{oB BjhI j'J/# noEks T[j ;zg{oBfrnkB dh nt;Ek sZe jkb/ BjhI g[Zi/. T[; fdFk sZe gj[zuD d/ wkor #s/ s[odkf;XkoE gqp[ZX nkgD/ @gq# (w?I) s'I w[es j' e/ r"swp[ZX j'fJnk ;h. nyhob/ fjZ;/ #u


tesk y[bQ/ nzs ti'I ekft-pzd ~ n"os-w[yh ;zp'XB okjhI oZph frnkB Bkb i[V/ihtB-;Zu ~ g/F eodk j? L

xkj ns/ d[ZXfeE/ xkj w[edk j?s/ d[ZX F[o{ j' iKdkHHHHHHT[E/ w[e iKdk j?o[Zy ns/ foFh ftubk \k;bk

(gzBk 97)

fJj \k;bk ;kXkoB s"o #s/ fBojT[I j'Id ~ fpnkB eodk j?. fJ; d/ e'bwZE/ dh shih nZy T[d? j' u[Zeh j?.

fJ; y[ZbQ/ nzs tkbh ouBk dh y{;p{osh sbkF dhnK ;zGktBktK Bkb Gog{oj'D ns/ T[so-nkX[fBe d"o tZb i'VB ftu j?. fJj gkmeh gVQs fiT[Id/ toswkB~ nzsow[yh gkorkwsk Bkb i'Vdh j?. gkm dh nkgD/ rfjB gk;koK ;w/s sbkFikoh ofjzdh j?. gkm nzdobh n"os FeshFkbh T{oik Gog{o j? i' g[oF ~ o{gKsfoseoB dh ;woEk oZydh j?. fJE/ @o[Zy# s/ @foFh# wfj} e/Idoh fujB BjhI ofjzd/ ;r'IwjKfujB d/ o{g ftu gozgok, nkX[fBesk s/ T[&Zso nkX[fBesk d/ ;w/I s/ ;fEshnKBkb fuzsBFhb ;ztkd ekfJw eo b?Id/ jB. nyho ftu n;hI efj ;ed/ jK - @o[Zyo[Zyo[Zyo[Zyo[Zys/ foFhs/ foFhs/ foFhs/ foFhs/ foFh# gkm gkorkwh ;woZEk oZydk j'fJnk fbyD :'r gkm8 dh Fq/Dh ftu dkybj' iKdk j?. FkfJd fJ;/ eoe/ T[BQK dh nzfsek @nzsjhB# j? L

- s[oB tkb/ g?oK d/ uZeo BjhI fwNd/fJ;/ bJh nzs'I pr?o j? fJj :ksqk

(gzBk 98)

jtkb/ Ljtkb/ Ljtkb/ Ljtkb/ Ljtkb/ L1H jfoGiB f;zxl ;Ve d/ ;\/ T[s/, gzBk- 165L @w/oh ekft :ksok#2H Shodhgana.inflibnet.ac.in

3H vkH jfoGiB f;zxL ;BwkB s/ ;whfynk, gzBk 2904H r[o{ BkBe d/t L ig[ih ;kfjpl (;[zdo r[Nekl gzBk 32)5H jfoGiB f;zx L w/oh ekft :ksok, gzBk 436H vkH r[oGrs f;zxl ekft Fk;so, d/j ns/ eqKsh, gzBk 387H Dr. S. Kujar, Vedic Avam Dharamshastriya Sahitya Main Nari, P-

76, 248

8H Gregory Cstle: The Literary Theory handbook; P-154

õõõ


vkH jfoGiB f;zx dk ekft-vkH jfoGiB f;zx dk ekft-vkH jfoGiB f;zx dk ekft-vkH jfoGiB f;zx dk ekft-vkH jfoGiB f;zx dk ekft-BkN sko-s[gek L fJe nfXn?BBkN sko-s[gek L fJe nfXn?BBkN sko-s[gek L fJe nfXn?BBkN sko-s[gek L fJe nfXn?BBkN sko-s[gek L fJe nfXn?B

vkH okfizdo e"ovkH okfizdo e"ovkH okfizdo e"ovkH okfizdo e"ovkH okfizdo e"o

sko-s[gek vkH jfoGiB f;zx ofus (1957) gqf;ZXekft-BkNe j?. fJ; ekft-BkNe ~ ftukoB s'I gfjbK ekftBkNe d/ ;zpzX ftu e[M rZbK eoBhnk T[̀fus jB. gqkuhBekb s'I wjkB BkNe eftsk d/ wkfXnw tX/o/ eoe/ ekft-o{g ftu jh gqrN j'Jh j?. Gkosh, :{BkBh, ns/ nzro/}h d/gqwkfDe BkNe eftsk ftu jh fby/ rJ/ jB. ekbhdk;,Gk;, Jh;ebhi, ;'c'ebhi, :{othvh} s/ F?e;ghno tor/BkNeeko gfjbK eth jh ;B. ;z;feqs ;kfjs ftu BkNe~ eftsk dk nzr wzfBnk iKdk fojk j?, fi; ~ T[j fdqF-ekft efjzd/ ;B. no;s{ B/ th BkNe ~ eftsk dk T[̀uswo{g wzfBnk ;h. no;s{ nB[;ko eftsk wB[Zyh ekoi dknB[eoD j?. d[Bhnk Go dhnK f}nkdkso ebk;eh ouBktKGkt/I T[j fe;/ th fyZs/ ftu ouhnK rJhnK j'D nkw eoe/ekft-BkNe jh jB. Gkos s/ gZSwh ;kfjs gozgok ftu id'IBkNe B/ o{g Xkfonk sK eftsk fJ; dk nfByZV nzF ;h.fJ; eoe/ d'tK ;kfjs gozgoktK ftu BkNe ~ ekft d/nzsors jh ftukfonk frnk j?. fJzM ekft-BkNe dk noEeftsk ftu fbfynk BkNe j?. vkH wBihs gkb e"onB[;ko L

ekft-BkNe eftsk s/ BkNe dk ;z:'r j?. fJ;;z:'r ;dek ekft-BkN ftubk BkNeh gZy ;zt/dBFhb s/;op-ftnkge pD iKdk j?. feT[IIfe eftsk nfijk ekft p'bj? i' nkgD/ ekft r[DK noEks fpzpktbh, s'b-seKs, X[Bh,b? s/ Fpdktbh okjhI ;w[Zu/ wkBth ftnefsst ~ N[zpD d/;woZE j?.1

wekB BzH 100, rbh BzH2 , i;g kb Bro ,;[bskBftzv o'v, nzfwqs;o.c'B L 9464628635


;gFN j? fe ekft-BkNe ftu Gkt/I nkw BkNe tkb/ r[D jh j[zd/ jB, gowkfXnw ekfte j'D eoe/ fJ; d/ gqrNkT[ ;w/I gqrhskwesk, b?nkswesk,;[jikswesk, ;zrhsesk, ebgBk nkfd r[D ;[Gkte jh Fkwb j' iKd/ jB. fJzMekft-BkNe ;kfjs dk nfijk o{g j?, i' eftsk s/ BkNe ~ ;w' e/ gksoK d/ ;ztkds/ T[BQK d/ ekoi okjhI wB[Zyh ihtB dk rshFhb fpzp g/F eodk j?.

fJ;/ soQK jh gzikph ekft-BkNe d/ fJfsjk; ftu vkH jfoGiB dk ekft-BkNe sko-s[geksko-s[geksko-s[geksko-s[geksko-s[gek (1957) nfjw G{fwek fBGkT[Idk j?. feT[Ife fiZE/ gzikph ekft-BkNe nkgDh ftF/ ;wZroh tX/o/ eoe/ fwE-eEk, b'e-eEk, gqhs-ejkDh, fJfsjk;e;wZroh ns/ ;wkie ihtB iKu s'I gqkgs eodk j?, T[̀E/ @sko-s[gek# ftu b/yeB/ fJe pVh ftFkb s/ rzGho ;wZf;nk ~ g/F ehsk j?. fJ; dk ftFk fiZE/ rzGho,;{yw s/ fuzsB Gog{o j? T[̀E/ jh fJ; dk T[d/F nkX[fBe ihtB dh ft;zrshgoewB[Zyh j'Id ~ g/F eoBk j? fi; eoe/ eftsk dh Gktkswe shyDsk eEkswe g/Fekoh bJh bkj/tzd ;zd d/ o{g ftu T[̀Godh j?. fJ; ekft-BkNe B/ gzikph ekft-BkNe ~ BthI fdFk gqdkB ehsh j? fi; s'I gqGkfts j' e/ oftzdo oth, nikfJpewb s/ ;hH n?bH Bkozr tor/ BkNeekoK B/ nfij/ ekft BkN ou/L

fiBQK ftu wB[Zy dh ;jh gSkD, ni'e/ wB[Zy dh fJebZsk, ftFkd, tZXojhnK gdkoEtkdh s/ fiB;h o[uhnK, ni'e/ wB[Zy dh GNeDk, wkBf;e dtzd,ftfrnkfBe ekYK dk gqGkt, BfFnK dk ;/tB, gF{-fposhnK dk jkth j'Dk,gfotkoe foFfsnK dh N[ZN-GZi, okiBhse fGqFNkuko, g{zihtkd, FfjoheoB, tXoj/ }[ow, pbkseko nkfd gqftoshnK T[̀Godhnk jB.2

;" nfij/ fuzsB Gog{o ekft-BkNeK ftu gzikph ;fGnkuko dk e'JhftbZyD gZy B}o BjhI nkT[Idk. pbfe ni'e/ wB[Zy d/ FfjoheoB s/ ftfrnkfBeekYK d/ gqGkt ekoB ni'e/ wB[Zy dh wkBf;esk ~ T[Gkfonk iKdk j?. @@nfij/ekft-BkNeK ftu eEk-sZs iK sK pj[s ;zfygs j[zdh j? iK fco T[; dh nDj'Idjh j[zdh j?. nfij/ ekft-BkNK ftu gkso Bk ofjs j[zd/ jB iK fco T[BQK d/ BKgqshekswe j[zd/ jB, gksoK ~ ;ze/se BK fit/I fJe, d', fszB---,T, n, J---iK ozrK#s/ nkXkfos ekbk s/ fuZNk nkfd BK fdZs/ iKd/ jB. fJ; soQK d/ bZSDK Bkbekft-BkNe dk ;[Gk th gqshekswe j' iKdk j?.##3

fJBQK jh bZSDK ~ nkgD/ ftu ;w/Ndk j'fJnk ekft-BkNe @sko-s[gek# dkwB'oE th ni'e/ wB[Zy d/ pj[w[Zyh phwko nkg/ dh g[DSkD eoe/ T[; ~ fBxkos'I ;[u/s eoBk j?.

@@toswkB ;kfJz;h :[Zr ftu id'I fe wB[Zy ftBkFekoh Fesh dk ;[nkwhpD frnk j? ns/ fJ; soQK T[; dh nkgD/ wB dh FKsh s/ j'Id ]so/ ftu g?


rJh j?, wB[Zy s/ wB[Zysk ~ fet/I ;[oZfyns ehsk ik ;edk j?< fJ; gqFB s/ T[;d/ T[̀so ~ eth B/ BkNekT[D dh ftT[Is tosh j? ns/ :EkoEtkdh j'D dh EKfuzBQtkdh d/ Bkb Bkb gqGkttkd s/ gqekFtkd d/ sohfenK ~ tosD dk s}opkehsk j?.##4

vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ fJ; ekft BkNe ftu ;kfJz; d/ wB[Zyh ihtB s/gJ/ gqGkt ~ ;{yw Yzr Bkb T[;kfonk j?. ;kok ekft-BkNe d' n?eNK ftu 9gksoK okjhI ;keko j'fJnk j? gfjo/dko BzH 11 (;zd/jh), gfjo/dko BzH 12 (gq/wh),gfjod/ko BzH 14 s/ 15, j}ko nksFk (ezuBh), ebgBk, ikd{ro, pZuk Bot?o fJj;ko/ gkso ni'e/ wB[Zy dh wkBf;e ;fEsh f;oid/ gqshekswe o{g ftu g/F j'J/jB. gfjo/dko BzH 14 s/ 15 ns/ pZuk gkso ;N/i #s/ BjhI nkT[Id/ jB.

gfjb/ n?eN ftu d' ;zrhBXkoh gfjo/dko wFhBh s"o ftu pZM/ gfjok d/oj/ jB. fiBQK dh gSkD T[BQK d/ ;zfynkswe Bzpo 11 s/ 12 jB. gksoK d/nfij/ ;ze/se BK ni'e/ fuzsBkswe ekft-BkN dk gqw[Zy gSkD fuzBQ j?. fJj d't/I gkso wB[Zy wB dh ;zd/jFhbsk s/ gqrshFhbsk d/ gqshe jB. gfjo/dko BzH 12B"itkB s/ d{ik gfjo/dko BzH 11 fi; d/ fujo/ s/ T[wo d/ fBFkB jB, gqrshFhbu/sBk dk XkoBh j?. ekft-BkNeeko nB[;ko L

@@go e'D ikD/ ;fGnk wB[Zy d/ fujo/ s/ rw iK w[;eokjN d/ fBFkBKtKr, fJj fBFkB th Gqw-T[gikT{ j'D .##5

Gkt fe ni'ek wB[Zy ;zd/j Gog{o f}zdrh ihn fojk j?. fJ; g{o/ n?eNdk nkXko fJBQK d'jk d/ tkoskbkg jB fiBQK okjhI wB[Zyh wB dh n;bhns, v{zxh;fEsh-p'X ns toswkB :[Zr dhnK ;wZf;nktK ~ T[ikro ehsk frnk j??. vkHwBihs gkb e"o nB[;ko L

fJj d't/I gkso fJe nfijh ekb-e'mVh nZr/ gfjok d/ oj/ jB fi; dh;fGnkukoe B[jko fdqFNhr'uo BjhI j[zdh. ;[Gkte jh fJj ekb-e'mVh irs dhgqshfBXsk eodh j? fi; ftu dwB g;fonk j''fJnk j?. Bkb jh fJj ekb-e'mVhwkBt d/ nu/s wB ~ ;keko eodh j?. fJ; soQK ekb e'mVh nfijk gqG{Zsk-g{oBfpzp j' fBpVdk j? fi; s/ fJ; n?eN dk ;w[Zuk ekoi e/Ifdqs j'fJnk ofjzdk j?.6

fJe d{;o/ dk fXnkB fyZuD bJh fJj d't/I gkso ;zfynk okjhI jh ;zp'Xes/ ;zp'fXs j[zd/ jB. T[dkjoD bJh fusktBh fdzdk Bzpo pkoQK Bzpo frnkoK ~efjzdk j? L

Bzpo 12 L p;, p; eo fJj us[okJh :koK jK 7

Bzzpo 11 L w?I :ko BjhI, w?I sK Bzpo :koK jK


:koK s/ :ko ftukb/ bhe nNZg j?. 8

Bzpo 11 L w?I gfjo/dkoh d/ bJh, p/w[y ;G s'I

w?I fgnko, d:k s/ eo[Dk ;G s'I ;ZyDk.9

gfjo/dko Bzpo 11 d/ fJ; eEB s'I ;gFN j? fe fJBQK d'tK dk nkg;h;zpzX wekBeh fijk, E'VQ fuok, w}p{oh s/ ipod;sh tkbk j?. fJj d't/I ;dkwkbe d/ j[ew d/ |[[bkw, fe;/ th d';sh, foFs/-Bks/ ftu BjhI pZM/ Bk jh fJjfe;/ Xow, iks d/ ozr ftu pZMe/ g/F j'J/ jB. gfjo/dko BzL 12 fe;ws T[̀s/ftFtk; oZydk j? ns/ nkgDh |[bkwh dk ekoB fe;ws ~ wzBdk j?. fJ; bJhT[j B\os dh wzr BjhI eodk ;r'I ;/tk ftu ftFtk; oZydk j?. n;b ftu fJjd't/I gkso ;wki dh fBwB wZX-torh w}d{o Fq/Dh Bkb ;zpzX oZyd/ jB fJj tor;dk s'I jh T[̀u Fq/Dh dh okyh eodk fojk j?, Gkt ;/te fojk j?. @@fJj d't/I t;s{o{gh gkso jo gqeko d/ wkBth nfXekoK s'I tKM/ j' iKd/ jB. e/tb ;/tk dknfXeko jh j? fi; EZbh/ dZp/ j'J/ T[j wfj;{; eod/ jB. ;/tk d/ nfXeko ~oki-;Zsk d/ uoB ewbK T[̀s/ fBFkto eo d/D ~ T[j todkB ;wMd/ jB.tk;st ftu fJj nfijh ftt;Ek j? i' ;okg Bkb rq;h j'Jh j?.##10

ekft-BkN ftu ;/tk, B\os pko/ gfjo/dko BzH 11 fJZE'I sZe efjzdkj? L

;kv/ jo okj s/ B\os d/ goSkt/I

B\os fJ; :[r dk gow Xow tZv T[ùk.

okik goik s'I d[yh, goik oki/ s'I

wktK ~ fyM, n"bkd ;dk G[Zyh j?.11

ekft-BkNeeko ;owkJ/dkoh tor ~ Bot?oh Gkt wkBt dk t?oh nkydkj? fi; dk jkthgB, dpkT[, T[; dh |?o-jk}oh ftu th w}d{o tor #s/ w"i{dj?. w}d{o tor e'b ;/tk-GktBk d/ Bkb nkgD/ ezw gqsh fJwkBdkoh dh GktBkth w"i{d j? Gkt/I nZXk xzNk T[; ~ fJe T[wo tork ikgdk j?. Gkt/I ;/tk GktBk~ T[j Gko ;wMdk j?, B\os ~ nfXeko nkydk j? fco th T[; dh u/sBk ~fJj ;'Mh j? fe @n;hI gfjo/dko T[ekJh w{b Bk ykJhJ/.# Gkt T[j e'Jh rbshBjhI eo ;edk. T[; dh M[zibkjN, w?I sVg fBoh, w?E'I fNfenk Bk ikt/, fJe i{Bfijk nX-fwzN phs u[Zek j?---jkbhI she th Bk nkfJnk Bzpo 15, nkfd GktK ~,d'tK gfjo/dkoK dh wkBf;esk ~ ekft-BkNeeko B/ pj[s ]{{p;{osh Bkb g/F ehskj?. fJBQK d'tK gfjo/dkoK dh ;'u ftu nzso T[BQK dh T[wo ftu \oe j'D eoe/th j?. ekft-BkNeeko B/ Bot?o Fesh Gkt ;owkJ/dkoh tor okjhI dZf;nk j?fe fJj Fesh wB[Zy dk BkF eoB dh ;woZEk jh BjhI oZydh ;r'I Xosh dh


T[gikT{ Fesh #s/ th Gko{ j[zdh j?.

n;hI toswkB s'I S'jb/, s/} GftZy s'I'

n;hI c[ZbK dh y[Fp' s'I th ;{]wso

ekft-BkNeeko Bot?o Fesh d/ ftBkFekoh o{g d/ Bkb T[; d/ T[;ko{o{g #s/ th ukBD gkT[Idk j? feT[Ife fJ; Fesh s'I Xosh ~ y[Fjkb pDkT[D ftuwdd fwb ;edh j?.

i/ nky/I sK p/o[Zs/ c[b T[rkJhJ/

Xosh d/ b[e/ }yho/ eZY fbnkJhJ/

bk ;/tk ;k~ jZfsnk s/ Bk bkthI.

fJzM fJj fBot?o Fesh eJh o{gK ftu gqrN j'Jh j? fit/I ;kwokih iK;owkJ/dkoh tor s/ ftfrnkBe ekYK d/ wko{ s/ T[;ko{ gZyK d'jK ~ jh ;kekoehsk frnk j?. ekft-BkNeeko ftfrnkBe ftek; dk fJe ;[u/s b/ye j? fi;B/ fJ; Fesh d/ Bekokswe ns/ ;ekokswe d'jK gZyK ~ gqrNkfJnk j?. nzdo'Ink ojhnK ntk}K okjhI Fesh d/ ftnkge o{g ~ nB/eK gq;zr ftu o{gwkB ehskfrnk j? fit/I L

j/ fte u[Ze/ wkBt, j/ nkfrnkekoh

w/o/ th nkb/-d[nkb/ y'b, j[ew dk

go Fesh ;dk j[ew ftu pZM Bk ;e/

Fesh dk ;dk ;[Gkn j? ;op-T[bzxD.14

ftfrnkBe Fesh dk ;op-T[bzxD o{gh ;[Gkn ns/ j[ew ftu pZfMnkBk ofjDk wB[Zyh dh ;d-tos'I ns/ d[o-tos'I #s/ fBoGo eodk j?. fJzM Feshdk ekb/, ;c/d, bkb s/ ghb/ dotk}/ ftu ikD dk T[gokbk eoBk th gqshekswej?. ghb/ dotk}/ d/ y[ZbQD ns/ pzd j'D dh ;N/ih gqfeqnk Bkb gfjbk n?eN;wkgs j[zdk j?. fJ; Fesh d/ f;oiDjko ikd{ro gkso dh wkBf;e go/FkBh dhnt;Ek ftu d{ik n?eN nkozG j[zdk j? i' fJe ftfrnkBh j? ns/ wko{ jfEnkoKdk f;oie j?. T[; B/ fJ; wko{ Fesh dh f;oiDk sK eo fdZsh go T[j nkgjh fJ; wko{ Fesh d/ Bekokswe gZy s'I gqGkfts j?. T[j gkso ebgBk tb t/y/ pr?o jh p/u?Bh, p/eokoh s/ nksw-ftobkg dh ;[o nbkgdk j?. fJj wko{Fesh T[; T[̀s/ fJ; edo jkth j? fe T[; ~ j}ko nkFBk th u?B d/D d/ ;wZoEBjhI j?. fit/I L

nihp w/oh f}zdrh dk f;roNh ;[nkd j?

ed/ w?I X[y e/ G[o gtK


ed/ w?I ;[br e/ G[o gtK.15

fJe ftfrnkBh j'D d/ pkti{d th T[j nzdo'I y'ybk j?. T[j wkBf;es"o #s/ fJBQK p/u?B j' u[fenk j? fe @ebgBk# fijh Bkoh d/ ;kE ftu th T[; ~u?B BjhI. T[; dk ebgBk ~ BF/ ftu tZy tZy BktK Bkb fgnko Bkb s/ ed/fyZM e/ p[bkT[Dk fit/I ezuBh, ebzeBh, d[jkrDh, ;[bzeBh, ;[nzrBh nkfd.

T[j e[dosh B}kfonK s'I vodk j? fit/I -- fssbhnK s'I sqGeDk, ;zfXnks'I ;zrDk, nkgD/ pZu/ pko/ ;[D e/ j'o p/u?B j' e/ j'o j}ko nkFBk dh wzr eoBknkfd n?;/ T[dkjoB jB i' T[; d/ nzsowB ftu wko{ Fesh d/ ftBkFekoh gqGkatK~ T[ikro eod/ jB. T[j toswkB s'I go/FkB j? ns/ GftZy s'I xpokT[Idk j?.T[; dh fJ; ftBkFekoh ;'u dk ;p{s T[;dh nkgDh nzdobh M[zibkjN ns/xpokjN j?. j}ko nksFk ns/ ikd{ro d/ j/mb/ tkoskbkg s'I T[; dh p/u?Bh,p/eokoh s/ fuzsk ~ p]{ph g/F ehsk frnk j?.

n}ko nksFk L j}ko nksFk th id B fdb dh nZr p[Mk ;e/

@fe j'o nksFk th j?

ej' sK T[j fgbk fdnK#

fJZE/ ekft-BkNeeko B/ ikd{ro s/ j}ko nksFk dh tkosk okjhI p/dod,o[Zy/, nzdo'I y'yb/ ns/ ftBkFekoh ;'u th tkb/ ni'e/ ftfrnkBe :[Zr d/ wB[ZyhwB dh n;bh s;tho gq;s[s eoB dk :sB ehsk j?. ekft-BkNe ftu p[ZXyhd/ ftBkFekoh o{g s/ GktBk d/ f;oie o{g dh s[bBk ekftwJh Yzr Bkb j[zdhj?. fJ; soQK dhnK ftBkFekoh FeshnK ~ j'Id ftu fbnkT[D tkbh ikd{rogksoK torh Fq/Dh th fJ; d/ fteokb o{g s'I BjhI pu ;edh. nfijh Fesh s'Id[FwB dk jh BjhI ;r'I nkgfDnK dk th xkD j[zdk j?. J/Bh GNeD ns/ M[zibkjNd/ pkti{d th eth B/ ekft-BkNe ftu GktBk ~ ftF/F wjZst fdZsk j?. ikd{rons/ j}ko nksFk d/ tkoskbkg eth d/ e[dos pko/ gZe/ ftFtk; dh g[FNh eod/jB. j}kop nksFk ns/ ikd{to dh GktwJh ;fEsh d"okB jh gfjo/dko BzH 12Bot?o Fesh dk ;zd/F ;[DkT[Idk j?L

BzH 12 L BtK i' nkdwh dk t?o nZi ;kfink s[;K

T[j j[ew ftu Bk pZMdk, T[bzxDk s/ nk frnk.

n;b ftu fJj tkoskbkg Fesh d/ ftBkFekoh o{g ~ gqrNkT[Id/ jBekft-BkNe d/ nzs ftu eth fBokFtkdh B}o BjhI nkT[Idk. fssbhnK ~ ;[szsoskd/ fuzBQ ti'I g/F eoe/ ftfrnkBe Fesh d/ wko{ s/ T[;ko{ d'jK gZyK ~ ;Bw[yoZy e/ wB[Zy ~ u'D eoB dh S'N th fdZsh j?. fJ; bJh Fesh d/ ftBkFekoh


gZy Bkb'I ftek; ns/ T[;koh d/ ezw b?D/ ukjhd/ jB ns/ wB[Zy fto'Xh ;fEsh gqshssgo ofjDk ukjhdk j?. fit/I ebgBk d/ fJj Fpd L

ebgBk L w?I nk ojh pokB s'I bJh \;b dk rhs b?

s{z wK ~ ej[ B v'bQ jzM{ nk]oh T[vhe dk

;' ikd{ro s/ ebgBk gkso d' tZyohnK fdqFNhnK d/ XkoBh jB. ikd{ro;E{b gdkoEtkdh j? Gkt wB[Zyh foFfsnK ~ gdkoEe Fesh Bkb i'VBH dk gqshej?. ebgBk gkso gftZso ;zpzXK dh gqshe j?. ikd{ro ni'e/ wB[Zy dh nzdobh;fEsh d/ y'yb/gB dk XkoBh j? idfe ebgBk dh d[Bhnk nkFktkdh j?. ikd{roGkt/I ftfrnkBh j? go wB[Zyh GktK s'I ;ZyDk j? vkH ;sgkb e"o nB[;ko ekft-BkN d/ gfjb/ n?eN d/ gksoK dh nkg;h rbpks ns/ Bo;w{j Bkb BkNeh-;ztkds'I p"fXesk dh Mbe ;k\ B}o nkT[Idh j?. d{i/ n?eN ftu ikd{ro dk ebgBkgqsh f}nkdk Gkt[e j' ikDk T[; d/ nu/s wB nzdo p?m/ vo ekoB jh j?.19

vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ fJ; ouBk ftu ftfrnkB d/ wBZ[yh ihtB s/ gJ/gqGktK ~ ;{yw Yzr Bkb T[;kfonk j?. T[; dh wB'ftfrnkBe ;{M pj[s ewkbdh j? ns/ ;{yw GktK ~ T[; dh ebgBk ;keko eodh iKdh j?. j/mbhnK s[eKftu eth B/ wkBtsk dk fezBk ;[jDk ftFb/FDkswe s/ wB'ftfrnkBe Neokng/F ehsk j?.

p[ZbK s/ b? e/ ;kfiF fijh ]w'Fh

eh u[zw ;e/rk p[ZbQ, pkb nkgD/ d/

eh u[zw ;e/rk p[ZbQ, p'b fiBQK d/

w/xK d/ czp/ fit/I T[F/oK ozr/ L

@w?I# tZvk j' e/ rhs fbyKrk, gkgk

@@w?I# tZvk j' e/ fusq ouKrk, v?vh.#20

T[go'es ;soK fiZE/ ftfrnkB s/ wkBt d/ Neokn ~ g/F eodhnK jBT[̀E/ jh ekft-BkNeeko dh fpjpbsk dh B}oh g?Idh j?. ;koh ftuko-uouk s'I;gFN j? fe ekft-BkNe ni'e/ wB[Zy d/ foFfsnK ftubk sDkn, y'ybkgB,GNeDk, ftfrnkBe Fesh d/ wko{ gqGktK ~ gqshekwe Yzr Bkb g/F eodk j?ns/ BKb jh fJ; ;wZf;nk dk jZb th dZ;dk j?. fssbhnK dh ;[szsosk fJ;lrZb dk gqshe jB fe i/ wB[Zy B/ wko{ jfEnkoK dh ouBk ehsh j? sK fJ; s'Iw[es j'D dk okj th T[; B/ nkg jh bZGDk j?. ekft-BkN ftu g/F ;wZf;nkf;o\ g/F gksoK dh ftneshrs ;wZf;nk BjhI j? pbfe ;op-;KMh ;wZf;nk j?i' fe ftFt gZXo #s/ g;oh j'Jh j?. ;' fiZE/ fJ; ekft-BkN dk ftFk ekft-r[DK


Gog{o eftsk ftu fBGkfJnk frnk j?, T[È/ tkX{ ebgBk d/ pkti{d th ;wZf;nkt;s{ :EkoE Bkb f;ZX/ o{g ftu ;zpzfXs j?.

jtkb/ Ljtkb/ Ljtkb/ Ljtkb/ Ljtkb/ L

1H wBihs gkb e'o, @gzikph ekft-BkN dk nfXn?B#, r[o{ BkBe d/t:{Bhtof;Nh, nzfwqs;o, 1989, gzBk-10

2H ofizdo e"o, @gzikph ekft-BkNe L ftfGzB gfog/y#, tkfo; Fkj \kT[v/FB,nzfwqs;o 2015, gzBk-168

3H T[jh, gzBk-1684H gq'H nkswihs f;zx nwo, @r[ofdnkb f;zx c[Zb dh BkN ebk#, nw'b

;kfjs gqekFB, nzfwqs;o, 1973, (r[ouoB f;zx d/ jtkb/ Bkb) gzBk-55

5H jfoGiB f;zx, @w/oh ekft-:ksok#, Bt:[Zr gpfbFo} fdZbh, 2003 gzBk-54

6H wBihs gkb e"o, @gzikph ekft-BkN dk nfXn?B#, gzBk-2527H jfoGiB f;zx, @w/oh ekft-:ksok#, gzBk-548H T[jh, gzBk-569H T[jh, gzBk-6110H wBihs gkb e"o, @gzikph ekft-BkN dk nfXn?B#, gzBk-25411H jfoGiB f;zx, @w/oh ekft_-:ksok, gzBk-5612H T[jh, gzBk-5713H T[jh, gzBk-5814H T[jh, gzBk-6115H T[jh, gzBk-6516H T[jh, gzBk-6917H T[jh, gzBk-7518H T[jh, gzBk-7719H ;sgkb e"o, gzikph ekft-BkN dk gfog/y, gzBk-10020H jfoGiB f;zx, w/oh ekft-:ksok, gzBk62

õõõ


jfoGiB f;zx dhnK ;kfjsjfoGiB f;zx dhnK ;kfjsjfoGiB f;zx dhnK ;kfjsjfoGiB f;zx dhnK ;kfjsjfoGiB f;zx dhnK ;kfjsFk;soh nzsofdqFNhnKFk;soh nzsofdqFNhnKFk;soh nzsofdqFNhnKFk;soh nzsofdqFNhnKFk;soh nzsofdqFNhnK

vkH wBw'jBvkH wBw'jBvkH wBw'jBvkH wBw'jBvkH wBw'jB

gzikph ;kfjs Fk;soh fdqFNh dk X[zdbk fijkw[jKdok r'gkb f;zx dodh dh ;kfjs dh goy;kfjs dh goy;kfjs dh goy;kfjs dh goy;kfjs dh goy (1950) dhnkwd Bkb ;keko j[zdk j?. gzikph d/ pj[s ;ko/ ftdtkBKdk wzBDk j? fe dodh B/ pj[s ;kohnK nzsofdqFNhnKvpfb:{H n?ØuH jv;B dh feskp An Introduction to the

study of Literature @u doi ;{soK @s/ nkXkfos jB.T[j fJBQK nzsofdqFNhnK okjh_ ;kfjs, ;kfjs d/ fJfsjk;,;kfjs f;XKs ns/ ;kfjs nkb'uBk dk nbZr nbZr gfukD;Ekfgs eodk j? i' fe T[;d/ gfjbK d/ gozgoktkdh ;kfjsgkoy{nK e'b |?ojkf}o ;h. dodh B/ fJBQK fGzB fGzBnB[Fk;BK, f;XKse nwbK ns/ ;o'ekoK gqsh u/sBk dkgfou: eotkfJnk. ;kfjs d/ wB'oE, eftsk d/ j[Bo, Bktb,BkNe, ejkDh, b/y nkfd ftXktK ;zpzXh ft;sko ;kfjs uoukehsh rJh j? i' gzikph ;kfjs d/ Fk;so B{z nkX[fBegfog/y @u ;Ekfgs eoB tZb tZvk T[Zdw ;h.

fJ; s' _ pknd ;zs f;zx ;/y' _ dh feskp;kfjfsnkoE;kfjfsnkoE;kfjfsnkoE;kfjfsnkoE;kfjfsnkoE(1957) gqekfFs j[zdh j?. fJ; dhnK ;kfjsenzsofdqFNhnK ekft gqfefonk dh ftnkfynk sZe ;hws jB.fJ; ftu eftsk eh j?, eftsk ns/ nB[Gt, Gkt[esk,T[gGkt[esk, nbzeko, Szd, X[Bh, fpzp, o; s/ fuzBQ ftXkB,eftsk s/ gqfeosh, eftsk ns/ ;z;feqsh, eftsk ns/ nkb'uBk,eftsk s/ ftfrnkB, eftsk s/ ebk nkfd ftfFnK dhftnkfynk gZSwh ekft Fk;so ]k; eo e/ feq;N'co ekvt?Øbdh feskp Illusion and Reality f;rwzv cokfJv dhThe Origin of Religion ns/ Gkosw[Bh d/ BkN: Fk;soBkN: Fk;soBkN: Fk;soBkN: Fk;soBkN: Fk;sons/ Gkosh o; gozgok #u'_ gqkgs nzso fdqFNhnK okjh_ eodk


j?. ;[fszdo f;zx B{o nkgDh feskp ;wekbh ;kfjs ;ztkd ;wekbh ;kfjs ;ztkd ;wekbh ;kfjs ;ztkd ;wekbh ;kfjs ;ztkd ;wekbh ;kfjs ;ztkd #u ;kfjfsnkoE;kfjfsnkoE;kfjfsnkoE;kfjfsnkoE;kfjfsnkoEpko/ fbydk j? fe gzikph d/ fJfsjk; ftu fJj gfjbh rzGho g[;se j?, i' ;kfjsf;XKsK dh rZb eoB bJh ftfrnkBe ftXh th ngDkT[_dh j? ns/ GkFk th ekfJweodh j?.

;/y'_ s'_ pknd nso f;zx nkgDhnK g[;seK fdqFNhe'DfdqFNhe'DfdqFNhe'DfdqFNhe'DfdqFNhe'D (1963) s/;wdoFB;wdoFB;wdoFB;wdoFB;wdoFB (1975) @u NhH n?;H JhbhnN dh feskp The Sacred Wood ns/b/y ¿Tradition and Individual Talent” s'_ ns/ v/ftv v/fF} dh feskp Critical

Approaches to Literature s'_ nzsofdqFNhnK gqkgs eodk j?. ;kfjs d/Fk;so B{z ;Ekfgs eoB fjZs nso f;zx ;kfjs ns/ ;fGnkuko B{z ;wkfiefJfsjk;e gfog/y s'_ ;wMdk j?. gozgok ns/ gozgoktkd ns/ nkX[fBe ns/nkX[fBetkd d/ Bkb Bkb gozgok ns/ nkXfBesk d/ nkg;h ;zpzXK B{z ;wM, s[bBke/ t/yD ns/ ;kfjs B{z fJfsjk; d/ gfog/y @u d/yD fij/ o[MkB g?dk eodk j?.

fJ; gfofdqF ftu jfoGiB f;zx nkgDhnK fbysK okjh_ gqt/F eo gzikph;kfjs Fk;so T[;koD dk :sB eodk j?. T[;dhnK gqw[Zy g[;seK jBl nfXnBnfXnBnfXnBnfXnBnfXnBs/ nfXnkgB (1970), w[Zb s/ w[bKeD (1972), ;kfjs Fk;so (1973),s/ nfXnkgB (1970), w[Zb s/ w[bKeD (1972), ;kfjs Fk;so (1973),s/ nfXnkgB (1970), w[Zb s/ w[bKeD (1972), ;kfjs Fk;so (1973),s/ nfXnkgB (1970), w[Zb s/ w[bKeD (1972), ;kfjs Fk;so (1973),s/ nfXnkgB (1970), w[Zb s/ w[bKeD (1972), ;kfjs Fk;so (1973),;kfjs f;XKs (1973), gkorkwh (1976), ouBk ;zouBk (1977), o{geh;kfjs f;XKs (1973), gkorkwh (1976), ouBk ;zouBk (1977), o{geh;kfjs f;XKs (1973), gkorkwh (1976), ouBk ;zouBk (1977), o{geh;kfjs f;XKs (1973), gkorkwh (1976), ouBk ;zouBk (1977), o{geh;kfjs f;XKs (1973), gkorkwh (1976), ouBk ;zouBk (1977), o{geh(1977), ;kfjs ftfrnkB (1978), f;;Nwh (1979), ;kfjs nfXn?B(1977), ;kfjs ftfrnkB (1978), f;;Nwh (1979), ;kfjs nfXn?B(1977), ;kfjs ftfrnkB (1978), f;;Nwh (1979), ;kfjs nfXn?B(1977), ;kfjs ftfrnkB (1978), f;;Nwh (1979), ;kfjs nfXn?B(1977), ;kfjs ftfrnkB (1978), f;;Nwh (1979), ;kfjs nfXn?B(1978) ns/ gsoKibh (1981)(1978) ns/ gsoKibh (1981)(1978) ns/ gsoKibh (1981)(1978) ns/ gsoKibh (1981)(1978) ns/ gsoKibh (1981) jB.

;kfjs f;XKs s/ Fk;so pko/ T[j nkgDh feskp ;kfjs Fk;so;kfjs Fk;so;kfjs Fk;so;kfjs Fk;so;kfjs Fk;so (1973)ftu nkgDhnK pj[s ;kohnK nzsofdqFNhnK vpfb:{H n?Øu jv;B dh feskp An

Introduction to the study of Literature ns/ o?B/ t?be ns/ n;NB tko/Bdh feskp Theory of Literature ftu'_ rqfjD eodk j?. fJ; ftu T[;B/ ;kfjsdh ;kfjsesk ns/ ;kfjs ;zouBk B{z fdqFNh @u oZy ;kfjs eh j? < ;kfjs dhgqfeosh eh j? < ;kfjs dk gq:'iB eh j? < fJ;d/ Bkb jh T[j gfjbh tko ;kfjsFk;soh fdqFNh s'_ ;kfjs d/ f;XKs, nkb'uBk ns/ ;kfjs dh fJfsjk;ekoh @u gZSwh]k; eoe/ o?B/ t?be ns/ nk;NB tko/B dh feskp @u'_ eFhd/ ftukoK B{z fXnkB @uoZy fJBQK ;zebgK ns/ nB[Fk;BK dh tZyosk dh gSkD ;Ekfgs eodk j?. joGiBf;zx GkNhnk dk efjDk j? fe jfoGiB f;zx d/ ;kfjs f;XKs fuzsB @u fszB;zebg ¿;kfjs Fk;soÀ, ¿;kfjs f;XKsÀ ns/ ¿;kfjs ftfrnkBÀ gqkgs jB. T[jfJe dkoFfBe tKr fdqF fgZS/ b[eh fdqFNh dh Gkb eoB dh pikJ/ nfXn?B-t;s{d/ j'D-:EkoE ns/ T[;dh sfj ftu ezw eod/ B/wK$i[rsK dh Gkb eodk j?.;kfjs ftfrnkB B{z gfoGkFs eod/ j'J/ T[; fbfynk j? fe ;kfjs ftfrnkB ihtBiK ¿pzdÀ ;z;ko j?. n;b ftu fJj fBo'b ;zdK dk ;z;ko j?̂ GkFk ftfrnkBhGkFk dh ;zouBk tZb o[fus j[zdk j? T[;dh ;koEesk tZb Bjh_, fJt/_ jh ;kfjsftfrnkBh gqtuB d/ ftnkeoD tZb o[fus j[zdk j?, T[;dh ;koEesk tZb Bjh_.


;kfjs nfXn?B;kfjs nfXn?B;kfjs nfXn?B;kfjs nfXn?B;kfjs nfXn?B (1979) g[;se @u jfoGiB f;zx d/ T[j b/y Fkfwb jBi' T[BQK B/ 1978 @u r[o{ BkBe d/t :{Bhtof;Nh @u ftf}fNzr gq'\?;o ti'_ fdZs/.w?fET{ nkoBbv nkgDh g[;se Essays in Criticism @u ;kfjs nkb'uBk d/gq:'iB dk uouk eod/ j'J/ d' gqw[Zy gZy dZ;dk j? ftnkfynk (Interpertation) ns/w[bKeD (Evaluation). fJzi nkb'uBk dk w{b B[esk jh fJj j? fe ;kfjsftnkfynk:'r ns/ w[bKeD:'r j?. fJ; g[;se d/ fszB wjZstg{oD gZy jB. fJ;@u ;kfjs, r[opkDh ns/ ns/ GkFk dh gqfeosh B{z ftF/F s"o @s/ ;gFN ehsk frnkj?. ;kfjs nfXn?B dk ;kok nkXko GkFk ftfrnkB, GkFk wkvb ns/ GkFk i[rsKjB. ¿;kfjs L d[i?bh f;oiDkÀ tkb/ b/y @u dZf;nk frnk j? fe wB[Zy f;oiDkokjh_ jh t;s{ ;z;ko B{z ;wMdk j?. gqfeose irs gqkEfwe f;oiDk j? ns/ebkswe ouBk d[i?bh f;oiDk. d[i?bh f;oiDk frnkB th fdzdh j? ns/ nkBzdth. gqkEfwe ns/ d[i?bh d/ fBy/V/ dk nkXko j?l o{gKsoD. ;kfjs f;oiDk d[i?bhf;oiDk th j? ns/ o{gkswe, fujBkswe ns/ ;zukokswe th. id'_ jfoGiB f;zxfJj efjzdk j? GkFk fBo'b ouBk j?. gqkEfwe ns/ d[i?bh dk p[fBnkdh fBy/Vk j?jh t;s{ s/ o{g dk sK T[j f;ZX/ s"o @s/ codhBKd ;kf;T{o dh feskp Course

in General Linguistics B{z nkXko pDk fojk j[zdk j?. ;kfjs d/ T[gob/ uko;[GktK T[gozs fJj fBoDk }o{oh j? fe t;s{ irs ns/ ;kfjs irs ftukeogqshfpzp ;zpzX feZE'_ sZe wzBD:'r j?. jfoGiB f;zx id'_ efjzdk j? fe fJj ;zpzXo{gKsoD dk j? Bk fe gqshfpzp dk sK T[j frnkwpfs;sk the' dh feskp The

New Science s'_ nzso fdqFNh rqfjD eo fojk j[zdk j? fi; @u the' efjzdk j?fe wB[Zy UBk e[ jh ;wM ;edk j? fiBk e[ T[j f;oidk j? ns/ f;oiDk t;s{dk j{ p j{ toskok Bjh_. ¿;kfjs niBpheoDÀ tkb/ b/y @u o{;h o{gtkdhFeb't;eh B{z nkXko pDk e/ niBpheoD pko/ efjzdk j? gqsZyD id'_ nkdsh o{gXko bt/ sK ;t?ukfbs j' iKd?. ebk dk wzst gqsZyD dh fefonk g?dk eoBk j?.niBpheoD wekBeh ;t?ukbD dk fto'X j?. ebkswe niBpheoD jh BtK gqsZyDg?dk eod?. @;kfjs :'rsk# dh rZb eofdnK T[j ;kfjs :'rsk ns/ GkFk :'rskB{z ;wo{g d/ydk j?. @w"fye ;kfjs ns/ fbys ;kfjs# pko/ T[;dk efjDk fe b'e;kfjs ns/ fbys ;kfjs d't/_ jh ;kfjs jB go fJBQK @u Xow dk nzso j?.@rbg dh tk;sftesk# @u T[j id'_ gVQB:'r ns/ fbyD:'r ;kfjs dh rZb eod?sK T[j nB[Gt, ;[o, ihtB ftXh ns/ g/Fekoh pko/ nzsofdqFNhnK o'bK pkoE dhfeskp The Pleasure of the Text @u'_ b?_dk j?. ;kfjs ;zouBktkd ns/ GkFkftfrnkBe nkXko# @u T[j b?_r g?o'b, g?okfvrw?fNe-f;zN?rw?fNe, vkfJnkeokfBe-f;BeokfBe fij/ ;zebgK B{z ftnkfynkT[D bJh i'BkEB ebo dh feskp Saussure

ns/ Structural Poetics B{z nkXko pDkT[_dk j?.

;kfjs ftfrnkB;kfjs ftfrnkB;kfjs ftfrnkB;kfjs ftfrnkB;kfjs ftfrnkB (1978) jfoGiB f;zx o{;h o{gtkd d/ nzsors ekft


Fk;soh fdqFNh dh sbkF o{g u/sBk ns/ ;[i/s ns/ c?p[bk dk ;zebgK d/ ftnkfynkFk;so okjh_ eodk j?. o{;h o{gtkdh th no;s{ tKr ekft Fk;so dh ;Ekgshnzsozr (Intrinsic) ftXh Bkb eod/ jB. fJ; nkXko @s/ T[j gkm d/ gbkN, gkso,Ehw, w'fN\, gq/oe, gkso ;fEsh, r'_d nkfd i[rsK dh gSkD eod/ jB.@niBpheoD# T[BQK tb'_ gSkDh wjZstg{oD i[rs j?. ekft feos ns/ ekft Fk;sodk w{b nzso t;s{ (Object) ns/ ftF/ (Subject) dk iK t;s{ ns/ ftfrnkB dknzso j?. o{;h o{gtkdhnK dk M[ekn ftfrnkB gqsh ;h. fJ; tk;s/ T[j Nh bhbhwB ns/ i/H w?oh;B tZb'_ ;zgkfds g[;se Russian Formalist Criticism :

Four Esays s'_ nzsofdqFNhnK b?_dk j?. o{g u/sBk dh rZb eofdnK T[j st/iBs'd'o't d/ b/y ¿Some Approach to Russian Formalism” d/ jtkb/ Bkb efjzdkj? fe o{;h o{gtkdh o{g B{z ebk feos dk ;w[Zu iK eZ[b wzBd/ jB T[;dk nzr iKnzF Bjh_. T[BQK B{z dt?sh fdqFNh ;fteko Bjh_. t;s{ ns/ GKv/ B{z tzvD tkb/ o{gs/ t;s{ d/ fto'X B{z nDT[fus ;wMd/ ;B. ;[i/s s/ c/p[bk B{z Ugoh B}o/ eEkBe(gbkN) ns/ eEk (ejkDh) dk gfonkfJ jh gqshs j[zd/ jB. ;[i/s s/ c/p[bk dh rZbgfjbh tko Feb't;eh B/ ehsh. T[j ;[i/s B{z c?p[bk s'_ tyfonkT[_dk j?. c/p[bkxNBktK dh bVh j? i' ;w/_ ftu c?bh ns/ ekoi-ekoD d/ ;zpzXK @u pZMh j[zdh j?.foj f}zdrh dk ikfDnk gSkfDnK g?NoB j[zdh j?. Feb't;eh ¿Russian Formalism”

@u efjzdk j? fe ;kfjs f}zdrh dk niBphfeqs fuZso j?. fJ; bJh ;[i/s @u ;w/_ ns/ekoi-ekoD d'jK dk eqw s'V fdZsk iKdk j?.

gokr ;e{b dh ;kfjs Fk;so B{z d/D ;zpzXh T[j gqekoih F?bh-;zebg dkBkb Bkb fwnkoh GkFk ns/ ekft GkFk dk fBy/Vk eodk j?. jfoGiB f;zx nB[;kogqekoih F?bh B{z t;s{-o{g dh dt?sw[yh fdqFNh s'_ t/yhJ/ sK gqekoi t;s{ Bkb;zpzfXs j? o{g Bkb Bjh_. ;' gqekoih F?bh t;s{ okjh_ f;ofink o{g j?. e'Jh thT[esh dh gqekoih fJekJh nkgD/ t;s{ ekoD jh pdbh j?. o{;h o{gtkdhnK B/ o{g;zpzXh i' ndt?sh ;zebg g/F ehsk gokr ;e{b B/ T[;/ B{z jh ;fteko ehsk.gqekoih (t;s{) F?bh (o{g) ;zebg t;s{-o{g-ndt?s T[go nkXkfos j?. fwnkoh GkFkns/ ekft GkFk d/ nzso pko/ w[eko't;eh d/ jtkb/ Bkb jfoGiB f;zx ;Ekfgseodk j? fe ekft GkFk @u ;t? ukbB (automatisation) ns/ nro G{wB(Foregrounding) dk nfBZyV ;zpzX j?, fJ; bJh fwnkoh gqshwkB dh fteqsh ouBk bJhbk}wh Fos j?. T[j fJ;B{z fwnkoh GkFk s'_ gokjB (daviation) th efjzdk j?.

iowB dkoFfBe fJw?B[nb eKs d/ jtkb/ Bkb jfoGiB f;zx ;[jiftt/e ns/ ebk ftt/e d/ fBy/V/ B{z ;gFN eodk j?. eKs nB[;ko ;[ji ftt/e dhftFtftnkgesk t;s{w{be th j? ns/ ftneshw{be th. i/ fJ; ftt/e dk e'JhfBo'b t;s{w{be nkXko j[zdk sK fJ;dk e'Jh t;s{w{be f;XKs j[zdk. fe;/ t;sdh ;[zdosk-n;[zdosk dk fBoDk fJ;/ f;XKs nB[;ko j[zdk. ;[zdo-n;[zdo dk fBoDk


eoB bJh jo fe;/ B{z fJ;dh bk}wh b'V j[zdh j?. i/ ;[ji-ftt/e fBokftneshw{be j[zdk sK fBoDk nkg' nkgDh g;zd w[skfpe j[zdk j?. ebk ftt/e pko/eKs dk wZs j? fe n;h_ ebk feosK dk nBzd wkBD:'r j' e/ jh gqfeqse ;[jiwkBD d/ :'r j[zd/ jK. i/ wB ebk dk n;hfbnk Bk j't/ sK gqfeose t;sK th;[zdo Bjh_ ikgdhnK. eth ns/ ebkeko gqfeose t;sK d/ wkBD:'r pDkT[_d/ jB.

Btkb'uBk @u ebk ns/ ftfrnkB dk fBy/Vk ;Ekfgs eofdnK GkFk f;XKsns/ ouBk ;zouBk dk nzso ;Ekfgs eodk j?. Btkb'uBk dk th w{b f;XKs eKsfuzsB jh j?. fi;dh w{b ;EkgBk j? fe :EkoE d/ e[M gZy nfij/ th fiBQK B{z ebkwkfXnwK okjh_ jh rqfjD ehsk s/ gqrNkfJnk ik ;ed? . ebk wkfXnw okjh_ i' thrqfjD iK gqrN ehsk ik ;ed? T[;B{z fe;/ ;zbgkswe wkfXnw @u nB[tkfdnk Bjh_ik ;edk. o?B;w dh feskp The New Criticism ftu'_ nzsofdqFNh b?IfdnKjfoGiB f;zx fJj ;Ekfgs eoB dk :sB eodk j? fe ebk dk ;wki ftu pjstZvk o'b j?. Btnkb'ue T[; gqsh T[dk;hB Bjh_. go T[j ekft B{z nkgD/ j'D-:EkoE B{z ftfrnkB, B?fsesk, ftjkoesk nkfd s'_ fBy/Vd/ jB. ekft dk eosZtT[;d/ nkgD/ ftbZyD j'D-:EkoE ftu j?. fJj nd[Zsh gqeko dk frnkB j?. wB[ZyhnB[Gt d/ w[ezwb frnkB bJh fJ;dh J/Bh_ jh wjZssk j? fizBh fe ftfrnkB,doFB, fJfsjk; iK ftjko dh.

jfoGiB f;zx dh ;Ekgsh j? fe Bt'buBk dk e/_do fpzd{ T[;dk GkFkf;XKs j?. ;kfjs GkFk ;w{os tZb o[fus j?, i' nw{osB d/ n?B fto'X @u j?.Btkb'ue GkFk dk ;w{os tZb o[fus jB. ;w{os GkFk t;s{ B{z ;zxD/ s/pj[noEe o{g @u g/F eodh j?. Btkb'ue ekft ouBk dh gq;zr-;kg/y-;w{ospj[noEh GkFk B{z B?fsesk dh fdqFNh s'_ d/yd/ jB. fJ;/ bJh o?B;w ethnK B{z;bkj fdzdk fe ftnzr dh xN tos'_ eoB. fJ;/ soQK jfoGiB f;zx ftbhnw e/H ftw;?N ns/ ebhBE po[e dh feskp Literary Criticism -A Short History

ftu'_ e[M nzsofdqFNhnK fit/_ @o{ge# @ftnkge ns/ ftF/F# @N/Y# BkNeh T[esh(loading) ns/ ftvZzGDk (Irony), @fto'XkGk;# fij/ ;zebgK d/ nkXko @s/ GkFk f;XKsT[;kodk j?. n?bB N/N s'_ bJh sDkU dh nzsofdqFNh d/ nkXko @s/ jfoGiB f;zxGkFk d/ nfGXk gZy B{z pkjoh sDkU ns/ beFDk iK ftnziBk gZy B{z T[;d/ nzdobksDkU efjzdk j?. n?bB N/N dk efjDk j? fe eftsk nB[Gt B{z rqfjD eodh j?T[;dh ftnkfynk Bjh_ eodh. T[j pb?ewo d/ GkFk i?;uo (gesture) dh th rZbeodk j? fe GkFk d/ nzdob/ iK ebfgs noEK B{z @i?;uo# pkjow[yh ns/ BkNehnzdk} @u gqrNkT[_dk j?.

;zouBk ns/ ouBk d/ ;zpzXK dh rZb fco jfoGiB f;zx o?B;w dh feskpThe New Criticism d/ gq;zr @u eodk j'fJnk efjzdk j? fe ;zouBk ouBk d/nko gko c?fbnk soe j?. ouBk dh soshp ns/ ;/X ;zouBk d/ ekoD pDh ofjzdh


j?. ;zouBk ouBk d/ nw{os ftnkge (Universal) Bkb ;pzfXs j? ns/ ouBkT[;d/ ;w{os ftF/ (particular) Bkb. ftfrnkB dh ouBk iK p[Dsh Bjh_ j[zdhfeT[_fe T[;B{z ftF/F sZs dh b'V Bjh_ j[zdh.

:K gkb ;koso d/ @ekft ;zpzXh ftuko#, @gqshpZXsk ns/ tkosel ns/@;kfjs gVQB fbyD dk ekoi# d/ ekoi pko/ nzsofdqFNhnK jfoGiB f;zx ;kosodh coKf;;h @s'_ poBkov cq?uw?B (Bernord Frechtman) tb'_ nB[tkd ehsh feskpWhat is Literature @u'_ b?_dk j?. T[; nB[;ko ;koso @gqshpZX# ;kfjs dk jkwh;h go T[j eftsk B{z gqshpZXsk d/ x/o/ @u'_ pkjo oZydk j?. ekft dk ;[Gkn fuZso,w{osh ns/ ;zrhs tork j? fJ; gk;'_ gqshpZXsk dh nk; oZyDk T[fus Bjh_. T[;dkefjDk j? fe ;wkie eq'X, okiBhse fxoDk ;ZG ekft ouBk d/ nkXko jB go fJjeftsk @u T[t/_ Bjh_ gqrNkJ/ rJ/ fit/_ fe;/ g?_cbN @u gqrNkJ/ rJ/ j[zd/ jB. eftskftu fJj Gkt t;sK pD iKd/ jB. T[j FpdK s'_ goQK Gkt Bjh_ j[zd/, FpdK T[goT[eo/, FpdK ftu ;wkJ/ Gkt j[zd/ jB. eftsk, nyho @s/ nkgD/ Gkt dk BK Bjh_dZZ;dh Gkt g/F eo fdzdh j?, nkg Gkt j' iKdh j?. @gqshpZXsk ns/ tkose# pko/;koso efjzdk j? fe gqshpZXsk Gkt/_ tkose bJh okyth_ j? sK th fJj ;E{b fe;wdh w{zjcZN gqshpZXsk Bjh_. T[j gqshpZXsk B{z ;E{b nkswk dh gZXo @s/ T[skodk j?.;kfjs @u g?|kw pko/ T[;dk efjDk j? fe ;kfjs dk g?|kw sK fJe nkswk j? i't;s{ o{g @u Yb rJh j?. ;koso okjh_ jfoGiB f;zx ;kfjs gVQB d/ ekoi pko/efjzdk j? fe gVQBk gqsZyD ns/ f;oiD dk ;[w/b j?. ;koso fJ; wZs Bkb ;fjwsBjh_ fe fbyDk f;oiD j? ns/ gVQBk g[Bo-f;oiD. T[;dk wZs j? gVQBk nkgDhsoQK dk f;oiD j?, ]kw'FhnK dk f;oiD. b/ye dh :ksok ]kw'Fh s'_ Fpd tZb dhj? ns/ gkme dh Fpd s'_ ]kw'Fh tZb dh.

jfoGiB f;zx @GkFe fujB# B{z ;wMD bJh w[V ;'f;T{o d/ Course in

General Linguistics @u'_ nzsofdqFNhnK b?_dk j? fi; nB[;ko GkFk-fujBnkgj[dok j?. go GkFe fujB f;o\ nkgj[d/ Bjh_, pbfe f;;Nw @u pZM/ fujBjB. @nkgj[do/gB# gZy'_ sK GkFk ;[szso j? ns/ wBwo}h nB[;ko ouh ik ;edh j?go f;;Nw gZy'_ d/yhJ/ sK GkFk fB;fus skofee f;XKs j?.

@;zouBk# ns/ @;zouBktkd# d/ XkoDktK dh ftnkfynk bJh T[j ebkv b?th;sqk; dh feskp Structural Anthropology ns/ o'bK pkoE dh feskpElement of Semiology s'_ nzsofdqFNhnK b?_dk j'fJnk bKr$gko'b (T[uko$GkFk), fujB$fujBe$fujBs, fJekbe$d[ekbe, g?okvkfJw$f;BNkJhw fij/ ;zebgKdh ftnkfynk eodk j'fJnk efjzdk j? fe ;zouBk ;zpzXK dk ;zrqfj j?. fJ;d/ nzr-nzF fJe d{i/ Bkb fJ; soQK ;zpzfXs jB fe ;w[Zu ekoiFhb j' ;e/. e[b ns/ i[},ekoi ns/ ;zpzX ;zouBktkd dhnK gSkBD:'r fJekJhnK jB. go e/tb fJj


fJekJhnK fwNk d/D Bkb ;zouBk dh ftnkfynk Bjh_ j' ;edh. jo t;s{ ;zouBkj? id'_ T[;dk nfXn?B f;;Nw dh fdqFNh s'_ j[zdk j?. ;zouBktkd fe;/ t;s{ iKfefonk j/m ezw eod/ eqw-B/w eK soshp B{z sbkFDk j?. fJ;dk fJj Gkt Bjh_fe e'Jh pfDnk pDksk eqw-B/w t;s{ :EkoE @s/ nko'fgs eo fdZsk iKdk j? pbfe;zouBktkd t;s{ B{z ikBD bJh w[V T[;koD d/ t;s{ :EkoE dk wkvb fsnkoeoBk j?.

nzso gkm pko/ jfoGiB f;zx i[bhnk feq;shtk dh gkm nzdo gkm nzso-gkm (Intertextuality) dh ;EkgBk s'_ ;wM b? e/ ftnkfynk eodk j? fe e'Jh thgkm b/ye dh eoskoh u/sBk @u'_ iBw Bjh_ b?_dk. b/ye nkgDh fbys ftuGkt/_ e[M th ej/ T[j GkFk f;;Nw d/ nB[;ko jh fejk ikDk j?. GkFk f;;NwT[;B{z j'o pj[s e[M efjD:'r pDk fdzdk j?. ;' jo ;kfjs feos fJe gq/fos-gkmth j? i' eJh gq//os gkmK B{z T[e;kn ;edk j?. gq/fos-gkm jh fe;/ fJe gqrN-gkmB{z ;dk pdbDjko nB/e ;zouBktK dk o{g fdzdk j?. fJ; ftu jh ekft dhowDhesk Gkt gqsh fyD Bt/_ ou/ ikD dh Fesh dk G/s j?.

o{geho{geho{geho{geho{geh (1977) @u jfoGiB f;zx b/y ¿sbkF dh ;whfynk ftXhÀ okjh_f;oiBkswe ouBktK ftF/F eoe/ eftsk dk Fk;so T[;odk j? fi; fgS/nzsofdqFNh o{gtkdh j?. T[;dk efjDk j? fe fe;/ th eftsk dk o{g gSkBD t/b/n;h_ e[M e[ T[BQK sZsK tZb o[fus j[zd/ jK i' ;ZG eftsktK @u ;KM/ jB ns/ t/yd/ jK fe fJBQK sZsK dh g/Fekoh nZvoh nZvoh j?. eftsk dk w{b sZs wkBthsDkU j?. eftsk iK sK fe;/ sDkU s'_ w[es j'D d/ :sB ekoB j'_d @u nkT[_dhj?. iK fe;/ sDkU B{z f;oiD d/ :sB ekoD. fJj w{b sDkU jh ekft-feosK d/ftuko gqpzX, Gkt gqpzX, ekoi gqpzX ns/ GkFk gqpzX @u c?b iKdk j?.

gkorkwh gkorkwh gkorkwh gkorkwh gkorkwh (1976) @u jfoGiB f;zx o'bK pkoE dh feskp Writing

Degree Zero @u'_ nzsofdqFNhnK b?_dk j'fJnk ;kfjs ouBk B{z fJe gkorkwhekoi efjzdk j?. T[;dk efjDk j? fe p'bh s'_ fpBk ;kfjs ouBk ;zGt Bjh_ gop'bh Bk ;fjs o{g j? Bk t;s{. p'bh T[go b/ye dk nfXeko th Bjh_. p'bh nkgu[D/ pzX/i iK puB pZXsk (Commitment) d/ tZ;D dh EK Bjh_. fJj nkgw[jkonB[fefonk j?. p'bh tKr F?bh th ;kfjs ouBk dh ;fji ;zrh j?. F?bh fJegqfeose j'_d j?. b/ye fJ;B{z u[D Bjh_ ;edk. i/ p'bh ;kfjs ouBk s'_ T[oK dht;s j? sK F?bh T[; s'_ goQK dh. go ;kfjsekoh dk T[xk bZSD T[;dh ;wkfieskj?. go fJ;dk noE fpbe[b Bjh_ fe p'bh ;wki ftj{Dh j'_d j?. ;kfjs ouBkdh ;wkfiesk dh nkgDh ftbZyDsk j?. fJzi ;kfjs ouBk dh w[ZYbh b'V ;kfjsekodh nkswk j? T[;dh GkFk Fesh Bjh_. ni'e/ d"o @u ;w[Zuh wB[Zy iksh dh jkbsnfijh j? fe T[;dh u/sBk d/ f;oiDjko T[; Bkb Neokn oj/ jB. go wB[Zy B{zu'D dh nk}kdh j? fe fJ; NeokU @u gt/ iK Bk. u'D gqkgs ns/ ;zGkfts d/fwbD fpzd{ @s/ jh j[zdh j?. ;kfjse u'D bJh fe;/ gkorkwh \?;b/ dh b'V doeko


j?. ;kfjs dh o{g ouBk pko/ jfoGiB f;zx dk efjDk j? fe o{g gqkgs eoe/ jht;s{ ;zxDh ns/ rfjoh j[zdh j?. ;sj s'_ rfjokJh sZe dk ;\o jh t;s{ s'_ o{gsZe dk ;\o j?. F?bh ftfrnkB ns/ ;kfjs Fk;so pko/ jfoGiB f;zx dk wZsj? fe F?bh ftfrnkB ni/ g{oh soQK fte;s ns/ nkgD/ nkg @u ;[szso ftfrnkBnytkT[D dh ;fEsh @u Bjh_. ukob; p?bh dhnK ;kfjse nzsofdFNhnK s'_ bkGtzsj[zdk j'fJnk T[j efjzdk j? fe F?bh ftfrnkB dk ;[Gkn toBDw[Zy j?. fJjftfrnkB fe;/ GkFe F?bh B{z gVskbdk, torhfeqs eodk ns/ T[; d/ ufoZso dkfBoDk eodk j?. T[j F?bh dk ftFb/FD eodk j?, T[;dk w[b Bjh_ gkT[_dk., fJjftfrnkBe ftXh j?. ;' fJj efj ;ed/ jK fe r'gkb f;zx dodh, ;zs f;zx ;/y'_ s/ nso f;zx s'_ pknd jfoGiB f;zx B/ gzikph ;kfjs Fk;so, ;kfjs fuzsB,;kfjs ftfrnkB gZSwh s/ Gkosh ekft Fk;soh ;o'sK d/ nfXn?B @u'_ nzsofdqFNhnKgqkgs eo fJe Bk f;o\ frnkB Fk;soh gk;ko f;oidk j? pbfe f;oiBksweouBktK d/ fttjkoe nfXn?BK dh th gozgok B{z ;[fdqV eodk j?.

jfoGiB f;zx gzikph dk gfjbk gqw[Zy fuzse, nkb'ue ns/ ;kfjs Fk;sohns/ ftFkb nfXn?B tkbk nfXJ/sk ns/ tZv/ fdqFNhe'D tkbk nfXnkge j? fi; B/ftXhts o{g @u gzikph @u ;kfjs dk frnkBFk;so ns/ ;kfjs Fk;soh GkFk xVB@u tZvk :'rdkB gkfJnk. fJ; ;koh xkbDk @u T[;dk gZSwh ;kfjs nzsofdqFNhnKB{z nksw;ks eo e/ Gkosh frnkB ;kfjs Fk;soh ;o'sK Bkb i'V nfijh ;kfjsFk;soh ns/ ;kfjs ftfrnkBe ;{M fsnko ehsh fi; okjh_ pkpk cohd s'_ b? e/r[opkDh, wZXekbh ;kfjs ns/ nkX[fBe ;kfjs f;oiDktK dk fttjkoe nfXn?BeoB dh fgos gkJh. T[j nkgD/ ;wekbh b/yeK B{z ne;o nkgD/ gZsoK okjh_;zp'fXs j[zdk i' nko;hnko;hnko;hnko;hnko;h @u SZgd/. fJj gZso pknd @u gsoKibhgsoKibhgsoKibhgsoKibhgsoKibh feskp d/ o{g@u th gqekfFs j'J/.

jfoGiB f;zx B{z nkgDhnK ;kfjs Fk;soh nzsofdqFNnK okjh_ gzikph;kfjs dk frnkBFk;so ns/ ;kfjs dh f;XKse GkFk f;oiD ftu tZv/ s/ pj[w[Zb/:'rdkB eoe/ ns/ wjkB ;kfjs s/ ;whfynk ;kXe j'D tk;s/ ;dk :kd ehskiKdk oj/rk.;jkfJe g[;seK L;jkfJe g[;seK L;jkfJe g[;seK L;jkfJe g[;seK L;jkfJe g[;seK L

1) jfoGiB f;zx GkNhnk, gzikph ;kfjs nkb'uBk fJfsjk;gzikph ;kfjs nkb'uBk fJfsjk;gzikph ;kfjs nkb'uBk fJfsjk;gzikph ;kfjs nkb'uBk fJfsjk;gzikph ;kfjs nkb'uBk fJfsjk;, gzikphnekdwh, fdZbh.

2) jfoGiB f;zx, nfXnB s/ nfXnkgB (1970), w[Zb s/ w[bKeD (1972),nfXnB s/ nfXnkgB (1970), w[Zb s/ w[bKeD (1972),nfXnB s/ nfXnkgB (1970), w[Zb s/ w[bKeD (1972),nfXnB s/ nfXnkgB (1970), w[Zb s/ w[bKeD (1972),nfXnB s/ nfXnkgB (1970), w[Zb s/ w[bKeD (1972),;kfjs Fk;so (1973), ;kfjs f;XKs (1973), gkorkwh (1976),;kfjs Fk;so (1973), ;kfjs f;XKs (1973), gkorkwh (1976),;kfjs Fk;so (1973), ;kfjs f;XKs (1973), gkorkwh (1976),;kfjs Fk;so (1973), ;kfjs f;XKs (1973), gkorkwh (1976),;kfjs Fk;so (1973), ;kfjs f;XKs (1973), gkorkwh (1976),ouBk ;zouBk (1977), o{geh (1977), ;kfjs ftfrnkB (1978),ouBk ;zouBk (1977), o{geh (1977), ;kfjs ftfrnkB (1978),ouBk ;zouBk (1977), o{geh (1977), ;kfjs ftfrnkB (1978),ouBk ;zouBk (1977), o{geh (1977), ;kfjs ftfrnkB (1978),ouBk ;zouBk (1977), o{geh (1977), ;kfjs ftfrnkB (1978),f;;Nwh (1979), ;kfjs nfXn?B (1978) ns/ gsoKibh (1981)f;;Nwh (1979), ;kfjs nfXn?B (1978) ns/ gsoKibh (1981)f;;Nwh (1979), ;kfjs nfXn?B (1978) ns/ gsoKibh (1981)f;;Nwh (1979), ;kfjs nfXn?B (1978) ns/ gsoKibh (1981)f;;Nwh (1979), ;kfjs nfXn?B (1978) ns/ gsoKibh (1981)

õõõ


jfoGiB f;zx dhjfoGiB f;zx dhjfoGiB f;zx dhjfoGiB f;zx dhjfoGiB f;zx dh;whfynk-F?bh;whfynk-F?bh;whfynk-F?bh;whfynk-F?bh;whfynk-F?bhp{Nk f;zx pokVp{Nk f;zx pokVp{Nk f;zx pokVp{Nk f;zx pokVp{Nk f;zx pokV

jfoGiB f;zx dh ;whfynk-F?bh pko/ ftuko eoB s'_gfjbK F?bh-;zebg pko/ ftuko eo b?Dk tkip gqshs j[zdkj? feT[_fe fJ; d/ eJh ;zebgh g;ko jB. F?bh-fuzsB dhfJe Xkok F?bh ftu |?o-GkFkJh ;q's th Fkwb eo b?_dh j?id fe d{ih Xkok GkFk-F?bh e/_fdqs jh ofjzdh j?, GktfJj GkFkJh ;q'sK T[go nkXkfos j?. don;b GkFk ;zukodk ;ot'sw ;kXB j?. fJj GkFk dh ;woØEk th j? ns/ ;hwkth j?. nkw GkFk ;fji-;zuko eodh j?. fJj GkFk dh;woØEk j?. go nkw GkFk-;zuko, wfj}-;zuko j[zdk j?lgqGktFkbh ;zuko Bjh_ j[zdk.fJj GkFk dh ;hwk pD fBØpVdhj?. F?bh GkFk dk gqGktFkbh ;zuko j?. Gkt/_ GkFk ns/ GkFk-F?bh fJØe' f;Øe/ d/ d't/_ gk;/ jB go fco th w?_ GkFk ~ GkFk-F?bh s'_ fBy/V fojk jK. GkFk sK iD/-yD/ ~ pugD s'_ jhfwb iKdh j? go GkFk-F?bh, GkFk d/ XBh b/ye dh xkb-ewkJh j?. GkFk-F?bh fbys dk ;[ji th j?l b/ye dk ;[Gknth ns/ F];hns dk gSkD-fuzBQ th j?.fit/_ goQ/ ftØu yVQkpzdk nkgD/ p'b s'_ gSkfDnk iKdk j?, Ut/_ jh GkFk dk XBhb/ye nkgDh GkFk-F?bh s'_ gSkfDnk iKdk j?.GkFk gqrNkT[_dhj? go GkFk-F?bh fdqVQkT[_dh j?. GkFk dh p[fBnkdh gqfeosh;{uBkth j[zdh j?. GkFk-F?bh T[; ;{uBk ftu ofbnk gqGkthns/ ;[jiwJh pb j[zdk j?. GkFk-F?bh jw/Fk f;oiDkswej[zdh j?. f;oiDkswe j'Dk GkFk-F?bh dh w{b Fos j?. fJ;/bJh F?bhrs nfXn?B bJh nkw s"o s/ f;oiDkswe ;kfjs~ jh :'r wzfBnk iKdk j?. ;whfynk-;kfjs ~ Bjh_.;whfynk-;ziw ~ sK gfoGkFe FpdK dk e'F s;ØtoeofdnK, fJ; dk GkFk-F?bhrs eoB s'_ r[o/i ehsk iKdk

213, c/}-2, wkvb NkT{B,pfmzvkc'B L 9463079356


j?. fJj XkoBk fe;/ jØd sØe ;jh th j? feT[_fe ;whfynk dh GkFk ftu skofeesk,dkoFfBesk, yzvB-wzvB, tkd-fttkd ns/ ftnkfynk-ftFb/FD d/ r[D-bØSD Gko{ j'iKd/ jB, fi; ekoB fJ; GkFk ftØu ;zebgh$seBheh ns/ gfoGkFe gdktbh dhGowko j' iKdh j? go fit/_ f;ofis-;kfjs fJe GkFkJh ;zouBk j[zdh j?, Ut/_;whfynk th sK fJe ftF/F gqeko dh GkFkJh ;zouBk jh sK j?. ;q/FN F];hnsnkgDh ;whfynk-fbys T[go th nkgDh nfwØN Skg bk fdzdh j?. Bkb/ jfoGiBf;zx dh sK F];hns jh F?bheko dh F];hns j?. fJ; bJh jfoGiB f;zx tor/Fpd-;kXe ns/ Fpd o;hJ/ nkb'ue dh GkFk-F?bh pko/ sK rØb ehsh jh ik ;edhj?. T[j fJe r{VQ ftdtkB ns/ jzfYnk j'fJnk }pkBdkB ;kfjs-;whfyne ;h. T[j;whfynk dh GkFk ns/ w[jkto/ gqsh g{ok ;[u/s ;h. T[j gzikph GkFk dk gqwkfDenbhN f;oiD tØb jw/FK nro;o fojk. Gkt-ftuko nB[e{b Fpd-u'D, T[BQK dhT[fuØs soshp ns/ gqGktFkbh tke-ftT[_s nkfd gØyK s'_ T[j p/jØd ;[iØr ns/ fBg[zB;h. ;zebgK d/ fBy/V/ ns/ T[BQK bJh Y[et/_ FpdK dh sbkF ns/ fco T[BQK dhnoE ftT[_s, f]nkb, dbhb, w"fbe-wØs s/ T[; dh ;EkgBk gqsh g{oh ;gFNsk nkfdsØE fJ; ;whfynk-F?bh d/ tØv/ r[D jB.fJ; ;whfynk dh GkFk, GkFk-F?bh d/ gØys'_ th ;op-r[D ;zgzB j?. fJ; ;whfynk-GkFk ftu ftukoK dh bVh, Fpd-u'D,Fpd-soshp ns/ tke-F?bh nkfd ;G e[M J/t/_ dk j?, fit/_ seoho N/g eoe/,gfjbK jh T[BQK B/ nkgD/ f}jB ftØu fNek Xoh j't/. Fpd, jfoGiB f;zx ~nkgw[jko/ n"Vd/ ;B ns/ T[; d/ fgØS/-fgØS/ d"Vd/ ;B. T[j pj[fdFkth ;kfjs-fuzsej'D d/ Bkb-Bkb pj[ftX GkFk-;kXe th ;h. fJ; ;whfynk-GkFk d/ eJh ;{yw-nzdk}jB, fiBQK dh ;opgØyh gVu'b eoBh, Gkt/_ n"yh ikgdh j? go fco th fJj n"ykezw n;zGt Bjh_ j?. nkgDh fJ; XkoBk d/ pbp{s/ jh fJ; gØso ftu jfoGiBf;zx dh ;whfynk dh GkFk d/ GkFk-F?bhrs ;o{g dh fBFkBd/jh eoB dk :sBehsk frnk j?.

GkFk tkb/ gØy tØb nkT[D s'_ gfjbK, jfoGiB f;zx d/ ;whfynk-;z;koBkb tkp;sk j'Dk th fpjso ikgdk j?. jfoGiB f;zx thjth_ ;dh d/ nzsb/ fszBe[ djke/ gzikph ;kfjs fuzsB ns/ ;whfynk d/ y/so ftu eowFhb oj/ jB. T[BQKdh fJ; bzwh ebw-;kXBk dk dkfJok pVk t;hj j?. 1970 s'_ b? e/ 1991 sØe, T[BQK dhnK nfXn?B s/ nfXnkgBnfXn?B s/ nfXnkgBnfXn?B s/ nfXnkgBnfXn?B s/ nfXnkgBnfXn?B s/ nfXnkgB, w[b s/ w[bzeD, ;kfjs Fk;sow[b s/ w[bzeD, ;kfjs Fk;sow[b s/ w[bzeD, ;kfjs Fk;sow[b s/ w[bzeD, ;kfjs Fk;sow[b s/ w[bzeD, ;kfjs Fk;so, ;kfjs ;kfjs ;kfjs ;kfjs ;kfjsf;XKsf;XKsf;XKsf;XKsf;XKs, gkorkwhgkorkwhgkorkwhgkorkwhgkorkwh, ouBkouBkouBkouBkouBk-----;zouBk, o{geh;zouBk, o{geh;zouBk, o{geh;zouBk, o{geh;zouBk, o{geh, ;kfjs ftfrnkB, ;kfjs nfXn?B,;kfjs ftfrnkB, ;kfjs nfXn?B,;kfjs ftfrnkB, ;kfjs nfXn?B,;kfjs ftfrnkB, ;kfjs nfXn?B,;kfjs ftfrnkB, ;kfjs nfXn?B,gsoKibh, fJe ]s s/o/ BkgsoKibh, fJe ]s s/o/ BkgsoKibh, fJe ]s s/o/ BkgsoKibh, fJe ]s s/o/ BkgsoKibh, fJe ]s s/o/ Bk, g{oB f;zx ouBk ftouBkg{oB f;zx ouBk ftouBkg{oB f;zx ouBk ftouBkg{oB f;zx ouBk ftouBkg{oB f;zx ouBk ftouBk, ]kw'Fh dk }ihok ]kw'Fh dk }ihok ]kw'Fh dk }ihok ]kw'Fh dk }ihok ]kw'Fh dk }ihok,fgnko s/ gfotko fgnko s/ gfotko fgnko s/ gfotko fgnko s/ gfotko fgnko s/ gfotko ns/ w/oh g;zdw/oh g;zdw/oh g;zdw/oh g;zdw/oh g;zd nkfd ;kfjs-;whfynk dhnK gzdoK g'EhnKbrksko gqekfFs j'JhnK. jfoGiB f;zx d/ fJ; ;w[Øu/ ;whfynk-ekoi dk nzr-fBy/V ;kfjs;kfjs;kfjs;kfjs;kfjs-----ftfrnkB, ;kfjs fuzsB ftfrnkB, ;kfjs fuzsB ftfrnkB, ;kfjs fuzsB ftfrnkB, ;kfjs fuzsB ftfrnkB, ;kfjs fuzsB ns/ ftjkoe ;whfynk ftjkoe ;whfynk ftjkoe ;whfynk ftjkoe ;whfynk ftjkoe ;whfynk ftu ehsk ik ;edkj?. go F?bh d/ gØy s'_ fJBQK ~ f;oiDkswe ns/ ;whfynkswe GkFk-F?bh dh e'Nh


ftu tzfvnk ik ;edk j?. ;w[Øu/ o{g ftu fJj f;oiDf;oiDf;oiDf;oiDf;oiD-----;whfynk;whfynk;whfynk;whfynk;whfynk d/ r[zdt/_ o{g~ fJeo; ns/ fJe;[o F?bh ftu g/F eodh j?. jfoGiB f;zx-;whfynk d/ fJ;;ot/yD s'_ ;gZFN j? fe T[j gzikph ndph dkfJfonK ftu pkekfJdk rshFhb oj/jB. fJ; s'_ nrbh fBnkoh rØb fJj j? fe T[j fJe gq:'rFhb ;whfyne d/s"o s/ th T[Go/ jB. ed/ nfXnkgBnfXnkgBnfXnkgBnfXnkgBnfXnkgB-----F?bh, F?bh, F?bh, F?bh, F?bh, ed/ ]s ]s ]s ]s ]s-----F?bh, F?bh, F?bh, F?bh, F?bh, ed/ gØso gØso gØso gØso gØso-----F?bhF?bhF?bhF?bhF?bh ns/ed/ gVQsgVQsgVQsgVQsgVQs-----F?bh nF?bh nF?bh nF?bh nF?bh nkfd eJh ;whfynk-F?bhnK d/ ;\b siofpnK okjh_ T[BQK B/ eJh;whfynk-o{gK ~ f;ofink j?. no;s{ dh ekft Fk;soh gozgok s'_ b? e/ o{;h o{gtkd,;zouBktkd, ftouBktkd, F?bh-ftfrnkB ns/ fujBkb'uBk sØe T[BQK d/ ;whfynk-ekoins/ ;whfynk-F?bh dh rfs-fws fBnkoh j?. fJj ekoi rfjo-rzGho th j? ns/r[Dh-rjho th. don;b jfoGiB f;zx nzdo e[M BtK f;oiD dh ohM th ;h ns/gØSwh ;whfynk-;e{bK Bkb to w/uD dh shpo fJØSk th. fJ; bJh jfoGiB f;zxdk nkb'ue nkgk ;kfjs-f;XKs ns/ f;XKs ftt/uB d/ y/soK ftu fJØe' fizBh ;woØEkBkb i[fVnk fojk. fJ; d/ cb;o{g jh gzikph nekdfwe irs dk tkj nzsogkm, fBeN nfXn?B, gkm-ntu/sB, ;kfjse-]kw'FhnK ns/ ;kfjsesk dh fdqFNh s'_nDej/ dh sbkF fij/ ;zebgK Bkb fgnk.

j[D fJ; ;whfynk-GkFk dh GkFeh c'bk-ckbh eod/ jK fijVh jfoGiBf;zx-;whfynk ~ gzikph ndph-d[Bhnk d/ o{-p-o{ eodh j?. jfoGiB f;zx-;whfynkBthB-fuzsB Bkb ;zpzfXs Bt/_ nfXn?B gfog/y jh Bjh_ f;oidh ;r'_ fJ; d/ jkDdh Bth_ ;zebgh-ftuko-GkFk th f;oidh j?. jfoGiB f;zx dh ;whfynk :ksokgzikph nkb'uBk dh GkFk ~ ftuko-GkFk d/ ;sØo sØe fbiKdh j?. fJ; ;whfynk dhGkFk dkoFfBe, f;XKfse ns/ ;zebghtkuh j' e/ th p'bukbh ;o{g tkbh j?.don;b jfoGiB f;zx fJe ;woØE ;kfjs-fuzse j'D d/ Bkb-Bkb pj[-GkFk frnkBhth ;h. gzikph GkFk T[go T[; ~ g{oB nkp{o jk;b j? ;h. T[j ;[ji-f;oih th;h ns/ Fpd-fFbgh th. ;[uØih Fpd-u'D ns/ Fpd-tos'_, ;wk;h Fpd-f;oiDk,;whfynk dh nzso-okFNoh$ nzro/}h-seBheh gdktbh d/ gzikph o{gKso xVD ns/FpdK d/ noEK ~ BthnK fdFktK d/D ftu jfoGiB f;zx dk e'Jh ;kBh Bjh_. j/m fby/ Fpd-Bw{B/ jfoGiB f;zx d/ Fpd-g[oF j'D d/ gqw[Øy gqwkD jBL

1H1H1H1H1H T[dks (Sublime), T[bzxD (deviation), nzsozr (intrinsic), nkgj[dok(arbitrary), niBpheoB (defamiliarization), nshs f;wosh (stalgia), nkfynkB(interpretation), nroG{wh (foregrounding) nkBzd (pleasure), ;wkBskw{benbzeko (metaphor), ;zrbhw{be nbzeko (menonymy), ;zGkfts (Probable),

;{jhnk (informant), Fpd-y/soh (paradigmatic) j[zrkok (response), e\kfJs(economy), frnkB-gqkgsh (discovery), pfjozr (extrinsic), fprV (distorted)

, xNBk rs-:EkoE (reality of events), fuzsk (Concern), Sth-fuso (Portrait),

fBowb-fdqFNh (lucidity), gqfswkB (norm), gokjB (deviation), g{op-gkm (Pretext),


p[Dsh (texture), Gog{o (Comprehensive), GkFk-G[ØbD-o'r (aphasia), w[eswB(Free mind), wjKfdqFNh (Vision), wB'tk; (assimilation), wB'eb/F, w{b-nkdoF(archetype), w{b-e/ _fdqs (logocentric) :'rsk (competence), fBGkU(performance), o{g (Form), o{g-ftXh (pattern), fto/uB (catharasis), ftouBk(deconstruction) ns/ o{gkeko (genere) nkfd.

2 2 2 2 2 nB[g{foek (G{fwek), nw{osB, nkfd-fpzd{, nzso-gkm, fJekbe,fJfs,;opkoE, ;t?ukbB, ;w{osB, ;[ji-;zuko, ;op-GkFe, ;kfjs-ftfrnkB, ;oprkwh,;zouBk, ;{M-wkvb, ebfgnk-;zebfgnk, yzvkoEh, i[rs, u/sBk-gqtkj-F?bh, socdkoh,d{i?bh f;oiDk, fspkok (fszB tkoh), d[ekbe, X[Bh-fpzp, B/w-gqpzX, fBeN nfXn?B,gqekF-fdqFNh, gj[zu-fpzd{, gkorkwh, gogzu, gk;ko, gqsØyD, w[bzeD, w[zdktDh,wjKfdqFNh, t;s{, ftouBktkd, t/d u/sBk, t;hj, ftrk;, ftdk-fpzd{, ftr'gB,ft;kj-f;oiB, b'e-t/d, eØE, ftE s/ tØE nkfd. fJ; soQK T[BQK B/ ;?_eV/ ;zebghFpd sbkF/, xV/ ns/ ;gFNsk s/ gqwkfDesk Bkb tos e/, gzikph ;kfjs-;whfynk~ nwho ehsk.

fJ; Fpdktbh pko/ ftF/F rØb fJj j? fe jfoGiB f;zx B/ iK sK y[dBt/_ Fpd xV/ jB iK fco wKrt/_ FpdK ~ gzikph ftnkeoB d/ B/wK nB[e{b sokFe/, BthnK F/vK fdØshnK jB. Gkt/_ F[o{-F[o{ ftØu fJ; Fpdktbh pko/ tkd-fttkd thj'fJnk go jfoGiB f;zx B/ Bt/_ gfoGkFe ;whfynk-gdK dh B[jko ~ e[M fJ; soQKsokfFnk fe T[j gzikph GkFk ftu x[bfwb rJ/. \b;o{g fprkBkgD ]sw j'frnk. don;b GkFk rshFhb i[rs ns/ toskok j? go eJh tkoh n;h_ fJ;~nfrnkBsk t; pzd-pDso ;wM b?_d/ jK. n;h_ G[b iKd/ jK fe GkFk dh i[rs|?o-GkFkJh :EkoE d/ ;wftE jh s[odh s/ ftuodh j?. |?o-GkFkJh :EkoE fdB-p-fdB tX/o/ ftFkb s/ ifNb j[zdk ik fojk j?. fJ; bJh GkFk ~ th fJ;d/nzr;zr ofjDk jh gt/rk. jfoGiB f;zx nfij/ r[ØM/ GkFkJh-G/dK s'_ ikD{ ;h. fJ;pko/ T[j g{oh soQK ;[u/s ;h. fJ;/ eoe/ (jfoGiB f;zx, 1976-TL108) B/ fbfynkj? fe ¿Bth_ tk;sftesk ~ nkgD/ ihtB dk nzr pDkT[D bJh Bth_ GkFe xkVseoBh jh gt/rh.À go T[j fJ; sØE s'_ th ikD{ ;B fe ¿g[okDh Fpdktbh th fe;/jØd sØe Bt/_ nB[Gt dh jkDh pD ;edh j?.À FkfJd fJ;/ ekoB T[BQK B/ eJhb'e-t/dh FpdK ~ nkbwkBk gØXo T[Øs/ tofsnk j?. fw;kb ti'_ nØr/ fby/ Fpd t/y/ ik ;ed/ jBL

nZi th, ;fjtB, ;oedh rJh, ;fGnkukoe-}whB, Fbhb-wj"b, ;kBh, ;{M,F{edk-nzdk}, jwksV, j[Dth_, j[zrkok, j"o;, j'oEoz}, iD/yD/, vhb, s;Øto, d[w/b,X[o-v{zx, p'b, fpVe, pDs, p[Dsh, p[Dso, fwE b?Dk, bkrk d/rk, b'V ;koBk ns/ftobh-F?, nkfd.

fJ; soQK jfoGiB f;zx B/ gzikph dh gozgoktkdh GkFkJh ;wØoEk ~ nkgD/


eb/to ftu b? e/, GftykoEh BthnK ;zGktBktK tØb tXkfJnk j?. fJT[_ jfoGiBf;zx B/ m/m gzikph FpdK ~ Bt/_ ;zdoGK ftu tos e/, T[BQK dk noE ft;sko ehskj?. fJBQK ftu'_ eJh Fpd sK nfij/ jB, fijV/ FkfJd jfoGiB f;zx B/ jh gfjbhtkoh tos/ jB. w;bB @nFbhb# Fpd sK n;h_ nkw gzikph ftu tosd/ jK gofJ; dk fto'Xh Fpd @Fbhb# gzikph ftØu fes/ Bjh_ tofsnk frnk ns/ Bk jh fJjfe;/ Fpd-e'F ftu doi j?. fJ;/ soQK T[BQK B/ ;wk;h Fpd-o{g f;oi/ jB.fw;kb ti'_ L ;Øu-b[ekT[D/, ;{M-wkvb, j'_d-gqfefonk, u[Øg-;Kr (Pantomime), M{m-p'bD/, s[eKs-Xowh, X[o-v{zx, B/w-gqpzX, B/V-GftØy, fBi-GkFk, gkme-wB, gfotko-Fk;so, gq;zr-w[es, g{op-gkm, w"ek-w/b, fposKs-o{g, ftnzr-bVh, ftnesh-ftbØyDsk ns/ o{g ftXhnK nkfd nB/eK ;wk; t/y/ ik ;ed/ jB. jfoGiB f;zx-;whfynk dh GkFk ftu ;wk; pDkT[D tkbh ftXh dh tos'_ sK J/Bh y[ØbQ e/, ehshrJh j? fe eJh EkJh_ T[BQK B/ shjo/ ;wk; th pDk Xo/ jB. fit/_L nNk-;Nk-dØ;D/, n?B-p-n?B-dØ;D/, ;wkB-noE-r[ØN, ;wki-GkFk-fuØso, u/sBk-gqtkj-F?bh, fBs-ihtB-GkFk, ns/ p'bh-pokJ/ p'bh, :kd-ftj{Dk-nB[Gt nkfd.

;wk;h Fpd-f;oiDk gzikph GkFk dk fBt/ebk yk;k j?. fJ; ftXh dh tos'_nkw p'bukb dh gzikph ftØu sK nkw j[zdh j?. fbys gzikph ftu jfoGiB f;zxB/ i'VBh (hy-phen) gk e/ Fpdi'VK ~ GkFkftfrnkBe nkXko d/D dk okjftykfJnk j?. eJh EkJh_ T[BQK B/ ftF/FD ns/ BKt ftukb/ th i'VBh gkJh j?. fit/_ wB[Øyh-;wki, ekfte-fBnK ns/ ;wkfie-:EkoE nkfd. id'_ fe i'VBh d' BktKftueko jh gkJh iKdh j?. don;b gzikph FpdK dh pDso ns/ Fpdi'VK pko/Gkt-noEh fBy/V/ gØy'_ T[j p/jØd ;{yw-fuØs fuzse ;B.

jfoGiB f;zx B/ ;wkfie;wkfie;wkfie;wkfie;wkfie ns/ ;kwkfie;kwkfie;kwkfie;kwkfie;kwkfie Fpd ftu th ftnkeofBe nzsoehsk j?. ;wkfie, ;wki dk ftF/FD j?. fJ; dh tos'_ bJh ftF/F dh b'V gJ/rh. fit/_ l ;wkfie r[D iK ;wkfie eow nkfd. go ;kwkfie;kwkfie;kwkfie;kwkfie;kwkfie Fpd ~ T[BQK BKto{g ftu tofsnk j?, fi; s'_ Gkt j?, ;wki ftu ofjD tkbk ftnesh. fJ;/ soQKT[BQK B/ fbys fbys fbys fbys fbys (writing) ns/ fbfysfbfysfbfysfbfysfbfys (written) Fpd ftu th ftnkeofBe fBy/Vk Ekfgnk j?. fbys fbys fbys fbys fbys ~ T[BQK d/ noEK ftu ns/ fbfysfbfysfbfysfbfysfbfys ~ d/ noE ftutofsnk j?. j'oj'oj'oj'oj'o dh tos'_ bJh ns/ j'o;j'o;j'o;j'o;j'o; dh tos'_ bJh ehsh j?. fJ; soQKd/ GkFe fBy/V/ gzikph fbysK ftu j'o fes/, fe;/ b/ye, ftdtkB iK GkFkftfrnkBhB/ Bjh_ ehs/. fJ;/ soQK jfoGiB f;zx B/ BktK s'_ j'o Bt/_ BKt, BKt s'_ fefonk, ftF/FD s'_ fefonk ns/ fefonk s'_ ftF/FD iK gzikph d/ nkw gqufbs fgS/so brke/, nfij/ Fpd pDkJ/ jB i' gfjbK gzikph ftu gqufbs Bjh_ ;BL

BKt s'_ BKt = o{g --> o{gsk, o[uh --> o[usk, niBph -->niBpheoB, ;w[Øu -

-> ;w[Øusk


BKt s'_ fefonk = ft;sko--.ft;skoBk

ftF/FD s'_ fefonk = gqsØy- ->gqsØyDk

fefonk s'_ ftF/FD = p'bD- ->p'bDjko/ ns/ ;[DB- ->;[DBjko/.

T[go'es T[dkjoBK s'_ fJbktk j'o th pj[s ;ko/ m/m gzikph Fpd, w[jkto/iK T[gGkFkJh ozrD tkbh gzikph dh tos'_ jfoGiB f;zx B/ nkgDh ;whfynk-GkFkftØu ehsh j?. go fJ; soQK dh pj[sh tos'_ ]s-F?bh ftØu jh j'Jh j?. c/o thfJ; T[Øs/ b/ye dh ftdtsk dh Skg ;gFN fd;dh j?. fJj ftdtsk Gko/-Gko/FpdK s'_ Bjh_ ;r'_ rØb efjD d/ Yzr s'_ gqsØy j[zdh j?. Fpd ouBk dk jh Bjh_,jfoGiB f;zx tke-ouBk dk th T[;skd ;h. tke ouBk th T[; bJh fJØe nkoN;h. ;ehb ~ ;ob ns/ ;ob ~ ;o; pDk e/, g/F eoBk, T[; ~ nkT[_dk ;h.jfoGiB f;zx-;whfynk d/ tke r[zdt/_ ns/ ;ziwh j[zd/ j'J/ th ebkwJh ikgd/ jB.T[; B/ nzro/}h GkFk dk f;ØXk nB[tkd eo e/, ifNb tke ouBk Bjh_ ;r'_ gzikphGkFk d/ ;[Gk nB[e{b ;ob tke ouBk jh ehsh j?. n;b ftu GkFk Fpd-;zrsBjh_, f;;Nw j?. fJj f;;Nw jh GkFk dk ;[Gk j[zdk j?. e[ØM Bt/_ FpdK d/ nkikD iK s[o ikD Bkb GkFk d/ w{b ;[Gk ftu e'Jh pj[sk \oe Bjh_ g?_dk. fJjsØE jfoGiB f;zx-;whfynk *s/ g{oh soQK bkr{ j[zdk j?.jfoGiB f;zx-;whfynk dhFpdktbh Gkt/_ e[M nDgSksh j't/ go fJ; dk ;w[Øuk w[jktok iK w{b ;[GknDgSksk Bjh_ j?. fJ; ;whfynk-GkFk dh tke-ouBk gzikph ftnkeoB d/ B/wKnB[e{b j?. t?;/ sK fJ; ;whfynk d/ pj[s/ tke fJefjoh pDso tkb/ jB go i/fes/ ;zi[rs iK fwFfos tke jB th sK T[j p/ekp{ GkFkJh t/r s'_ w[es jB.jfoGiB f;zx-;whfynk dh ;w[Øuh tke-i[rs ;ziwh r[D-;zgzB j?. fw;kb ti'_ e[MBw{B/ g/F jB LLLLL

1H BkBe pkDh Xow th j? s/ ebk th, f\bk;ch th s/ fJfsjk; th,fdqFNh th s/ GktBk th. (nfXn?B ns/ nfXnkgBnfXn?B ns/ nfXnkgBnfXn?B ns/ nfXnkgBnfXn?B ns/ nfXnkgBnfXn?B ns/ nfXnkgB, gzBk L 26)

2H ;[gBk eqKsh ~ iBw d/ ;edk j?, go eqKsh f;oc ;[gB/ nk;o/ uØb Bjh_;edh. e/tb ;[gBk eqKsh ~ ngqwkDhe pDk fdzdk j?. (T[jh, gzBk L 194)

3H fJfsjk;, doFB, ekft ns/ ftfrnkB dh ouBk s'_ pj[s gfjbK wB[ØyXow dh ouBk eodk j?.fJ; bJh Bjh_ fe Xow-ouBk ;ob-;[rw j?, ;r'_ fJ;bJh fe Xow-ouBk wB[Øy dh w{b fposh Bkb ;zpzfXs j?, fJj wB[Øy d/ w{b GktK~ gqrNk fdzdh j?.(w[b s/ w[bKeDw[b s/ w[bKeDw[b s/ w[bKeDw[b s/ w[bKeDw[b s/ w[bKeD, gzBk L36)

4H n;h_ ;kfjs-nfXnB ns/ ;kfjs-w[bzeD okjh_ fe;/ ;kofEe ns/ gqwkfDef;ØN/ s/ gj[zuDk j? sK ;kfjs dh ftbØyD j'_d ~ nkgD/ nfXnB dk nkozG-fpzd{;Ekfgs eoBk gt/rk. (;kfjs Fk;so;kfjs Fk;so;kfjs Fk;so;kfjs Fk;so;kfjs Fk;so, gzBk L10)


5H jo GkFk nkgD/ b'eK d/ ;fGnkukoe jkD dh j[zdh j? ns/ ;kohnK;fGnkukoe b'VK dh g{osh ftu ;woØE j[zdh j?.GkFk dhnK ;wØf;nktK n;b ftØu;fGnkuko dhnK ;wØf;nktK jB. ;fGnkuko s'_ ftS[zBh GkFk dh nkgDh e'Jh j'_dBjh_. (gkorkwhgkorkwhgkorkwhgkorkwhgkorkwh, gzBkL 109)

6H ;kfjsesk fJe fBt/ebh fe;w dh wjKfdqFNh j?, i' nkgD/ s'_ pkjobhgofeosh ouBk ns/ ;z;feosh ~ fgnko okjh_ ;wMD dk :sB eodh j?.(ouBk ;zouBkouBk ;zouBkouBk ;zouBkouBk ;zouBkouBk ;zouBk, gzBk L89)

7H fe;/ th ;kfjse feos dh ;zouBk tke ;zouBk torh j?....,.;w[ØukBktb fJe tke j?. T[; ftØu tkgo fojk ekoi fJe fefonk j?. ekoi ~ rshwkBeoB tkb/ gkso @eosk# ns/ T[BQK ~ fdFk d/D tkbh ;wroh eow j?. (T[jhT[jhT[jhT[jhT[jh, gzBkL 61)

8H eftsk dk w{b sØs wkBth sDkT[ j? L eftsk iK sK fe;/ sDkT[ s'_w[es j'D d/ :sB ekoB j'_d ftu nkT[_dh j? iK fe;/ sDkT[ ~ f;oiD d/ :sBekoB. (o{geho{geho{geho{geho{geh, gzBk-1)

9H GkFk dh fdqFNh s'_ ;kfjs-ouBk fJe gkm j? go ;kfjs dh fdqFNh s'_T[j fJe gqtuB j?. gkm ns/ gqtuB dk nkg;h foFsk T[j j? i' GkFk ns/ ;kfjst;s{ ns/ ftF/ dk j?. (;kfjs ftfrnkB;kfjs ftfrnkB;kfjs ftfrnkB;kfjs ftfrnkB;kfjs ftfrnkB, gzBk L105)

10H gq;zr th w/oh iku/ fJe GkFe nzso-fdqFNh j?. Fpd dk noE sKFpd-e'F ftu'_ ikfDnk ik ;edk j?, go Fpd dk w[Øb gq;zr ftu th T[Godk j?.fJj fJt/_ j? fit/_ o[gJ/ dk w[Øb sK T[;dh fgØm T[Øgo nzfes j? go T[;dh ;jhgqshsh Ud'_ jh j[zdh j? id'_ ihtB d/ fe;/ gq;zr ftØu T[;dh tos'_ j[zdh j?.(gsoKibhgsoKibhgsoKibhgsoKibhgsoKibh, gzBk L127)

11H e'Jh th gkm nzfsw s"o s/ fe;/ gVkn s/ w[e Bjh_ iKdk, jo gkmfe;/ gfjb/ gkm gqsh j[zrkok j? ns/ ][d j[zrko/ bJh th fJe j'o j[zrko/ dh r[zikfJFpDh ofjzdh j?. j[zrko/ do j[zrko/ dk f;bf;bk nw[Øe j?. fJ; dh w[zdktDh fes/Bjh_. (ykw'Fh dk }ihokykw'Fh dk }ihokykw'Fh dk }ihokykw'Fh dk }ihokykw'Fh dk }ihok, gzBk-V)

12H n"os ns/ o'Nh s/oh ihtBh d/ gqw[Øy w'fN\ jB s/ s{z fJjBK ~ thbrksko o"b/ tKr g/F eodk j?. s/o/ gk; n"os dk jh ;hws fpzp s/ Ud{z th;hws ;zebg j?. s{z nkgDh gq/fwek dk f}eo eo/_ iK fe;/ tkfe\ n"os dk, s/o/gk; T[;d/ fi;w s'_ gko Mke ;eD dh ftjb Bjh_. (fJe ]s s/o/ BKfJe ]s s/o/ BKfJe ]s s/o/ BKfJe ]s s/o/ BKfJe ]s s/o/ BK,gzBk L 73)

13H gqfeosh s'_ ;z;feosh se dh :ksok nkdwhns s'_ fJB;kBhns sedh :ksok ;h. fJ; s'_ pknd wB[Øyh :ksok nBzs sDkT[ dh,nzso fto'X dh,nzsofttkd dh :ksok j?. fJ;/ sDkT[, fJ;/ nzsofto'X, okjh_ nkX[fBesk ns/ T[Øso-


nkX[fBesk dk w[jKdok fBFfus j[zdk j?. (w/oh g;zdw/oh g;zdw/oh g;zdw/oh g;zdw/oh g;zd, gzBk L 43-44)

14H fit/_ ftnkeoD ouD dh tkoh GkFk dh Gog{o ouBk d/ pknd nkT[_dhj?, T[t/_ ftnkeoDh ;[Gkn tkbh ouBk edh e'Jh ;kfjseko T[d'_ oudk j? id'_ T[jGog{o ouBk eo u[Øedk j?. (T[jhT[jhT[jhT[jhT[jh, gzBkL 29)

15H GkFk :'rsk, ;kfjs-:'rsk dk bk}wh nzr j?. fi; ftnesh gk;;fji GkFk-:'rsk Bjh_ T[j T[j Bk sK T[; }pkB ftu ;kfjs ou ;edk j?, Bkou/ ~ wkD ;edk j?. (;kfjs nfXn?B;kfjs nfXn?B;kfjs nfXn?B;kfjs nfXn?B;kfjs nfXn?B, gzBkL 45)

fJBQK tkeK ftu'_ e'Jh th tke nfijk Bjh_ fi; d/ nkfd s'_ nzs sØegj[zufdnK, gkme fJj G[Øb ikt/ fe tke dk eosk fejVk ;h iK fefonk dk o{gfe; BKt nB[;ko nkT[Dk j?. fJ; tke-F?bh ftu ;obsk, ;fjisk ns/ ;[Gkteskj?. jfoGiB f;zx p[fBnkdh s"o *s/ eth ;h. fJ; bJh T[; dh tke-F?bh ftuekft-F?bh tkbk t/r th j? go fJj frnkB-nB[rkwh j?, fJ; ftu ftuko dh v{zxkJhj? l dbhb s/ Gkt[esk dk ;[w/b j? l gkme ~ Bth_ ;{M ns/ frnkB d/D dh gqpbfJØSk j?. jfoGiB f;zx o"FB fdwk| F];hns dk wkbe ;h. T[j nkgD/ w"fbeftukoK Bkb fJe;[o ;h.fJ; bJh T[; dh ;whfynk X[zdb/ ftukoK s'_ w[es j?.jfoGiB f;zx gfjbK nkgD/ w{b T[d/F dk noE-;zuko eodk j?. fco fJe ;XkoBfij/ Fpd iK tke Bkb fJ; soQK BtK gqekF gkT[_dk j? fe ftuko fBØyo e/, ;gFNj' iKdk j?. fJ; ;whfynk-F?bh d/ r[zdt/_ tke s/ r{zit/_ Fpd nfXnkgB-F?bh d/;kyh jB.don;b jfoGiB f;zx d/ fJe f;oeØY ;whfyne j'D dk ok} jh fJjj? fe T[; dh ;whfynk ftØu f;oiD, nfXnkgB ns/ fuzsB fJe d{i/ d/ g{oe ns/nfBØyV jB. nfXn?B ftjko ftu gkme ;kfjse i[rsK ~ ;wMdk s/ wkDdks[fonk iKdk j?. fbyD-F?bh d/ Bkb-Bkb p'b-F?bh th nkgDh gqwkfDe w[jo SkgbkT[_dh ofjzdh j?. T[BQK ~ p'bD tKr fbfynk j? iK T[BQK dh fbys th p'bdh j?,fJj nzso-fBy/V eoBk n"yk j?. nfijh F?bh tkbh fbys e'Jh F?bheko jh ou;edk j?.

;Øuh rØb sK fJj j? fe jfoGiB f;zx-;whfynk d/ tke gqtuBh ;wØoEktkb/ jB. fJj tke-F?bh, gqtuB-F?bh tkbh j?. gqtuB-F?bh dk wkvb tke-;zouBkj' e/ th fJ; s'_ gkorkwh j[zdk j?. gqtuB nkgD/ nkg ftu w[ezwb GkFe T[eshj[zdk j?. gqtuB tke-f;;Nw nB[e{b j'D ekoB ;koEesk dk ;w[Øu j[zdk j?. ;w[ØufJe tke-ouBk dk th j' ;edk j? s/ fJØe fBpzX d/ o{g ftØu th. fJØe tkenkgD/ nkg ftu w[ezwb j'D eoe/, gqtuB j?. go fJj fJØe g?oQ/ dk ;w[Øu jh Bjh_;r'_ j'o tkeK Bkb T[; dk ;z:'r th j?. fJ; bJh gqtuB dk ftfFFN ;zdoGj[zdk j? fi; Bkb eJh j'o w;b/ th T[ikro j[zd/ jB. GkFD sØsK d/ fJbktk fe;/gqtuB dk T[sgkdB feBQK gq;fEshnK ftØu j'fJnk iK gqtuB fe; ~ w[ykfsp j?,fJBQK ;ko/ GkFk pkjoh sØEK dk nkg;h ;zpzX nkfd ;G e[M gqtuB ftØu Fkwb


j[zdk j?. fJ;/ bJh jfoGiB f;zx ;whfynk eJh tkoh tke s'z tXhe @i?;uo# gqshsj[ zdh j?. i?;uo GkFk pkjoh sØs jB. fit/ _ nkw rØbK pksKeod/, n;h_ jØEK Bkb fJFko/ th eod/ jK. fit/_ fJFkfonK okjh_ Gkt tX/o/ gfogØej[zd/ jB, Ut/_ FpdK$tkeK d/ th i?;uo jB. e[ØM F?bh-GkFk ftfrnkBhnK dk fynkbj? fe fBo'b Fpd j[zd/ jh Bjh_. FpdK dk T[uko, tke ouBk ns/ ftokw-fuzBQ nkfd;G GkFkJh i?;uo jB. fJBQK Bkb tkp;sk j' e/, jh Fpd$tke fe;/ gq;zr ftØunkgDk g{otkoE g/F eod/ jB. Bkb/ gqtuB, gqtuB eos/ d/ n;fsst ftØu th;fEs j[zdk j?, i' fe nØr'_ ;wkfie$;fGnkukoe ;zdoGK Bkb i[fVnk j[zdk j?.gqfsGktkB nkb'ue ;fEsh dk p"XeheoB eo e/, nkgDh gqtuB gqfefonk okjh_ T[;ftØu tØY wkoB bJh ;[u/s u'D eodk j?. jfoGiB f;zx-;whfynk dh GkFk,gqtuB d/ gØXo *s/ jh eowFhb ofjzdh j?. jfoGiB f;zx B/ nkgDh fJ; gqtuBh;whfynk-F?bh okjh_ fJe Bt/_-Bt/b/ :[Ør dh f;oiDk ehsh j?. gzikph GkFk ftu fJ;soQK dh ;whfynk-F?bh i/ d[obØG Bjh_ sK nbØG }o{o j?.

j?_ n"o Gh d[Bh:K w/_ ;[]Bto pj[s nØS/,j?_ n"o Gh d[Bh:K w/_ ;[]Bto pj[s nØS/,j?_ n"o Gh d[Bh:K w/_ ;[]Bto pj[s nØS/,j?_ n"o Gh d[Bh:K w/_ ;[]Bto pj[s nØS/,j?_ n"o Gh d[Bh:K w/_ ;[]Bto pj[s nØS/,efjs/ j?_ fe |kfbp ek j? nzdk}/efjs/ j?_ fe |kfbp ek j? nzdk}/efjs/ j?_ fe |kfbp ek j? nzdk}/efjs/ j?_ fe |kfbp ek j? nzdk}/efjs/ j?_ fe |kfbp ek j? nzdk}/-----p:K n"op:K n"op:K n"op:K n"op:K n"o

jtkb/ L-jtkb/ L-jtkb/ L-jtkb/ L-jtkb/ L-1H jfoGiB f;zx, 1970, nfXn?B s/ nfXnkgBnfXn?B s/ nfXnkgBnfXn?B s/ nfXnkgBnfXn?B s/ nfXnkgBnfXn?B s/ nfXnkgB, nzfwqs;o L L L L L Btu/sB

gpfbFo}.2H jfoGiB f;zx,1972, w[b s/ w[bzeD w[b s/ w[bzeD w[b s/ w[bzeD w[b s/ w[bzeD w[b s/ w[bzeD,,,,, nzfwqs;o L L L L L Btu/sB gpfbFo}.3H jfoGiB f;zx,1973-T , ;kfjs Fk;so;kfjs Fk;so;kfjs Fk;so;kfjs Fk;so;kfjs Fk;so, nzfwqs;o L L L L L Btu/sB gpfbFo}.4H jfoGiB f;zx, 1973, ;kfjs f;XKs;kfjs f;XKs;kfjs f;XKs;kfjs f;XKs;kfjs f;XKs, ibzXoLLLLL ;hwk gqekFBH5H jfoGiB f;zx, 1976-T , gkorkwhgkorkwhgkorkwhgkorkwhgkorkwh,,,,, nzfwqs;o LLLLL Btu/sB gpfbFo}6H jfoGiB f;zx, 1976, o{geho{geho{geho{geho{geh,,,,, nzfwqs;o L L L L L Btu/sB gpfbFo}.7H jfoGiB f;zx, 1977, ouBkouBkouBkouBkouBk-----;zouBk, ;zouBk, ;zouBk, ;zouBk, ;zouBk, nzfwqs;o L L L L L Btu/sB gpfbFo}.8H jfoGiB f;zx,1978, ;kfjs ftfrnkB ;kfjs ftfrnkB ;kfjs ftfrnkB ;kfjs ftfrnkB ;kfjs ftfrnkB,,,,, nzfwqs;o L L L L L Btu/sB gpfbFo}.9H jfoGiB f;zx,1981-T, ;kfjs nfXn?B, nzfwqs;o L ;kfjs nfXn?B, nzfwqs;o L ;kfjs nfXn?B, nzfwqs;o L ;kfjs nfXn?B, nzfwqs;o L ;kfjs nfXn?B, nzfwqs;o L r[o{ BkBe d/t

:{Bhtof;Nh.10H jfoGiB f;zx, 1981, gsoKibhgsoKibhgsoKibhgsoKibhgsoKibh,,,,, fdØbh L nko;h gpfbFo}.11H jfoGiB f;zx, 1983, fJe ys s/o/ BkJe ys s/o/ BkJe ys s/o/ BkJe ys s/o/ BkJe ys s/o/ Bk,,,,, nzfwqs;o L L L L L \eho f;zx n?_v

;zB}.12H jfoGiB f;zx, 1988, ]kw'Fh dk }ihokH ]kw'Fh dk }ihokH ]kw'Fh dk }ihokH ]kw'Fh dk }ihokH ]kw'Fh dk }ihokH gfNnkbk L L L L L gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh.13H jfoGiB f;zx, 1991, w/oh g;zdH w/oh g;zdH w/oh g;zdH w/oh g;zdH w/oh g;zdH fdØbh L nL nL nL nL nko;h gpfbFo}H

õõõ


vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ;whfynkvkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ;whfynkvkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ;whfynkvkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ;whfynkvkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ;whfynkL GkFk ftfrnkBe nzso-fdqFNhL GkFk ftfrnkBe nzso-fdqFNhL GkFk ftfrnkBe nzso-fdqFNhL GkFk ftfrnkBe nzso-fdqFNhL GkFk ftfrnkBe nzso-fdqFNh

vkH ;[yftzdo f;zx ;zxkvkH ;[yftzdo f;zx ;zxkvkH ;[yftzdo f;zx ;zxkvkH ;[yftzdo f;zx ;zxkvkH ;[yftzdo f;zx ;zxk

vkH jfoGiB f;zx ;kfjs ftfrnkBh ;B . ftfrnkBBkb T[jBK ~ w'j ;h. GkFk ftfrnkB T[BQK dk wBGkT[ÓdkftFk ;h. Gkt/Ó T[j o;wh s"o #s/ GkFk ftfrnkB d/ftfdnkoEh BjhÓ oj/, go T[BQK dh GkFk ftfrnkB pko/ ;wMpj[s f;Zfyns GkFk ftfrnkBhnK Bkb'Ó g[ysk s/ gq"V ;h.id'Ów?Ó vkH jfoGiB f;zx d[nkok GkFk ftfrnkB ftF/ Bkb;zpzfXs b/y gVQ/ sK w?_ nuzfGs ofj frnk. vkH jfoGiBf;zx dh ;whfynk fdqFNh pko/ fbfynk fJj b/y e'Jhnkb'uBkswe b/y BjhÓ j?, ;r'Ó T[BQK dh F];hns gqsh fJeFoXk ns/ f;idk j?.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ;whfynk L f;XKse gfjb{{vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ;whfynk L f;XKse gfjb{{vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ;whfynk L f;XKse gfjb{{vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ;whfynk L f;XKse gfjb{{vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ;whfynk L f;XKse gfjb{{

vkH jfoGiB f;zx ;kfjs ;whfynk dh nzsofdqFNh;kf;Uo d/ GkFk ftfrnkBe wkvb ftZu'Ó iBw b?Ódh j?.;kf;Uo d/ GkFe ;zebgK Bkb nkX[fBe GkFk ftfrnkB$;zouBktkd dk nkozG j[zdk j?. ;kf;Uo s'Ó gfjbk dk GkFkftfrnkB w{b o{g ftu fJfsjk;e GkFk ftfrnkB$ s[bBksweGkFk ftfrnkB ;h. ;zouBkswe GkFk ftfrnkB GkFkftfrnkB d/ y/so ftu fJe nfijk toskok j? fi; BkbnkX[fBe GkFk ftfrnkB dh BhÓj pZMdh j?. ;zouBksweGkFk ftfrnkB dk nkozzG ;ftN}ob?Óv d/ GkFk ftfrnkBhcodhBkE ;kf;Uo (1857-1913) d/ GkFkJh ;zebgK Bkbj[zdk j?.GkFk ftfrnkB d/ y/so ftu fJj pVh nuzG/ tkbhrZb j? fe ;kf;Uo B/ ;zouBkswe GkFk ftfrnkB ;zpzXhfbysh o{g ftu e[M th BjhÓ fbfynk go fco th T[; ~;zouBkswe GkFk ftfrnkB dk w'Yh wzfBnk iKdk j?. fbysh

gq'ca?;o ns/ ;kpek vhB,GkFktK c?ebNh, r[o{ BkBed/t :{Bhtof;Nh, nzfwqs;o


o{g ftu ;kf;Uo dh y'i primitive system of vovels of indo-european

languages(1878) ftu ns/ the use of genitive case in sanskrit (1881) ftu;kv/ ;kjwD/ nkTÓ[dh j?. fJBQK d'jK y'iK dk ;zpzX fJfsjk;e GkFk ftfrnkB Bkbj?. ;zouBkswe GkFkftfrnkB d/ w{b f;XKs ;kf;Uo d/ T[BQK GkFktK okjhÓ ;kv/;kjwD/ nkT[Ód/ jB i' GkFD T[; B/ iB/tk :{Bhtof;Nh fty/ 1907 s'Ó 1911 sZefdZs/ ;B. fJBQK GkFktK d/ w{b f;XKs ;kf;Uo d/ ftfdnkoEhnK d/ B'fN;K d/nkXkfos Course In General Linguistics 1916 ftu feskph o{g ftu ;kv/;kjwD/ nkT[Ód/ jB. ;kf;Uo d[nkok fdZs/ fJBQK GkFDK d/ w{b f;XKs jh;zouBkswe GkFk ftfrnkB dk nkXko pDd/ jB. fJBQK GkFDK ftu ;kf;Uo B/gfjbh tko GkFk d/ fJfsjk;e nfXn?B dh pikJ/ GkFk d/ ;wekbh ;zouBkswenfXn?B T[Zs/ pb fdzfdnk GkFkJh gqpzX ~ fJj fujB gqpzX ;Ekfgs ehsk, T[;nB[;ko GkFk nEtk fujB gqpzX dh p[fBnkd fJfsjk;e BjhÓ ;r'Ó fJe ;wekbhtoskok j[zdk j?L

Language is a system of signs.

The sign is the central fact of language.

The linguistic sign is arbitrary.

The linguistic units (signs) have a purely relational identity.

gzikph ;kfjs ;whfynk ftu vkH jfoGiB f;zx ;zouBktkdh nkb'uBkgqDkbh dk ;zukbe j?.T[; dh ;kfjs ;whfynk ;kf;Uo d[nkok ;Ekfgs GkFefujBK d/ T[go'es tosko/ s'Ó T[oQK-goQK BjhÓ ;oedh. T[[j ;kfjs ;whfynk;w/Ó GkFkJh ;zouBk (;kfjs-gkm) GkFkJh f;;Nw (;kfjs-ftfrnkB) se gj[zudkj?.T[j ;kfjs ;zouBk (gkm) dhnK w{b ;zouBkswe fJekJhnK dh ;zrbh ns/;zrmB B/wK ~ gSkDB dh rZb eodk j?. T[j g?o'b s'Ó bKr sZe dk ;\o s?neodk j?. gkm d/ ;zrbhB[wk$eVhdko ;zpzXK okjhÓ ;kfjs-gkm d/ ;zrmB-B[wk$bVhdko ;zpzXK sZe gj[zudk j?. fujBe s'Ó fujBs sZe iKdk j? s/ ouBk-gkm d/ ;wekbh tosko/ s'Ó T[; d/ fJfsjk;e$;wkie tosko/$f;;Nw dh Ej[ gkT[Ddh e'fFF eodk j?. vkH jfoGiB dh fJj gj[zu-ftXh f;o\ ;kf;Uo d/ GkFe;zebgK sZe jh ;hws BjhÓ ofjzdh, j'o GkFk ftfrnkB dh j'o i[rsK ~ th ;kfjsdh ;wM ns/ ;whfynk bJh tosdk j?. T[j ;kfjs gkm ~ fJe tke d/ ;wkBzsooZye/ T[[; d/ ouBkswe nzrK (T[gtke, tkezF, Fpd, GktzF) dh gSkD eoe/T[;dh uho-ckV eodk j?.

;kfjs ;whfynk dh ;zouBktkdh$GkFk ftfrnkBe gj[zu ftXh ;zpzXh T[;d/ fszB b/y (;kfjs-;zouBktkd d/ GkFk-ftfrnkBe nkXko, ;zouBktkdL ;{M wkvb,


;'f;Uo d/ GkFe wkvb) g[;se ;kfjs nfXn?B;kfjs nfXn?B;kfjs nfXn?B;kfjs nfXn?B;kfjs nfXn?B ftu, ns/ fJe b/y (;'f;UoLGkFe fujB) ;kfjs ftfrnkB;kfjs ftfrnkB;kfjs ftfrnkB;kfjs ftfrnkB;kfjs ftfrnkB ftu gqkgs j[zdk j?. fJBQK b/yK ftu T[j ;kf;Uod/ T[BQK GkFkJh ;zebgK dk pVh pkoheh Bkb ftFb/FD eodk j? i' fe ;zouBktkddk nkXko pDd/ jB.

;kf;Uo nB[;ko GkFkJh fujB nkg-w[jko/ j[zd/ jB. fujB, fujBe nsfujBs dk ;[w/b j? ns/ fujBe ns/ fujBs dk ;zpzXh nkgw[jkok j?.

¿jo GkFe fJekJh ftu d' sZs w"i{d j[zd/ jB, X[Bh-fpzp ns/ ;zebg.;'f;Uo B/ GkFe fJekJh ~ fujB, T[;d/ X[Bh-fpzp ~ fujBe ns/ T[; d/ ;zebg~ fujfBs ffejk j?. fujBe ns/ fujfBs dk foFsk nfByV j? L ;'f;Uo B/ Fpddh EK fujB Fpd tos e/ fujBe (X[Bh-fpzp) ns/ fujfBs (;zebg) dh nfByVj'Ód T[go pb fdZsk j?##.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx fujBe ns/ fujBs d/ nfByV ns/ ;z:'rh foFs/~ ;ftekofdnK ;gFN eodk j? fe @@j;s-jZE ftu X[Bh-fpzp pdb frnk j?go;zebg T[t/Ó dk T[[t/Ó pfDnk fojk j?. nkX[fBe :[r ftu @r[ops# ~ |ohph d/noE ftu jh rqfjD ehsk iKdk j?, jkbK fe fJ; dk w{b noE god/; j?.fJ;dk ;zebg iK fujfBs pdb frnk j?. Gkt/Ó fe X[Bh-fpzp gfjbk jh pfDnk fojkj?##2

;kf;Uo B/ GkFkJh nfXn?B ftu cattle, silly ns/ you FpdK dhnKT[dkjoBK d/ e/ fJj f;ZX eoB dk :sB ehask j? fe fJBQK FpdK d/ noE(fujBs) GkFk d/ fJfsjk;e tosko/ d[nkok rqfjD BjhÓ ehs/ ik ;ed/. gfjbKnzro/}h ftu cattle ikfJdkd bJh, silly f;nkD/ bJh ns/ you pj[tuB eowbJh tofsnk iKdk ;h, id'Ó fe ni'eh nzro/}h ftu fJBQK d/ fujBs pdb rJ/jB. cattle gF{ iK rK bJh silly w{oy bJh ns/ you fJe tuB $pj[puBeosk$ eow bJh tofsnk iKdk j?. fJ;/ gqeko jh eq'F, p[ZX{, fwqr, ;og, F[jdk,\[eok ni'eh gzikph ftu tZyo/ noE( fujBs) rqfjD eo rJ/ jB. F[jdk ns/\[eoK ~ eqwtko @Fjhd# @\eho# d/ pj[tuB d/ noEK ftu BjhÓ fbnk iKdk .

;kfjs ;whfynk ftu fJe g?o'b ns/ bKr ~ fJe ftFb/FD i[rs ti'Ótofsnk frnk j?. ;kfjs ;whfynk g?o'b s'Ó bKr sZe dk ;\o j?. fd;d/ s'Ónfd;d/ ;Zu dh N'j j?. bKr f;;Nw j? ns/ g?o'b gqrNk.

@@GkFk - ftfrnkBh ;'f;Uo B/ GkFk ns/ T[uko ftueko i' fBy/Vk ehsk;h ;kfjs-;whfynk ftu T[j fJe nzso-fdqFNh tKr rqfjD ehsk ik ;edkj?HHHHftneshrs T[uko bJh ;'f;Uo B/ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHFpd dh tos'Ó ehsh. ;'language# GkFe ;woZEk$;zGktBk j?, @lange GkFk - f;;Nw ns/ parole


ftneshrs T[uko.##3

;kf;Uo nB[;ko GkFkJh fujBK dk ti{d T[BQK dh G"fse$fJfsjk;e j'Ódftu BjhÓ , ;r'Ó T[BQK d/ gqekoih tosko/ ftu j[zdk j? gqekoih toskok ;zpzXkswens/ gqpzXkswe j[zdk j?. fJ; gqpzX (system) ftu GkFkJh fujB (sign) d{i/fujBK d/ ;zpzXK okjhÓ nkgDh j'Ód ;kofEesk rqfjD eodk j?. noE fujB d/G"fse ;o{g ftu BjhÓ, T[;d/ ;zpzXkswe$ gqpzXkswe tosko/ ftu j?. fJe bkfJBbzph j?, S'Nh j?, gsbh j?.w'Nh j?. N/Yh j?, f;ZXh j?, yVthÓ j?, p?mthÓ j?, dk fBy/Vk d{ihnK bkfJBK d/ gq;zr ftu jh d/fynk ik ;edk j?. gqpzX s/ ;zpzX GkFefujBK dk gfoGkFe s/ ;Ekfgs bZSD j?.

@@GkFe - fujB nkgj[dok j?. go GkFe fujB f;o\ nkgj[do/ BjhÓ, T[jf;;Nw ftu pZM/ fujB jB.HHHH GkFk dk skofeesk ns/ T[; dk nkgj[dokgB;wki-;zpzXK ftu th fd; nkT[_dk j?.4

GkFk ;zuko dk fJZe wkfXnw j? ns/ fJ; dh ;zouBk fJ; d/ gqekoihtosko/ ns/ ;zukoh b'VK T[Zs/ fBoGo eodh j?. fJjh ekoB j? fe p'bukb dhGkFk, ftfrnkgB dh GkFk, ns/ ;kfjs dh GkFk dk ;o{g ns/ ;zouBk nbZr-nbZr j[zdh j?.fJBQK GkFk tzBrhnK d/ tyo/t/Ó ~ fBwB nB[;ko do;kfJnk ik;edk j?L

1 p'bukb dh GkFk;o'eko L ;zuko (communication);zouBk L yzfvs (scattered)GkFk L nfs-;obhfeqs (overautomatized)

2H ftfrnkgB dh GkFk L;o'eko L ;{uBk (informative)

;zouBL o{geh(metaphoric)GkFk L nfs-ftF/Fhfeqs(overemphasized)

3H ftfrnkB dh GkFk L;o'eko L ;zebgBk (conceptualization)

;zouBk L gzrshB[wk (linear)GkFk L nfs-fB:ws (overgrammaticized)

4H ;kfjs dh GkFk L;o'eko L ;[ji (aaesthetics);zouBk L ;zrbhB[wk (metonymic)GkFk L niBphfeqs (de autumatized)


@@ekft-GkFk ns/ p'bukb dh GkFk dk d{ik fBy/Vk fJj j? fe fiE/ p'bukbdh fdFk eow-;zuko tZb j? T[E/ ekft-;zrmB dh ;[ji-;zuko tZb. ekft-;zukoB:EkoE ;z;ko Bkb'Ó fBy/fVnk ;[ji-;z;ko j?. :EkoE ns/ ;[ji dk nzso fJed{i/ d/ fto'X dk ;{ue BjhÓ. fJBQK dh gqfeosh fJe d{i/ s'Ó fGzB j?.##5

fJ; soQK vkH jfoGiB f;zx ekft GkFk ns/ p'bdh GkFk dk fBy/Vk T[BQKdh tos'Ó d/ gqekoih gfjb{ s'Ó eodk j?. ftfrnkB dh GkFk ns/ ;kfjs dh GkFkdk nzso-fBy/V eofdnK T[j efjzdk j? fe @@ftfrnkB dh fdFk nw{osB tZb s/;kfjs dh ;w{osB tbHHHH ftfrnkB GkFk fJe- fujB-fJe -t;s{ B/w dk gkbDeodh j? go ;kfjs GkFk ftu fJe ;ze/s nB/e noEK ~ gqrNkT[D bJh ;wZoEj?.6

vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ;whfynkL ftjkoe gfjb{vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ;whfynkL ftjkoe gfjb{vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ;whfynkL ftjkoe gfjb{vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ;whfynkL ftjkoe gfjb{vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ;whfynkL ftjkoe gfjb{

vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ;whfynk d/ ftjkoe gfjb{ ;zpzXh uouk eoB bJhnkXko$nfXn?B ;wZroh ti'Ó T[; dh g[;se o{geh o{geh o{geh o{geh o{geh ;kv/ ;kjwD/ j?. fJ; g[;seftu T[; B/ frnkoK eftsktK, @ezpdh ebkJh#, @e/b'Ó d/ rb bZrh t/b#, @@fJe tkohnuBu/s#, iKrbh S'jo#, @e[Vh g'm'jko dh#, @ikfJdkd#, @uZgk uzB#, FkwK g? rJhnK#,@gzy/o{#, @fpoj'Ó dh oVe#,ns/ @gjhnk# dh ftjkoe ;whfynk ehsh j?. fJ; g[;se d/F[o{ ftu @sbkF ;whfynk ftXh dh# BK nXhB fJZe bzpk b/y j?, fi; ftu e[MeftsktK d/ s[bBkswe ftFb/FD okjhÓ @gzikph ;whfynk ftXh T[;koD dk :sB ehskfrnk j?#, ns/ T[j ;[u/s gZXo s/ fe;/ ;zgodkfJ, o{gtkdh iK ;zouBktkdh Bkb i[VDs'_ |[o/} th eodk j?, go fJ; b/y d/ nKsfoe soe ftu ;kf;Uo d[nkok fdZs/rJ/ GkFe wkvbK dk gk;ko fgnk j? @@Ehw ns/ GkFk p[Dsh# d/ r[zdt/Ó foFs/ okjhÓjh ekft-feos ~ ;wMD dk isB w/ok gq:'iB j?. fJ; ~ o{gtkdh nfXn?B fejkikt/, Gkt/Ó ;zouBktkdh, fe;/ o{gtkdh$;zuBktkdh ;zgodkfJ Bkb pZMD dk fJokdkBjhÓ j?. gzikph ekft-feosK d/ nkXko s/ gzikph ;whfynk-ftXh T[;koD dk isBj?.7

@Ehw ns/ GkFk p[Dsh# dk foFsk bKr ns/ g?o'b d/ foFs/ d/ ;wkBzsoj?. GkFk p[Dsh$ g?o'b okjhÓ ;kfjs gkmK d/ Ehw$bKr sZe gj[zfunk ik ;edk j?.fJj fujBe s'Ó fujBs, eVhdko s'Ó bVhdko s/ fJekbe s'Ó d[ekbe se ;\oeoB dh i[rs j?. fJ;/ gqeko gzikph @;whfynk-ftXh# T[;koD bJh gzikph ekft-feosK ~ nkXko wzBDk p[Dsh s'Ó pDso$;zouBk, nzr s'Ó nzrheko, iK gkoN s'Ó;w[Zu sZe dk ;\o j?. ;zouBktkdh iK ;kf;UohnB GkFk ftfrnkBe ftXh d/ w{bGkFe ;zebgK$f;XksK dk sdo{gh ftjko j?.fJ; gqeko vkH jfoGiB f;zx ftjkoe;whfynk d"okB th ;zouBkswe GkFk ftfrnkB iK ;kf;Uo d/ GkFkJh ftFb/FD


wkvb ~ nu/s $;[u/s o{g ftu rqfjD eoh oZydk j?.

fit/Ó fe gfjbK f}eo nk u[Zek j? fe @@o{geh##o{geh##o{geh##o{geh##o{geh## g[;se ftu vkH jfoGiBf;zx B/ frnkoK eftsktK dh ftjkoe ;whfynk ehsh j?, go fJ; b/y ftu T[BQKd[nkok GkJh tho f;zx dh eftsk @ezpdh ebkJh# dh ehsh rJh ftjkoe ;whfynkd/ GkFk ftfrnkBe gfjb{nK ;zpzXh ;zy/g o{g ftu uouk ehsh rJh j?.

eftsk @ezpdh ebkJh# dh ;whfynk F[o{ eoB t/b/ vkH jfoGiB f;zxdhnK ;zouBktkd ;zpzXh ehshnK rJhnK e[ZM fNZgDhnK pj[s wjZstg{oB jBL

@@;zouBktkd e'Jh f;XKs BjhÓ fJj e/tb fJe fdqFNh-fpzd{ j? frnkBgqkgsh dk. fJ; dh w{b ;EkgBk fJj j? fe fe;/ th t;s{ ftF/F ~ fJe ;zouBko{g ftu d/fynk ik ;edk j?. ;zouBk fJe ;w[Zu j? fi;d/ nzr fJe d{i/ Bkb;koEe o{g ftu nzso-;zpzfXs ofjzd/ jB ns/ ;w[Zu d/ o{g ftu jh fJ; dktv/o/ ;wkie g;ko/ ftu fJe ;koEe gq:'iB j[zdk j?. frnkB-gqkgsh dh fdqFNh s'Ó;zouBktkdh ;w[Zu (nzrh, nzrtkB) ns/ T[; d/ nzr ftueko ;u/s fBy/Vk eoe/s[odk j?, nzrK dk fJe d{i/ Bkb ;zpzzX j[zdk j? ns/ nzrtkB dk fBFfus gq:'iBj[zdk j?. fe;/ th nzr-;zebg dh nkgD/ nkg ftu e'Jh ;koEesk BjhÓ j[zdhÓ, d{i/nzrK Bkb i[V e/ jh T[j ;koEesk rqfjD eodk j?. ;zouBk iK f;;Nw ftuou fwu e/ jh nzr fBo;zd/j ;gFN jz[dk j?.8

vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh fJj ;gFN XkoBk j? fe fe;/ th GkFB fujB dhG"fse j'Ód wkfJB/ BjhÓ oZydh.fujB f;;Nw ftu d{i/ nzrK (fujBK) Bkb i[Ve/ jh;kofEesk rqfjD eodk j?. GkFk ftfrnkBe s"o #s/ fJj XkoBk pj[s wjZstg{oBj?. j'o ;gFNsk bJh j/m fby/ tke d/y/ ik ;ed/ jBL

1 bVek ik fojk j?.

2H s{z T[m ik.

3H bVek o'Jh ik fojk j?.

fJBQK fszBK tkeK ftu ik Fpd dh tos'Ó j'Jh j?. gfjb/ tke ftu ikikD- fefonk d/ s"o s/ tofsnk frnk j?, d{i/ tke ftu ik ;zukbB fefonkd/ s"o s/ (fi; dk ikD-fefonk Bkb e'Jh ;zpzX BjhÓ) ns/ shi/ tke ftu ikfBozsosk tk;s/ tofsnk frnk j?. Gkt fJj ik Fpd d/ noE T[; d/ G'fse;o{g ftu BjhÓ, gq;zfre tksktoD ftu gJ/ jB.GkFk d/ fJ; gq;zfre tosko/ pko/vkH jfoGiB f;zx pj[s ;gFN jB.

tke GkFk dh tZvh s'Ó tZvh ns/ GktzF GkFk dh S'Nh s'Ó S'Nh ftnkeoBfJekJh j?. GktzF s'Ó Fpd, Fpd s'Ó tkezF, tkezF s'Ó T[gtke s/ T[gtke s'Ó tke


pDd/ jB. jo/e ftnkeoBe fJekJh nkgD/ nkg ftu ;[szso th j? ns/ nkgD/s'Ó tv/oh fJekJh dk ouBkswe nzr th. nzr nkgD/ nkg ftu fJe ;w[Zu thj? s/ ;w[Zu nkgD/ s'Ó tv/o/ ;w[Zu dk fJe nzr. T[dkjoB bJh fJe tke b?ÓdkjK L

okw B/ oktD ~ sho Bkb wkfonk

fJ; tke ftu ;Zs Fpd nkJ/ jB. fJj ;Zs Fpd nkgD/ nkg ftu;[szso th jB s/ tke d/ nzr ti'Ó th ekoiFhb jB. fJj ;Zs Fpd nZr'Ó ukotv/o/ ;w[Zu ~ ;keko eod/ jB. okw B/ O oktD ~ Osho Bkb O wkfonk. fcofJBQK s'Ó fszB ;w[Zu pDd/ jB.okw B/OoktD ~ O sho Bkb wkfonk. fco d' okwB/OoktD ~ sho Bkb wkfonk.fco fJe @okw B/ oktD ~ sho Bkb wkfonk. fJ;nzr-nzrheko iK gkoN-;w[Zu d/ ;z:'r ~ fJe o[y-fdqF okjhÓ th ;wM ;ed/ jK,

tkeBKt tkezF fefonk tkezFBKt ;zpzXe BKt tkezF fefonk tkezF

BkÓt ;zpzXe

BKt ;zpzXe fefonkokw B/ oktD ~ sho Bkb wkfonk

fJ; gqeko tke d/ ;ko/ nzr fJe eVhdko soshp ftu ftuod/ fJe tZv/;koEe ;w[Zu/ (tke) dh f;oiBk eod/ jB. fJj ;ko/ nzr ( Fpd ) nkgD/ nkgftu ;[szso th jB, s/ nkgD/ s'Ó tZvh ;zouBk ( tke)dk ihtzs nzr th . vkHjfoGiB f;zx @ezpdh ebkJh # dh ;whfynk t/b/ fJjh i[rs pk]{ph tosdk j?.eftsk dh ;whfynk d/ F[o{nks ftu T[j fbydk j? fe @@ezpdh ebkJh## HHHnZmKgzrshnK d/ ihtzs i'V Bkb pDh fJj ouBk j?. n;hÓ gzrshnK ~ nzr ns/ ;w[ZuhouBk ~ ;zouBk efj ;ed/ jK ( gfjbh B}o/ ;k~ MKtbk g?Ódk j? fe fJ; d/e[M nzr nkgD/ nkg ftu ;[szso jB. T[dkjoD ti'Ó gfjbh gzrsh bt'L

;[gB/ ftu s[;hÓ fwb/ n;k~

n;K Xk rbteVh gkJh

i/ eth e/tb fJj' gzrsh fbydk sK fJj ;zg{oB ouBk j[zdh, nzr BjhÓ,nzrtkB j[zdh.9

fJ; dh g{osh bJh d{ih gzrsh }o{oh j?L;[gB/ ftu s[;hÓ fwb/ n;k~n;hÓ Xk rbteVh gkJh


fBok B{o s[;hÓ jZE Bk nkJ/;kvh ezpdh ojhÓ ebkJh

fJ; pko/ vkH jfoGiB f;zx fbyd/ jB fe @@fJj gzrsh ftnkeoBe;zouBk (tke) d/ o{g ftu g{oD j?. go eftsk ftu fJj g{ok tketh nX{ok j?,nkgD/ s'Ó tv/oh fJekJh dk nzr j?. fJ; d/ pkd nkT[D tkbh jo gzrsh fJ;/ soQKftnkeoDe ;zouBk d/ o{g ftu g{oD j? go ekft-;zouBk dk nzr j?.10

p'bukb dh GkFk$fwnkoh GkFk, ftfrnkB dh GkFk ns/ ;kfjs dh GkFkpko/ rZb eofdnK n;hÓ fejk ;h fe ;kfjs dh GkFk niBph feqs j[zdh j?. fJjftnkeoBe B/wK dk gokjB eodh j?, id'Ó fe fwnkoh GkFk$ftfrnkB dh GkFkftnkeoBe gqshwkBK dk gkbD eodh j?. fJ; ;zpzXh vkH jfoGiB f;zx j[ohfbyd/ jB fe @@ jo ekft-feos ftu fwnkoh GkFk d/ B/w osk e[ fYZb/ eo fdZs/iKd/ jB. fwnkoh GkFk s/ ekft-GkFk fJe d{i/ torhnK th jB s/ fJe d{i/ s'ÓtZyohnK th jBHHHHjZEbh eftsk ftu fJ; gqftosh d/ T[dkjoD fJ; gqeko jB,

fwnkoh o{g gokfjnk o{gs[;hÓ n;k~ ;[gB/ ftu fwb/ ;[gB/ ftu s[;hÓ fwb/ n;k~ 11

fJ; gqeko vk H jfoGiB f;zx B/ gzikph ;kfjs ;whfynk ~ fJZe tZyohf;XKse ns/ ftjkoe gSkD fdZsh ns/ gzikph ekft-feosK d/ nkXko s/ gzikph;whfynk-ftXh T[;koD dk :sB ehsk. fJ; BthBsk, tZyosk s/ ftbZyDsk dk w[ZyekoB T[;dh ;whfynk ftXh dh fgZm-G{wh ftu ekoiFhb GkFk ftfrnkBe nzsofdqFNh j? fi; dh tos'Ó T[j ;kfjs ;whfynk t/b/ nu/s$ ;[u/s o{g ftu eodkofjzdk j?.

jtkb/jtkb/jtkb/jtkb/jtkb/

1H jfoGiB f;zx, ;kfjs ftfrnkB;kfjs ftfrnkB;kfjs ftfrnkB;kfjs ftfrnkB;kfjs ftfrnkB, gzBk 882 H2 H2 H2 H2 H T[jT[jT[jT[jT[jh, gzB/ 91-923H jfoGiB f;zx, ;kfjs nfXnB;kfjs nfXnB;kfjs nfXnB;kfjs nfXnB;kfjs nfXnB, gzBk 604H jfoGiB f;zx, ;kfjs ftfrnkB;kfjs ftfrnkB;kfjs ftfrnkB;kfjs ftfrnkB;kfjs ftfrnkB, gzBk 935H jfoGiB f;zx, ;kfjs Fk;so;kfjs Fk;so;kfjs Fk;so;kfjs Fk;so;kfjs Fk;so, gzBk 866 H6 H6 H6 H6 H T[jT[jT[jT[jT[jh, gzBk 857H jfoGiB f;zx, o{geho{geho{geho{geho{geh, gzBk 138 H8 H8 H8 H8 H T[jhT[jhT[jhT[jhT[jh, gzBk 14-159 H9 H9 H9 H9 H T[jT[jT[jT[jT[jh, gzBk 1610 H10 H10 H10 H10 H T[jhT[jhT[jhT[jhT[jh gzBk 22

õõõ


vkH jfoGiB f;zx LvkH jfoGiB f;zx LvkH jfoGiB f;zx LvkH jfoGiB f;zx LvkH jfoGiB f;zx L;whfynk u/sBk;whfynk u/sBk;whfynk u/sBk;whfynk u/sBk;whfynk u/sBk

vkH p/nzs e"ovkH p/nzs e"ovkH p/nzs e"ovkH p/nzs e"ovkH p/nzs e"o

nkX[fBe ;kfjs ;fGnkuko d/ y/so ftØu vkHjfoGiBf;zx fJe Bkwto ;y;ahns j?. eth, nkb'ue, tkoseeko,nB[tkde, ;zgkde d/ s"o @s/ ikD/ gSkD/ iKd/ ftdtkB b/yedh gqfsGk;akbh ebw B/ nB/eK g[;seK gzikph ;kfjs dh M'bhgkJhnK jB. fJBQK g[;seK ftØu tX/o/ frDsh f;oiDk(eftsk) ns/ ;kfjs fuzsB Bkb i[VhnK g[;seK dh j?.f;oiDkswe ouBktK dh frDsh nmkoK s'_ T[s/ j?, fi; ftØubk;K (1956), sko s[gek, nXo?Dh, BK X[Øg/ BK Skt/_, ;Ve d/;ca/ T[s/, w?_ i' phs frnk, nbca d[gfjo, N[ØehnK ihGKtkb/, wfjeK ~ izdo/ Bk wkoh, nbftdk s'_ gfjbk, wKtKXhnK, fBØe ;[Øe, w/oh ekft :ksok, u"E/ dh T[vhe, o[Øy s/ fo;ahnkfd ekft-;zrqfj ft;a/;a jB.

;kfjs-fuzsB d/ gq;zr ftØu th vkH jfoGiB f;zxdk :'rdkB pj[s nfjw j?. fdØbh :{Bhtof;Nh ftØu nkX[fBeGkosh Gk;aktK ns/ ;kfjs, ft;a/;a eoe/ gzikph ftGkr ftØunfXnkgB d/ feØs/ Bkb ;zpzXs vkH ;kfjp B/ ;kfjs fuzsBXkok ~ gqc[Øfbs eoB d/ B[es/ s'_ nkX[fBe ;kfjs f;XKsK ~gkmeqw dk fjØ;k pDkT[D bJh i' G{fwek fBGkJh, T[j pj[s;koEe ojh. fJ; Bkb ftGkr ftØu ftdtsk dk wkj"b g?dkj'fJnk. gzikph ftGkr @gzikph nkb'uBk d/ fdØbh ;e{b# d/Bkw Bkb ikfDnK ikD bØrk. fJ;/ sfjs gzikph nkb'uBk ~ft;at gØXo T[Øgo ub oj/ frnkB ;ak;soh gfog/yK d/ ;wftØE;wMD-p[MD s/ pb fdzfdnK j'fJnK T[jBK gzikph nfXn?B s/nfXnkgB Bkb i[V/ tor ~ o{;h o{gtkd, coK;h;h ;zouBktkd,nwoheh Bt nkb'uBk, gokr ;e{b nkfd gØSwh fuszBgqDkbhnK Bkb ntrs eotkfJnK. fJzBK nzso-fdq;aNhnK


okjh_ wØX-ekbh ;kfjs ns/ nkX[fBe gzikph o{gkekoK ns/ fuzsB gqsh w"fbe XkoBktKth g/;a ehshnK. t;s{ ns/ o{g dh ndt?s, ;kfjs dh y[dw[yfsnko j'_d, ;kfjsdh ;kfjsesk dh gfjukD, ;kfjs ftfrnkB nkfd w;fbnK gqsh ftuko uoukeofdnK T[BQK dh ;whfynk u/sBk fBozso ftek; ~ o/yKfes eodh j?, fi; ftØug[okD/ d/ fsnkr ns/ u[frod/ ftØu tkgo oj/ Bt/_ ;ztkd ~ ;theko/ ikD dh wB;akT[ikro j[zdh j?.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ;whfynk u/sBk dk w{b ;o's g{oph ns/ gØSwhfuzsB ;h. T[_BK B/ no;s{ d/ ekft ;ak;so, b'BikJhB; d/ T[dks ns/ gb?N' d/fogpfbe dk gzikph nB[tkd eoB fgØS'_ i' gqGkt rqfjD ehsk T[; nXhB ;kfjseouBktK d/ nfXn?B ~ nB[eoB :'r wzfBnk ns/ ekft feos d/ wow ~ ikDBbJh f;XKs u/sBk dk j'Dk iao{oh wzfBnk. fJ;/ ekoB vkH ;kfjp B/ gzikph ;kfjsefeosK d/ :Ek :'r nfXn?B bJh gØSwh ;kfjs ;zebgK ns/ nkb'uBk ftXhnK ~wjØst fdØsk.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx d/ ;whfynk ekoi dk nkozG 1970 ftØu gqek;fas j'JhT[_BK dh g[;se# nfXnB ns/ nfXnkgB s'_ wzfBnk iKdk j?. fJ; ;w/_ sØe ;zsf;zx ;/y', fe;aB f;zx dh wkoe;tkdh nkb'uBk dh ;[o pbtkB ;h. vkH nso f;zxnkX[fBesk d/ ;zebg nXhB gzikph ;kfjse ouBktK ~ gSkDB d/ :sB tØb o[fus;h. go, nfXnB s/ nfXnkgB B/ ;whfynk dk Bt/ebk w[jktok ;Ekfgs ehsk i'fe vkH ;kfjp dhnK ;whfynk u/sBk Bkb i[VhnK j'oBK g[;seK- w[Øb s/ w[bzeD,;kfjs ;ak;so, ouBk ;zouBk, gkorkwh, o{geh, ;kfjs nfXnB, ;kfjs ftfrnkBnkfd okjh_ o{gwkB j[zdk j?. fJzBK g[;seK ftub/ ftfGzB fBpzXK ftØu g{opbh gzikph;whfynk d/ nX{o/gB ns/ ng{oBsktk gqsh ;ztkd th ;h s/ Bt/_ fdq;aNhwkB th.gkorkwh g[;se ftØu doi ;/y' dk f;XKs fuzsB (•) ns/ (–) d/y/ ik ;ed/ jB.

wØX-ekbh ;kfjs - r[owfs ekft, ;zs ekft, ;{cah ekft dh ftnkfynkft;ab/;aD eofdnK vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ;whfynk u/sBk Bt/_ fd;jZfdnK dh sbk;aBkb i[Vh j?. fiØE/ ;zs f;zx ;/y' B/ r[owfs ;kfjs ~ gok ;kfjs ns/ fe;aB f;zxB/ fJBebkph x';fas ehsk T[ØE/ vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ @r[o{ BkBe dh ekft GktBk#,@BkBe fpzp#, gzikph fBor[D ekft, r[opkDh dh ;[ji GktBk, ebkw cohd dhifNbsk, BkBe pkDh dh ;zouBk, nkfd fBpzXK ftØu r[opkDh d/ gqshe ns/ ;[ji;ak;so ~ ;wMD p[MD Bkb ;zpzXs j?. r[opkDh d/ ftbØyD ufoØso ~ ;wMfdnKgfjbh tko pkDh ns/ ekft ftØu fBy/Vk ;Ekfgs ehsk.

¿pkDh ns/ ekft d't/_ nk;fse eow jB go fiØE/ r[opkDh dh nk;fseskg{ot w[Øy j? T[ØE/ ekft dh nk;fsesk GftØy w[Øy j?. pkDh dk gq/oBk fpzd{ ft;atk;


j?, ekft dk nB[Gt. pkDh dh tcak f;oiDjko gqsh j?, ekft dh f;oiD gqsh.ÀnfXn?B ns/ nfXnkgB, gzBk L —™H

1972 ftØu gqek;fas j'Jh w[Øb s/ w[bzeD g[;se vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh;whfynk u/sBk ;{cah ekft gqsh w[skf;o j?. cohd, p[Øb/ ;akj, ;akj j[;?B, d/ ebkwKd/ ;[jiksfwe gØyK ~ ebk s/ s"o s'_ ftukfonk.

1972 ftØu gqek;as w[Øb s/ w[bzeD g[;se ftØu ;{cah ekft dk w[bzeDeofdnK ;{cah ekft d/ fBek; ns/ ftek; ~ o/ykfes ehsk j?. fJ;bkw d/ ft;skoBkb ;zpzfXs eofdnK ;{cah ws dhnK ft;a/;asktK ns/ ftfGzBsktK dk w[bzeD eofdnKr[owfs ekft Bkb fBy/Vk nzfes ehsk j?. cohd, p[Øb/Q ;akj, ;akj j[;?B d/ ebkw dh;whfynk eofdnK T[BK ftubh ftukoXkoe fGzBsk$nzso ~ c'e; ehsk j?.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ;whfynk-u/sBk nfXnkgB ~ yak; s"o s/ o/yKfeseodh j?. fJ;/ nXhB 1973 ftØu gqek;fas j'Jh T[_BK dh g[;se @;kfjs ;ak;so#;kfjs dh gqfeqsh, gq:'iB, ;kfjs dh j'_d ftXh Bkb i[V/ w;fbnK ~ ;wMD;wMkT[D Bkb ;zpzXs j?. ;kfjs s/ ;wki, ;kfjs ns/ Gk;ak nkfd dh uoukeofdnK nkX[fBe ;kfjs d/ tØy tØy o{gkekoK-Bktb, ejkDh, eftsk, rbg dh j'_dftXh d/ w;b/ ~ T[Gkfonk j?. 1974 ftØu gqek;fas j'Jh g[;se @gkorkwh# d/b/yK - gzikph eftsk o{g ouBk, gzikph Bktb-o{g ouBk, ejkDh ns/ gzikph ejkDhnkfd ftØu ;zouBktkdh w;fbnK ~ T[Gkfonk j?.

gzikph ;whfynk y/so ftØu vkH jfoGiB f;zx o{gtkdh$;zouBktkdhnkb'ue ti'_ w[jkos jkf;b j'Jh j?. T[j o?B/ftfbe, d/fodk, ;'f;T[o eKs, :k gkb;kosq d/ ;kfjs fuzsB i[V/ ;zebgK s'_ gqGkfts ;B. fJ;/ nXhB T[_BK B/ nkgDh g[;se@;kfjs nfXnB# ftØu @;'f;T[o d/ Gk;ae wkvb, ;zouBktkd L ;{M wkvb, ;kfjs L d[i?bhf;oiDk, ;kfjs L niBpheoB sfjs ;kfjs nfXnB dh t;s{ N?e;N d/ ft;ab/;aD Bkbi[VhnK Gk;ae i[rsK$ouBkswe gØyK pko/ ft;fsqs uouk ehsh j?.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ;whfynk u/sBk gØSwh ekft-;ak;so gSkD ns/gzikph ;kfjs nfXnkgB Bkb w[skf;o j?. fJ; bJh 1978 ftØu gqek;fas j'Jh T[_BKdh g[;se @;kfjs ftfrnkB# Bt/_ fuzsB Bkb ;ztkd oukT[_dh j?. o{;h o{gtkd Lekft-;ak;soh fdq;aNh, gokr ;e{b L gqekoih ;zebg, fwnkoh s/ ekft Gk;ak, eKs dk;[ji ftt/e, ebk ftt/e, Bt nkb'uBk dk ebk s/ ftfrnkB ftØu fBy/Vk, Btnkb'uBk dk Gk;ak f;XKs nkfd b/yK nXhB gzikph nkb'uBk ~ ft;at dh nkb'uBkd/ jkD dh pDkT[D bJh ehsh xkbDk ft;a/;a nfjwhns oØydh j?.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ BthB nfXnB gqDkbhnK Bkb ikD{ jh Bjh_eotkfJnK ;r'_ fJzBK fuzsB gqDkbhnK sfjs ftfGzB ekft feosK dk ftjkoe


nfXnB 1976 ftØu gqek;fas j'Jh g[;se #o{geh# ftØu ehsk j?. GkJh tho f;zx g{oBf;zx, w'jB f;zx, nfwqsk gqhsw, fFt e[wko nkfd ethnK dhnK ouBktK dk gkm-rs nfXnB eofdnK ouBk d/ nzsozr gqzpzX ~ ;wMD p[MD tØb tX/o/ o[fus j?.;kfjse ouBk ~ fJe ;[szso gqpzX wzBfdnK j'fJnK fJ; d/ nfXnB bJh tos/iKd/ ;zd sBkT[, fto'XkGk; ftnzr, i?;uo nw{os gqpzX, ;w{osB nkfd dh sbk;aeofdnK ouBk d/ gq:'iB, ;wkfie, fJfsjk;e ;o'ekoK dk ft;ab/;aD eofdnK T[_BKdh ;whfynk u/sBk ouBk d/ ftjkoe nfXnB ehs/ ikD dh g[Øyodh eodh j?.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ;whfynk u/sBk dk ft;sko ;zouBktkd sØe ;hfwsj?. fJzBK d/ t/fbnK s'_ jh ft;at ftØu T[sonkX[fBesk Bkohtkd nkfd ;kfjs fuzsBgqDkbhnK dh uouk j'Dh ;a[o{ j' rJh ;h go fte'fbso/ b/yK ftØu jh T[; pko/;ze/se uouk fwbdh j?, ft;fsqs nfXnB Bjh_ fwbdk. vkH ;kfjp dh ;whfynku/sBk pko/ i/ ;zy/g fpnkB d/Dk j't/ sK fejk ik ;edk j? fe T[BQK dh ;whfynku/sBk ft;fsqs ns/ rfjoh j? i' no;s{ d/ frnkB ;ak;so s'_ ;a[o{ j' e/ gØSwhirs ftØu i' e[M th ;kfjs ftfrnkB ftØu tkgo fojk ;h T[; dh gSkD Bkb i[Vhj?. T[BQK B/ fJ; ;w[Øuh u/sBk nXhB gzikph N?e;N d/ nzsozr gqpzX ~ tkufdnKT[; dhnk Gk;ak ftfrnkfBe i[rsK, ;[ji ;ak;soh u/sBk, f;;Nwh gqpzX nXhBftukoXkoe ;Øu ~ gfjukDB tØb o[fus j?. fJT[_ T[BQK dh u/sBk gzikph noEGog{o ns/ gq;zre pDkT[D ftØu ft;a/;a ojh j?. fJ;d/ Bkb T[BQK dh ;whfynk u/sBk pko/ eJh fezs{ gzos{ th j[zd/ oj/ jB w;bB gØSwh nkb'uBk fdq;aNhnK ~T[jBK dhnK ;hwktK gSkD/ pr?o fiT[_ dk fsT[_ rqfjD eo b?_dk j?. T[;dhnkb'uBk ftØu f;XKs uouk ~ b'V'_ tØX wjØst fdØsk frnk j?. fJ; Bkb nb'uef;XKse fNØgDhnK d/ fybko/ tØb o[fus j' iKdk j?. fJT[_ T[;dk nfXnB ekoi;zs[fbs Bjh_ ofjzdk. fJ; soK ikgdk j? fit/_ gkm ftub/ t/oftnK d/ nkXko T[s/T[j nkb'uBk f;XKsK, ;zebgK dh ftnkfynk eo fojk j't/.

fJ;d/ pkti{d, gzikph ;whfynk fuzsB ~ Bth_nK ftXkBK Bkb i'VB,noEGog{o ns/ gq;zre pDkT[D ftØu ekcah wjØstg{oB G{fwek ojh j?.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx1977 ftØu gqek;fas j'Jh nkgDh g[;se ouBk ;zouBkftØu o{;h o{gtkd, rbgh ouBk dk Ehw ftfrnkfBe nfXnB, fujBkb'uBk,;zouBktkdh fbyD f;XKs ;kfjs-;[ofs, nkfd b/yK N?e;N dh ;whfynk pko/ pDkJ/rJ/ ftfGzB ;zebgK o{g ns/ t;s{ dh ndt?s, ouBk dk gq:'iB, fujB fujfBefujfBs ftØu ekoi ekoB fo;ask, ;zuko Gk;ak, ;apdktbh nkfd dh uouk eofdnKfJ; rØb s/ pb fdØsk j? fe ;kfjs nfXnB fJ; gqeko dk j'Dk ukfjdk j? feT[;d/ nkgD/ B/w T[ikro j' ;eD.

õõõ


vkH jfoGiB f;zx dk b'et/dhvkH jfoGiB f;zx dk b'et/dhvkH jfoGiB f;zx dk b'et/dhvkH jfoGiB f;zx dk b'et/dhvkH jfoGiB f;zx dk b'et/dhfuzsB L p[fBnkdh ;o'ekofuzsB L p[fBnkdh ;o'ekofuzsB L p[fBnkdh ;o'ekofuzsB L p[fBnkdh ;o'ekofuzsB L p[fBnkdh ;o'eko

vkH ihs f;zx i'FhvkH ihs f;zx i'FhvkH ihs f;zx i'FhvkH ihs f;zx i'FhvkH ihs f;zx i'Fh

vkH jfoGiB f;zx gzikph ;kfjs ;whfynk d/ y/softu Bt/I wkg-dzv f;oiD s/ ngDkT[D ekoB tX/o/ uoukftu fojk j?. T[; B/ F[o{ s'I jh otkfJsh ;kfjs-f;XKsK Bkb;ztkd oukT[Id/ j'J/ ;dk Bt/I ftbZyD ;kfjse w[ZbK ~ngDkT[D dk o[MkD gkfbank j?. gozs{ jfoGiB f;zx dhy{p;{osh fJ; rZb ftu ojh j? fe T[; B/ gozgokrs o{VQf;XKsK gqsh ed/ th p/o[yh iK fto'X dk o[Zy BjhI ngDkfJnk,;r'I soe dh gZXo T[̀s/ Bt/I ns/ otkfJsh ;kfjse w[ZbK d/nzso-fBy/V dk okj ngDkfJnk j?. nfijk eod/ j'J/ vkHjfoGiB f;zx B/ BtK GkFkJh w[jktok, Bt/I ;zebg, BthIgqrNkn F?bh ~ nfsnzs y{p;{osh Bkb fBGkfJnk j?. n;bftu vkH jfoGiB f;zx gzikph GkFk, ;kfjs ns/ ;fGnkukodk T[j gqfsGkFhb fuzse ;h, fijVk ftfdnkoEhnK$nfXnkgeKy'i-gq/whnK ~ gZSwh fuzsB-u/sBk d/ y/so ftu tkgo ojhnKBthnK spdhbhnK Bkb i'VBk ukj[zdk ;h. FkfJd fJ;/ bJhvkH jfoGiB f;zx GkNhnk B/ fJj fNZgDh ehsh j? fe fBy/fVnk T[go nkXkfos j'D ekoB T[; ofus fuzsB dh gqfeqshftF/Fr fuzsB fijh ojh j?.

gZSwh fuzsB-u/sBk d/ nwb ftu'I g?dk j'J/ Fpd@c'eb'o# dk gzikph BkweoB eoB tkb/ gqw[Zy ftdtkBK ftuvkH jfoGiB f;zx dk :'rdkB fJfsjk;e wjZst oZydk j?.gzikph ;kfjs y/so ftu id'I vkH eoB?b f;zx fEzd @c'eb'o#~ b'e:kB d/ o{g ftu ns/ vkH ;'fjzdo f;zx p/dh @c'eb'o#~ b'eXkok d/ o{g ftu gohus eotkT[D bJh :sBFhb;B, brGr T[; ;w/I vkH jfoGiB f;zx c'eb'o ~ @b'et/

;kpek gq'ca?;o (gzikph),gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh fo}Bb;?INo, pfmzvk.c'B L 9417027136


d# dh ;zfrnk d/ e/ fJ; tosko/ ~ ;wMD ;wMkT[D bJh isB eo oj/ ;B.vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ nkgDh fe;/ th fbys ftu fJj fBoDk BjhI ehsk fe T[;B/ gquZfbs BktK (b'eXkok, b'e:kB) ftu'I fe;/ fJe ~ ngDkT[D dh EK@b'et/d# tork shik Fpd feT[I gq:'r ehsk j?< eh T[j nkgD/ ;[Gkn nB[;kootkfJsh ;zebgK ~ fsnkr e/ @Bt/I ;zebg# f;oiD dh ;Be g{oh eoB bJhnfijk eo oj/ ;B< iK b'eXkok iK b'e:kB d/ w[ekpb/ T[j b'et/d Fpd ~c'eb'o bJh tX/o/ Y[etK Fpd wzBd/ ;B< fJj ;ko/ ;tkb b'eXkok fuzsB d/ y/so ftu ojZ; pD/ j'J/ jB. feT[Ife Bk sK ][d vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ ns/ Bkjh fe;/ j'o b'eXkok Fk;soh B/ fe;/ fbys ftu fJ; rZb dk y[bk;k ehsk j?.T[Ii th vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ fJ; y/so ftu fJZek-d[ek wiw{B jh fby/ jB gofJBQK dk fJfsjk;e wjZst edk fus nDfvZm BjhI ehsk ik ;edk.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx tb'I b'eXkok fuzsB Bkb ;zpzfXs d' ouBktK gqkgsj[zdhnK jB gfjbh fbys j?, r[o{ BkBe d/t :{Bhtof;Nh nzfwqs;o tb'II wkou 15s'I 17, 1974 ftu b'e:kB pko/ eotkJ/ rJ/ fszB fdBK ;?whBko d/ fJe ;?FBdh gqXkBrh T[gozs fdZs/ rJ/ gqXkBrh GkFD d/ o{g ftu ns/ d{ih fbys j? XBhokw ukfsqe d/ iBw fdjkV/ s/ vhHJ/HthH ekbi ibzXo tb'I 1976 JhH ftu eotkJ/rJ/ ;?whBko d"okB UX' ekjB dh rZb ;[Dk e'Jh f;ob/y nXhB g/F ehs/ rJ/ y'igZso d/ o{g ftu fJj d't/I fbysK pknd ftu gqekfFs j' rJhnK ;B. fJBQK fbysKftu jh vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ c'eb'o bJh b'et/d Fpd dk gq:'r ehsk j?. fJBQKftu'I gfjbh fbys b'eXkok Fk;so d/ B}ohJ/ s'I g/F j'Jh j?, fi; bJh vkHjfoGiB f;zx b'e ftfdnk Fpd dk gq:'r eodk j? ns/ d{;oh ouBk b'eXkok d/fttjkoe nfXn?B Bkb ;zpzX oZydh j? fi; bJh T[; B/ b'et/de Fpd dk gq:'rehsk j?. ;kXkoB fdqFNh s'I d/yhJ/ sK b'e:kB b'eXkok ns/ b'et/d ;wkB gqfeoshtkb/ Fpd jB fJBQK dk wzst th iB-;w{j tZb'I f;oi/ frnkB dk nfXn?BftFb/FD eoBk jh j? go i/ fJj ;ko/ Fpd ;wkBkoEh jh jB sK c/o b'et/dFpd gq:'r eoB dh b'V feT[I wfj;{; j'Jh< fJ; ;tkb dk T[&Zso-sbkF eoBdh b'V ftu'I jh jZEbh fbys j'Id ftu nkJh j?.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx d/ nfXn?B-ftFb/FD dk y/so GkFkJh xkVsK tkb/toskfonK Bkb ;zpzfXs fojk j?. id'I fe c'eb'o dk tZvk Gkr r?o-GkFkJhtoskfonK d/ o{g ftu nkgDh j'Id oZydk j?. fJ; bJh nkgDh gfjbh fbys ftuvkH jfoGiB f;zx nkgDh rZb nozG eoB ;w/I jh nfsnzs fBwosk Bkb nkydkj? fe d';s'! w?I c'eb'o dk gzvs BjhI. fJ; ;zpzXh ftdtsk GohnK rZbK w?I BjhIeoBhnK. jkbKfe nkgDh d{ih fbys ftu T[j nkgDh ftdtsk dk gqrNktk eodkj'fJnk fbydk j? fe b'et/d fe;/ th ;fGnkuko dh p[fBnkd ns/ T[; d/ ufoZso


;zpzXh f;ZN/ gqkgs eoB dk Go';/:'r ;'wk j?. b'et/dh ;wZroh ~ vkH jfoGiBf;zx d' Fq/DhnK ftu tzv e/ d/ydk j?.

TH b'e-ftjko L (|??o-GkFkJh toskfonK bJh)

nH b'e-ftuko L (GkFkJh toskfonK bJh)

i/ jfoGiB f;zx dhnK d'tK fbysK dk ;zihdk Yzr Bkb w[skfbnk ehskikt/ sK fJj rZb ;gZFN j' iKdh j? fe vkH jfoGiB f;zx tZb'I gq:'r ehsk frnkFpd b'et/d noE-p'X dh fdqFNh s'I T[jBK noEK Bkb jh w/b yKdk j?, fiBKnoEK ftu vkH eoB?b f;zx fEzd b'e:kB Fpd dk, ns/ vkH ;'fjzdo f;zx p/dhb'eXkok Fpd dk gq:'r eo oj/ ;B L n;b ftu fJj T[j ;wK ;h id'I nzro/}h Fpd @c'eb'o# dk e'Jh Y[ZetK gzikph w[jKdo/ tkbk Fpd sbkF eoB d/ :sBj' oj/ ;B. vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh fdqFNh ns/ fdqFNhe'D s'I b'et/d FpdtX/o/ YZ[etK ikgdk ;h.

t/d Gkosh ;z;feqsh dk nkXko wzB/ iKd/ jB. vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/@t/d# Fpd Bkb b'e nr/so brke/ fJ; ~ b'e-t/d pDk fdZsk. i/ t/d ;z;feqshdk p'X eotkT[Id/ jB sK fBFu/ jh b'e-t/d b'e-;z;feqsh (c'eb'o) d/ noE-p'XBkb i[fVnk Fpd pD iKdk j?. T[Ii th t/d ouBk pko/ ftdtkBK dh XkoBk ojhj? fe

1H fbgh dk gfogZy o{g ngqkgs j'D eoe/ t/d ouBk fbyD ebk s'I tKM/oj/ ;B ghVQh do ghVQh w"fye o{g ftu ngDkJ/ ikD ekoB t/d Fo[sh ej/ iKd/jB.

2H t/d (ftF/F eo for t/d) gqfeose FeshnK d/ wkBth eoB d/ nwbBkb i[Vh ouBk j?. fJ; ftu nrBh toyk T{Fk ;{oi-tk:{ nkfd gqw[Zy d/tfsnKdh T[gk;Bk dk ftXkB j?.

b'eXkokJh toskfonK dh T[sgsh pko/ ftdtkB ne;o fJj wzBd/ oj/jB fe nkfd ekb ftu Fpd ~ gqkDXkoh wzfBnk iKdk ;h. eftsk gqkuhB;w/I ftu ;fji Fesh dk wkfXnw j[zdh ;h. Fpd Fesh dk ekfte o{gftF/F wzst dh f;ZXh bJh j[zdk ;h. T[; ;w/I d' tZv/ wzst j[zd/ ;B. G'fJz s'I uzrhc;b dh g?dktko ns/ fJ;soh s'I uzrh n"bkd dh fJZSk. b'e-ftFtk; nB[;ko fJT[Icb gqkgsh j[zdh ;h. ;zGt j?, fJ;/ fdqFNh s'I vkH jfoGiB f;zx ~@b'et/d# @c'eb'o# Fpd dk Y[ZetK o{g bZfrnk j't/, feT[Ife vkH jfoGiB f;zx dhfdqFNh s'I @c'eb'o# dh ;wZroh ftjko dh uh} j/, go T[; dk nfXn?B ftukoBkb ;zpzfXs j?. c'eb'o bJh gozgokrs o{g ftu ngDkJ/ rJ/ Fpd b'e:kB ikb'eXkok p[fBnkdh s"o #s/ b'e-ftjko ~ jh gfoGkFs eod/ ikgd/ jB, id'I fe


b'e-t/d GkFkJh toskok j'D ekoB b'e-ftuko dh tzBrh ftu Fkwb j?. vkHjfoGiB f;zx dh fdbu;gh F[o{ s'I jh b'e-ftuko (GkFkJh tosko/) Bkb i[Vh ojhj?. fJ; bJh T[; B/ b'et/d# Fpd dh u'D ehsh j?. T[; B/ soe g/F ehskj? fe ftjko ;fEsh dh T[gi j[zdk j?. T[; ~ ;fEsh dh b'e nB[;ko ;fEsh d/nB/eK w[Zy dpkT[ j/m jh nkgDh B[jko fBFfus eoBh g?Idh j?, gozs{ ftfdnkftuko ;fEsh dh b'V ns/ dpkU s'I w[es j? ns/ w[es j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fJjXkoBk ;zdoG nfXn?B Bkb'I gkm-nfXn?B dh ftXh ~ tX/o/ soihj fdzdh j?. fJ;tzBrh dk nfXn?B b'e-t/d d/ o{g ftu jh ;zGt ;h.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh o{gtkdh nfXn?B-fdqFNh T[; ;w/I g{oh soQK ;gZFNj' iKdh j?, id'I T[j b'et/d pko/ fJj ftuko g/F eodk j? fe b'erhs, b'eejkDh, b'e-tfjw s/ b'e-fsT[jko nkfd dk nfXn?B b'e ftjko dk nfXn?B j?.gozs{ fJj ftjko nfXnsk dh ;wZroh j?, T[; dh wB"s iK T[;dk wkD BjhI. gkm-nfXn?B-ftXh ~ ngDkT[D tkbk ed/ th nkgDh ;wZroh ~ nkgDk nkdoF wzBe/ BjhI ubdk T[j ftjkoe sZEK d/ nkXko #s/ T[j ftukoe ftXkB T[;koB bJhisBFhb j[zdk j?. Gkt/I ftuko dk T[d? ftjko ftu'I j[zdk j? go ;wK g?D s/ ftukod/ nkXko #s/ jh ftuko dh ouBk j'D bZrdh j?. fJ; soe ~ g[FNh eoB bJhjfoGiB f;zx B/ gqshe f;oiD d/ nwb dh T[dkjoD fdZsh j? s/ soe fJjg/F ehsk j? fe Gkt/I gqshe dk iBw nB[Gt ftu'I j[zdk j? go id'I nB[Gt pj[sfgZS/ ofj iKdk j? sK gqshe nkgDh ;[szso ][d w[]sko, nB[Gt-ftj{Dh j'Id Ekgb?Idk j?.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx d/ b'e t/dh ;zebg dk fJe j'o fByVtK w"fbe gZyfJj th j? fe b'e-ftjko fe;/ fBFfus G{r'fbe fyZs/ sZe ;hws BjhI j[zdk T[;dkefjDk j? fe d[Bhnk Go ftu fJj' fij/ pzd/ w"i{d jB i' b'e-;kfjs ~ fe;/ ]k;feZs/ y/so iK p'bh dh T[gi BjhI wzBd/. T[j fJ; ~ ftFt-Go dk ;KMk fto;kwzBd/ jB. b'e-ouBk fe;/ G{r'fbe iK GkFe y/so ftu fNe e/ p?m BjhI iKdh.fi; dk noE j? fe ;kfjs d/ w[ekpb/ b'e-;kfjs dk ;[Gkn tX/o/ rshFhb j[zdkj?. fJ; bJh T[; dhnK fgS'eVK iK ;zdoG tX/o/ ftFkb j[zdk j? fJj ftuko T[;XkoBk d/ ftgohs j?, fi; nB[;ko b'eXkok ~ nKufbe ozrs tkbk toskok ikftF/F dkfJo/ dh f;oiDk tkbk toskok wzfBnk iKdk j?. gozs{ id'I nb\ b?bkdhnK ejkDhnK iK ;{\h cehoK d/ tzB-;tzB/ nB[FzmkB d/yd/ jK sK fJj rZbwzBD:'r ikgdh j? fe ;wkie fttjko T[j b'eXkok d/ o{g ftu j't/ iK;fGnkukoe tosko/ d/ o{g ftu T[j jo jkbs ftu nkdkB-gqdkB d/ nwb ftu'Ibzxdk ofjzdk j?. fJ; fe;w d/ nB/eK ftuko vkH jfoGiB f;zx d/ b'et/dhfuzsB ftu Fkwb jB.


vkH jfoGiB f;zx dk b'et/dh ftFb/FD fes/ th c'eb'o d/ sZs iK fJ;d/ fByVt/I bZSD fBoXkos eoB dk T[u/uk isB BjhI eodk gozs{ vkH jfoGiBf;zx dhnK gqkgs fbysK ftu'I nu/s iK ;[u/s gZXo T[̀s/ nfij/ bZSD T[God/d/y/ ik ;ed/ jB. T[dkjoD ti'I T[; d/ y'i-gZso @UX' ekjB dh rb ;[Dk e'Jh#ftu XBh okw ukfsqe dh ekft ouBk ~ tX/o/ wep{bhns fJ;/ bJh gqkgsh j'JhdZ;h rJh j? feT[Ife ukfsqe nfij/ Fpd w[jktfonK ~ tX/o/ tosdk j?, i' gzikphb'e-t/d Bkb ;zpzfXs jB. fJ; d/ T[bN gzikph FkfJo gq'\?;o g{oB f;zx dh T[;/ftF/ Bkb ;zpzfXs ekft ouBk ~ GotK j[zrkok gqkgs BjhI j[zdk. vkH jfoGiB f;zxnB[;ko fiE/ g{oB f;zx fij/ eth @BthBsk# gqfs o[fus jB, T[̀E/ XBh okw ukfsqegozgok ~ jh tX/o/ gogZe eodk j?. fJ;/ bJh ukfsqe ;fji, ;ob ns/ gVB :'reth j?. nfij/ ftuko g/F eoe/ vkH jfoGiB f;zx fJe soQK Bkb c'eb'o ~gozgok dh ftfdnk (science of foklore) gqtkB eodk j?. Gkt/I fe T[j gozgok~ rshFhb tosko/ ti'I jh d/ydk j?. gozgok s'I pknd b'e-wB (folk mind) fJej'o nfijk gfjb{ fi; dh Fw{bhns s'I fpBK fe;/ tosko/ dk b'e-ftjko dk doikgqkgs eoBk ;zGt BjhI j?. Gkt/I fJ; gZy pko/ th vkH jfoGiB f;zx e'Jh tZvhdbhb g/F BjhI eodk go nkgDh fbys okjhI T[; B/ fJj ;ze/s }o{o fdZsk j?fe b'et/d (b'e:kB) ;dk ftjko Bkb ;zpzfXs j?, fJ; bJh fJjd/ ftuko ~ thb'e-ftjko d/ B/V/ ofjDk gt/rk. b'e-ftfdnk (b'e:kB Fk;so) dk nkozGftfrnkBe :[Zr ftu j'fJnk j? go :kd oZyD tkbh rZb fJj j? fe ftfrnkBe:[Zr ftu th pj[s ;ko/ b'e nkfdw-gZXo T[̀go ihT[Id/ jB. ][d ftfrnkB dhgZXo s/ gj[zu/ j'J/ b'e ftfrnkBe ezw Xzd/ eod/ j'J/ ftjkoe tosko/ s'I w[esBjhI j[zd/. T[BQK d/ ftjkoe sZEK dk th b'e-t/de (b'e:kfBe) nfXn?B j' ;edkj? brGr fJ;/ fe;w d/ ftuko vkH ;'fjzdo f;zx p/dh tZb'I g/F ehs/ rJ/ fwbd/jB fe b'e-wkB; dh i's jo fJe wB ftu irdh j? Gkt/I T[j fesBk thftfrnkBh feT[I Bk j't/ vkH jfoGiB f;zx fJ; ftuko ~ j'o tX/o/ ;gZFN eodkfbydk j? fe T[̀uh ftfdnk gqkgs b'eK d/ th nkgD/ tfjw-Gow jB. ftfdneekB\oz;K, ;?whBkoK dk th nkgDk ftbZyD toskok j?. fJjBK d/ nkfd nzs Bkb;zpzfXs o{VhnK jB.

@b'et/d# ~ fe;/ fJe ekb yzv sZe ;hws BjhI ehsk ik ;edk. fJj fJefBozso rshFhb toskok j?. fJ; dk nkfd nzs fBoXkos BjhI ehsk ik ;edk.fijV/ b'e fJj Fzek gqrN eod/ jB fe nkX[fBe ;w/I ftu c'e wo frnk j?.T[jBK dh ikDekoh bJh vkH jfoGiB f;zx d/ fJj ftuko g/F ehs/ ik oj/ jB,fi; ftu T[jBK B/ fejk j? fe nkfdw ntu/sB th fdB-p-fdB gqgZe jh j[zdh j?.Bt/I frnkB d/ nkT[D Bkb g[okDk frnkB wo w[Ze BjhI iKdk. n;b ftu BtK


pzdk fJe soQK Bkb nkfdwsk ns/ nkX[fBesk dk fwbr'Gk j[zdk j?. T[j g[okD/b'e-ftjko dk e[M nzF ;KGh fcodk j? ns/ e[M BtK b'e-ftjko f;oidk th j?.b'e-ftjko s'I w[es j'Dk ;wkie wB[Zy d/ tZ; dh rZb BjhI j? toswkB b'e-ftjkoth b'e-t/d d/ nfXn?B dk ftF/ j?.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx dk b'e-t/dh fuzsB L p[fBnkdh s"o #s/ b'e-ftfdnk(b'eXkok Fk;so) T[;koB bJh isBFhb j?. gozs{ vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ fJ; gZys'I ;[u/s ehsk j? fe b'e-ftfdnk (b'eXkok Fk;so) ns/ ;kfjs-Fk;so d'tK dhf;oiBk Gkt/I ftuko nkXkfos j[zdh j? go d'tK dh gqfeosh ns/ gq:'iB ftu nzsoj[zdk j?. b'e-ftfdnk (b'eXkok Fk;so) ~ bk}wh s"o #s/ b'e-ftjko d/ B/V/ofjDk gt/rk. fJj ftuko b'e-;kfjs ns/ ftfFFN ;kfjs d/ nzso fBy/V ~fXnkB ftu oZy e/ g/F ehsk frnk j?. T[Ii th fit/I gq'\?;o w'jB f;zx iK fFte[wko pNkbth d/ rhsK dk nfXn?B-ftFb/FD ehsk iKdk j?, fi; fe;w d/ f;ZN/gqkgs j[zd/ jB, T[;/ o{g ftu f;mDh, d'jk, ;[jkr, x'Vh, nkosh s/ G/Nk nkfd dknfXn?B-ftFb/;D BjhI ehsk ik ;edk s/ Bk jh T[; fe;w d/ f;ZN/ gqkgs j[zd/jB. b'e-rhsK d/ nfXn?B-ftFb/;D ;w/I fJBQK ftub/ b'e-ftjko dk nzF poeokoofjDk }o{oh j?, sK jh fJj nfXn?B ;koEe wzfBnk ikt/rk.

e[Zb fwbke/ ejhJ/ sK vkH jfoGiB f;zx dk b'e-t/de nfXn?B fBy/V/ s/ftt/e s'I nkozG j[zdk j?. T[; dk fuzsB t;s{ (gkm) Bkb ;zpzfXs j?. t;s{nB[Gt Bkb BjhI. frnkB ns/ nB[Gt ftu fJj' nzso dZf;nk frnk j? fefrnkB ftnesh w[es j[zdk j?, go nB[Gt ftnesh :[es j[zdk j?. vkH jfoGiBf;zx d/ fuzsB dhnK nkgDhnK e[M ;hwktK j' ;edhnK jB, gozs{ fJ; fuzsB ~nzXkX[zd B}o-nzdk} eo d/Dk ;whfynk nwb bJh bkj/tzd BjhI j?.

õõõ


vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh g[;se w[ZbvkH jfoGiB f;zx dh g[;se w[ZbvkH jfoGiB f;zx dh g[;se w[ZbvkH jfoGiB f;zx dh g[;se w[ZbvkH jfoGiB f;zx dh g[;se w[Zbs/ w[bzeD dh nkb'uBk fdqFNhs/ w[bzeD dh nkb'uBk fdqFNhs/ w[bzeD dh nkb'uBk fdqFNhs/ w[bzeD dh nkb'uBk fdqFNhs/ w[bzeD dh nkb'uBk fdqFNh

p/nzs e"op/nzs e"op/nzs e"op/nzs e"op/nzs e"o

gzikph ;kfjs ;fGnkuko ftØu vkeNo jfoGiBf;zx dk Bkw ftbØyD w[jKdo/ tkbh pj[gØyh F];hns d/ o{gftØu T[ikro j'fJnk. fJ; gqfsGktkB F];hns d/ fszBwjØstg{oB gfjb{ ;fji/ jh gSkD/ ik ;ed/ jB. FkfJoh,nfXnkgB s/ ;whfynk T[j nkX[fBe wB[Øy dh j'_d nt;Ekdk ;{yw s/ ;zt/dBFhb gqrNktk nkgD/ ekft-;zrqfjK ftØueod/ jB. nfXnkgB d/ ;zpzX ftØu T[BQK dk wzBDk ;h fenfXnkge gfjbK nkg pj[sk gVQB, nkgD/ frnkB ftØu tkXkeoB, ;zpzfXs gkm ~ jo gØy s'_ ;wMD, fco jh T[jpØfunK ~ e[M BtK s/ Bo'nk frnkB d/ ;eDr/. T[BQK B/;whfyne o{g ftØu nkb'uBk f;XKs ns/ ftfrnkB d/ gØXoT[Øgo uØb oj/ frnkB ns/ ;zebgK Bkb gzikph fuzsB dk;zpzX i'fVnk. jØEb/ gou/ ftØu ;kvk w{b ;o'eko vkeNojfoGiB f;zx dh ;kfjs ;whfynk F];hns Bkb j?.ftF/F s"o s/ n;h_ T[BQK dh wØXekb Bkb ;zpzfXs gqekfFs;whfynk g[;se w[Øb s/ w[bzeDw[Øb s/ w[bzeDw[Øb s/ w[bzeDw[Øb s/ w[bzeDw[Øb s/ w[bzeD d/ cohdpkDh, gzikph ;{\h-ekft ns/ ebkw ;{chnK ~ e/_do ftØu oØy e/ T[BQK d/;whfynkswe ekoi dk nfXn?B, ftFb/FD ns/ w[bKeDeoB dk T[gokbk ehsk j?.

w[Øb s/ w[bzeDw[Øb s/ w[bzeDw[Øb s/ w[bzeDw[Øb s/ w[bzeDw[Øb s/ w[bzeD g[;se tk;st ftØu wØXekbh ;kfjs;whfynk d/ y/so ftØu fJØe BtK whb gØEo j?. T[BQK B/ wØXekb ;kfjs dhnK nfsozr ftXhnK dh tos'_ ehsh ;kfjsouBk d/ pkjob/ r[DK dh pikJ/ nzdo{Bh r[DK dk nfXn?Behsk j?. T[j ouBktK dhnK p[fBnkdh Ehwe fJekJhnK s/g?NoBK ;zpzXh p[fBnkdh ;{soK ~ gSkDd/ jB.

¿vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ gfjbh tko r[owfs ;kfjs,

p/nzs e"ofo;ou ;ekbo, gzikphftGkr, fdZbh :{Bhtof;Nh,BthI [email protected]


;{\h ;kfjs, feØ;k ;kfjs ns/ nkX[fBe ;kfjs dh nKsfoe ;zouBk, T[; d/ fBeNftFb/FD, T[BQK ftub/ sØsK d/ go;go ;zpzXK s/ f;;Nw ~ gSkBD tØb edwg[ØfNnk j?. ;kfjse ;zouBk dh gSkD eoe/ F[ØX ;kfjse ;o'ekoK d/ nkXko #s/gzikph ekft-Fk;so dh sbkF eoBk T[BQK dk nzsw wB'oE j?. T[; B/ gzikph;kfjs dh nzdobh ;ozuBk ~ co'bD ns/ ekft-Fk;so dh sbkF eoB bJhpfjozr dh pikJ/ nzsozr BthB ftXh ~ ngDkfJnk ns/ ;kfjs ouBktK dh fujB-gqfefonk dk fBeN ftFb/FD ehsk j?.À1

\ohd pkDh d/ e/_doh ;{so ~ T[BQK B/ fJ; edo gSkfDnk j? fe \ohdpkDh dh fBØyVth_ gqfeosh Gbh-GKs T[ikro j' iKdh j? L

¿\ohdpkDh ftØu BkFwkBsk ~ r'D ;EkB jh fwfbnk j?, T[; d/ ;w[Øu/f;oiB-;z;ko ~ gqekFwkB eoB tkbk gqekF-fpzd{ w"s - wB[Øy dh w"s - j? w"sT[; dk gq/oBk-fpzd{ th j? s/ ouBk ftØu ftnkgs o/yk th T[; dh fpzp-f;oiDk,gqshe-ouBk, Gkt-;ziw ns/ gdktbh ;G w"s s'_ jh j'_d gqkgs eod/ jB\ohdpkDh ftØu oØp f;ow"o ;Øsk d/ o{g ftØu ;thfeqs }o{o j?, go T[j fJ; pkDh-;z;ko dk e/_do-fpzd{ Bjh_. e/_do-fpzd{ pzd/ dh w"s j?.À2

vkH jfoGiB f;zx nB[;ko pkpk \ohd dh pkDh ftØu e/_doh X[ok oØp dhpikJ/ w"s j? \ohd pkDh ftØu w"s e/tb ;wkgsh fpzd{ Bjh_ ns/ fJ; dk ;zpzXe/tb b'e ihtB Bkb Bjh_, ihtB dhnK p[fBnkdh ;wØf;nktK Bkb j? T[j w"s~ fJØe p[fBnkdh jehes tKr g/F eod/ jB L

¿w"s dk ;[jihbk fuØso jh gqwkfDe ekft-fuØso j? w"s nkgD/ nkg ftØuGkt/_ e'Mh ns/ d[ØydkJh j't/ go w"s dk gqwkfDe fuØso iK ekft-fuØso sK ;[zdons/ nBzddkfJe j'Dk ukjhdk j?.À3

vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ pkpk \ohd d[nkok w"s dk gqwkDe fuØso ihtB d/nkBzddkfJe s/ y[Fh d/ o{g ftØu ehsk j? T[_M sK w"s dk noE d[ydkJh jh j[zdkj?. T[BQK dh pkDh ftØu i' th d[yKse j? T[j tk;sfte j? ns/ i' th ;[yKse j?T[j gqshekswe j?. T[BQK d/ nB[;ko \ohd pkDh ftØu ][dk-gq;sh dh nfjwhnss;bhw ehsh rJh j? go fuØso wB[Øyh ;fEsh dk jh g/F ehsk frnk j?. ][dk-gq;sh ns/ wB[Øyh F];hns d' fto'Xh t;sK Bjh_, w"s dk vo }o{o j? go w"sd/ goSkt/_ j/m th f}zdrh dh rØb eod/ jB.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx F/] \ohd dh fJ; gzrsh @ni? ;[ oØp Bk pj[fVnKd/y pzd/ d/ Gkr# ftØu fgnko dh gqwkfDe ;fEsh dk toDB d/ydk j?. fJ; d/noE ft;Eko ftØu iKdk j'fJnk fbydk j? fe T[; fgnko/ B/ Bjh_ pj[VBk. fJjikDd/-p[ØMd/ j'J/ th fgnko eoB tkb/ B/ nkgD/ fgnko/ Bkb fgnko fBGkJh ikDk


j?.

@feØE/ s?_v/ wkfgnk fizBQh s{z ifDUfj# vkeNo jfoGiB f;zx pkpk cohd ihd/ fJ; ;b'e ~ w"fbe ouBk tKr do;kT[_d/ jB fe jo ftnesh fe;/ wkfgnKdh j'_d T[Øgo T[Øefonk jo\ j? Gkt id'_ s?~ iBw d/D tkb/ wkg/ jh Bjh_ oj/sK s/ok fJ; ;z;ko s/ ofjDk th Bkw[wfeB j?.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx gzikph ;{\h-ekft d/ ftF/ ftØu ;{\h-ekft dhnK ftF/FsktK dh uouk fJ; sohe/ Bkb eodk j? sK i' nfij/ r[D-bØSD bØG/ ikD i';{\h-ekft Xkok ~ d{ihnK ekft-XkoktK s'_ tØyok gSkfDnk ik ;e/.

r[opkDh ns/ ;{\h-ebkw wØXekbhB dhnK gqw[Øy ekft-XkoktK jB go fiØE/r[opkDh bzw/ no;/ sØe fJØe' eE ns/ fJØe' eEB-Yzr Bkb T[ukoh iKdh ojh, UE/;{\hnK dk ebkw nkgD/ eE ns/ eEB-Yzr d'jK ftØu spdhbh eodk fojk j?.ekoD ;gØFN j?, BkBe-wkor fJØe fBozso gqekF-gqtkj j?, gqzs{ gzikph ;{\h-ekftftØu nfijh fBozsosk dh otkfJs Bjh_ fwbdh.4

vkH jfoGiB f;zx fJBQK bkJhBK ftØu r[owfs-ekft s/ ;{\h-ekft ftukb/nzso ~ g/F eod/ jB r[owfs ekft-Xkok d/ w'Yh f;oie r[o{ BkBe d[nkok ouhpkDh ~ jh d{i/, shi/, u"E/, gzit/_ s/ B"t/_ r[o{ ;kfjpkB B/ fBozso ikoh oØfynk. fJØE'_se fe r[o{ ;kfjpkBK B/ pkDh dh tos'_ eod/ ;w/_ @BkBe# Fpd dh tos'_ ehsh,fi; ekoB r[o{nK dh pkDh dh gSkD eoB bJh @wjØbk# Fpd dh tos'_ eoBh g?_dhj?. fJ; d/ T[bN ;{\h ekft-Xkok dk w'Yh iK f;oie fJØe Bjh_ j?, tØy-tØy;zgodktK Bkb ;pzfXs j'D eoe/ ;{\h ethnK ftØu ftneshrs ns/ ftukoXkoefGzBsk iK nzso gkfJnk iKdk j?.

r[opkDh gzikp dh Bth_ ;op;wsk dh w{b f;oie j?. fJj BthB f;oiBknkgD/ g[oksB fto;/ dh nkb'uBk eodh j? go T[; ~ fsnkrdh Bjh_ fJ; d/g?o ntu/sB ftØu jB. fJ; d/ T[bN gzikph ;{ch, i' gfjbK jh gqkuhB Gkosh;z;feqs fto;/ d/ ikfJ} tkfo; Bjh_ ;B, gqkuhBsk ~ fsnkrD ftØu osk ftØufMied/ Bjh_ ;{\h-ebkw d/ g?o ;dk toswkB ftØu jB, T[BQK ~ nkgD/ nshs dhMke Bjh_. 5

fJT[_ b/ye B/ r[owfs ns/ ;{\h-ekft d/ g[oksB ns/ BthBsk ;zebgK ~gqrN ehsk, r[owfs-ekft d/ eth g[oksB ;z;feqsh dhnK XkoBktK Bkb i[V e/BthnK XkoBktK dh ;EkgBk eod/ ;B. T[BQK B/ g[oksB o{VQhnK ~ w{b'_ oØd Bjh_ehsk T[dkjoB d/ s"o #s/ gowkswk, ihtkswk, w[esh, f;woB, r[o{ nkfd ;zebgg[oksB ;kfjs dk nzr jB, fizBQK ~ BthB ftnkfynk nB[;ko r[opkDh B/ g/Fehsk j?. fJ; gqeko g[oksB ;kfjs ns/ BthB ;kfjs ftØu nzso-;zpzX ekfJw oØyd/


jB. fJ; d/ T[bN ;{\h-ekft g[oksB o{VQhnK ~ fsnkr e/ toswkB ihtB-iKudhnK ;wØf;nktK ~ g/F eoB T[Øs/ }'o fdzd/ jB. fJ; gqeko Fkj j[;?B dh w;shdh ;[o ns/ p[ØbQ/ Fkj dh y[ØbQ/-v[ØbQ/ ;[Gkn dh gqftosh BthB ;[szso tksktoB dhj'_d gqrN eodh j?.

epho dh ouBk fi; gqeko dh pqkjwD-fBzdk ns/ r[o{ BkBe dh ouBkftØu fi; gqeko dh ;op-Xow-gkyzv-fBzdk ns/ sØsekbhB okiBhse fGqFNkuko dhnkb'uBk ftykJh fdzdh j?. T[j ;{\h ;kfjs ftØu fpbe[Øb jh B}oh Bjh_ nkT[_dhT[; gqeko dk fsØyk nkb'uBkswe gqtkj ;{\h ;kfjs ftØu rkfJp j?.6

vkH jfoGiB f;zx dhnK fJBQK ;soK s'_ gsk uØbdk j? fe ;{\h-ekft ftØunkb'uBkswe fdqFNh Bjh_. ;{\h ethnK B/ Grs epho ns/ r[o{ BkBe d/t ihtKr i'rhnK, pqkjwD, tØYhykDh ekihnK, }kbw okfinK ns/ foFtsh eowukohnKfto[ØX ;{ch eftsk ftØu Bk-wkso jh gqrNkfJnk j?. r[owfs ekft-Xkok d/ ;ko/ ethjh gkyzv dk fto'X eod/ B}o nkT[_d/ jB gqzs{ ;{\h eth Bjh_.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx @ebkw ;{\hnK# d/ nfXnkfJ ftØu ;{\htkd d/ iBw,ftek; ns/ gqkgshnK pko/ ukBDk gkT[_d/ jB. T[j ftdtkBK d[nkok ;{\htkdfJ;bkw d/ fto[ØX gqshfefonk ns/ ;{\htkd d/ w[ØYb/ phi fJ;bkw ~ wzBD pko/nkgDh Bth_ XkoBk g/F eod/ jB L

;{\htkd fJ;bkw dk th ft;Eko j? i' pkjob/ fuzBQK d/ ;EkB s/ nzdobhnfXnkswesk T[Øgo pb fdzdk j?. ;wkfie ;z;Ek dh Ekt/_ id'_ pb ftneshrsnB[Gt T[Øgo ubk iKdk j? sK gqshs fJt/_ j[zdk j? fit/_ ftnesh ;z;Ek dk fto'Xeo fojk j?. ftnesh ;z;Ek dk fto'X eoe/ th ;z;Ek s'_ w[es Bjh_ j[zdk n;bftØu fto'X ;z;Ek dk Bjh_ ;z;Ek d/ fe;/ fJØe nzr iK gØy dk j[zdk j?.7

fJT[_ vkeNo ;kfjp d/ eEBK w[skfpe n;h_ efj ;ed/ jK fe ;{\htkd dkiBw fJ;bkw d/ fto'X ftØu Bjh_ j'fJnk ;r'_ ;{chtkd dh j'_d eoe/ fJ;bkw dkgquko f}nkdk j'D bØrk. ;{\htkd fJ;bkw Xow dh gqc[Øbsk ftØu pj[s tØvk:'rdkB gkT[_d/ jB. fJ;bkw dh soQK ;{chtkd th fJØe ;[szso fefonk j?. T[jnkgD/ nkg ftØu pkjob/ fdykt/ dh pikJ/ nzdo{Bh nfXnkswesk T[Øs/ }'o fdzd/ jBL

fJ;bkw ~ gzikp dk ;fji Xow pDkT[D ftØu ;G s'_ tØvk :'rdkB gzikph;{\hnK dk j?. T[BQK B/ fJ;bkw ~ gzikph }[pkB ns/ w[jkto/ ftØu Ykfbnk. gzikph;{\h fJØE'_ d/ iB ;kXkoB s'_ u'yh ftØE T[Øgo ftuoB tkb/ jkew Bjh_ ;B, b'eK d/B/V/ ftuoB tkb/ \eho ;B. T[BQK dh ofjs-pfjs th fJ;/ fJbke/ d/ b'eK dhofjs-pfjs nB[;ko Ybh j'Jh ;h. gzikp dk brgr jo w[;bwkB fe;/ Bk fe;/


;{\h f;bf;b/ Bkb ;zpzXs ;h. 8

vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh fbys nB[;ko gzikp ftØu fJ;bkw Xow dh gqc[Øbskdk f;jok ;{\hnK d/ f;o pØMdk j?. T[BQK B/ fJ;bkw Xow d/ f;XKsK ~ gzikphb'eK dh ;wM w[skpe Ykfbnk sK i' T[BQK d[nkok fdØshnK rJhnK f;ØfynktK ~nkw s'_ nkw b'e ;wM ;eD ;{\h b'e okiBhse B/sktK dh pikJ/ fBwB b'eK Bkb;zpzXs ;B. ;{\h eth gzikph d/ gquØbs nykD @i?;h ;zrs, s?;h ozrs# d/ eEBnB[;ko gzikphnK d/ iB-ihtB s'_ gqGkfts j'J/ ns/ T[BQK dk ofjD-;fjD thgzikphnK Bkb w/b ykD bØrk. ;{\hnK dh gqfsGktkB F];hns ekoB gzikp d/w[;bwkB T[BQK dhnK ;zgqdkfJ dk nzr pD rJ/.

fJBQK ;soK ftØu vkeNo ;kfjp cohd ns/ Fkj j[;?B dhnK ;wkBsktKns/ n;wkBsktK ~ g/F eod/ jB. n;wkBsktK ftØu \ohd dh T[gd/Fkswe ;fEshns/ Fkj j[;?B dh Bk-T[gd/Fnkswe ;fEsh dk y{p fuØso T[bhfenk frnk j?.;wkBsk d/ o{g ftØu pkpk \ohd s/ Fkj j[;?B d'BK ethnK dh B/ ftneshrsftbØyDsk ~ ekfJw oØfynk L

p[ØbQ/ Fkj nB[Gt s'_ tX/o/ ;zebg-d/F ftØu gqt/F eo fojk j? gozgok iKo{VQh fJe pfDnk pDkfJnk g{op fBFfus nB[Gt o{g j?. p[ØbQ/ Fkj B/ ;kwh,fJfsjk;, e[okDh ;zebg ns/ gzikph ;{\h-gozgok dk ;jkok fbnk. fi; ;dek T[;dh ouBk ftØu nB[Gt dh ftbØyDsk Bkb'_ g{op-fBFfus nB[Gt-o{VQhnK dhikDekoh tX/o/ fwbdh j?. 10

p[ØbQ/ Fkj d/ nkrwB sØe gzikph ;{\h-ekft ekch jØd sØe fte;s j' u[Øek;h. T[; B/ ihtB dh GktBk s'_ tX/o/ ihtB dh u/sBk tØb fXnkB fdØsk. T[; B/nkgD/ ;w/_ ns/ ihtB dhnK ;wØf;nktK ~ BfiØmD bJh gozgoe o{VQhnK ns/ gzikph;{\h eftsk dh ;jkfJsk bJh fJ; eoe/ jh T[; dh eftsk ftØu'_ nB[Gt dh pikJ/g[oksB o{VQ j' u[Øe/ ;zebgK dh ikDekoh f}nkdk fwbdh j?.

nzs ftu n;h_ efj ;ed/ jK fe vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh g[;se w[Øb s/w[Øb s/w[Øb s/w[Øb s/w[Øb s/w[bzeDw[bzeDw[bzeDw[bzeDw[bzeD wjØstg{oB ouBk j?, fi; ftu wØXekbh fJfsjk;e ;ot/yD ehsk frnkj?. fJ; g[;se ftu pkpk \ohd, r[owfs-ekft ns/ ;{\h-ekft pko/ Gog{o ukBDkgkfJnk j?. @\ohd pkDh# d/ nfXn?B t/b/ T[jd/ fXnkB dk e/_do \ohd pkDh dktØyok, fBt/ebk s/ ;[szso ufoØsq j?. @ebkw ;{\hnK# d/ nfXn?B t/b/ T[; B/ ;w[Øuh;{\h eftsk s/ fXnkB fNekfJnk j? go pb ;{\hnK dh ouBk dh fBØirs-ftbØyDsk T[Øgo th j? ns/ ;KM r[DK T[Øgo th @gzikph ;{\h ekft# d/ nfXn?B t/b/ T[BQK B/ ;KM/ ns/ fBØyVt/_ r[DK ~ T[xkVB dh e'fFF ehsh j? fiBQK d/ nkXkoT[Øgo r[owfs ekft Xkok Bkb'_ fJ; ~ tØyok gSkfDnk ik ;e/.# T[; dh nfXn?B


ftXh dk gqw[Øy pb fBy/V/ ns/ gfoGkFe r[DK T[Øgo j?.

T[BQK dk nfXn?B ekoi fJØe ouBk d/ nfXn?B s'_ b? e/ fJØe eth, ;w[Øuhgozgok ns/ T[; dh gozgok Bkb fwbdhnK i[bdhnK j'o XoktK d/ s[bBkswenfXn?B sØe c?fbnk j'fJnk j?. nfXn?B-ftXhnK dh gSkD d/ fdqFNhe'D s'_ fJjB[esk ]k; wjØstg{oB j?. T[j fJØe ouBk, fJØe ekft, fJØe Xkok ns/ d{;ohnKXoktK Bkb T[jdh s[bBk id'_ eod/ jB sK fJØe' t/b/ fBt/eb/ r[D iK bØSDK,fBozsosk ns/ ;w[Øusk nkfd B[efsnK ~ fXnkB ftØu oØyd/ jB.

jtkb/ ns/ fNØgDhnKjtkb/ ns/ fNØgDhnKjtkb/ ns/ fNØgDhnKjtkb/ ns/ fNØgDhnKjtkb/ ns/ fNØgDhnK

1H vkH wfjzdo e"o frØb, ;[ji-f;oih vkH jfoGiB f;zx;[ji-f;oih vkH jfoGiB f;zx;[ji-f;oih vkH jfoGiB f;zx;[ji-f;oih vkH jfoGiB f;zx;[ji-f;oih vkH jfoGiB f;zx, gzBk 144-45H2H vkH jfoGiB f;zx, w[Øb s/ w[bzeDw[Øb s/ w[bzeDw[Øb s/ w[bzeDw[Øb s/ w[bzeDw[Øb s/ w[bzeD, gzBk 49H3H T[jhT[jhT[jhT[jhT[jh, gzBk 51H4H T[jhT[jhT[jhT[jhT[jh, gzBk 58-59H5H T[jhT[jhT[jhT[jhT[jh, gzBk 60-61H6H T[jhT[jhT[jhT[jhT[jh, gzBk 687H T[jhT[jhT[jhT[jhT[jh, gzBk 70H8H T[jhT[jhT[jhT[jhT[jh, gzBk 71H9H T[jhT[jhT[jhT[jhT[jh, gzBk 77H10H T[jhT[jhT[jhT[jhT[jh, gzBk 85H

õõõ


vkH jfoGiB f;zx dk gzikphvkH jfoGiB f;zx dk gzikphvkH jfoGiB f;zx dk gzikphvkH jfoGiB f;zx dk gzikphvkH jfoGiB f;zx dk gzikph;{ch ;kfjs fuzsB L g[Bo-;ztkd;{ch ;kfjs fuzsB L g[Bo-;ztkd;{ch ;kfjs fuzsB L g[Bo-;ztkd;{ch ;kfjs fuzsB L g[Bo-;ztkd;{ch ;kfjs fuzsB L g[Bo-;ztkd

irftzdo i'Xkirftzdo i'Xkirftzdo i'Xkirftzdo i'Xkirftzdo i'Xk

gzikph ;kfjs fuzsB d/ fJfsjk; ftu thjth_ ;dhdk ;Østk-nØmtK djkek o{gtkdh$;zouBktkdh gzikph fuzsBdk ekoi-ekb j?. wkoe;tkdh gzikph fuzsB dhnK ;hwktKBkb ;zpkd ouk e/ gØSw ftu g?dk j'JhnK BthnK ;kfjsnfXn?B-fdqFNhnK dh o"FBh ftu fJ; Xkok d/ fuzse gzikphfuzsB-irs ftu Bt/_ ;whfynk gqshwkBK dk s[nko\ eokT[Id/jB. gzikph o{gtkdh-;zouBktkdh fuzsB d/ s[nko\ Bkb i'f;\sh spdhbh tkgodh j? T[j Bt/_ ns/ nzsookFNoh;whfynk gqshwkBK dh gzikph fuzsB ftu tke\h dk ;pØppDdh j?. fit/_ wkoe;tkdh fuzsB Xkok nkgD/ s'_ g{otb/gqFz;ktkdh$gqGkttkdh ;kfjs fuzsB d/ fto'X ftu j'_d ftunkJh ;h, T[;/ soQK o{gtkdh$;zouBktkdh fuzsB gqftoshwkoe;tkdh fuzsB dh w[Øbtkdh$fBFu?tkdh ;whfynk fdqFNhns/ m[ØbQ/ f;XKs nko'gD okjh_ fJØSk w{be f;ØfNnK d/T[sgkdB dh o[uh d/ fto'X ftu nkgD/ ekoi dh fdFkfBoXkos eodh j?. nkgD/ s'_ g{otb/ fuzsB ;o'ekoKfit/_ gqGkt, gqFz;k, w'j, of;esk, gqrsh, eqKsh, gozgok,nkX[fBesk ns/ gq:'r nkfd B{z fJ; fuzsB-Xkok Bkb i[V/fuzseK B/ ekN/ j/m b? nKdk.1 jkbKfe w'N/ s"o T[&Øgoo{gtkdh$;zouBktkdh fuzsB-gqDkbh dh ;KM gq:'rtkdh gzikph;whfynk Bkb fdykJh fdzdh j? go gq:'rtkdh fuzsB nkgD/w{b ;{so @@gq:'r## Bkb i[V/ j'D eoe/ e'Jh BtK s/ fBt/ebkgqGkt Bk SØv ;fenk. d{;o/ gq:'rtkdh fuzsB dk w{b-wB'oEgq:'rFhb gzikph eftsk bJh Xoksb fsnko eoBk ;h.fJ;d/ w[ekpb/ o{gtkdh$;zouBktkdh fuzsB-Xkok gzikph fuzsBftu dhoxekbh gqGkt doi eoB ftu ekw:kp ojh. fJj

;jkfJe gq'ca?;o, ghH J/H :{H,b[fXnkDk.


fuzsB-Xkok nkgDh f;Xkse Fpdktbh ns/ ;zebgktbh gØSw ftu T[rwhnK bfjoKs'_ rqfjD eodh ;h. fiØE/ wkoe;tkdh fuzsB gqrshFhb bfjo d/ gqGkt t; j'_dftu nkfJnk j'D ekoB nkgDh f;XKse T{oik T[;/ bfjo dhnK w{b ;EkgBktK$;zebgKs'_ rqfjD eodk ;h T[E/ o{gtkdh$;zouBktkdh fuzsB Xkok d/ j'_d ftu nkT[D ;w/_ e'Jh r[Dkswe spdhbh gzikph ;wkie$;kfjse gfofdqF ftu Bjh_ tkgodh. fJ;fuzsB-Xkok dh w{b gqfeosh ;zpzXh vkH jfoGiB f;zx GkNhnk dk eEB j?, @@gzikphfuzsB ftu iw{d N[ØNdk j? s/ BthBsk nkT[Idh j? ns/ Bkb jh fJj w"fbe w[jKdokn]fsnko eoB dh pikJ/ gØSwtkdh s/ nB[tkd w{be w[jKdok th rqfjD eoBknkozG eo d/_dk j?.##2 fJjh ekoB j? fe fJ; gqftosh d/ fuzse id'_ gØSw s'_T[Xfos$nB[tkds f;XKsK ~ nkXko pDk e/ gzikph ;kfjs dh ;whfynk dk ekoieod/ jB sK f;ØN/ th nihp'-rohp fe;w d/ jh ;kjwD/ nkT[d/ jB. fJE/toDB:'r j? fe fJ; Xkok dk w{b-;ztkd sK wkoe;tkdh fuzsB Bkb jh ofjzdkj? s/ wkoe;tkdh fuzsB T[Øgo ;kfjs pkjo/ ;o'ekoK ~ nko'fgs eoe/ pfjozrftXh Bkb ;kfjsesk d/ ;o'eko ~ fJe Bkjo/ sØe xNk d/D dk fJb}kwo{gtkdh$;zouBktkdh fuzse bkT[Id/ oj/ jB. fJ; tosko/ d/ fJe pdb ti'_ fJjfuzsB Xkok ouBk dh ;kfjsesk T[Øgo }'o d/ e/ nzsozr, fBeN ns/ ;zouBk B/wK d/ nfXn?B ~ gqkEfwesk fdzdh j?. vkH i;ftzdo f;zx B/ fJ;~ p[oi{nkftukoXkoe gfog/y dh T[gi fejk j?3 fe idfe vkH jfoGiB f;zx GkNhnk nB[;koL

jfoGiB f;zx ;whfynk B/ ftukoXkok d/ ;kfjs ouBktK T[Øgo nko'gD d/gqfseow ti'_ nkgDk ti{d rqfjD ehsk. T[;dh ;whfynk fe;/ gqeko dh ftukoXkokdh fto'Xh Bjh_, T[;~ ;kfjse feosK T[Øgo m';D dh fto'Xh j?. 4

gzikph ;kfjs fuzsB ftu fJ; fuzsB gqftosh dh ftjkoe ftFb/FD dh EKf;XKse ftnkfynk gqfs w'j-Gkth fposh pDh ofjzdh j?. fdØbh Gkos dh okiXkBhns/ Gkos ftu gqt/F eoB tkb/ jo pkjoh gqGkt bJh fJe nfjw woe} ojhj?. fiE/ Gkos dh nk}kdh fgS'_ @okFNo g[Bo-fBowkD# dk ;[gBk gzikph u/sBk s/fuzsB ~ wkoe;tkdh frnkB-gqpzX Bkb i'Vdk j? T[E/ nzsookFNoh gfog/y ftuwkoe;tkdh ftukoXkok d/ fto'X dh ;fEsh ;wki ;kg/y, pfjozr ns/ ;kfjs pkjo/fuzsB ;o'ekoK dh EK ;kfjs gkmK d/ ftFb/FD w[bzeD bJh ouBk ~ fJe;zouBkswe fJekJh wzB e/ T[;dh nzdo{Bh szdK d/ nkXko T[Øgo jh ftFb/FDh ;{Mdh T[sgsh ;zouBktkdh ;whfynk gqDkbh dk nkXko ;o's pDdh j?. vkH jfoGiBf;zx Bkb gqufbs j'fJnk @fdØbh nkb'uBk ;e{b# nØr/ j'o fuzseK fit/_ vkHsob'ef;zx ezto, vkH nkswihs f;zx, vkH ;[fszdo f;zx B{o, vkHirpho f;zx, vkHr[ouoBf;zx noFh, vkHnwohe f;zx gz[Bh, vkH;[fszdo f;zx ns/ vkH wBihs f;zx s'_ fpBKj'o nØXh doiB fuzseK Bkb fJe g{oh gqftosh d/ o{g ftu ;Ekfgs j[zdk j?.


T[go'es ;{uh fiØE/ ekb gØy'_ bzw/o/ ftek; dh ;{ue j? T[E/ fJBQK fuzseK okjh_ eJhr[Dkswe gfotosB th j'_d ftu nkTI[d/ jB. gØSwh ;whfynk f;XKsK o{gtkd,;zouBktkd, T[Øso ;zouBktkd, F?bh-ftfrnkBe, fujB-ftfrnkBe ns/ fwØE ftfrnkBe;whfynk F?bhnK ~ rqfjD eoB dh ekjb ns/ T[BQK dh ftnkfynk th fJ; gqftosh~ fe;/ sD-gØsD Bjh_ bØrD fdzdh. fJ; bJh fJ; gqftosh dk pj[sk }'o f;XKseftnkfynk sØe ofjzdk j? iK nB[e{b gq;zrK dh sbkF ns/ T[BQK dh rqfjDFhbskftjkoe ;whfynk ;zpzXh T[fus wkj"b dh f;oiDk Bjh_ j'D fdzdh. ibdpk}h ftuehs/ f;XKse nB[tkd ns/ ftnkfynk ekoi Bkb g{otbh gozgok ~ f;o/ s'_ oØdeoB dh o[uh g{otb/ fuzsB d/ fto'XkGk;k dk fFeko j' ikD dh gqftosho{gtkdh$;zouBktkdh Xkok d/ fuzseK dh fJe ;hwk ti'_ ;kjwD/_ nkT[dh j?. fJ;;zpzXh vkH ;opihs f;zx dk eEB j? L

;kv/ ;zouBktkdh nkb'ueK B/ gØSwh ;kfjs ns/ ;fGnkuko ~ ;wM/ p|?ofJ; gqDkbh ~ ngBkfJnk ns/ gqrshtkdh ns/ wkBttkdh ftukoXkok d/ fto'X ftugzikph ;kfjs nfXn?B ftu bkr{ ehskHHH fJ; p[oi{nk ;[ji-Fk;so B/ wkBt f;ofis;kfjs ~ wkBth fjØsK dh fto'Xsk ti'_ g/F ehskHHH ;kfjs ~ ftukoXkoe o{g ftu;wkie u/sBsk dk gqshfBX o{g Bk ;wM e/ wfj} GkFkrs ;zebgK okjh_ ftFb/FD eoBk th fJ; Xkok dh rzGho ]kwh j?. 5

fJ; fNØgDh ftØu'_ gozgfoe wkoe;h bØck}h ~ gk;/ eoe/ t/yhJ/ sK th e[Mgqk;zfre sØs fJ; ftu jB. nkgD/ s'_ g{otbhnK ;kfjs nfXn?B ohshnK dhnK]kwhnK Bkb ;ztkd oukT[D dk dkntk eoB ns/ @;kfjs nfXn?B ~ ftfrnkBepkjow[ysk gqdkB eoB dk nkFk b? e/ s[oh ;zouBktkdh gqDkbh pj[shnK jkbsKftu fBo'b gqGkttkdh ns/ nzsow[yh ;r'_ nkgj[doh j' fBpVdh j?.6

o{gtkdh$;zouBktkdh gzikph fuzsB d/ gqw[Øy fuzseK d/ ekoi ftu e[M;wkBsktK sK jB go wkoe;tkdh fuzsB tKr T[BQK d/ ekoi dh o{g-o/yk ~f;XKse iK ftjkoe fJe;kosk ftu Bjh_ t/fynk ik ;edk. fJj fuzsB-ftXh w[Øys"o #s/ fszB ekoi eodh j? s/ fJ; Xkok d/ ;w[Øu/ fuzse fJBQK ekoiK d/ nkXkoT[&Øgo jh fszB torK ftu ftGkis B}o nkT[d/ jB L

TH g{otbhnK fuzsB gqftoshnK dhnK w[Øy ;EkgBktK fit/_ gqFz;k,w'j, gq/oBk, eqKsh, ;wkiesk nkfd ~ ekN/ j/m fbnkT[Dk.

nH o{gtkd$;zouBktkd d/ f;XKse ;zebgK dh ftnkfynk$;EkgBk.

JH fJBQK f;XKsK dh ftjkoe gqk;zfresk T[ikro eoB bJh wØXekbhekft-gkmK ~ nfXn?B-t;s{ pDkT[Dk.

fJBQK fuzsB-;{soK Bkb gqw[Øy s"o #s/ sK vkH jfoGiB f;zx jh pkt;sk


B}o nkT[dk j?. T[j wkoe;h fuzsB dhnK ;hwktK Bkb ;ztkd oukT[fdnK fJepdb ti'_ wØXekbh ;kfjse feosK Bkb nzsozr nfXn?B ;zpzXK ftu g?_dk j?.wkoe;tkdh gzikph fuzsB dk gzikph ;{\h ekft ;zpzXh gqfsT[Øso ;kfjs fJeØsqheoBd"o Bkb'_ nrb/ok gVkn j[zdk j'fJnk th fdqFNhrs ;ko ti'_ T[;/ d"o dk jhgqfso{g ;h. gzikph ;{\h ekft ns/ r[owfs ekft d/ nfXn?B ;w/_ tØy-tØy fuzsBgqfswkBK dh tos'_ ns/ g{ot fBoXkos f;ØfNnK ~ wBfJØSs ;ko ti'_ nko'fgs eoBs'_ pknd T[;d/ nB[;koh fuzsB ekoi dh fdFk ftu ekoiFhbsk wkoe;tkdhfuzsB d/ T[Got/_ ;o'eko jB. o{gtkdh-;zouBktkdh fuzsB wkoe;tkdh fuzsB d/fto'X ftu yVQk ns/ fJBQK ;hwktK gqfs g{ot-;[u/ssk Bkb ekoiFhb B}o nkT[Idkj?. nrbh rØb fJ; fuzsB Xkok e'b nkgD/ g{otb/ fuzsB d/ o{g ftu wkoe;h-fuzsB dk fJe u"yNk th ;h fi;dhnK T{DskJhnK fBoXkos eoe/ ns/ T[BQK s'_;ktXkB j' e/ o{gtkdh$;zouBktkdh fuzsB Xkok nkgDh fdFk fBoXkos eodh j?.

gzikph o{gtkdh$;zouBktkdh fuzsB Xkok dk w'Yh ns/ gqw[Øy gqtesk vkHjfoGiB f;zx j?. T[;d/ wjØst dk nzdk}k fJ; sØE s'_ th bkfJnk ik ;edk j?fe fJ; bfjo d/ seohpB jo fuzse T[Øgo T[;dhnK ;EkgBktK dh gq'VQsk ns/g[FNh dk gqGkt j? ns/ e[M fto'XsktK d/ pkti{d brGr jo fuzse vkHjfoGiBf;zx dhnK XkoBktK ~ fdqVQ eokT[Idk fdqFNhr'uo j[zdk j?. vkH jfoGiB f;zxGkNhnk B/ vkH jfoGiB f;zx dk ;EkB gzikph fuzsB ftu fBoXkos eod/ j'J/ T[;~;/y'_ d/ ;wkBnzso wjØstFhb eoko fdØsk j?.7 ;/y'_ fiE/ nkgDh nkwd Bkbg{otbhnK fuzsB o{VQhnK fit/_ gq/oBk, gqFz;k, ;t?wkB dh GktBk, fJeØsqheoB nkfdBkb fto'X d/ ;zpzXK ftu'I g?dk j' e/ fJe BtK fuzsB-wkvb T[;kodk j? T[E/ vkHjfoGiB f;zx fuzsB wkoe;tkdh ;whfynk dhnK ;hwktK fit/_ pfjozr ;whfynkfdqFNh, f;XKs nko'gD, eqKsh u/sBk T[Øgo }'o, ouBk T[Øgo pkjoh ;o'ekoK ~ Y[eke/ g{ot-fB:'fis wzst dh f;ØXh nkfd ~ ekN/ j/m b? nkT[dk j?. vkH jfoGiB f;zxdk w{b-;{so @;kfjsesk# dh gSkD Bkb i[fVnk j'fJnk j?. jkbKfe gzikph ;kfjsfuzsB ftu T[; d/ ekoi ~ eJh soQK d/ @ftF/FD# gqkgs j[zd/ oj/ jB. fJBQK ftuiK sK @fdØbh ;e{b# d/ jwkfJshnK tb'_ FoXkwJh T[bkosk gqrN ehsh rJh j? iKwkoe;tkd jwkfJshnK d/ @fto'X ekoB fto'X# dk g?_sVk B}o g?_dk j?. @@T[jdhnfXn?B-ftXh ~ ;[jitkdh, o{gtkdh, ;"_do:tkdh ns/ fFbgtkdh nkfd ftF/FDd/Dk ;kvh T[; fposh dh nbkws j? fi; nXhB n;h_ fes/ t;s{ dh fBZirs j'_ds'_ gbkfJD eod/ jK ns/ T[;~ @xV/-xVkJ/# b/pbK d/ nzsors ftukod/ jK.##8

vkH jfoGiB f;zx d/ fuzsB dh fdFk s/ dFk ~ fBoXkos eoB tkb/ fszBgqw[Øy ;{so jB. fJBQK ;{soK d/ nkXko T[Øgo jh T[;dk nfXn?B-wkvb nkgDh fBt/ebh gSkD ;Ekfgs eodk j?. fJj ;{so jBL


TH g{otb/ fuzsB ekoi Bkb ;zpkd

nH Bt/_ fuzsB f;XKsK dh ikD-gSkD

JH ;kfjs gkmK dk ftjkoe nfXn?B

vkH jfoGiB f;zx d/ wØXekbh ekft-XkoktK ~ nfXn?B-t;s{ pDkT[d/ ;w/_ fJj fszB/ ;{so ;kjwD/ nkT[d/ jB. T[j g{ot ekb d/ fuzsB dhnK ]kwhnK ~T[Gko e/ Bt/_ ;kfjs-;kg/y f;XKsK dh o"FBh ftu wØXekbh ekft-u/sBk ~ nkgD/ekoi d/ e/_do ftu fNekT[dk j?. g{otbh pfjozr ;whfynk-ftXh dh ouBk dh@;kfjsesk# gqfs ftw[ysk pko/ T[;dk eEB T[;d/ f;XKse u"yN/ bJh p/jØd nfjwsØs pDdk j? L

pfjozr nkb'uBk ;kfjs feos ~ nkgD/ nfXn?B d/ t;s{ ti'_ nkgDkb?_dh j?, go T[;dh ;kfjsesk dk nfXn?B eoB dh pikfJ T[;dh fJfsjk;esk,wB'ftfrnkBesk, ;wkiesk nkfd d/ nfXn?B tØb o[fus j[zdh j?. T[BQK dknfXn?B-t;s{ sK e'Jh ;kfjse-feos j[zdh j? go T[BQK dk nfXn?B-ftFk fJfsjk;,wB'ftfrnkB, ;wki Fk;so iK fJBQK dk fwbr'Gk j' ;edk j?.9

wØXekbh gzikph ;kfjs ;zpzXh th T[;dh fuzsB-fdqFNh w[Øy s"o T[Øgog{otb/ fuzsB d/ fto'X ftu ;keko j[zdh j?. T[j wØXekbh ekft, ftF/F s"o #s/;{\h ekft Xkok, ;zpzXh g{otb/ fuzsB d/ ;wkBnzso Bt/_ nfXn?B-u"yN/ dh ikD-gSkD eokT[dk j?. vkH jfoGiB f;zx wØXekbh ;kfjs feosK d/ nfXn?B-ftFb/FD bJh nkX[fBe eftsk d/ @|}K# ns/ @;zdK# dh EK T[; gqfs fBo'b @pkDh# tkbhekft-Fk;soh gj[zu ftXh dh jwkfJs eodk j?. T[; B/ wØXekb ftu ouh pkDhd/ nfXn?B bJh pDhnK-pDkJhnK nfXn?B-e;tØNhnK dh EK @pkDh Xkok# dh sfjj/m ekoiFhb ;zouBkswe B/wK dh gSkD ~ gqw[Øysk fdØsh j?L

eftsk nB/e w[y o{gK dh ;[zdosk ;zukodh j? ns/ T[; s'_ ;k~ nkBzd dhgqkgsh j[zdh j?. pkDh fJew[y Bkw dk frnkB T[ikro eodh j?. eftsk Fpd ns/noE dk ;fjGkt j?, pkDh Fpd dh fJe;kosk j?. eftsk ;w{os tk;sftesk dkfuØso g/F eodh j?, d{ih ;w{os tk;sftesk d/ fgØS/ ezw eo oj/ B/wK dk nB[GtirkT[dh j?. 10

fJ; soQK gqfeosh d/ fBy/V/ okjh_ nfXnkswe ekft bJh tØyo/ fuzsBgqfswkBK d/ fBoXkoD d[nkok jh vkH jfoGiB f;zx g{otb/ ;kfjs fuzsB dhfBFfussktkdh ftXh dk fto'X eodk j?, fi; okjh_ Xow-u/sBk nkXkfos ekft ~ iKsK FoXk, ;/tk-;zGkb ns/ fto;/ d/ r"ot ti'_ tfvnkfJnk iKdk ;h iK nkX[fBeftfrnkBe f;XKsK d/ jkD dk Bk ;wM e/ T[;dk yzvB ehsk iKdk ;h. vkHjfoGiB f;zx wØXekb dhnK nfXnkswe ekft XkoktK bJh th tØy'-tØyo/ fuzsB-


g?okvkJhw sbkFdk j?. fJ; soQK nu/s jh fe;/ ekft Xkok d/ ekft-Fk;soh ns/;[ji-Fk;soh ;o'ekoK d/ fBoXkoD dk w;bk th jØb j[zdk ikgdk j?. gzikph ;{\hekft d/ ;zdoG ftu vkH jfoGiB f;zx dk ekoi ekbtzv gVkn fBoXkoD, fJ;ekft Xkok d/ gqw[Øy FkfJoK ns/ ;w[Øuh ekft Xkok d/ B/w-ftXkB fij/ ;o'ekoK ~nkroG{fws eodk j?. gzikph ;{\h ekft ;zpzXh T[;d/ u[fBzdk w}w{BK ftu'_ @@\ohdpkDh##, @@gzikph ;{\h ekft## ns/ @@ebkw ;{\hnK## (w[Øb s/ w[bzeD), @@\ohd pkDh LouBk ftXkBe nfXn?B## (gsoKibh) ns/ @@ebkw \ohd dh ifNbsk## (;kfjsnfXn?B) gqw[Øy jB. fJ; s'_ fJbktk j'o nB/eK fNØgDhnK ns/ G{fwektK d/ o{gftu T[;dh fuzsB-;wØroh, fi; ftu T[j gzikph ;{\h ekft ~ nfXn?B-t;s{pDkT[dk j?, dk c?bkT[ t/fynk ik ;edk j?. gzikph ;{\h ekft ;zpzXh fJj ;w[Øuh;wØroh fwedko gØy'_ xØN j'D d/ pkti{d fJ; ekft Xkok d/ ekft-t;s{, ekft-ftXhnK ns/ fdqFNh d/ gØy s'_ g{otb/ fuzsB dhnK eJh ;EkgBktK ~ oØd eodhj? ns/ eJh Bt/_ ft;Eko i'Vdh j?. gzikph ;{\h ekft Xkok dh fJfsjk;w[yh ekbtzv okjh_ fiE/ T[j fJ; ekft Xkok d/ gqshfBX ethnK ~ T[BQK d/ :Ek:'rwjØstFhb ;EkB T[Øgo fNekT[dk j? T[E/ ftfGzB ethnK d/ ftFb/FD okjh_ ;w[ØuhXkok d/ r[Dkswe gfotosB ;kjwD/ fbnkT[dk j?.

gzikph ;{\h ekft ;zpzXh vkH jfoGiB f;zx fuzsB dh ftF/Fsk wØXekb dhfJ; Xkok d/ nØvo/ gqtuB ]k;/ dh gSkD ~ gqw[Øy oØydh j?. fJ; ekoi fjsT[j fJ;bkwh ftukoXkoesk ns/ gzikph ekft-ufoØso ftuekobh ;KM ns/ tØyoskd/ B[efsnK ~ ;kjwD/ oØydk j?. nkgD/ w}w{B @@ojØ;tkdh gzikph ekft-Fk;so L ;{\h ekft d/ gq;zr ftu## ftu T[j ;{\h f;XKsekoh d/ fJfsjk;w{beftek; ~ e/_do ftu oØy e/ gzikph ;{\h FkfJoK dhnK pdbdhnK gqtuB i[rsK dknfXn?B eodk j?. fJ; s'_ fpBK T[j ebkw \ohd dh ;zouBkswe ifNbsk d/ftFb/FD bJh T[;d/ fJe Fb'e @fis[ fdjkV/ XB toh# dk ftjkoe nfXn?B theodk j?. ;{\h ekft Xkok Bkb fJBQK nzsozr nfXn?B ;zpzXK okjh_ vkH jfoGiBf;zx fuzsB dk T[d/F fJ; ekft Xkok d/ ekft-Fk;soh ]k;/ dh gSkD j?. T[;dkfuzsB-u"yNk gzikph ;{\h ekft Xkok d/ w{b ;o'ekoK ~ T[;d/ ekft-Fk;soh ufoØsod/ nkXko T[Øgo fJe ;zs[fbs ;wkt/F d/ o{g ftu gSkDdk j?. gzikph ;{\h ekftXkok ;zpzXh T[;dh gj[zu fJekbeh ns/ pj[ekbeh nfXn?B-ftXhnK okjh_ wØXekbdhnK j'o ekft-XkoktK Bkb'_ tyfonkT[D ftu gJh j?. Bkb jh nfXnsk ;{\h ekftXkok d/ bzw/o/ fJfsjk;e ftek; ~ fe;/ iVQ iK wekBeh nfXn?B ;zdoG s'_ w[estØy-tØy ;{\h FkfJoK d/ fBeN nfXn?B dk wkvb th g/F eodk j?. T[;nB[;ko L

;{\h ekft dhnK ftF/FskJhnK dh uouk t/b/ n;h_ e[M nfij/ r[D-bØSDK


dh Y{zv-Gkb eoKr/ fiBQK eoe/ T[j d{ihnK ekft-XkoktK s'_ tØyok gSkfDnk ik;e/. go fJ;dk fJe bk}wh Bshik fJj th fBeb/rk fe ;ko/ ;{\h eth fJenfijh ;KM Bkb ;zpzfXs j' ikDr/ fe T[BQK d/ nkgD/ ftbØyD w[jKdo/ fJe-d{i/ ftuo¾ ikDr/ ns/ T[BQK s'_ fJe s'_ tyfonkT[Dk w[Feb j' ikt/rk. ;w{jrs ftF/FskJhnK dh Gkb ftu jh n;h_ ethnK dhnK ftneshrs ftF/FskJhnK gqfsT[dk;hB j' iktKr/. 11

vkH jfoGiB f;zx gzikph ;{\h ekft Xkok dh w"fbesk ns/ fJfsjk;efBozsosk ~ pokpo dk wjØst fdzdk j?. T[j nkgD/ g{otb/ fuzsB tKr Bk sKr[owfs ekft gqfs FoXk tZ; j' e/ ;{\h ;o'ekoK dh r[owfs ekft Bkb ;KM dhsbkF d/ okj g?_dk j?, Bk jh fe;/ g{otkrqfj nXhB ;{\h ekft ~ S[fNnkT[dk j?.T[j ouBk d/ fBeN nfXn?B okjh_ ;zouBkswe ohshnK dh gSkD gqfs ;iØrskgqrN eodk j?. ;{\h ekft d/ ;w[Øu/ fJfsjk;e ftek; d"okB T[;d/ eØE ftu nkJ/gfotosBK ~ nfXJ/sk fJ; ekft-Xkok dh sobsk Bkb i'V e/ t/ydk j? L

r[opkDh bzw/ no;/ se fJØe' eØE ns/ fJØe' eEB Yzr Bkb T[ukoh iKdhojh T[ØE/ ;{\hnK dk ebkw nkgD/ eØE ns/ eEB Yzr d'jK ftu spdhbh eodkfojk j?HHH d{;o/ s'_ gzit/_ r[o{ dh pkDh se J/esk fJsBh gqgØe j? fe fJe ~ d{;ohs'_ nbØr gSkBD bJh pkDh pkjo/ wjfbnK dh wdd b?Dh g?_dh j?HHH nfijhfBozsosk gzikph ;{\h ebkw dh otkfJs ftu Bjh_ fwbdh. 12

gzikph ;{\h ekft ~ T[;dh ;BksBh fJ;bkwe gozgok Bkb'_ fBy/V e/fjzd[;skBh ;fjukohGkt tkb/ fJ;bkw d/ gqsho{g ti'_ ;wMD dk isB gfjbh tkovkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ jh ehsk. T[;B/ gzikph ;{\h ekft ~ T[;d/ dkoFfBe$;BksBhfgS'eV Bkb ;KM ns/ n;wkBsktK ~ nkXko pDk e/ nfXn?B dk woe}pDkfJnk. nfijk eofdnK T[j @pfjozr nfXn?B ftXh# d/ fto'X ftu j[zdk j'fJnkth T[; ftXh ~ jh gqw[Øy ftXh pDkT[dk j?. T[;d/ eEB nB[;ko, @@nop d/FKftu ;{\h Xkok ;Ekfgs fJ;bkw d/ fto'X ftu ;h. fjzd[;skB ftu ;{\h Xkok B/fJ;bkw ~ ;Ekgs j'D ftu ;jkfJsk fdØsh.13 fJj gzikph ;{\h ekft d/ w{b-sDkn dh gSkD dk :sB j?. gzikph ;{\h ekft Xkok dh ekft Fk;soh ftF/Fskd/ o{g ftu fJ;bkw d/ gqGkt ns/ Bkpoh d/ sBkT[ ~ gfjbh tko nroG{wh ftufbnkT[D dk ekoi vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ jh ehsh. fJ; fdqFNhe'D s'_ ;{\h ekft~ nfXn?B-t;s{ pDkT[_fdnK fe;/ th T[bkosk s'_ w[es ofjD bJh jh vkH jfoGiBf;zx ;{\h ekft ~ fJ;bkw d/ Gkosh b'eK d/ ;zgoe ftu nkJ/ ikpo ns/ eksb;o{g d/ T[bN gzikph }pkB s/ w[jkto/ dh ;KM tkbh gqftosh nkydk j?.14 ;{\hekft ;zpzXh fuzsB Xkok d/ bzw/o/ fJfsjk; ftu nØvo/ ekft-Fk;soh ;o'ekoK dh


gSkD dk gfjbk :sB vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ jh ehsk. F/] \ohd dh pkDh dhr[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ftu Fw{bhns d/ nkXko T[Øgo jh gzikph ;kfjs fuzsB ftuftukoXkoe s"o T[&Øgo ;{\h ekft ~ r[owfs d/ ;wkBnzso ;wMD dk G[bKdok nu/s jh g?dk j' frnk ;h. fJj gzikph ;kfjs fuzsB dh ;sjh gj[zu dk jh gqwkD;h fi; ~ oØd eoB bJh vkH jfoGiB f;zx ;ob-noEh fpnkB iK ftnkfynkwJhekoi dh EK p/jØd soeg{oB sohe/ Bkb ouBkth ftt/e d/ sØsK ~ gSkDdk ns/T[BQK ~ ;zpkd d/ dkfJo/ ftu fbnkT[_dk j?. p/jØd eohph ns/ ;gØFN fd;d/ sØEKgqfs th nfXJ/sk pVh ;sØoesk Bkb g/F nkT[_dk j? id'_ ;Ekgsh dh fto'Xsk d/nkXko T[Øgo r[owfs ekft ns/ ;{\h ekft pkjotosh ;[Gk ns/ ;wGkthftukoXkoe gØXshnK ikgdhnk jB sK T[j nzsqht-;ko ~ ftFb/FD dk nkXkopDkT[_dk j?L

gzikp ftu f;Øy r[o{nK ns/ ;{\h \ehok B/ th Xow ~ b'e-p'bh okjh_gqrNktk fdØsk. Xow d/ ;obheoB dh bfjo pj[s ftnkge ;h. gzikp d/ r[o{ns/ ;{\h \eho T[;/ dk nzr ;B. fJ;/ bfjo s'_ Gkos ftu Xow d/nkX[fBeheoB dh gqfefonk dk nkozG j[zdk j?. ;{\h \eho FkfJd r[o{ BkBe s'_tX/o/ ;[rw ;B feT[_fe T[BQK B/ Xow dk ;obheoB eofdnK j'fJnk e/tb b'eGkFk ~ jh Bjh_ ngBkfJnk ;r'_ ;w[Øuh b'e-;z;feqsh ~ ngBkfJnk. 15

fJBQK ;soK ftu vkH jfoGiB f;zx gzikph ;{\h ekft ~ r[owfs ekftd/ w[ekpb/ Xow d/ ;obheoB fij/ ;zebg gqfs tX/o/ ;[rw efj e/ fJ; f;oiD-Xkok ~ ;Ekgsh d/ fjØsK dk f;ØXk fto'Xh eoko Bjh_ fdzdk pbfe fJ; w;b/ gqshT[j jwkfJs iK fto'X dh EK nksw-nB[Gt T[Øgo tX/o/ }'o d/D dh o[uh ~ g/F eodk j?. jkew tor dh @j?_eV ns/ fuzsk# ns/ wfje{w tor d/ @d[Øy ns/eo'X# dh EK vkH jfoGiB f;zx gzikph ;{\h ekft d/ nkb'uBkswe nwb ~ ;z;ko-ftnkgh d[ØyK ns/ p[fBnkdh ;wØf;nktK Bkb ;zpzfXs wzBdk j?. Gkt/_ ;{\h ekft ftu;Ekgsh gqsh f;ØX/ fto'X dk g?_sVk Bjh_ go vkH jfoGiB f;zx fJ; nkXko T[Øgog{otb/ fuzsB tKr T[;~ ;Ekgsh ;woEe iK gqfsrkwh ihtB w[ØbK tkbk th Bjh_efjzdk. fJ;/ eoe/ p[ØbQ/ Fkj dh T[Øuh ;[o gqsh th fpBK ;zd/j dk fFeko j'fJnkT[j soe ~ jØE'_ Bjh_ SØvdk. T[;d/ fuzsB-gqtuB dk nkXko ouBk dh @p[Dso#j?. vkH jfoGiB f;zx dk fuzsB ouBkth_ ;o'ekoK T[Øgo jh nkgDh N/e oØydkj?. gzikph ;{\h ekft ;zpzXh gzikph fuzsB tØb'_ fBofws @fwØEK# d/ GziB dk ekoith T[;d/ fuzsB dk w[Øy ;o'eko j?. T[; s'_ g{otbk gzikph fuzsB gzikph ;{\h ekft~ iK sK wØXekbh gzikph ekft dk r"otFkbh fjØ;k efj e/ tfvnkT[_dk ;h iK jkewF/qDh tØb'_ gquko fjs Bkb fbnKd/ ;{\h dot/FK dh f;oih ekft Xkok efj e/S[fNnkT[_dk ;h. d'tK ;fEshnK ftu jh wBfJØSs ;o'ekoK dh gqkgsh bJh e[M g{ot


XkoBktK dk nko'gD gqGkttkdh fdqFNh s'_ j[zdk ;h. fJj fuzsB-o[uhnK pdbd/ekb-gqtkj ftØu tØyohnK ftukoXkoe gØXshnK dhnK XkoBh j'D d/ pkti{d nshss'_ gqGkt rqfjD eoB d/ ;KM/ ;{so Bkb i[VhnK j'JhnK jB. vkH jfoGiB f;zx@yzvB s/ wzvB# dh fJ; gqGkttkdh o[uh s'_ :Ek;zGt fBob/gsk ns/ ftØE ;Ekfgseoe/ nkgD/ ekoi ~ nzikw fdzdk j?. ;{\h ekft ~ @;Ekgsh gqfs Bkpoh# ns/@gqukow[yh fwFBoh ;[Gk# fijhnK ;obhfeqs XkoBktK okjh_ ftFb/Fs eoB dh EKnfXJ/sk wfj;{; eodk j? feL

;{\h ebkw d/ nfXn?B s'_ gsk bØrdk j? fe fJj ebkw gqsØy Xow-gqukodk t;hbk Bjh_, T[;dk w{b uofso nksw-gqrNkt/ dk j?, go ;[Dkt/ dk Bjh_l ;{\hw{b o{g eth jB, gqukoe Bjh_. 16

vkH jfoGiB f;zx gzikph ;{\h ekft dhnK eJh gosK dk nfXn?B eodkj?. T[;dh gqw[Øy fuzsB i[rs ;{\h ekft Xkok dh p'bh, GkFe i[rsK, gqshe-ftXkB,fpzp-f;oiDk ns/ fujB-gqpzX nkfd fJekJhnK dh sbkF j? fi; okjh_ nfXJ/sk fJ;Xkok d/ gqshfBX FkfJoK d/ nB[Gt dh gqwkfDesk gqfs uouk S/Vdk j?. ;{\h ekftdh f;XKse$dkoFfBe Fpdktbh ns/ noph-\ko;h jtkb/ T[; nB[;ko fJ;bkw d/gzikph feqs ;o{g d/ ;BksBh fJ;bkwh-u/sBk s'_ f;ØX/ rqfjD ehs/ sØs jB. fJ;d/Bkb jh fJBQK ftØu'_ gzikph GkFk d/ gq:'r dhnK X[BhnK th ;[DhnK ik ;edhnKjB.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx fuzsB ftu ;w[Øu/ o{g ftu ;[u/ssk ns/ ekoi gqfsghvh geV dk Gog{o gqrNktk j'fJnk fwbdk j?. fJjh ekoB j? fe T[;d/ nfXn?Bftu @ej/ rJ/ gqfs fto'XkGk; iK oØdD# dh o[uh feXo/ th Bjh_ fwbdh. vkHjfoGiB f;zx GkNhnk nB[;ko, @@fiBQK ftXhnK dk T[jB/ pkDh nfXn?B t/b/ rqfjDns/ fsnkr ehsk j? T[jh nfXn?B ftXhnK ;{\h eftsk d/ nfXn?B t/b/ rqfjDns/ fsnkr dk w}w{B pDhnK jB.##17 T[;B/ Bk f;o\ fJ; ekft Xkok d/ftbØyD ;o'ekoK dh gSkD bJh fJ; ekft Xkok d/ Ehwe g?NoBK dk fBeNnfXn?B ehsk j? pbfe T[;dh fBeNsk ;{\h ekft d/ gqw[Øy FkfJoK dhnK ouBkthfJekJhnK dh gSkD ftØu'_ th nkgDk wjØst rqfjD eodh j?. ]k; s"o T[Øgo T[j\ohd d/ ebkw ~ gqufbs ;{M wkvbK Bkb'_ fBy/V e/ nkgD/ nfXn?B dh t;s{pDkT[_dk j?. g{ot gqufbs fuzsB dhnK ;sjh T[eshnK \ohd d/ ebkw ftu w"sd/ ;zebg ~ vo, fBokFk gqfsrkwsk, f;Ebsk ns/ gqukoeh ;[o Bkb i'V e/ ftFb/Fs eodhnK jB. vkH jfoGiB f;zx fJ;/ gØy ~ \ohd dh ouBk ftu ftnkgsgq/oBk-fpzd{ ;theko eodk j?. nfijk eofdnK T[j @Fkpfde T[uko# ns/ @b[gs-noEh ;ko# ~ gSkD e/ @;opkoE# ns/ @ftF/FkoE# ftu tzv b?_dk j?. @w"s d/ ;'r#


ns/ @ftnkj d/ iFB# dh NØeo okjh_ jh nfXJ/sk ebkw \ohd d/ w{b sDktK segj[zudk j?L

\ohd pkDh nekoD tk;sftesk d/ d[Øy ~ ;fjD, ;wMD ns/ ;[yktKpDkT[D dh ;wØf;nk Bkb ;zpzfXs j?. ;[yktK pDkT[D fjs \ohd B/ t;s{ (w"s)T[Øgo nkgDh wo}h dk gqshe (ftnkj) nko'fgs ehsk j?. f}zdrh d/ iFB ftØu'_]koi eoB tkbh w"s-t;s{ ~ \ohd B/ f}zdrh d/ iFB ftu Fkwb eoB tkbkgqshe pDk fbnk j?. 18

vkH jfoGiB f;zx ftnkj s/ w"s d/ sDkT[ ~ gqfeosh ns/ f;oiDk iKt;s{ ns/ gqshe d/ d[tØb/ ;o'eko okjh_ gzikph ;{\h ekft d/ gq;zr ftu ;wMdkj?. ;sjh T[eshnK dh EK fd;d/ Fkpfde gqpzX ftu'_ ftØe'fbØso/ gq;zfre noEKdk T[sgkdB T[;dh nzsozr ftXh dk jh gqwkD j?. \ohd ekft pko/ gqufbsfJefjoh$;gkN noEh ftnkfynk-gj[zu d[nkok FoXkwJh fpnkB dh EK vkHjfoGiB f;zx B/ fJ; ebkw dh ifNbsk ~ T[ikro ehsk j?. vkH jfoGiB f;zxs'_ g{otbhnK fuzsB-XkoktK Fpd ~ nzfsw ;Øu ti'_ gqtkB eoe/ nfXn?B-ekoigqfs fBFu?tkdh fposh dk fFeko ;B. noE gqpzX tØb iK sK T[; fuzsB dk T[Øekjh fXnkB Bjh_ ;h iK T[j fBFfus noEK d/ nko'gD okjh_ @T[d/F f;ØXh# dhfefonk jh ;h. fJjh ekoB j? fe r[o{ ;kfjpkB tb'_ @;b'e \ohd# T[Øgo ehshnKekfte-fNØgDhnK ~ fJ; g[{otb/ fuzsB B/ iK sK nkb'uBkswe ekoi dh ;zfrnkfdØsh iK \ohd pkDh dh wjkBsk do;kT[D bJh r[owfs ethnK dk @feogk ekoi#fejk. d'tK B[efsnK s'_ jh r[opkDh ~ e/_doh wjØsk dh fdqFNh s'_ t/fynk iKdkfojk j?. vkH jfoGiB f;zx fJ; ;w[Øu/ w;b/ gqsh fJBQK ;EkgBktK s'_ gqGkfts j'J/fpBK @noE-ftfrnkBe# fdqFNh dk gqrNktk eodk j?. T[;B/ \ohd d/ ;b'eL

\ohd osh os[ B fBeb/ i/ sfB uho? e'fJ.

i' sB[ os? op[ f;T[ fsB[ sfB os[ Bk j'fJ.

T[Øgo r[o{ nwodk; tb'_ ehsh fNØgDhL

J/j[ sB[ ;G? os[ j? os[ fpB[ sB[ B j'fJ.

i' ;j[ os? nkgD? fsB[ sfB b'G os B j'fJ.

~ tØyo/ fdqFNhe'D s'_ nfXn?B-t;s{ pDkfJnk j?. T[; nB[;ko r[owfseth B/ ;o'fsnK d/ bkG fjs \ohd d/ ;b'e ~ pj[noEesk s'_ fBFfus noEKtØb w'VB dk isB ehsk s/ fJj \ohd ekft dh gqshekswe gotk} ~ pzd-gqpzXd/ nB[e{bD dh e'fFF ;h. ouBk d/ noEK dh sobsk ns/ o{g dh wekBehnskftueko fBy/Vk ekft-ouBk ~ fpnkB dh EK gqtuB ti'_ rqfjD eoB dh nfXJ/sk


dh o[uh dk jh f;ØNk j?. vkH jfoGiB f;zx d/ fuzsB-;o'ekoK ftu fJBQK sØsK dhgSkD ~ tv/ok wjØst jk;b j?. \ohd ekft ftubh ifNbsk dh gSkD bJh T[j;{\h ekft dh ssekbh :[r-u/sBk ns/ ekft-nkdoF ftuekob/ yØfgnK ~ g{oB dk:sB eodk j?. ;w[Øuk gzikph ;{\h ekft ftF/F eoe/ \ohd T[; nB[;ko gowkoEew[jkto/ okjh_ :EkoE dk gqrNktk eodk j?. T[; nB[;koL

\ohd pkDh ftu ][dk-gq;sh dh nfjwhns s;bhw ehsh rJh j?, fuØsowB[Øyh ;fEsh d/ jh g/F j'J/. w"s dk y"\ skoh j?, go w"s d/ goSkt/_ j/m thrØb f}zdrh dh jh ehsh rJh j?. 19

F/y \ohd d/ ebkw ~ gzikph ;{\h eftsk dk gqshfBX Bw{Bk wzBD dhgzikph fuzsB dh o[uh s'_ vkH jfoGiB f;zx th gqGkfts B}o nkT[_dk j? T[j \ohdpkDh gqfs g{ot-gqufbs G[bKdfonK dh Bftosh eoB fjs T[;d/ ebkw dk fBØme/ nfXn?B eodk s/ pkjoh ihtB-t/oftnK iK fJBQK d/ ouBk Bkb ;zpzXK dh fes/th uouk Bjh_ eodk. \ohd dh ouBk d/ ftXkBe ;{soK d/ nfXn?B ;w/_ T[jGkFk-ftfrnkBe, gqshetkdh iK F?bh-ftfrnkBe nkfd eJh ;zouBktkdh nzso-fdqFNhnK dh ;jkfJsk b?_dk j?. @sB'wkBf;e sDkT[_# T[; nB[;ko \ohd dh ouBk-ftXkB, F?bh ns/ ekb-u/sBk dk w{bG{s ;[{so j? s/ fJ;~ T[j \ohd d/ Fb'eKd/ gkmrs nfXn?B okjh_ w{b ;{so ti'_ gSkDdk j?. \ohd ekft dh gqfeoshftueko sB (G"fsesk) ns/ wB (gqkG"fsesk) d/ dtzd dh gSkD fBo'b GkFepDsoK okjh_ eoB dh EK vkH jfoGiB f;zx fJ; ebkw d/ ifNb gqtuB dk p/jØd wjhB fe;w dk nfXn?B g/F eodk j?.20 fJzi vkH jfoGiB f;zx ;kfjsefeosK dh ;kfjsesk dk w;bk fJejo/ o{g ftu BfiØmD dh EK ebkw \ohd d/fujBeh-;z;ko dhnK eJh gosK dh Y{zv-Gkb eodk j?.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx \ohd d/ Bkb jh ;w[Øuh ;{\h ekft Xkok ~ fJefJfsjk;e ftek; ti'_ ;wMD fjs pkeh ;{\hnK d/ ebkw ~ th nfXn?B-t;s{pDkT[_dk j?. don;b ftokN nfXn?B ns/ ;{yw$tkwB nfXn?B d't/_ ftXhnK T[;d/fuzsB ekoi d/ T[Got/_ gØy jB. T[j ebkw \ohd ~ T[;d/ fdqFNwkB ;o{g s'_nrKj ik e/ ;zouBkswe ifNb sØs-;ko o{g ti'_ ftFb/Fs eodk j? idfe ;w[Øuh;{\h ekft-Xkok pko/ T[;dk nfXn?B T[Got/_ sØsK d/ fttoD sØe ;hws j?. nu/sjh T[;dh fdqFNh ebkw \ohd Bkb fBeNsk s'_ i[V/ j'D ekoB T[;dh f;ow"osk dh;thfeqsh tkbh j?. nfXJ/sk ;{\h ekft d/ fszB gqw[Øy gVktK ti'_ fszB ethnK F/y\ohd, Fkj j[;?B ns/ p[ØbQ/ Fkj ~ nzfes eodk j?. gzikph ;{\h ekft dhnK;w[ØuhnK gqkgshnK ns/ ;zGktBktK ~ th T[j fJBQK fszBK FkfJoK dhnK ftfGzBsktKd/ ;zdoG ftu jh ftFb/Fs eodk j?. pkeh ;{\hnK ~ vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ fJ;


Xkok dh ;sj T[Øgo gJ/, e/tb frDkswe tkX/ d/ fujB ns/ tofDs fszBK FkfJoKd[nkok ;Ekgs ouBk-ohshnK nXhB ftr;/ @BktK# ti'_ ;wfMnk j?. nfijk eoBkT[;d/ nfXn?B dh fJe ;hwk ti'_ ;kwQD/ nkT[_dk j? feT[_fe ;[bskB pkj{, jkFw ns/nbh j?do d/ ebkw dh nfjwhns ~ fJ; Xkok d/ ;w[Øu/ fJfsjk;e-gfofdqF ftØu'_]koi eoBk fBo;zd/j nB[fus ikgdk j?.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx Fkj j[;?B ns/ p[ØbQ/ Fkj ~ \ohd tKr fBØyVthnKouBkth-gqfsX[BhnK d/ nkXko T[Øgo nfXn?B-t;s{ pDkT[D dh EK \ohd-ekft d/ouBkth nkdoFK d/ ;wkBnzso oØy e/ T[BQK dk nfXn?B eodk j?. fJzi eofdnKT[j s[bBkswe nfXn?B-ftXhnK dk nk;ok b?_dk j? fi; nB[;ko ;KM s/ fBy/V/d/ sØsK dh sbkF T[;dh @fuzsB-wFe# pD iKdh j?. fJj nfXn?B-ftXh T[;dh@nzsozrsk# ns/ @;kfjsesk# T[Øgo }'o d/D d/ w{b-;{so T[Øgo ;ØN wkodh j?L

(T) \ohd p[fBnkdh s"o #s/ ns/ gqXkB o{g ftu eth ;h go fes/-fes/ T[j F?] j'D d/ Bks/ T[gd/F th d/ b?_dk j?. Fkj j[;?B ftu T[gd/Fkswegqftosh n;b'_ rkfJp j?. T[j F[ØX o{g ftu ojØ;-nB[Gth gqrsheko j?. p[ØbQ/ tKr{zT[j th nB[Gt dk B}kok nkgDh ;fEsh ftF/F ftu eodk ns/ eokT[_dk j?.21

(n) F/y \ohd nkgD/ nkg ~ @e[Øsk# nky e/ nkgDh p/fBnk} ;fEshgqfs e'qX gqrN eodk j? ns/ Fkj j[;?B nkgD/ nkg ~ e[Øsk nky e/ ;kfjp gqfsdk;-GktBk dk \]o wfj;{; eodk j?.22

s[bBkswe nfXn?B-ftXh okjh_ fJ; Xkok d/ ;KM/ ns/ fBØyVt/_ sØsK dhgSkD vkH jfoGiB f;zx d/ ;{\h Xkok ;zpzXh gqfsT[Øso dh wjØstFhb X[Bh j?.fJ; s'_ fJbktk ;kfjs pkjo/ ;o'ekoK T[Øgo }'o d/D ns/ b/ye dh ftukoXkokdh gSkD T[;d/ ikshrs ntu/sB ftØu'_ eoB dh o[uh dh fto'Xsk eoB tkb/fuzse ti'_ ikfDnk iKdk vkH jfoGiB f;zx nkg th eJh d\k ;{\h-FkfJoK dhiksh$iwksh u/sBk ~ ekft ;o'ekoK fgØS/ ekoiFhb sØs ;theko eoB bØr iKdkj?. \ohd ns/ Fkj j[;?B dh f;oiDk dhnK ftfGzB X[BhnK ~ f;oieK tb'_ tØyo/-tØyo/ ekb-yzvK ftu rqfjD ehs/ ftbØyD nB[Gt dh nfGftnesh wzBD dh EKnfXJ/sk T[BQK dh ikshrs ;fEsh ~ feosK dk ntu/sBh nkXko wzBdk j?L

\ohd dh fBwosk dk gqwkDe ;'wk w"s dk nfj;k; j? ns/ Fkj j[;?Bdh fBwosk fBwB iksh ;fEsh ftØu'_ T[sgzB j[zdh j?. fJØe' ftuko id'_ d' fGzBnB[Gt ;fEshnK Bkb i[Vd/ jB sK ftbØyD ekft-feosK dk f;oiD j[zdk j?. 23

vkH jfoGiB f;zx dk gzikph ;{\h ekft ;zpzXh fuzsB ihtBh-w{be;whfynk ftXh d/ fto'X ftu yb'D d/ pkti{d ekft-ouBk d/ gko ouBkeko dkne; t/yD dh gzikph fuzsB dh wkBf;esk-tØ; ni/j/ ftob/-Nkt/_ sØs ;w'Jh p?mk


j? fijVk ouBk dh EK ouBkeko Bkb ;zpzfXs jB. T[j Fkj j[;?B dh shpo gq/w-GktBk ~ ;kXkoBheoB dh fefonk efjzdk j?. T[;B/ pko-pko ;{\h ojØ;-nB[G{shdk f}eo eofdnK ;{\h FkfJoK ~ ojØ;tkdh efjD dk fto'X eoe/ @ojØ; nB[Gth#;kXeK ti'_ gfoGkFs ehsk. Fkj j[;?B d/ nkgD/ nkdoF Bkb gq/w-;zpzXK ~ T[;/ojØ; nB[G{sh d/ ;XkoDheoB ns/ ;gØFNheoB dh gqfefonk efj e/ vkH jfoGiBf;zx Xow-u/sBk ftu gowkswk Bkb gq/w d/ gqrNkT[ bJh ;z;koe foFfsnK dh;Ekgsh ftu th tk;sftesk d/ ;obhfeqs o{g ~ gSkDdk j?L

Fkj j[;?B B/ FkfJd gfjbh tko nkgD/ wfjp{p d/ fusoD bJh oKM/ dkgqshe tofsnk. ;kXBjhD gq/wh B/ nkgDk wfjp{p th fJe ;kXBjhD ftnesh jhu[fDnk. oKM/ gk; fe;/ ~ d/D tk;s/ e[M Bjh_. Bk T[j dkB d/ ;edk j? Bkdzv. ;{\h Fkj j[;?B B/ nkgD/ pokpo dk wfjp{p u[D e/ ;kXkoBheoB dk o;skpj[s jwtko eo fbnk j?. ;{\h s/ wfjp{p dk foFsk tX/o/ ;hws ns/ ;gØFNj' frnk. 24

vkH jfoGiB f;zx dk fJ; Xkok pko/ nfXn?B fJØE/ nu/s jh fJefto'XkGk; dk fFeko ikgdk j?. T[j ouBk ~ @;wki ;kg/y# fdqFNh s'_ nfXn?B-t;s{ pDkT[D d/ okj g?_dk j?. T[;d/ eEB nB[;ko Fkj j[;?B dk fBwB ikshftØu g?dk j'Dk ekoB jh ;kXB ftj{D/ gqshe u[Ddk j?. @;{\hnK dh ojØ; nB[G{shT[BQK dh nkgDh ;fEsh d/ jkD dh j?#- nfijhnK XkoBktK jB fiBQK ftu T[;d/fuzsB dk X[ok fBo;zd/j ;kfjs pkjoh ;o'eko jB. p[ØbQ/ Fkj ~ th T[;d/ fJ;nkXko T[Øgo th tØvk eth nkyD s'_ fJBeko ehsk j? fe T[;dh ouBk ihtB-;fEsh iK @ftbØyD nB[Gt# dh Bh_j T[Øgo Bjh_ T[;odh. nfXJ/sk d/ eEB nB[;koL

ftdtkBK s'_ ;k~ gsk bØrdk j? fe p[ØbQk pj[s tØvk ;{\h ;h go T[;dhfJ; gqf;ØXh dh gqshsh T[;d/ ebkw s'_ Bjh_ j[zdh. T[;dh ouBk d/ nfXn?B s'_ gskbØrdk j? fe T[j ouBk jw/Fk nkgDh ihtB-;fEsh iK ftbØyD nB[Gt dh Bh_jT[&Øgo Bjh_ T[;kodk. eJh tko T[j fJe ;zebg-gqpzX d/ nk;o/ jh Szd T[ukodkgqshs j[zdk j?. 25

;Ekgs ekft g?NoB dk nB[;koh efj e/ p[ØbQ/ Fkj ~ vkH jfoGiB f;zxfBFfus ekft o{VhnK dk g?o'eko, ;Ekgsh dk nB[rkwh, g{ot-ftFtk;K nXhBftbØyD ;fEsh d/ sekf}nK s'_ p/fBnk} FkfJo efjzdk j?. T[;dh ekft-u/sBknfXJ/sk ~ fJe ;zebg-gqpzX d/ nk;o/ T[;oh gqshs j[zdh j?. T[;~ p[ØbQ/ Fkj dhnB[G{sh ftbØyDsk dh EK ;kwh fJfsjk;, e[okBh ;zebg ns/ g{otb/ ;{\h ;kfjs d/;jko/ g{ot-fBFfus o{VQhnK dk d[jokT[ wfj;{; jz[zdh j?. nfij/ eEBK okjh_ p[ØbQ/Fkj dh ;wekbh ;fEsh d/ gqfsT[Øso ti'_ T[Øuh ;[o ns/ fJ;bkw nkXkfos w[|b


;kwoki d/ Yfj-Y/oh j'D T[Øgo o[dB dh nt;Ek ~ T[;B/ B}o nzdk} ehsk j?.T[j \ohd d/ ebkw d/ wjhB nfXn?B ;w/_ T[;d/ ouBk d/ ftXkB, nB[G{sh ns/g/Fekoh d/ gØyK d/ nfXn?B ;w/_ i' nkdoF$gqfswkB fBoXkos eodk j? pkeh ;{\hFkfJoK e'b'_ T[BQK nkdoFK dh nB[;kosk dh wzr eodk j? s/ i' FkfJo fJBQKnkdoFK dh g{osh bJh ouBk okjh_ Bjh_ eodk T[j nfXJ/sk nB[;ko wjkBsk dhe;tØNh T[Øgo g{ok Bjh_ T[sodk. \ohd s'_ p[ØbQ/ Fkj se dh t;s{ ;fEsh ftukb/gfotosBK ~ B}o-nzdk} eoe/ nfXJ/sk ;KM/-Ehwe g?NoBK ~ c?bk e/ wkoe;hfuzseK tKr pfjozr nfXn?B-i[rsK okjh_ g{ot-fBoXkos B/wK ~ ouBk T[Øgonko'fgs eodk j?.

;zy/g ftu vkHjfoGiB f;zx d/ fuzsB-ekoi Bkb gzikph ;{\h ekft d/nfXn?B ftu fJfsjk;e ft;Eko i[Vdk j?. wkoe;tkdh ;kfjs fuzsB d/ gzikph;{\h ekft ;zpzXh fto'XkGk;h ns/ nksw-fto'Xh f;ØfNnK d/ fto'X ftu vkH jfoGiBf;zx B/ nkgD/ fuzsB ~ ouBkth_ ;o'ekoK T[Øgo e/_dfos ehsk. fJ; okjh_ gzikph;{\h ekft dhnK ftXkBe ns/ ftXhrs ftF/FsktK dh fBFkBd/jh j[zdh j? gozs{nfXJ/sk B/ gzikph ;{\h ekft d/ o{gkekoh gØy tØb nkgDk fXnkB e/_dfos jh Bjh_ehsk fi; Bkb fJ; Xkok dhnK gqrNkT[ i[rsK ;zpzXh e[M ;koEe nfXn?B dhr[zikfJF ;h. sK th T[;B/ fJ; Xkok ~ r[opkDh tkb/ fuzsB-g?NoB T[Øgo nfXn?B-t;s{ pDkT[D dh EK nØvoh ftukoXkoe Xoksb-gqdkB ehsh. g{otb/ fuzsB tKrjh T[j th ;{\htkd d/ w{b ;o'ekoK gqfs o;kJh Bjh_ eo ;fenk ns/ T[;B/ nkgDkfXnkB fJ; Xkok d/ f;oiDkswe ;o'ekoK se jh oØfynk. gozs{ T[;dkwjØstg{oB :'rdkB gzikph ;{\h ekft ~ w[Øb:[es nfXn?B s'_ fBob/g o{g ftuftFb/Fs eoB ftu j?.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx Bkb gzikph ;kfjs fuzsB d/ y/so ftu nkozG j'Jhgzikph o{gtkdh$;zouBktkdh fuzsB-gqDkbh wkoe;tkdh gj[zu-ftXh d/ g{ot-fwØEsfBFeoFK d/ nB[;koh nfXn?B d/ fto'X ftu ouBk dh nzfsqek-;zouBk d/ nfXn?Bdh ftXh dh ikD-gSkD eokT[dh j?. vkH jfoGiB f;zx jh fJ; fuzsB-gqftoshB{z wkoe;tkdh ;kfjs u/sBk d/ ;wftØE fJØe ;zs[fbs frnkB-gqpzX tKr ;EkgseoB dh e'fFF eodk j?. fJ; ftXh dh ftjkoe-;koEesk d/ gqrNkt/ bJh T[jwØXekbh ns/ nkX[fBe ;kfjs ftu'_ nB/eK tzBrhnK dk nfXn?/B g/F eodk j?.T[;d/ T[Øsoekbh o{gtkdh$;zouBktkdh fuzse T[;d/ ekoi B{z T[;/ fdFk ftØu nØr/sK tXkT[d/ jB go T[BQK dk pj[sk ;wK, fXnkB ns/ T{oik d{ih ghVQh d/ wkoe;hfuzseK vkH oftzdo f;zx oth, r[opyF f;zx \o?_e, s/itzs f;zx frØb ns/ e/;of;zx e/;o Bkb f;XKse tkd-fttkd ftu jh you j[zdk j?. fJ;/ ekoB ;zouBktkdh;whfynk-fdqFNh d/ Xkoe pkeh fuzse f;XKse ftnkfynk ns/ BthnK T[d? j' ojhnK


nzsookFNoh fuzsB fdqFNhnK dh rqfjDFhbsk dh ekjb ftu fdykJh fdzd/ jB.vkH jfoGiB f;zx torh fJekrosk, gqfspØXsk ns/ rfjB-;whfynkswe gj[zu ns/fdqFNh dh EK T[;d/ T[Øsotosh fuzseK ftu fyzvkT[ ns/ fuzsB ftXh gqfs n;gØFNskdk gqGkt ;kwQD/ nkT[dk j?.

jtkb/ s/ fNØgDhnKjtkb/ s/ fNØgDhnKjtkb/ s/ fNØgDhnKjtkb/ s/ fNØgDhnKjtkb/ s/ fNØgDhnK

1H vkHjfoGiB f;zx GkNhnK, gzikph ;kfjs nkb'uBk dk fJfsjk;gzikph ;kfjs nkb'uBk dk fJfsjk;gzikph ;kfjs nkb'uBk dk fJfsjk;gzikph ;kfjs nkb'uBk dk fJfsjk;gzikph ;kfjs nkb'uBk dk fJfsjk;, gzBk149H

2H T[jh, gzBk 157H3H @@fJ; nkb'uBk d/ ftfGzB gØyK ftu'_ ftukoXkokJh fdqFNh s'_ w[Øy gfjb{ fJj

j? fe ftFt ;kfjs d/ ;zdoG ftu fJj nkb'uBk p[oi[nk ftukoXkoegfog/y dh T[gi j? ns/ fJj ;kfjse nkbu'Bk ftukotkdh ihtB-fdqFNhe'D #s/ nkXkfos j? ns/ nkgDk nkb'uBkswe ekoi o{gtkdh-;zouBktkd d/ nzsors fBGkT[dh j?.gzikph ;kfjs dk ftukoXkoe gfog/ygzikph ;kfjs dk ftukoXkoe gfog/ygzikph ;kfjs dk ftukoXkoe gfog/ygzikph ;kfjs dk ftukoXkoe gfog/ygzikph ;kfjs dk ftukoXkoe gfog/y, (;zgH)H vkH r[ouoB f;zx noFh,gzBk 194H

4H T[jhT[jhT[jhT[jhT[jh, gzBk 209H5H gzikph nkb'uBk L ftukoXkoe gfog/ygzikph nkb'uBk L ftukoXkoe gfog/ygzikph nkb'uBk L ftukoXkoe gfog/ygzikph nkb'uBk L ftukoXkoe gfog/ygzikph nkb'uBk L ftukoXkoe gfog/y, gzBk 139H6H vkHr[op]F f;zx \o?_e, ;zpkd-1;zpkd-1;zpkd-1;zpkd-1;zpkd-1$1984, gzBk 13H7H @@n;b ftu gzikph ;kfjs fuzsB dh fJfsjk; o/yk ftu d' wØjtg{oB

spdhbhnK tkgohnK jBL gfjbh ;zs f;zx ;/y'_ dh nkwd Bkb s/ d{;ohvkH jfoGiB f;zx d/ gqt/F Bkb fJBQK d'tK d/ f}eo p|?o gzikph ;kfjsfuzsB dh ftek; o/yk B{z T[bhfenk Bjh_ ik ;edk.##gzikph ;kfjs nkb'uBk dk fJfsjk;gzikph ;kfjs nkb'uBk dk fJfsjk;gzikph ;kfjs nkb'uBk dk fJfsjk;gzikph ;kfjs nkb'uBk dk fJfsjk;gzikph ;kfjs nkb'uBk dk fJfsjk;, gzBk 159H

8H gzikph nkb'uBk L f;XKs s/ ftjkogzikph nkb'uBk L f;XKs s/ ftjkogzikph nkb'uBk L f;XKs s/ ftjkogzikph nkb'uBk L f;XKs s/ ftjkogzikph nkb'uBk L f;XKs s/ ftjko, gzBk 183H9H ;kfjs ftfrnkB;kfjs ftfrnkB;kfjs ftfrnkB;kfjs ftfrnkB;kfjs ftfrnkB, gzBk 54H10H ;kfjs nfXn?B;kfjs nfXn?B;kfjs nfXn?B;kfjs nfXn?B;kfjs nfXn?B, gzBk 117H11H w[Øb s/ w[bzeDw[Øb s/ w[bzeDw[Øb s/ w[bzeDw[Øb s/ w[bzeDw[Øb s/ w[bzeD, gzBk 58H12H T[jhT[jhT[jhT[jhT[jh, gzB/ 58-59H13H T[jhT[jhT[jhT[jhT[jh, gzBk 71H14H n;b'_ niBph p'bh ftu fbfynk e[okB, esb'rkos okjh_ je{ws ekfJw

eoB tkb/ god/;h j[ewokBK dh tfuØso ofjs-pfjs, fJj sØE fJ;bkwd/ gquko d/ jØe ftu Bjh_ ;B. fJ;bkw B{z gzikp dk ;fji Xow pDkT[Dftu ;G s'_ tØvk :'rdkB gzikph ;{\h ethnK dk j?. T[BQK B/ fJ;bkw B{zgzikph }[pkB s/ w[jkto/ ftu Ykfbnk. T[jhT[jhT[jhT[jhT[jh, gzBk 71


15H T[jhT[jhT[jhT[jhT[jh, gzBk 72H16H T[jhT[jhT[jhT[jhT[jh, gzBk 74H17H gzikph nkb'uBk L f;XKs s/ ftjkogzikph nkb'uBk L f;XKs s/ ftjkogzikph nkb'uBk L f;XKs s/ ftjkogzikph nkb'uBk L f;XKs s/ ftjkogzikph nkb'uBk L f;XKs s/ ftjko, gzBk 201H18H gsoKibhgsoKibhgsoKibhgsoKibhgsoKibh, gzBk 2H19H w[Øb s/ w[bzeDw[Øb s/ w[bzeDw[Øb s/ w[bzeDw[Øb s/ w[bzeDw[Øb s/ w[bzeD, gzBk 57H20H ;kfjs nfXn?B;kfjs nfXn?B;kfjs nfXn?B;kfjs nfXn?B;kfjs nfXn?B, gzBk 121H21H w[Øb s/ w[bzeDw[Øb s/ w[bzeDw[Øb s/ w[bzeDw[Øb s/ w[bzeDw[Øb s/ w[bzeD, gzBk 77H22H T[jhT[jhT[jhT[jhT[jh, gzBk 77H23H T[jhT[jhT[jhT[jhT[jh, gzBk 81H24H T[jhT[jhT[jhT[jhT[jh, gzB/ 82-83H25H T[jhT[jhT[jhT[jhT[jh, gzBk 83H

õõõ


vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ;kfjs-vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ;kfjs-vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ;kfjs-vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ;kfjs-vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ;kfjs-f;XKsekohf;XKsekohf;XKsekohf;XKsekohf;XKsekoh

vkH d/ftzdo ;?cahvkH d/ftzdo ;?cahvkH d/ftzdo ;?cahvkH d/ftzdo ;?cahvkH d/ftzdo ;?cah

vkH jfoGiB f;zx d/ got/F Bkb gzikph ;kfjsf;XKsekoh dk nB[Fk;B fJe/oK jh Bt-fuzsB gk;koK ;zrBksk i'Vdk j?H fJ; Bkb ;kfjs ns/ ;kfjs goy d/nB[Fk;BK ~ gfjbh d\k n;fsØsth nk}kdh dk p'X j'Dk F[o{j[zdk j?H T[; dh d'-w[yh ekoi-ftXh fJe gk;/ g{otbh nksw-Gkth, fBFfus T[d/F-w[yh s/ XkoBk pØX f;XKs-u/sBk Bkbfsy/ok ;ztkd oukT[_dh ojh s/ d{i/ gk;/ ftFt gØXo d/ fuzsBBkb w'Yk i'V e/ gzikph goy-Bhsh nzdo fBozso ;kfjsesk-e/_dfos fuzsB-gØXshnK ~ got/F eotkT[_dh ojhH g{otbhns/ ssekbh fBFu?tkdh f;XKs u/sBk nØr/ fBozso Fze/ fpy/ofdnK T[; B/ o{g ns/ ;zouBk-e/_dfos Bt-nfXn?B i[rsKdh ;Ekgsh bJh f;XKse s/ ftjkoe s"o T[Øgo fBFmkg{otesoe-T[gokb/ ehs/H fJT[_ w{b s"o *s/ T[; dk f;XKs fuzsBgzikph f;XKsekoh ftu ;Ekgs j' u[Øeh wkoe;tkdh-:EkoEtkdhfuzsB Xkok d/ fto'X ftu jh nkgDk n;fsØst rqfjD eodkj?H ;kfjs feos ns/ ;kfjs eosk d/ bkrb/ ;E{btoskfonK ftu x[zwd/ ;wkfie, okiBhse, nkofEe p'X ~ntk} wkoB s'_ p|?o jh T[j ;kfjs dh nzsozrsk Bkbnksw;ks eoB dk nfGbkFh pfDnkH T[; dh nkgDh ekft-f;oiDk ftØu'_ ;[ji s/ gq:'r dk gqsØyD eoe/ th T[; dhfJ; nKsfoe ;[o ~ B/V/ s'_ ikfDnk ik ;edk j?H

vkH jfoGiB f;zx o{;h o{gtkd, Bt-nwoheh nkb'uBks/ ;zouBktkd Bkb e/_doh foFsk pDk e/ fJ; foFs/ ~tXhe wip{s eod/ ofjD bJh gokr ;e{b, F?bh Fk;soBkb ;zpzfXs gqtesktK ns/ no;s{ s'_ ;'f;T{o se d/ pj[s

fgzv s/ vkeykBk L w'oKtkbh.c'B L 9417826854


;ko/ g[okD/ s/ Bt/_ fuzseK d/ fuzsB ~ nkgD/ ;fj:'rhnK dh Fq/Dh ftu oØydk j'fJnknkgD/ f;XKs s/ ftjko ftu fuzsB-gqrkVsk fbnkT[_dk fojk j?H nkgDh fJ; u/sBkftu T[j Gkosh s/ \ko;h ekft-Fk;soh i[rsK d/ nzFe ozr th ;wkT[_dk fojk j?HT[; dh f;XKsekoh dh N'j d/D tkbh w[ØYbh feos nfXnB ns/ nfXnkgB 1970ftu gqekFs j'JhH fJ; s'_ T[gozs F[ØX f;XKse ns/ ftjkoe ;kE tkb/ f;XKs Bkb;zpzfXs ftfGzB w}w{BK d/ ;zrqfj w[Øb s/ w[bzeDw[Øb s/ w[bzeDw[Øb s/ w[bzeDw[Øb s/ w[bzeDw[Øb s/ w[bzeD (1972), ;kfjs Fk;so;kfjs Fk;so;kfjs Fk;so;kfjs Fk;so;kfjs Fk;so(1973), ;kfjs s/ f;XKs;kfjs s/ f;XKs;kfjs s/ f;XKs;kfjs s/ f;XKs;kfjs s/ f;XKs (1973), gkorkwhgkorkwhgkorkwhgkorkwhgkorkwh (1976), ouBk ;zouBkouBk ;zouBkouBk ;zouBkouBk ;zouBkouBk ;zouBk (1977),o{geho{geho{geho{geho{geh (1977), ;kfjs ftfrnkB;kfjs ftfrnkB;kfjs ftfrnkB;kfjs ftfrnkB;kfjs ftfrnkB (1978), f;;Nwhf;;Nwhf;;Nwhf;;Nwhf;;Nwh (1979), ;kfjs nfXn?B;kfjs nfXn?B;kfjs nfXn?B;kfjs nfXn?B;kfjs nfXn?B(1981), gsoKibhgsoKibhgsoKibhgsoKibhgsoKibh (1981), ]kw'Fh dk i}hok]kw'Fh dk i}hok]kw'Fh dk i}hok]kw'Fh dk i}hok]kw'Fh dk i}hok (1988) jBH fJjBK g[;seK ftu;zrqfjs ;kwØroh s'_ fJbktk j'o ;zgkds g[;seK ns/ fo;kfbnK, gØfsqektK ftu thT[; dh f;XKs u/sBk dk gqsØyD eotkT[D tkbh ;kwØroh fyzvoh-g[zvoh d/yh ik;edh j?H T[; dh f;XKse ftjkoe fJe;[osk T[; dh f;XKsekoh ~ ;wMD ftunfsnzs ;jkJh j[zdh j?H nkb'uBk eofdnK T[; dk BhM-g?_sVk wekBeh fe;w dhnkb'uBk d/ ;kfjs-pkjo/ gq'rokwK s'_ g{oh soQK ;[u/s ofj e/ fJ; d/ Nkeo/ s/;kfjsesk e/_dfos nkb'uBk dk ;zuko eodk fojk j?H fJ; BhM dh tXhe gqgØeskT[; dh fBeN-nfXn?B u/sBk ftØu'_ d/yh ik ;edh j?H

vkH jfoGiB f;zx dhnK w[ØYbhnK nB[tkd-B[wk e'fFFK, fiBQK sfjs T[jgØSwh fuzseK dh ;kfjs-;{M Bkb ;zpzfXs f;XKse fBpzXK ~ gzikph nfXn?B s/nfXnkgB fjs nfGftnes eodk fojk j? s'_ b? e/ ehsk frnk fBozso rzGhof;XKs-fuzsB ns/ nkb'uBk T[; dh fJe fBFmktkB s/ nfsnzs ;[u/s f;XKsekoti'_ ;Ekgsh eoB tkb/ gqw[Øy gfjb{ jBH ;kfjs nfXJ/sk ;kjwD/ T[j T[jBK ;Gd'FK dk ][bk;k eodk j? i' T[; dh nu/ssk, nksw Gktesk ns/ ouBksweo;kswe tfjDsk dh rk\bsk ekoB T[;d/ fBob/g s/ F[ØX ;kfjs-ekoi ftuo[ektNK yVhnK eoB dh sKx ftu ofjzd/ jBH nkgD/ ftFkb gØSwh, Gkosh s/\ko;h ekft-Fk;soh nfXn?B-ftFb/FD sfjs T[; B/ gzikph f;XKs-wkor ftu i'e[M th r"otiBe ehsk T[; ;G dh b'Vh_dh tke\hns s'_ gfjbK T[; dk ;kfjsgqsh B}ohnk ikBD dh nktØFesk j?H fJ; B}ohJ/ dk gqsØyD jh T[; dh f;XKsu/sBk se nØgVB dk w[ØYbk ;{so ;kps j't/rk L

õ ekft feos t;s{-w{be nfGftnziBk iK f;ois j'_d j? i' f;oie d/wBF/ iK gkme dh b'V s'_ tØyoh F];hns oØyD dh th nfXekoh j?H ekftdk w{b Xow ;[ji-;zuko Bjh_ ;[ji T[d? j?H ;zuko dk ;zpzX noE dh;wØf;nk Bkb j? T[d? dk ;zpzX ;kfjsesk dh ;wØf;nk BkbH 1

õ ekft fJe gqeko dk frnkB j?H i' ftfrnkBh ;z;ko pko/ frnkB gqkgseoB dk fJØSe j?, sK ebkeko th e[M xØN fJØSe Bjh_H fifrnk;k wB[Øyh


gqfeosh dk p[fBnkdh nzr j?H ekft-gqfeosh dhnK iVQK wB[Øyh-gqfeoshftu jBH ;kfjs- frnkB ;fji, ;kXkoB ns/ t;s{-w[Øy j? s/ ftfrnkB-frnkB, ;isB, ftF/Fhfeqs ns/ f;XKs-w[Øy HHHHHftfrnkBe noE Bzrk,fJeØbk ns/ nfwFos j[zdk j?, T[j noE d/ f;tk e[M th Bjh_ j[zdkHekft-noE Bzrk, fJeØbk noE Bjh_, T[j sK tk;sfte ns/ pj[-noEej'_d j?H 2

õ ekft-j'_d d/ gqw[Øy gqfswkB jB L X[Bh, noE ns/ w{osH fJBQK ;dek jhT[; dh *fBFu/ekoh ;zouBk* dh j'_d j?H fJj gqfswkB fJe gqeko dhnKgosK jB fiBQK dk nkgDk T[g-gqpzX j? ns/ i' fJe d{i/ Bkb i[V e/w[Øy-gqpzX dh ouBk th eodhnK jBH 3

õ e'Jh ekft feos nkgDh ;wki-GktBk ekoB nkBzd d/ ;edh j? go T[;dk nkgDk fJe ftF/F nkBzd th j? i' ;wki-GktBk d/ nkBzd s'_ tØyokj?H ekft w[Øb ;wki-w[Øb dk fto'Xh Bjh_ e/tb, T[; s'_ tØyok j?H 4

õ ;kfjs gq:'iB iK w[Øb ;zpzXh e/_doh B[esk fJj j? fe ;kfjs w[Øb pkeh;GBK w[ØbK iK gq:'iBK s'_ fByVtK ftF/F iK nkgD/ tork nkg j?H 5

õ ;kfjs d[i?bh gØXo dh ouBk j?H e'Jh ;kfjs-feos tkeK dk ;zrqfj Bjh_,T[j nkg fJe ;kfjse tke j? fi; ftu GkFe tke *fujBK* tKr gJ/j[zd/ jBH 6

õ ;kfjsekoh fe;/ pD/-pDkJ/ frnkB ~ d{i/ se gj[zukT[D dh ebk Bjh_H;kfjs-gkm e'Jh jT[_ jhB ;kXB Bjh_ i' b/ye d/ wB ftu tØ;/ fe;/noE ~ ;/te tKr gkme se gj[zuk d/_dk j?H ;kfjs-gkm fJe ;zouBkoudk j? ns/ ;[rØfms o{gK dk fJe ;zfrqj gkme ~ g/F eodk j?H fJ;o{g-;zfrqj ~ stØe'_ j[zdh j? fe gkme T[BQK ~ noE-ft;sko d/t/H 7

õ ;kfjs dh ftbØyD gqfeosh T[; d/ niBph-feqs w[jKdo/ okjh_ jh gSkDhiKdh j?H ;kfjs fJe Fkpfde ebk j?H Fkpfde f;oiDk j'o th eJho{gK ftu gqrN j[zdh j?H go ;kfjs-ouBk j'o; gqeko dh Fpd-ouBks'_ nkgD/ niBph w[jKdo/ okjh_ jh nØvoh gSkDh ik ;edh j?H 8

tØy-tØy EktK *s/ tØy-tØy ;fwnK d"okB ehshnK T[go'es fNØgDhnK ;gØFNeo fdzdhnK jB fe vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh w[ØYbh e'fFF ;kfjs dk fBØihn;fsØst sbkFD dh ojh j?H fJ;/ bJh T[j ;kfjs Bkb ;zpzfXs j[zd/oj/. tØy-tØy frnkB nB[Fk;BK ns/ ebk-o{gK ~ ;kfjs T[Øgo uoukeofdnK Bkb Bkb oØy e/ T[jBK ;G gfjb{nK ~ nroG{ws eoB dhe'fFF eodk fojk j? fiBQK Bkb tkp;sk j'D T[gozs ;kfjs dk ][dw[]skon;fsØst ;[s/ f;ØX jh T[ØGo nkt/H ;kfjs ~ nkgDh SkfJnk j/m YØe e/


oØyD tkb/ nB[Fk;BK dh nkgDh nkgDh irQk *s/ ftF/F nfjwhns;thekodk T[j T[jBK ;G gzikph f;XKsekoh s/ nkb'uBk d/ :sBK dkyzvB eodk j? i' ;kfjs ~ jw/Fk jh fe;/ frnkB ftfrnkB, ;zebg iK;wki dh nXhBrh tkbh g[}hFB ftu oØy e/ f;ØXV fij/ noEK iKgq:'iBK dh m/e/dkoh eod/ oj/ jBH ;kfjs ~ T[j gqfswkBeK d/ gqpzX ti'_d/ydk j'fJnk fJ; dh gqfeosh ~ tkeK dh X[Bh-;zouBk T[Øgo T[Ø;ohn?bkBdk j?H ;kfjs d/ fJ; ;to{g ~ ;wMD, ikBD s/ gVskbD bJhfiBQK ;zdK-;{soK dk T[j gØy g{odk j?, T[jBK dh w[ØYbh Mbe dk nGk;sK T[; dhnK T[go'es fNØgDhnK ftØu'_ jh j' iKdk j?, gozs{ fco th T[;d[nkok nkgDh ;kfjs-fuzsB Xkok dh ;Ekgsh bJh i' ek\h gq:sB ehs/iKd/ oj/ jB, T[jBK dh fdFk ns/ gqfeosh dh ;zukosk bJh ;w/_-;w/_ s/ehs/ iKd/ oj/ soe-p'X dk th gqsØyD eo b?Dk ukjhdk j? L

õ gqrshFhb b/ye eftsk ~ okiBhse gqrsh iK eqKsh dk t;hbk pDkT[Dkukj[zd/ jBH go ;kfjs-ftfdnkoEh dk byF nkBzd wkBDk Bjh_, nkBzddk ftFb/FD eoBk j?H 9

õ ;kfjs ;wki ftu'_ T[gi e/ th T[; s'_ gko ikD dh ;woØEk oØydk j?,;kvh ;whfynk dk fXnkB J/; gk;/ xØN jh frnk j?H ;kfjs ns/ ;wkid/ foFs/ ~ id'_ fe;/ u[Dt/_ wB'oE bJh tosD dh b'V gqpb j' iKdhj? sK ;kfjs dk fBØih ufoØso nØy'_ go'y/ j' iKdk j?H ;whfynkeko ;kfjsdk ftfdnkoEh Bk j' e/ g?|zpo iK uzr/oh ;wki dk w[dØJh pD iKdk j?H10

õ ;kfjs feos nkgD/ s'_ fJbktk eJh f;;NwK Bkb ;zpzfXs j?H ;kfjs-fuzsBdk ezw ;kfjs d/ nkgD/ f;;Nw ~ gSkDBk j?H 11

õ ;kvk ;whfynkeko ;kfjseko ~ iK fgnko eodk j? iK fxoDkH T[; d/;whfynkswe T[Ødw dk gqw[Øy nkXko *b'u* j?H ;kfjs-ftfrnkB dh gj[zufJ; soQK dh b'u s'_ w[es j?H 12

fJjBK fNØgDhnK dh u'Dth_ s/ nzFe T[g;fEsh jh vkH jfoGiB f;zx dhf;XKs s/ ;whfynk GktBk dk w[ØYbk p'X eotkT[D d/ ;woØE ;kps j[zdh j?H nkgD/s'_ g{otbh ns/ ;wekbh ;whfynk-ekoiftXh fgØS/ T[j T[; f;XKs dh |?ojk}oht/ydk j? i' ;kfjs ~ T[; dk ;jh w[Øb fdtkT[D dh e'fFF eo ;e/H T[j fJ;y/so ftu j' oj/ ekoiK ~ ;kfjs ;'Mh s'_ pkjo/ ekoiK ti'_ t/ydk j?. fJ; ekoiBkb i[V/ ;whfynkekoK dh fJe so\k T[gGkt[eh tfjD tkbh n;kth_ gj[zu dkyzvB eodk j'fJnk T[j ;kfjs d/ n;fsØst dh w[esh ns/ fco fJ; w[esh d/;zdoG ftu jh ;kfjs dh f;;Nwh-Xkok d/ ;Bw[Øy j'D dh }o{os dk rfjok nGk;


eotkT[_dk j?H

vkH jfoGiB f;zx nkgD/ s'_ g{otbh ns/ ssekbh f;XKsekoh dh fBFu/tkdh ieV ~ yzfvs eoe/ fi; ;'Mh-;z;ko Bkb gzikph f;XKs-u/sBk i'VBh ukj[zdk;h T[j w{b s"o *s/ fszB fuzsB-gfogkNhnK Bkb i[V e/ w[]sfb\ gk;koK seftnkgdh j?H fJj fuzsB gfogkNhnK jB L o{gtkd, Bt-nwoheh nkb'uBk ns/;zouBktkdH Gkt/_ T[; dh fBozso fuzsB-xkbDk fJjBK gfogkNhnK s'_ pkjo/ j'opj[s ;ko/ f;XKsekoK, fuzseK ;zr nksw;ks eodh ojh j? gozs{ fJjBK Bkb;zpzfXs j'Jh T[; dh u/sBk bzw/ok no;k nkgD/ f;XKse-ftjkoe BeF T[eodhojh j?H vkH sob'e f;zx ezto fJ; rØb dh g[FNh eodk fbydk j?L

jfoGiB f;zx ;kfjs dh ;kfjsesk ~ gfjbK Bt-nwoheh ;whfynk d/o{gtkdh gq;zr ftu gSkDdk j? fco fJ;/ o{gtkd ~ o?B/t/b/e d/ soe d[nkokgogØe eodk j? s/ wro'_ o{;h o{gtkdhnK s/ ;'f;T{o d/ GkFk ftfrnkBe wkvbKd[nkok fJ; ~ j'o o{VQ eodk j?H nkgDh fJ; fdFk ftu jfoGiB f;zx o{gtkds'_ ;zouBktkd ftu s/ fco ;zouBktkd s'_ gkobhnK gqkgshnK tØb th tØXdkj?H 13

jfoGiB f;zx dhnK g[;seK d/ gqekFB ekb ns/ fJjBK ekbK ftuftr;dh ojh T[; dh f;XKs u/sBk d/ gk;ko fJj ;gØFN eo fdzd/ jB fe T[;dh ftfGzB fuzsB-fdqFNhnK ~ ngDkT[D ftu ed/ th fJefjoh o[uh Bjh_ ojh,pbfe fiT[_- fiT[_ T[j Bt-gØSwh fuzsB d/ ;Bw[Øy j[zdk frnk fsT[_-fsT[_ jh fJe;wØro fdqFNh oØy e/ gzikph f;XKs u/sBk dh gfogØesk bJh wzEB-gqfefonk ;zrtXhe fFØds Bkb i{Mdk fojkH o/B/t?be dh F[ØX f;XKs-u/sBk dk soe T[; bJhsoe e;"Nh dk ezw eodk fojk j?H fco ukj/ o{gtkd, ukj/ ;zouBktkd iK fJ;s'_ gko dhnK ;fEshnK dh rØb j't/, T[j fJjBK ;GBK ;zr nksw;ks eodkj'fJnk gzikph ;kfjs ;'Mh ~ gfenkT[D bJh T[ØdwFhb fojkH 1970 ftu ¿nfXnBs/ nfXnkgB¿ g[;se okjh_ T[j nkgDh o{gtkdh f;XKs u/sBk dk gqEw p'XeotkT[_dk j? s/ 1972 ftu id'_ w[Øb s/ w[bzeDw[Øb s/ w[bzeDw[Øb s/ w[bzeDw[Øb s/ w[bzeDw[Øb s/ w[bzeD g[;se gqekFs eokT[_dk j? sKfJ; ftu ;zouBktkdh fdqFNh ~ ;zrmBtkd dk BK d/ e/ fJ; dh ;kfjs-goy-;kofEesk d/ jØe ftu G[rsDk F[o{ eo fdzdk j?H fJ; fuzsB-u/sBk ;zr ftuodkT[j niBpheoD, ekft-GkFk, ftjko GkFk, ftfrnkB GkFk, Ehw, ohw, w'fN\, ;[i/s, c/p[bk, ftr'gD, w'Nht/FB nkfd ;zebgK ~ ;zukodk j? sK gzikph f;XKs-u/sBkfJe/oK jh Bt-;zebg-;z;ko Bkb nkgDk okpsk ekfJw eodh B}o nkT[_dh j?HfJ; u/sBk dh tXhe s'_ tXhe gfogØesk bJh T[j gØSwh ftdtkBK d/ w}w{BK T[ØgonXkfos w}w{B th fbydk j?H gzikph fuzsB ftu f;XKs, ;whfynk, fJfsjk; nkfdnB[Fk;BK dh obrØvsk Bkb BfiØmD gØy'_ th T[j gzikph f;XKsekoh ftu pj[w[Øbk


:'rdkB gkT[_dk j?H

;kfjs dh ][dw[]sko gqfeosh d/ fezB/ e[ nk:kw s/ ;{]w gk;ko j' ;ed/jB fJ; T[Øgo T[; dh bzw/oh fuzsB-Xkok i' ;kfjs ftt/e, ;kfjs-j'_d, ;kfjs;zuko, ;kfjs w[Øb, ;E{b s/ ;{]w ;z;ko, ;kfjs-uwseko dh gqfefonk, t;s{ s/o{g d/ ;zpzX, fujB s/ gqshe dh gqfeosh, ;[ji gq:'iB ns/ fJ;d/ gk;koK BkbfBozso ;ztkd oukT[_dh ojh j?, B/ gfjbh d\k gzikph f;XKs-B/soK ~ J/Bh fBeN-fdqFNh gqdkB eotkJhH ;kfjs dh ifNb gqfeosh dk g{oB nkGk; eotk e/ T[jgzikph f;XKs u/sBk ~ T[; rfjo/ fuzsB ftu got/F eotkT[D dk nfGbkFh pDdkik fojk j?, i' ;wki Fk;so ns/ ;kfjs Fk;so d/ y/soK ~ fBoXkos eoe/;kfjs Fk;so, ;kfjs ftfrnkB, ;kfjs nfXn?B d/ F[ØXsw gk;koK ;woØE j';e/H

;kfjs feos d/ n;fsØst se nØgVB d/ T[Øgo ftuko eodk j'fJnk T[jfJj fdqV eotk fdzdk j? fe ;wki-sØE ;kfjs-i[rsK okjh_ g/F j' e/ nkgDh g{op;koEesk r[nk p?mdk j?H 14 wkoe;, J/_rb; j'oK dhnK fNØgDhnK d/ jtkfbnKBkb T[j fJj th nfj;k; eotk fdzdk j? fe ebk d/ T[Øsw ftek; dk ;wki dhftnkge T[ØBsh Bkb e'Jh f;ØXk ;o'eko Bjh_ ns/ e[M nfijhnK T[Øu gkfJ dhnKebkswe ouBktK fijVhnK fe ;kfjs-w[Øb gØy'_ ed/ th n;theko Bjh_ ehshnKik ;edhnK T[j eJh tko ;wkfie w[Øb tØb fXnkB Bjh_ fdzdhnKH nfijhnKouBktK dh goy bJh ;wki-f;XKs iK e/tb ;wki-Fk;soh BhM ezw Bjh_ nk;edhH

fJ; soQK dhnK XkoBktK dk ;zuko eoB eoe/ vkH jfoGiB f;zx ~eØNV wkoe;tkdh gzikph b/yeK dhnK nkeo'Fh GktBktK dk fFeko th pDBkfgnkH T[; dh u/sBk ][d ;kfjs ~ fJe ;wkfie ;z;Ek15 ;theko sK eodh j?,gozs{ ;kfjs ~ ihtB dk gqfsfpzp ;wMD ~ T[j ;kfjs d/ ihtzs ufoØso s'_fJBekoh j'D d/ s[b ;wMdk j?H ;kfjs dh ;wkfiesk ~ th T[j fJe ftukoB:'rftFk16 nky e/ fuzsB nXhB fbnkT[_dk j? gozs{ nkgDhnK ;kfjs-Fk;soh dbhbK}ohJ/ T[jBK gfo;fEshnK dk toDB eodk j? fiBQK d"okB ;kfjs nkgDh ;wkfietorsk, gqfsfBXsk d/ x/o/ s'_ pkjo j' e/ nkgD/ T[; ]kb; n;fsØst dk gqsØyDeotkT[_dk fojk j? fi; dh F[ØX-BhM-gfjukD fe;/ ;wki Fk;soh iK j'o frnkB-ftfrnkB ftu'_ eFhdh fdqFNh Bkb Bjh_ j' ;edhH fJ; bJh e/tb ;kfjs-Fk;sohi[rsK s/ B/w jh :'r fJB;k\ eo ;ed/ jBH ;wki, Xow ns/ frnkB-ftfrnkBdhnK j'o ;z;EktK dh |[bkw pDh gzikph ;kfjs-go]-fdqFNh d/ fJ; yzvB-wzvBftu'_ r[}odk T[j fi; f;XKs-fdqFNh dh ;Ekgsh tØb nj[bdk j? T[; d/ nkXkoG{s ;zebgK dh T[; d[nkok fdykJh s;tho dk th gqsØyD eo b?Dk ukjhdk


j? L

TH o{gtkd L ;kfjs f;XKsekoh ftu got/F eofdnK jh vkH jfoGiB f;zxdh e'fFF gzikph ;kfjs-fuzsB ~ j'oBK nB[Fk;BK d/ gqGktK s'_ w[es eotkT[D dh;h. fJ; e'fFF ftu o{;h o{gtkdhnK dhnK f;XKs-XkoBktK B/ T[; dk Gog{o ;kEfdØskH o{g d/ ;zebg ~ T[j no;s{-fuzsB se fbik e/ t/ydk j? fi; sfjs ;kfjs-ftfdnk dk fBt/ebk ns/ ;[szso y/so17 fBFus j'fJnkH ;kfjs-;[szsosk dh fJ;u/sBk ~ T[j nkX[fBe ekb se gj[zufdnK nkgDh gqyosk gqkgs eodh nB[Gteodk j?. gokr ;e{b ~ T[j o{;h-o{gtkdhnK dk gqwkfDe ikBFhB s;[Øto eodkj?. o{gtkd Bkb ;zpzfXs fuzse o'wB :?e'p;B, Feb't;eh, s'wkF/t;eh, nkfJ]Bpkw,i{oh fsfBnke't, g's/pfBnk nkfd fuzseK dhnK XkoBktK ~ gzikph f;XKs u/sBk nzdogot/F eotkT[_dk j'fJnk T[j ekft-GkFk T[Øgo e/_dfos j'D, fBokoEe FpdK dhco'bk-co'bh, o{g s/ t;s{ dh fJefwesk, ekft-GkFk d/ niBpheoD dh gSkD,Bktbh Ehw, w'fN\, sDkT[ nkfd nfjw ;kfjs-goy gfjb{nK dk s[nko\ eotkT[_dkj?H o{;h o{gtkdhnK dh gqw[Øy g[}hFB dk ][bk;k eodk T[j fbydk j?L

o{;h o{gtkdhnK dk gqw[Øy fto'X t;s{ ns/ o{g dh dt?sh fdqFNh gqsh ;hHT[j t;s{ Bkb'_ N[ØN/ @fBo'b o{g* d/ ;zebg ~ oØd eod/ jB. o{g t;s{ s'_ tØyokiK T[; dk fto'Xh e'Jh nzF ekft- feos ~ gqsØyD:'r ns/ ;wMD:'r nzrK$nzFKftu T[j Bjh_ tzvd/H T[BQK dh fdqFNh w{b o{g ftu ndt?sh j?. o{g dk ekft-feosiK ebk-feos d/ fe;/ nzr nzF Bkb e'Jh fto'X Bjh_H fJ; dk fto'X ekft-feoss'_ pkjob/ |?o-;[jikswe o{g iK t;s{ Bkb j?H18

o{;h o{gtkd dh J/; ;kfjs-fdqFNh ~ vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ g{oh soQKgqtkBfdnK gzikph f;XKsekoh ftu gqufbs ;kfjs-pkjoh fdqFNhnK Bkb fsy/ok;ztkd oukfJnkH fJ;/ fdqFNh d/ nkXko T[Øs/ jh T[; B/ nkgDk ftjkoe ekoi ehsk.o{gtkd dh fJ; fdqFNh d/ ;wKBKso jh T[j ;'f;T{o d/ fujB ftfrnkB ~ftr;dk t/ydk j?, fi; ~ fe T[; B/ pV/ ngDØs Gkt sfjs o{gtkd d/ Bkb BkbngDkJh oØfynk. o{gtkd dk e/_doh X[ok ekft GkFk dh ftbØyDsk j'D eoe/ fJ;Bkb ;zpzfXs ;zebg niBpheoD ~ vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ nkgD/ fuzsB ftu nfjwirQk fdØsh. *niBpheoD* dk ;zebg ekft dh Bth_ seBhe iK i[rs dh xkVsBkb ;zpzfXs j? i' fJ; XkoBk T[Øgo ftr;dk j? fe ;G e[M gfjbK jh nky/ iku[Øe/ dh w[V s'_ sk}h s/ nkeoFe g/Fekoh bJh niBpheoD dh i[rs jh fJewkso ;kED pDdh j?. eth nkw GkFk Bkb'_ nkgDh GkFk ~ niBph pDk e/ g/F eodk j?, fJjh T[; dh gqkgsh j?. o{g ouBk ~ ¿niBphns¿ Bkb ;zpzfXs j[zdhf;ØX eodk T[j fJ; sØE, *s/ }'o fdzdk j? fe ¿ekft-ouBk¿ GkFk dk niBpheoD


eodh j?, gqsØyD ~ ;±?-;fji Bjh_ pDB d/_dh.19 fJ; ;{so ~ nkXko pDk e/ vkHjfoGiB f;zx B/ gzikph eftsk T[Øgo fBeN nfXn?B dk ek\h ;kok ekoi ehskH fJ;XkoBk dk f;XKse nkXko g/F eofdnK T[j fbydk j?L

ftjko p'bh ns/ niBphfeqs ekft-p'bh d/ fBy/V/ dk f;XKse nXko fJjj? fe fiØE/ gfjbh, t;s{ ~ ikDB$gSkDB bJh tosh iKdh j?, d{ih ;zouBk d/gqsØyD bJhH o{gtkdhnK dk wØs ;h fe ekft-feosK d/ ftFb/FD bJh fJj nzsofdqFNh ftu ofjDk ukjhdk j?.20

niBpheoD ~ T[j o{;h o{gtkdhnK d[nkok ;kfjs-fuzsB ~ fdØs/ rJ/gqw[Øy f;XKs ti'_ t/ydk j?. fJ; f;XKs dh j'oBK f;XksK Bkb B/Vsk ns/ ftbØyDskdh uouk eodk j'fJnk T[j fJ; dh gqfeosh d/ w[ezwb p'X dk gqsØy p'X eotke/ fJ; dh ;kfjs-goy-g?wkB/ ti'_ tos'_ ~ nfsnzs ekoro f;ØX eodk j?.d/y' L

;kfjs dh ftbØyD gqfeosh T[; d/ niBphfeqs w[jKdo/ okjh_ jh gSkDhiKdh j?H ;kfjs fJe Fkpfde ebk j?H Fkpfde f;oiDk j'o th eJh o{gK ftugqrN j[zdh j?H go ;kfjs-ouBk j'o; gqeko d/ Fpd s'_ nkgD/ niBph w[jKdo/okjh_ jh nvoh gSkDh ik ;edh j?HHHHHHfJ; Bkb ;kfjs ouBk dh gqfeosh dk jhBjh_, T[; d/ gq:'iB dk th fBoDk j[zdk j?H ;kfjs dk nzfsw gq:'iB j? ;kv/ gqsØyD~ BtK-Be'o eoBkHHHH id'_ ekft niBph$nb"fee, ;o{g$gq:'iB dh ;wM nk ikt/sK pkeh rØbK nkgD/ nkg ;gØFN j' iKdhnK jB. 21

vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ niBpheoD d/ ;zebg ~ nfs w[ØbtkB f;ØXeofdnK fJ; ~ ;zg{oB ;kfjs-f;XKs bJh w{b nkXko dk ekoi eodk n?bkfBnkj?. Gkosh ekft-Fk;so d/ ;zebg *nfsF:* ns/ pq?ys d/ *p/|kB|h* d/ f;XKs ~th T[j fJ;/ ;zebg ftu ;wkT[_d/ t/ydk j?. fJ; dk ekoi y/so ;kfjs dh jofeos Bkb sK i[fVnk t/ydk jh j? Bkb jh ;kfjs fJfsjk; dh u/sBk ~ th fJ;;zebg Bkb i'V e/ t/ydk j?. ebgBk ~ niBpheoD dk w{b gq/oe wzB e/ ;kfjsfeos ftu g/F t;sK dh gSkD ns/ ftbØyDsk d/ d' w[yh tosko/ dh fJe' t/b/gqshsh eoB tkbh ;fEsh ~ T[j niBpheoD dk T[Øxk bØSD rodkBdk j?.niBpheoD d/ f;XKs dk nfjw gqGkt |bg-ftfrnkB T[Øgo th fgnk t/fynkfrnk, fi; sfjs eEk d/ ;obsw o{g Bkb'_ eEkBe dk niBphfeqs o{g tØyo/s"o *s/ gSkDB dh rØb s[ohH tk;sftesk dk niBpheoD i' d[jokU, c?bkU,b[ekU, w'V, o[ektN, fgSKj Mks22 nkfd i[rsK okjh_ gqdoFs j[zdk j?, jh wjKfdqFdk nk:'iB eodk j?.

Feb't;eh dh t;sK ~ gSkDB, d/yD ns/ ;Øu g/F eoB dh u/sB-fdqFNh


~ ;zukodk j'fJnk T[j Bktb d/ Ehw ;zpzXh s'wkF/t;eh d/ e/_doh ;{so ;wekbh;wØf;nk ns/ ;opekbh wB[Øyh fjØsK iK GktK d/ ;fj:'r ~ T[Gkodk j?. fJT[_ jhw'fN\ ns/ w'Nht/FB, pØM/ w'fN\, y[ØbQ/ w'fN\, ;fEsh, sDkU dk ][bk;k eodk j?.Bktb d/ fi; nzfre Ehw ~ j'o xNkfJnk Bk ik ;e/ T[; ~ w'fN\ fejk j? i'fJe gbkN s'_ d{i/ gbkN ftu got/F eo th ;ed/ jB s/ Bjh_ th, go fJjBKdh ;kofEesk ;zpzfXs gbkNK ftu g{oh j[zdh j?H fJjBK dh fe;/ gbkN ftubhnfsnzs }o{os ns/ ]koi j'D dhnK ;zGktBktK iK :'rsktK fJjBK ~ pØM/ w'fN\K(i' ]koi Bjh_ ehs/ ik ;ed/) ns/ y[ØbQ/ w'fN\K (fiBQK d/ ]koi j'D *s/ w{b ;zrmB*s/ ftF/F gqGkt Bk gt/) ftu tzvdhnK jBH fJjBK ~ ;fEsh pdbD dh :'rskn:'rsk ftu oØy e/ th s'wkF/t;eh B/ rshFhb s/ rshjhD w'fN\K ti'_ tzv ehshj?H ;fEsh ftuekob/ NeokU ~ *sDkT[* dk Bkw fdØsk j?, fi; dh shposk ouBkdh nfjwhns ftu ftF/F :'rdkB gkT[_dh j?. fJT[_ jh s'wkF/t;eh fszB gqeko d/ftr'gBk fiBQK sfjs gksoK d/ nkg;h ;zpzXK dh gSkD d/ tØy-tØy te\/ do;kJ/jB, d' gqeko d/ fposksK fiBQK ftu fposKseko ;op frnkBh ns/ ;hws frnkBhpD e/ ekoiFhb j[zdk j?, dh gSkD eokT[_dk j?. fJe j'o fBy/Vk eEk ebk ns/gVQB ebk dh tzv d[nkok ;kjwD/ fbnKdk frnk j?H fJjBK ;G tzvK, fBy/fVnK,sØsK ns/ ;zpzXK dk ][bk;k nzs ~ *niBpheoD* d/ ;zebg ~ jh gqrkV eodk j?HfJj ;G fposKs ~ niBphfeqs, ftbØyD, r[zMbdko o{gK ftu got/F eotkT[D bJhjk}o j[zd/ jB.

nH Bt-nwoheh nkb'uBk L Bt-nwoheh nkb'uBk ftu ftr;/ f;XKs-fuzsBT[Øgo vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ o{gtkd tKr e'Jh f;bf;b/pØX ;zg{oB w}w{B sK Bjh_fbfynk gozs{ fJ; fuzsB-Xkok Bkb i[V/ fuzseK dhnK ;EkgBktK dh gqtfjDFhbskT[; dh f;XKs u/sBk ftu fJ; fuzsB dh nfjwhns fpnkBdh j?. don;b T[;dh f;XKs-u/sBk w{b o{g ftu o{gtkd T[Øgo e/_dfos ojh s/ fJ; e/_do dh;kofEesk ns/ r"otsk ftu tkXk eoB bJh fijVk fuzsB th ;jkJh j' ;edk ;hT[; ~ T[j rkj/-prkj/ nktk}K wkodk fojk j?, sK i' o{gtkdh fuzseK tkbh ;kfjs-;{M dh F[ØXsw u/sBk dk ozr jh gzikph f;XKs-u/sBk T[Øgo tXhe s'_ tXhe r{VQhsoQK uVQkfJnk ik ;e/. nwoheh Bt-nkb'ueK pko/ T[; d[nkok ehsh fNØgDh fJ;XkoBk T[Øgo w'jo th brk fdzdh j? L

thjth_ ;dh ftu o{gtkd dk ;[o ;G s'_ tXhe nwoheh Bt-nkb'ueK B/T[ukfonk. 23

nwoheh Bt-nkb'ueK dhnK f;XKse-XkoBktK fiBQK ftu eftsk d/frnkBw{be ;[Gkn, ][dw[]sko j'_d, ;zg{oB gqshe, ;t?-w[Øb, f;oiB nkF/ s'_ n}kd,


;t?-B/wh, nzdo{Bh pkjoh sBkU, i?;uo nkfd pko/ i' e/_doh ftuko fwbd/ jB,T[jBK pko/ vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ nkgD/ tØy-tØy w}w{BK ftu Gog{o f}eo ehskHi/H;h o?B;w, efbzE po[e;, n?bBN/N, nkoH ghH pb?ewo, fJt'o ftzNo}, okpoNg?B tko/B, ftbhnw e/H ftw;N nkfd Bt-nwoheh nkb'ueK B/ ;kfjs goy dhnKgqGkttkdh, fJfsjk;tkdh, ihtBh-e/_dfos ftXhnK dk yzvB eofdnK ;kfjs-feos ~ihtzs s/ ;zg{oB j'_d wzB e/ fJ; d/ nzdo T[soB dk gØy g{fonk ;hH ¿ fJjBKnB[;ko ekft feos fJe ihtzs-;w[Øu j? l nbzeko, ftnzr, pj[-noEsk, ;ze/sesk,ftØN, fto'XkGk;, Szd, b?n ns/ seBhe nkfd ekft-;zouBk d/ nfByVt/_ nzrjBHHHHHfJjBK dh ekoiFhbsk jh ekft-;zouBk dh j'_d dk nkXko j? ns/ fJjBKdk nfXn?B jh ekft feos dk ;jh nfXnB j?H¿ 24 vkH jfoGiB f;zx d/ tØy-tØy w}w{BK ftu fJjBK fuzseK dhnK e[M nfjw g[;seK fit/_ i/H ;hH o?B;w dhnKThe new criticism, The world's body, God without thunder n?bBN/N dh On

the limits of poetry s/ efbzE po[e; dh nkfd d/ jtkb/ fwbd/ jB i' ebk ~frnkB ti'_ s;[Øto eoB, ekft feos dh ;[szsosk, ekft GkFk dh ftnzr :'rsks/ fto'XkGk;h gqfeosh, ekft ftub/ i?;uo i' FpdK dh ;zrhse gqfeosh s/fdqFNhr'uo fpzpK dk gqsØyD eotkT[_d/ jB, T[Øgo e/_dos jBH fJjBK fuzseK dhnKwjØstg{oB f;XKse ;EkgBktK dk wzEB eoe/, gzikph w[jkto/ ftu Ykb e/ T[jfijVhnK f;XKse XkoBktK25 dk ;zuko eodk j?, T[jBK *u'_ e[M dk gqsØyD eod/jK L

1H eftsk fBnKfJe ;zouBk s/ ;EkBe ouBk dh ;zi[rsh j?. fBnKfJe ;zouBk sKeftsk d/ soe dk fpnkB j?. ;EkBe ouBktK T[j GkFe i[rsK (p[zp, ftnzr,o{ge, fto'XkGk;, pj[noEsk, fwE nkfd) jB fiBQK ;dek eftsk tkose s'_tØyoh gqshs j[zdh j?.

2H ;zouBk s/ ouBk ekft-feos d/ d' fByVt/_ go p[fBnkdh sØs jB. ekft-feos d/ ftnkge ns/ ftF/F gØy fJBQK sØsK d/ jh eqwtko BK jB. fJj sØsjh eKs dh GkFk ftu Bkw ns/ o{g jBH fJBQK ~ o?B;w ftuko ns/ t;s{ Bkb;zpzfXs eodk j?.

3H eftsk dh ;zouBk T[; dk g?ok\o/}:'r tØX j?. go, nb'uBk bJh wjØstFkbhsØs T[; dh ouBk jh j?. fJBQK o{ge i[rsK dh gSkD bJh eftsk dk fBeNnfXn?B }o{oh j?.

4H fBeN nfXn?B bJh e[M ftF/F gqeko dhnK :'rsktK dk j'Dk }o{oh j?. ;G

s'_ }o{oh :'rsk fJj j? fe nkb'ue eftsk ~ g/Fekoh ftu jh nB[Gt eo ;e/.

eKs dh ;kfjs ns/ fBnkfJ ftub/ ;zpzXK dh tØyosk s/ ;KM, soe-p[ØXhdh ;hwk s'_ gkobk ;[ji ftuko s/ ebgBk Fesh ;zpzXh XkoBk ~ e/_do ftu oØye/ T[j ebh_BE po[e;, por;K ns/ o?B;w nkfd Bt-nkb'ueK d/ fuzsB T[Øgo


ftuko eodk j'fJnk fJ; ;w[Øu/ fuzsB dh ftF/Fsk, ebk d/ ;w{osheoB ns/ wB[Øyhw[ØbK dh oØfynk d/ ;zdoG ftu tkudk j?. Bt-nkb'ueK dhnK nfijhnK XkoBktKdhnK ewhnK dh gVu'b dh T[; d/ fuzsB ftu r[zikfJF Bjh_ fwbdhH id'_ vkHoth26 tork rfjB nfXJ/sk fJ; fuzsB dh gkm ns/ gq;zr d/ nkg;h r[zMbdko,vkfJb?eNheb foFs/ d/ ftfrnkB ~ ;wMD s'_ n;woØEk dk ][bk;k eodk j? sKfBFu? jh fJ; fuzsB dhnK ;hwktK gfjukDB dh b'V wfj;{; j[zdh j? gozs{vkHjfoGiB f;zx fJ; ;w[Øuh fuzsB gfogkNh ~ nkgDh o{gtkdh fdqFNh dh;woØEktkB ;jkfJek ti'_ g{oB o{g ftu ;theko eo b?_dk j?. fco fJ; ;{M ~gzikph ;kfjs-feosK d/ fBeN nfXn?B ftu Gog{o o{g ftu ;zukodk j?.

JH ;zouBktkd L vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh f;XKs-u/sBk dk nrbk nfjwBeF ;zouBktkdh f;XKs-fuzsB pfDnk. fJE/ fJj rØb fXnkB:'r j? fe T[; dkf;XKs fuzsB fe;/ ftF/F fuzsB :ksok s'_ pknd fJ; fuzsB-w[ekw T[Øgo Bjh_gj[zudk, pbfe o{gtkdh fuzsB ns/ Bt-nwoheh nkb'ueK d/ fuzsB ftu wowØrsk;fjs ftuofdnK nkgD/ w[ØYb/ fuzsB-tfoQnK d"okB jh fJ; fuzsB-gfogkNh ~ thpVh fFØds Bkb ngDk b?_dk j?. 1972 ftu gqekFs nkgDh g[;se w[Øb s/w[Øb s/w[Øb s/w[Øb s/w[Øb s/w[bzeDw[bzeDw[bzeDw[bzeDw[bzeD ftu fJ; fuzsB dh w[ØYbh gfjukD ;zrmBtkdh ftXh d/ s"o *s/ eotkT[_dkj'fJnk T[j fJ; dh ekoi Xkok dk gfou? fdzdk efjzdk j? fe ¿fJj ftXh gqfeoset;s{ iK ;z;feqse t;s{ d/ T[; f;XKs ~ bØGD dk :sB eodh j? fi; eoe/ t;s{~ t;s{-gB gqkgs j[zdk j?, t;s{ dh T[g:'rsk iK w[Øb tØb fJj nfXnB o[fusBjh_ j[zdk. 27 fco T[j fJ; fuzsB d/ nkXko *s/ gzikph wkoe;tkdh nfXJ/sktKBkb ;ztkd oukT[_dk j'fJnk, fBeN nfXn?B eodk j'fJnk *;zouBktkd*, *;zouBktkdfbyD-f;XKs*, *;zouBk L e[M ftuko*, *;kfjs ;zouBktkd d/ GkFk ftfrnkBenkXko, *;zouBktkd wkvb* nkfd f;XKse w}w{B fby e/ fJ; ~ gzikph f;XKs u/sBk ftu fBozso got/F eotkT[_dk fojk.

;'f;T{o d/ GkFk fuzsB, fi; T[Øgo fJ; f;XKs-u/sBk dh T[;koh j'Jh T[;T[Øgo th T[j nkgD/ ftnkfynkw{be gqtuB T[;kodk fojk. ;zouBktkdh fuzsB Bkbnksw;ks eodk T[j ne;o jh o'bKpkos, b/th ;sqk;, i{bhnk feq;shtk, o'wBike'p;B nkfd fuzseK Bkb nkgDh fuzsB-;kXBk ~ i'Vdk fojk j?. fJ; fuzsB tØbnkeoFs j'D dk T[; dk w[Øy ekoB fJ; dh ;kfjs feos dh fBØih j'_d iKn;fsØst dh pkjoh bkr-brkU s'_ w[es ofj e/ ;wMD dh o[uh ns/ ekpbhnsjh pDh. ;zouBktkd dh fJe fdqFNh-fpzd{ ti'_ ;Ekgsh bJh T[; B/ fbfynk j? L

;zouBktkd Bk e'Jh f;XKs j? Bk ftXh, fJj e/tb fJe fdqFNh-fpzd{ j?frnkB gqkgsh dk. fJ; dh w{b ;EkgBk fJj j? fe fe;/ th t;s{ ftF/F ~ fJe;zouBk d/ o{g ftu t/fynk ik ;edk j? l ;zouBk fJe ;w[Øu j? fi; d/ nzr


fJe d{i/ Bkb ;koEe o{g ftu'_ jh fJ; dk tv/o/ ;wkfie g;ko/ ftu fJe ;koEegq:'iB j[zdk j?. frnkB-gqkgsh dh fdqFNh s'_ ;zouBktkdh ;w[Øu (nzrh, nzrtkB)ns/ T[; d/ nzr ftueko ;[u/s fBy/Vk eoe/ s[odk j?, nzrK dk fJe d{i/ Bkb;zpzX j[zdk j? ns/ nzrtkB dk fBFfus gq:'iB j[zdk j?.28

fJ; fdqFNh ~ T[j o'wkBh ns/ ftjkoe fdqFNhnK d/ ;[w/b ti'_ fustdkj?, fiBQK sfjs o'wkBh doFB-gqpzX d/ nkXko s/ sØEK dk torheoB s/ w[ØbKeDehsk iKdk j? ns/ ftjkotkdh fuzsB ftØu sØEK d/ nkXko T[s/ doFB-gqpzXT[;kfonk iKdk fojk j? ns/ ftjkotkdh fuzsB ftu sØEK d/ nkXko T[s/ doFB-gqpzX T[;kfonk iKdk fojk j?. fJT[_ ;zouBktkdh ~ T[j sØEK ns/ sØsK ftuekob/ihtzs foFs/ ftu'_ pD/ wB[Øyh nB[GtK ;zr nksw;ks eodk t/ydk j?. ;zouBktkdhBhM EkDh_ ;kfjs ~ t/yfdnK ;kfjs ~ GkFk dk jh ;to{g n?bkBdk j'fJnk T[j;kfjs :'rsk29 ~ th GkFk :'rsk tKr jh ;wki :'rsk ti'_ t/ydk j?. ;zouBkfdqFNh dh f;ØXKs u/sBk ti'_ ;Ekgsh bJh T[j ;ozuBktkdh dh ekoiftXh d/ eJhgØyK T[Øgo uouk eodk j?.

;kfjs ;zouBk dh sfj j/m rshFhb ofjzd/ B/wK, o{VQhnK dh nu/s ;[u/s jk}oh dk ][bk;k eofdnK fJjBK gqsh rfjoh ;{M ns/ u/sBk T[j f;oie ns/;whfyne d'jK bJh30 }o{oh n?bkBdk j'fJnk ;zouBk dh ;zg{oBsk ~ nzfsw s"os/ ;thekofdnK fe;/ ;kfjs feos ~ fJ;/ ;zg{oB fdqFNh fjs jh ;wMD dh }o{oswfj;{; eotkT[_dk j?. fJj ;zouBk Gkt/_ eJh nzrK dk ;[i'V j[zdh j? go T[jfJjBK nzrK d/ nkg;h foFs/ s'_ fpBQK j'o pkjoh nzrK Bkb fe;/ foFs/ dh pksgkT[D s'_ nkb'ue ~ o'edk j?. ;zouBk pko/ rØb eofdnK Gkt/_ ;zouBk dk y/so T[j ;wki-Fk;so, ;fGnkuko, fJfsjk;, wkBt ftfrnkB nkfd nB/e frnkBnB[Fk;BK s/ ;wkfie gqpzXK sØe c?bdk ;thekodk j? go fJ; d/ Bkb fJ; rØb~ ftF/F s"o s/ T[Gkodk j? fe ;zouBk ns/ fJ; d/ nzrK dk jo y/so ftunkgDk tØyok pdbtK ;zdoG j?. jo y/so dk nkgDk n;fsØst ;wM e/ jh fJe;zouBktkdh fBnKg{ote ftuo ;edk j?.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ ;zouBktkdh fdqFNh ~ o{gtkdh ns/ Bt nwohehnkb'uBk Bkb ;zpzfXs f;ØXKs u/sBk dh g{oe pDkT[_dhnK nzsozr nfXn?Bgqfefonk se dh nkgDh fuzsB :ksok ~ j'o ;[ykbk s/ soe Gog{o eo fbnk.;kfjs feos dh sfj j/m gØ;o/ B/wK dh gSkD, ;kfjs ;zouBk ~ GkFk ;zouBkti'_ fdqFNhrs eoB s/ ;kfjs feos dh ][dw[]sko j'_d ~ gotkB uVQkT[D bJho'bK pkoE fij/ fuzse dh gqf;ØX ;zouBktkdh XkoBk, fi; sfjs gkm ~ eos/ s'_n}kd eokT[_fdnK *b/ye dh w"s* dk n?bkB ehsk frnk, ~ ftjkoe fuzsB ftu


;keko eofdnK, ;kfjs gozgok d/ r"ot ~ T[Gko e/ jo Bth_ feos dhnfGftnesh dk w[Øb goyD Bkb ;zpzfXs oj/ T[; d/ ekoi B/ fJfsjk;, ftF/ dh;wkfiesk, b/ye d/ ;wkfie, ebksfwe Xoksb nkfd d/ fgS'eV dhnK e[ bk}wh}o{osK ns/ j'o :EkoEK dk f]nkb Bjh_ ehsk.

;kfjs-;[ji s/ nzsozrsk dh e/_doh f;ØXKse gj[zu ~ j'o gfenkT[D bJhT[j ¿fujBkb'uBk¿ w}w{B fby e/ fujB dh gqfeosh ns/ ;[Gkn ;zpzXh uouk S/Vdk j'fJnk ;kfjs feos ~ fujBekoh ti'_ s;Øt[o eodk j?. ;kfjs dhfto'XkGk;h gqfeosh ns/ gkorkwh ;[Gkn dh ;wM bJh T[j fujB-ftnkeoD ~;wMD dh }o{os wfj;{; eotkT[_dk j?. *fujB* fi; ftu fe fujBe-fujBs,Fpd-noE ns/ gqrN-ngqrN dk ;zuko j[zdk j?, T[; dk y/b ;wMD tØb T[;B/ i' fJFko/ ehs/ jB, T[j T[; dh ;kfjs GkFk ;{M ns/ fJ; dh niBphfeqs j'_dtkb/ ;{soK dk jh c?bkT[ jB i' GkFk i[rsK dh gSkD ~ jh j'o w}p{sh d/Dtkbk soe-gkm nkfynk ik ;edk j?.

gokr ;e{b d/ fuzseK d[nkok i' gqekoih F?bh-;zebg fdØsk frnk T[j thvkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ;kfjs-GkFk e/_dfos fdqFNh dh fXo pfDnk. ¿ukob; p/bhdk gokjB-f;ØXKs ekft GkFk ns/ ftjko GkFk d/ fBy/V T[s/ nkXkos j?.¿31 fi;B/ fe F?bh ftfrnkB ~ ;kfjs-nfXn?B dh ftXh d/ fJe seBheh ;zebg ti'_ ;Gs'_ gfjbK tofsnk. fJ; rØb ~ vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ w[ØYb/ s"o s/ o{gtkd d/niBpheoD ;zebg d/ ;wkBKso oØy e/ ftukfonk j?. fco T[j fJj n?bkB th J/;/ uouk d"okB jh eo fdzdk j? fe ¿gokr ;e{b d/ ftdtkBK B/ fJ; fuzsB ~nrKj s'fonk.¿32 fJE'_ fJj rØb g{oB s"o s/ ;kps j' iKdh j? fe T[j fBozsoT[jBK ;zebgK ns/ ;{M fdqFNhnK dh sbkF ftu bØrk fojk i' T[; dh o{gtkdhf;ØXKs u/sBk ~ ftr;kT[D ns/ w}p{s eoB ftu tXhe s'_ tXhe :'rdkB gk;eD. gokr ;e{b ftu F?bhnK dh gSkD w[Øy ekoi fojk j?. fJe GkFkJhf;;Nw d/ nXhB nB/e F?bhnK ftukodhnK jB. fJBQK nzdo nØr/ j'o tyo/t/_ j[zd/jB.

fJ; ;w[Øuh tzB ;[tzBsk ftu'_ p"fXeheoB, ;t?ukbB ns/ nro-G{wB o{ghekoiFhb F?bhnK d/ gqw[Øy w[jKdo/ dh gSkD ehsh rJh j?. gokr ;e{b dh w[ØyfdqFNh fi; ~ T[j nkgDh f;ØXKs u/sBk sfjs ;zukoBh ukj[zdk j?, T[j fwnkohGkFk ns/ ekft GkFk ftu fBy/V/ ns/ GkFk d/ pj[-gqekoih f;;Nw dh gSkD Bkb;zpzfXs j?. ekft GkFk fwnkoh GkFk d/ tv/o/ f;;Nw d/ nXhB jh nkgDh ftbØyDj'_d b? e/ fet/_ ftukodh j?< fJ; dk ][bk;k T[; d/ FpdK ftu jh t/yd/ jKL

gokr GkFk-ftfrnkBe ;e{b B/, GkFk d/ pj[ gqekoih f;;Nw T[Øgo }'o


fdØsk. fJe GkFk dhnK nB/e F?bhrs gosK jB. ekft-GkFk fwnkoh-GkFk iKp'bukb dh GkFk d/ fto'X ftu fJe tØyoh GkFk Bjh_. pbfe fwnkoh GkFk d/x/o/ nzdo jh T[; dh fJe tzBrh j?. fJe' GkFk d/ nzdotko gqrNktk-;kXB tØy'-tØyo/ YzrK Bkb tos/ iKd/ jB. fJj gqfefonk fBozso ubdh ofjzdh j?.33

gokr ;e{b d/ GkFk-ftfrnkBe, F?bh-ftfrnkBe ;{soK ;zr nkgDhf;ØXKs-u/sBk dh ;KM pDkT[_dk j'fJnk T[j nzfsw s"o T[Øgo fJj rØb ;gØFN eofdzdk j? fe ¿o{;h o{gtkdhnK B/ o{g ;zpzXh i' ndt?sh ;zebg g/F ehsk ;h, gokr;e{b B/ T[;/ ~ ;theko ehsk j?. gqekoih (t;s{) F?bh (o{g) ;zebg t;s{-o{gndt?s T[Øgo nkXkfos j?.¿34 fJzi nkgDh bzw/oh f;ØXKs-;zebg :ksok ftu T[jjo T[; fuzsB Xkok dh u/sBk ;zr ;wkBKsoh, s[bBkswe s/ fBy/V BhM sfjswzEBh nksw;ks eodk fojk j? i' ;fji/ jh T[; dh ;kfjs-;[ji-Y{zv-ekoiFhbsk~ gqwkfDesk ns/ soe-pb gqdkB eodh ojh.

fJ; f;ØXKs-u/sBk-:ksok sfjs *ouBk-;zouBk* g[;se dh gqekFBk sØegj[zudk T[j d?ohdk d/ ftouBk f;ØXKs ~ S'j e/ T[Øso-;zouBktkdh BhM dh Mbeth d/ fdzdk j?. fJj BhM Gkt/_ T[; d/ fuzsB ftu gSkD:'r j?;hns Bk pDk ;ehgozs{ tfvnkJh :'r ;fEsh fJj pDdh j? fe thjth_ ;dh d/ nzs se fizBQ/ th;kfjs-f;ØXKse gk;ko gzikph irs bJh r"ot pDd/ oj/ jB T[jBK d/ nfjw;{so fes/ Bk fes/ T[; dh f;ØXKs u/sBk ftu e/_doh s"o s/ iK Mbe wkso s"os/ ntØF jh gJ/ fwb iKd/ jB. T[; dh fJ; ft;fsqs u/sBk dk tvØgD ;thekoeofdnK vkH B{o35 T[; gØXo d/ fuzse dh nØi th gzikph ndp d[nkok T[vheehsh iKdh t/ydk j?. vkH jfoGiB f;zx GkNhnk36 B/ T[; d/ f;ØXKs-fuzsB ns/;whfynk dhnK gqfsX[BhnK T[; s'_ pknd d/ fuzseK ftu'_ th ;[DdhnK ;thekoehshnK jB. fJ; ;w[Øuh ftuko-uouk T[gozs n;h_ T[; dh ;kfjs f;ØXKsekoh ~fJe o/yk fuØso d[nkok nfGftnes eoe/ g[Bo-Mks gqsØyD eotk e/ fJ; w}w{Bdh ;wkgsh tØb tXKr/ L


;gØFN j? fe vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ;kfjs-f;ØXKsekoh ;kfjs dh ;[jihbh,ftnzrnoEh, niBph s/ frnkBw{be gqfeosh ~ ikDB, T[GkoB s/ ;Ekgs eoB d/wkor T[Øgo o{gtkd s/ ;zouBktkd ftu'_ eFhdh e/_doh u/sBk ~ XkoB eoe/ekoiFhb j[zdh j?. fJ; ~ tXhe s'_ tXhe gqwkfDesk, ;koEe, wfjwk Gog{o s/soe g{oB pDkT[D bJh T[j Bt-nwoheh fuzsB, fujB ftfrnkB s/ F?bh ftfrnkBdhnK nfjw XkoBktK ~ fJ; ;w[Øuh gqfefonk ftu fJ;/ s'o-fdqFNh gØy'_ Fkwb eodkfojk j?. Gkosh s/ \ko;h ekft-Fk;soh B/w ;[s/ f;ØX jh T[; dh fJ; u/sBk ftu;wkfjs j[zd/ oj/ i' T[; dh ftjkoe u/sBk ftu fBozso ibtk ftykT[_d/ oj/. fJ;;w[Øuh :ksok ftu T[; B/ d?ohdk d/ ftouBk f;ØXKs sfjs ;zouBktkd s'_ gko ikDdh rØb eoe/ T[Øso-;zouBktkdh f;ØXKs u/sBk ~ th nzFe s"o s/ nkgDh f;ØXKsu/sBk dh ;kED pDkfJnk.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh fJj f;ØXKse-xkbDk gzikph f;ØXKsekoh d/ fJfsjk;ftu gfjbh ;kfjs e/_dfos nfsnzs rzGho e'fFF ;h fi; ~ pj[s ;ko/ fto'XKdk ;kjwDk eoBk fgnk. pj[s/ fto'X f;o\ fto'X bJh j'D eoe/ pj[s/ r"bD:'rBjh_ gozs{ id'_ n;h_ ;kfjs d/ ;wkfie \o}K pko/ rØb eod/ jK sK fBFu? jhT[; dh fJ; f;ØXKs-u/sBk dhnK ;hwktK T[Go nkT[_dhnK jB. gØSwh ;zebgK ~fiT[_ dk fsT[_ ngDk e/ T[j d' fdFkth nDrfjbh tosdk j?, gqEw sK fJj j?fe T[j ;zpzfXs ;zebgK dk Xoksbh fgS'eV Bjh_ ftukodk s/ d{ik fJ; B[es/ ~Bjh_ ep{bdk fe fi; ;kfjs (gzikph) bJh fJjBK ;zebgK dk ;zuko eoB bJhssgo j[zdk j?, T[; dh w{b gqfeosh$GktBk jh ;wkfiesk$b'egØysk ftu'_ nkgDhFesh rqfjD eodh ojh j?. T[j fizB/ th fuzseK dh f;ØXKs-u/sBk ~ nkgDhf;ØXKse-gqfefonk ftu Fkfwb eodk j?, T[jBK ~ ;zg{oB o{g ftu ngDkT[D dhpikfJ o{gtkdh SkDB/ ftu'_ r[}ko e/ jh nkgDh ekoiFhbsk ftu i}p eodk j?.fJjBK ;G ;fEshnK dk gqsØyD eoB T[gozs fJ; f;ØN/ s/ gj[zud/ jK fe gzikph;kfjs-f;ØXKsekoh dh fJ; r"otFkbh rzGho s/ ftFkb gfogkNh B/ eJh gqeko dhnK;hwktK d/ pkti{d nfs wjØstg{oB BeF ;Ekg/ jB.

jtkb/ ns/ fNØgDhnKjtkb/ ns/ fNØgDhnKjtkb/ ns/ fNØgDhnKjtkb/ ns/ fNØgDhnKjtkb/ ns/ fNØgDhnK1H jfoGiB f;zx, nfXnB ns/ nfXnkgBnfXnB ns/ nfXnkgBnfXnB ns/ nfXnkgBnfXnB ns/ nfXnkgBnfXnB ns/ nfXnkgB, gzB/-1,22H ;kfjs, Fk;so;kfjs, Fk;so;kfjs, Fk;so;kfjs, Fk;so;kfjs, Fk;so, gzB/-8-113H T[jhT[jhT[jhT[jhT[jh, gzB/-23-244H T[jhT[jhT[jhT[jhT[jh, gzB/-285H T[jhT[jhT[jhT[jhT[jh, gzB/-886H ;kfjs ftfrnkB;kfjs ftfrnkB;kfjs ftfrnkB;kfjs ftfrnkB;kfjs ftfrnkB, gzBk-967H T[jhT[jhT[jhT[jhT[jh, gzBk-106


8H ;kfjs nfXn?B;kfjs nfXn?B;kfjs nfXn?B;kfjs nfXn?B;kfjs nfXn?B, gzBk-279H ;kfjs Fk;so;kfjs Fk;so;kfjs Fk;so;kfjs Fk;so;kfjs Fk;so, gzBk-3710H T[jhT[jhT[jhT[jhT[jh, gzBk-10211H ;kfjs nfXn?B;kfjs nfXn?B;kfjs nfXn?B;kfjs nfXn?B;kfjs nfXn?B, gzBk-3112H ;kfjs ftfrnkB;kfjs ftfrnkB;kfjs ftfrnkB;kfjs ftfrnkB;kfjs ftfrnkB, gzBk-11313H jfoGiB f;zx GkNhnk (;zgkH) thjth_ ;dh dh gzikph nkb'uBk LjfoGiB f;zx GkNhnk (;zgkH) thjth_ ;dh dh gzikph nkb'uBk LjfoGiB f;zx GkNhnk (;zgkH) thjth_ ;dh dh gzikph nkb'uBk LjfoGiB f;zx GkNhnk (;zgkH) thjth_ ;dh dh gzikph nkb'uBk LjfoGiB f;zx GkNhnk (;zgkH) thjth_ ;dh dh gzikph nkb'uBk L

;zpkd s/ w[ØbKeD;zpkd s/ w[ØbKeD;zpkd s/ w[ØbKeD;zpkd s/ w[ØbKeD;zpkd s/ w[ØbKeD, gzBk-3814H jfoGiB f;zx, ;kfjs Fk;sojfoGiB f;zx, ;kfjs Fk;sojfoGiB f;zx, ;kfjs Fk;sojfoGiB f;zx, ;kfjs Fk;sojfoGiB f;zx, ;kfjs Fk;so, gzBk-10815H T[jhT[jhT[jhT[jhT[jh, 10116H T[jhT[jhT[jhT[jhT[jh, 10317H eoB?b f;zx fEzd (;zgkH) ;kfjs nfXn?B gqDkbhnKeoB?b f;zx fEzd (;zgkH) ;kfjs nfXn?B gqDkbhnKeoB?b f;zx fEzd (;zgkH) ;kfjs nfXn?B gqDkbhnKeoB?b f;zx fEzd (;zgkH) ;kfjs nfXn?B gqDkbhnKeoB?b f;zx fEzd (;zgkH) ;kfjs nfXn?B gqDkbhnK, gzBk-2118H jfoGiB f;zx, ;kfjs ftfrnkBjfoGiB f;zx, ;kfjs ftfrnkBjfoGiB f;zx, ;kfjs ftfrnkBjfoGiB f;zx, ;kfjs ftfrnkBjfoGiB f;zx, ;kfjs ftfrnkB, gzBk-919H eoB?b f;zx fEzd (;zgkH) ;kfjs nfXn?B gqDkbhnKeoB?b f;zx fEzd (;zgkH) ;kfjs nfXn?B gqDkbhnKeoB?b f;zx fEzd (;zgkH) ;kfjs nfXn?B gqDkbhnKeoB?b f;zx fEzd (;zgkH) ;kfjs nfXn?B gqDkbhnKeoB?b f;zx fEzd (;zgkH) ;kfjs nfXn?B gqDkbhnK, gzBk -2420H T[jhT[jhT[jhT[jhT[jh,21H jfoGiB f;zx, ;kfjs nfXn?BjfoGiB f;zx, ;kfjs nfXn?BjfoGiB f;zx, ;kfjs nfXn?BjfoGiB f;zx, ;kfjs nfXn?BjfoGiB f;zx, ;kfjs nfXn?B, gzBk-2722H eoB?b f;zx fEzd (;zgkH) ;kfjs nfXn?B gqDkbhnKeoB?b f;zx fEzd (;zgkH) ;kfjs nfXn?B gqDkbhnKeoB?b f;zx fEzd (;zgkH) ;kfjs nfXn?B gqDkbhnKeoB?b f;zx fEzd (;zgkH) ;kfjs nfXn?B gqDkbhnKeoB?b f;zx fEzd (;zgkH) ;kfjs nfXn?B gqDkbhnK, gzBk-2523H T[jhT[jhT[jhT[jhT[jh, gzBk-2124H ;[yd/t f;zx, nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk dk ekft-Fk;so;[yd/t f;zx, nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk dk ekft-Fk;so;[yd/t f;zx, nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk dk ekft-Fk;so;[yd/t f;zx, nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk dk ekft-Fk;so;[yd/t f;zx, nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk dk ekft-Fk;so, gzBk-5225H jfoGiB f;zx, ;kfjs ftfrnkBjfoGiB f;zx, ;kfjs ftfrnkBjfoGiB f;zx, ;kfjs ftfrnkBjfoGiB f;zx, ;kfjs ftfrnkBjfoGiB f;zx, ;kfjs ftfrnkB, gzBk-5826H oftzdo f;zx oth, nwohek dh BthB nkb'uBk gqDkbhoftzdo f;zx oth, nwohek dh BthB nkb'uBk gqDkbhoftzdo f;zx oth, nwohek dh BthB nkb'uBk gqDkbhoftzdo f;zx oth, nwohek dh BthB nkb'uBk gqDkbhoftzdo f;zx oth, nwohek dh BthB nkb'uBk gqDkbh, gzBk-12427H jfoGiB f;zx, w[Øb s/ w[bzeDjfoGiB f;zx, w[Øb s/ w[bzeDjfoGiB f;zx, w[Øb s/ w[bzeDjfoGiB f;zx, w[Øb s/ w[bzeDjfoGiB f;zx, w[Øb s/ w[bzeD, gzBk-5828H eoB?b f;zx fEzd (;zgkH) ;kfjs nfXn?B gqDkbhnKeoB?b f;zx fEzd (;zgkH) ;kfjs nfXn?B gqDkbhnKeoB?b f;zx fEzd (;zgkH) ;kfjs nfXn?B gqDkbhnKeoB?b f;zx fEzd (;zgkH) ;kfjs nfXn?B gqDkbhnKeoB?b f;zx fEzd (;zgkH) ;kfjs nfXn?B gqDkbhnK, gzBk-3229H y'i dogDy'i dogDy'i dogDy'i dogDy'i dogD, i[bkJh 1980, gzBk-4030H jfoGiB f;zx, ouBk ;zouBkjfoGiB f;zx, ouBk ;zouBkjfoGiB f;zx, ouBk ;zouBkjfoGiB f;zx, ouBk ;zouBkjfoGiB f;zx, ouBk ;zouBk, gzBk-8431H ;[yd/t f;zx, nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk dk ekft-Fk;so;[yd/t f;zx, nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk dk ekft-Fk;so;[yd/t f;zx, nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk dk ekft-Fk;so;[yd/t f;zx, nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk dk ekft-Fk;so;[yd/t f;zx, nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk dk ekft-Fk;so, gzBk-5732H eoB?b f;zx fEzd (;zgkH) ;kfjs nfXn?B gqDkbhnKeoB?b f;zx fEzd (;zgkH) ;kfjs nfXn?B gqDkbhnKeoB?b f;zx fEzd (;zgkH) ;kfjs nfXn?B gqDkbhnKeoB?b f;zx fEzd (;zgkH) ;kfjs nfXn?B gqDkbhnKeoB?b f;zx fEzd (;zgkH) ;kfjs nfXn?B gqDkbhnK, gzBk-2433H jfoGiB f;zx, ;kfjs ftfrnkBjfoGiB f;zx, ;kfjs ftfrnkBjfoGiB f;zx, ;kfjs ftfrnkBjfoGiB f;zx, ;kfjs ftfrnkBjfoGiB f;zx, ;kfjs ftfrnkB, gzBk-2434H T[jhT[jhT[jhT[jhT[jh,35H ;[fszdo f;zx B{o, ;wekbh ;kfjs ;ztkd;[fszdo f;zx B{o, ;wekbh ;kfjs ;ztkd;[fszdo f;zx B{o, ;wekbh ;kfjs ;ztkd;[fszdo f;zx B{o, ;wekbh ;kfjs ;ztkd;[fszdo f;zx B{o, ;wekbh ;kfjs ;ztkd, gzBk-9336H jfoGiB f;zx GkNhnk, gzikph ;kfjs nkb'uBk dk fJfsjk;jfoGiB f;zx GkNhnk, gzikph ;kfjs nkb'uBk dk fJfsjk;jfoGiB f;zx GkNhnk, gzikph ;kfjs nkb'uBk dk fJfsjk;jfoGiB f;zx GkNhnk, gzikph ;kfjs nkb'uBk dk fJfsjk;jfoGiB f;zx GkNhnk, gzikph ;kfjs nkb'uBk dk fJfsjk;, gzBk-

173


vkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH jfoGiB f;zx

dh ftjkoe ;whfynkdh ftjkoe ;whfynkdh ftjkoe ;whfynkdh ftjkoe ;whfynkdh ftjkoe ;whfynkpfozdo f;zxpfozdo f;zxpfozdo f;zxpfozdo f;zxpfozdo f;zx

vkH jfoGiB f;zx dk F[wko gzikph ;kfjs nfXn?Bd/ fJfsjk; nzdo o{gtkdh-;zouBktkdh gzikph nkb'uBk d/ y/so ftu ehsk iKdk j?. vkH jfoGiB f;zx dk ;kfjs-fuzsB nkgD/ s'_ g{otbh gzikph nkb'uBk gozgok Bkb fsZy/;zpkd$fto'X dk Bksk ;Ekfgs eofdnK, nkgDh j'_d rqfjDeodk j?. fi; dk w{b ekoD, @gq;z;k#, @gqGkt#, @gqrsh# ns/@eqKsh# nkfd gzikph ;kfjs nfXn?B gozgok nzsors gqufbsgqfswkBK dhnK ;hwktK B{z fdqFNhr'uo eoe/, vkH jfoGiBf;zx d[nkok @;kfjsesk$o{g-;zouBk# tor/ gqfswkBK B{zwoe} ftu b? nkT[Dk j?. n;h_ vkH jfoGiB f;zx d/;kfjs-fuzsB ftu'_ ftjkoe ;whfynk (practical criticisim)Bkb ;zpzXfs feosK o{geh (1977 JhH), ]kw'Fh dk i}hok(1987 JhH) ns/ fgnko ns/ gfotko (1988 JhH) B{znfXn?B-t;s{ ti'_ rqfjD eofdnK, T[; d/ f;ZXKs-fuzsB dhfJfsjk;e fgZmG{wh, f;ZXKse s/ fJfsjk;e gfog/y, ;zGktBktK,;wZf;nktK, u[D"shnK s/ ;hwktK B{z fuzsB dh ftt/ewJhgozgok s/ wkBf;e gqfeosh dh ftfrnkBe T[;koh (Scientific

temper of mind) nXhB ftuko-ftFb/FD dk t;s{ pDkT[Ddk isB eod/ j'J/, T[;dh nfXn?B-fdqFNh B{z fBoyD-goyDdh e'fFF jEb/ b/y ftu ehsh ikt/rh.

fJfsjk;e fdqFNhe'D s'_ ftFt ;kfjs-fuzsB d/;zdoG ftu ftjkoe ;whfynk dh e'Jh pj[sh bzwh_ gozgokB}o Bjh_ nkT[_dh. fJ; d/ w[ZY pkps Princeton

Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics ftu nzfes j? fen?;H NhH ekbfoi dhnK fbysK ftØu'_ jh gfjbh tkofte'fbØso/ ;kfjse gkmK nzdo T[soB, T[jBK B{z ;wMD ns/

g zikph ftGkr, fd Zbh:{Bhtof;Nh, fdZbh.sidhubabbal101

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ftrms eoB B{z pV/ jh fXnkB ns/ pkoheh Bkb t/oftnK ;fjs sfj-do-sfj g/F eoB dh :'rsk ftykJh fdzdh j?.1 don;b, ;jh noEK ftu fJ; nB[Fk;Bdk ftXhts nkozG 1920 JhH ftu nkJhH J/H fouov} dh gqekfFs j'Jh g[;sePractical Criticism Bkb j[zdk j?. fJ; nkb'uBkswe feos ftu nkJhH J/Hfouov} B/ ftjkoe ;whfynk B{z ;kfjs pkps wjhB ;wMdkoh fte;s eoB tkb/nB[Fk;B ti'_ rqfjD ehsk j?.2

gzikph ftu tos/ iKd/ nb\k} gkmrs nkb'uBk iK ftjkoe nkb'uBknzro/}h FpdK "Textual Analysis" or "Practical Criticism" d/ jh ;wkBkoEhjB. nfij/ nfXn?B s'_ f;ois-gkm d/ fBeN-nfXn?B ftFb/FD d/ noE bJ/ iKd/jB. Gkt/_ e[M fuzse ne;o ftbhnw fouov;B, wkT{o; w'orB ns/ n?vh;Bd/ ¿g?okvkfJ} bk;NÀ ;zpzXh fby/ ¿SpectatorÀ tor/ fBpzXK B{z ftjkoe nfXn?Bd/ nkozG Bkb i'Vd/ jB.3 id'_ fe tX/o/ gqtkfBs XkoBk nkJhH J/H fouov} ns/ekbfoi dhnK fbysK ftu'_ g[]sk j[zdh B}o nkT[_dh j?. fJ; s'_ pknd th ftFtgZXo T[Øgo fJ; ekoi B{z ;zrfms Yzr Bkb fBozso ikoh oØyD fjs okpoN ro/t}, NhH n?;H JhbhnN, ftbhnw n?wg;B, nwoheh Bt-nb'ue ns/ o'bK pkosnkfd B{z fJ; ;{uh ftØu Fkwb ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJ; soQK ftjkoe nkb'uBkftF/F$ftobhnK feosK d/ fBeN nfXn?B (close study of the text) bJh f;ZXKseg?wkfBnK ns/ ftjkoe nfXn?B eoB ;w/_ ;kfjs nkb'uBk s'_ ;[szso ftXh j?.Gkt/_ fe ;kfjs-fuzsB (ftFkb nB[Fk;B-gqpzX d/ noEK ftØu) Bkb nzso-;zpzfXsth j[zdh j?.

@fBwy-fusthJ/ fBwy ;bkJhJ/# f;ob/y nzsors nko;h o;kb/ ftuSgd/ nkgD/ w}w{BK B{z jfoGiB f;zx B/ o{geh d/ wkfXnw okjh_ g[;se o{g fdZsk.fJ; bJh ;G s'_ gfjbk B[esk o{geh d/ fgS'eV ftu ekoiFhb f;ØXKs-fdqFNhdhnK iVQK B{z e[o/dD dk T[Godk j?. fi; okjh_ jfoGiB f;zx dh ftjkoe;whfynk dk nkgD/ fuzsB-;q'sK Bkb ;ztkdh$nB[rkwh foFsk x'fynk ik ;edk j?.fJ; ;tkb B{z j[D sØe jfoGiB f;zx d/ ;kfjs-fuzsB ftu'_ sbkfFnk Bjh_ frnk.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ e[M p[fBnkdh ;zebgK dh wdd Bkb ftjkoe;whfynk dhnK nzsohth s?jK B{z y'bQfdnK, nkgD/ f;ZXKs-gqpzX B{z ;zrfms o{g ftuT[xkVB fjs ftjkoe nkb'uBk d/ f;ZXKs dh T[;koh bJh gfjb edwh ehsh j?.fJ; bJh T[; B/ nkgD/ fJe ;[szso w}w{B (¿ftjkoe nkb'uBk¿) ns/ e[M e[ftobhnK NKthnK G{fwektK ftØu ftjkoe nfXn?B d/ ftfGzB f;ZXKse gk;koK B{zsbkFD dk isB ehsk j?. T[; B/ f;ois-gkm d/ nzrK s'_ gqpzX sZe dh :ksokeoB ;w/_ ouBk ftXk dhnK w{be ohshnK ns/ ouBk-:EkoE B{z fdqFNh nXhB


oZy e/ ouBk ftF/F dh fBirs ftbZyDsk B{z gSkDBk ftjkoe ;whfynk dkp[fBnkdh B/w dZf;nk.

;kfjsesk d/ ;zebg B{z wjKfdqFNh ti'_ rqfjD eofdnK vkH jfoGiB f;zxr[owfs ns/ wkoe;tkd torhnK wjKfdqFNhnK B{z BekofdnK j'fJnK, ftjkoenfXn?B d/ w[ZYb/ go p[fBnkdh wjZssk tkb/ gqekoiK dh fBy/V-o/yk fyZu b?_dk j?.fJj B[esk r[owfs s/ wkoe;tkd d/ gq;zr ftu jh ;wfMnk ikJ/. r[owfs d[nkokb'e-gob'e e;tZNh okjh_ fe;/ t;s{ tosko/ B{z goyDk ns/ wkoe;tkd dk;wkfie foFfsnK d/ nzso-fto'XK B{z gSkDBk, ouBkth-;Zu B{z gqrshtkdh$gqfsrkwhefj e/ ;bkj[Dk$GzvDk, wB[Øy nzdo b[eh i's (r[owfs) iK ftnesh T[jb/ b[e/Fq/Dh-ufoso (wkoe;tkd) T[Øgo pb ouBk dk ;kfjse ;sj (Literary surface)Bkb'_ @fdZpsk# iK @gqrshw[ysk# T[Øs/ tX/o/ s{b d/Dk ns/ ouBk d/ sZs (essence)ftu nfXn?B B{z ;w/NDk, ;kfjse j'_d (existence) B{z ykfoi eoBk nkfd B[efsnKB{z nkXko pDk e/ jfoGiB f;zx B/ ftjkoe nfXn?B B{z f;ØXKs-pØX eoB dh e'fFFehsh. fJ; pkps T[; dhnK e[zih ;EkgBktK B{z fBoyD-goyD dh b'V j? L

TH ekft feos dh ;t?-Gog{osk ekoD T[j nkgD/ nkg ftu w[ezwb j?. fJj;kfjs d/ fJekbe nfXn?B (synchronic) tb o[fus j?.4

nH ekft-feos dh ihtzs J/esk nzrK ns/ ;zg{oDsk d/ nkg;h ;zpzXK dk ns/w[Vt/_ o{g ftu ;zpzXK Bkb Bksk y'idh j?.5

JH ftjkoe nkb'uBk nkgD/ ekoi ftu w[bzeD gqsh fBob/g ofjzdh j?, gonkgD/ ekoi dh ;wkgsh s/ w[bzeD bk}wh f;ZN/ ti'_ T[ikro j[zdk j?.nzrK EkDh_ bzxD dk ekoi, feos B{z ;wMD dk ekoi, fBogZy(netural) j?, ;wMD dh gqfefonk EkDh_ bzx e/ jh w[bzeD se gj[zfunkik ;edk j?. eftsk dh ;[zdosk T[; ;zg{oD pDso ftu j?. fJ; dhT[j Y[eth_ p[Dsh ouBk (texture) nytkT[_dh j?.6ouBk-gkm dh @;t?-Gog{osk#, @fJekbe nfXn?B#, @ihtzs J/esk#, @nzrK s/

gqpzX ftukb/ dtzdkswe ;zpzX#, @;zg{oB pDso# s/ @p[Dsh-ouBk# ns/ w[bzeD gqfsfBob/gsk iK fBogZysk s'_ eqwtko o{;h-o{gtkd, \oK;h;h ;zouBktkd ns/ nwohehBtk-nkb'uBk dhnK ftfGzB nzso-fdqFNhnK dh ekoiFhbsk jfoGiB f;zx fuzsBnzsors ftnkge B}o nkT[_dh j?. fJjBK XkoBktK dh wdd Bkb ns/ o{gftXkBe Fpdktbh d/ gq:'r s'_ ;gFN o{g ftu fJj B[esk ;kjwD/ nkT[_dk j? feT[;dh p[fBnkdh N/e nzsozr f;ZXKs-fuzsB T[Øs/ j?. ekft feos d/ r[zMbdkoftnefsst ftu jo ;hwk dk s'V w"i{d j[zdk j?, ftjkoe nkb'uBk ftu nfXn?Bdh fdFk Bkb i[V e/ ;kfjs w[Zb o{gtkB j' iKdk j?. w[Zb-rfjokJh ns/ ouBkJ/esk dh ;zi[rsh ftu'_ jfoGiB f;zx B{z gqwkfDe ;kfjsesk dh goshsh j'Dk ns/


ekft-;zouBk iK sBkT[ f;ZXKs dh fJe;[osk okjh_ o{g XkoBk fij/ ftukoK dh j'_dBkb T[j nkgDh f;ZXKs-u/sBk dk x/ok o{g-;zouBk d/ tZb nkXkfos eo b?_dk j?.

nkgDh ftjkoe ;whfynk d/ x/o/ B{z vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ nkX[fBe gzikpheftsk ns/ ejkDh torhnK ftXktK d/ nzdo'_ ftF/F ;kfjse feosK dh u'DeofdnK gkmrs ftFb/FD d/ o[] c?bkfJnk j?. o{geh dh G{fwek ftu T[;nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk ftØu'_ ¿ezpdh ebkJhÀ s'_ ¿gjhnkÀ se frnkoK ekft-feosKd/ nkXko T[Øgo ¿gzikph ;whfynk-ftXh T[;koD d/ isBÀ B{z nkgDk wB'oEfBoXkfos ehsk. fJ; d/ Bkb jh T[; B/ ¿o{gtkdh$;zouBktkdh ;zgodkfJ BkbpZMD dk fJokdk Bjh_À dk fJ}jko th ehsk.

n;b ftu id'_ n;h_ o{geh d/ gkm B{z ftrms eod/ jK sK fJ; B[es/dk gsk bZrdk j? fe jfoGiB f;zx e'b ekft-feosK d/ ftjkoe nfXn?B ftuT[soB s'_ gfjbK e[M ;tkb jB L fe;/ ekft-feos d/ nd[Zsh o{g B{z fet/_ gSkfDnkikt/< eftsk ftu e[M tkgo fojk j? iK Bjh_< ekft-p[Dsh pko/ w{b gqFB fJjj? fe T[j fe;/ nB[Gth N'N/ ftu c?bdh j? iK fBo'b GkFe i[rsK B{z gq;s[s eodhj?< ;kfjse feos d/ tor/t/_ ns/ tyo/t/_ dh gSkD fet/_ eoBh j?< fJBQK gqFBKdh wdd Bkb T[j o{g dh gSkD bJh ekft d/ j'D-:EkoE ¿sBkT[À B{z nkgD/nfXn?B dk nkfd-fpzd{ fBFfus eo b?_dk j?. id'_ fe nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk d/gqshe-gqpzX B{z ;wMDk T[; bJh ftdk-fpzd{ j' fBØpVdk j?.

;zdoG dh ;zg{oBsk B{z goydk-t/ydk jfoGiB f;zx nkX[fBe eftsk B{zwX:[rh ;zt/dBk s'_, T[; d/ noE B{z gfjukDB (recognition) Bkb'_ T[; B{z ikDB(cognition) d/ Bkb fBy/V b?_dk j?. fJ; sØE dh g[FNh ¿gzy/o{À, ¿gjhnkÀ nkfdeftsktK d/ tkwB nfXn?B ftØu'_ j[zdh j?. fJ;/ bJh ekft-noEK B{z ;zdoG ftu'_T[xkVB, wZXekbh eftsk d/ gqsheK ns/ nkX[fBe eftsk ftu tos/ iKd/ gqsheKdh nzdo{Bh fGzBsk B{z ;gZFN eoBk ns/ t;s{-w?_ ns/ ekft-w?_ ftueko nzso B{zT[; B/ ft;Eko ;fjs fujBs ehsk j?. fJ;/ eoe/ T[;dhnK fJ; ;zpzXh w{b;EkgBktK B{z t/fynk ik ;edk j? L

TH wX:[rhB gqshe fJe fBFfus noE dk XkoBh j[zdk j?, oKMk-op, gksDh-r[o{, BkfJek-;kXe ftueko noE-;hwk fBFfus j?. go nkX[fBe eftsky[ZbQ/ gqshe (open symbol) dh tos'_ eodh j? ns/ nkb'ue T[; d/ fe;/fJe y/so dk nB[wkB jh bk ;edk j?. gzy/o{ b'e BkfJe th j' ;edkj?, eth th, ;zs th s/ j'o e[M th.7

nH nkX[fBe eftsk d/ noE Fpd ftu Bjh_ ;zdoG ftu j[zd/ jB. HHHnkX[fBe eftsk dk ftF/F bZSD j? fe T[j fbyh Gkt/_ f;ZXh beho ftu


j't/, T[; B{z gVQB bJh o[eDk ns/ fgSKj gosBk gt/rk. fJ; dk ;[GkT[wZXekbhB feos s'_ tZyok j?.8fJ; ;fEsh-fpzd{ s'_ fJj B[esk ;gZFN j' iKdk j? fe jfoGiB f;zx dh

ftjkoe ekft-;whfynk dk o[] ;zouBkswe ;zrmB co'bD s'_ fJbktk nkX[fBeeftsk d/ ftF/F bZSDK B{z T[GkoB tb th j?.

tyo/t/_ ns/ tor/t/_ d' B[efsnK EkDh_ jfoGiB f;zx fuzsB ekft feos d/nd[Øsh ;o{g B{z gSkDB ns/ d{ihnK ouBktK Bkb gozgoe ;KM B{z fujBs eoBkw{b e;tZNh ti'_ fBoXkfos eodk j?. gozs{ nkgD/ fJ; f;ØXKse ;{so B{z GkJhtho f;zx dh eftsk ¿ezpdh ebkJh¿ s'_ b? e/ fFt e[wko dh eftsk ¿fpoj'_ dhoVe¿ sØe T[; B/ w[ezwb o{g ftu bkr{ Bjh_ ehsk. fJ; dofwnkB jfoGiBf;zx tyo/t/_ B{z gSkDB sØe ;hws ofjzdk j?. tor/t/_ B{z nDr"fbnk SØv d/Dk jho{geh ftub/ ftjkoe fuzsB dh gqkgsh th j? s/ ;hwk th.

fJ; d/ w[ekpbsB T[;dk ;wekbh nkb'ue nwoihs ro/tkb fJeeftsk d/ nfXn?B s/ ftFb/FD9 okjh_ fJe' eftsk ¿j[D xoK B{z gosDkÀ dk;otgZyh nfXn?B eoB bJh ftjkoe ekft-;whfynk d/ y/so ftu gqt/F eodk j?.id'_ fJ; nkb'uBkswe feos B{z ftFb/fFs eohJ/ sK ro/tkb ouBkswe gqfefonk,ekft-gqpzX, ;zuko ns/ ;wkiesk uko-fpzd{nK s'_ fBeN nfXn?B eoe/ jfoGiBf;zx d/ ¿ekft-gqpzXÀ d[nkb/ T[;od/ ftjkoe nfXn?B s'_ nkgDh nZvoh fdy;Ekfgs eo b?_dk j?. fJ; s'_ fJbktk vkH d/ftzdo e"o fefonk gqfsfefonk, gzitKfuok|, ftftXk, nkfd nkb'uBk g[;seK Bkb ftjkoe nkb'uBk d/ fgV nzsorsjfoGiB f;zx B{z ;whfynk-nkdoF ti'_ rqfjD eoe/ s[odh j?. fiZE/ jfoGiB f;zxfuzsB dhnK gqfsX[BhnK T[;d/ F[o{nksh ekft-fuzsB nzdo doeko jB. T[E/ ekft-feosK d/ ftnkfynk-ftFb/FD s'_ w[bKeD ns/ ¿ouBk, ou/sk, tksktoD b'eXkok,fJfsjk;, ;fGnkuko, ;wekbh :EkoE$toswkB gq;zr ns/ tes dh ][dro}f;nk;s nkfdÀ w;fbnK dh nkg;h orV B{z gSkDB eoe/ FpdK d/ nko gkose ngVfdnK, T[j nkgDh ekft-;whfynk B{z jfoGiB f;zx d/ ¿f;ZXKse dkp/$gqG[sk #u'_ pkjo eZY b?_dh j?.À10

eftsk dh ftjkoe ;whfynk s'_ pknd brGr fJe djke/ d/ te\/ BkbjfoGiB f;zx B/ nkX[fBe gzikph ejkDh ftØu'_ gq/w gqekF ns/ so;/w Bhbfroh dhejkDhnK dk ftjkoe ftFb/FD gq;s[s ehsk. fJ; ;w/_ d"okB T[; B/ nkgDhf;ØXKs-fdqFNh B{z fBozso rshFhb oØyfdnK, fgnko s/ gfotko ns/ ]w'Fh dki}hok ftu gqsZy o{g ftu tZyoh fe;w d/ nfXn?B wkvb B{z nkgDh f;ZXKse ;{Mdk nkXko pDkfJnk. j[D n;h_ fJ; tZyoh fe;w dh f;ZXKse nkXko-G{wh B{z t;s{-


fBFm gqfeqnk (empirical process) ftu'_ bzxkT[Dk j?. vkH jfoGiB f;zx dhf;ZXKs-fdqFNh ftu nkJ/ gfotosB, ft;Eko, sBkT[ ns/ ;zGktBktK B{z, T[; d/gfjb/ gq;s[s f;ZXKs-fuzsB d/ gq;zr ftu th ;wfMnk ik ;e/.

ouBk-:EkoE ftukb/ FpdK d/ noE ;gZFN eoB bJh e/tb ouBk d/nzdo{Bh iK f;o\ pkjow[yh t/oftnK ftu'_ fe;/ fJe B{z u[DBk T[bkowJh fuzsB-e;tZNh j' ;edh j?. fi; dk n;b ekoD ;kfjs-;zouBk dk wB[Zy f;ofis t;sj'D eoe/, ;wkie ns/ ;kfjse d't/_ gq;zr jh fXnkB r'uo/ eoB/ pDd/ jB.;kfjs-gkmK dh nzdobh p[Dsh s/ ;zouBk d/ nzr-fBy/V ns/ ftFb/FD eoB d/Bkb Bkb T[; dh ;w[Zuh j'_d dh ;koEesk B{z |"osbp eoB bJh, T[; B{z fJe't/b/ ;kfjs gozgok dh nzsozr skoh] (internal history) ns/ ;wki s/ ;z;feqsh d/pkjoh tv/o/ gk;ko (external history) Bkb wB;{p eoB tkbh @gVQs# B{z vkHjfoGiB f;zx B/ fBeN nfXn?B dh EK @fJBN?Bf;t ohfvzr# dk Bkw fdZsk j?.

fJ; ;fEsh-fpzd{ s'_ T[; B/ nkgD/ ftjkoe ;whfynk d/ x/o/ B{z ft;EkofdzfdnK nkgD/ ;{M-g?_sV/ nzsors e[M p[fBnkdh fe;w d/ c/opdb eoe/ nkgD/f;ZXKse g?wkfBnK B{z pdfbnk j?. fJ; pdbd/ ;{M-g?_sV/ B{z id'_ ftFb/fFs eohJ/sK, nzsozr nfXn?B dh pzdF B{z e[M jZd se s'VfdnK T[; B/ ;kfjse ;zouBkd/ fJfsjk;e-;K;feqse nkfd gq;zrK d/ nko-gko c?bD dh e'fFF ehsh j?. fJ;pdbkt d/ nXhB jh ejkDh dh ftjkoe ;whfynk d/ ;zdoG ftu T[;d/ f;ZXKs-fuzsB ftØu'_ d?fodk d/ ftouBk-f;ZXKs dhnK eB;'nK t/yhnK ik ;edhnK jB L

fbys dh fposh ;[rmB tZb j? sK gVQs dh ftrmB tZb. ebk-feosftu pj[s ;ko/ yZg/ pj[s ;kohnK ]w'FhnK jB. f;oiDk dh ;whfynk t/b/ fJju[ZgK th w[V p'bD br g?_dhnK jB. ]w'FhnK B{z p[bkT[Dk ;whfynk dk Xow j?.gkm B{z fbys dh gqEwsk ;thekoBh g?_dh j?. gkme fgmG{wh ftu gJ/ ;zrmBK B{zy'bQdk j? ns/ ouBk B{z T[jBK Bkb i'V e/ ;wMD bJh wkj"b fsnko eodk j?.11

fJ; fNZgDh nzdo'_ jfoGiB f;zx dh f;ZXKs-fdqFNh d/ x/o/ B{z t;hj eoBtkb/ e[M p[fBnkdh fe;w d/ pdbkt t/y/ ik ;ed/ jB. fiE/ T[j gfjbKfJfsjk;e s"o s/ gq;zfre ;kfjse o{g B{z nfXn?B-t;s{ pDkT[_dk j? (@ftjkoenkb'uBk# tkbk w}w{B t/y') s/ c/o f;ZXKse o{g ftØu ;w[Zuh ebk feos B{z J/;gqfswkB d/ nB[e{b ikBDk b'udk ;h. nfijh wzr T[s/ p/b'Vk s{b fdzfdnK, T[jo{g d/ ;K;feqse-fJfsjk;e nkXkoK B{z ;fjtB jh Beko fdzdk fojk.

fJ; bJh T[j Bt/_ f;ZXKs nB[;ko noE nko'gD Bkb'_ noE d/ nzsjhDfgS'eV-:[es ft;Eko B{z @;{M ft;skoB# dk Bkw fdzdk j?. ghno/ wF/oh ns/nbfsT{;o tKr jh jfoGiB f;zx b/ye B{z gqkgs ;wZroh dk o{gKsoD eoB fjs


;thfeqs eodk j?. T[; bJh th b/ye fBFfus s"o s/ fJe nfijk T[sgkde j?,fijVk pj[s ;koh gqkgs ;wZroh ftØu'_ e[M e[ gqkgs ;wZroh dh u'D eoe/ fJe Bth_f;oiDk d/ o{g ftØu nfGftnes eodk j?. fJ; ;fEsh ftu jfoGiB f;zx dhnKtk;sftesk s/ ebkswesk d/ Bkb b/ye s/ gkme d/ ;zpzXK B{z T[ikro eoBtkbhnK ;EkgBktK B{z T[dkjoB d/ s"o s/ t/fynk ik ;edk j? L

TH fYbeth_ s'_ fYbeth_ ;kfjs feos th fyboh-g[boh tk;sfesk ftu'_ e[M d/rqfjD ns/ pkeh d/ fsnkr okjh_ fJekro fijk ;[ji f;oiD dk isBeodh j?. HHH ;kfjs-ouBk dk o[] nB/e w[] tk;sftesk s'_ fJewZ[yebkswesk tb j?.12

nH b/ye dk ekoi ;zdoG ;wZroh ftØu'_ fe;/ fJe B{z nroG{fws eoBk j[zdkj?, gkme fgmG{wh ftØu gJ/ ;zdoGK B{z y'bQdk j? ns/ ouBk B{z T[jBK Bkbi'V e/ ;wMD bJh wkj"b fsnko eodk j?. gkm e[b fwbk e/, w{bfbys dh nXhBrh ftu jh ftuodk j? HHH fbys d/ nB/e go'yK ftØu'_e[M fJe B{z gqsZy eoB ftØu jh gkm dh ;koEesk j?.13d{;oh N{e ftu jfoGiB f;zx gkme dh G{fwek B{z gkm dh ;wM bJh

wkj"b fsnko eoB d/ o{g ftu noE T[sgkde ti'_ ;theko eo fojk j?. fiE/gfjbK T[j gkme d/ fJ; bk}wh o'b B{z dofeBko eo fdzdk ;h. fJ; d/ fJbktk,gozgok ns/ ;fGnkuko tor/ ;zebgK d/ nzso-;zpzXK B{z th jfoGiB f;zx nkgDhf;ZXKse ;{M dk nkXko pDkT[_dk j?. gozgok B{z ftjko d/ }o{oh i[}K ti'_, nu/s B{z ;[u/s eoB ftØu ;jkfJe wzBfdnK, T[j Bth_ fbys B{z th g[okD/ T[Øgo T[eo/BeFK dh nZek;h d/ o{g ftu gqtkBdk j?. fJ; ;\o ftu jfoGiB f;zx nkgDh:ksok B{z ¿b'et/d s'_ ;kfjs ftfrnkB sZe c?bh j'JhÀ dZ;dk j?.

ejkDh-gkmK B{z ftyzvs eoBk, fbys dh EK p'b B{z gfjb d/Dk d?fodkd/ f;ZXKse ;zebg ¿c'B/À (phone, XtBh, nktk}) okjh_ jh ¿nBzs ns/nkdoFskÀ se gj[zu pDdh j?À14 dk nB[;oD jfoGiB f;zx nkgDh gozgok d/gq;zr ftu eodk j?. fJ; soQK jh fw]kfJb pk]fsB d/ f;ØXKs pj[;[osk B{z¿ntk}K gSkDBkÀ d[nkok nfGftnes eodk j?. fJ; s'_ fJj B[esk T[Godk j?fe gfjbK jfoGiB f;zx-fuzsB gZSwh ;zebgK dh Ugo/ Yzr Bkb gzikph ;kfjsefeosK ftu'_ FBk]s B{z soihj fdzdk ;h. go j[D T[j fJ; B{z Gkosh ;z;feqshns/ gzikph ;K;feqse u/sBk d'jK Bkb i[V e/ nkgDh ¿;w[Zuh :'rskÀ B{z gVQB;w/_ feqnktzs s/ nKre ;o{g gqdkB eo fdzdk j?. fJj T[;dh nfXn?B fdqFNhnzsors tkgoB tkbk p[fBnkdh pdbkt j?. fe;/ ekft-ouBk dk nzr-fBy/V eoB;w/_ T[j w[ZY ftu jh i[rs-ftFb/FD tb B{z nj[bdk ;h. id'_ fe jZEb/ gqeoDnzsors iK ejkDh-fuzsB t/b/ T[j b'et/d ns/ ;kfjs ftfrnkB d/ pZMt/_ foFs/


dk gqfsgkdB eoB dh eEB s'_ ftjko se fesBh gkbDk eodk j?, fJ; bJhfposKs bVh dh gqfeosh ;zpzXh T[; dh j/m fbyh XkoBk B{z t/yd/ jK L

b'et/d sK fJe' rZb B{z pko pko d[jokT[_dk j?. fJj T[;dk ;[GkT[ j?.;kfjs ftfrnkB nB[;ko fe;/ ejkDh d/ gkso, ;wK, ;EkB Gkt/_ Bt/_ j'D, T[;dk eEkBe g[okDk jh j[zdk j?. n;h_ g[okD/ ;ZfunK okjh_ jh BthnK xkVsK xVd/jK.15

jfoGiB f;zx d/ ejkDh-fuzsB d/ nzdob/ ftXkB B{z fBZm e/ ;wMD fjsfJ; ftuko B{z ;wMD dh b'V j? fe fJe fposKs nkb'ue$fJfsjk;eko id'_ nkgD/fuzsB nXhB G{s B{z nzso-feqnk ftu Fkwb eodk j? sK Fpd ns/ t;sK d/pj[noEe fujBeh ftjko B{z th o/yKfes eo b?_dk j?. fi; ekoD f;wosh dhfJeKrsk N[ZNdh j? ns/ fuzse f;oiBkswe nfXn?B t;s{ d/ G{s iK \"s j'J/ dhnKgosK Bkb fBnK eoB dk isB ftZYdk j?. id'_ G{s ns/ toswkB d/ w/b iKNkeo/ Bkb nzso tkgodk j?. ouBkth :EkoE dh f;wosh th fJBQK nzsoK BkbpDh j'Jh ;zouBk j?. feT[_ i' fGzB-fGzB fposKs nu/s gqftoshnK Bkb BekF/ iKd/jB. T[BQK dh f;oiDk dk nkXko th fJj nzso-gqfeqnk j?.

¿tkJhF'rq"v dk Fpd tos e/ fJj efj ;ed/ jK fe T[BQK ftu gqshfuzBQeh iK ¿vh-;kJhfBzrÀ j[zdh ofjzdh j?.À16 fJjh fuzsek B/ d?fodk dh wddBkb ekb ns/ Fpd s'_ gqGkfts j'Jh f;wosh B{z pj[gosh (multidimensional)fejk. ;' fposKseko dh f;oiB-Fesh th nfBe-w[yh ;zGktBktK Bkb bpo/} j';edh j?. fi; ekoD pj[gosh ¿fJfsjk;ekoÀ$ ¿fposKsekoÀ dk ;zebg th g/F j'fJnk. fi; Bkb f;wosh$:kd Fesh dh fJeKrh, o/yeh, fJe ;/X-gotkjh;zouBk B{z s'V fdZsk frnk. fJj jh ft;EkgB d?fodk B/ ehsk j? fi; BkbfposKs, gkm dk ;o{g ns/ ftnkfynk ftFb/FD Bt/_ f;foT[_ ftFb/fFs j'J/ jB.17fJ; fgS'eV ftØu'_ jfoGiB f;zx dk ejkDh-fuzsB ftfGzB nzso-fdqFNhnK rqfjDeoe/, Bth_ g?V ukb ;Ekfgs eoB d/ nkjo ftØu j?.

jfoGiB f;zx dk ftjkoe nfXn?B ftF/Feo fposKs d/ gq;zr ftuwZXekbh gzikph fposKs wkvb B{z ftrms th eodk j? ns/ nkX[fBe gzikphfposKs gozgok Bkb skJhd eoe/ th d/ydk j?. fi; ekoD T[j wZXekbh ekft-fposKs d/ gksoK B{z nkX[fBe fposKs d/ gkso-gqpzX d/ s[bBkswe gfog/y ftu;wM e/ fJj XkoBk gq;s[s eodk j? L

jho ns/ wK d/ dtzd ftu fXoK fByVhnK j'JhnK Bjh_. T[; gq;zr ftujho Bkb jwdodh ns/ wK d/ ekoi gqsh (gqfs) ngotkBrh ftykT[Dh gkme bJh;fjb j?. go, fJ; ejkDh ftu ;zr'V j?. ezv?B;/FB. Fkodk fJefjoh ;ob


gkso Bjh_, T[; ftu pj[s ;ko/ ftnefsst fJe d{i/ ftu x[b/ fwb/ jB. fJ;/ekoB jh Fkodk ifNb j?, T[jdk ekoi th ifNb j?. J/E/ Bk ;ob gotkBrhj?, Bk ;ob ngotkBrh.18

fJ; jtkb/ d/ nzsors fXnkB:'r ftuko fJj j? fe jfoGiB f;zxnkX[fBe gkso-gqpzX wshj ekoiFhb fposKs dh gqfeosh B{z d' ;fEshnK$gfo;fEshnKd/ ftueko c;h j'Jh sBkT[-w{be j'_d B{z geVB bJh rshFhb j?. fJjh ekoDj? fe jho T[; B{z ;ob ns/ Fkodk ifNb bZrdh j?. fi; ftu d' N[e \?;bkeo gkT[Dk brGr n;zGt j?. p[fBnkdh w;bk sK nzso-fto'Xh jkbksK dk j?.jkbks dh p[eb ftØu'_ ;Zu nkgDh j'_d rqfjD eodk j? s/ e/tb ;Zu jh Bjh_ ;r'_,gkso g?NoB, fposKs ;zouBk nkfd th. fJj w{b B[esk j?, fi; eoe/ jfoGiBf;zx fJ; ejkDh-fposKs ;zpzXh e'Jh nzfsw fBoDk d/D Bkb'_ noE d/ fgS'eV B{zT[ikro s/ y'bQD dh rØb eodk j?.

jfoGiB f;zx B/ ejkDh t/oftnK B{z wB'ftFb/FD ns/ B?fsesk d/ ftfGzBe'DK s'_ ¿fto'XkGk;h ;fEshÀ tKr s\shFh fposh Bkb d/fynk j?. fi; Bkb¿Fkodk jho, wK ns/ e?d'_ ;r'_ tkfo; ns/ fJe ;fGnkukoe gZyÀ ftu ft;Ekfgsj'Jh j?. don;b fJBQK uko ejkDhnK, @Ft/sKpo B/ fejk ;h#, @ekbk e/;{#, @;zru{o#ns/ @rzrk# #u'_ fBeb/ jZE# d/ nfXn?B-ekoi ;zpzXh jfoGiB f;zx dh s\shF;K;feqse gqfswkB T[bzxDk j'D fgZS/ ekoDK B{z e[o/dD tb o[fus j?. fJjh ekoDj? fe ukoK ejkDhnK dh fJe fJekJh ti'_ FBk]s eofdnK T[; B/ fJ; w{b B[es/B{z T[efonk j? L

;zy/g o{g ftu ;wMhJ/ sK jfoGiB f;zx dh nfXn?B fdqFNh ftØu n;h_t/fynk fe fJe' ;w/_ fJe s'_ tX/o/ s/ pdbt/_ o{g ftØu eJh nzso-fdqFNhnK nzso-feqnk ftØu B}o nkT[_dhnK jB. eftsk dh ftjkoe ;whfynk s'_ ejkDh dhftjkoe nkb'uBk sØe gj[zufdnK, fejVhnK XkoBktK B{z nfXn?B-ftXh ns/ nfXn?BfdqFNh okjh_ nfGftnes iK ;Ekfgs ehsk. fJ; ;G B{z n;h_ pZMt/_ s/ ;zrfmso{g ftØu ;wMD dh e'fFF eod/ jK L

1H vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ gzikph-fuzsB ftØu ftjkoe ;whfynk dh Bth_ g?Vf;oifdnK o{geh s'_ ]kw'Fh dk i}hok ns/ fgnko ns/ gfotko se d/;\o B{z e[M Bk j'D s'_ j'D sZe ns/ ftnkfynk s'_ ftFb/FD s/BekoB$;thekoB Bkb'_ ;wMD dk isB fejk ik ;edk j?.

2H fJ; ;\o d"okB vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh nfXn?B ftXh ekft-feosK d/gqpzX-w{be ;zrmB s/ i[rsK B{z ;zp'XB-ftXh, Ehw ns/ ohw, sDkT[ dh;fEsh, o{gkeko dh gqfeosh, GkFk-p[Dsh ns/ ouBk (texture) s/ ;zouBk


(structure) tor/ S/ GkFk-f;;Nw$b?_r B[wk B[efsnK B{z T[Gkodh j?.3H o{geh d/ jtkb/ Bkb T[; B/ nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk s'_ wX:[rh ;zt/dBk,

wZXekbh gqsheK ns/ nkX[fBe gqshe-gqpzX dk nzso, t;s{-w?_ ns/ ekft-w?_ dk fBy/V, nzrK s'_ ;w[Zu ns/ ;w[Zu s'_ nzrK dh :ksok, ftnkfynk-ftFb/FD okjh_ ouBktK B{z ;wMD, ouBk-gkm T[Øs/ eoVkJh Bkb fXnkBe/_dfos eoBk, nkX[fBe eftsk d/ e[M ftF/F bZSDK B{z T[GkoBk nkfdT[; dhnK frDB:'r gqkgshnK jB.

4H vkH jfoGiB f;zx dk ekft-fuzsB fJ;/ gq;zr ftØu nkgD/ g{opekbhnK s'_e[M jd sZe tZyok B}o nkT[_dk ns/ ;Zioh bhj T[Øs/ s[ofdnK ;wekbhns/ gotosh fuzseK Bkb fGzBsk-;KM d/ ;z:'iB j/m ftuodk j?.

5H ekft-fuzsB s'_ ejkDh fuzsB tZb nj[bfdnK, T[; B/ gZSwh ;zebgK dhUgo/ Yzr Bkb fBog/y-][dw[]skoh sfjs gzikph ;kfjse feosK ftØu'_ T[BQKB{z bZGD$eZYD d/ ekoi B{z fsnkrfdnK, Gkosh ;z;feqsh ns/ gzikph;K;feqse u/sBk d'jK Bkb i'V e/ nkgDh @;w[Zuh :'rsk# Bkb Bth_ fe;wdh @gVQs# gq;s[s ehsh.

6H ejkDh fuzsB nzsors b'et/d s'_ ;kfjs ftfrnkB, noEK d/ fgS'eV B{zvhe'v eoBk gos do gos nZr/$fgZS/ d'tK fposKs bVhnK B{z x'yDk,fJ;sqh fbzr, b'et/dh nzso-eEktK dh fBFkBd/jh, gkm d/ ntu/sBh g;koKB{z tX/o/ y'bQDk$sbkFDk, ouBk-gkm s'_ ;wkie :EkoE$fJfsjk;-fdqFNhBkb \?}:kp j'Dk nkfd B[efsnK ;jko/ jfoGiB f;zx B/ ¿fJBN?Bf;tohfvzrÀ dh ftbZyD fgos gkJh.

7H jfoGiB f;zx-fuzsB dh GkFk F?bh T[;dh nfXn?B-fdqFNh dh wjØstg{oBgqkgsh j?. nzro/}h, T[od{, \ko;h, fjzdh, ;z;feqs nkfd GkFktK dkfrnksk j'D d/ pkti{d jfoGiB f;zx gzikph GkFk d/ m/m w[jkto/ B{zfeXo/ th ft;kodk Bjh_. T[; d/ ;kfjs nkb'uBk d/ ;[szso gqpzX ns/;zebgh GkFk B{z xVB d/ fJfsjk;e wjZst s'_ w[Beo Bjh_ j'fJnk ik;edk.

jtkb/ ns/ fNZgDhnK Ljtkb/ ns/ fNZgDhnK Ljtkb/ ns/ fNZgDhnK Ljtkb/ ns/ fNZgDhnK Ljtkb/ ns/ fNZgDhnK L

1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, Princeton

University Press, New Jersey, 1993, p -159-160.

2H I. A. Richards, Practical Criticism, Hartourt Brace and Co., New

York, 1925, p-13.

3 H3 H3 H3 H3 H Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, p- 221.

4H vkH jfoGiB f;zx, ouBk ;zouBkouBk ;zouBkouBk ;zouBkouBk ;zouBkouBk ;zouBk, r[o{ BkBe d/t :{Bhtof;Nh,


nzfwqs;o, n?vhFB 2010, gzBk-88H5 H5 H5 H5 H5 H T[jh, gzBkT[jh, gzBkT[jh, gzBkT[jh, gzBkT[jh, gzBk-89H6 H6 H6 H6 H6 H T[jh, gzBkT[jh, gzBkT[jh, gzBkT[jh, gzBkT[jh, gzBk-90H7H vkH jfoGiB f;zx, o{geho{geho{geho{geho{geh, r[o{ BkBe d/t :{Bhtof;Nh, nzfwqs;o,

n?vhFB 2010, gzBk-76H8 H8 H8 H8 H8 H T[jh, ;EkBT[jh, ;EkBT[jh, ;EkBT[jh, ;EkBT[jh, ;EkBH9H nwoihs ro/tkb, ¿fJe eftsk dk nfXn?B ns/ ftFb/FD¿, nkb'uBknkb'uBknkb'uBknkb'uBknkb'uBk,

gzikph ;kfjs nekvwh b[fXnkDk, i[bkJh-d;zpo, 1976, gzBk-54H10H vkH d/ftzdo e"o, FpdK d/ nko gkoFpdK d/ nko gkoFpdK d/ nko gkoFpdK d/ nko gkoFpdK d/ nko gko, u/sBk gqekFB, b[fXnkDk, 2005,

gzBk-15H11H vkH jfoGiB f;zx, fgnko s/ gfotkofgnko s/ gfotkofgnko s/ gfotkofgnko s/ gfotkofgnko s/ gfotko, Bt:[r gpfFo}, fdØbh, 1988,

gzBk-9H12 H12 H12 H12 H12 H T[jh, ;EkBT[jh, ;EkBT[jh, ;EkBT[jh, ;EkBT[jh, ;EkBH13 H13 H13 H13 H13 H T[jh, gzBkT[jh, gzBkT[jh, gzBkT[jh, gzBkT[jh, gzBk-10H14H vkH r[oGrs f;zx, :Øe d?fodk:Øe d?fodk:Øe d?fodk:Øe d?fodk:Øe d?fodk, gzikph nekdwh, fdØbh, 2009, gzBk-36H15H vkH jfoGiB f;zx, ]kw'Fh dk i}hok]kw'Fh dk i}hok]kw'Fh dk i}hok]kw'Fh dk i}hok]kw'Fh dk i}hok, gpbhe/FB fpT{o', gzikph

:{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk, 2016, gzBk-ix.16H vkH r[oGrs f;zx, :Øe d?fodk:Øe d?fodk:Øe d?fodk:Øe d?fodk:Øe d?fodk, gzBk-14H17H vkH r[oGrs f;zx, :Øe d?fodk:Øe d?fodk:Øe d?fodk:Øe d?fodk:Øe d?fodk, gzBk-13H18H vkH jfoGiB f;zx, ]kw'Fh dk i}hok]kw'Fh dk i}hok]kw'Fh dk i}hok]kw'Fh dk i}hok]kw'Fh dk i}hok, gzBk-40H19 H19 H19 H19 H19 H T[jh, gzBkT[jh, gzBkT[jh, gzBkT[jh, gzBkT[jh, gzBk-85H


o{geh L ftjkoe nkb'uBk d/o{geh L ftjkoe nkb'uBk d/o{geh L ftjkoe nkb'uBk d/o{geh L ftjkoe nkb'uBk d/o{geh L ftjkoe nkb'uBk d/gSkD fuzBQgSkD fuzBQgSkD fuzBQgSkD fuzBQgSkD fuzBQ

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ftjkoe nkb'uBk, fi; bJh nzro/}h ftZu practical

criticism Fpd gq:[es j'fJnk j?. ;kfjs nkb'uBk dh fJeftXh ti'_ fJ;dk ;EkgB ns/ gqubB, gZSw ftu nkJhHJ/H fouov dh g[;se practical criticism s'_ wzfBnk iKdkj?.(1) nkJhHJ/H fouov fJe wB'ftfrnkBe ;kfjs fuzse;h, T[;B/ wB' ftfrnkB dk noE ftfrnkB Bkb ;fjGkteoe/ ;kfjse feos d/ FpdK ftZu gJhnK noErs;zGktBKtK se gkme dh gj[zu B{z ns/ T[; gj[zu gqsh gkmedh wkBf;e gqshfefonk B{z ftjkoe nkb'uBk d/ noE x/o/ftu ;hwK pZX ehsk j?.

gzikph ;kfjs nkb'uBk d/ y/so ftu fJ; ;whfynkBz{ tZy tZy fuzseK fit/_ vkHjfoGiB f;zx, vkHdftzdo f;zxs/ vkH;fszdo f;zx nkfd B/ nkgD/ ;kfjs fuzsB s/ ;whfynkf;XKsK d[nkok gfoGkFs ehsk j?.(2)

vkH jfoGiB f;zx gzikph d/ T[Zx/ eth, nkb'ue,nfXnkge, ;zgkde, nB[tkde s/ GkFDeko ;B. fJe b/yetZi'_ vkHjfoGiB f;zx T[j F];hns ;B fiBQK B/ f;oiDk s/;whfynk ftubh yVQ's B{z s'fVnk s/ BthnK bhjK dh ;EkgBkehsh. fJj BthnK bhjK nkT[D tkb/ b/yeK bJh tzrkopDhnK. fJe nkb'ue ti'_ T[j nfij/ fdqFN/sk ;B fe T[BQKB/ gZSwh fuzsB ftu'_ ftfGzB nkb'uBk fdqFNhnK ngDkJhnK.gkorkwh, o{geh, ouBk-ftouBk, ;kfjs ftfrnkB,gkorkwh, o{geh, ouBk-ftouBk, ;kfjs ftfrnkB,gkorkwh, o{geh, ouBk-ftouBk, ;kfjs ftfrnkB,gkorkwh, o{geh, ouBk-ftouBk, ;kfjs ftfrnkB,gkorkwh, o{geh, ouBk-ftouBk, ;kfjs ftfrnkB,;kfjs nfXn?B, ykw'Fh dk }}hok;kfjs nfXn?B, ykw'Fh dk }}hok;kfjs nfXn?B, ykw'Fh dk }}hok;kfjs nfXn?B, ykw'Fh dk }}hok;kfjs nfXn?B, ykw'Fh dk }}hok nkfd T[BQK dhnKnkb'uBk g[;seK jB. T[BQK B/ ;w/_ ;w/_ gZSwh fuzsB ftugqufbs j'JhnK nkb'uBk fdqFNhnK B{z gzikph ;kfjs T[Zs/pk]{ph bkr{ ehsk. vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh nkb'uBk fdqFNh

b?euoko, gzikph nfXn?B;e{b, r[o{ BkBe d/t:{Bhtof;Nh, nzfwqs;o.c'B L 8437025940


pko/ XkoBk gqufbs j? fe T[BQK dh nkb'uBk ;kfjs B{z ;wki Bkb'_ tZyok eoe/ t/ydh j?.T[j nzsozr nkb'uBk dh jkwh God/ jB.vkHjfoGiB f;zx d/ nfXn?B dknXko gkm j?, T[j ouBk d/ ;wkfie, nkofEe s/ fJfsjk;e gZyK Bkb'_ ouBk B{z e/_do ftu oZy e/ nfXn?B eod/ jB. ftjkoe ;whfynk dk ezw ;kfjs dh ihtzss/ gqkDtzs j'_d B{z gSkDBk j?. fJ; d/ B/wK s/ ouBkswe ftF/Fsk dh ftnkfynkeoBk j?.(3) ;kfjse ouBk dh nkgDh ftF/F j'_d j[zdh j? ns/ jo nkb'ue nkgD/nkg ftu ftbZyD j[zdk j? fit/_ vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ ftjkoe ;whfynk d/ fszB gqw[ZybZSD fBoXkfos ehs/ jBL ekft ouBk dh ;t?-Gog{osk, ekft feos dh J/esk s/w[bKeD. vkH jfoGiB f;zx d/ ;kfjs fuzsB Bkb ;zpzXs g[;se o{geho{geho{geho{geho{geh dk ftFb/FD eoe/ T[BQK d/ ftjkoe fuzsB B{z g/F eoB dk :sB fJ; jZEb/ gou/ ftu eoBdh e'fFF eoKr/.

o{geho{geho{geho{geho{geh g[;se ftu vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ ¿ezpdh ebkJh¿ s'_ ¿gjhnk¿ sefrnkoK ekft-feosK d/ nXko s/ gzikph ;whfynk d/ f;XKsK B{z T[;kfonk j?. vkHjfoGiB f;zx B/ g[;se o{geho{geho{geho{geho{geh d/ nkozG ftu jh ekft feos d/ nd[Zsh o{g dhgfjukD ;zpzXh ;tkb T[mkfJnk j? fe fet/_ n;h ekft-feos d/ o{g dh gfjukDeo ;ed/ jK feT[_ fe T[BQK dk wzBDk j? fe eftsktK o{g gZy s'_ fJe j'D d/ekoD th tZyosk oZydhnK jB.T[j eftsk d/ tor/t/_ EkDh T[BQK d/ tZyo/t/_ segj[zuD dh rZb eod/ jB. T[BQK nB[;ko eftsk o{g gZy'_ ;KMh j? gozs{ g/Fekohd/ gZy'_ tZyokJh ik ;edh j?.(4)

vkHjfoGiB f;zx eftsk dk w{b sZs sDkT[ B{z wzBd/ jB.T[BQK nB[;koeftsk dk iBw iK sK sDkT[ s'_ w[es j'D bJh iK sDkT[ f;oiD bJh j[zdk j?,fJj sDkT[ jh ekft-feos d/ ftuko-gqpzX, Gkt-gqpzX, ekoi-gqpzX ns/ GkFk ftuc?b iKdk j? fJ; bJh T[j eftsk d/ o{g Bz{ gfjukBD d/ bJh sDkT[ B{z nkfdfpzd{ wzBd/ jB.(5)eftsk d/ tyo/_t/ B{z fpnkB eod/ j'J/ T[j sDkT[ dh g/Fekohdk jtkbk fdzd/ jB fe fe;/ fJe eftsk ftu g/F sDkT[ ;[bMk fbnk iKdk j? s/d{ih eftsk ftu rZb sDkT[ s'_ F[o{ j[zdh j? s/ sDkT[ s/ jh w[Zedh j?.

vkHjfoGiB f;zx nB[;ko fJe ftFk ;w/_, ;EkB s/ ;zpzXK dh ftZbyDsk d/ekoD nB/e ftnefsst XkoD eo b?_dk j? feT[_ fe wB[y d/ ;KM/ ftF/ xZN jBgo nZv-nZv ;fEZshnK d/ ekoD T[j nDfrDs w[jKdo/ s/ ;[Gkn XkoD eo b?_d/jB. (6)

vkHjfoGiB f;zx eftsk d/ Ehw ;zpzXh uouk eod/ j'J/ efjzd/ jB fe Ehwnw{os th j' ;edk j? fit/_ fgnko ns/ ;w{os th fit/_ ftnesh.T[BQK dk wzBDkj? fe ftjkoe nkb'uBk t/b/ nftF/F ftuko iK t;s{ dh EK ftF/F ;fEsh tZbo[fus j'Dk ukjhdk j? Gkt fe ouBk d/ ftF/F gZyK B{z ftukoBk ukjhdk j?. ftF/


F B{z bZGD dk sohek j? ekft-feos ftub/ wkBth ;zpzXk, ;w/_ ns/ e'D B{zgfjukBDk.(7)

vkHjfoGiB f;zx eftsk ftu ¿;w/_¿ B{z wjZst fdzd/ j'J/ nkyd/ jB feeftsk dh ftbZyDsk ;w/_ s/ fBoGo eodh j? Gkt fe eftsk fJe ;w/_ fpzd{ s'_F[o{ j' e/ d{i/ ;w/_ se c?b ;edh j? fit/_ w'jB f;zx dh eftsk ¿ski wjZb¿j[D s'_ fgSKj se c?bdh j? s/ T[; B{z ftbZyD pDkT[dh j?. T[BQK nB[;ko eftsknkgD/ gqkfeqfse fB:wK nB[;ko jw/Fk nrKj jh Bjh s[odh fJj fgSKj dh ukbth uZbdh j? s/ fJj sZs eftsk B{z ;[ji th gqdkB eodk j?.(8)

ekft p[Dsh ;zpzXh uouk eofdnK T[BQK B/ fejk j? fe eftsk dh p[Dshftu nB[Gt Fkwb j[zdk j?.T[BQK nB[;ko Fpd ns/ nB[Gt ekft p[Dsh dk nXkojB.nB[Gth ekft N'N/ ftu w"ek,ftnesh ;G ftF/F j[zd/ jB s/ fJ; d/ T[bNnB[Gt ftj{Dh eftsk fJBKQ sZsK s'_ ;ZyDh j[zdh j?.ekft GkFk d/ okjh_ T[j eftskdk w[jKdok fBFfus eod/ jB s/ efjzd/ jB fe fijVh eftsk ftu ekft GkFkfe;/ fBFfus w[jKdo/ ftu ftuodh j? T[j eftsk j? s/ fijVh nfBFfus c?bkT[fybkodh j? T[j GkFD j?.(9)

vkH jfoGiB f;zx nB[;ko ;zouBktkd e'Jh f;XKs Bjh j? fJj frnkBgqkgsh dk fdqFNh fpzd{ j?.T[BQK nB[;ko ;zouBk fJe ;w[Zu j? fi; d/ nzr fJed{i/ Bkb ;koEe o{g ftu nzso ;zpzXs ofjzd/ jB.(10) T[BQK nB[;ko ;zouBkd/ fe;/ nzr ;zebg dh nkg e'Jh ;koEesk Bjh j[zdh T[; dh ;koEesk d{i/ nzrKs/ fBoGo j?.

vkHjfoGiB f;zx wzBd/ jB fe ;zouBktkdh fdqFNh o{wkBh ns/ ftjkoefdqFNhnK s'_ tZyoh j?.(11) o[wkBh fuzse nkgD/ doFB gqpzX d/ nXko s/ sZEKdk torheoB ns/ w[bKeD eod/ jB s/ ftjkotkdh sZEK d/ nXko s/ doFB gqpzXT[;kod/ jB.T[BQK nB[;ko ;zouBktkdh fJe nfijh ftXh dh sbkF ftu BjhfBebd/ i' jo EK bkr{ ehsh ik ;e/ fJj Bth_ ;wZroh bJh Bth_ ftXh dh wzreod/ jB.

Ehw s/ ohw ;zpzXh rZb eofdnK T[j nkgDk wZs g/F eod/ jB fe Ehws'_ ;o'sk GbhGKs ikD{ j[zdk j? T[j ouBk ftZu'_ fJ; B{z ;fji/ gSkD b?_dk j? gqzs{ohw-Ehw dhnK nB/eK ;zGktBktK ftu'_ T[sgzB j[zdk j?. fJE/ T[BQK B/ GkJh tho f;zxdh eftsk ¿ezpdh ebkJh¿ dk jtkbk fdZsk j? fit/I ;[gB/ ftu ¿s[;h_¿ s/ ¿n;h_¿fwb/ Ehw j?,T[j rbteVh gkT[Dr/ iK e[M j'o wfj;{; eoBr/, ;zGktBktKjB.(12)

Ehw s/ ohw ;zpzXh wZs g/F eofdnK T[j dZ;d/ jB fe id'_ ;fEsh dhrsh dh ;zGktBk ;wkgs j' ikt/ sK Ehw fte;s j' e/ ohw Bjh_ pDdk. T[BQK


B/ ¿e/b'_ d/ rb bZrh t/b¿ d/ jtkb/ okjhI fJ; B[es/ B{z ;gZFN ehsk j?fit/_

jkfJ B Xqhe ;kB{z, jkfJ t/ B wko fyZuKjkfJ B ftS'V rb bZfrnK B{z gkghnk

fJj T[go'es ;soK eftsk dk Ehw jB gqzs{ fJ; eftsk ftu t/b s/ o[Zyd/ foFs/ dhnK ftek;h ;zGktBktK ;wkgs jB. ;koh eftsk ftu t/b s/ o[Øy dkfoFsk N[ZND dh ;zGktBk ofjzdh fit/_ n:kbh t/b Xqhedk j?, fyudk j?, ftSVB dh;zGktBk ekfJw ofjzdh j?, foFs/ d/ ftek; dh BjhI e/tb Fpd jh c?bd/ jB.(13)

vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ ekft GkFk s/ fwnkoh GkFk ;zpzXh uouk ehsh j? fejo ekft-feos ftu fwnkoh GkFk d/ fB:wK ftu fYZb tosh iKdh j?.fwnkohGkFk s/ ekft GkFk fJe' fijhnK jB gqzs{ fJe d{i/ s'_ tZy th jB.ekft GkFk dknfXn?B fwnkoh GkFk d/ Bw{B/ tZi'_ th j' ;edk j? gqzs{ d'jK ftu nzso th j?,eftsk ftu fwnkoh GkFk dh ftnkeoDe i[rs B{z pdb/ fpBK T[; d/ FpdK B{znZr/ fgS/ eo fdZsk iKdk j? i' fe noEK ftu spdhbh Bjh fbnkT[_d/ gqzs[ wkj"bB{z tZyok eo fdzd/ jB.(14) fJE/ T[BQK B/ ¿ezpdh ebkJh¿ eftsk dk Bw{Bkg/F ehsk j? fit/_

ekft GkFkekft GkFkekft GkFkekft GkFkekft GkFk fwnkoh GkFkfwnkoh GkFkfwnkoh GkFkfwnkoh GkFkfwnkoh GkFk

;[gB/ ftu s[;h_ fwb/ n;KB{z s[;h_ n;KB{z ;[gB/ ftu fwb/

vkHjfoGiB f;zx B/ eftsk ftub/ fwZEe sZsK ;zpzXh rZb eofdnK nkX[fBeeftsk ;zpzXh okJ/ fdZsh j? fe nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk fBo'b :EkoE tZb o[fus BjhIojh, T[j :EkoE dk fwEheoD eodh j? fit/_ T[j ¿ e/b'_ d/ rb bZrh t/b¿ eftskftubh t/b d/ p'bD dk jtkbk d/ e/ fwEe sZEK dk jtkbk fdzd/ jB.(15) T[BQKnB[;ko T[j nkw t/b s'_ tX/o/ T[u/u/ gZXo dh j?.

vkHjfoGiB f;zx B/ eftsk ftu o{ge f;oiD ;zpzXh fejk j? fe id'_ the'Jh eth iK BkNeeko fe;/ gkso Bkb fJefwe j' e/ p'bdk j? s/ T[j fJe go'yo{ge dh f;oiDk eodk j?.(16)

eftsk ftu nbzekoK dh tos'_ ;zpzXh T[j efjzd/ jB fe id'_ Ehw iKw'fN\ ;fji rsh dh nt;Ek ftu j[zd/ jB fco nbzekoK dh b'V BjhI j[zdh feT[_fe;fEosk B{z ;iktN dh b'V j? rsh nkgDk ;[ji nkg j? fit/_ T[j fJE/ w'jB f;zxdh eftsk ¿e[Vh g'm'jko dh¿ jtkbk d/ ;wMkT[_d/ jBL

;kt/ ;kt/ xkj d/ EZp/,

johnK johnK, bzwhnK bzwhnK, xkj dhnK sDhnK

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x[zrN tkr{z

;kt/_ ;kt/_, johnK johnK FpdK dk d[jokT[ Bjh j?.fJj t/yD dk;ze'utkB gqrNktk j?.fJE/ Fpd nvzpo j? BK fe Gkt nvzpo.x[zrN tKr T[gwKnbzeko gqshs j' fojk j? go j? Bjh_ fJj e/tb GkFk dh tos'_ ftu j? noEftu Bjh_. xkj dhnK sDhnK x[zrN torhnK Bjh jB pbfe x[zrN jh jB s/T[gwk noE nbzeko j? Fpd Bjh_.(18)

eftsk ftu Fkpfde i[rs iK Fpd pj[bsk ;zpzXh vkHjfoGiB f;zxefjzd/ jB fe id'_ Ehw ftu'_ Bt/_ ohw fte;s j'D dh ;zGktBk w[Ze iKdh j? sKfco eth Fpd pj[bsk tZb nkeofFs j[zdk j?.(19) fJE/ T[BQK B/ ¿ikfJdkd¿eftsk dk jtkbk fdZsk j?. ikfJdkd bJh eth B/ uko T[gwktK dh tos'_ ehshj? fit/_

ikfJdkd

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nZyhnK fiT[_ ;?b gZEo i[r

j'_m fiT[_ :ke{s d/ u[g

vkH jfoGiB f;zx eftsk ftu wZXekbh ;zt/dBk iK ftuko dh gq;s[sh;zpzXh rZb eod/ j'J/ efjzd/ jB fe id'_ eth eftsk ftu wZXekbh ;'u dkgqrNktk eodk j? sK T[d'_ T[j ftuko B{z nzfsw o{g ftu pfDnk-pDkfJnk okJ/d/ o{g ftu g/F eodk j?.T[; dk fJj ftuko fefonk iK gqfefonk EkDh Bjhbzxdk,T[j ;fEo j[zdk j?.T[BKQ nB[;ko ftuko BtK j't/ iK gqrshFhb T[; Bkb;pzfXs ;zt/dBk nkX[fBe Bjh_ j[zdh.(20)

vkH jfoGiB f;zx eftsk bJh wkBf;esk s/ tk;sftesk dh fJekroskB{z }o{oh wzBd/ jB, T[j efjzd/ fe nB[Gt s'_ ebk se dk ;\o GktBk s'_ g/Fekohdk ;\o j?.fJ; gqfefonk ftu wkBf;esk B{z tk;sftesk ftu YbDk g?_dk j? fJ;bJh }o{oh j? fe GktBk B{z T[; d/ jkD dh t;s{ gqkgs j't/ Bjh sK g/Fekoh fsVeiKdh j?.(21)

nfBT[esh (Allogory) ;zpzXh uouk eod/ j'J/ vkHjfoGiB f;zx dZ;d/jB fe fijVh eftsk T[gwkB e/_dfos j't/ s/ fi; ftu T[gwkB gk;'_ T[gw/: dkezw fbnk ikt/ T[; B{z nfBT[esh efjzd/ jB.(22) T[j nkX[fBe gzikph eftskB{z fJ; ;[Gkn dh XkoBh wzBd/ jB. nkX[fBe eftsk ftu fJj sZs wX:[rh;zt/dBk d/ ekoB jh nkfJnk j? gozs{ fJjBK d/ ;[Gkn ftu nzso th Fkfwb j?fit/_ wZX:[rh eftsk d/ gqshe oZp, gsBh, r[o{, BkfJek iK ;kXe s/ oKMk fJefBFfus noEK d/ XkoBh j[zd/ ;h gozs{ nkX[fBe :[Zr dh eftsk y[Zb/ gqsheK dh tos'_


eodh j? s/ nkb'ue T[; d/ fJe y/so dk jh nB[wkB brk ;edk j?fit/_ ¿gzy/o{¿ eftsk dk jtkbk fdzd/ jB fe eftsk ftu gzy/o{ fe;/ wjKBkfJe dkgqshe gqshs j' fojk j?.gzy/o{ BkfJe, eth iK ;zs th j' ;edk j? fJj noE x/o/ tZb ;ze/s eodk j?.(23)

nkX[fBe eftsk s/ wZX:[rh eftsk d/ ;[Gkn dh uouk eofdnK T[j efjzd/jB fe nkX[fBe eftsk ftFtk; s/ ;zd/j s/ nXkfos j? gozs{ wZX:[rh eftskftFtk; nXkfos j[zdh j?.(24) nkX[fBe ;zt/dBk tkbh eftsk ftu g/F ftuko ftuftek; dhnK ;zGktBktK Fkfwb j[zdhnK jB gozs{ wZX:[rh ftuko tkbh eftsk ftuw[ZY ftu jh nkyoh ftuko g/F ehsk j[zdk j? ftek; dh e'Jh r[zikfJF Bjh pZudh.

vkHjfoGiB f;zx eftsk ftu ¿;{esh¿ ;zpzXh uouk eod/ j'J/ efjzd/ jBfe fJj ;{eshnK fe;/ th ftnesh d/ fe;/ th soQK d/ fgnko bJh T[ukohnK ik;edhnK jB.fJj fusokswe j[zdhnK jB go e/_doh fpzp s'_ ftSz[BhnK j[zdhnK jBfit/_ T[j fFt e[wko dh eftsk ¿ fpoj'_ dh oVQe¿ d/ okjh_ nkgDh rZb ;gZFNeod/ jB.(25)

fgnko n?;h fssbh

fgnko n?;k G"o

fgnko n?;k wjb

nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk B{z ;wMD iK T[;d/ noE ;zuko se gj[zuD ;zpzXhth vkHjfoGiB f;zx B/ e[M B[es/ g/F ehs/ jB.T[BQK nB[;ko nkX[fBe eftsk d/noE Fpd ftu BjhI ;zdoG ftu j[zd/ jB.T[j efjzd/ fe nkX[fBe eftsk fbyhf;ØXh beho ftu iKdh j? go T[; B{z gVQB bJh o[eDk g?_dk j? s/ fgSKj gosDkg?_dk j?. fJj eftsk fe;/ pD/ pDkJ/ ftuko, Gkt iK noE dk c"oh gqrNktk Bjh,;r'_ ftuko Gkt iK noE fe;/ c?b/ j'J/ ;zdoG ftu ;wkfJnk j[zdk j?.T[; B{zB[es/ ftu'_ Bjh u"gk;/ c?bkT[ ftu'_ bZGDk g?_dk j?.(26)

T[go'es ;ko/ fttoD s'_ pknd fejk ik ;edk j? fe vkHjfoGiB f;zxnkgDh x'yth_ s/ goyth_ fdqFNh ;dek ouBk B{z e/_do ftu oZy e/ T[; ftu gq;s[sjo/e sZs dh wjZssk B{z g/F eod/ jB s/ Bkb jh eftsk d/ ekb s/ ;zt/dBk ;zpzXhm'; f;XKsK dh g/Fekoh eod/ j'J/ b/ye ;zpzXh T[; dh ouBk d/ nXko s/ XkoBkB{z g/F eod/ jB.fJ; soQK ;gZFN j? fe vkHjfoGiB f;zx B/ ¿o{geh¿ g[;se ftugzikph ftjkoe ;whfynk d/ nfij/ B[es/ T[xkV/ jB fe gkme T[BQK d/ okjh_ eftskdh nzdo{Bh iVs B{z geV e/ ;zuko B{z rqfjD eodk j?.

jtkb/ fNZgDhnK L-jtkb/ fNZgDhnK L-jtkb/ fNZgDhnK L-jtkb/ fNZgDhnK L-jtkb/ fNZgDhnK L-

1H gzikph ghvhnkgzikph ghvhnkgzikph ghvhnkgzikph ghvhnkgzikph ghvhnk


2H T[jh

3H ;fszdo f;zx, ftjkoe ;whfynk eftsk s/ tkoseftjkoe ;whfynk eftsk s/ tkoseftjkoe ;whfynk eftsk s/ tkoseftjkoe ;whfynk eftsk s/ tkoseftjkoe ;whfynk eftsk s/ tkose, gzBk 131

4H vkH jfoGiB f;zx, o{geho{geho{geho{geho{geh r[o{ BkBe d/t :{Bhtof;Nh nzfwqs;o gzBk 1

5H T[jhT[jhT[jhT[jhT[jh, gzBk





















26H T[jhT[jhT[jhT[jhT[jh, gzBk 93õõõ


fJe ]s s/o/ BK LfJe ]s s/o/ BK LfJe ]s s/o/ BK LfJe ]s s/o/ BK LfJe ]s s/o/ BK L]sK dh gVQs]sK dh gVQs]sK dh gVQs]sK dh gVQs]sK dh gVQsjoftzdo e"ojoftzdo e"ojoftzdo e"ojoftzdo e"ojoftzdo e"o

fffffJe ]s s/o/ BKJe ]s s/o/ BKJe ]s s/o/ BKJe ]s s/o/ BKJe ]s s/o/ BK jfoGiB f;zx dh fJe ftbZyDfeos j?. fJj feos f;oiDk s/ ;whfynk dk ;[w/b j?.fJ; feos ftub/ ]s fJe' t/b/ iK fJe' p?me ftu fby/ j'J/gqshs BjhI j[zd/. fJj ]s g[;se o{g ftu gqekfFs j'D s'IgfjbK nko;hnko;hnko;hnko;hnko;h w?r}hB ftu f;bf;b/tko gqekfFs j[zd/ oj/jB. g[;se o{g ftu fJj fJe ]s s/o/ BK fJe ]s s/o/ BK fJe ]s s/o/ BK fJe ]s s/o/ BK fJe ]s s/o/ BK f;ob/yj/m 1983 ftu gqekfFs j'J/ jB. g[;se d/ f;ob/y s'Igqshs j[zdk j? fe fJ; ftu e/tb fJe ]s dh rZb ehshrJh j't/rh, go fJj ]s b/ye d/ tZy tZy F];hnsK ;zpzXhnB[Gt d/ o{g ftu fby/ rJ/ jB, fiBQK ftu pkpk \ohd,r[o{ BkBe, g{oB f;zx, r[op]F f;zx, eosko f;zx d[Zrb,i;tzs f;zx B/eh, pbtzs rkorh, i;tzs eztb, dbhg e"ofNtkDk, nihs e"o, gq/w gqekF, BfoizB s;Bhw, okw ;o{gnDyh, w'jB bkb, ;toB uzdB ns/ okipho Fkfwb jB.fJj F];hnsK b/ye dhnK g{opekbh th jB, ;wekbh thjB. fJBQK F];hnsK dh ]s fbyD bJh u'D dk nkXko thfJBQK dh F];h ftbZyDsk ns/ nkg'-nkgD/ y/soK ftu f;oihw"fbesk pfDnk j?. e'Jh F];hns Xow y/so dh j? e'Jh;kfjs y/so dh j? go fJBQK dh ;KMh ftF/Fsk fJBQK dhGkFe-;z;ko dh f;oiD-:'rsk j?. jfoGiB f;zx B/ fJetko nkg fes/ fejk j? fe fijVk wB[Zy f;oie BjhI T[j;koEe BjhI.

fJ; feos dh ftbZyDsk dk nkXko fJ; dh n;b'IfbyD F?bh j?. fJ; dh GkFk f;oiBkswe j?, sk}rh-Gog{oj?, GkFk ftu fes/ e'Jh T[u/u BjhI. ]s b/yDh dk w{b

nf;;N?IN gq'ca?;o ]kb;kekbi, nzfwqs;o


nkXko s/ wB'oE ;zuko j?. Gkt/I ;zuko jo b/yDh ftu w"i{d j? go ]s dk gqEwgq:'iB jh ;zuko j?. jfoGiB f;zx B/ ]s d/ fJ; gqkEfwe gq:'iB ;zuko dhgqkEfwesk ~ pdb fdZsk j? s/ gqkEfwesk ;[ji ~ d/ fdZsh j?. fJ; gfjb-d{id/ eqw B/ jfoGiB f;zx d/ ]s ~ tZyosk d/ fdZsh j?.

]sK d/ wkfXnw Bkb b/ye B/ ;kfjs dh fJe BthI ftXk Bkb th ikD-gSkD eotkJh j? s/ ]s ~ ;kXkoB ;zuko wkfXnw s'I gko ik e/ fJ; ~ fJeftbZyD w"fbe ;kfjse tzBrh ti'I ;Ekfgs th ehsk j?. fJj ]s o/yk fuZso dhftXk d/ nzdk} ftu fby/ rJ/ jB.

fJj ]s gqEw-g[oyh F?bh ftu fby/ rJ/ jB. gqEw-g[oyh F?bh ]s bJhbk}wh th j?. Gkt/I b/ye pkpk \ohd ~ w[]kfsp j?, iK pkpk BkBe ~ iK fconkgD/ ;wekbh B/eh, rkorh iK eztb ~ j?, jo EK ;zp'XBh bfj}k fJe'-fijkj?. r[o{, gho, ;wekbh fwZso ;G T[;d/ n}h} jB. b/ye ;zpzfXs F];hns Bkbf;ZXk ;ztkd oukT[Idk j? ns/ s{z$s[;hI$s[jk~$s[jkvk efj e/ w[]kfsp j[zdk j? go fJ;B/Vb/ ;ztkd ftu th ;zpzfXs F];hns gqsh nkdo-;fseko dk Gkt |?o-jk}oBjhI. ;ztkd pj[sh tko toswkB ekbe j? fi; ftu pkpk \ohd, r[o{ BkBe tor/y[oy th f;ZX/ ;ztkd ftu nzr-;zr wfj;{; ehs/ rJ/ jB. fit/I pkpk \ohd Bkb;ztkd dk T[dkjoD j?L

w?I pko pko s/o/ gk; nkT[Idk jK, feT[Ife s{z wB[Zyh :'rsk ftu w/okftFtk; gZfenk eo e/, w?~ jo soQK dh eZNVsk s'I w[es eodk j?. (pkpk \ohd,gzH11)

eJh tko sK fJj gqshs j[zdk j? fit/I b/ye w'B'bkr tKr nkgD/ nkgBkb jh rZbK eo fojk j?. fi; F];hns Bkb ]s'-feskps ehsh ik ojh j?,T[j ;ztkd ftu jk}o th j?, |?o-jkf}o th j?. jk}oh s/ |?o-jkf}oh d/ d[tZb/gfog/y ftu w[]kfsp F];hns ~ fNekT[Dk fJ; ouBk dh ftF/Fsk j?.

fJBQK ]sK dk fXnkB ;zpzfXs F];hns i/ iBw, pugB, f;Zfynk,feZs/, nkfd pko/ ;{uBkswe fNZgDhnK tZb BjhI ;r'I fJj sK fJBQK F];hnsK dhso}/-f}zdrh ~ T[GkoB tZb o[fus jB. T[j so}/-f}zdrh fijVh fJBQK F];hnsK~ j'oBK s'I tZyok pDkT[Idh j?. jfoGiB f;zx ~ fJ; rZb dh ;wM j? fe T[jfJfsjk; BjhI fby fojk. T[j sK fJBQK F];hnsK ~ :kd eo fojk j?, fi; tk;s/]s fbyD dh fBt/ebh ftXk dh u'D ehsh rJh j?.

fJj ]s fe;/ F];hns ftF/F s/ T[;d/ ;zpzfXs y/so Bkb i[V/ tZy tZynzFK dk fwFoD jB. ]s ftu ;zpzfXs F];hns dk ihtB s/ T[;dh ouBk d'nfBZyV gfjb{nK tZi'I gSkD/ rJ/ jB. pkpk BkBe s/ T[;dh pkDh fJe jB. g{oB


f;zx dh F];hns s/ T[;dh ouBk fJe' jB. fij'-fijk g{oB f;zx T[j'-fijh g{oBT[;dh fbys. eEBh s/ eoBh ftu e'Jh nzso BjhI. T[dkjoD tZi'IL

@eftsk efjDk# s/ @eftsk g/F eoBk# dk \oe jh s[jk~ d{finK s'ItyfonkT[Idk j?. jwksV sK eftsk efjzd/, eftsk ;[DkT[Id/ jK, s[;hI f;o\ nkgDknkg j[zd/ j'. nkw gzikph eftsk nkgD/ nkg ftu fJe d[c/V j[zdh j?. vokw/ d/gkso s/ n?eNo ftubk d[c/V. (g{oB f;zx gzH28)

fJj ]s e/tb ftnesh ftF/F sZe ;hfws BjhI ;r'I ftnesh ftF/F d/pjkB/ ;wki, Xow, ;fGnkuko, gozgok, nkX[fBesk, ;kfjs, ;whfynk, GkFk, nkfdpko/ rkj/-prkj/ ;zihdk fuzsB th g//F eod/ jB. fw;kb tZi'I L

Xow vo ;w/I ;kvk wddeko th pDdk fojk j?, go fJj nkg th sKfJe nu/s ;fjw pD e/ ;kvh fje Is/ p?mk fojk j?. (pkpk cohdk, gzH10)

Xow j't/ iK GkFk, T[j mfjfonk j'fJnk B[esk sK j[zdk BjhI. T[j sKjo EK ihT[Idk ikrdk gqtkj j[zdk j?. (pkpk cohd, gzH10)

;kfjs GkFk s'I gko ]kw'Fh ftu tk; eodk j? iK ;kfjs T[j BjhI i'b/ye fbydk j?, ;r'I T[j j? i' gkme gVQD ;w/I nkgD/ wB ftu oudk j?. (r[o{BkBe, gzBk 21)

w"fbe T[j BjhI i' i[r'I-ijkB'I pkjok j't/, w"fbe T[j j? i' nkgD/ X[o@w{b# Bkb i[fVnk j't/. s[jkv/ bkr/ p?m e/ s[jkv/ p'b ;[DB dk wsbp j? nkgD/;fGnkuko d/ @X[o# bkr/ p?m e/ ][d nkgDh p'bh ;[DBk (g{oB f;zx, gzBk 26)

fJ; N?e;N ftu ;zpzfXs F];hns s'I T[;dh f;oih pkDh$;kfjs feosd't/I N?e;N tKr rqfjD ehshnK rJhnK jB. b/ye e'b w[]kfsp j'D tkbhnKF];hnsK dh gqkgs N?e;N pkDh, eftsk, Bktb, fBZeh ejkDh, BkNe d/ o{g ftuj? go T[j fJ; pj[-ftXkJh ;o's ;wZroh Bkb fJe BthI N?e;N f;oi fojk j?.J/Bk jh BjhI fJBQK F];hnsK pko/ gqkgs ;fGnkuko dh gqtkB-okJ/ ~ th p'bD dkw"ek fwfbnk j?. fit/I r[o{ BkBe ~ w[]kfsp j[zd/ b/ye efjzdk j?L

id'I e'Jh @pkpk ih# T[ukodk j? sK ;fjtB jh s[jkvk w{zj-w[jKdok nZyK;kjwD/ nk yb'Idk j?. d{finK pkfpnK ~ :kd eoB bJh T[jBK d/ BK b?D dhb'V g?Idh j?, go fBo'b pkpk ih s[jkvk jh ;fGnkuko-BK j?. (@r[o{ BkBe,# gzH17)

]as-b/ye e'b F];hns ~ edh ;Zu s'I ;funko dh gqwkfDesk, ed/;kbw-;p{s/ ntzv nfBZyV nkg/ d/ o{g ftu ns/ edh ;kfjs dh e;tNh s/gSkfDnk frnk j?. r[o{-g?|zpo bJh b/ye FoXk s/ ftFtk; tkbh fdqFNh j? s/d';s-fwsoK bJh p/fbjk} ohftT{-fNZgDhnK jB. pbtzs rkorh ~ ]s fbyfdnK


T[j efjzdk j?L

s/o/ gk; n"os dk pVk jh ;hws fpzp s/ T[d'I th ;hfws ;zebg j?. s{znkgDh gq/fwek dk f}eo eo/I iK fe;/ tkfe\ n"os dk, s/o/ gk; T[; d/ fi;ws'I gko Mke ;eD dh ftjb BjhI (pbtzs rkorh, gzH73)

fJ; soQK jfoGiB f;zx B/ fJ; ouBk okjhI nkgDh f;oiBkswe ;woZEkdk fJe j'o gqwkD fdZsk j?. T[;B/ fJ; fb]s Bkb fJj dZ; fdZsk j? fe T[je/tb fJe gqwkfDe eth s/ ;whfyne BjhI, ;r'I fJe' t/b/ ;kfjs-ftXktK dh tzB-;[tzBsk Bkb d;sgzik b? ;edk j?. jEbh ouBk o"ue s/ o;hbh tkose F?bhftu fbyh rJh j?. fJ; ftu'I gkme nkgD/ ftZs s/ ;woZEk w[skfpe wkDe-w'shgqkgs eo ;edk j?.

õõõ


vkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH jfoGiB f;zxL ;zgkdB ebkL ;zgkdB ebkL ;zgkdB ebkL ;zgkdB ebkL ;zgkdB ebkvkH ewbgqhs f;zxvkH ewbgqhs f;zxvkH ewbgqhs f;zxvkH ewbgqhs f;zxvkH ewbgqhs f;zx

vkH jfoGiB f;zx ;[[jitkdh ekft Xkok dk eth j?.T[;B/ ekft nfGnk; 1947 s'_ gfjb'_ jh F[o{ eo fdZsk ;hgo gfjbk ekft ;zrqfj bkFKbkFKbkFKbkFKbkFK 1956 B{z gqekfFs j'fJnk fJjnZm ;kb dk nzsokb dZ;dk j? vkH jfoGiB ftu fby/ B{z;'X e/ gqekfFs eoB dh o[uh pbtkB j?. vkH jfoGiBnkgD/ ekft nB[Gt ftu BthB, buedko ns/ t;s{ nB[;koYb ikD tkbk j?. fiE/ eth d/ s"o gzikph irs ftu vkHjfoGiB dh gfjukD j? T[E/ fJZe fuzse ti'_ th gzikphndp ftu vkH jfoGiB fJZe ;Ekgs j;skyo j?. vkHjfoGiB B// ;kfjs dk w[skfbnk th ih Goe/ ehsk j?. T[j;jh wkfJB/ ftu fJZe p[ZXhihth j?. fJZe eth ti'_ T[;B/nkX[fBe ihtB ftu ;Ekfgs fBokoEesk s/ wB'r[zMbK B{zfusoD ftu ewkb d/ j[Bo dh g/Fekoh ehsh. T[j ihtBftu \?b ojh pDktN, bkukorh, noEjhDsk B{z pj[sgqthBsk Bkb ekft okjh_ gqrNkT[_dk j?. vkH jfoGiB f;zxeftsk d/ nfij/ fpzd{nK B{z ekft feos ftu g/F eodk j?,i' toswkB s'_ gko c?b/ j'J/ jB.

gzikph ftu ;zgkdB dh wjkB gozgok ojh j?. ;qhr[o{ noiB d/t ih B/ nkfd rqzEnkfd rqzEnkfd rqzEnkfd rqzEnkfd rqzE dh e[Fb ;zgkdBk Bkb;zgkdB ebk dh Bh_j oZyh. fJ; gzikph Bkb ftu ;zgkdBdh wjkB ebk dk nkozG j'fJnk. ;z;ko d/ j'o XkofwerqzEK dh soQK r[o{ noiB d/t B/ ;qh rqzE ;kfjp dk ;zgkdBeoe/ fJZe fBt/ebh Xkofwe ;z;Ek dh Bh_j oZyh, fi; B/f;Zy Xow B{z ;dhth j'_d dk nfj;k; eotk fdZsk.1 fJ;/gozgok B{z nZr/ s'ofdnK gzikph ndph, Xkofwe y/so ftupj[s jh wjZstg{oB ;zgkdBK d/ ekoi j'J/. ]k; s"o s/

nf;;N?IN gq'ca?;o, phH phHe/H vhH J/H thH ekbi,nzfwqs;o.


;Ekgs ;kfjsekoK tZb'_ pj[s jh wjZstg{oB y'i ekoi ehs/ rJ/ jB. T[jBK tZb'_ehs/ rJ/ y'i ekoiK ftu fe;/ th gqeko dh ;EkgBk dh fJZSk Bjh_ ;h feT[_&fepj[s ;ko/ ;zgkde gfjb'_ jh ndph y/so ftu ;Ekgs j' u[Ze/ ;B. fJj ekoiiK sK ftFt ftfdnkfbnK d[nkok fwE e/ eotkJ/ rJ/ iK fco ;kfjsekoK d[nkoknkgD/ fuZs wB dh woih Bkb ehs/ rJ/. e[M wkwfbnK ftu gqekFeK d[nkokth ;kfjsekoK B{z ftF/F ouBktK fJe fibd ftu ;w/ND ns/ ;KGD bJh gq/fosehsk frnk. fJjBK ;zgkfds ouBktK B{z ndph nkFeK B/ ih nkfJnk fejk feT[_fefJ; }ohJ/ T[j nkgD/ wfjp{p b/yeK dhnK fdb N[zpthnK ouBktK f&JZe fibd ftud/y gVQ ;ed/ ;B. fJ; gqeko f;o\ fJZe ouBk bJh ;w[Zuh g[;se yqhdD dkw[Ffeb \?;bk b?D dh d[fpXk dk nzs j'fJnk. fit/_ fe n;h_ T[go'es f}eo ehskj? fe e[M g[;seK ftFt ftfdnkfbnK d[nkok b/yeK gk;'_ ;zgkfds eotkJhnKrJhnK. b/yeK tZb'_ th nkgDh :'rsk nB[;ko ;zgkdB ekoi Bg/o/ ukfVQnkfrnk. ;kv/ jZEb/ gou/ dk wB'oE j? ekft-ehoshekft-ehoshekft-ehoshekft-ehoshekft-ehosh g[;se ftu g/F j'Jh vkHjfoGiB dh ;zgkdB ebk dh gfjukD eoBk j?. fi; gqeko dk ;[ji ns/ ;bhekvkH jfoGiB dh eftsk ftu d/yD B{z fwbdk j?. T[;/ gqeko dk ;bhek vkHjfoGiB dh ;zgkdB ebk ftu th d/yD B{z fwbdk j?. fJ; ekft ;zrqfj d/ nkozGftu o;wh s"o s/ sseok ns/ G{fwek fdZsh rJh sseo/ ftu e[b nmkoQK ethnKdk jtkbk fwbdk j? fiBQK dh soshp bJh eh i[rs tosh rJh j? T[;dh gVu'bn;h_ nZr/ ik e/ eoKr/. frDsh gZy'_ fJj g[;se fJZe j}ko d/ eohp Skgh rJh;kv/ e'b 2013 dk nze j? i' fe fJ; g[;se dk 26tK n?vhFB j? go nZi sZe40 n?vhFB SZg u[Ze/ jB. fJ; Bkb fJ; g[;se dh ;\b ;zgkdBk pko/ gskbZrdk j? feT[_fe e'o; ftu feskpK bZrdhnK th ofjzdhnK jB ns/ ;w/_-;w/_ jNkth bJhnK iKdhnk jB. jZEbh g[;se ekw:kph Bkb j[D sZe phHJ/ d/ e'o; ftubrh ojh j?. i' fe ;zgkdB gZy'_ ;\bsk dk ;{ue j?. fJ; g[;se fiE/ftfdnkoEhnK ftu ;kfjse u/Ne irkT[D bJh bkj/tzd j? T[E/ ;kXkoB gkme bJhnkgD/ wfjp{p b/yeK dhnK Fkjeko ouBktK B{z fJZe fibd ftu g/F eoe/ tZvk s/wjZst g{oB ekoi eodh j?. fJ; gqeko fiE/ nekdfwe gZXo s/ fJ; g[;se dhehws j? T[E/ ;kXkoB gkme irs ftu th fJj p/jZd w[btkB j?. g[;se dknkozG GkJh tho f;zx dhnK eftsktK Bkb j[zdk j?. fizBQK B{z fe nkX[fBe gzikphekft dk fgskwk th wzfBnk iKdk j?. vkH jfoGiB fJ; g[;se d/ w[ZYb/ FpdK ftu;kv/ Bkb ;fjws j'J/ th ikgd/ jB. gzikph eftsk dk nkX[fBe ekb GkJh thof;zx s'_ F[o{ j[zdk j?.**1 ekft nkX[fBesk Bk t;s{ nkX[fBesk dk gqfsfpzp j? BkfgSbZr. Gkosh nkX[fBesk dk nkzoG 1957 wzfBnk iKdk j?.**2 ;zgkde B/ fJ;ekft ;zrqfj ftu soihj d/ nkXko s/ T'[jBK ouBktK B{z jh gfjb d/ nXko s/oZfynk j? fiBQK ouBktK ;dek fe;/ eth dh gfjukD ;Ekgs j[zdh j?. fJ; bJh


gkme bJh u'D dh ;j{bs j' iKdh j?. T[j ;[Zs/ f;ZX jh f;o\ T[jBK ouBktKftu'_ r[}odk j? i' fe ouBkeko dhnK gqshfBZX ouBktK j'D. sZseo/ d/ Bkb BkbfJ; g[;se dh G{fwek ftF/F wjZst dh XkoBh j?. G[{fwek d/ nkozGb/ p'bK ftuGkosh fJfsjk; ftu 1857 d/ to/ d/ wjZst s'_ ikD{ eokT[_dhnK ;soK doiehshnK rJhnk fi; Bkb gkme G[{fwek d/ ;zdoG Bkb w[ZY s'_ jh i[V iKd/ jB.;zgkde nB[;ko 1857 Gkosh fJfsjk; ftu tZv/ wjZst tkbk ;zB j?. nzro/}hje[ws gZe/ g?oK s/ fNe u[Zeh ;h ns/ T[;d/ fto[ZX nk}kdh dk ftuko iBw b? u[Zek;h. fJ; ftuko B{z ;zxoF dk o{g d/D dk isB nkozfGnk ik u[Zek ;h.3 b/yedZ;dk j? fe ftdo'j dk w[ZYbk u/jok w[jok pj[s eoe/ Xkofwe u/sBk dk nzr;h. 1857 ftu Xow w[es fJjb"fee Bk fe gkob"fee ;[o T[Goh. Gkt/_ wZXw jh;jh Gkosh nkX[fBesk d/ T[d? j'D dk gfjbK Gkt/_ wZXw ;ze/s jh ;h. ;zgkdedZ;dk j? fe 19th_ ;dh d/ w[ZYb/ o{g ftu Xkfowe ozrs g{oh soQK eftsk T[Øgoekp} ;h. d[fBnkJh ftF/ ekft ftu Fkfwb Bjh_ ;B j'J/. 1857 dh eqKsh dhn;\bsk B/ Gkosh b'eK d/ wB w;se T[go tZvh ;ZN wkoh. fi; ekoB Gkoshfco Xkofwe ekft tZb o[fus j' rJ/ T[; tes wB'oziB ftu gkm dh ;wZroh ftufeZ;k ekft dk ftF/F gqubB ;h fi; gk;'_ th j[D T[gokwsk dh ;fEsh pDh j'Jh;h. fJ; bJh e[M ;o's/$gkme fjzd{ fwEjk;e eEk irs dh FoB ftu iKd/ ;B.G{&fwekeko nB[;ko T[Bhth_ ;dh dk ;wK feZ;/ ns/ eEk d/ ;[w/b dk ;wK j?. GkJhtho f;zx B{z G{fwekeko gzikph dk ;G s'_ tZX J/ekro fuZs eth nkydk j?. fi;dh tZvh d/D gzikph gkme tor d/ ;[ji ;[nkd B{z pdbD ftu j? GkJh tho f;zxdk g{ot iK ;wekbh gkme nkgDh ;[ji fsqgsh iK sK w[;bwkB feZ;kekoK d/feZf;nK d/ gkm s'_ eodk ;h iK fco fjzd{ Xkofwe eEk ;kfjs s'_ vkH jfoGiB f;zxnB[;ko* 1857 sZe gzikph eftsk B{z u"y/ w[;bwkB feZ;kekoK dh ;ogq;sh ojh.T[Bh_th ;dh d/ nkyoh nZX ftu gzikph eftsk B{z fjzd{ eEk dk ;jkok fwfbnk.**4

fJE/ f}eo:'r j? fe ekft feos B{z G{fwek fbyfdnK vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ i' F?bhngDkJh j? T[;B{z gqubBh F?bh nky ;ed/ jK jfoGiB f;zx pko/ vkH p{Nk f;zxj'oK dk th wzBDk j? fe jfoGiB f;zx dh nkb'uBk s/ tke gqtuBh ;woZEk tkb/jB. fJj tke F?bh, gqtuB F?bh tkbh j?.5

;' ;kB{z fJ; gqtuB wJh F?bh nkX[fBe ekft pko/ vkH jfoGiB f;zxwjZstg{oB fNZgDhnk dh fBFkBd/jh eoBh j't/rh. fJ; s'_ gfjb'_ fe ;kvh uoukftgZE j' ikt/ ;kv/ bJh bk}wh j? fe uouk Bz{ fco T[;d/ e/_do tZb w'V fdZskikt/. n;h_ T[go efj u[Ze/ jK fe 1857 ftu fe; gqeko feZ;/ ns/ eEk d/ gqGktB/ eftsk B{z ieVh oZfynk ;h ns/ GkJh tho f;zx d/ ekft gqt/F Bkb gfjbh f;Zyf;XKs ns/ f;Zy fJfsjk; B{z fBo'b gzikph ftu nkgDk ;[o T[ukoB dk w"ek fdZsk.wjZstg{oB rZb fJj j? fe GkJh tho f;zx d/ nkrwB Bkb feZ;k ns/ g[oksB eEk


d't/_ F?bhnK brGr dw s'V rJhnk. fJE/ jh f;Zy f;XKs B{z ebkswe ;fjs g/F eoB tkbh Bth_ ekft gqDkbh j'_d rqfjD eodh j?. vkH jfoGiB f;zx GkJh thof;zx B{z pj[w[yh gqfsGk tkbk sK wzBd/ go tzB-;[tzBsk tkbk ;kfjseko Bjh_.feT[_fe GkJh tho f;zx dh u/sBk dk e/_do fpzd{ Xkofwesk j? fJ; s'_ pkjo T[;dknB[Gt Bjh_, i/eo Xkofwe ouBk s'_ fpBk GkJh tho f;zx B/ ouBk ehsh j? skT[j frDsh gZy'_ J/Bh xZN j? fe r"bD :'r Bjh_ j?. :kd oj/ fe ;kvk wB'oEfJE/ w?Nk nfXn?B g/F eoBk Bjh_ ;r'_ ;kv/ gou/ dh wzr ;h fe Bw{B/ ti'_ ekft-ehosh g[;se dh G{fwek dh gVu'b th ehsh ikJ/ fe;/ th ;zgkfds g[;se dkgkme ;zgkde tZb'_ fbyh G{fwek ftu ftF/F o[uh oZydk j?. G{fwek B{z i/eo skehefj fbnk ikJ/ fi; ftu'_ xo dh nzdo{Bh Mks fwbdh j? sK nfs eEBh Bjh_j't/rh. G{fwek dk b/ye nkgD/ d[nkok ;{uhpZX ehs/ b/yeK dk fNZgDheko th j[zdkj?. fJZe uzrk G[{fwekeko gkme B{z ;w[Zuh ouBk d/ gkm bJh g/qfos eo ;edkj?. ekft ehoshekft ehoshekft ehoshekft ehoshekft ehosh g[;se d/ ;zgkde d[nkok pbtkB ;zGktBktK gqrNkJhnK jB.jZEbh g[;se dk ;zgkde fJ; s' gfjb'_ f;oiBk ns/ ;whfynk d/ y/soK ftu;Ekgs ebkeko ti'_ gqf;ZXh gqkgs eo u[Zek ;h. fJ; bJh G{fwek ftu doifNZgDhnK p/jZd wjZstg{oB jB. i/eo gkme fe;/ eth gqsh G{fwek gVQ e/ g{otokJ/ th ;Ekgs eo b?_dk j? sK n;h_ fJ; B{z ekjb Bjh_ eoKr/. G{fwekeko fJZefj;kp Bkb g[;se dk BeFk Bth; j[zdk j?. n;h_ fJj wzB e/ uZb/ jK fe T[go'esfNZgDhnK fe;/ gqeko dh T[gGkt[esk ftu'_ Bjh_ T[gihnK vkH jfoGiB f;zx d[nkok;zgkds g[;seL- ekft ehoshekft ehoshekft ehoshekft ehoshekft ehosh dh fJZe j'o ftF/Fsk ethnK B{z rsh, gqrsh, ns/Bt rsh nkfd f;ob/yK j/m tzvDk j?. T[go'es uouk ftu n;h_ GkJh tho f;zxpko/ ;zgkde d[nkok G{fwek ftu g/F ehsh rJ/ pko/ uouk ehsh ;h, go fit/_ fen;h_ wzBd/ jK fe w?Nk nfXn?B g/F eoBk ;kvk wB'oE Bjh_ ;r'_ n;h_ T[dkjoBd/ s"o s/ ;zgkde dhnK fNZgDhnK pko/ uouk ehsh. i/eo ;ko/ ethnK pko/ gou/ftu uouk ehsh ikt/ sK ;kfJd n;h_ nkgD/ wB'oE s'_ GNe rJ/ j'tKr/. rshf;ob/y nXhB fszB eth Fkfwb ehs/ rJ/ jB, fiBQK d[nkok F[o{nksh d"o ftugzikph ekft nkX[fBe rsh gqkgs eodk j? fJ; ftu GkJh tho f;zx ;w/s XBhokw ukfsqe, g{oB f;zx, B{z ;EkB gqkgs j'fJnk j?. rsh s'_ gqqrsh tZb gqt/FeofdnK nrb/ gZE s/ ekft B{z s'oB tkfbnK ftu nbp/bk eth dhtkB f;zx,w'jB f;zx, nzfwqsk, gqhsw f;zx ;\ho, pktk pbtzs, JhFto f;zx d/ BktK j/m fJ;/soshp ftu ouBktK doi ehshnK rJhnK jB. nrbk yzv Btrsh dk j? fi;ftu ;zgkde nkgDhnk ouBktK Bkb jk}oh Godk j?. f}nkdkso ;zgkdenkgDhnK ouBktK ;zgkds g[;se ftu doi eoB bJh fMie wfj;{; eod/ jB.go jfoGiB f;zx B{z gzikph ekft irs ftu nkgD/ ;EkB B{z b? e/ fe;/ gqekodh d[fuZsh Bjh_ j?. fJ; s'_ fpBk skok f;zx ns/ Bt/eb/ w[jKdo/ tkbh b'e wkB;


d/ fus u/sBk d/ B}dhe dh eftsk T[ukoB tkbk eth fFt e[wko g[;se ftu;EkB gqkgs eodk j?. fi; pko/ ;zgkde dk wzBDk j? fe fFt e[wko nu/s jhnkg w[jkoh ekft f;oiBk B{z ft;Eko d/ fojk ;h. T[j nkgD/ :Z[r dh w[Zy Xkoks''_ nfGZi go ;\b eth ;h. ekft ;zrqfj dh ftfGzBsk tzB ;[tzBsk T[; t/b/ gqtkBuVQdh j? id p"fXe ojZ;tkdh eth i;tzs f;zzx B/eh ekft dk gkm th g[;seftu do} j'fJnk fwbdk j?. Xhw/ p'bK d/ FkfJo ;'jB f;zx wh;ak dh th fJZeouBk Fkfwb ehsh rJh j?. fi; Bkb nekdfwe gZXo s/ nDr'b/ FkfJo th ;kv/;Bw[Zy j[zd/ jB, fJZE/ uouk eoBh pDdh j? fe yzv gqrsh ftu fuZsoeko s/ ethJh;ato fu&Zsoeko th fJ; jZEb/ ;zrqfj ftu ekft jk}oh Godk Biaoh nkT[_dkj?. ;' ;zgkde dh ;[fjodsk j? fe r[wBkw, B}o nzdk} ethnK d/ ebkw B{z th;EkB fdZsk frnk j?. fiE/ ;zgkde nkgD/ g{ot ekbhnK d/ ekft B{z fJ; g'Eh ftudoi eodk j? T[E/ T[j ;wekbhnK ns/ Bt ghVQh d/ ethnK gkso ns/ gk;a dheftsk B{z th ;zgkds g[;se ftu ;EkB fdzdk j?. vkH jfoGiB gkso gk;a pko/:'r fNZgDhnK dh G{fwek ftu eodk j? . fi; Bkb ftfdnkoEh gkmeK dk ethnKBkb nzsoh th ;zpzX ;Ekgs j' iKdk j?. ;zgkde nB[;ko gkso ns/ gk;a. r[Dshns/ wep{bhns d'jK gZyK s' jh T[jBK dh pVh Bkwtoh j? f}eo:'r j? fe gfjb/n?vhFBK ftu fJBQK ethnK dhnK ouBktK Fkfwb Bjh_ ;B, ;[XkJh d"okB Bt/_;z;eoBK ftu fJj eth Fkfwb ehs/ rJ/ jB.

;zgkde i/eo ][d f;oiBkswe o[uhnK dk XkoBh j't/ sK fJ;d/ nkgD/ soQKd/ gqGkt j' ;ed/ jB. fBih okJ/, ;zpzX nB[Gt T[;dh u'D B{z u/sB nu/sBgqGkfts eo ;ed/ jB go ekft-ehosh jo/e gqeko d/ d'F s'_ ;zgkds w[es ekft;zrqfj j?. fJ; s'_ vkH jfoGiB dh nekdfwe :'rsk ;wM ns/ dkfBFwzdh pko/Gbh GKs gsk uZbdk j?. fJj g[;se eJh tfoQnK s'_ ftfdnkoEhnK, nfXnkgeKbJh bkj/tzd ojh j?. ;XkoB gkme th nkgD/ ;[ji ;[nkd dh g{osh fJ; ftu'_eodk fojk j? nZi th fJ; g[;se dh ;kfjse ;koEesk s'_ fJBekoh Bjh_ j'fJnkik ;edk.

õõõ


nip, nB'yk s/ nb'eko -nip, nB'yk s/ nb'eko -nip, nB'yk s/ nb'eko -nip, nB'yk s/ nb'eko -nip, nB'yk s/ nb'eko -jfoGiB f;zxjfoGiB f;zxjfoGiB f;zxjfoGiB f;zxjfoGiB f;zxfgqzH ;otD f;zxfgqzH ;otD f;zxfgqzH ;otD f;zxfgqzH ;otD f;zxfgqzH ;otD f;zx

vkH jfoGiB f;zx, jfoGiB f;zx jh ;h. nip,nB'yk s/ nb'eko. T[j eftsk dk SZbK wkodk ;o'to ;h.;[ohbh s/ o;hbh p'b pkDh dk ;ou;awk. fizBk tXhnk T[jeth ;h T[Bk jh ewkb dk p[bkok ;h. T[jdh dZ[X fuZNhw[;eqkjN, fi; B{z B/Vb/ :ko d';s w;ehBh w[;ekB thefjzd/, vkYh wB bGkT[Dh ;h. T[jdhnK wskph tKrirdhnK nZyK dk ibtk MZfbnk Bjh_ ;h iKdk. T[BQK ftufBnkoh fb;ae j[zdh. id tid ftu nkT[_dk sK T[jd/ w{zj*s/ gJ/ wksk d/ wZXw dkr fb;aed/ skfonK jkofMbfwbkT[_d/. T[jd/ o;hb/ p'b ;aops dhnK xZ[NK ;B, eZu/d[ZX d/ SZN/ ;B!

ps"o eth, tkoskeko, nkb'ue, nB[tkde, nfXnkge,y'ieko, fBrokB s/ Gk;aBeko ti'_ T[; B/ BkwDk th ya{pyZfNnk. T[; B{z gzikph, fjzdh, T[od{ s/ nzro/iah Gk;aktKp'bD ftu nkp{o jk;b ;h. T[jdk bZS/dko Gk;aB ;o'fsnK*s/ N{Dk eo fdzdk ;h. eh nkw, eh yak;, ;G ehb/ iKd/;B T[jdhnK dbhbK Bkb. T[j ;[DB tkfbnK B{z nkgD/ jht/r ftu tjk fbiKdk. nzro/iah gVQ e/ fjzdh gVQkT[D ns/gzikph ftu fby e/ T[od{ tkbh ndk Bkb rZb eoB tkbkT[j fJe' fJe gzikph ftdtkB j'fJnk. T[j gfjbK eboe,fco fjzdh nfXnkge s'_ fjzdh dk b?euoko, fco gzikph dkgq'ca?;o ns/ nkX[fBe Gkosh Gk;aktK ftGkr, fdZbh :{Bhtof;Nhdk w[yh pfDnk.

T[; B/ w?fNqe eoB fgZS'_ gqGkeo, frnkBh, w[B;ahckiab, nzro/iah dh n?ØwH J/H s/ fjzdh dh n?ØwH J/H ghn?uH vhHehsh. fco gzikph dh vhH b?ØNH. T[j cko;h s/ ;z;feqs th

T[&Zx/ b/ye ns/ fuzse


ikDdk ;h. wzu *s/ T[jdh g/;aekoh ewkb dh ;h. p'bdk sK uwed/ fujo/ BkbT[jd/ fuZN/ dzd th uwed/. nrw fBrw dhnK rZbK dh g/;aekoh dk T[j nrzwnr'uo ftdtkB ;h. ihtB ftu nkJhnK nB/eK n"eVK, w[;aebK s/ d[;atkohnKB{z T[; B/ f;oiDk d/ dfonk ftu gotkj fdZsk. T[j 18 nr;s 1920 s'_ 21nes{po 2002 se 82 ;kb 2 wjhB/ 3 fdB ihftnk.

T[; B/ 1956 s'_ 2000 se 18 ekft ;zrqfj ou/. bk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;K 1956 ftuSfgnk s/ o/fr;skB *u beVjkoko/fr;skB *u beVjkoko/fr;skB *u beVjkoko/fr;skB *u beVjkoko/fr;skB *u beVjkok 2000 ftu. 1961 s'_ 1991 se ;whfynkdhnK 20 feskpK gqekf;as eotkJhnK. 1960 s'_ 1972 se 21 g[;seK dknB[tkd ehsk. 1971 s'_ 1993 se 11 feskpK ;zgkfds ehshnK. 1980 s'_ 86ftueko 3 c[Neb feskpK fbyhnK. T[; B/ f;woshnK, fBwy fusthn? fBwy;bkjhn?, f;wo wBkJh f;oiBk, Be;a Bt/o/ s/ j'o ekbw th tfoQnK-pZXhfby/. T[; dhnK e[b feskpK dh frDsh 73 j?. fJBQK ftu T[j ouBk ;akwb Bjh_i' ouh sK rJh go ;zGkbh Bjh_ ik ;eh. J/v/ ftdtkB d/ fJBkwK ;BwkBK dkth b/yk Bjh_. 1963 s'_ 2001 se T[; B{z 22 g[o;eko fwb/ fiBQK ftu ;kfjsnekdwh g[o;eko s'_ b? e/ epho g[o;eko s/ ;o;tsh g[o;eko se ;akwb jB.

w?_ T[; B{z gfjbh tko 1962 *u fwfbnk ;K. T[d'_ T[j ;e{No dh ;tkoheodk, y[ZbQh dkVQh bfjokT[_dk cbkJh_r f;Zy fwbyk f;zx d/ ;wftZE T[Øfvnk iKdk@cbkJh_r jfoGiB f;zx# bZrdk ;h. w/ok T[; B{z fwbD dk ;pZp fdZbh d/ yakb;kekbi ftu pfDnk. i[bkJh 1962 ftu w?_ ;qh r[o{ s/r pjkdo yakb;k ekbi d/t Bro ftu gzikph dh n?ØwH J/H eoB bJh dkyb j'fJnk ;K. T[d'_ T[j T[;/ekbi ftu fjzdh dk b?euoko ;h. T[jd/ fszB ekft ;zrqfj Sg u[Ze/ ;B. bk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;K,sko s[gek sko s[gek sko s[gek sko s[gek sko s[gek s/ nXo?Dh nXo?Dh nXo?Dh nXo?Dh nXo?Dh fiBQK Bkb Bt/_ ethnK ftu T[jdh Mzvh ;h.

yakb;k ekbi ftu dkyb j'D bJh w?B{z y/v vkfJo?eNo gqhsw f;zx p?_;ns/ gzikph d/ gq'ca?;o i'frzdo f;zx ;'Yh B/ gq/o fbnk ;h. p?_; B/ fyvkoh ;wMe/ s/ ;'Yh B/ gzikph d/ uzr/ BzpoK eoe/. ekbi w?riahB d/ gzikph Gkr dkfBrokB gq'ca?;o ;'Yh ;h. T[; B/ w?B{z w?riahB d/ gzikph ;?e;aB dk ftfdnkoEh;zgkde pDk fbnk.

fJe fdB ;'Yh ;kfjp B/ fejk, ikj vkH jfoGiB f;zx s'_ ekbi w?riahBbJh eftsk b? nk. T[j w?B{z w"ih w{v *u s[fonk iKdk fdf;nk. w?_ s[o/ iKd/B{z @;fs ;qh nekb# ik p[bkJh. T[; B/ w/ok BK EK g[ZfSnk. w?_ nkgDh ikD gSkDeokJh sK T[jd/ fujo/ *s/ w[;eqkjN nk rJh. fsZyhnK s/ia BiaoK dh f;;as w/o/ T[s/ rZvfdnK fejk, ¿sK wkbt/ dk iZN J/_.À w?_ ;zrfdnK fejk, ¿jK ihÀ.

T[; B/ w/ok BK jh @iZN# oZy fbnk. rZbK rZbK *u w?_ eftsk dh rZb


ehsh. nkfynk, ¿ekbi d/ w?riahB *u n;h_ s[jkvh eftsk SkgDh ukj[zd/ jK. d/;e' sK XzBtkdh j'tKr/.À

T[; B/ gZ[fSnk, ¿eftsk g[okDh ukjhdh J/ iK Bth_<À

w?_ nkfynk, ¿fijVh woiah d/ fdU, fJ; Bkb gzikph ;?e;aB dh ;akB pD/rh.À

T[; B/ fejk, ¿w?_ Bth_ jh d/tKrk, nDSgh. fJzi eoh_ ghohnv w[ZeD *s/w/o/ dcaso nk ikJh_, eftsk b? bJh_.À

ghohnv w[ZeD *s/ w?_ T[jd/ dcaso frnk sK T[j ekria T[s/ e[M fbyhiKdk ;h. T[; B/ w?B{z gzdoK thj fwzN mfjo e/ nkT[D B{z fejk s/ fco fbyDk;a[o{ eo fbnk. d[pkok frnk sK T[; B/ Bth_ fbyh eftsk w/o/ jZE cVk fdZsh.Bkb ;Zdk d/ fdZsk fe T[jd/ dcaso nk ikfJnk eoK. w?_ XzBtkd eo e/ g"VhnKT[Øso nkfJnk.

n;h_ T[j eftsk ;G s'_ w{jo/ Skgh. w?_ w?riahB dh ekgh d/D frnk sKT[; B/ w?B{z e'b pjk fbnk s/ ukj wzrtk bJh. ukj gh_fdnK rZbK pksK j'JhnK.w/o/ w{zj'_ ;apd @w[zvhQo# fBeb frnk. fJ; bcaia B/ T[; B{z u"_ekn fdZsk. T[j efjDbZrk, fit/_ e[shQV! n;h_ jZ;D bZr/. w?B{z bZrk, vkeNo ;apdK dk f;aekoh j?.

T[d'_ ;qh r[o{ s/r pjkdo yakb;k ekbi, d/t Bro, eo'b pkr ftu ;h.jkb/ :{Bhtof;Nh e?_g; ftu Bjh_ ;h frnk. ekbi d/ B/V/ jh o"De tkbk pkiakoniwb yK o'v ;h. T[; s'_ E'VQk nZr/ r[odtkok o'v. r[odtkok o'v dh 68BkJhtkbk rbh ftu jfoGiB f;zx nkgD/ S/ ihnK d/ gfotko Bkb ofjzdk ;h.gfjbh fwbDh dk Mkek bfj ikD fgZS'_ w?B{z nB/eK tko jfoGiB f;zx B{z fwbDd/ w"e/ fwb/. ed/ ekbi ftu, ed/ T[jd/ xo, ed/ :{Bhtof;Nh e?_g; s/ ed/ foZio'v T[s/ ;?o eofdnK.

ofjrVg[ok gzikph ;kfjs dh okiXkBh pD u[Zeh ;h. eo'b pkrofjrVg[ok fgzv dh iawhB *s/ tf;nk ;h. BkNeeko jouoB f;zx dh ne?vwhth T[E/ jh ubdh ;h i' d;th_ gfVQnK B{z frnkBh eotkT[_dh ;h. yakb;k ekbiB/ nBzd gops j';Nb dk 18 Bzpo ewok r[biako f;zx ;zX{ B{z d/ oZfynk ;h.T[; ewo/ ftu ed/ ed/ vkH jfoGiB f;zx s/ vkH nwohe f;zx th nktVd/. T[j yakb;k ekbi ftu fjzdh s/ nzro/iah d/ b?euoo ;B. nzro/iah dkb?euoo nwohe f;zx gzikph dk BkNeeko ;h i' fgZS'_ gzikph :{Bhtof;NhgfNnkbk dk tkJh; uK;bo pfDnk. pknd ftu T[; B/ jfoGiB f;zx B{z gzikpheftsk dk o[Zy s/ fo;aho[Zy s/ fo;aho[Zy s/ fo;aho[Zy s/ fo;aho[Zy s/ fo;ah efj e/ tfvnkfJnk.


fit/_ vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ nB/eK b/yeK s/ T[BQK dhnK fbysK pko/ fbfynkT[t/_ T[; pko/ th b/yeK B/ ekch e[M fbfynk. pbtzs rkorh brGr T[jdh T[wodk jh ;h. id'_ rkorh B/ jfoGiB f;zx B{z fwbDk j[zdk sK T[j r[odtkok o'vtkb/ wdok; ekch jkT{; ftu fwbd/. id'_ jfoGiB f;zx B/ rkorh B{z fwbDk j[zdksK eBkN gb/; tkb/ fJzvhnB ekch jkT{; ftu *eZm/ j[zd/. rkorh B{z jfoGiB f;zxdh eftsk uzrh bZrdh s/ jfoGiB f;zx B{z rkorh dh tkose. rkorh b/yeK d/o/yk fuZso fbyfdnK w;kbk bk e/ ya;sk eoko/ pDk fdzdk fiBQK B{z gkme fdbu;ghBkb gVQd/. rkorh B/ jfoGiB f;zx pko/ fbfynkL

jfoGiB f;zx y[ZbQh dkVQh tkbk fJe nfijk fdU j? i' fBZe/ w'N/ ;kfjsekoB{z s[ozs jh GZe;a eo iKdk j?. MkV-izrko dkVQh ftu'_ T[; dk fuZNk jk;k fd;dkj?, fi; ftu ya"caBke ef;a;a j?. w{zj T[s/ ;hsbk d/ jbe/ dkra, ByohbhnK nZyK,T[Øuh fbbQedko nktkia. T[j rZb eodk j?, fit/_ i/p ftu'_ ep{so T[Øv frnk j't/. gfjbh tko w?_ T[; B{z w'No ;kJheb T[s/ uVQ/ d/fynk, fJsBk s/ia fe w?B{z ikfgnkfit/_ w'No ;kJheb yVQk ;h, jfoGiB f;zx dk ;kok fi;w nfjZb ;h, f;oca dkVQhcVcVkT[_dh j'Jh d"Vh ik ojh ;h.

jfoGiB f;zx s'_ eftsk jk;b eo e/ w?_ ;wMdk ;K fe j[D T[; B{zfwbD frbD s/ nkgDh gVQkJh fbykJh ;zpzXh ;bkj w;atok b?D *u e'Jh fMieBjh_. T[j gVQB fbyD ftu p/;ae fezBk th o[fMnk j[zdk go w?B{z fwbD bJh ;wKd/ fdzdk. ed/ ed/ T[j w?E'_ nkgDk nB[tkd dk ezw th eotk b?_dk. T[jnzro/iah s'_ gzikph ftu nB[tkd p'bh iKdk i' w?_ Bkb' Bkb fbyh iKdk. w/o/ fby/B{z T[j t/ydk s/ rabshnK mhe eo fdzdk. T[jdk w?B{z fJj ckfJdk j'fJnk few/oh fbys ;[Xo rJh s/ w?B{z gq?Ø; ekgh pDkT[Dh nk rJh. T[jdh jZEfbys pVh;[zdo ;h. id'_ w?_ T[jd/ e'b p?m e/ T[jdk p'fbnk fby fojk j[zdk sK w?B{z T[jdhgqfsGk dk ;[yktK nfj;k; j[zdk. gb?yakB't dh g[;se @nBn?vo?Ø;v b?Noia# dknB[tkd @fuZmhnK fpB f;oBkftU_# dk e[M Gkr T[; B/ p'b e/ w/oh ebw s'_fbytkfJnk. w?_ j?okB j[zdk fe T[; B{z n?B/ YZ[et/_ ;apd fet/_ n"Vh iKd/!

;kvh iwks jcas/ *u uko fdB :{Bhtof;Nh e?_g; gVQB iKdh. jfoGiBf;zx th fjzdh d/ ftfdnkoEhnK B{z gVQkT[D e?_g; iKdk. ed/ ed/ w?B{z T[jd/ ;e{NofgZS/ p?mD dk w"ek fwb iKdk. okj ftu T[j eftsk r[D r[DkT[_dk ;Zik jZE;e{No d/ j?_vb s'_ u[Ze b?_dk. eftsk Bkb jZE bfjokT[_dk. nfij/ w"e/ ;e{Nov'bdk sK w?_ vodk pJh fvZr/ fe fvZr/! go fvZr/ ed/ Bk. fiZdD ed/ ;e{Nopkjbk v'bdk, w?_ wB *u c?;bk eodk fe nZr/ s'_ T[jd/ ;e{No *s/ Bjh_ p?mDk.;'udk, wBK T[j sK ykXh ghsh fcod?. s?B{z eh b'V n? T[jd/ Bkb fvZr e/ jZvhgZ;bh s[VkT[D dh<


fJe fdB T[jh rZb j'Jh ihjdk vo ;h. ;e{No *s/ eftsk T[ukodk T[j;Zuh_ fvZr fgnk go w/oh y[;afe;wsh ;h fe w?_ T[jd/ wro Bjh_ ;K p?mk j'fJnk.T[jd/ ekch ;ZNK bZrhnK s/ ekch d/o gbZ;so bZr/ oj/. fijVk jkb ukb g[ZSDnkT[_dk B;hns eo e/ iKdk, ¿vkH ;kfjp fJ; tko sK pu rJ/ U, nrKj B{z;e{No *s/ Bk p?fmU. i/ pfjDk Jh fgnk sK e'Jh eftsk Bk r[D r[DkT[D bZrfgU. i/ rkT[Dk jh j'fJnk sK j?_vb SZv e/ jZE Bk bfjokfJU. ;e{No yVQk eoe/ ukn g{ok eo fbU!¿

vkeNo ;kfjp T[s/ sK fJBQK B;hnsK dk e'Jh n;o Bk j'fJnk go w?_w[V e/ T[jd/ ;e{No wro Bjh_ p?mk pJh n?t/_ ikj iKdh Bk j'i/!

T[jBh_ fdBh_ gzikph ;kfjs ;Gk fdZbh dh jcas/tko whfNzr eBkN gb/;B/V/ frnkBh joh f;zx d/ xo j[zdh. ed/ ed/ T[; ftu vkH jfoGiB f;zx thubk iKdk. fi; whfNzr ftu T[j iKdk, XzB XzB eok e/ w[Vdk. T[j ethdopkoK ftu th iKdk fiE/ ;{soXko pDdk. T[; B{z eth G[rskT[D/ nkT[_d/.T[jdhnK eftsktK Gog{o dkd b?_dhnK. jiakok f;zx r[odk;g[oh, skok f;zx ekwbs/ fp;aB f;zx T[gk;ae dk jk; ftbk; j[zdk. r[odk;g[oh nkgDk rhs g/;a eodk-s/oh d' NfenK dh B"eoh w/ok bZyK dk ;ktD ikt/HHHs/o/ w?B{z g?D G[b/y/ id *tkp{jk yVekt/HHHs/oh d' NfenK dh B"eohHHH. fiBQK B/ fcbwh rhs @w/ok bky'_ ek;ktD ikJ/# ;[fDnK T[BQK B{z ;akfJd gsk Bk j't/ gJh fJj rhs r[odk;g[oh d/ rhsdh jh Beb j?! T[jBh_ fdBh_ jfoGiB f;zx d/ B/V/ ofjD tkb/ ;B, eth jfoBkw,skok f;zx ekwb, d/ftzdo, gqhsw f;zx ;caho, jouoB f;zx, nwo f;zx, dftzdo;fsnkoEh s/ p{Nk f;zx pr?ok. rkorh s/ r[biako f;zx ;zX{ d/ th r/V/ tZid/ofjzd/. gzi gKv' ej/ iKd/ eosko f;zx ;[w/o, Jh;ato fuZsoeko, ;[ikB f;zx, gkbf;zx s/ pktk pbtzs, jfoGiB f;zx B{z ne;o fwbd/. yakb;k ekbi ftu gq'Hnwohe f;zx s/ vkH c"ik f;zx T[jd/ ;kEh ;B i' pknd ftu gzikph :{Bhtof;NhgfNnkb/ ub/ rJ/.

iBtoh 1965 *u w?_ yakb;k ekbi ftu b?euoo bZrk sK vkH jfoGiBf;zx dk e[bhr pD frnk. ;kvh p[Zeb j'o y[ZbQ rJh s/ w?B{z d' fszB tko T[jdkjw fgnkbk j'D dk w"ek th fwfbnk. T[j gh_dk xZN ;h go y/Vdk tZX ;h. fJetko fyV/ j'J/ B/ w?B{z g[ZfSnk, ¿s/o/ fgzv fNZp/ j?D<À w?_ fejk, ¿w?_ sK rGo{ jhfNZfpnK *s/ y/v e/ j'fJnK. eZY' ed/ N?w, fgzv d/ fNZp/ ftyktK. fNZfpnK s'_ uVQdks/ fSgdk ;{oi. uzB ukBDh *u uwedk o/sk.À

T[; B/ b'o *u fejk, ¿uZbKr/ ed/ s/o/ fgzv th. uzB ukBDh *u bktKr/fNZp/ *s/ wfjcab. fbNKr/ o/s/ *u. ;Zuh_ w/ok fNZp/ *s/ fbND B{z pVk ihn


eod?HHH.À

nZi w?_ ;'udk, ek;a! T[j w/o/ fgzv nkfJnk j[zdk. T[jdh fNZp/ *s/ fbNDdh ohM w?_ oZi e/ g{oh eodk. go e[dos B/ fJj Y'n ed/ Bk Y[ekfJnk. T[jwkbt/ d/ fNZfpnK *s/ fbND dh ohM wB *u gkb e/ jh s[o frnk!

vkH jfoGiB f;zx dk ihtB n;b ftu ftr'u/ dk ihtB ;h. T[j dZf;nkeodk ;h fe T[jdhnK eftsktK ftu'_ T[jd/ wkfgnK s/ G?DK d/ ftr'u/ e{ed/ jB.T[jd/ t/dBk Go/ ihtB s/ eftsk d/ X[o nzdo'_ do;aB eotkT[D tkbh T[jdh;t?ihtBe g[;se j?- u'bak NkehnK tkbku'bak NkehnK tkbku'bak NkehnK tkbku'bak NkehnK tkbku'bak NkehnK tkbk.

T[j g[;se fbyDh ;a[o{ eofdnK T[; B/ gqfsZfrnk ehsh ;hL

fJj fbys fsnko eofdnK ih ukj[zdk j? fe e'Jh oZp torh j'_d w/ohokjB[wkJh eo/ sK i[ w?_ jT[w?_ ns/ Jhoyk s'_ pfunk ojK. nkgDh ;kXkoBsk d/dkfJo/ s'_ T[oQK goQK Bk GNeK, nkgD/ nkg B{z tfvnkT[D iK fe;/ j'o B{z S[fNnkT[Dd/ e[okj/ ed/ Bk gtKHHH.

jfoGiB f;zx dk iBw ;H rzvk f;zx d/ xo wksk eow e"o dh e[Zy'_18 nr;s 1920 B{z, bzwfvzr, n;kw ftu j'fJnk ;h. T[; d/ fgsk ih T[E/o/bt/ d/ c'ow?B ;B. T[j T[u gkJ/ dh B"eoh ;h. wfjew/ tZb'_ pVhnK ;j{bsK;B. y[ZbQk wekB, y[Zb/Q tkV/, y[ZbQ/ bt/o/ s/ B"eo ukeo. ;'B/ dk Bjh_ sK uKdh dkuwuk w{zj *u b? e/ izfwnk ;h pkbe jfoGiB. T[; s'_ gfjbK T[; dhnK fszBG?DK izwhnK ;B fiBQK *u'_ fJe dh fwqs{ j' rJh ;h. fszB G?DK pknd izwD eoe/T[; B{z @fsqyb# fejk iKdk ;h.

eoBh oZp dh, jfoGiB f;zx dk fgsk, g[Zso d/ iBw fdB s'_ n?;k phwkofgnk fe w[V skp Bk nkfJnk. phwkoh tX rJh sK T[; B/ nkgDh iBw G'fJzdh fwZNh ftu obD bJh nkgD/ iZdh fgzv G[Zbo, fiabQk nzfwqs;o B{z otkBrh gkbJh. T[E/ jh T[; dk d/jKs j' frnk. jfoGiB ni/ e[ZSV jh ;h fe i[nkBijkB wK ftXtk j' rJh.

bzwfvzr tkb/ xo ftu d[ZX u[zxd/ pkb jfoGiB dh dkdh, wK s/ d'e[nkohnK G?DK ofj rJhnK. pugB ftubhnK e[M e[ uhiaK g[Zso B{z fgsk dh :kdeokT[_dhnK ojhnK. T[jBK ftu fJe ;h ;'B/ dk e?_mk i' gfotko d/ ;od/ g[Zid/j'D dh fB;akBh ;h. e[M o/;awh gZrK ;B s/ fJe ekb/ rkso/ tkbh feogkB. pkndftu T[j fszB/ fB;akBhnK r[nk p?mk. e[dos dk efjo t/y' fe jfoGiB ni/pugB ftu jh ;h fe T[jdh dkdh, wK s/ d't/_ G?DK th oZp B{z fgnkohnK j'rJhnK. jfoGiB dk Bk e'Jh ukuk ;h, Bk skfJnk. dkdk gfjbK jh ;[ortk;j' frnk ;h.


rzvk f;zx Xowh g[oy ;h. r[o{ xo dk fBsB/wh s/ r[owfs d/ rqzEK dkgq/wh. T[; B/ nkgD/ g[Zso dk BK oZyD bJh j[ewBkwk fbnk sK @jfo# ;apd gfjbKnkfJnk. T[jd/ s'_ pZu/ dk BK jfoGiB f;zx oZy fbnk frnk. jfoGiB d/ BKBkb oko/ B{z bZrh f;jkoh don;b r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp dh pyaf;a;a j? fi; B{z T[jr[o{ s/ fgsk dh n;h; ;wMdk j?. gzikph ftu BK fbyfdnK T[; B/ jw/;ak oko/B{z f;jkoh bkJh oZyh id fe j'oBK Gk;aktK ftu BK fbyfdnK f;jkoh rkfJp eofdZsh. fijVh g[;se jfoGiB f;zx B{z ;G s'_ gfjbK t/yD B{z fwbh T[j bzwfvzrtkb/ xo ftu Bo?D f;zx dk rqzE pkJh tkoK ;NhepkJh tkoK ;NhepkJh tkoK ;NhepkJh tkoK ;NhepkJh tkoK ;Nhe ;h. r[opkDh Bkb T[;dk fo;ask izwfdnK jh i[V frnk ;h.

id'_ jfoGiB dh wK, G?DK s/ T[j nkg n;kw tZvk xo SZv e/ fgzv G[ZbonkJ/ sK fgZS/ dkdh s/ gfotko dk fJe ;a[Gfuzse skok f;zx @iZN# ofj rJ/. skokf;zx xo dh fJZias dk okyk ;h. id pkbe jfoGiB s'_ fpBK ;kok gfotko jhr[iao frnk sK w[V e/ T[; B{z ed/ bzwfvzr ikDk B;hp Bk j'fJnk. jfoGiB f;zxd' e[ tko n;kw frnk go bzwfvzr Bk ik ;fenk. e?;h j'Dh ;h ;kv/ fJ; ethdh fe T[j j[zd/ ;[zd/ nkgDk iBw ;EkB w[V Bk t/y ;fenk! fJ; d/;a fBekb/ dkd[Zy T[jdhnK eftsktK ftu EkU_ EK d[ydk fd;dk j?.

jfoGiB f;zx fbydk j? fe nkgDh ikfJdkd s'_ fes/ d[ydkJh ;h nkgD/xo d/ ihnK dk ftS'Vk. fJe s'_ pknd fJe xo d/ ihn feod/ rJ/. id'_ T[jni/ nZmK ;kbK dk jh ;h sK xo dk nkyaoh ihn T[jdh tZvh G?D fp;aB e"oth ubkDk eo rJh. woB tkfbnK d/ ;;eko t/b/ T[; B{z nk;/ gk;/ eo fdZskiKdk ;h. fJzi T[j xo d/ fe;/ ihn Bkb th wVQhnK ftu Bjh_ ;h ik ;fenk.

T[; B/ fbfynk, ¿b'e d;d/ oj/ gJh w/o/ fgsk dhnK S/ G?DK ;B, gonkgDh fe;/ G{nk d/ do;aB w?B{z ed/ Bk j'J/. fgsk y[ad w?B{z T[ikV phnkpkB ftuT[Ør/ *eZb/eko/ o[Zy tork ikfgnk. id'_ fe;/ p}[or ;[nkDh d/ w{zj'_ ;[Ddk, eZbk sKoZp eo/, e'Jh o[Zy th Bk j't/, sK T[jd/ eb/i/ *u ezv/ dh u'G i/jh ghV wfj;{;j[zdh. BkBfenK tZb'_ th thokBh xZN Bjh_ ;h. wK d/ ftnkj t/b/ T[jd/ wkg/ wou[Ze/ ;B. d' Gok ;B, fJe yk;k tZvk, fJe nzMkDk e[ZSV u[ZeD:'r pkb. fJ;nzMkD/ pkb B{z wK nkgD/ Bkb jh n;kw b? rJh ;h. T[jB{z gkfbnk, gVQkfJnks/ ezw/ bkfJnkHHH.À

wK tZb'_ gkb/ T[; wkw/ B/ th :shw GkDi/ dh pKj Bk cVh. ftXtk wk;hd/ xo G/fink sK wk;h dk ;j[ok T[; B{z tkX{ Gko ;wMD bZrk. eth$nkb'uevkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ fbfynk j?, ¿w/o/ fiajB ftu fJe dfonk tr fojk j? fi;ftu ijkia i/vh tZvh BkT[ uZb ojh j?. fJ;/ ftu n;h_ ;tko jK. ezY/ T[go


d' n"osK jB, tkb y'bQ e/ ia'o ia'o dh f;o wko ojhnK jB. T[jBK d/ ;kjwD/EkbhnK jB fiBQK ftu dht/ ir oj/ jB. fgZS/ wodK dh fBZeh fijh N'bh yb'shY'b tik ojh j?, e[M rk ojh j?.

¿Bdh gko T[ikV fijh EK fJe ;N/;aB j?. UE/ rZvh ftu n;h_ p?m/ jK.;kB{z J/E'_ se, rZvh uVQkT[D nkfJnk B"eo o' fojk j?. efjzdk j?L okDh wK, ed'_se nk ikJ/_rh< s/o/ fpBK w/ok e"D< w?_ o[b iktKrk. S/sh nk ikDk. wK T[jB{zXhoi pzBQkT[_dh j?, e[M g?;/ d/_dh j?. rZvh s'_ pkjo yb's/ d/ f;o *s/ jZE c/odhj?. ¿fJ;/ soQK d/ S'N/ S'N/ fuso w/o/ fiajB ftu nNe/ jB. fuso p'bd/ jB,w?B{z nkgDh rkEk fbyD bJh T[e;kT[_d/ jB. Bdh d/ rhs, T[ikV EK yb'sh o/brZvh d/ rhs, Ekbh ftu pbd/ dhftnK ;kjt/_ tkb y'bQ e/ BudhnK nkfdtk;DKd/ rhs ni/ w?_ fbyD/ jB. ed'_ fbyKrk< dfonk d/ gkDh tKr ;wK o[VQh ik fojkj?.À

fiBQK fdBK *u jfoGiB f;zx dh wK fszBK pZfunK B{z b? e/ n;kw s'_ nkgD/fgzv G[Zbo nkJh, T[j fdB r[o{ e/ pkr s/ i?s' d/ w'ofunK d/ ;B. nkohnk ;wki,d/t ;wki s/ f;zx ;Gk bfjoK dk gquko ia'oK T[s/ ;h. jfoGiB B/ T[d'_ gVQB/ g?Dk;h. T[; B/ w[Ybh gVQkJh fgzv d/ vhH phH gqkfJwoh ;e{b s'_ ehsh. fco r[nkbwzvhd/ n?Ø;H vhH ;e{b s/ vhH J/H thH ;e{b s'_ d;th_ pj[s uzr/ BzpoK Bkb gk; ehsh.fJzi jo soQK dh f;Zfynk s/ ;Gk dk ozr T[jd/ T[s/ ufVQnk. T[d'_ f;Zfynk dkwkfXnw T[od{ ;h. nzro/iah gzith_ s'_ d;th_ se gVQkJh iKdh ;h. gzikph T[; B/xo'_ s/ r[od[nko/ s'_ gVQBh f;Zy bJh ;h. vhH J/H thH ;e{b ftu gVQB eoe/ nZmth_se fjzdh th gVQ bJh. d;th_ gk; eoB se T[; B{z uko/ iapkBK gVQBhnK s/fbyDhnK nk rJhnK ;B.

gVQB ftu T[j j[f;anko ;h go T[; dh okyh eoB tkbk e'Jh Bjh_ ;h.Bk wK, Bk fgT[, Bk G?D, Bk Gok. T[; B/ fiazdrh dh y/v y[ZbQ/ gZfsnK Bkby/vh s/ pVh w[;aeb Bkb gfVQnk. T[jd/ egV/ J/B/ G?V/ j[zd/ ;B fe ;e{b/ iKfdnK;aow nkT[_dh ;h go T[j gVQkJh ftu bkfJe j'D ekoB ;e{b ftu gotkB ;h.T[; Bz{ fo;as/dkoK dh EK nfXnkgeK s/ d';sK B/ jh fgnko fdZsk. T[j T[d'_ shihiwks ftu ;h id'_ gfotko dk nzsw w?_po, T[jdh d{ih G?D th wo rJh. wKs/ G?DK dh ra?o jkiaoh d/ nfj;k; B/ T[; B{z eth pDkfJnk. wK woB s'_ pkndT[jd/ ftu vo dk nfj;k; ikrdk ofjzdk ;h. T[j fi; xo ofjzdk ;h T[E'_ d"ViKdk s/ oks t/b/ ;oezfvnK ftueko GkT[_dk rkT[_dk ofjzdk.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx dZ;dk j? fe fBo'b eftsk d/ o{-p{-o{ T[j wk;h d/fgzv fJZSo/ gj[zu e/ j'fJnk ;h. fJj fgzv bkj"o ;afjo dh nkyaoh jZd w[iazr s'_


fszB e[ whb dh ftZE *s/ ;h. fJZSo/ tkb/ xo ftu fszB feZ;/, fJe r[Nek s/ fJerqzE ;h. feZ;/ ;B Nfjb f;zx x[Ze/tkbhJ/ dk @ftobkg#, ekdo:ko dk @g{oB Grs#s/ d"bs okw dk @o{g p;zs#. fJBQK feZf;nK B/ T[jd/ nzdo eftsk d/ ph phifdZs/. xo s'_ p/xo j'fJnk T[j nkgD/ nkg B{z ed/ o{g-p;zs Bkb w/bdk ed/g{oB Grs Bkb.

rbhnK *u rkT[_d/ iKd/ gqGks c/oh tkfbnK d/ p'b @s?B{z rkcabk ikr BknkJh fe fuVhnK ikr gJhnK# ns/ dot/;aK d/ ;[yB @e'Jh rZb ubD dh eo UJ/iZr pfj Bjh_ ofjDk# T[; d/ pkb wB B{z eftsk ouB bJh gq/od/. caehoK d/p'b ezBh_ g?_d/ @Bh w'JhJ/ G[zB d/ caehoK d/ dkD/# s/ ;{JhnK ezX{JhnK t/uD tkbhnKdhnK x'VhnK ;[DB B{z fwbdhnK @bNe/_d/ tkb ;'jD/ d/ t/ w[zfvnk s/oh x'Vht/#.

;akfJoh d/ pj[ozr/ gqGkt ep{bdk T[j wzBdk j?, ¿w/ok nkgk caeho d/yZgo tork ;h fi; ftu b{Dh dkb, fwZmh yho, d[ZX s/ bZ;h ;G soQK dh fGfSnkg?_dh ojh. eh ;thekoBk j? s/ eh Bjh_ ;thekoBk, fJj y[ZbQ, fJj u'D caeho gk;Bjh_ j[zdh. d[Bhnk d/ nB/e o[M/ftnK *u'_ w?E'_ nkgD/ bJh ;akfJoh dk o[M/tK u[fDnkfrnk.À

1936 ftu d;th gk; eoB fgZS'_ T[jdh jkbs thokB Xosh ftu T[ØiV/prhu/ d/ c[Zb torh ;h i' Xosh *s/ fvZrD'_ vodk j't/ wsk ghV bZr/. T[;t/b/ se T[j nkX[fBe gzikph ekft s'_ nDikD ;h. GkJh tho f;zx, w'jB f;zx s/nfzwqsk gqhsw d/ T[; B/ BK th Bjh_ ;B ;[D/.

1939 se T[; B/ nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk dh e'Jh uZi dh feskp Bjh_ ;hgVQh. e/tb bkj"o d/ ;akfJo fuokradhB @dkwB# B{z jh gfVQnk ;[fDnk ;h. v/ok;kfjp d/ i'V w/b/ T[s/ tZvk eth dopko j[zdk ;h. 1940 ftu gqGkeo eo e/ T[jp/;ae phH J/H dk fJwfsjkB d/D :'r j' frnk ;h go 1941 ftu T[; B/ frnkBhth eo bJh fi; Bkb T[j frnkBh tZiD bZr fgnk ;h. dkVQh T[; d/ ftobh nkJh;h i' T[; B/ ;koh T[wo y[ZbQh jh oZyh.

gqGkeo s/ frnkBh gk; eoB d/ Bkb jfoGiB f;zx B/ 1941 ftu fjzdhdh @;kfjs osB# gqhfynk th gk; ehsh. j?okBh dh rZb j? fe ;G ek;/ tZb'_nDr"b/ ftfdnkoEh B/ fizB/ th fJwfsjkB fdZs/ ;G c;N ebk; ftu gk;ehs/. e'o; dhnK feskpK th eJh tko T[; e'b nkgDhnK Bjh_ ;B j[zdhnK. T[jgfjbK gk; j'J/ ftfdnkoEhnK iK Bkb gVQd/ iwkshnK dhnK wzrthnK feskpK gVQe/ gqhfynktK dh fsnkoh eodk.


ed/ bkj"o d/ g[nkj/ ftu eoskoh BK dh e[Vh Bkb fe;a'o T[wo/ jfoGiBdhnK fBrkjK fGVhnK ;B. oKM/ T[m e/ nkfynk tkj ;ZiD! jho jZ; e/ s/fwjopkB j'Jh. nfijk brGr jo eth ebkeko Bkb tkgod?. eJh ;kbK dhftE fgZS'_ eoskoh dh Mbe T[; B{z fdZbh d/ fJe f;B/wk xo ftu gJh. goeoskoh dh Biao p/rkBh j'Jh gJh ;h. eh fJj Biao dk X'yk ;h< fJ; B{z nkgDhBiao dk X'yk wzB b?D s'_ f;tk j'o e'Jh ukok Bjh_ ;h jfoGiB e'b.

d;th_ gk; eo b?D fgS'_ bkj"o dh p/ekoh ftu T[j B"eohnK bJh noiahnKfdzdk fojk i' p/eko iKdhnK ojhnK. fJe fdB bkj"o ftu T[jd/ d';s d/;/ B/ dZ;gkJh fe fdZbh d/ fe;/ dcso B{z d;th_ gk; eboeK dh b'V j?. joGiB f;zxB/ noiah gk fdZsh. fJzNoftT{ bJh ;Zdk nk frnk go fdZbh ftu T[jdh e'Jh mkjoBjh_ ;h. d/;/ B/ jh gjkV rzi ofjzd/ nkgD/ d';s dk fNekDk dZ; e/ jfoGiBf;zx B{z rZvh uVQk fdZsk. T[; B{z fdZbh ftu eboe dh B"eoh fwb rJh.

fdZbh T[; B/ E'VQk fuo jh eboeh ehsh ;h fe eboeh s'_ wB T[eskfrnk. T[j iwBk d/ g[b *s/ pfj e/ ;'uD bZrk, bkj"o w[V ikt/ iK fdZbh *ujh GNedk oj/. T[jd/ eowK B{z fJe d';s T[jd/ e'b nkfJnk. T[; B/ nkfynk,r[od[nkok o'v *s/ r[o{ s/r pjkdo ;e{b j?, w?_ s?B{z T[E/ b[nk ;edK. T[; B{zfjzdh nfXnkge dh B"eoh fwb rJh i' vkYh ok; nkJh. T[; B/ ojkfJ;a jh ;e{bd/ B/V/ eo bJh fiE/ eJh eth s/ b/ye t;d/ ;B. T[BQK Bkb fdZbh ftu T[;dk ih bZr frnk. b/yeK Bkb d';shnK g?DhnK ;a[o{ j' rJhnK fiBQK ftu Jh;atofusoeko, nwo f;zx, ;[bZyD s/ r[biako j'oh_ ;B.

id'_ T[j o[iarko bZr frnk sK uko g?;/ th i/p/ ftu yVeD bZr/. T[jfJSo/ s'_ nkgDh wk;h B{z fdZbh b? nkfJnk. fdZbh nk e/ wk;h T[jd/ wro g?rJh fe j[D s{z ftnkj eotk. 68 BkJhtkbk rbh ftu ofjzdh fJe n"os B{z id'_gsk bZrk fe T[BQK dh jh pokdoh dk B"eoh bZrk fJe w[zvk ni/ e[nkok j? sKT[; B/ w[zv/ dh wk;h Bkb fo;as/ *u'_ bZrdh nkgDh G?D d/ fo;as/ dh rZb s'obJh. id'_ T[; n"os B/ yfjVk jh Bk SZfvnk sK jfoGiB f;zx B{z jK eoBh gJh.

feogkb e"o BK dh e[Vh Bkb T[; d/ ;zi'r fby/ ;B. e[Vh p/;ae ;wZXo;h go ;h uzr/ ;[Gkn dh. 1946 *u T[BQK dk fo;ask j' frnk s/ T[;/ ;kb wk;hB/ fJSo/ fbik e/ GkDi/ B{z ftnkj fdZsk. wk;h s/ feogkb e"o B{z b? e/ jfoGiBf;zx fdZbh gos fgnk fi; Bkb 68 BkJhtkbk tkb/ xo B{z Gkr bZrD bZr/.gb/mk pZuk Xh ;h i' wksk fBebD ekoB d' ;kb dh j' e/ r[iao rJh. fcobVe/ :[rgkb f;zx dk iBw j'fJnk. fco wdB r[gkb s/ fgq:do;aB f;zx. ;Gs'_ S'Nh p/Nh of;aw. id'_ w?_ gfjbh tko T[BQK d/ xo frnk sK vkeNo dk gfotko


S/ ihnK dk ;h.

1951 *u yakb;k ekbi d/t Bro ftu fjzdh d/ b?euoko dh nk;kwhfBebh. sd se jfoGiB f;zx B/ fjzdh dh n?ØwH J/H dk fJwfsjkB nZtb doi/ftu gk; eo fbnk ;h. i[bkJh 1951 ftu T[; B{z ykb;k ekbi ftu fjzdh dkb?euoko oZy fbnk frnk. b?euoko bZr e/ T[; B/ @r[ow[yh fbgh w/_ T[gbGdfjzdh ;kfjs# y'i gqpzX fby e/ ghn?ØuH vhH dh fvroh jk;b eo bJh. fco T[jfjzdh ftGkr dk w[yh pD frnk. T[jBK fdBK ftu jh w?_ T[; e'b'_ ekbi w?riahBbJh eftsk jk;b ehsh ;h.

fco jfoGiB f;zx dk gq'H gqhsw f;zx Bkb w/b j'fJnk i' ok; nkT[_dkfrnk. gq'H gqhsw f;zx jh ;h fi; dh f;cako;a ;dek T[j fdZbh :{Bhtof;Nh ftunkX[fBe Gkosh Gk;katK ftGkr dk gq'ca?;o s/ w[yh pfDnk.

1965-66 d/ fdB ;B. w?_ yakb;k ekbi fdZbh ftu gzikph dk b?euoko;K. T[d'_ vkH jfoGiB f;zx T[; ekbi ftu fjzdh ftGkr dk w[yh ;h s/ ekbidk ;hBhno w';N gq'c?;o ;h. T[j fgqz;hgb r[opuB f;zx pZb dh ra?o jkiaoh ftuekoiekoh fgqz;hgb d/ coia fBGkT[_dk. gqhsw f;zx p?_; B/ w?B{z ekbi dhnEb?fNe; Nhw dk fJBukoi pDk fdZsk. ;kvh eok; ezNoh dh Nhw :{Bhtof;Nhdh u?_ghnBf;ag ftu Gkr b?D rJh sK vkH jfoGiB f;zx th ekbi d/ nEbhNd"Vd/ t/yD frnk. ;kvh Nhw u?_ghnBf;ag fiZsh sK T[; B{z b'jV/ dk ukn ufVQnk.T[; B/ iZchnK gk e/ Nhw B{z tXkJhnK fdZshnK s/ ukn Bkb c'N' fyutkJ/.

ekbi ftu n;h_ gzikph ;kfjs pko/ ;wkrw oZfynk. T[; ;wkrw bJhw[Zy wfjwkB ti'_ gzikph ftGkr B/ nkX[fBe Gkosh Gk;aktK, fdZbh :{Bhtof;Nh d/w[yh vkH nkoH e/H dk;r[gsk B{z ;Zdk fdZsk. ;Zdk gZso w?_ jh d/D frnk. w?_ vkHdk;r[gsk dh B/Vsk jk;b eo bJh j'Jh ;h. T[; B{z w/oh p'bpkDh gzikph d/ pkehnfXnkgeK Bkb'_ tZyoh ikgh ;h. fJe fdB T[; B/ ekoB g[ZfSnk sK w?_ dZf;nkfe gzikph d/ pj[s/ nfXnkge ;afjoh s/ g'm'jkoh fgS'eV d/ jB. w?_ wkbt/ dhghi?_Noh B{z phb"_r eodk j'D eoe/ g/_v{nK tKr p'bdK. fJj rZb T[; B{z iu rJhs/ T[; B/ wB ftu Xko fbnk fe fJe b?euoko gzikp dh ghi?_Noh s/ fgzvK B{zphb"_r eodk th oZyDk ukjhd?. w"ek nkfJnk sK T[; B/ w?B{z oZy th fbnk. fJziT[; Bkb w/oh B/Vsk j'o th tX rJh.

;wkrw tkb/ fdB w?_ N?e;h b? e/ :{Bhtof;Nh e?_g; ofjzd/ vkH dk;r[gskB{z b?D frnk. T[jd/ xo gj[zuk sK T[j ;NZvh *u o[ZMk j'fJnk ;h. T[; B/ fejk,s{z UBk fuo e'Jh feskp d/y b?, w?_ nZX/ xzN/ se fsnko j' iktKrk. w?_ nZXkxzNk bzxkT[D bJh :{Bhtof;Nh d/ e?c/ ubk frnk. nZr/ vkH jfoGiB f;zx p?mk


;h. T[jB/ gsbh nktkia @iZNk* efj e/ *tkia wko bJh. w?_ T[jd/ e'b ik p?mk.dZf;nk fe w?_ vkH dk;r[gsk B{z b? e/ ekbi d/ ;kfjs ;wkrw *s/ ikDk j?. T[jnZX/ xzN/ se fsnko j't/rk. vkeNo B/ g[ZfSnk, ¿J/E'_ ikD tkb/ j'o e"D e"DB/<À

w?_ fejk, ¿N?e;h nkgD/ e'b n? s/ ikD tkbk *eZbk dk;r[gsk Jh n?.ÀT[;B/ fejk, ¿sK fJT[_ eo. s{z w/o/ pko/ T[jB{z dZ; dJh_. w?_ th Bkb Jh ubdK.¿

w?_ fJzi jh ehsk. vkH dk;r[gsk B{z vkH jfoGiB f;zx pko/ dZf;nk fefJj gzikph d/ gqf;ZX eth, nB[tkde s/ nkb'ue jB. ;kv/ ekbi ftu fjzdhftGkr d/ w[yh s/ ;hBhno w';N gq'ca?;o jB. w?B{z bZrk T[; s'_ gfjbK vkHdk;r[gsk, vkH jfoGiB f;zx pko/ e[M Bjh_ ;h ikDdk. T[; B/ fejk fe gfjbKfJj ;ZiD T[; B{z feT[_ Bh fwbkfJnk< T[jBh_ fdBh_ :{Bhtof;Nh ftu gzikphgVQkT[D tkb/ gq'ca?;o ;B vkH jouoB f;zx, vkH sob'e f;zx ezto, vkH r[opya;af;zx, vkH ekbk f;zx p/dh, vkH ;ftzdo f;zx T[Øgb, tDikok p/dh s/ i'frzdo f;zx;'Yh. ed/ ed/ vkH r[gkb f;zx dodh th n?ØwH J/H gzikph dk ghohnv gVQk iKdk;h.

w?_ N?e;h vokJhto d/ Bkb dh ;hN *s/ p?m frnk. d't/_ vkeNo fgSbh;hN *s/ p?m rJ/. nZX/ e[ xzN/ dk o;sk ;h. vkH jfoGiB f;zx rZbK dk XBh;h. rZbK rZbK ftu T[; B/ dk;r[gsk *s/ nkgDh ftdtsk dk N{Dk eo fdZsk.w?_ w{jo/ p?mk u[Zg ukg ;[Dh frnk. yakb;k ekbi nZr'_ bzxD tkbh ;Ve dk BK@UfoiBb o'v# ;h fi; dk BtK BK d/;apzX{ r[gsk o'v oZy fdZsk frnk ;h. goe'Jh BtK BK xZN jh b?_dk ;h. id'_ N?e;h UfoiBb o'v *s/ w[Vh sK jfoGiBf;zx B/ dk;r[gsk B{z dZf;nk fe fJ; ;Ve dk BK @d/;apzX{ r[gsk o'v# j?. fcoT[; B/ pzrkb dh G{fwek pzBQfdnK pzrkbh ;kfjs ;bkj[s ehsh. fJT[_ T[jdk;r[gsk d/ fYZv ftu tV frnk. vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ nkgDh ftdtsk dkdk;r[gsk *s/ n?;k gqGkt gkfJnk fe dk;r[gsk B/ T[; B{z gzikph n?ØwH J/H dk fJeghohnv gVQkT[D B{z nky fdZsk.

nZr/ vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ebkekoh ;h. gzikph dh T[; B/ frnkBh ehsh;h, gzikph dk n?ØwH J/H Bjh_ ;h. go gzikph dk J/Bk frnkBtkB ;h fe gzikphdh n?ØwH J/H eoB s'_ fpBK jh T[j gzikph dk gq'c?a;o pD e/ nkX[fBe Gkosh Gk;aktKftGkr dk w[yh pD frnk ns/ vkH dk;r[gsk tkbh e[o;h ;zGkb bJh. e[o;hsK T[; B/ gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh gfNnkbk d/ gfjb/ gzikph gq'ca?;o s/ w[yh j'D dhth ;zGkb b?Dh ;h go ;ehw f;o/ Bk uVQ ;eh.

gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh dk ;kpek tkJh; uK;bo vkH nwohe f;zx ns/


jfoGiB f;zx 1951 *u yakb;k ekbi ftu fJe' ;w/_ b?euoko bZr/ ;B. nwohef;zx fbydk j? fe 1952 iK 53 ftu jfoGiB f;zx B/ T[; B{z dZf;nk ;h gJhT[; B/ nzfwqsk gqhsw pko/ fJe b/y fbfynk j?. @nZi nkyK tkfo; ;akj B{z# eftskfby e/ nzfwqsk w;aj{o j' u[Zeh ;h. T[j b/y nwohe f;zx B/ gfVQnk s/ ]a{p;bkfjnk. nwohe f;zx nzro/iah gVQkT[_dk ;h ns/ jfoGiB f;zx fjzdh go gzikphftu fbyD dh brB d'jK B{z ;h. nwohe f;zx B/ 1953 *u fJe BkNe fbfynkokjK d/ fBy/VokjK d/ fBy/VokjK d/ fBy/VokjK d/ fBy/VokjK d/ fBy/V fi; dk fjzdh nB[tkd jfoGiB f;zx B/ ehsk ;h. fJT[_ T[BQK dhd';sh gZeh j' rJh ;h.

jfoGiB f;zx B/ nkgDh gfjbh feskp bk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;K nwohe f;zx B{z bzvBG/ih fiE/ T[j ghn?ØuH vhH eoB frnk ;h. T[; dhnK d' gzrshnK nwohe f;zxB{z ed/ Bk G[ZbhnKL fiT[_ fe;ws dh o/y o[gfjoh, ni/ th o;sk ikr fojk .w?_;"_ iktK, w?_ ;"_ iktK, fJt/_ Bk :kohnK Eh_dVhnK.

1963 ftu vkH nwohe f;zx gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh ftu nzro/iah dk gq'ca?;oik bZrk. fiE'_ se :{Bhtof;Nh ftu gzikph dk gq'c?a;o bZrD dh rZb j? 1947s'_ gfjbK gzikp :{Bhtof;Nh bkj"o ftu vkH w'jD f;zx dhtkBk gzikph tk;s/ gq'HfB:[es j'fJnk ;h. 1947 s'_ pknd gzikp :{Bhtof;Nh ftu gzikph dh n?ØwH J/H ;{o{ j'Jh sK gq'H dhtkBk s'_ fJbktk gzikph gVQkT[D tkb/ gq'H s/ik f;zx s/ gq'H gqhswf;zx ;B. fco gq'H ;zs f;zx ;/y'_ th ob frnk. gzikph dh n?ØwH J/H ;G s'_ gfjbKwfjzdok ekbi gfNnkbk ftu F[o{ j'Jh, fco yakb;k ekbi nzfwqs;o, fco gzikp:{Bhtof;Nh uzvhrVQ. T[E/ vkH ;[fozdo f;zx e'jbh B{z gzikph dk gq'ca?;o bk fbnkfrnk.

gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh gfNnkbk ftu gzikph dk gfjbk gq'ca?;o bkT[D dhtkosk vkH nwohe f;zx dh fbyh jh gVQ'L 1965 ftu w?_ gfNnkb/ nzro/iah dkgq'ca?;o ;h. GkJh i'X f;zx T[jBK fdBK ftu tkJh; uK;bo ti'_ nkgD/ gfjb/ fszB;kb g{o/ eo oj/ ;B. gzikph dk gq'ca?;o u[DB bJh fdZbh ftu vkH wfjzdo f;zxozXktk dh e'mh ftu whfNzr j'Jh. vkH ozXktk s'_ fJbktk r'gkb f;zx dodh thfJe n?egoN ;B. fJe sh;ok ftdtkB th ;h go w?B{z BK Bjh_ :kd fojk. T[;whfNzr ftu w?_ fJj sithia g/;a ehsh fe gfNnkb/ ftu jfoGiB f;zx B{z gzikphdk gq'ca?;o bkfJnk ikt/. fJj rZb jo fJe B{z iuh s/ ew/Nh tZb'_ fJj' f;cako;aehsh rJh.

go e[M b'eK B{z fJj rZb wB}{o Bjh_ ;h. T[jBK B/ fJ; c?;b/ fyabkcad"V GZi F[o{ eo fdZsh. T[jBK jh fdBK ftu GkJh i'X f;zx dk tes yasw j'frnk s/ feogkb f;zx Bkozr T[jBK dh EK w[eZoo j'J/. f;zvhe/N dh whfNzr gfjbh


ew/Nh s'_ e[b S/ jcafsnK pknd j'Jh. gq'H Bkozr dh fJj gfjbh whfNzr ;h. w?_t/fynk fe tkJh; uK;bo j' u[Zeh f;cako;a s'_ fEVe oj/ ;B. w/oh fJj nkyaohwhfNzr ;h s/ w?_ T[; s'_ pknd fJe j'o B"eoh *s/ fdZbh tkg; ikDk ;h. w?_fpbe[b fBobZi j' e/ fJj rZb ejh fe fJ; c?;b/ s'_ fgZS/ jNDk rabs g{oB/gkT[D/ j'Dr/. go nyaho j'fJnk T[jh e[M i' fJjBK w;fbnK ftu j[zdk j?. c?;bkfJj j'fJnk fe w[V e/ fJ;afsjko fdZsk ikt/. fJ; w"e/ d' jh rZbK efjD tkbhnKjB. gfjbh fJj fe w/o/ fyankb ftu i/eo jfoGiB f;zx T[; t/b/ gfNnkb/ ubkfrnk j[zdk sK gzikph nfXnkgB dk o[ya ekcah jZd se pdb ikDk ;h. fJ; s'_tZX e[M efjD dh b'V Bjh_.

e[M ;kbK pknd id'_ fdZbh :{Bhtof;Nh ftu gzikph d/ gq'c?a;o dh nk;kwhGoh ikDh ;h sK jfoGiB T[E/ ;fji/ jh T[; gdth bJh u[fDnk frnk.w?_ T[jBKfdBK ftu nwohek frnk j'fJnk ;K. w?B{z jfoGiB dh fuZmh nkJh. itkp ftuw?_ T[jB{z tXkJh G/ih. nrb/ e[M ;kbK ftu i' jfoGiB B/ ehsk s/ gzikphnfXnkgB d/ fwnko ekfJw j'J/, T[jd/ pko/ pj[sk e[M efjD dh b'V Bjh_.

vkH nwohe f;zx fbydk j?, ¿pV/ xZN eth n?;/ j[zd/ jB fijV/ nkgD/iiap/ dh f;aZds s'_ nZr/ ik e/, T[; s'_ T[Øm e/ fJe n?;h wB dh nt;Ek ftu gj[zuiKd/ jB fe nkgDh eftsk ftu fNekn b? nkT[_d/ jB. o[Zy s/ fo;aho[Zy s/ fo;aho[Zy s/ fo;aho[Zy s/ fo;aho[Zy s/ fo;ah fJe fw;kbj?. fJ; ftu ;'u s/ iiap/ dk ;[w/b j?. fJjd/ ftu wB dh ;zs[;aNh jh Bjh_ fJe;fji ntZ;Ek tZb fJ;akok j? fi; ftu fNekn fiankdk s/ sVg xZN j?.À

vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ w"fbe g[;seK ouB s'_ fJbktk d' doiB d/ eohpfeskpK dk nB[tkd ehsk s/ doiB d/ eohp feskpK ;zgkfds ehshnK. J/Bk e[MSgtk b?D d/ pkti{d T[j dZ;dk j[zdk ;h fe T[jdk fbfynk pj[s e[M r[nkufrnk s/ e[M fbfynk j'fJnk SgD y[D'_ ofj frnk! T[j fbydk j?, ¿pj[s e[MsK w?_ bkj"o jh SZv nkfJnk ;K, nkgD/ Bkb fdZbh fbnkT[D dh b'V wfj;{; Bkehsh. fJe sK nkgDh :kd-;aesh jh w?B{z g{op-fby/ dh ;zGkb tZb fXnkB Bjh_;h d/D d/_dh. d{i/ nu/s fijk nfj;k; ;h fe r[nku rJ/ dk fceo Bk eo,j'o ou btKrk.

T[jdhnK eftsk dhnK brGr ;kohnK jh feskpK Gkgk gqhsw f;zx B/SkghnK. NZ[ehnK ihGK tkb/NZ[ehnK ihGK tkb/NZ[ehnK ihGK tkb/NZ[ehnK ihGK tkb/NZ[ehnK ihGK tkb/ ekft ;zrqfj n?woi?_;h dhnK eftsktK Bkb ;zpzfXs;h. fJj ;zrqfj SkgD pko/ T[; B/ Gkg/ B{z p/Bsh eoBh T[fus Bk ;wMh. fJesK T[j Gkg/ s'_ BKj Bjh_ ;h ejkT[Dh ukj[zdk, d{i/ T[jB{z fe;/ ;zeN ftu Bjh_ ;hgkT[Dk ukj[zdk.Gkos dk ;akfJd jh e'Jh tZvk ;afjo iK ;EkB j't/ fiE/ T[j eftskiK ftuko g/;a eoB Bk frnk j't/. ekbiK, :{Bhtof;NhnK ftu sK T[; B/ rkj


gk oZfynk ;h. fes/ eth dopko, fes/ o{po{, fes/ e[zihts Gk;aB s/ fes/ frnkBr';aNh. T[j p'bdk ubdk jiakok f;zx r[odk;g[oh d/ pho o; dh dkd fdzdk,p{Nk f;zx dh ;odkoh wzBdk, r[ofdnkb f;zx dk @wVQh dk dhtk# ;bkj[zdk s/ pktkpbtzs dh fpzpktbh dh pks gkT[_dk. ihjdh fbys N[zp iKdh oZi e/ gq;z;k eodk.T[; B/ nB/eK d';s pDkJ/ s/ rtkJ/

fJj rZb th Bjh_ fe T[; B{z ;dk ;bkwK jh j[zdhnK ojhnK. fiBQK B{z T[;B/ w{zj ia'o w[jZpsK ehshnK T[jBK B/ T[; B{z T[ikVB dh th e'Jh e;o Bjh_ SZvh.T[jd/ gq;z;e jh T[jd/ fBzde pDd/ oj/. u/b/ Ng{;hnK wko e/ gkb/ pdbd/oj/. id T[j gfNnkb/ iKdk sK G{stkV/ th gj[zudk. ekoBo Ykp/ s'_ szd{oh G'iSeD dk dhtkBk ;h. ykXh ghsh *u rkT[_dkL

X[o dorkj'_ gfjbK uZb w/b/ uZbhJ/

UVe ikDk wo t/ uZb w/b/ uZbhJ/HHH

pbtzs rkorh B/ jfoGiB f;zx dh w;sh B{z fJzi fpnkfBnkL

fi; fdB w?B{z ;kfjs nekdwh dk fJBkw fwfbnk, T[; ;akw pj[s ;ko/ b/ye fwZso w/o/ xo fJeZm/ j' rJ/. fBZe/ ftjV/ ftu S'Nh ;[oya w/ia T[&Zs/ w'wpZshpb ojh ;h. fJod frod g?_sh ukbh d';s p?m/ ;BL nzfwqsk gqhsw, w'jB f;zx,eosko f;zx d[Zrb s/ T[; dh phth, SZi torh dkVQh tkbk r[biako f;zx ;zX{,;[ohbh nktkia tkbh ;[fozdo e"o s/ jfoGiB f;zxHHH. ;GBK d/ rbk; Go/ j'J/ ;Bs/ ;G gh oj/ ;B.ftjV/ ftu jk;k s/ ;a'o ;h fi; d/ MZyV Bkb w'wpZsh ezp ojh;hHHHeftsktK dk d"o F[o{ j' frnk. jfoGiB f;zx rbk; cVh yVQk ;h ns/ bNp"okj'fJnk eftsk dh dkd d/ fojk ;h. ed/ ed/ T[; dh fbbQe torh gsbh nktkia;GBK s'_ nbfjdk Nhg d/ ;[oK ftu r{zi T[mdh. ;[fozdo e"o B/ jho ;[DkJh sK;GBK T[&Zs/ u[Zg Sk rJh. w'wpZsh dh bkN th ezpD'_ jN rJh. d' xzN/ eftsktKs/ rhsK dh wfjcab fGZih ojh. uwu/ N[Ded/ oj/, rbk; yDed/ oj/. fJe pKjT[bko e/ jfoGiB f;zx B/ rhs S'fjnkL nZXh oks pb{zrk ftbe/ Bh wkJ/ w/ohJ/!

T[; B/ fJj gzrsh d' fszB tko T[Øu/ ;[oK ftu p'bh. id T[j @Bh wkJ/# nkydk sK T[; dh nktkia fJT[_ ;h fit/_ e'Jh p[ZYh ehoB/ gk ojh j't/HHH.

T[; B/ rbk; fJe gk;/ oZy fdZsk s/ eb/i/ ftu'_ j{e eZYhL

e'o/ d[ZX eN'o/ w/o/, nk s/o/ p[bQ S[jktK, Bh fizd bt/ohJ/!

d't/_ jZE nkgDh Sksh T[&Zs/ i'V e/ T[j d[ZX dhnK XkoK trk fojk ;h.d[ZX d/ eN'o/ Sbe oj/ ;B. ;kok ftjVk d[ZX dhnK XkoK Bkb Go fojk ;h. wZXw;{j/ ukBD/ ftu yVQk T[j pj[s tZvk-tZvk bZr fojk ;hHHHT[; dh dkVQh c?b rJh ;h


s/ T[; dh nktkia T[Øuh r{zi tKr fes'_ d{o'_ nk ojh ;h. eftsk B/ T[; B{z fdUtKr pDk fdZsk ;h i' wS/o/ dh rkro ftu'_ Xz{nK pD e/ fBebdk j? ns/ nkek;aT[s/ Sk iKdk j?.T[; dh eftsk ;GBK B{z wzso w[rX eo ojh ;hL ;"_ ik w/o/wkbek, tokB j'Jh oksHHH.

nek;atkDh tkbk d/ftzdo T[; B{z ;kfjp/ ebw, ;kfjp/ r[casko, ;kfjp/feodko ns/ w[ezwb T[;skd s/ fdnkb{ ofjB[wk efjzdk ;h. p{Nk f;zx T[; B{zfdb dfonk nkydk ;h. T[; B/ fbfynk, ¿jfoGiB f;zx eth j? s/ rkT[_dk thj?. ewbk nkdwh fejV/ gk;/ bZr frnk. i/ okrK dk feZsk ngBkT[_dk, ;ko/d/;a dh wkfJnk j{zM b?_dkL

w?_ Goh ;[rzXhnK g"D ;ZiD s/o/ p{j/

s{z fJe tkoh se b? e"D ;ZiD s/o/ p{j/

w/oh euVh gfjb to/; ;zr s/ok ukj/

w/o/ ;[uV/ ;[uV/ nzr e/; nBtkj/HH.

G{;aB fXnkBg[oh ftnzreko ;h. b/yeK s/ ethnK dk w"i{ T[vk fdzdk ;h.T[; B/ fbfynk, ¿jfoGiB f;zx s[fonk fcodk j?. GZfink fcodk j?. T[fvnkfcodk j?. yzG T[r nkJ/ jB T[; dh ;kdrh B{z, T[; dh ;obsk B{z, T[; d/ ;fjiB{z, T[; d/ ;[ji B{z. T[j nkg f;oi/ ebg-b'e ftu GkT[_dk fcodk j? s/ rkT[_dkfcodk j?. ed/ e'Jh w[dok pDkT[_dk j?, ed/ e'Jh fJ;akok eodk j?. ;kB{z bZrdkj? fit/_ ;kvh rZb dk j[zrkok Godk j?. ed/ T[; dk rbk Godk j?. ed/ nZyGodh j?. eth fJzi dk j[zdk j?, eftsk fJzi T[sodh j?. fJj nihp fijk wB[Zyj?. fJj fo;ah j?< iK o[Zy j?< fJj izfwnk ;h iK T[frnk ;h< gq;aB ;[D e/ T[jjZf;nk j?. jZ;d/-jZ;d/ dZf;nk j?L iBw j'fJnk w/ok e';h o[Zs/HHHw/ok pugB ni/Bk nkfJnkHHH.

yakb;k ekbi fdZbh dh ;kbkBk nEb?fNe; whN j[zdh sK n;h_ d't/_ wkJhecV pfjzd/. w/o/ j;kT[D/ s/ T[jd/ ekfte p'b ozr pzBQ fdzd/. T[j ewkb dke[w?_N/No ;h. i/eo i;d/t f;zx dh EK b? b?_dk sK ;zGt ;h i;d/t B{z th wksgk iKdk. fJe tko w/oh y/v ouBk gVQ e/ T[; B/ fejk, ¿iZNk, i/ feXo/ y/vKfyvkohnK pko/ nzro/iah *u fby/_ sK g{oh d[Bhnk *u gfVQnk ikt/_. i/ i;d/t f;zxtKr fjzdh *u e[w?_Noh eo/_ sK T[jd/ tKr jh jtkJh ijkiaK *s/ uVQ/_ ns/ J/;ahnBs/ Ubzfge y/vK eto eo/_.À

go w?_ gzikph ftu fbyD p'bD dh nVh cVh oZyh. w/oh nVh s'_ nZe e/T[; B/ fejk, ¿j[D s{z ;kJheb ;tko J/_. gzikph *u fby e/ tZX s'_ tZX ;e{No


;tko j' ;e/_rk, fJ; s'_ tZX Bjh_. uZb gzikph *u jh fbyh uZb.À

ek;a ! vkH ;kfjp ih_d/ j[zd/ sK t/yd/ fe ;kJheb ;tko gzikph y/v b/yes/ y/v p[bko/ B{z gzikph fgnkfonK B/ ;e{No dk ;tko Bjh_, jtkJh ijkiaK dk ;tkopDk e/ jzGkn SZfvnk j?! fijV/ efjzd/ B/ fe gzikph ftu e[M Bjh_ fgnk, w?_ T[BQKftu'_ Bjh_.

skok f;zx @b'e ozr# BK dk gouk eZYdk ;h ns/ fNZuo wy"b eo/ fpBKT[jdk ;odk Bjh_ ;h. b'e ozr n;b ftu B'e M'e dk Jh ozr j[zdk ;h. T[jnkT[_dk Jh w/o/ pko/ efjD bZrk, ¿vkH ;kfjp, fJj u/bk ed'_ w[zfBnK< fJjB{z sKfJe d' tko w?_ ekch jkT{; *u th t/fyn?.À vkeNo B/ f;oc J/Bk jh dZf;nk,¿fJj gzikph dk b?euoo J/.À fco ekwb B/ fejk, ¿vkH ;kfjp n?seh_ *nko;h*ftu fJe ejkDh gVQB tkbh n?. fe;/ Bt/_ b/ye dh n?.À

T[; B/ o;kbk y'bQ e/ ftykfJnk sK w?B{z ejkDh dk BK @Buko# Biaoh_ g?frnk. fJ; BK dh ejkDh e[M fdB gfjbK jh w?_ Gkgk gqhsw f;zx B{z fdZsh ;h.w?_ ya[;a th j'fJnk s/ j?okB th! *nko;h* ftu SgDk s/ skok f;zx ekwb d/ w{zj'_f;cas ;[DBh ewkb dh rZb ;h ekwb B{z eh gsk ;h fe fi; b/ye dh ejkDhB{z T[j ;bkjh ik fojk ;h T[j T[jd/ e'b jh p?mk ;h . vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ejkDh j/mK BK gfVQnk-;otD f;zx. T[jd/ w{zj'_ fBefbnk, ¿fJj ;otD fejVkj'fJnk gJh<À

jZd j' rJh ;h! w?_ ;kjwD/ p?mk th T[BQK B{z fd; Bjh_ ;K fojk! w/ok vzvgkT[D B{z ihn eodk ;h go w?_ j"bh d/D/ fejk, ¿Buko BK dh fJe ejkDh sKw?_ th Gkgk gqhsw f;zx B{z fdZsh ;h. fbnkU w?B{z th ftykU.À T[j ejkDh w/ohjh ;h. vkH jfoGiB f;zx d/ efjD *s/ w?_ jh gVQ e/ ;[DkT[D bZrk. T[; fdBsK i/ ;koh ekfJBks efjzdh, ¿gVQ e/ ;[Dk.À sK w?_ ;koh oks ;[DkT[_dk Bk EZedk.nkgDh gfjbh ejkDh B{z @nko;h# tor/ tZv/ b/yeK d/ gou/ ftu Sgh t/yD dknefj nBzd ;h i' ;apdK ftu fpnkB Bjh_ ehsk ik ;edk. jfoGiB f;zx d/skok f;zx d/ f;csh p'bK B/ w?B{z j'o th yzG bk fdZs/!

ejkDh dk nzs ;hL oks Yb u[Zeh ;h. uzd fSg fojk ;h. u[c/o/ u[Zg;h. eZ[s/ ;[Zs/ gJ/ ;B. e'Jh ihn Bjh_ ;h ikrdk. Bzpodko nkgD/ g[Zs B{z T[vhefojk ;h. Bzpodko d/ w[zv/ B/ p{jk y[ZbQtkT[D bJh pVh j[Zp Bkb pkg{ B{z *tkiawkoh. T[jB{z pkg{ s'_ ;akpk;a fwbD dh nk; ;h. T[jB/ pkg{ d/ ej/ w[skfpet/bK eokJhnK ;B s/ fgT[ dk g[Zs fe;/ s'_ xZN th Bjh_ ;h fojk. go p{jky'bQfdnK jh pkg{ d/ w{zj'_ ;akpk;a/ tor/ p'bK dh EK rkbQK Goh nZr fBebh, ¿nkfrn?_ eziok, ezioK Bkb BZu e/< s{z w/o/ xo ekjB{z izwDk ;h< fe;/ ezio d/ izw


g?_dk! uzrh ukj[B?_ sK ikj w/ohnK nZyK s'_ d{o j' ikj!! j' ikj d{o fJ;/ t/b/!!! @s/uzd fSg frnk ;h# d/ fceo/ Bkb w?_ ejkDh dk nzs ehsk ;h.

jfoGiB f;zx dh fNZgDh ;h, ¿fJj t/ ;kvk ;fGnkukoe d'rbkgD! BZuDrkT[D tkfbnK B{z n;h_ fJBkw sK d/ ;ed/ nK go nkgD/ XhnK g[ZsK B{z T[BQK BkbBZud/ rkT[_d/ Bjh_ io ;ed/. j'oBK d/ xo izwh jho uzrh J/ go nkgD/ xowkVh. Grs f;zx fe;/ j'o dk g[Zso j't/ sK mhe, nkgDk j't/ sK BkbkfJe!À

1967 ftu w?_ fdZbh d/ yakb;k ekbi B{z nbftdk efj e/ Y[Zvhe/ d/ ekbiftu nk frnk ;K. fco w/ok vkH jfoGiB f;zx Bkb yak; w/b r/b Bjh_ j';fenk. fuZmhnK iao{o nkT[_dhnK iKdhnK. T[jdhnK uko e[ fuZmhnK w/o/ gk; ni/th j?B. fJe fuZmh T[s/ 24H11H1975 dh w'jo j?. fbfynk j?, tho ;otB,s/oh fbys e"wh J/esk ftu gVQh. w?_ y[;a jK fe s{z J/B/ ;kbK pkd w[V ebw dkizrkb bkfjnk j?. s/oh ebw *s/ ;o;tsh ;tko j?, fbyD s'_ w{zj Bk w'Vh_.

s{z ewbihs (J/;ahnk dh 400 whNo d"V dh u?_ghnB ewbihs ;zX{) pko/fby e/ G/fink j?, ya{p j?. go T[; B{z e[M wjhB/ bzxk e/ SkgKr/. fJ; ftukb/gzikp d/ cZ[Npkb pko/, T[;d/ gkfbfNe; pko/, T[;d/ cZ[NpkboK dhnK ;wZf;nktKpko/ e[M fby e/ G/i, fBMZe s/ p/pke. w/oh ohM j? s{z e"wh J/esk d/ f;ao'wDhy/v fbykoh d/ s"o s/ ikfDnk ikt/_. jKw[y itkp G/i. s/ok b/y th S/sh g[iDkukjhdk j?.

gouk sK s{z t/y jh fbnk j?. fJ; ftu Sg/ b/y dk wZ[b s;thoK eoe/jh g?_dk j?. fJ; bJh nkgD/ b/y d/ Bkb gzi S/ s;thoK th iao{o G/ih_. w/okJ/; gou/ Bkb d';sK tkbk fo;ask j? s/ nkgD/ fwZsoK B{z fJ; Bkb ;zpzfXs eoBdk ukjtkB jK. s/ok nkgDk, jfoGiB f;zx

d{i/ fJBb?_v b?No T[s/ 22H12H1975 dh w'jo j?. tho ;otB, s/okb/y n?seh_ ik foj?. cbkfJzr f;y dh ejkDh s{z cbkfJzr g?B Bkb fbyh j?.s/oh ;a?bh s'_ e[opkB!

d' e[ b/y j'o fJj' ij/ fyvkohnK pko/ G/i. fJe d' b/y y/vK pko/ th.s{z s;thoK tZb fXnkB Bjh_ d/_dk. s;thoK b/y dh fizdikB j[zdhnK jB. ;' e[Ms;thoK Bkb iao{o G/fink eo. fJe tko c/o w[pkoepkd. s/ok nkgDk, jfoGiBf;zx

T[jdh nrbh fuZmh 4$1$76 dh fbyh fwbh. ;otB, s?B{z BtK ;kbw[pkoe! BtK ;kb s/oh ebw B{z j'o th fsZyk eo/. fJe b/y j'o dh T[vhe j?.s/ok, jfoGiB f;zx


fgS'_ ;[MhL s/ok b/y fJe tko c/o gfVQnk. s/oh ;a?bh s/ e[opkB. skohcabJh bcaia Bjh_ nj[Vd/.

fco 22$1 dh fbyh fuZmh nkJh. tho ;otB, s?B{z gfjbK th p/Bsh eou[ZeK. n?seh_ fJe b/y y/vK dhnK ubzs xNBktK iK ;wf;nktK pko/ G/i. s/okfJe b/y gjz[u u[Zek j?. T[j sK SgDk jh j?. go eozN Nkge T[go th s/ohebw ubDh ukjhdh j?. d{ih tko p/Bsh eo fojk jK sK i[ s{z fJ; gk;/T[u/uk ns/ pj[s ibdh fXnkB d/t/_. s/ok, jfoGiB f;zx

w?_ j?okB ;K fe jfoGiB f;zx w?B{z e"wh J/esk tk;s/ fbyD bJh nkoKfeT[_ bk fojk ;h! T[j fuZmh T[s/ fuZmh gkJh ik fojk ;h.fco ;fuZso e"whJ/esk dk gouk w?B{z vke okjh_ fwfbnk fi; ftu *cbkJh_r f;y fwbyk f;zx* tkbkb/y Sfgnk ;h. Bkb w/oh c'N' bZrh ;h. d' e[ fdBK pknd ;" o[gJ/ dk wBhnkovo th fwfbnk. fJj w/oh fbys dh gfjbh e?;a ewkJh ;h. T[BQh_ fdBh_ ;"o[gJ/ j[zd/ th pj[s ;B. wBh nkovo fwbD ns/ w/oh c'N' SgD dh sK w?B{z pj[sy[;ah j'Jh go b/y d/ d' e[ g?fonK dh SzrkJh j' ikD dk e[M ozi th j'fJnk.w?_ nkgD/ ikD/ fJe fJe bcaia pVk ;'u ftuko e/ fbfynk ;h. tkeK B{z ohM Bkbr[zfdnk ;h. T[d'_ w?B{z Bjh_ ;h gsk fe w?riahB dh ;g/; w[skfpe g?o/ eZND/ thg? ;ed/ jB. ;zGt ;h w/o/ b/y dh eKN SKN fJ;/ eoe/ j'Jh j't/. go w?E'_w/oh fbys Bkb j'fJnk @nBoE# ifonk Bjh_ ;h ik fojk. wB *u o'; ikfrnk fegfjbK T[jB/ fuZmh gk e/ ya[d fbytkfJnk, fco eZfNnk. fJj feXobk fJB;kcaj'fJnk<

o'; ftu w?_ vkH jfoGiB f;zx B{z frbk eofdnK fuZmh fby fdZsh.;zgkdepD/ vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ gsk Bjh_ T[; fuZmh B{z fet/_ fbnk< go fgZS'_ G/i/w/o/ b/yK ftu'_ e'Jh th ;so Bk eZNh. w?B{z *e"wh J/esk* dk ekbw @y/v w?dkB *u'_#fbyD vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ jh bkfJnk ;h i' w?_ w?riahB d/ pzd j'D se u"dKgzdoK ;kb fbfynk.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx B{z o'; dh fuZmh fbyD fgZS' w?_ gSskfJnk th fe w?B{zozd/, s/;/ s/ e[jkV/ tor/ ;apd Bjh_ ;B tosD/ ukjhd/ feT[_fe jfoGiB f;zxokwrVQhnk ;h. go XzB ;h jfoGiB f;zx fi; B/ T[Øek jh wfj;{; Bk eotkfJnk.j' ;ed? T[; B/ fJj ;'u e/ wkca eo fdZsk j't/ fe T[;/ B/ jh w/ok BK @iZN# oZfynk;h. n?t/_ sK Bjh_ efjzd/ fe iZN dh iapkB e[jkV/ torh j[zdh j?!

vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh y[ZbQfdbh dk nfj;k; w?B{z T[d'_ j'o th j'fJnk id'_T[; B/ @nko;h# ftu Sgd/ nkgD/ ekbw @Be;a Bt/o/# ftu w/oh feskp @y/v ;z;ko#pko/ gq;z;kwJh b/y fbfynk.T[; dk e[M e[ u'DtK Gkr fJzi ;hL


fpBK ;aZe ;otD f;zx ;apdK dk UfbzghnB j?. t/yD B{z T[jdh fbysf;Xh ;kdh ikgdh j?, go T[jdh ;apd-xkVs fgZS/ pVh eoVh xkbDk dk MkT[bkg?_dk j?. jo tke fsZyh M[ZNh wko e/ BZ;dk j?. T[jd/ t/r s'_ sK fJj' ikgdk j?fe T[jB/ iZr fiZsD d/ wB'oE Bkb eoVh w;ae ehsh j?HHH.

;akfJd s[jkB{z ikg/rk w?_ Gkte j' fojK. ikgdk w?B{z th j?. J/;/ bJh w?_nkgD/ fby/ B{z d[pkok gVQ frnk. go, fby/ j'J/ ftu'_ e[M th eZND dk jhnk Bjh_fgnk. w?B{z y/vK ftu yak; fdbu;gh Bjh_, go y/vK ftykT[_d/ ;otD f;zx B/ gzikphp'bh d/ ;[jZgD s/ ;woZEk dk ;[yktK Biakok th sK g/;a ehsk j?. w?_ p'bh d/ u;e/dk wkfonk T[jdhnK nZyK EkDh y/vK, fyvkohnK, y/v-ftfdnk s/ y/v-ftfrnkB Bkbtkecah gk frnk. s[;h_ g[ZS'r/L eh ;otD f;zx J/vk jh ;woZEktkB fbykoh j? fiZvkw?_ T[jB{z dZ; fojk jK< w?_ th fJ; feskp B{z gVQd/ gVQd/ o[e iKdk fojk jK s/ra?o-jkiao ;otD f;zx B{z ;tkb eodk fojK jKL eh s/ohnK y/vK d/ fyvkoh ;Zuw[ujh J/B/ ;'jD/ jB<

fJj fbys gVQ e/ w?B{z y[;ah j'Dh sK ;[Gkfte ;h Bkb ;aofwzdrh th j'Jhfe fi; wzB/ dzB/ ftdtkB B{z ed/ w?_ fuZmh ftu @bk e/# e[jkV/ tor/ ;apd tos/;B T[; B/ w/oh fbys dh f;cas eofdnK ;Zuw[Zu ebw s'V fdZsh ;h!

1984 d/ ;ke/ s/ fgZS'_ fdZbh d/ f;Zy esb/nkw B/ vkH jfoGiB f;zx B{zfjbk e/ oZy fdZsk ;h. T[; t/b/ T[j 65 tfoQnK dk j' frnk ;h s/ T[; dhfoNkfJow?_N ;a[o{ j' u[Zeh ;h. T[j BtK xo gk fojk ;h fi; d/ nX{o/ fij/ d'ewo/ fsnko j'J/ ;B. fidD fJzdok rKXh dk esb j'fJnk T[; d/ yakp fynkbftu th Bjh_ ;h fe fJj esb p/e;{o f;ZyK dk esb/nkw pD ikt/rk

nrb/ fdB T[BQK d/ nX{o/ xo d[nkb/ dk n;wkB nZrK Bkb sfgnkj'fJnk ;h. xo *u jfoGiB f;zx s/ T[jdh gsBh feogkb e"o jh ;B. pZu/oki"oh rkovB ;B. T[;o oj/ Bt/_ xo s'_ ;" e[ edwK dh ftE *s/ r[od[nkoknZr dh G/N j' u[Zek ;h. gfjbh d{ih Btzpo dh oks ;h. T[BQK B{z rbh *u'_ bzxd/wkoXkV eod/ w[byJhJ/ dh nktkia ezBh_ gJh. T[BQK B{z fiT{_d/ ihn ;{bh *s/ bNeDdk nB[Gt j'fJnk. uko fdB brksko d/; d/ Bkdo;akjK B/ ;kVc{e s/ esb'rakosdk d"o ikoh oZfynk. jfoGiB f;zx d/ :ko, ;[do;aB, i;tzs f;zx, ;afrodi;ftzdo f;zx s/ gzikph ;kfjs ;Gk d/ gqXkB frnkBh e[bdhg f;zx Bkdo;akjhdh G/N uVQ rJ/.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx B{z e[M fdB o{g';a th j'Dk fgnk. T[jdk i[ow ;h, T[j@ne;# ftu ;ke/ Bhb/ sko/ d/ c"ihnK dk fJe j"bBke ekok Sgtk p?mk ;h. T[;d/ ;kb/ irihs f;zx dh jfowzdo ;kfjp d/ xzNk xo e'b feskpK t/uD dh d[ekB


;h. xzNk xo dh fvUVQh d/ fJe gk;/ c"ih r[od[nkok ;kfjp d/ :kso{nK B{z cVfbnkJ/ ;B. fJ;sqhnK s/ pZfunK B{z gk;/ eo e/ wodK B{z EkJ/_ jh r'bh wko fdZsh;h. ;ke/ s'_ pknd eofcT{ jfNnk sK irihs f;zx nkgDh G?D s/ GD'JhJ/ e'bfdZbh frnk fiE/ c"ihnK dk ekok efj ;[DkfJnk. jfoGiB f;zx B/ irihs f;zxd/ jtkb/ Bkb ne; ftu Sgtk fdZsk. id'_ irihs f;zx nzfwqs;o tkg; frnksK T[; B{z frqcasko eo fbnk frnk. yapo fdZbh gj[zuh sK gsBh feogkb e"o, Xho;awh s/ efwT{fB;N g[Zso jfoGiB f;zx d[nkb/ j' rJ/ fe frqcaskoh dk fiazw/tkoT[jh j?. Bk fbydk, Bk irihs f;zx c;dk. j[D T[j nkg th frqcskoh bJhfsnko oj/!

jfoGiB f;zx vkYk go/;akB j'fJnk. gfotko jh T[jd/ T[bN j' frnk;h. xo'_ XZfenk T[j :{Bhtof;Nh d/ fe;/ gq'ca?;o d/ xo ik o{g';a j'fJnk s/frqcaskoh s'_ pu frnk. pknd ftu T[jdh rb/ dh e?_;o dk o/vhT[ E/o/gh BkbfJbki uZfbnk. ekch e;aN G'r e/ T[j e?_;o s'_ pu ;fenk T[wo d/ nkyaohgfjo/ fdZbh d{odo;aB B/ f;zx pzX{nK B{z b? e/ vkH jfoGiB f;zx B{z @rkt' ;ZuhpkDh# dk ftnkfynkeko pDkfJnk. T[; Bkb T[j d/;a pd/;a ftu j'o th gqf;ZXj'fJnk

vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ fiazdrh *u nB/eK d[Zy io/ go fizadrh B{z jw/;akwjkB efj e/ Bw;ekodk fojk. g{oB f;zx s'_ pknd gzikph dk T[j n?;k nbp/bk eth ;h i' X[o dorkj/ iKdk th rhsK dh ohs fBGkT[_dk frnkL

w?_ iK s[oK rhs B{z efjDk,j"bh j"bh rkJ/.

uko edw w/o/ Bkb s[o/,c/o Gkt/_ w[V ikJ/.

;koh T[wo T[; ;kE fBGkfJnk, UVe tko fBGkJ/.

b'e efjD T[j rhsK tkbk ,ufbnk X[o dorkj/.

õõõ


fFbgh ebkeko vkH jfoGiBfFbgh ebkeko vkH jfoGiBfFbgh ebkeko vkH jfoGiBfFbgh ebkeko vkH jfoGiBfFbgh ebkeko vkH jfoGiBf;zx L f;woshnK d/ Mo'y/ #u'If;zx L f;woshnK d/ Mo'y/ #u'If;zx L f;woshnK d/ Mo'y/ #u'If;zx L f;woshnK d/ Mo'y/ #u'If;zx L f;woshnK d/ Mo'y/ #u'I

oftzdo othoftzdo othoftzdo othoftzdo othoftzdo oth

vkH jfoGiB f;zx fJe fFbgh ebkeko j?. T[;dheftsk ftu ebk ns/ fFbg dk ;[w/b j?. eftsk T[; T[Øs/;fji o{g ftu xNdh j?. fJe wzM/ j'J/ ekohro tKr, T[;nzdobk fFbgeko fJ; eftsk B{z ;[u/s o{g ftu xVdk,ftDsdk, ozddk ns/ r[DhJ/_ ftu eodk j'fJnk, fJe nfijkftbØyD o{g fdzdk j?, i[ T[;B{z T[;dh ghVQh d/ j'o ethnKBkb'_ fBy/Vdk j?. T[;dh ouB-gqfefonk ftu ;fji s/ T[u/uns/ nkwd s/ ;[u/s :sB dk ;[w/b gqkgs j[zdk j?.

gzikph ekft-irs dk T[j fJe tØvk Bkw j?,fi;dhnK fbysK dk rzGhosk Bkb :'r s/ gqwkfDe b/yk i'ykni/ ;zGt Bjh_ j' ;fenk. wØEk dht/ tkbk wØEk dht/ tkbk wØEk dht/ tkbk wØEk dht/ tkbk wØEk dht/ tkbk (1982)torhnK T[;dhnK fBt/ebhnK ns/ rfjo rzGho ouBktK dk:'r w[bKeD j'Dk ni/ pkeh j?. T[;dh eftsk fJØe';w/_ p[ØXh ns/ GktK B{z Mzi'Vdh j?. nekdfwe ftdtkBK ns/nfXnkgeK B{z fJ; gk;/ fXnkB d/D dh b'V j?.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx Bkb w/oh gfjbh w[bkeks 1963ftu j'Jh. w?_ ns/ B"itkB gzikph eth ;opz; vbj"}h s'_T[;d/ xo gmkBe'N tkg; gj[zu/ jh ;K fe gsk bØrk fe vkHjfoGiB f;zx nzfwqs;o ftØu fJe gqkJht/N ekft-wfjcb;ikT[D nk fojk j?. fdØbh dk eth jfoBkw th T[;d/ Bkb;h. w?_ s/ ;opz; th ik gj[zu/. e[M ;EkBe eth th fJ;wfjf\b ftu fBwzfsqs ;B. n;h_ ;G sK ftu ftu dwd[nkT[D tkb/ jh ;K, fJj ib;k n;b ftu vkH jfoGiBf;zx dk jh ;h. nkgD/ rhsK ns/ eftsk Bkb T[; B/ nØXhoks se ;o'fsnK B{z ehbh oØfynk.

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jfoGiB f;zx B/ th T[BQK fdB ftu e[M rhs fby/ ;B. fJj rhs jh T[; Fkw,T[;B/ ed/ soØBw ftu ns/ ed/ nkgDh pkohe fijh ;[ohbh nktk} ftu rk e/;[DkJ/ sK T[;dh pØb/ pØb/ j' rJh. fFt e[wko d/ o[dBwJh, i}pksh, T[gGkte ns/fpojk ftu fGØi/ rhsK s'_ T[bN jfoGiB f;zx d/ rhsK ftu ;[ji, fuzsB, ns/ jktGkt dk ;[w/b ;h. fJj fJe ;zs[bs nB[Fk;B ftu pØM/ j'J/ ;B ns/ fJBQK dhfFbg-rs B[jko fFt d/ rhsK s'_ pj[s tØyoh ;h i[ ;[bM/ j'J/ gkme d/ ;[ji-;tkd B{z tX/o/ gqGkts eodh ;h.

fJBQK rhsK dh g[;se nØXo?DhnØXo?DhnØXo?DhnØXo?DhnØXo?Dh B{z 1962 ftØu gq'l w'jB f;zx B/ nkgD/gqekFB-ndko/ L fjzd gpfbFo} (ibzXo) tb'_ Skfgnk ;h. gq'H w'jB f;zx B/ jhT[BQK fdBK ftØu w/o/ ekft-;zrqfjL p[Øeb d/ ftu u'op[Øeb d/ ftu u'op[Øeb d/ ftu u'op[Øeb d/ ftu u'op[Øeb d/ ftu u'o (1963) B{z Skfgnk. T[d'_ e[jh j'o Bt/_ ethnK ftØu'_ ;H;H whFk dh g[;seL ¿u[o;skÀ ns/ nikfJp ewb dhnKg[;seKL skF d/ gØs/skF d/ gØs/skF d/ gØs/skF d/ gØs/skF d/ gØs/ s/ Fsozi dh y/vFsozi dh y/vFsozi dh y/vFsozi dh y/vFsozi dh y/v dk gqekFB th w'jB f;zx B/ jh ehsk.fJ; soQK n;h_ ;G fJe gqekFe d[nkok brGr fJØe' ;w/_ Skg/ rJ/ Bt/_ eth ns/¿g[;se-GkJhÀ th pD rJ/. vkH jfoGiB f;zx B{z w?_ p[Øeb d/ ftu u'op[Øeb d/ ftu u'op[Øeb d/ ftu u'op[Øeb d/ ftu u'op[Øeb d/ ftu u'o G/_N ehshsK T[j fJ; T[Øs/ ebkeko dbhg d[nkok pDkJ/ NkJhNb s'_ pj[s gqGkts j'fJnk.jo/, fuØN/ s/ ekb/ ozrK ftu dbhg B/ p[ØbQ/ Fkj dh p[Øeb ftu fJe y{p;{os e[Vhdk fuso pDkfJnk j'fJnk ;h.

T[BQK fdBK ftu w?_ gq:'rFhb ekft-dogBgq:'rFhb ekft-dogBgq:'rFhb ekft-dogBgq:'rFhb ekft-dogBgq:'rFhb ekft-dogB dk yoVk fsnko eo fojk;K. vkH jfoGiB f;zx B{z th w?_ fJ; g[;se bJh eftsk G/iD ns/ b/y fbyDdh p/Bsh ehsh, i[ T[;B/ gotkB eo bJh. fJ; g[se d/ ¿f;oiDkÀ Gkr ftuw?_ T[;dhnK j/m fbyhnK eftsktK Fkfwb ehshnKl

1H fJe fwBN ykw'Fh 2H w/oh T[wo d/ ;kb 3H fBopz;hfJBQK s'_ fpBK T[;B/ nkgDk T[u/u/ s"o @s/ fbfynk b/yLÀ ozrK dh T[woÀ

th G/fink i[ w?_ fJ; g[;se d/ ¿fdqFNhe'BÀ Gkr ftØu Sfgnk. ;sh e[wko dheftskL ¿s{z go-nzr Bjh_ ;[ØshÀ T[Øs/ T[;dk fbfynk rfjB-nfXnB th fJ; g[;sed/ ¿nzso-MksÀ Gkr ftu Fkfwb j?. T[;dh eftskL ¿;wogDÀ dk rfjB-nfXnBw?_ nkg fbfynk s/ fJ; g[;se d/ T[go'es Gkr ftu Fkfwb ehsk.

gq:'rFhb bfjo(1961 s'_ 1964-65) d/ d"okB vkH jfoGiB f;zx dhG{fwek pj[s ;koEe ;h. gqrshtkdh-o'wK;tkdh Xkok d/ gqGkt s'_ w[es j'D s/ fJ;dh yV's B{z s'VB bJh j'o gq:'rFhb ethnK tKr jh T[;B/ th nkgDh eftsk ftufuzsB, o{g s/ t;s[{ d/ y/so ftu Bt/_ Bt/_ gq:'r ehs/. fJ; bJh b/y fby/.r'FNhnK ftu fjØ;k fbnk. Bth_ so} dhnK eftsktK d/ rfjB-nfXnB fby/ s/gqekFs eotkJ//.

T[;dh ekft-g[;se Bk X[Øg/ Bk Skt/_ Bk X[Øg/ Bk Skt/_ Bk X[Øg/ Bk Skt/_ Bk X[Øg/ Bk Skt/_ Bk X[Øg/ Bk Skt/_ (1967) dhnK eftsktK gq:'rFhb


bfjo d/ gqGkt nXhB jh fbyhnK rJhnK ;B. fJj M[ekn jh T[;dh g[;se ;Ve;Ve;Ve;Ve;Ved/ ;c/ T[Øs/d/ ;c/ T[Øs/d/ ;c/ T[Øs/d/ ;c/ T[Øs/d/ ;c/ T[Øs/ (1967) dhnK eftsktK ftu th t/fynk ik ;edk j?.

fJBQK fdBK ftu jh jfoGiB f;zx B/ fjzdh d/ w'Yh gq:'rFhb ethnZr/: dh ¿sko-;gseÀ- bVh dh so} T[Øs/ gzikph ftu th ¿gzuwÀ Bkw dh fJeg[;se-bVh gqekFs eotkT[D dh :'iBk pDkJh. jo g[;se ftu gzi Bt/_ ethnKdhnK u'DthnK eftsktK j'DhnK ;B ns/ fJ; g[;se-bVh dk ;zgkde s/ u'DekovkH jfoGiB f;zx nkg ;h. T[; ;w/_ fJj dzd-eEk ;h fe ¿gzuw-1À ftu T[;B/ skok f;zx, jfoBkw, ;sh e[wko, vkH i;pho f;zx nkjb{tkbhnk ns/ nkgD/nkg B{z fbnk ;h. nØr'_ ;H;H whFk, nikfJp ewb s/ w/o/ tor/ j'o Bt/_ ethnKdh tkoh nkT[D d/ uou/ ;B. fe;/ rØb'_ ;sh e[wko jfoGiB f;zx Bkb Bkok}j' frnk s/ T[;B/ nkgDhnK eftsktK B{z fJ; g[;se d/ go{cK ftØu'_ eØY fbnk ns/¿gzuwÀ d/ FhoFe j/m jh nkgDk gfjbk ekft-;zrqfj gqekFs eotk fdØsk. fJ;soQK jfoGiB f;zx dk fJj goki?eN ftØu/ ofj frnk.

1965 ftu w/ok pj[-uous shik ekft-;zrqfj fpzd{fpzd{fpzd{fpzd{fpzd{ gqekFs j'fJnk sK w?_T[;dh fJe ekgh vkH jfoGiB f;zx B{z th fGitk fdØsh. T[;B/ fJ; g[;se dkohthT{ nkekFtkDh (fdØbh) s'_ go;kos eoe/, Bth_ eftsk pko/ fJe Bth_ uouk dknkozG eo fdØsk. fJj ohthT{ pknd ftu ¿;kfjs ;wkukoÀ (b[fXnkDk) d/ nr;s,1965 nze ftu th Sfgnk.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx p[fBnkdh s"o @s/ fJe p[ØXhihth j? ns/ g[;seK d/ohthT{nK d[nkok th T[BQK ftu gq;s[s sØsK @s/ nkXkfos, f;XKsheoB eodk ofjzdkj?. fJBQK f;XksK dh ;EkgBk Bth_ pfj; B{z iBw fdzdh j? ns/ fJ; soQK fJBQKftukoK d/ nkdkB gqdkB d[nkok ;kfjs ns/ ftuko-wzEB d't/_ ftek;-wkor T[Øs/ s[o/ofjzd/ jB. fJ; gq;zr ftu, fpzd{fpzd{fpzd{fpzd{fpzd{ d/ ohthT{ dhnK vkH jfoGiB f;zx d[nkokfbyhnK, j/m fbyhnK ;soK T[u/uh g/yDh wzrdhnK jBL

1H¿fgSbh fswkjh ftu fJe j'o ekft-;zrqfj Sfgnk j? fpzd{fpzd{fpzd{fpzd{fpzd{, fi; d/b/ye jB oftzdo oth. fJ; ;zrqfj dhnK pj[shnK eftsktK gzikph dhnK gqf;ØXgØfsqektK ftu Sg u[ØehnK jB ns/ T[BQK dh f;cs ;bkj[sk th j' u[Øeh j?.d/F Go ftu eftsk dh nX'rsh dk fJj jkb j? fe brGr ;ko/ eth g[;se-o{g ftu SgD s'_ gfjbK gØfsqektK ftu gqrN j'D @s/ wip{o jB. pj[s ;fwnKs'_ ethnK d/ fJe ;w{j B{z ;N/ih eth d/ Bkw Bkb p[bkfJnk iKdk fojk j?. j"b/j"b/ fJe BtK eth-;w{j T[ØGo fojk j? fi;B{z gØsoekoh eth d/ Bkw Bkb p[bkfJnkik ;edk j?. oftzdo oth ns/ T[; d/ g'u d/ d{i/ eth fJ;/ ;w{j Bkb ;zpzfXsj'D @s/ wip{o jB.

nkg nØi dk tesk (fJ; b/y dk b/ye) th fJ; ftF/FD s'_ w[es Bjh_.


fJ; wip{oh dk f;ØNk fJj fBefbnk j? fe j"bh j"bh eftsk dh gqfeoshftu p[fBnkdh spdhbh tkgo ojh j?. eth gØsoekoh torh ekjbh dk fFekoj?HHHHrj[ Bkb t/yhJ/ sK fJj eftsktK ;kB{z gqGkfts sK eodhnK jB, Gkfts Bjh_eodhnK. fJj eftsktK gqGkt dh gqkgsh se gj[zudhnK jB, Gkt d/ f;oiD seBjh_. fJj gqkgsh th nkgD/ nkg ftu fBr{Dh Bjh_.

oth nkgD/ g'u d/ ethnK ftØu'_ br gr f;ow"o j?. fJBQK ftØu'_ pj[s/eth Gkt dk f;oiD eod/ eod/ T[gGkte j' rJ/ jB ns/ ftuko-sØs sK T[BQKdh geV s'_ pkjo gqshs j[zdk j?. eth(oth) fJ; nDr"b/ sØs B{z o/yKfes eodkgqshs j[zdk j?. fJj sK rØb j'Jh T[; dh gqkgsh dh.

T[; dh ngqkgsh ni'e/ wØXtor dh gqshfBX ngqkgsh j?. nØi d/ T[Ø;ooj/ fte;BFhb ;z;ko dh ouBk ftu wØXtor dk fjØ;k Bk j'D d/ pokpo j?.;kvk wØXtor e[M fJ; gqeko dh ;fEsh ftu j? fe T[j ;z;ko f;oi Bjh_ ;edk.T[; dk nzr-fBy/V jh eo ;edk j?. fJ; ;fEsh dk gqrNktk nØi d/ ;ko/ ;kfjsftu j' fojk j?, fi; ftu f;oiD s'_ tX/o/ ftFb/FD dh gqftosh pbtsh j[zdhik ojh j?. ftFb/FD ftu gqphB wØXtorh eth BthB T[Ø;o ojh f}zdrh Bkbe'Jh ;B/j-;zpzX ;Ekgs Bjh_ eo ;fenk. J/;/ eoe/ T[; dh ouBk ftu Bk Gktdk fBØx j?, Bk ebgBk dk ;[ji. eftsk ftu f}zdrh EK Ek esoh, bzrkoh, N[ØNh,v[ØbQh gqshs j[zdh j?.¿

fJ; soQK g[;seK d/ ftjkoe ohthT{nK ftØu th ;kXkoBheoB ns/f;XKsheoB d[nkok vkH jfoGiB f;zx BthnK pfj;K d/ nkXko ;Ekgs eo iKdkj?. fJBQK pfj;K B{z nØr/ s'oB ftu T[; d/ Fkfrod, dopkoh ns/ T[; dh ;/tkftu ofjD tkb/ p[ØXhihth ;/tkdko ftF/; o'b ndk eod/ oj/ ;B. fJBQK ftu vkHnso f;zx s/ vkH;[fszdo f;zx B{o nkfd d/ Bkw th bJ/ ik ;ed/ jB.

d;zpo- iBtoh, 1969-70 ftu id'_ w?_ ehBhnk s'_ nkgDh gfjbh Gkos-c/oh bJh gofsnk sK fdØbh ftu, vkH jfoGiB f;zx Bkb c/o fJe :kdrkohw[bkeks j'Jh.w/o/ fwØso r[b}ko f;zx ;zX{ s/ T[;dh gsBh ;[oihs B/ w/o/ nkT[Ddh y[Fh ftu fJe ozrhB Fkw dk nk:'iB ehsk. nzfwqsk gqhsw, fJwo'}, vkHjfoGiB f;zx, skok f;zx ns/ eth r[btzs cko| nkfd w/o/ ;tkrs bJh w"i{d;B. skok f;zx ps"o eth Gkt/_ jfoGiB f;zx s'_ e[M gSV frnk ;h gou[NefbnK ns/ jk;-ftnzr ftu T[;dk e'Jh ;kBh Bjh_ ;h. skok f;zx B{z gsk;h fe nzfwqsk gqhsw T[BQK fdBK ftu fdØbh dh ;kfjs nekdwh dh eosk Xosk;h ns/ vkH jfoGiB f;zx T[; toQ/ d/ ;kfjs nekdwh g[o;eko dk rzGhoT[whdtko. skok f;zx B/ vkH jfoGiB f;zx tb fJFkok eofdnK wFeoh Bkbnzfwqsk gqhsw B{z ;zp'XB ehsk L


¿nzfwqsk ih! j[D sK jfoGiB B/ gfjbh feskp Bk X[Øg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Øg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Øg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Øg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Øg/ Bk Skt/_ ntkovd/ w/u Bk nkT[_dh t/y e/ d{ih feskp ;Ve d/ ;c/ T[Øs/;Ve d/ ;c/ T[Øs/;Ve d/ ;c/ T[Øs/;Ve d/ ;c/ T[Øs/;Ve d/ ;c/ T[Øs/ th Skg fdØsh j?. d/fdU Bk ntkov fJ; p/uko/ B{z. d'_j g[;seK dk YkJh YkJh j}ko o[fgnk jh pDdkj?. xkN/ dk ;"dk Bjh_.¿pVk jk;k fgnk s/ jfoGiB fmm j'fJnk u[Øg ukg p?mkfojk. T[d'_ ntkov dh oew 5000 o[gJ/ j[zdh ;h. fJ; tko jfoGiB dh g[;seBk X[Øg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Øg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Øg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Øg/ Bk Skt/_Bk X[Øg/ Bk Skt/_ B{z jh ;kfjs nekdwh_ dk fJBkw fdØsk frnk.

12 ;kb pknd, 1981 ftu id'_ w?_ e?B/vk s'_ Gkos-c/oh bJh nkfJnk sKjfoGiB f;zx Bkb w[bkeks fdØbh :{Bftof;Nh ftu T[; nXhB uØb oj/ gzikphftGkr ftu j'Jh. T[;B/ T[ØE/ w/ok o{-p-o{ s/ eftsk-gkm nk:'is ehsk ;h. gzikphftGkr d/ nfXnkge ns/ ftfdnkoEh jk}o ;B. wBihs fNtkDk ns/ ntsko i"Vkth w/o/ Bkb ;B ns/ vkH ;[fszdo f;zx B{o th T[g;fEs ;h. nekdfwe wkj"b ftufJj fJe :kdrkoh fwbDh ;h.

1993 ftu w/ok ekft-;zrqfj rzYKrzYKrzYKrzYKrzYK Sfgnk sK w?_ c/o Gkos nkfJnk.nwoihs f;zx @ne;# B/ fdØbh dh gq?; ebØp ftu fJe FkBdko ;wkrw dk nk:'iBehsk, fi;dh gqXkBrh vkH jfoGiB f;zx, d/ftzdo ;fsnkoEh ns/ vkH wjhg f;zxB/ ehsh. Gkgk gqhsw f;zx, r[b}ko f;zx ;zX{, vkH wBihs f;zx, vkH ;[fszdo f;zxB{o, Bts/i g[nkXh nkfd ;EkBe b/ye th jk}o ;B. jfoGiB f;zx B/ w/ohg[;se rzYKrzYKrzYKrzYKrzYK dh x[zv-u[ekJh eofdnK w/oh ekft-ebk pko/ pVk jh rzGho GkFBfdØsk. vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/Vsk j[zfdnK th nkgDh ;g/; ;[oØfyns oØyD bJh ftØEf;oiD dk nkdh ;h. ;kv/ d'_jK ftueko J/B/ toQ/ fJj B/Vsk s/ fJj ftØE fJt/_ jh poeoko ojh.

T[[wo d/ phsD Bkb jfoGiB f;zx dh f;js ftu fBxko nkT[_dk frnk.2001 ftu w?_, r[b}ko f;zx ;zX{ ns/ nwoihs f;zx @ne;À T[;dh ypo-;kob?D T[;d/ xo rJ/. T[j pj[s ew}'o j' u[Øek ;h. d/j fit/_ ;[eV rJh ;h,gsbh j' rJh ;h. go nØyK ftu ni/ th fJe i's irdh ;h. T[j pV/ sgkeBkb, T[Øm e/ ;kB{z fwfbnk. ftdk-t/b/ ;kv/ o'eD d/ pkti{d th, j"bh j"bh s[odkT[j ;kB{z r/N se SØvD nkfJnk. fJ; ;w/_ T[; dh g[;se nXo?DhnXo?DhnXo?DhnXo?DhnXo?Dh ftu FkfwbfJe rhs d/ j/m fby/ p'b w/o/ ezBK ftu r{zi oj/ ;BL

fJe nØyVh nØi jzM{ ifDnKfJe nØy jzM g[okDhetD ;ØiD s/oh G/N uVQktKe'Jh Bk s/ok jkDhvkH jfoGiB f;zx Bkb fJj w/oh nkfyoh w[bkeks ;h.

õõõ


;¯j s?Bz{ gzi sB dh;¯j s?Bz{ gzi sB dh;¯j s?Bz{ gzi sB dh;¯j s?Bz{ gzi sB dh;¯j s?Bz{ gzi sB dhniw/o o'v/niw/o o'v/niw/o o'v/niw/o o'v/niw/o o'v/

t?Be{to dh fJe nkw fijh Fkw ;kv/ bJh wjkBpD rJh id'aI T[sfeqFN FkfJo s/ nkb'ue, vkH jfoGiBf;zx ns/ jowB fgnko/ gzikph rkfJe :wQbk iZN ;kv/ xofJZem/ j' rJ/. fJj Fkw w/oh f;wosh ftu ftu fJe wfjzrkfijk s[j\k pD e/ fNeh j'Jh j?. jfoGiB f;zx 1976 dh;wo ftu e?B/vk nkJ/, eJh b/yeK Bkb oj/ ns/ e[M fdB;kv/ th fpskJ/ i' ;kv/ bJh ;[Gkr tkbh rZb ;h. gzikphb/yeK bJh e?B/vk ofjD dk fJe bkG fJj th j? fe Gkosftu fijV/ b/ye s[jkv/ bJh 15 fwzN eZYD s'I n;woZE j[zd/jB fJZE/ T[j s[jkv/ Bkb g{ok fdB iK eJh fdB fpsk ;ed/jB. fJZE/ T[jBK B/ nkg Bt/I ;fGnkuko ns/ d/F pko/ eJhe[ZM f;yDk j[zdk j?.

jfoGiB f;zx Bkb vkeNo ;kfjp brkT[Dk Ugokwfj;{; j[zdk j?. fJ; soQK brdk j? fit/I T[jd/ vkeNo j'Ddh wjZssk T[jd/ eth j'D Bkb'I tZX j't/. ouBkswe ;kfjsfbyD tkfbnK bJh, ftF/F eoe/ ethnK bJh fvrohnK dktyktk jk;'jhDk brdk j?. go ikgdk j? jfoGiB f;zxbJh vkeNo iK vkeNo ;kfjp tosDk j[D ;[Gkfte pDu[Zek j?.

jfoGiB f;zx Bkb ;kvhnK eJh p?meK j'JhnK.fJe p?me ;[oihs (eb;h) B/ ;kv/ nkgD/ xo nk:'fisehsh. fi; ftu :{Bhtof;Nh n"\ fpqfNF e'bzphnk dkgq'c?;oK$b/yeK ns/ t?Be{to d/ e[M j'o r'o/ fgS'eV d/b/yeK B/ Gkr fbnk. (;[oihs fJ; ;w/I :{Bhtof;Nh n"\fpqfNF e'bzphnk ftu eqqhJ/fNt okfJfNzr dh ftfdnkoED ;h)fJeZsosk jfoGiB f;zx T[&Zs/ e/Idos ;h. fJ; ftu :{Bhtof;Nhd/ eqhJ/fNt ftGkr dk u/now?B ns/ gok:EkoEtkdh b/ye


wkfJeb p[Zbe th Fkfwb ;h ns/ @@dk okJhNo} :{BhnB n"\ e?B/vk## dk u/now?B,nKdfon; Fo'fJvo th nkfJnk j'fJnk ;h. ikD-gSkD eotkT[D fgS'I id'I w?IjfoGiB f;zx ~ e[M Bot; jz[d/ t/fynk sK T[jd/ B/V/ j' e/ gzikph ftu fejk,@@vkeNo ;kfjp, fJjBK b/yeK dk nzrq/}h ;kfjs ftu ;EkB BjhI i' s[jkvk gzikphftu j?. s[;hI tZv/ eth j', fJj s[jk~ jh ;[DB nkJ/ jB.## jfoGiB f;zx B/nkgDhnK gzikph eftsktK gVQhnK i' ;[oihs B/ :{Bhtof;Nh ftu eqhJ/fNt okJhfNzrdh fvroh eoB ;w/I nB[tkd ehshnK ;B. ;[oihs B/ T[jBK dk nzrq/}h gfVQnk.nzrq/}h b/ye jfoGiB f;zx dhnK eftsktK, g/Fekoh ns/ F];hns s'I gqGkts j'J/ns/ jkf}o gzikph ;o'fsnK tZb'I fwbh GothI dkd t/y e/ ][F j'J/. nfijh dkdnzrq/}h ekft gkmK ftu xZN jh fwbdh j?.

jfoGiB f;zx Bkb fJe whfNzr n;hI T[jd/ gzikph gq;z;eK bJh th oZyh.fJj whfNzr t?Be{to ftu ;fEs ]kb;k dhtkB ;[;kfJNh tkb/ r[odtko/ d/ bzrojkb ftu nk:'fis ehsh rJh i' d[gfjo fgZS'I ykbh ;h. r[od[nkok eB?vk d/ftFt gqf;ZX nkoehN?eN nkoEo n?foe;B B/ fv}kfJB ehsk ;h - fit/I ;o'toftu fuZN/ ewb dk c[Zb f]fVnk j't/ - ns/ T[; ;w/I fJj~ t/yD bJh N{fo;Nd{o'I d{o'I nkT[Id/ ;B. n;hI jfoGiB f;zx ~ fJj r[odtkok th ftykT[D ukj[zd/ ;K.jkf}oh GothI ;h. gq'rokw jfoGiB f;zx d/ fJe rhs, @@pkjo'I sK nkJ/ ;kv/ ;ZiB;b'BV/ pfj rJ/ nZyK ftueko ## Bkb nkozG j'fJnk. fJ; rhs dh X[B t?Be{toftu ofjzd/ ebk;heb ;zrhseko, pbpho f;zx Gzr{ B/ ftF/F s"o *s/ fsnko ehsh;h, fi; Bkb jfoGiB f;zx dk ;tkrs ehsk ik ;e/. rhs e'o; d/ o{g ftug/F ehsk frnk. ;'qfsnK tZb'I GothI skVh tZih. fJ; ;w/I r[odtko/ dk fJe gqpzXeth gk;/ yVQk ;h. T[j th rhs ;[D e/ y[F j' frnk go T[jB/ skVh BjhI wkoh.J/Bk jh BjhI, T[j T[̀m e/ yVQk j' frnk s/ T[̀uh p'b e/ n?bkB ehsk,

@@r[o{xo ftu skVh wkoBh wBQk j?.##

;ko/ ;[zB fij/ j' e/ T[; tZb t/yD bZr gJ/. w?I fejk, fJ; ;w/Ir[od[nkok sK ]kbh j?, T[̀go gkm tkb/ jkb ftu e'Jh ;zrs BjhI, e'Jh gqpzXeBjhI, skVh Bkb th ngFrB j[zdk n?, fe; eEk ftu ftxB g?Idk j?. vkeNojfoGiB f;zx ih nkg r[opkDh d/ ftdtkB jB, gzikph d/ Fq'wDh eth jB T[jBKdh eftsk ;[D e/ skVh sK nkg w[jko/ jh tZi iKdh j?.

@@vkeNo ;kfjp pko/ mhe n?, w?~ th gsk n?, go fJZE/ skVh fpbe[bBh tZi ;edh.##

fJe ;'qs/ B/ e[M s?F ftu nk e/ fejk, @@feZE/ fbfynk n?E/ skVh Bh tZi;edh< r[od[nkok ;G dk ;KMk n?, ;kvk th UBk Jh n? fizBk s/ok.## fJ; s'I


gfjbK fe MrVk nZr/ tXdk, jfoGiB f;zx B/ jZE d/ fJFko/ Bkb ;kfonK ~ u[Zgeotk fdZsk s/ fejk, mhe n? nkgK skVhnK s'I fpBK Jh ;ko btKr/. T[jBK B/ ;zy/g fijh nkgDh ftd/Fh :ksok pko/ rZbpks ehsh, gzikph p'bh ns/ eftsk pko/ e[MFpd ej/ ns/ nkgDh fJe eftsk gVQh. fJe ;o's/ tZb'I skVh tZi rJh go pkeh;ko/ u[Zgukg p?m/ oj/. fJ; soQK wfj;{; j'fJnk fit'I e[M nX{ok ofj frnk j't/.jfoGiB f;zx B/ nkgDhnK j'o eftsktK gVQhnK, ;EkBe ethnK B/ th gVQhnK ;o's/u[Zgukg p?m/ oj/. \/o th n;hI gq'rokw T[̀s/ g{ok ;wK bkfJnk. ;o's/ vkH jfoGiBf;zx d/ doFB eoe/ ns/ rZbK-pksK eoe/ ;zs[FN bZrd/ ;B.

gq'rokw fgZS'I jfoGiB f;zx, ;[oihs ns/ w?I t?Be{to d/ vkT{BNkT[B ftuv{Eh p[Ze; (p[Ze ;N'o) tZb uZb gJ/. eko ftu T[j e[M d/o u[Zgukg p?m/ oj/c/o T[BQK fejk, @@i/ gq'rokw fe;/ j'o EK j' iKdk sK tXhnk ofjzdk.##

@@jK, gq'rokw eoB dk ;[nkd Bh nkfJnk. n;hI sK ;'funk ;h s[jk~ fJjtZyoh ;zouBk tkbk r[od[nkok ftyk d/tKr/, Bkb/ jkb y[bQk j? gq'rokw tXhnk j'ikt/rk go r[od[nko/ tkfbnK dh nkgDh jh f\bk;\h j?.## gfjbh tko nfj;k;j'fJnk gq;z;k, Gkt/I fe;/ th gZXo d/ ;q's/ iK gkme s'I fwb/, jo S'N/ tZv/ b/ye ~gqGkfts eodh j?.

@@v{Eh p[Ze; s/ fej' fijhnK feskpK fwbdhnK jB<## jfoGiB f;zx B/g[ZfSnk.

@@jo soQK dhnK, ;kfjs dhnK, nkb'uBk T[`s/, ;zouBktkd s/ ;fGnkukoeftfFnK s/HHHHHHH:{Bhtof;NhnK d/ ftfdnkoEh ns/ gq'c?;o pj[s'I fJZE'I jh feskpK]ohdD nkT[Id/ jB,## ;[oihs B/ fejk.

@@T[̀so-nkX[fBe ftfFnK s/ th fwb ikDrhnK,## w?I fejk.

gZSwh d/FK ftu fJ; ;w/I T[̀so-nkX[fBe, T[̀so-;zouBktkd, vhezB;NqeFBnkfd s/ nfXn?B j' oj/ ;B. nbpoN nkJhB;NkJhB dk ;kg/ysk f;XKs ;zB1905 ftu nkfJnk fi; Bkb G"fse ftfrnkB ftu eqKsh nk rJh ;h go ;kfjsns/ ;fGnkukoe fuzsB ftu ;kg/ysk d/ gqGkt g?D ~ S/-;Zs djke/ bZr rJ/ ;B.fJ; gqGkt B/ T[̀so-nkXfBe cb;\k T[̀sgzB j'D ftu nfjw o'b ndk ehsk.T[dkjoD tZi'I ;zouBktkd GkFk d/ f;rBhckJhv sZsK s'I gkme d/ wB ftu T[gihfJe ;fEo ;zouBk dh rZb eodk j? go T[`so-;zouBk nB[;ko fJj ;zouBk ;fEoBjhI ;kg/y j? ns/ gkme s'I gkme dh ;kJheh s/ fBoGo eodh j?. T[̀so-;zouBktkd :EkoE d/ tX/o/ B/V/ j?.

@@T[`so-nkX[fBesk dk nfXnB ni/ gzikph ftu F[o{ BjhI j'fJnk, fdZbh:{Bhtof;Nh ftuHHH## jfoGiB f;zx B/ e[M fJ; soQK fejk ns/ T[̀so-nkX[fBesk


pko/ j'o th rZb ehsh i' g{oh soQK :kd BjhI. T[BQK Bkb fJ; ftF/ T[̀s/ nk]ohtko rZbpks 1999 ftu j'Jh i' w/o/ bJh T[sFkj Gog{o ;h. fJ; ;w/I T[j fdZbh:{Bhtf;Nh s'I ;/tk-w[es j' e/ nkgD/ xo jh ofjzd/ ;B. T[; ;w/I vkH tBhsk dkg[;se, T[`so-nkX[fBesk ns/ eftsk T[`so-nkX[fBesk ns/ eftsk T[`so-nkX[fBesk ns/ eftsk T[`so-nkX[fBesk ns/ eftsk T[`so-nkX[fBesk ns/ eftsk (1998) gqekfFs j' u[Zeh ;h ns/ tBhsks'I fJe ekgh w?~ th (XzBtkd ;fjs) fwb u[Zeh ;h. fJ; g[;se ftu w/oh eftskd/ T[̀so-nkX[fBe gfjb{nK pko/ th uouk ;h (@@T[̀so-nkX[fBe eftsk ftu i'BthBheoD j?, T[; d/ gq:'r niw/o o'v/ B/ ;G s'I tZX ehs/ jB, fiBQK dh fgmG{wh ftfrnkBe u/sBk s/ ezfgT{Noh ftXh j?## gzBk 107) jfoGiB f;zx B/ fejkfdZbh :{Bhtof;Nh ftu nZi-ebQ T[̀so-nkX[fBe ;kfjs s/ nfXnB j' oj/ jB ns/s/oh eftsk e/Ido ftu j?. T[jBK B/ w/oh eftsk @@x'Vk Bhbk## pko/ rZb eofdnKfejk, @@s/oh fJj eftsk fJe ;so Bkb jh gzikph ;fGnkuko d/ gZsB dk fusqDeo fdzdh j?.## jfoGiB f;zx tor/ ftdtkB s'I nkgDh eftsk pko/ gqFz;k ;[D e/y[Fh j'Jh, ns/ w?I nkgDh nrbh ekft ouBk pko/ ;'uD bZr fgnk (;t?-gq;zFk p/FZe S'N/ b/ye dh fBFkBh j? c/o th fJj ;tkdbh brdh j?)

v{Eh p[Ze; s'I n;hI e'Jh doiB d/ eohp feskpK ]ohdhnK. T[jBK ftufJe oFhnB ckowfb}w T[̀s/ ns/ fJe nwoheB feqfNe ebhBE po[Ze; dh@@nzvo;N?Ifvzr g'fJNoh## ;h. j'o :kd BjhI. go n\;'; fe fJj ;kohnK g[;seKw"Nohnkb, e?N/vk ftu jh ofj rJhnK. jfoGiB f;zx B/ dZf;nk fe Gko tZXfrnk ns/ T[jBK d/ j';N B/ fejk ;h fe T[j feskpK w/b okjhI G/i d/t/rk.

jfoGiB f;zx Bkb ;wK fpskT[Dk nwho j'Dk ;h. T[jBK dZf;nk fefizBQK tZX s'I tZX gVQ ;ed/ j', gfjbh T[wo ftu jh gVQ bt', fgSbh T[wo ftu;wK pj[s ehwsh j' iKdk j?, fbyD tkbk pj[s e[M nX{ok fgnk j[zdk j?, gskBjh bZrdk eh g{ok eohJ/ eh nX{ok SZv d/JhJ/. e[M j?okBh j'Jh fe vkeNo;kfjp e'b sK ni/ pj[s ;wK fgnk j?, go fJj BjhI ;h gsk fe T[jBK B/ ni/BtK th pj[s e[M fbyDk j? ns/ Bk jh fJj gsk ;h fe T[jBK d/ tkg; w[VikD s/ phwkoh B/ th T[jBK dk do nk yVekT[Dk j?.

v{Eh p[Ze; s'I n;hI Fkw ~ tkg; nk rJ/. nrb/ fdB dh fsnkoh eoBh;h. nrb/ fdB j'o b/yeK s'I fJbktk gzikph d/ jowB fgnko/ b'e rkfJe bkbuzd :wbQk iZN B/ th nkT[Dk ;h. :wQb/ Bkb ;kvh fJj d{ih w[bkeks ;h. ;kbe[ gfjbK nkbw b[jko ns/ :wQbk iZN fJeZm/ nkJ/ ;B. ;[oihs (eb;h) B/ fJeo/vhU g'qrokw bJh nkbw b[jko dh fJzNohftT{ foekov eoBh ;h. :wQbk ns/b[jko fwb e/ pj[s nkBzfds j'J/. d'jK d/ fejk ;kvh fJe d{i/ ~ t/yD dh ns/fwbD dh pj[s fJZSk ;h i' g{oh j'Dh n;zGt ikgdh ;h. d't/I nkgD/ nkgD/


d/F d/ nfs wep{b gzikph rkfJe ;B.

go jfoGiB f;zx ns/ :wQbk iZN dh fwbDh e[M tZyoh ;h. fJ; tko:wQbk iZN gqf;ZX gzikph eth ns/ ftdtkB vkeNo jfoGiB f;zx ih d/ doFBeoB/ ukj[zdk ;h. gZek sK :kd BjhI go T[jB/ ;kv/ xo nkT[D bJh th nkgJh c'B ehsk ;h. fJ; tko T[jd/ Bkb T[jdh ;fjrkfJek wfjzdoihs e"o ;/y'Ith ;h. n;b ftu fJj wfjzdoihs jh ;h i' jfoGiB f;zx d/ rhsK dh pj[sgqFz;e ;h ns/ fi; ~ jfoGiB f;zx d/ gzikph ftu T[̀u ;EkB pko/ gsk ;h.jfoGiB f;zx th T[jBK ~ fwb e/ T[jBK tKr jh ][F ;h. rhsK b'erhsK s/rkT[D tkfbnK pko/ ek\h rZbpks j'Jh i' j[D :kd BjhI jfoGiB f;zx B/ fejkl

@@ uZb'I c/o ;[DkU e[S s{z[ph Bkb rk e/.## :wQb/ B/ jZE pzBQ e/ fejk,@@vkeNo ;kjp fJj sK ;{oi ~ dhtk fdykT[D tkbh rZb n?l s[jk~ n;hI eh ;[Dk;ed/ nKl n;hI sK s[jk~ ;[DB nkJ/ nK.#

@@BjhI, BjhI fJ; soQK Bh, s[jkv/ tor/ T[;skdK s'I sK n;hI f;Zyd/ nK.eftsk bJh Fpd fet/I u[DB/ n?, o; fet/I GoBk, T[jBK ~ skb ftu fet/IpzBDkHHHHHHHHub' ;[DkU. :wQb/ B/ wfjzdoihs tZb t/fynk fit/I g[ZS fojk j't/L fejVkrkJhJ/ < d'jK ~ iZeK sZeK ftu fgnk t/y e/ jfoGiB f;zx B/ fejk,

@@uZb' nZi T[j ;[DkUL w?~ S'V e/ ;ZiD Bk ikthI,##

wfjzdoihs ns/ :wQb/ B/ fJe d{i/ tZb w[;eok e/ t/fynk. c?;bk j'frnk ;h. :wQb/ B/ s{zph u[Ze bJh go T[jdh T[Irb jkbhI sko ~ bZrh BjhI ;hid'I jfoGiB f;zx B/ fejk, @@fJ; rhs ftu Fpd, gzi sB pj[s ;[jDk n?, @;"Ijs?~ gzi sB dh#.

:wQb/ B/ f;o M[ekfJnk, s{z u[Zeh s/ sko ~ S/fVnk, ;ko/ u[Zg j' rJ/.wfjzdoihs B/ nktk} eZYhL

@w?~ S'V e/ ;ZiD Bk ikthIHHHHH:wQb/ B/ Bkb nktk} fwbkJh, @;"Ij s?~ gzisB dhHHHHH#. jfoGiB f;zx dhnK nZyK pzd j' rJhnK. GkFk sZsK dhnK ifNb;zouBktK dh T[X/V$p[Ds eoB tkbk jfoGiB f;zx, @;"Ij s?~ gzi sB dh# ;[De/ M{w fojk ;h fit/I T[jd/ nzdo S[fgnk e'Jh BtK jfoGiB f;zx T[ikro j' fojkj't/. e[M fdBK fgZS'I fJj jfoGiB f;zx w/oh eftsk ftu th nk T[ikro j'fJnkL

ed/ ed/

T[; fwbDh dh :kd T[ikro

j' iKdh j?


id'I fdZbh tkbk jfoGiB f;zx

;kv/ t?Be{to tkb/ xo

nkfJnk ;h

s/ :wQbk iZN th.

jfoGiB f;zx B/ fejk

T[j rhs ;[DkUL

w?~ S'V e/ ;ZiD Bk ikthI

;"Ij s?~ gzi sB dh.

:wbQ/ d/ w{zj s/ w[;ekB nkJh

T[;B/ s{zph Bkb, Y'beh Bkb

Bkb p?mh ;fjrkfJek Bkb

s/ dtkb/

p?m/ j'oBK b'eK Bkb

rhs ;[DkfJnk.

jfoGiB f;zx M{wD bZrk

T[; s'I vkeNoh dh u'bk bfj e/

yZZp/ gk;/ Y/oh j' frnk s/

gq'c?;oh dk ;Zi/ gk;/.

ftukb/ ofj frnk

FkfJo jfoGiB f;zx s/

dfonk tKr trdh T[;dh dkjVh

s/ bfjo bfjo j'fJnk dkjVh dk jo tkb.

õõõ


;[jitkd dk Mzvkpodko;[jitkd dk Mzvkpodko;[jitkd dk Mzvkpodko;[jitkd dk Mzvkpodko;[jitkd dk MzvkpodkovkH r[ow/b f;zx f;ZX{vkH r[ow/b f;zx f;ZX{vkH r[ow/b f;zx f;ZX{vkH r[ow/b f;zx f;ZX{vkH r[ow/b f;zx f;ZX{

vkH jfoGiB f;zx ~ w?_ gfjbh tko 1960 ftu T[;d/ 66 BkJhtkbk, eo'b pk|, fdZbh tkb/ xo ftu fwfbnk.T[; t/b/ w?_ phH n?;H ;hH dk ftfdnkoEh ;K ns/ nkgD/ y'i-gqpzX bJh ¿g{;k n?rqhebuob fJzB;NhfuT{N¿ dh bkfJpq/oh #u'_jtkb/ fJeZm/ eoB frnk ;h. T[BQK fdBK ftu w/oh ns/jfoGiB f;zx dh fJe-fJe B}w Bktbeko BkBe f;zx d/wk;e o;kb/ ¿b'e ;kfjs¿ ftu nkjw'-;kjwD/ ;f\nK s/Sgh ;h. fJj ;KM ;kvh gfjbh fwbDh dk ;pZp pDh.

jfoGiB f;zx dh fojkfJF dk gsk eoe/ w?_ fpBkdZ;/ T[; d/ xo gj[zu frnk. T[; ~ gfjbh tko ;kfynkso{g ftu d/y e/ ekch nuzGs j'fJnk. fwbD sK w?_ fJjfenk; eoe/ frnk ;h fe T[j w/ok jkDh- gotkDh j't/rk,go w/o/ Bkb'_ T[wo ftu ekch tZvk bZfrnk. d/yfdnK ;koT[; gqsh w/ok tshok FoXk GktBk tkbk j' frnk. T[; dh1956 ftu Sgh gfjbh ekft-g[;se, bk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;K, w?_ gVQ u[fenk;h. gVQB T[gozs wfj;{; j''fJnk ;h fe fJ; dk b/ye e'Jhf;fXnk j'fJnk eth j't/rk, fJj fenk; Bjh_ ;h ehsk feT[wo ti'_ th gq'VQ ns/ jzfYnk tofsnk j't/rk. nkbwK torhd/yDh-gkyDh s'_ :ehB j' frnk fe, bk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;K pkeJh T[;dh jhfbys j't/rh. fwbD ;ko fejk, w?_ r[ow/b ¿okjh¿ jK.w[;eVh jZ;dk, w;s UbhJ/ tKr jZE T[bko e/ p'fbnk, ¿pJhs/oh eftsk ¿b'e ;kfjs¿ ftu gVQh ;h.¿ w?_ fejk, ¿ih, T[;/eftsk B/ s[jk~ fwbD dk ;pZp pDkfJnk j?.¿ xo ftupZfunK dh ufjb-gfjb eoe/ e[M F'o g? fojk ;h. ¿nkU,ekch jkT{; ubd/ jK¿, jfoGiB B/ pVh p/tkeh Bkb fejk.ekch jkT{; T[; d/ xo d/ bkr/ jh ;h. ekch wzrtkJh s/n;h_ rZbK ftu oZ[M rJ/. w?_ T[; dh gfjbh g[;se bk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;K

r[ow/b f;zx f;ZX{gq'ca?;o, e?b/c'oBhnk ;N/N:{Bhtof;Nh, co?}B', e?b/c'oBhnk, :{H n?;H J/H


dh Fbkxk ehsh. bk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;K ftu Gktg{os gqrhse B}wK ns/ ;kfjse rhs jBl B}wKBkb'_ rhs tX/o/ gqGktFkbh jB. e[ZM rhsK dhnK wZ[YbhnK gzeshnK w?~ :kd ;BL¿f;zfink Bh ;kvh Xosh ~ f;zfink, ;oxh dh fBzwQh fBzwQh b'n.¿, ¿;" ik w/o/ wkbekthokB j'Jh oks.¿, ¿t/y' ih w/o/ ekb/ ekb/ e/;¿, *w?_ eo eo isBK jkoh okwk Bjh_w[edh c[bekoh.¿ T[; B/ rhsK dh fgZmG{wh pko/ dZf;nk sK T[BQK dh ;[Gktesk,;[pQesk ns/ ;obsk dk nfj;k; j'fJnk. yk; eoe/ rhsK dh gqrhse F?bh ns/;[jiwJh Fpd-u'D B/ w?~ pj[s gqGkts ehsk.

bk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;K dh eftsk dk gqGkt w/oh eftsk s/ fgnk. 1966 ftu Sgh w/ohgfjbh ekft-g[;es, d[fpXkd[fpXkd[fpXkd[fpXkd[fpXk, d/ fJe-d' rhsK u'_ fJj gqGkt Mbedk j?. T[dkjoBti'_, ¿w?_ eo eo isBK jkoh, okwk Bjh_ w[edh c[bekoh¿ dh Gkn w/o/ j/mb/ rhs#u'_ g?dh j?.

ekch jkT{; ftu p?fmnK T[; B/ ngDh f;oiD gqfefonk pko/ pj[s e[MdZf;nk. w?~ fJT[_ wfj;{; j'fJnk fit/_ e'Jh T[;skd eth fJe g[zrod/ eth ~eftsk fbyD dh f;Zfynk d/ fojk j't/. T[; dh frnkBtkB tkoskbkg ~ fXnkBBkb ;[DfdnK w?_ j?okB j' fojk ;h fe, eh fJj Uj' eth j? fi; d/ Bkb w/oheftsk Sgh ;h< T[; t/b/ se jfoGiB ni/ gzikph d/ o;kfbnK ftu pj[sk Bjh_;h Sfgnk. fJ; bJh w?~ T[; dh ekft-;woEk dk g{ok nzdk}k Bjh_ ;h.

ekch jkT{; u'_ pkjo fBeb/ sK jfoGiB eftsk pko/ rZbK eodkj'fJnk, xo tb ikD dh pikJ/, fJe S'N/ ij/ gjkVh feZeoK d/ iyho/ ftu gj[zufrnk. ;odhnK dh o[Zs ;h, e';h e';h X[Zg fgzv/ B{z rowk ojh ;h. n;h_ fJetZv/ ;ko/ gZEo s/ pfj rJ/. T[; B/ gZr T[sko e/ oZy bJh ns/ bNp"ok fijkj'e/ eftsk dhnK gzrshnK T[ukoB bZr fgnk. w?_ ;'uK fJj pzdk fezBk w;s w"bkj?, MoB/ tKr nkgDh jh o" ftu tjh iKdk j?. ftu'_ N'e e/ w?_ gZ[fSnk, ¿gzikphftu s[;h_ j'o eh e[M fbfynk j?<À T[; B/ dZf;nk fe, fgZS/ ij/ fJe ekft-BkNesko s[geksko s[geksko s[geksko s[geksko s[gek (1957) Sfgnk j?. w?_ fejk T[; ftu'_ e[M ;[DkT[ sK jfoGiB c/oT[;/ o"n ftu F[o{ j' frnk. T[; d/ w{j'_ Fpd, fJT[_ feo oj/ ;B fit/_ e'Jh wZehdh SZbh nx/o fojk j't/. w;sh ftu T[j ekft-BkN dk ekch fjZ;k ;[Dk frnk.y[ZbQh eftsk ftu fby/ ekft-BkNe ~ w{zj }[pkBh ;[BkT[Dk pj[s w[Feb j[zdk j?.w?_ T[; dh :kddkFs s/ j?okB ofj frnk. BkNe d/ ftF/ dh T[;koh ftu gksoKdh tkoskbkg wzi/ dh d"D tKr eZ;h j'Jh ;h ns/ Fpd wkbk d/ wDfenK fBnkJh_go'J/ j'J/ ;B. BkNe dh Fpdktbh *u'_ r[opkDh ns/ b'e ;kfjs torh GkFkdh Mbe g?_dh ;h. EK-g[o-EK ;wk;h FpdK, w[jktfonK ns/ tkezFK dh tos'_d[nkok noEK d/ ;[jiwJh gZy ~ pVh fFZds Bkb gquzv ehsk j'fJnk ;h. s;dhe


bJh e[M T[dkjoBK jk}o jBL

fuZeV-s'o ;wK, jT[e/-ozrk ukBD, pfjnk siopk, g[FsK d/ iroks/,nDGzBh nkeV, sbyh yzfxnkoDk, d[yd/ jZvK ~ fwjDk, w;kD-gsh, bj{-fijkE[ZeD, s/}kph toyk, wkB[y-;g-jfsnko/, x[ZN s/j dk, e"Vh-ekby, ;{jk u[zpB, G[oG[o N[ZND sko/, T[vheK-oZi/ B?D, uhe-fujkVk, ekso-uZp e/, fBzfdnk dk F"e, ;kro;kvh bKx, d[ZX-;ZXo, nkdw p' dh d[orzX, tknd/ dh y[Fp', nkfd.¿sko-s[gek¿dh Fpdkpbh w/o/ ezBK ftu fwFoh x'b ojh ;h sK jfoGiB B/ nukBe w/o/ w'v/s/ jZE XofdnK fejk, ¿fJ; ekft-BkN dk nyzv gkm w?_ :koK d';sK Bkb eJhtko eo u[fenk jK. fJ; dk T[BQK B{z ezB-o; g? u[fenk j?.¿ fJj BkNe pkeJhT[; d/ fdb d/ pj[s eohp ;h. nkgDh ;t? ihtBh, u'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbk ftufbydk j?, ¿ngDhnK j'o th B}wK *s/ pj[s fgnko nkT[_dk j?, go sko s[ge/sko s[ge/sko s[ge/sko s[ge/sko s[ge/B/ sK w?~ MZbk ehsk j'fJnk ;h.¿

jBQ/ok j' fojk ;h n;h_ xo tb w'V/ gkJ/. w?_ nkgD/ j';Nb w[VB bJhftdk wzrh sK jfoGiB B/ fejk, xo ftu i' o[yh-;[Zeh j?, yk e/ ikth_. o'Nh yke/ foeFk cfVnk ns/ nbftdk efjzfdnK ftdk bJh. okj ftu ;'udk nkfJnkfe, jfoGiB f;zx ftu tZvh ;zGktBk tkb/ eth d/ beF jB. j[D w?_ id T[;dh ;w[Zuh ;kfjse ewkJh tb B}o wkodk jK sK wkD Bkb efj ;edk jK fe,w/oh GftypkDh ;jh ;h. jfoGiB fBo;zd/j, gzikph ;kfjs dk ftF/F ns/ tfFFNj;skyo j?l gzikph eftsk d/ ¿wZE/ dk dhtk¿ j?.

jfoGiB dh eftsk ns/ tkose d't/_, nB'y/, o"ue ns/ o;e jB. fJBQKftu yk; fe;w dk ;[ji ns/ ;[nkd j?. T[; d/ Fpd gzikph ;kfjs d/ ftjV/ftu fyZboh j'Jh w'shnK dh u'r fBnkJh_ jB fi; ~ u[rD bJh jo gqeko d/b/ye s/ gkme nkT[_d/-iKd/ ofjzd/ jB. fJj jfoGiB dh ;[jitkdh Fpdkpbh dkfeqFwk j? fi; dh ftbZyDsk B/ T[; *s/ ¿;[jitkdh eth¿ dk b/pb bk fdZsk. y/d tkbh rZb fJj j? fe ;wekbh ;kfjsekoK B/ fJ; :'rsk B{z, pe"b jfoGiB,fJe ¿fwjD/¿ ti'_ tofsnk. ;tkb g?dk j[zdk j?, eh ;[jitkd ;kfjs dk pkeJhfBr{Dk r[D j? < T[bkotkdh nkb'uBk ~ ;theko efodnK, jfoGiB B/ ;[jitkdpko/ nkgDk gZy, ¿w/oh ekft-:ksok¿ dh G{fwek ftu g{fonk j?L

¿w/o/ ekft gqekFB d/ gfjb/ gVkn T[go jh w?~ ;[jitkdh fejk ikDbZrk. w/o/ bJh fJj ftF/FD th fwjD/ tKr sith} j'fJnk, go ;h fJj do[;s.tk;sfte-T[g:'rsk d/ ukjtkB f;oie-ftukoeK ~ ;[ji nkgD/ fto[X p/goshshdk wsk ikgdk j?. fJT[_ ikgdk j? fit/_ e'Jh fe;/ d/ g?oK j/m'_ m'; Xosh fyufojk j't/ s/ T[j~ fBo'b jtk ftu bNeD s/ wip{o eo fojk j't/. w?_ ;[jitkdh


ftF/FD ~ y[Fh y[Fh ;theko ehsk. w?_ ;r'_ ;[ji d/ ftF/F nfXn?B tb o[usj'fJnk. gfjbK fJj w/ok nu/s nB[Gt ;h, fco fJj w/ok ;[u/s nfXn?B dh t;spD frnk. ekft-ouBk T[g:'frsk-;[ji dh gfjb d{i ~ pdbD dk T[Zdw j?.ouBk d/ Bk¾' Bk¾ tkgodk ftouBk dk ekoi. fsnkfrnk fJjBK ftu'_ e'Jhth Bjh_ iKdk. T[g:'rh tk;sftesk nkgDh Ekt/_ fNeh ofjzdh j?. f;oc eth;[ji ~ tk;sftesk s'_ gfjbK EK d/ fdzdk j?. eftsk T[; e'M d/ fto[X p/goshshdk wsk j? i' tk;sftesk dk bk}wh nzr j?. ;dkuko, gqrsh, eqKsh, fJj ;Gnkg' nkgD/ EK ;[ji d/ jh ty' tZy w[jKdo/ jB. i' nkdwh tk;sftesk s'_ tk\o;[gB/ ;kiDk Bjh_ b'udk, T[; ~ ;[ji dh e'Jh ;ko Bjh_.

tk;sftesk ns/ ;[ji tork foFsk jh w?_ eftsk ns/ ekft ftu fwfEnkj'fJnk j?. fBo'b eftsktK i'Vd/ ofjD ftu w?~ fdbu;gh Bjh_, w/ok F"e sKekft-f;oiDk j?. w/o/ nzr-;zr t;dk w/ok nkgDk p/fbjk} gkoy{ jh w?~ d;dkofjzdk j? fe w/oh eftsk ~ ekft dh S'j gqkgs j'Jh j? iK Bjh_. w/oh gfjb ekftbJh j?.i' e[M ekft s'_ T[oQK T[oQK j? T[; ~ fsnkrfdnK w?~ ;ze'u Bjh_ j[zdk.w/oh fsnkrh j'Jh j'_d d/ N[eV/ w/oh ;thekoh j'Jh j'_d d/ w[ekpb/ pj[s f}nkdkjB. w/oh ekft-f;oiDk fBozso T[Zdw j?, nkgD/ ftu'_ pj[s e[M ~ fsnkr e/nkgDh B}o ftu nkg ;thekoD i'r pBD dk.fJj' fijk fBy/Vk jh w?~ b/yens/ eos/ ftueko ikgdk j?. b/ye ~ T[bzx e/ eos/ se gj[zuDk, p; fJj'w/oh ekft-:ksok dh fdFk ns/ beF j?.¿

jfoGiB ~ ;[jitkd dh dhyFk nkb'ue okwuzdo F[ebk dh feos¿fuzskwDh¿ dk nfXn?B eoB T[gozs fwbh. nukfonk F[ebk fjzdh eftsk d/ wzB/gowzB/ nkb'ue ;B. eftsk d/ rzGho ftfFnK dk w[bnzeD eoB ;w/_, T[j eftskd/ o;e gZy ~ nZy'_ go'y/ Bjh_ j'D fdzd/ ;B. jfoGiB d/ FpdK ftu, ¿nukohnkF[ebk s'_ w?_ ekft-ouBk ;zpzXh d' nzsofdqFNhnK gqkgs ehshnK. fJe, eftsko;ksfwe nBzd gqdkB eoB tkbh ouBk j?, d{i/, T[j nkgDh rZb fpzpK okjh_gq;kodh j?. fJj nzsofdqFNhnK w?~ pj[s t/b/ f;o gqkgs j' rJhnK. op stZebeftsk ouD d/ y/so ftu'_ fBeb e/ w?_ ouBkekoh d/ n?;/ gVkT[ T[go gj[zuk ;KfiZE'_ nrKj w?~ eftsk d/ ;[Gkn ns/ pDso ;zpzXh ;[u/s j'D dh b'V ;h. w?~g?o'_-g?o ukBD j' fojk ;h fe ekft-ouBk ekch ;{yw ebk j? s/ fJ; tk;s/ w?~Go';/:'r dhfynk dh b'V j?. fJj dhfynk w?~ ¿fuzskwDh¿ B/ fdZsh.¿

w?_ w[ZY s'_ jh jfoGiB d/ ;[jitkd dk gq;z;e fojk jK. nu/s iK;[u/s s"o s/ T[; dk gqGkt th ep{fbnk j?. w/o/ nzdo ;zrhs e[dosB tf;nkj'fJnk j?, fJ; bJh FpdK dh X[Bh d/ ;o'dh gZy Bkb w?B{z pj[s brkt j?.;ZGs'_ gfjbK gkme ~ FpdK dh X[Bh dk ;o'dh gZy g'_dk j?. fXnkB fyZuD bJh fJj


gZy fJe m[zwD/ dk eost fBGkT[_dk j?. fJ; dk bkG th s/ jkB th j?l bkGfJj j? fe ;o'dh gZy gkme dh f;wqsh ftu ;fjtB jh p?m iKdk j?, ns/ jkBfJj fe, noEK s/ godk g? iKdk j?. cb;o{g, *ebk, wfj} ebk bJh* dkT[bQkwk ;j/Vdh j?. fJj gqftosh ;kfjs d/ ;wkfie gZy s'_ nDfGZi ofjD dkekoB pD iKdh j?. ni/jh ebk Gb/ jh fJzfdonkth MbekfonK dk doFBeokt/, go fJ; dh j'_d ihtB dh fusoekoh eoe/ jh e'Jh ;koEe fpzp f;oidhj?. tk;sftesk ihtB dh T[g:'rsk Bkb pZMh j'Jh j?. ;[jitkd dk gZy g{odkj'fJnk, jfoGiB tk;sfte-T[g:'rsk d/ XkoBhnK ~ ;[ji d/ fto[X p/goshsh dkwsk d;dk j?. T[g:'rsk d/ wZs nB[;ko ihtB ftu bkGdkfJe eow T[j j? i'y[Fh ftu fJ}k\k eo/ ns/ rwh ~ xNkt/. fJ; eow d/ ;[jitkdh gZy ~ ihtBd/ gqsheow s'_ gfjukfDnK ik ;edk j?. ekftesk wfj} T[g:'rsk-;[ji dh gfjbd{i ~ pdbD dk T[Zdw j?. T[g:'rh gZy dh n;bhns ~ ;[jitkdh g[Zm ukVQ e/g/F eoBk, fJe f;nkD/ eth dk e[dosh eost j?. ihtB d/ e[ji ~ ;[ji ftuozr e/ gkme d/ fXnkB r'uo/ fbnkT[D dk eost th eth fBGkT[_dk j?. f;ZX/ iKnf;ZX/ s"o s/ e[ji ftu ihtB d/ T[j ;ko/ gZy nk iKd/ jB fiBQK eoe/ gqrsh,eqKsh iK GqKsh dk iBw j[zdk j?. fJj gZy e[ji s/ gqsheow ftu'_ g?dk j[zd/ jB.fJ; bJh jfoGiB, ;[jitkd ~ fBzdD :'r Bjh_ ;r'_ ;bkj[D :'r pDk e/ g/Feodk j?. T[; dh fJ; dbhb Bkb w/oh ;fjwsh j?. ]k; eoe/ ;wki dh ni'eh;fEsh B{z, i' wkBf;e s"o s/ o[Zyh, Ugoh *s/ nekT{ j' u[eh j?, ;[jitkdh ;kfjsdh tX/o/ b'V j?. gqfeosh th ;[ji dk jh gqekF j?. i/ gqfeosh ;[ji dk gqekFj? ns/ eftsk, pe"b no;s{, fJ; dh Beb j? sK eftsk dk ;[jitkdh j'Dk pVk;[Gkte j?. e[dos dh ;[jZgD gqsh ;kvk gqsheow ekbgfBe j'D d/ Bks/ nkBzdwJhth j?. fJ; bJh eftsk, ebgBk dh nkBzdwJh ebk j? i' ihtB ftu ;[ji g?dkeodh j?. fJfsjkf;e s"o s/ jfoGiB dk ;[jitkd pj[sk tyok Bjh_, coe fJjj? fe ;[jitkd dh gqzgokrs gfoGkFk, FpdK d/ ;q'dh gZy s/ jh e/_fdqs Bjh_, fJ;ftu ihtB ~ ;[yktK pBkT[D dh gqftosh th Fkfwb j?.

w/oh eftsk ftu ;[jiw/oh eftsk ftu ;[jiw/oh eftsk ftu ;[jiw/oh eftsk ftu ;[jiw/oh eftsk ftu ;[ji

w/oh eftsk s/ jfoGiB dh ohshpZX F?bh ns/ Fpd u'D dk ekch n;ofgnk. id gq'H w'jB f;zx B/ gfjbh tko w/ohnK eZ[M eftsktK ¿gzi dfonk¿ ftuSkghnK ;B sK nso f;zx B/ nzrq/}h ftu w/o/ pko/ fJe ;zy/g ijh fNgDh ehsh;hL Your poems portray mannerismH Ud'_ w?~ Mennerism d/ noE Bjh_ ;BnkT[_d/, go fJ; dh X[Bh pVh uzrh bZrh. fenk; eo fbnk fe pVh skohc ehshj'Jh j?. e[M fdBK pknd jfoGiB Bkb w[bkeks j'Jh sK w?_ ukJh_ ukJh_ T[; ~dZf;nk fe, nso f;zx nB[;ko w/oh eftsk ftu ¿w?fBfo}w¿ j?. jfoGiB B/


e/tb n?Bk fejk, ¿nso f;zx ~ id e'Jh nzrq/}h dk BtK Fpd GkT[_dk j? sK T[jgzikph eftsk @s/ Y[ekn fdzdk j?.¿ jfoGiB d/ efjD d/ bfj}/ s'_ gqshs j'fJnkfe T[; ~ iK sK nso f;zx Bkb e'Jh fuV ;h iK ¿w?fBfo}w¿ p[ok Fpd ;h.;kfjs nfXnB s'_ gsk bZrk fe eftsk ftu w?fBfo}w fJe gqeko dh F?bh j? i'ftuko ~ nB[Zm/ ns/ ;[ohb/ FpdK okjh_ g/F eodh j?. fJ; F?bh dk T[bko{ gZyfJj j? fe, ftF/-t;s{ dk :EkoEe gZy wZmk g? iKdk j? s/ Gktesk Gko{ j'iKdh j?. Gkt/_ fJj F?bh ftuko d/ :EkoEe gZy ~ T[ikro j'D ftu tkXe f;ZXj[zdh j?, go fJ; ~ ngBkT[D bJh p"fXesk ns/ f;nkDg dh b'V j?. d{i/ FpdKftu ftuko ~ ekoro pBkT[D bJh, ;o'dh FpdK dh u'D ns/ ;[opZXsk bJh p"fXeebke"Fbsk b'Vh_dh j?. ni/jk T[j ;kfjseko jh eo ;edk j? fi; gk; ;[odh ;wM j't/, Fpdkpbh dk u"yk Gzvko j't/ ns/ ekft-ebk dh ;{M j't/. jfoGiBfJBQK gZyK ftu wkfjo ;h. T[; d/ FpdK dh ikd{roh dk gqGkt eJh Bt/_ s/ g[okD/ethnK s/ fgnk.

ftfrnkBe fgZmG{wh j'D d/ Bks/ w/oh eftsk *u'_ ftuko dh nfjwhnsns/ Gkt dh fJekrosk ed/ |?ojk}o Bjh_ j[zd/. w?~ fJ; rZb dk th frnkBj? fe ftuko ~ gkme sZe gj[ukT[D bJh Fpdkpbh dk sfb;w pj[s }o{oh j?.fJ; bJh w?_ eftsktK ftu T[u/u Bkb ;{yw Fpd tosD dh e'fFF eodk jK.eJhtkoh fJj T[u/u Fpd nvzpo pD ikD dk ydFk ;j/Vdh j?.

;[jitkd ns/ Fpd nvzpo;[jitkd ns/ Fpd nvzpo;[jitkd ns/ Fpd nvzpo;[jitkd ns/ Fpd nvzpo;[jitkd ns/ Fpd nvzpo

eftsk ftu ;[jitkdh FpdK dh Gowko, Fpd nvzpo pD ikD dk ydFk;j/Vdh j?. T[u/u Bkb tos/ ;[jitkdh Fpd p'Mb ns/ nekT{ Gk;D bZr g?_d/jB. fit/_ pkjbk fwZmk ykD Bkb ih Grb iKdk j? T[;/ soQK ;[jitkdh FpdKdh pj[sks nbekD g?dk eo ;edh j?. gzikph d/ e[M nkb'ueK tb'_ jfoGiBdh eftsk g[o ;[jitkdh Fpd nvzpo dk no'g brdk fojk j?. fJe tko w_?fJ; ftF/ s/ jfoGiB Bkb wZEk vkj p?mk.

w?_L w?~ fJT[_ wfj;{; j[zdk fe s/o/ FpdK dh u'D ns/ fuDs n?BhFeshFkbh j? fe, gVQB-;[BD tkbk fJBQK dh ikd{roh *u T[bM e/ ofj iKdk j?,ftF/ dh wjZssk nZy'_ go'y/ j' iKdh j?. fJ; bJh s/o/ @s/ Fpd nvzpo dk d'FbkfJnk iKdk j?.

jfoGiBL eh s{z fJj efjD dh e'fFF eo fojK, w/oh eftsk ftu ftFk-t;s{ Bjh_ j[zd/<

w?_L w/o/ efjD dk fJj Gkt Bjh_HHH

jfoGiBL (ftu'_ N'efdnK) i/ w/oh Fpdktbh ftu o; j? sK jh ;o's/ gVQd/


-;[Dd/ jB, i/ fJj Bk j't/ sK ekj~ fXnkB d/Dr/l gkme rZb ~ ;[DBr/ sKjh ;wMDr/.

w?_L s/s'_ gfjbK GkJh tho f;zx gq'H w'jB f;zx ns/ nzfwqsk gqhsw dh eftsk~ b'e F"e Bkb gVQd/-;[Dd/ ;B. T[j th ;{yw Fpd tosd/ ;B, go feo;Bkb. T[BQK B{z ftF/ dh wjZssk eoe/ ;bQkfJnk iKdk ;h.

jfoGiBL s/oh rZb do[;s j?, go fezB/ e[ b'eK ~ T[BQK dhnK B}wK w{zj}[pkBh :kd jB<

w?_L s/oh rZb ftu dw j?, go ftF/ dh g[ysrh s'_ tr?o ;kfjs ;w/_ dh rod j/m r[zw r[nku iKdk j?.

jfoGiBL eftsk @s/ fJj rZb pj[sh Bjh_ Y[Zedh, Bktb ns/ ejkDh s/Y[Zedh j?. eftsk ;otDh ebk j?, ezB-o; dh nfGbkFh. FpdK okjh_ i' o;eftsk ftu g?dk ehsk iKdk j?, T[j tkose okjh_ g?dk eoBk w[Ffeb j?.

w?_L f;oiB gqfefonk ;w/_, ftFk gfjbK fe o{g gfjbK T[ikro j[zdk j?<

jfoGiBL ftFk nkgDk o{g Bkb b? e/ nkT[_dk j?, T[;/ soQk fit/_ gkDhdk tjk nkg/ okj pDk b?_dk j?.

w?_L s/ohnK eJh eftsktK d/ ftF/ fwE e/ T[u/u Bkb fe;/ yk; o{gftu Ykb/ j'J/ jB fit/_, g[;se, ;Ve d/ ;\/ T[Zs/;Ve d/ ;\/ T[Zs/;Ve d/ ;\/ T[Zs/;Ve d/ ;\/ T[Zs/;Ve d/ ;\/ T[Zs/, dhnK eftsktK. fJj e;pSzB/ iK rbk; ftu gkDh gkT[D tKr j?, noEks, gkDh tosD dk o{g Xko b?_dkj?.

jfoGiBL e[ZM eftsktK d/ nkXko s/ s{z w/oh ;koh eftsk B{z fJe' oZ;/Bjh_ pzBQ ;edk. ;w[Zuh eftsk B{z gVQB T[gozs gsk bZr/rk fe ftF/ ns/ o{g dkBksk jZE ns/ d;skB/ tKr j?. s/oh T[dkjoB d/ T[Zso ftu w?_ fJj ejKrkfe, fJj gkDh dh wksok sfj eodh j? fe fJ; B{z ;wkT[D bJh SzBk b'Vhdk j?iK rbk;.

T[; d/ fJ; T[Zso B/ w?~ fBoT[Zso eo fdZsk. Bkb/ w?_ rZb ~ pj[skbwekT[Dk th Bjh_ ;h ukj[zdk. fJ; pfj; s'_ pknd jfoGiB B/ w?~ tfvnkT[DiK fgZSk SVkT[D bJh fejk, ¿s/oh nkb'uBk dh ;{M-p{M fBZyo ojh j?.¿ w?_ fejk,¿nkg jh eh feogk ;/ ;i/ jw jK.¿

jfoGiB dh e?B/vk c/ohjfoGiB dh e?B/vk c/ohjfoGiB dh e?B/vk c/ohjfoGiB dh e?B/vk c/ohjfoGiB dh e?B/vk c/oh

jfoGiB 1977 ftu w/o/ gk; t?Be{to nkJhnk. T[; ~ d/fynK d; e[toQ/ phs u[Ze/ ;B. jtkJh nZv/ s/ T[vhefdnK w?_ fenk; bk fojk ;h fe T[; dkfujok-w'jok fe; soQK dk j't/rk ! e?B/vk nkT[D t/b/ id fwb e/ nkfJnk ;h sK


dkjVh ftu e'Jh-e'Jh X"bk ;h, w{zj Gfonk j'fJnk ns/ wZEk dht/ tKr ir fojk;h. w?_ ;'funk T[; ~ nkT[D ;ko gfjukD btKrk.:ksoh nkT[D/ F[o{ j' rJ/,jfoGiB fes/ B}o Bjh_ ;h nk ojk. w?_ dotk}/ bkr/ yb' frnkl UE'_ fJzwhrq/FBekT[_No fd;dk ;h. n?Bk ~ w/oh B}o jfoGiB s/ gJh, fJzwhrq/FB nc;o T[; s'_e'Jh ckow Gotk ojk ;h. pkjo nkfJnk sK iZch gke/ fwfbnk. r'o/ nZyK NZv NZvd/yD. g[ZSD s/ gsk bZrk fe T[; gk; e?B/vk dk th}k Bjh_ ;h. fJzwhrq/FB nc;o:kso{-th}/ dk ckow Gotk fojk ;h. w?_ fejk fdZbh s'_ th}k brtk e/ nkT[Dk ;h.T[; B/ dZf;nk fe T[jd/ gk; nwohek dk th}k j?, fe;/ ;ZiD B/ fejk i/ nwohekdk th}k j't/ sK e?B/vk d/ th}/ dh b'V Bjh_.

xo gj[zu/ sK jfoGiB B/ gZr bkj e/ w/} s/ oZyh ns/ w'ebk j' e/ ;'c/s/ pfj frnk. w?_ gZ[fSnk, eh ghDk< efjD bZrk, p?m gfjbK rZbK eohJ/. ukjoZy e/ w?_ T[; d/ ;kjwD/ e[o;h vkj e/ pfj frnk. rZbK eoB dk Uj' bfj}kns/ FpdK ftu gfjbK torh b?n ns/ b'u ;h. id T[; B/ ¿pJh r[ow/b¿ fejksK w?~ fgSb/ fdB :kd nk rJ/. w?_ fejk, s{z fpbe[b Bjh_ pdfbnk, s/oh ocsko,r[csko s/ d;sko ftu e'Jh coe Bjh_, pZ; E'jVk p}[or bZrD bZr fgnK.dkjVh ekch uZNh j' rJh ;h, go w{zj s/ ni/ th gfjbK tkbh o"De ;h. efjDbZrk, ¿pJh r[ow/b! dkjVh w[ZS ;ckuZN eoke/ s{z gfjbK Bkb'_ th rZGo{ i[nkBs/ ;'jDk-;[BZyk fBeb nkfJnKl fe;/ fcbwh jho' tKr brd?_.¿ w[;eDh jZ;fdnKw?_ fejk, ¿s{z fpbe[b mhe gfjukfDnK nkgD/ g[okD/ :ko ~l s/oh rZb dh s;dher'ohnK th eodhnK jB.¿ T[; B/ fejk, ¿efjD dh b'V Bjh_, s/oh d/yDh-g/yDhjh dZ; ojh j?.¿ ukj pD rJh sK eZgK *u gk e/, ;b{D/ ;w/s, w/} s/ oZy fdZsh.ukj gh_fdnK e[M g[okDhnK :kdK sk}k ehshnK.

Fkw j' ojh ;h, ykD/ pko/ g[ZfSnk sK T[; B/ fejk i' xo pfDnK fgnkyk btKrk. w?_ fejk, pkjo uZbKr/, s{z f;o\ fJj dZ; eh ykD ~ ih eodk.n?B/ ~ fJe c{B nk frnk i' w/oh d';s-e[Vh, n?tbB e"oeo, dk ;h. T[; B/fwbD nkT[Dk ;h, w?_ fJj efj e/ toi fdZsk fe, nZi w/o/ xo fJzvhnk s'_ g[okDkd';s nkfJnk j'fJnk j?. jfoGiB ftu'_ N'e e/ efjD bZrk, ¿e'Jh Bjh_ nkgDhd';s ~ th ;Zd b?, w?_ th d/yK s/oh g;zd feZdK dh j?.¿ w?_ fejk eZbQ ~ ;jh,nZi nkgK rZgK-SZgK wkoKr/. T[; B/ fejk rZgK th Bkb dh Bkb wkoh iktKr/. w?~bZfrnk T[j n?tbB ~ d/yDk ukj[zdk ;h. d[pkok c{B eoe/ n?tbB ~ fejk, n;h_fJzvhnB o?;N'o?_N ftu ykDk ykD uZb/ jK, s{z th nk ik. T[; B{z fJzvhnB ykDkpj[s g;zd ;h, nZX/ e[ xzN/ ftu gj[zu rJh.n?tbB tb Goth_ B}o wkofdnK,jfoGiB T[; d/ ;[jZgD dh skohc eoB bZr fgnk. r'ohnK nkgDh skohc ;[D e/rd rd j' iKdhnK jB ns/ E?_e :{, E?_e :{ ejh iKdhnK jB. e[Vh d/ nkT[D


Bkb jfoGiB uwe TZ[fmnk, EektN feXo/ d"V rJh ns/ u[ezBk j' e/ p?m frnk.w?~ gzikph ftu ej/, ¿pJh r[ow/b s/oh d';s pkeJh pj[s ;'jDh j?, d/y e/ G[Zybfjzdh j?.¿ w?_ gzikph ftu fejk, ¿d/y e/ jh G[Zy Bk bkj bJh_, ykDk ykD i'rhth oZy bJh_.¿

t?Be{to ftu gfNnkb/ tkb/ wBw'jB f;zx dk j'Nb ;h. T[j w?~ikDdk ;h ns/ j'Nb dk ykDk th bih} ;h. id gj[zu/ sK T[j fyV/ wZE/fwfbnk. w?_ fejk, gzikph d/ wjkB eth jfoGiB f;zx B{z fwb'. T[; ~ eftskftu fdbu;gh ;h ns/ jfoGiB dk BK th ;[fDnk j'fJnk ;h. ;k~ fJe nbfjdkewo/ ftu fpmk e/ nkg th Bkb pfj frnk. w?_ fejk, fdZbh s'_ nkJ/ w/o/ d';s~ n?dK dk ykDk y[nk fe fdZbh G[Zb ikt/. T[; B/ fejk, ¿vkeNo ;kfjp fJjth e'Jh efjD tkbh rZb j?, fij' ij/ s[jkv/ wfjwkB T[j' fij/ w/o/. s[;h_ f;ocfJj dZ;' fe ykDk eh j?.¿ w?_ fejk, ¿fJj s[jkv/ s/ SZvd/ jK.¿ T[j feuB tbfrnk ns/ ;kv/ bJh ykDk nkovo eo fdZsk. E'jVh d/o pknd p?oQk ykDk b?e/ nk frnk go wBw'jB f;zx Bk w[fVnk, FkfJd rkjeK dh GhV eoe/ o[ZMfrnk. id ykDk yk fbnk sK wBw'jB f;zx nk e/ g[ZSD bZrk, ¿ykDk feZdK dkbZfrnk<¿ jfoGiB p'fbnk, ¿ykDk pj[s ;[nkd ;h, fdZbh tork ;[nkdbk.¿wkbe c/o ubk frnk, n;h_ p?oQ/ ~ fpZb fbnkT[D bJh fejk. T[; B/ dZf;nk,¿wkbe dk j[ew j?, s[jk~ fpb Bjh_ d/Dk.¿ w?_ wBw'jB f;zx e'b frnk ns/fpZb d/D bJh f}Zd ehsh. T[; B/ w/ok jZE x[ZNfdnK j"bh fijh fejk, ¿feT[_Fofwzdk eod/ j', s[;h_ w/ok gzikph d/ f;oeZY eth Bkb s[nkfo\ eokfJnk j?, w?_n?Bk th Bjh_ eo ;edk ! id w?_ g?;/ d/D bJh f}Zd ehsh sK T[; B/ w/ok jZEx[NfdnK fejk, ¿s[;h_ fejV/ BZm/ j'J/ j', fe;/ fdB d{D/ b? btKrk.¿ ykDk yke/ xo gj[zu/, jfoGiB EZfenk j'fJnk ;h, w?_ fejk s{z j[D nkokw eo w?_ n?tbBB{z s'o e/ nkT[_dk. T[j n?tbB Bkb j'o rZbK eoBk ukj[zdk ;h. w?_ fejk ebQ;jh, s{z j[D ;"_ ik.

d{i/ fdB jfoGiB ~ g[ZfSnk, eh d/yDk-g/yDk j?< e[M ;kfjseko s?~fwbDkHHH. ftu'_ rZb N'efdnK T[; B/ fejk, ¿;kfjsekoK ~ th fwb btKr/, gfjbKeB/vk d/ ;o;p} pkr sK fdyk. w?_ fejk, t?Be{to pj[s y{p;{os Ffjo j?, fJegk;/ ;w[zdo s/ d{i/ gk;/ gjkV jB. phH;hH dh okiXkBh, fteN'ohnk, th d/yD :'rFfjo j?. T[E/ ikD bJh c?oh (gkDh dk S'Nk ijk}) b?Dh g?_dh j?, okj ftur[bkp d/ c[ZbK Bkb ;fink *p[ZFoN rkovB* j? l s{z dZ; feZE'_ F[o{ eoBk. T[; B/;tkbhnk bfj}/ ftu fejk, fJBQK BktK-EktK s'_ f;tkJ/ e[M j'o th d/yD :'rj't/rk ! w?_ fejk j'o s?~ :{Bhtof;Nh nkc fpqfNF e[bzphnk fdyktKrk, fiE'_ w?_ghn?uHvhH ehsh j? ns/ ;kfJwB co/}o :{Bhtof;Nh th uZbKr/ fiZE/ w?_ j[D gVQkT[_dk


jK. T[; B/ w/oh rZb tb pj[sk fXnkB Bk fdZsk. w?~ bZfrnk, T[j ;?o ;gkN/bJh nkfJnk j?, Ffjo dh ufjb-gfjb d/yDk ukj[zdk j?. w?_ fejk s{z f;ZXk feT[_Bjh_ efjzdk e'Jh vkB;-v{B; d/yDk j?. jfoGiB B/ pDk ;[nko e/ T[so fdZsk,¿w?_ ;'funk s?~ gZSw dh jtk bZr rJh j't/rh, nkg/ ;wM ikJ/_rk, go brdk s{zsK ni/ th fgzv dhnK rbhnK dh X{V cZedk fcodK¿ id w?_ Fpd ¿cZedk¿ ;[fDnksK w/ok jk;k fBeb frnk. ¿pJh r[ow/b, s/ok jk;k gfjbK tKr p/-s[eZbck,nkgw[jkok *s/ ;Zuk-;[Zuk j?.¿ T[; ~ w/o/ jZ;D d/ ekoB dk gsk Bjh_ ;h bZfrnk.w?_ dZf;nk, s/o/ w{zj'_ Fpd ¿cZedk¿ ;[D e/ jZf;nk ;h fi; dk nzrq/}h noE pVkysoBke j?. T[; ~ c/o th ;wM Bk nkJh feT[_fe gzikph ftu fJ; Fpd d/ noEj'o jB ns/ nzrq/}h ftu j'o. id fJ; d/ nzrq/}h wknB/ dZ;/ sK T[; d/ w{zj s/Fowhbk fijk jk;k ftyo frnk. w?_ wy"b Bkb fejk, ukj/_ sK fJ; dk fJzs}kwth j' ;edk j?.¿ w[;eDh jZ;fdnK T[; B/ Fokos Bkb fejk, ¿s{z pVk b[Zuk j'frnK.¿ w?_ th T[;/ bfj}/ ftu itkp fdZsk, ¿eh eohJ/, gZSwh d/FK ftu J/Bk e[sK pdbDk g?_dk j?, Bjh_ sK pzdk p[ZX{ brd?. w?_ id J/E/ nkfJnk ;h sK pVkG'bkGkbk, Fowhbk s/ ;zrkT{ ;h. T[; B/ fejk, ¿j[D sK pVk jzY-tos frn?_.¿T[; dk fJFkok w/oh d';s e[Vh n?tbB tb ;h. w?_ fejk, ¿r[o{d/t, ;wK, ;EkB*s/ frnkB ;ZG e[M f;yk fdzd/ jB. efjD bZrk, ¿r[ow/b, e?B/vk nk e/ s{zGkt/_ gVQ fby s/ pD ;zto frn?_, go s/o/ u'_ ngDZs, jwdodh s/ ;kdrh wB\hBjh_ j'J/. j'o fezB/ fbykoh pkjo nkJ/, fe;/ B/ gVQB tb fXnkB Bjh_ fdZsk, g?;/ewkT[D d/ uZeo ftu jh you j' rJ/. fJzrb?_v ftu eJh fwb/ i' dko{ gh e/c'ehnK cVK wkod/, p/j{dk s/ p/noEk p'bh iKd/ jB. fJe d{i/ dh u[rbh fBzdkeoB bZr/ nZrk-fgZSk Bjh_ d/yd/.¿ w?_ fejk SZv goK nkgK T[BQK s'_ eh b?Dk, nZidk gq'rqkw pDkT[_d/ jK. nZi :{Bhtof;Nh nkc fpqfNF e[bzphnk uZbKr/. fijV/vhgkofwzN *u'_ w?_ ghn?uH vhH ehsh ;h, T[j fdyktKrk ns/ nzro/}h ;kfjs d/ gq'c?;oK*s/ ftfdnkoEhnK Bkb fwbKr/. :{HphH;hH ftu fBU feqNhf;}w ns/ ;zouBktkd s/pj[s ezw j' fojk ;h. jfoGiB fdZbh :{Bhtof;Nh d/ nkX[fBe GkFktK d/vhgkoNw?_N dk w[yh ;h. T[; dh Sso-SkfJnk j/m ;zouBtkd, ns/ o{;h o{gtkd s/ezzw j'D eoe/ ¿fdZbh ;e{b nkc feqNhf;}w¿ ;Ekfgs j'fJnk ;h. w?_ ;'funk feT[; bJh :{Bhtof;Nh d/ ;kfjs ftGkr d/ gq'c?;oK Bkb fwbDk bkGdkfJeoj/rk.

:{H phH ;hH dh r/Vk:{H phH ;hH dh r/Vk:{H phH ;hH dh r/Vk:{H phH ;hH dh r/Vk:{H phH ;hH dh r/Vk

n;h_ gfjbK pkJhUb'ih ftGkr ftu rJ/, fiZE/ w/oh ghn?uH vhH d/ fBrokBg'qc?;o ;B. jfoGiB ~ gfjbK gq'H v/ftv ;}{eh Bkb fwbkfJnk. v/ftv fJep/pke ns/ fjZghnK tor/ G/; tkbk gq'c?;o ;h. w?~ d/yfdnK ;ko T[; B/ fejk,


"How is the lover boy ?¿ w?_ fejk, ih fpbe[b uzrk-Gbk jK. id pkjo fBeb/sK jfoGiB B/ ¿bto t[nkJ/¿ tkbh rZb g[ZSh. w?_ fejk fJj xo uZb e/ dZ;Krk,gfjbK nzrq/}h ftGkr tb ubd/ jK. T[E/ nzrq/}h d/ d' eth$nkb'ue, gq'H nobpoBh ns/ gq'H wkJheb p[be B{z fwb/. T[BQK fdBK ftu poBh dh ekft-g[;se,¿Rags & Bone shop Sgh ;h. fJ; ftu ekft-F?bh d/ nihp fe;w d/ gq:'r ehs/j'J/ jB. e[M eftsktK JhH JhH ezfwzr} (E. E. Commings) d/ gV:EkoEtkd(Surrealism) Bkb fwbdhnK jB, e[M phNfBe eftsk (Beatnick poetry)torhnK jB ns/ e[M T[; dh nkgDh Bth_ F?bh ftu fbyhnK j'JhnK jB. :kdoj/ fe, gq'H poBh B/ :{HphH;hH ftu ;ZG s'_ gfjbK eqhJ/fNt okfJfNzr ftGkr(creative writing department) ;Ekfgs ehsk ;h. T[j iwks gVQkT[D uZfbnk ;hfJ; bJh ;zy/g ijh w[bkeks j'Jh. ;zouBktkd dk wkfjo gq'c?;o fe;/ ekBcqz; ftuGkr b?D frnk j'fJnk ;h. ;pZp Bkb T[; dhnK d' ftfdnkoEDK Bkb w[bkeksj' rJh fiBQK ftu'_ fJe wdok; s'_ ghn?uH vhH eoB nkJh ;h ns/ d{ih fJe r'ohe[Vh ;h. Gkosh e[Vh dk BK whBkeFh ;h s/ r'oh e[Vh dk ekobk ;h. jfoGiBB/ fwbfdnK ;ko T[BQK Bkb ;zouBktkd pko/ rZb F[o{ eo fdZsh.T[BQK Bkb b'oftu jZE T[bko e/ rZbK eoB bZr fgnk. w?_ fejk, nkgK fJBQK ~ fvBo bJh ;Zdb?_d/ jK, pkeh rZbK Ud'_ eo bJh_. w?_ d'jK e[VhnK ~ Fkw d/ fvBo dh dkntsfdZsh i' T[BQK B/ fyV/ wZE/ wzB bJh. T[BQK B{z fbnkT[D s/ tkg; SZvD dh f}w/dkohth nkgD/ f;o b? bJh.

e[VhnK d/ nkT[D s'_ gfjbK w?_ jfoGiB B{z fejk, uZb e'Jh tkfJB tr?okb? nkJhJ/. tkfJB F"g s/ fJe p'sb s/ nzrq/}h ftu, ¿Suntry¿, fbfynk j'fJnk;h. gzikph tor/ BK d/ G[b/y/ fJe ¿;zsoh¿ dh ns/ fJe o?v tkfJB dh p'sbyohd bJh. w?_ e[VhnK B{z b?D ubk frnk. ikD t/b/ jfoGiB d/ s/V g?_N e'N;h ns/ fuZNh gZr pzBQh j'Jh ;hl tkg; w[fVnk sK T[j fcb";\oK tKr tkb fybkoh,fuZNk e[Vsk-gikwk gk e/ ;'c/ s/ p?mk e[ZM fby fojk ;h. e[VhnK ~, fyV/ j'J/fujo/ Bkb T[Zm e/ fwfbnk. ;ko/ EK-g[o-EK pfj rJ/ sK w?_ e[VhnK ~ g[ZfSnk,eh ghUr/ < whBkeFh B/ fejk T[j Fokp Bjh_ gh_dh s/ ekobk B/ o?v tkfJB dkrbk; wzfrnk. id w?_ o?v tkfJB rbk;K ftu gkT[D bZrk sK jfoGiB B/ fejk,¿pJh r[ow/b, w?~ sK @;zsoh# dk ;[nkd fuyk.¿ ekobk dk ;kE d/D bJh w?_ thtkfJB b? bJh ns/ jfoGiB ~ ;zsoh dk g?r d/ fdZsk. g?_dh ;ZN/ T[; B/ e[VhnKBkb ;zouBktkd pko/ rZbpks F[o{ ehsh. e[VhnK Bkb rZbK th eoh ikt/ ns/;zsoh dhnK xZ[NK th Goh ikt/. d{ik g?r gkfJnk sK nZXk e[ gh e/ b'o ftu nkfrnk s/ ;zouBktkd pko/ nkgD/ frnkB dh Sfjpo bk fdZsh. e[VhnK ~ p'bD dkpj[s xZN w"ek fdZsk, y[d jh p'bh frnk. ukjhdk sK fJj ;h fe, T[BQK Bkb pfj;


eodk, nkfyo ~ T[j ;zouBktkd d/ y/so ftu ghn?uH vhH eo ojhnK ;B.whBkeFh B/ T[pk;h bJh, w?_ ;wfMnk, iK sK T[j p'o j' ojh ;h, iK G[Zy bZrh j'Jh;h. w?_ fejk, nkT[ ykDk ykJhJ/. ykDk ykD s'_ gfjbK jfoGiB B/ fJe g?r j'ofyZu fdZsk. T[; dk ih j'o rZbK eoB ~ eodk ;h. oks d/ pkoK pi oj/ ;B,e[VhnK B/ tkg; ikD bJh fejk. w?_ fejk nZXk xzNk j'o mfjo ikU. n;h_ c/orZbh_ i[ZN rJ/ sK jfoGiB fJe j'o g?r gk e/ pfj frnk. T[; ~ uZVQ rJh ;h*s/ T[pk;hnK b?D bZr fgnk. w?_ fejk, s{z nkokw eo w?_ e[VhnK ~ SZv nktK.id SZv e/ tkg; w[fVnk sK jfoGiB bNp"ok fijk j'fJnk xo d/ nzdo, ekjbhekjbh, J/Xo-UXo r/V/ wko fojk ;h. g[ZfSnk fe, mhe mke J/_ sK T[; B/ jZET[bko e/ w;sK tKr f;o fjbk fdZsk. T[; ~ ekch uZVQ rJh ;h, w?_ ;"D bJhfejk. E'jVk fuo g? e/, c/o T[Zm e/ x[zwD bZr gt/. ;[fDnK ;h bZ;h ghD BkbT[so iKdh j?, w?_ T[; ~ bZ;h dk rbk; fgbkfJnk. bZ;h gh e/ e[M u?B fijknkfJnk sK ;"_ frnk. d{i/ fdB d[gfjo'_ pknd T[Zfmnk sK efjD bZrk, ¿pJhs/oh tkfJB pVh ;ys ;h.¿ id ;zsoh dh p'sb d/ b/tb ~ gfVQnk sK gskbZfrnk fe, T[j tkfJB Bjh_, gZeh Fokp ;h, T[j th 84 go{c. jfoGiB ~ dZf;nk¿oksh_ s{z tkfJB Bjh_, gZeh Fokp gh fojk ;h, nkj d/y p'sb s/ fbfynk j'fJnkj?.¿ yohdD bZfrnK Bk n;h_ dfonk\s ehsk, Bk t/uD tkb/ B/ dZf;nk. jfoGiB~ g[ZfSnk, s?~ e"Vh Bjh_ bZrh sK efjD bZrk, fpbe[b Bjh_. w?_ N'Dk bkfJnk, ¿j';edk e[VhnK Bkb rZbK eoB dh b'o ftu s{z Fokp B{z tkfJB ;wM e/ gh fojkj't/_. Fpkp d/ BF/ ;kjwD/ Fokp dk BFk wZmk g? iKdk j?.¿ w?_ puh j'Jh ;zsohdk x[ZN Gfonk sK pkeJh T[; ftu e'Jh yk; e[VZsD Bjh_ ;h.

:{HphH;hH d/ ftfdnkoEh-j';Nb ftu w?_ d' ;kb fojk ;h. fi; ewo/ ftuw?_ fojk ;h, jfoGiB ~ T[j ewok fdykT[Dk b? frnk. dotk}/ s/ m'oK bkJhnksK fJe r'o/ ftfdnoEh B/ p{jk y'fbQnk. w?_ fejk, fJ; ewo/ ftu w?_ d' ;kb fojk;h, i/ fJsok} Bk j't/ sK nkgD/ d';s B{z fdykT[Dk ukj[zdk jK. w/ok ozr-Yzr d/y e/ T[; B/ nzrq/}h bfj}/ ftu g[ZfSnk, ¿s/ok BK ¿rowb ;hv{¿ sK Bjh_<¿ w?_fejk, s?~ fet/_ gsk< T[; B/ dZf;nk fe fJj BK gVQB tkb/ v?;e dh pZsh d/fgSb/ gk;/ TZ[efonk j'fJnk j?, j/mK bt :{, n?tbB fbfynk j'fJnk j?. v?;e d/T[sb/ gk;/ g[;se-o?e ;h, fi; d/ j/mK pZsh ;h ns/ pZsh d/ fgSb/ gk;/ E'VQh ijhEK ;h. fJ; bJh w/ok BK ;kjwfDT[_ Bjh_ ;h fd;dk, pZsh d/ j/m'_ T[sKj tb MkeDBkb gfVQnk ik ;edk ;h. w?~ fJ; pko/ e[M Bjh_ ;h gsk, FkfJd n?tbB B/w/oh |?ojk}oh ftu fby fdZsk j't/. r'o/ ftfdnkoEh B{z g[ZfSnk fe T[; ~fet/_ gsk bZrk< T[; B/ dZf;nk, ¿ewok fwbD T[gozs, ;ckJh eoB t/b/ pZsh T[skoe/ id g'uk wkfonk sK j/m'_ fJj BK fBefbnk.¿ w?_ fejk, ¿w/ok BK ;KGD bJh


F[eohnk, w?~ th fJ; pko/ nZi jh gsk bZrk.¿ jfoGiB B/ rZb EZb/ Bk g?D fdZshs/ fejk, ¿j[D ;wM nkfJnk fe s/o/ fBrokB gq'c?;o B/ s?~ ¿bto p[nkJ/¿ feT[_fejk ;h.¿

nkyoh w[bkeksnkyoh w[bkeksnkyoh w[bkeksnkyoh w[bkeksnkyoh w[bkeks

nkyoh tko w?_ jfoGiB ~ 10 iBtoh, 1995 B{z fwfbnk. T[; dk;oho phwkoh dh dhwe ns/ T[wo d/ x[D B/ y'ybk eo fdZsk ;h. :ehB jhBjh_ nkT[_dk ;h fe, Got/_ i[Z;/ *s/ Gyd/ fujo/ tkbk gzikph dk f;ow"o eth,jfoGiB f;zx jh j?! xo d/ y{zi/ ftu vkj/ j'J/ wzi/ s/ fgnk T[j, jZvhnK dh w[Zmbrdk ;h. iKfdnK ;ko w?_ wzi/ dh g[nKdh pfjzfdnK fejk, ¿r[o{d/t T[Zm' s[jkvkfFF fwbD nkfJnk j?.¿ T[; B/ T[ZmD dh e'fFF ehsh go T[Zm Bk ;fenk. w?_E'jVk ;jkok fdZsk sK wzi/ s'_ j/mK bZsK bwek e/ p?m frnk. n?BeK bkJhnK *s/w/o/ tb d/y e/ efjD bZrkL

¿ed nkfJnK<¿

¿fszB e[ jcs/ j' rJ/, gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh dh ekBcaoz; bJh nkfJnk ;h.s/oh ;/js feZdK<¿ w?_ osk e[ bkr/ j' e/ g[ZfSnk.

¿tZ; i{B eZN fojK, s{z ;[Dk j[D feZE/ j[zdK<¿

¿nwohek ftu e?b/c'oBhnk dh fJe :{Bhtof;Nh ftu gq'c?;o jK.¿

¿e?B/vk s'_ nwohek ed'_ frnk<¿

¿1980 ftu, s/o/ e?B/vk nkT[D s'_ fszB e[ ;kb pknd.¿

¿pJh r[ow/b, e?B/vk ftu s/o/ gk; shnK tor/ fdB eZN/ ;B.¿

¿s[jk~ :kd j? nkgK feZE/ feZE/ rJ/ ;h<¿ w?_ g[ZfSnk.

¿jK, w?~ t?Be{to dh c[ZbK tkbh gkoe, eZe/ o/s/ dh phuHHH

s[oB bZfrnK w?_ g[ZfSnk, fgSb/ ;kbK ftu s/ok j'o eh-eh Sfgnk j?< s/oh g[;se, w/oh ekft-:ksokw/oh ekft-:ksokw/oh ekft-:ksokw/oh ekft-:ksokw/oh ekft-:ksok, w?_ gVQ u[fenk jK. jfoGiB B/ nkgDh phth ~fejk, BthnK SghnK g[;seK fbnk. T[j fJe g[;se, u"E/ dh T[vheu"E/ dh T[vheu"E/ dh T[vheu"E/ dh T[vheu"E/ dh T[vhe b? nkJhfi; d/ nzdob/ toe/ s/, ¿gq'c?;o, eth s/ d';s r[o{w/b bJh¿ fby e/ T[; B/w?~ G/_N eo fdZsh. phth ~ c/o ejk, o[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFh, ns/ u'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbkth fbnk. T[j :Ze' sZe/ ftu T[Zmh ns/ d't/_ g[;seK b? nkJh. o[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFh d/nzdob/ ;\/ s/ ¿eth r[o{w/b bJh¿ ns/ ¿u'bk NkehnK tkbk¿ *s/ ¿eth d';sr[o{w/b bJh¿ fby e/ d't/_ g[;seK w?~ cVk fdZshnK. w?_ F[eohnk ehsk ns/gkfe;skB ftu Bth Sgh nkgDh g[;se, e[jokwe[jokwe[jokwe[jokwe[jokw d/ nzdob/ toe/ s/ ¿;fseko


;fjs ¿r[o{d/t bJh¿ fby G/_N eo fdZsh. jfoGiB d/ xo w?~ nwoihs ¿ne;¿b? e/ frnk ;h. T[; B/ jfoGiB B{z g[ZfSnk fe, ¿ne;¿ bJh n?seh_ dk ekbwfby fdZsk j?< jfoGiB B/ fejk, ¿ebQ b? ikJh_, w?~ ekbw dk w;kbk fwb frnkj?, n?seh_ r[o{w/b dh g[;se ¿e[jokw¿ pko/ fbyKrk. nwohek nk e/ ¿ne;¿ ftuekbw gfVQnk fi; ftu w/oh s/ w/oh eftsk dh T[whd'_ tZX f;cs ehsh j'Jh ;h.fJj ekbw ;kvh d';sh dh nzfsek ;h. w?_ d/fynk fe jfoGiB ;ohoe s"o s/fBYkb j' u[fenk ;h, nkgD/ nkg s[oBk-fcoBk ns/ T[ZmDk-pfjDk w[jkb j' frnk;h, go T[; B/ ebw ns/ ekr} dk ;kE w[ed/ ;kjK se fBGkfJnk.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx ~ Gkos d/ T[Zu/ s'_ T[Zu/ fJBkwK-;BwkBK Bkb;fsekfonk frnk, fiBQK ftu Gkosh ;kfjs nekvwh ntkov (1970), epho ;BwkB(1987), ;o;tsh ;BwkB (1994), ;'thns b?_v Bfjo{ ntkov, Xkbhtkb ;BwkBnfd Fkfwb jB.fiBQK p[bzdhnK s/ jfoGiB B/ gzikph ;kfjs ~ gj[zukfJnk,fJfsjk; T[; dk jw/Fk foDh oj/rk. jfoGiB nes{po 21, 2002 ~ ;dk bJhnbftdk nky e/ fJ; \kBh d[Bhnk u'_ o[];s j' frnk. gzikph ;kfjs-frnkB dkGog{o trdk dfonk, jfoGiB f;zx, nzs B{z frnkB d/ Gt;kro ftu ;wk frnk.

õõõ


fJe ;kfjse fwbDh -fJe ;kfjse fwbDh -fJe ;kfjse fwbDh -fJe ;kfjse fwbDh -fJe ;kfjse fwbDh -f;woshnK d/ Mo'y/ #u'If;woshnK d/ Mo'y/ #u'If;woshnK d/ Mo'y/ #u'If;woshnK d/ Mo'y/ #u'If;woshnK d/ Mo'y/ #u'I

;[oihs eb;h;[oihs eb;h;[oihs eb;h;[oihs eb;h;[oihs eb;h

gzikph ;kfjse irs ftu pV/ jh Bkwto FkfJo,nkb'ue, nB[tkde, y'ieko s/ nfXnkge, vkH jfoGiBf;zx T[Zuh ;[Zuh F];hns d/ wkbe ;B. T[jBK dh fJ;Fskpdh ;w/_ n?v/ tZv/ ;w[zdo ftu f;oc fJe pz{d wksofJe :kd, fJe G[bh ft;oh f;wosh dh ;KM, s[jkv/ BkbgktKrh w?_ T[jBK B{z gVQfdnK ;[DfdnK i' wfj;{; ehsk T[;pko/ e[M rbK eoKrh.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx nekdfwe p"fXesk dk T[Zukw[Bkok j'D d/ Bkb Bkb fJeGkFk-Fk;soh - gzikph, fjzdh,nzrq/}h s/ T[od{ d/ wkfjo s/ y'ieko ;B.T[jBK B/ fjzdh,gzikph, s/ nzrq/}h dh T[Zu ftfdnk gqkgs ehsh s/ nkgDk;fjse s/ o'}rko dk ;\o fjzdh b?euoko s'_ F[o{ ehsk,gzikph d/ gq'c?;o pD/ s/ wro'_ fdZbh :{Bhtfo;Nh ftunkX[fBe Gkosh GkFktK ftGkr d/ w[Zyh d/ n"jd/ s'_ foNkfJoj'J/. T[jBK nfXnkgB d/ Bkb Bkb ;kfjs f;oiDk, s/;kfjse nb'uBk dhnK BthnK bhjK gkJhnK s/ fJ; B{z fJeT[Zuk fwnko fdZsk. T[jBK d/ f;de, f;oV s/ f;oiDk;dek T[jBK B{z gzikph ;kfjs y/so d// pj[s ;ko/ fJBkwgqkgs j'J/ fiBQK ftu fdZbh ;kfjs nekvwh g[o;eko, s/;ot-T[Zusw ¿;o;tshÀ g[o;eko th Fkwb jB.

;kb 2020 ;dh d/ d"okB vkH jfoGiB f;zx dhFskpdh d/ iFBK bJh pj[s ;ko/ ftdtkB fijV// T[jBK Bkbpj[s B/fVU_ ftuod/ oj/ j'Dr/ T[jBK e'b pj[s e[M efjDB{z j'J/rkl w?_ T[jBK dhnK fbysK B{z gVQB dh T[vhe eoKrh.w?_ sK f;oc fJe ;kfjse fwbDh dh f;wosh dh ;KM gkT[Dh

NoKN', e?B/vkc'B L 4166053784Jh-w /b L surjitk33@

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j?. w/oh ifrnk;k pDh oj/rh fe fJ; T[u/ ftt/e tkb/ o[Zy tor/ wB[Zy B/ nkgD/nfXnkge y/so d/ Bkb Bkb ;kfjse ;z;ko B{z n?Bh f;]o sZe b? ikD tkbkfJj ;G e[M nkgD/ ihtB ekb ftu fe; soKQ eo ;fenk.T[jBK dh ihtB :ksokd/ Bkb Bkb ubd/ ;kfjse ;co dh E'Vh Mbe w?_ T[jBK dh g[;se - u'bku'bku'bku'bku'bkNkehnK tkbkNkehnK tkbkNkehnK tkbkNkehnK tkbkNkehnK tkbk dh T[jBK tb'_ fbyh G{fwek, ¿nkgD/ fgzv/ s'_ pkjoÀ ftu'_ bJhj?.fi; ftu T[j efjzd/ jB fe Fpd-f;oiDk dh brksko feos s/ xkbDk ;dekjh ;zGt j' ;fenk- ¿;{bh uVQBk woB Bjh_ ihtB bZGDk j?$;{bh T[go n?;/ fyVhJ/fes/ Bk MVhJ/̂ $ s[od/ ikJhJ/, s[od/ ikJhJ/ fes/ Bk yVhJ/À.

fJj vkH jfoGiB f;zx d/ ;kfjse ;\o dk f;oV jh ;h fi; ;dekT[jBK eftsk, tkose, nB[tkd s/ nb'uBk ;D/ e'Jh 75 s'_ tZX g[;seK dh gqkgshs/ :'rdkB Bkb gzikph ;kfjs B{z nwho ehsk. gzi- S/ djke/ gzikph ;kfjs irss/ fJe p'jV d/ fpoy tKr SkJ/ oj/ s/ nB/eK ;kfjs d/ f;fynkoEhnK s/ftfdnkoEhnK B{z nkgDh SK dh mzYe s/ ;ogosh d/_d/ oj/lfJ; dk jtkbk T[jBKnkg o[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFh ftu fdZsk j?. w?_ ;wMdh jK fi; soKQ f;XkoE B{z frnkB p'Xgqkgsh s'_ pknd fJe wK tKr eo[Dk, wwsk, ;fji s/ ;zt/dBk d/ FpdK Bkb b'eKd/ fdbK ftu bfj ikD dk ojZ; nk frnk ;h, fJ;/ soKQ vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/nkgD/ fJ;/ ;fji s/ ;[ji Bkb nkgD/ r{V/Q foFs/ B{z gSkfDnk jh Bjh_ ;r'_ ;kfjsd/ fgV ftu bzw/ ;w/_ sZe okjB[wkJh ehsh. u'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbk sK T[jBK d/to/; ftu gfjbK jh ;h fi; B{z ;koh T[wo nkgD/ f}jB ns/ d/jh T[s/ nfdZygfjBh oZfynk, fgZS'_ FpdK dk ikwk gfjBk e/ b'eK nr/ g/F eo rJ/. fJ; g[;sed/ w[ZY ftu T[j nkg nkgDh eftsk dh f;oiD gqfefonk dk ft;Eko eofdnKfbyd/ jB, ¿FkfJoh d/ nzr-;zr fiT{Dk fiT[_d/-ikrd/ wB[Zy d/ nzr-;zr torksiopk j?À. T[j fbyd/ B/ ¿Gkt/_ w?_ s/ w/oh eftsk fJe d{i/ d/ nzr-;zr ftuod/oj/ jK, w?_ fJ; rb'_ nu/s Bjh_ fe eth dh feos T[jd/ nkg/ s'_ goKQ j' iKdhj?.êth ntu/sB ;ko/ dk ;kok T[; dk nkg-ewkfJnk Bjh_ j[zdk, T[jB{z bzwhgozgoe ftok;s gk;'_ pj[s e[M nDewkfJnk, nDikfDnk fwbdk j?.ÀvkH jfoGiBf;zx dh seohpB ;koh eftsk ftu T[jBK dh fgZm-G{wh ftu gJhnK pugB dhnKT[j ;kohnK gq;fEshnK T[jBK dh f;oiDk d/ nzr-;zr j'D eoe/ nu/s jhf;oiDk ftu nk obdhnK ojhnK jB s/ pj[sh tkoh nro-G{wh ftu T[ikroj[zdhnK ojhnK jB._ T[jBK d/ fJ; ;{yw fJzeFkc B{z T[jBK dhnK w?_ i' phsw?_ i' phsw?_ i' phsw?_ i' phsw?_ i' phsfrnkfrnkfrnkfrnkfrnk dhnK eftsktK s'_ GbhGKs ;wfMnk ik ;edkj?. feT[_fe T[; ;kfjse Fkwfi; pko/ w?_ fJ; gou/ ftu rZb eoBh j?, pj[s rZbK d/ fJfsjk;e fgS'eV dhnK;KMK g? rJhnK ;B.

T[; ;kfjse fwbDh dh rZb pks B{z f;woshnK d/ Mo'y/ @u'_ 45-46


to/Q nshs ftu ik e/ fe;/ dwedh wDh tKr ;KG e/ oZyh f;wosh B{z fyZu e/toswkB ftu fbnkJh jK, s/ T[; ;w/_ ;EkB s/ w{v ftu ftuodhnK nktk}K, ;[oK,FpdK dhnK XtBhnK j{-p-j{ ;[D ojh jK. j[D fJj ;soK fbyfdnK Bkb BkbT[; Fkw ftu ftuo ojh jK.T[j Fkw - ;h;b ;NqhN t?Be{to tkb/ xo ftu1976 dhnK rowhnK d/ F[o{ dh fJe Fkw fi; ftu ni/ pjko dh wZmh wZmhmzYe;h -vkH jfoGiB f;zx d/ wkD ;BwkD ftu ¿fJe Fkw fJe FkfJo d/ BkwÀ dkgq'rokw oZfynk j'fJnk ;h.

fJ; fwbDh d"okB rZbK rZbK ftu'_ ihtB ftu phshnK gfo;fEshnK B/Gkte s"o s/ ;KM gk bJh ;h.eJh tko gsk Bjh_ j[zdk f}zd|h dhnK sb]jehesK d/ w[jKdo/ ed'_ feE/ fe; d/ BeFK Bkb ik obD. nzfwqs;o dhnKrbhnK ftu Bzr/ g?oh_ GNedh :skws,oZi/ gZ[i/ xokD/ ftu iBw/ j'D d/ pkti{dr[ops dk nkbw, wk;{w tfoQnK ftu wkfgnK dh Sso-SkfJnk dk ft;o ikDk,tv/fonK tb'_ T[;ko/ uko gzi xo j'D d/ pkti{d p/xo/, p/rkB/ doK s/ fpBK-FBkys d/ gbDk - fJj e[M e[ ;KMK sedho dhnK ;kB{z j'o B/V/ b? nkJhnK ;B.s[;h_ nzdk}k bk ;ed/ j' fe nfijhnK gfo;fEshnK fet/_ fe;/ wk;{w pZu/ B{z foFhpDk fdzdhnK jB. T[; B{z Gkt/_ b'eK d/ doK s/ gbDk g? ikJ/, ngD/ g?oK s/ yV/j'D dhnK xkbDktK s/ r[ops ftu'_ bzxDk gt/ s/ fco th i/ T[j gVQkJh s/ ewkJh;dek ;wki ftu T[Zu ftfdne ndkfonK ftu EK pDk ;e/, sK e'Jh gj[zfunkj'fJnk o'FB fdwk| foFh jh j' ;edk j? fi; B/ nkgD/ ;t? B{z fiZs e/ d[BhnkfiZsh j't/.

T[jBh_ fdBh fJj' fijhnK d'-GkFh eftsk-gkm dhnK wfjf\bK ne;o ;kv/xo jh brdhnK ;B.ckfJo-gb/; dh ekoB; s/ gJ/ w'o-gzyK T[s/ pkoh d/ FhF/ftu'_ ;{oi dh n;s j' ojh b'n g? ojh ;h fi; Bkb yzGK d/ ozrK dh fubwB@u' ozrhbh fbFe'o T[jBK d/ fujo/ s/ g? ojh ;h. wZE/ ftu drdh b'n T[jBKdh ;kXBk s/ ftt/e dk Mbekok d/ ojh ;h.ikfgnk p[ZX d/ wZE/ d/ ;{oi ftu'_ibkb Mo Mo g? fojk j?. rZbK eofdnK eofdnK T[jBK dh bzwh dkjVh i' ni/;koh ;c?d Bjh_ ;h, ;b/Nh Gkn Bkb fJ; soKQ M{bdh brh fit/_ fJe nwqheBeth tkbN ftQNw?B dh s;tho ftu fdZ;dh ;h, f;oc coe ;h sK d;sko s/ j?Ndk. vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh y[bhQ eftsk yk; eoe/ ¿o[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFho[Zy s/ foFhÀ s/ ekft-BkNewZEk dht/ tkbkwZEk dht/ tkbkwZEk dht/ tkbkwZEk dht/ tkbkwZEk dht/ tkbk ftubh eftsk tkbN ftQNw?B dh bht} n"\ rok;bht} n"\ rok;bht} n"\ rok;bht} n"\ rok;bht} n"\ rok; dh eftskd/ o{g, ;[ji s/ ;fji ftu T[j' fijh ejh ik ;edh j? i' gjkVK s'_ foVQd/MofBnK dh rhswJh s/ ;fjiwJh no[e tfjzdh ib dh Xkok j't/.

vkH ;kfjp dh nkwd Bkb ;kv/ xo dk wkj"b ;kfjs dh wfje Bkb


Gfonk Gfonk brdk ;h. ;kfjse rZbK d/ ftu ftu S'NhnK w'NhnK B'eK M'eK d/Bkb Bkb T[jBK d/ fBoSZb jk;/ dh SDeko ;ko/ wkj"b B{z fJe y{p;{os Fkw ftuspdhb eodh ik ojh ;h.ni/ f;oc r[ouoB okwg[oh jh gj[zu/ ;B s/ fbftzr o{wftu p?m/ vkH ;kfjp Bkb mjke/ F[o[ j' rJ/ ;B.niw/o s/ w?_ T[jBK dhnK rZbKpVh fFZds Bkb ;[D e/ j[zrkok Go oj/ ;K.j'o gzikph GkFh s/ nzrq/ih-GkFh FkfJoKs/ gkmeK dk fJzs}ko j' fojk ;h. w?_ feuB ftu T[jBK bJh ukj tr/ok dkfJzs}kw eoB ikD tkbh ;K.

;'c/ s'_ T[m e/ vkH ;kfjp fbftzr-o{w ftu NfjbD br/, gJhnK uh}K,g[;seK, ezXK s/ brhnK s;thoK s/ ekoB; s/ gJ/ p[ZX dh EkJhb?_v s'_ fbnKdh;wkXh ftu p?m/ p[ZX dh beV dh w{osh e'b nk e/ e[M d/o mfjo/ - fit/_ oZ[yoZ[yoZ[yoZ[yoZ[ys/ foFhs/ foFhs/ foFhs/ foFhs/ foFh dh e'Jh gos T[jBK d/ f}jB ftu x[zwD brh ;h. J/B/ B{z niw/o B/fbnk e/ tkJhB d/ rbk; T[jBK B{z s/ okwg[oh B{z cVk fdZs/ ;B, s/ efjD br/ukj sK j[D eh ghDh n?. j"bh j"bh Nfjbd/ vkH ;kfjp xo dk uZeo brkT[DbZr gJ/. w?_ feuB ftu ofjzdk E'Vk T[ok-gok fijk eoB ubh rJh.

J/B/ B{z j"bh j"bh Nfjbd/ vkH ;kfjp feuB ftu nk rJ/ ;B s/ T[jBKB/ jZEbk frbk; w/} s/ oZy fdZsk s/ p'b/ -

¿jo EK fJj' jkb n? xo gqkj[D/ nk ikD n"osK o;'Jh ftu jh tVhnKofjzdhnK, go w?_ sK ;wMdk ;h s{z eftZsoh n?_, xo dk ezw sK B'"eo ukeo Jheod/ j'Dr/À.

T[; t/b// feuB ftu feT[_fe e[fezr j' ojh ;h s/ FkfJd e[M rowhwfj;{; j' ojh j't/.vkH ;kfjp fuZN/ ewh} d/ T[s/ gkJh fp;e[Nh ozr dh pzd rb/dh tk;eZN fi; d/ pNB y[b/Q oZy/ j'J/ ;B T[; B{z edh nZXh e[ bkj b?_d/ s/ edhgkn b?_d/, FkfJd w/o/ T[sZo dh T[vhe eo oj/ ;B.w?_ w[;eok gJh, T[_M w/o/ f}jBftu gsk Bjh_ fJ; ekw?_N B/ d;se fdZsh fe fJj n"os d/ ;wkfie doi/ gqshfceowzdh j? iK fBoh so;-Gkth ;ogo;sh, i' ne;o eJh dkBFto nu/s jheo iKd/ jB.

w?_ fejk, ¿vkH ;kfjp fJj e?B/vk n? fJE/ sK ;kok ezzw jZEh_ Jh eoBkg?_dk s/ Bkb/ nZi sK pj[s jh F[G fdB j?- ;kvk fJj rohpykBk gftZso j' frnkHHHs[jkv/ bJh sK ukJh_ ukJh_ ykDk pDkT[D ftu w?B{z nkBzd nk fojk j?, s[;h_ n?Bhd{o'_ nkJ/ j', ;kB{z pj[s ukn n? s[;h_ fJBi"nkfJ eo'.À J/B/ B{z okwg[oh ih s/ niw/o ih th feuB ftu nk rJ/ s/ efjD br/ - ¿;kB{z dZ;' eh eoBk, n;h_ i' jKs[;h_ fceo feT[_ eod/ UÀ s/ ;ko/ jZ;D br gJ/.

p; u"bK B{z sVek bk fdZsk ;h, whN, ;p}h, djh_ ;?bv w/o/ ;G o?vh


ehs/ gJ/ ;B. w?_ ;?bZv tkbh gb/N cfoi @u'_ eZY e/ feuB dh w/} s/ oZy fdZshT[; w/} d[nkb/ jh ;ko/ pfj rJ/.;kY/ S/ Fkw d/ tZi rJ/ ;B gq'rokw F[o{ j'Dftu ni/ g{ok xzNk fgnk ;h, rZbK dk f;bf;bk fco ikoh j' frnk.T[_i th ni/j'o e'Jh nkfJnk Bjh_ ;h. frDsh d/ e[M gzikph, s/ e[M nzrq/}h d/ b/yeK d/Fkwb j'D dh nk; ;h.Bkb dh Bkb e[M ;kEh ftfdnkoEh i' w/o/ Bkb:{Bhtof;Nh n"\ fpqfNF e'bzphnk (:{HphH;hH) d/ eqhJ/fNt okJhfNzr gq'rkow ftugVQd/ ;B, B{z th ne;o ;Zdk d/ fdZsk iKdk ;h feT[_fe T[jBK dh th nzrq/}h s'_fJbktk j'oBK GkFktK d/ ;kfjs B{z ikDB dh o[uh ;h.vkH ;kfjp B{z dZf;nk j'fJnk;h fe ¿nZi dh Fkw T[jBK d/ Bkw n?À s/ d'-GkFh eftsk- gkm dh wfjfcb ftuf;oc T[jBK dh FkfJoh pko/ rZb j'J/rh s/ T[jBK dh jh eftsk dk d'-GkFh gkmj'J/rk, T[jBK d/ p'bK ftu fJe yk; fe;w dk T[wkj s/ ukn ;h.

J/B/ B{z vkH ;kfjp e[o;h s'_ MZNgZN T[m/ s/ fJj efjzfdnK i?eN gkT[DbZr gJ/ ¿ gsk Bh, gkbk fijk brdk n?À, ôkwg[oh ih B/ jZ; e/fejk,¿wjkoki, gkbk s[jkv/ nzdo dk n?̂ T[j r'o/ b/ye th nkgD/ tor/ Jhn?.fJj sK fJ; b/ye-i'V/ dk T[dw n?, fJjBK d/ fJXob/ nzrq/}h-GkFh b/yeK d/Bkb ;zgoe j'D eoe/ fJ; soQK fJE/ gzikph ;kfjs dh w{b-Xkok d/ b/yeK s/gkmeK Bkb ;KM gtk oj/ n?À. okwg[oh ih B{z gsk ;h w{b-Xkok b/ye ;kv/ d'-GkFh eftsk-gkmK ftu fet/_ ;bhe/ s/ ukn Bkb gzikph d/ b/yeK B{z ;[DB nkT[_d/;B, feT[_fe T[j nkgD/ siop/ s'_ dZ; oj/ ;B id'_ gfjbh tko T[jBK dk d'-GkFh eftsk gkm eotkfJnk frnk ;h. T[jBK s'_ fJbktk j'o eJh Bkwto b/ye,r[ofdnkb f;zx Bktfb;N, ;zs f;zx ;/y'_, n?;H n?;H whFk, oftzdo oth, s/ r[o{w/b j'oh_ nkgDhnK ouBktK dh ;KM fJ;/ soQK w[Zy-Xkok b/yeK Bkb gk uZ[e/ j'J/;B.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh y[bhQ eftsk s/ rhsK s'_ w?_ T[d'_ s'_ jh pj[s gqGkfts;K id'_ 1971- 1973 ftu gzikp :{Bhtof;Nh ftu gzikph dh n?wHJ/H eodh B/fJjBK dhnK ouBktK gVQhnK ;B. T[jBK dhnK w[ZYbhnK g[;seK bk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;K s/nZXo?DhnZXo?DhnZXo?DhnZXo?DhnZXo?Dh ftub/ rhs pj[s jh ;{yw s/ ;[jiwJh s/ o;hb/ j'D d/ Bkb Bkb b'e-rhsK dh fgZm-G{wh tkb/ ;dk-pjko jB i' gzikph ;fGnkuko, wwsk s/ fgnko dhw{e t/dBk B{z T[ikro eod/ jB. nkgD/ pugB dhnK sb]hnK Bkb g;hid/ fjod/ftu Goh ;zt/dBk B{z T[jBK B/ gqrhse eftsk dh Fpd-f;oiDk ftu ;w' e/ nkgDh;[ohbh nktk} ftu eJh tko ;N/iK s'_ g/Fekoh ehsh ;h, fi; ftu ;o'fsnK d/fdbK B{z g;hiD tkbh gqrhse Fesh ;h. ¿w?_ Goh ;[rzXhnK g"D$ ;ZiD s/o/ p{j/À s/ ¿d{o'_ s/ nkJ/ ;kv/ ;ZiD ;b'BV/À tor/ fdb Bz{ N[zpD tkb/ rhsK Bkb gzikps/ fdZbh d/ gzikph ;kfjse fgVK ftu pj[s gqf;Xh fwbh. Bkb dh Bkb T[;


;w/_ ;kfjs d/ nfXnkgB d/ Bkb Bkb ;kfjs d/ ftfdnkoEhnK tk;s/ nkgDhnKg[;seK, ;kfjs-;kFso;kfjs-;kFso;kfjs-;kFso;kfjs-;kFso;kfjs-;kFso s/ ;kfjs d/ f;XKs;kfjs d/ f;XKs;kfjs d/ f;XKs;kfjs d/ f;XKs;kfjs d/ f;XKs Bkb nkb'uBk dhnK BthnK bhjKth f;oihnK.

id'_ w?_ vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh y[bhQ eftsk dk gkm eodh sK fJjBK s'_gfjbK d/ s'b-s[eKs tkbh eftsk dk gVk gko eoe/ ;dh d/ F[o{ ftu g'qH g{oBf;zx dh eftsk e'b ik p?mdh. gzikph eftsk ftu gq'H g{oB f;zx gfjbk eth ;hfi; B/ gozgoktkdh eftsk d/ o{g s'_ jZN e/ gzikph eftsk B{z y[ZbhQ eftsk dk BtKo{g s/ B[jko fdZsh ;h. T[; s'_ pknd vkH jfoGiB f;zx B// ;[u/s s"o s/ y[bhQeftsk B{z ;{ywsk s/ ;[ji d/ T[Zu fwnko s/ Bth_ gSkD fdZsh.;ZsoftnK d/ T[jBK;kbK ftu id'_ vkH jfoGiB f;zx e?B/vk c/oh s/ nkJ/, eftsk s'_ fJbktk nfXnkgBs/ ;kfjse nkb'uBk y/so ftu Bt/_ fwnko f;oiD ;dek T[jBK dh pj[s uouk;h s/ Bkb dh Bkb pj[s uVQs ;h. gzikp s/ fdZbh d/ ftFt-ftfdnkfbnK s/ gzikph;kfjs d/ Got/_ nykfVnK d/ dzrb ftu T[jBK dh ;cbsk f;]oK S'j ojh ;h.

;Ekgsh, gqf;Xh s/ wep{bhns e[M n?;k ;[yktK ;[w/b j? i' nk;wkB s/wh_j fgZS'_ T[go j[zd/ ;{oi dh uwe Bkb g?_dh ;Zsozrh ghx d/ ozrK d/ ikd{ d/j[bko/ tKr j? i' edh edh fe;/ d/ fjZ;/ nkT[_dk j?. fit/_ e'Jh nd[Zsh T{oikdkgqekF fe;/ fe;/ B{z :[r-g[oF nytkT[D dk wkD p]F iKdk j?. nkgD/ frnkB,ftt/e s/ fuzsB d/ Bkb Bkb, fBwosk s/ eo[Dk tkbh T[jBK dh Fy;hns B/ ;kB{znkT[D ;ko jh ehb fbnk ;h. fJe nfij/ wjkB b/ye - fjzdh ;z;feqs s/ gzikphT[od{ cko;h GkFktK d/ ;ekbo - GkFk ftfrnkBh, gq'c?;o, nfXnkge, r{o{ s/;kfjs d/ okjB[wk d/ uoB ;kv/ xo gJ/ ;B, fit/_ e'Jh foFh gjkVK s'_ T[so e/nkfJnk j't/ s/ xo B{z fFtkbk j'D dk nfj;k; d/ fojk ;h. ;kv/ fdb' fdwk|s/ MZN jh T[jBK d/ Fpd-frnkB, ftt/e, ftdtsk s/ o[sp/ dk gqGkt g?D brk,T[jBK ;kjwD/ n;h_ pj[s S'N/ ;K, T[wo ftu th s/ o[sp/ ftu th, p/Fe gZuh-shj ;kb dk teck ;h go T[j ;kv/ ;wekbh brd/ ;B. fJe wkD s/ ;fsekoBkb n;h_ nzdo' nzdoh T[jBK d/ nr/ M[Ze M[Ze iKd/ ;Kl rZb ;[Dd/ th s/ rZbeoB dk jhnk i[NKd/ th.

n;h_ fbftzr o{w ftu nk rJ/ ;K s/ w?_ vkH ;kfjp dhnK eftsktK d/nB[tkd dhnK ekghnK i' gfjbK jh fgqzN eoe/ Fkw tk;s/ oZyhnK j'JhnK ;B eZYfbnkJh s/ T[jBK tZb fJe ekgh tXkJh. T[jBK B{z T[jBK dhnK g[;seK, w?_ i'w?_ i'w?_ i'w?_ i'w?_ i'phs frnkphs frnkphs frnkphs frnkphs frnk s/ nb\ d[gfjonb\ d[gfjonb\ d[gfjonb\ d[gfjonb\ d[gfjo i' T[; t/b/ ;kv/ e'b ;B, T[jBK B{z cVkT[_fdnkfejk fe fJjBK ftu ekr} dhnK u/ghnK Bkb fBFkBhnK th bkJhnK j'JhnK B/fiE'_ fJj eftsktK nB[tkd bJhnK u[DhnK ;B. T[jBK B{z fJj dZ; fdZsk ;h fe


id'_ T[j nkgDh eftsk gzikph ftu gVQBr/ w?_ Bkb Bkb T[; eftsk dk nB[tkdg/F eoh iktKrh. vkH ;kfjp tb'_ T[Zuh ;koh ¿tkjÀ dk wkfonk mjkek, w?B{z nith ;[DkJh fdzdk j?.fJj gqsheow f;oc fJe goge nB[tkde jh eo ;edk j?fi; B{z tZy tZy GkFktK d/ FpdK d/ nB[tkd dh edo j't/. fJE/ fJj dZ;Dk }o{ohj? fe vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ nkgD/ nfXnkgB ekb ns/ ;kfjse ;\o d/ d"okBpj[s ;ko/ irs-gqf;X nzrq/}h o{;h, cqKf;;h, fjzdh, T[od{, s/ cko;h b/yeK dhnKouBktK d/ nB[tkd ehs/. fJ; bJh ;kfjs d/ nB[tkd d/ T[j Bk f;oc edodkB;B ;r'_ vkH;kfjp d/ }fjB ftu fjzdh-;z;feqs, gzikph, nzrq/}h, T[od{, cko;h, s/noph GkFKtK d/ FpdK dk ;kro w"i{d ;h.

id'_ eftsk d/ nB[tkd dh rZb ubh sK w?_ vkH ;kfjp Bkb nB[tkd dhnKw[FebK dk nkgDk s"]bk }kfjo th }kfjo ehsk ;h feT[_fe T[j nkg nB[tkdd/ wkfjo ;B.fJe nB[tkde d/ s"o s/ fJj w/ok nB[Gt j? fe i' eftsk nB[tkdeoBh j't/ T[; B{z nkgD/ nzdo T[;/ soQK T[skoBk g?_dk j? fi; soKQ b/ye B/ ek|}s/ T[skoB s'_ gfjbK T[; dh skpho s/ shposk B{z wfj;{f;nk j[zdk j?. vkH ;kfjpw/oh fJ; rZb Bkb ;fjws ;B fe gzikph dh pj[sh eftsk s'b s[eKs ftu b?-pZXsk tkbh j? fi; dk w[jktok, ;EkBe Fpdktbh, ftnkeoD s/ s'b s[eKs B{znzrq/}h ftu nB[tkd eoBk T[; dh w"fbesk B{z rztkT[D d/ pokpo j?. fJ; d/T[bN gzikph ftu fbyh y[bhQ eftsk nzr/q}h ftu nB[tkd j' ;eD ftu tX/o/;[ykbh j? s/ nB[tkd eoB Bkb fJ; dh ;zouBk ftu pj[sk ftxB Bjh_ g?_dk.w?B{z gsk ;h - bk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;K, nZXo?DhnZXo?DhnZXo?DhnZXo?DhnZXo?Dh s/ w?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnkw?_ i' phs frnk ftu pV/ ;{yw-Gkth rhsth Fkwb jB go w?_ T[jBK dh y[bhQ eftsk dh u'D ehsh sK i' mhe soKQ nB[tkdehsk ik ;e/.

J/B/ B{z v'o p?Zb êooooo eo e/ j'Jh ;kvk fXnkB fyZfunk frnk,niw/o ih B/ T[m e/ dotk}k y'jfbnk^s/ eJh iD/ nzdo nkT[D/ F[o{ j'rJ/. ;G s'_ gfjbK fJzv'-e?B/vhnB NkfJw} d/ pkBh n?vhNoH ;H skok f;zx nkgD/e?wokw?B ;kEh Bkb dkfyb j'J/. Bkb jh vkH r[o{w/b f;ZX{ s/ T[jBK Bkb e[Mj'o b/ye nkJ/, MZN jh fgZS'_ tsB'I d{otsB'I d{otsB'I d{otsB'I d{otsB'I d{o ;kfjse gou/ Bkb ;zpzfXs e[M b/yeth nk gj[zu/ ;B.

id'_ edh Gkos, fJzrb?_v iK gkfe;skB s'_ e'Jh b/ye t?Be{to dh c/ohs/ nkT[_d/ T[jBK bJh ne;o fJ; soQK dhnK d'-GkFh ;kfjse wfjf\bK dk gqpzXb/yeK d/ xoK ftu jh eo fbnk iKdk ;h. pkjo'_ nkJ/ b/ye B{z fJe fBZx/ wkj"bftu nkjw' ;kjwfDU p?m e/ ;[DB s/ T[jBK Bkb ;wK fpskT[D dk w"ek fwb iKdk;h. T[jBK dhnK ouBktK dh ;KM w[Zy-Xkok nzrq/}h-GkFh b/yeK Bkb g?_dh. fJ;/


soQK T[; Fkw dk gqpzX n;h_ nkgD/ xo ehsk j'fJnk ;h, fi; dh f;wosh nZiT[Bh jh sk}k j? fizBh T[; fdB ;h.w{b-Xkok b/yeK B/ id'_ vkH jfoGiB f;zxdh eftsk ;[Dh sK

T[jBK B/ fJ; eftsk B{z nzsokFNoh gZXo dh dZf;nk. wkJheb p[Zbe B/¿f;o\ XV nkgDk j?À s/ ¿fpoS Bkb b? e/ s[oBk j?À eftsktK ftubh nZseEBhfpzpnktbh dh ;okjBk eofdnK fJjBK B{z gok-:EkoEtkdh eftsktK fejk. n?_vhFo'fJvo B/ vkH ;kfjp dhnK eftsktK dh gq;z;k ehsh s/ fejk fe i/ gzikph GkFkftu nfijh ]{p;{os fpzpnktbh tkbh eftsk w"i{d j?, sK T[j ukj[zd/ jB fegzikph ;kfjs d/ nB[tkd T[jBK d/ w?_r}hB - Contemporary Literature In

Translation dk ;g?Fb gzikph nze eZY e/ T[; ftu Skg/ ikD. vkH ;kfjp B/fiE/ nkg fJe wkD s/ y[Fh wfj;{; ehsh T[E/ T[jBK B/ gzikph d/ fJE/ ofjzd/frDsh d/ b/yeK ftu fJe Bth_ o{j c{e fdZsh ;h, T[jBK B{z fbyD dk T[s;kjfwfbnk.

fJ; tes pj[s ;ko/ b'eb b/ye fijBK dk T[go f}eo eo u[ZehjK.fJjBK s'_ fJbktk :{H phH ;h ftu w/o/ Bkb gVQd/ feqJ/fNt okJhfNzr d/nzrq/}h p'bD tkb/ b/ye ftfdnkoEh nk gj[zu/ ;B. fJj fJe o;w fijh jh j'rJh ;h fe id'_ th e'Jh b/ye Gkos, fJzrb?_v, nwohek ik fe;/ j'o d/; s'_ e?B/vk s/ yk; eoe/ t?Be{to c/oh gkT[_dk ;h n;h_ t?Be{to ftu T[jBK bJh d'-GkFheth dopko dk gqpzX }o{o eod/ ;K fi; Bkb T[Zsoh-nwohek ftu ftuod/ gzikphb/yeK ns/ gzikp ftu fby/ iKd/ ;kfjs dk dkfJok E'Vk j'o ftFkb j[zdk fi;ftu w{b-Xkok nzrq/}h GkFh ;kfjs dh Fw{bhns j[zdh s/ ;kfjse ;KMKpDdhnK.T[j ;kvk ;kfjs g;zd eod/ ;B s/ T[jBK d/ ftuko th ;kv/ bJh tZvwZ[b/;B.

fJ; ;w/_ Fkw dk ozr fJ; soKQ j' frnk ;h, n;h_ fJe pj[-GkFh pj[-;fGnkukoe ;kfjse wkj"b ftu ftuo oj/ , wkj"b fdbu;g pDdk ik fojk ;h.;' j[D go'rqkw dh GkFk nzrq/}h ftu nkgD/ nkg jh spdhb j[zdh ik ojh ;h.nzrq/}h-GkFh s/ gzikph-GkFh b/ye nkg; ftu fJe d{i/ dh ikD-gSkD eotkJh ik oj/;B.nzrq/}h d/ Bkwto b/ye - gq'H wkJheb p[Zbe, eth, ejkDheko, tkose b/ye s/ fJe gqf;Xh gqkgs nB[tkde (fi; B/ d; GkFktK @u'_ e'Jh 80 g[;seKnB[tkd ehshnK j'JhnK ;B),gq'H okpoN fpqzrjo;N, eth, fbzr[fJ;N (:{HphH;hH ftugq'c?;o s/ ;z;feqs dk y'inkoEh), n?_vh Fo'fJvo, eth s/ nB[tkde (Contemporary

Literature In Translation w?r}hB dk n?vhNo) fJjBK s'_ fJbktk j'o nzrq/}h-GkFh


b/ye, p?ZE ize'bk, B?bh w?ebzr, i'}/ bpbK, s/ eJh j'o ;kfjs gq/wh ;kv/ fJ; d'-GkFh eftsk-gkm wfjf\b ftu Fkwb j' u[Ze/ ;B.

fJ; p?me dk ;zukbB niw/o ih B/ ehsk s/ ;G s'_ gfjbK id'_ vkHjfoGiB f;zx j'oK B{z w[Zy wfjwkB d/ s"o s/ ;kjwD/ gk;/ nkT[D dh p/Bsh ehshs/ T[j th fJj r[Br[BKd// ¿t/ w?_ Goh ;[rzXhnK g"D$;iB s/o/ p{j/̂ À nk e/ p?mrJ/.feT[_fe j[D nzrq/}h d/ b/ye th Fkwb j' u[Ze/ ;B fJ; bJh j[D gq'rokwB{z ;zukbB eoB dh GkFk nzrq/}h eo bJh ;h.vkH jfoGiB f;zx s/ j'o nkJ/;ko/ wfjwkBK B{z ih-nkfJnK efj e/ ;[nkrs ehsk. ¿nZi dh Fkw vkH jfoGiBf;zx j'oK d/ BkwÀ Gkos s'_ nkJ/ gzikph d/ gqf;ZX FkfJo B{z ;[DB dk F[G nt;ofwfbnk ;h. fJ; d'-GkFh eftsk-gkm wfjf\b dk nk|k} T[jBK d/ fJ; rhs¿pkjo'_ s/ nkJ/̂ À s'_ F[o{ ehsk ;h fi; B{z ebk;heb rkfJe s/ T[;skd ;Hpbpho f;zx Gzr{ j'oK B/ jkow'Bhnw s/ pj[s jh tXhnk FKswJh X[B fturkfJnkL

¿pkjo'_ sK nkJ/ ;kv/ ;iB ;b'BV/

pfj rJ/ nZyK ftueko

i'Vk s/ ikwk EK EK ezfvnk MohNV/

g?oK ftu GyV/ j}koÀ

fJ; rhs Bkb wkj"b y{p;{os j' frnk ;h, ;Zd/ rJ/ seohpB ;ko/-gzikph s/ nzrq/}h d/ b/ye gj[zu u[Ze/ ;B. vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh pkekfJdk ;kfjseikD-gSkDH r[o{w/b f;ZX{ B/ eotkJh, i' nkg jfoGiB f;zx dheftsk d/ pj[sgq;z;e oj/ jB.fJ; s'_ T[gqzs d'-GkFh eftsk-gkm dk nkozG j'fJnk fi; ftu vkHjfoGiB f;zx B/ nkgDhnK eftsktK ¿f;o\ XV nkgDk j?À,¿][de[Fh s'_pkndÀ,¿jkd;kÀs/ ¿fpZoS Bkb b?e/ s[oBk j?À gzikph ftu gVQhnK, s/ w?_ fJjBKeftsktK d/ nzrq/}h nB[tkd Bkb d/ Bkb g/F ehs/.

õõõ


gfjb/ ftFt gzikph ;kfjsgfjb/ ftFt gzikph ;kfjsgfjb/ ftFt gzikph ;kfjsgfjb/ ftFt gzikph ;kfjsgfjb/ ftFt gzikph ;kfjs;zw/bB ftu fwfbnk;zw/bB ftu fwfbnk;zw/bB ftu fwfbnk;zw/bB ftu fwfbnk;zw/bB ftu fwfbnkvkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH jfoGiB f;zx

oDihs XhooDihs XhooDihs XhooDihs XhooDihs Xho

i{B 1980 ftu j'J/ poskBhnk tkb/ gfjb/ ftFtgzikph ;kfjs ;zw/bB B/ w?Bz{ gzikph ;kfjs ftu w'VfbnKdk. w'r/ ekbi ftu gVQfdnK w?I gzikph ;kfjs dk;[u/s gkme ;K. uzvhrVQ :{Bhtof;Nh s'I nzro/}h dh n?wHJ/H eoB wro'I nzro/}h dk gq'ca?;o pD frnk sK gzikph;kfjs s'I goQK j[zdk frnk go eJh w[beK s'I nkJ/ seohpB65 b/yeK Bkb wjhBk Go fdB oks dk ;kE ftu y[Frtkosiopk ;h fi; B/ w/o/ wB ftu gzikph GkFk ns/ ;kfjs pko/Bt/I f;foUI T[sFkj g?dk eo fdZsk. bzdB s'I s[o e/ X[o;ekNb?Iv she d; pkoK FfjoK ftu e'u okjhI ;cao ehsk.fenk pks ;h ! fJ;/ e'u ftu ;'jB f;zx i'F, i;tzs f;zxeztb, jfoGiB f;zx, ;zs f;zx ;/y'I, r[ofdnkb f;zx,r[b}ko ;zX{, whFk, ;[oihs jK;, dbhg e"o fNtkDk, Fohcae[zikjhHHH ns/ fezB/ j'o. fJj sK ;kfjs dk w/bk ;h.

eztb ns/ eJh j'o b/yeK Bz{ w?I gfjbK th ikDdk;h. b/yeK, gq'ca?;oK gou/ gVQ/. ;ko/ nkg'-nkgDh EK tXhnk;B go ekB\oz; ftu vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ w?Bz{ ;G s'I tZXgqGkfts ehsk. T[jB/ ;zouBktkd pko/ gouk bhv} Ffjoftu gfVQnk. pZ; ;o'fsnK Bz{ ehb fbnk. T[jd/ ftukoKBkb ;fjwsh iK fto'Xsk tZyoh rZb ;h. T[jd/ p'bD dknzdk}, ;fji, nksw ftFtk;, uzr/ nfXnkge - r[o{ tKrftnkfynk eodk bzwh fuZNh dkjVh ns/ ;XkoB tb/Irh gZrftu vkeNo jfoGiB f;zx e'Jh r[o{ foFh bZrdk.

e"I;bo oDihs Xho OBE

JP (Justice of the

Peace - UK)


jfoGiB f;zx nzro/}h ns/ fjzdh dh gVQkJh ftu dh j' e/ gzikph tZbnkfJnk ;h. fjzdh gofunK ftu SZgdk fojk. fjzdh ns/ T[od{ d/ frnkB eoe/ T[j Gkosh GkFkJh ftok;s ftu ;z;feqs ns/ cako;h dhnK XkoktK dk th ikD{;h. fdZbh ftu ofjD eoe/ T[jBz{ fJe j'o bkG fJj ;h fe nkgD/ nkb/ d[nkb/ftu fJBK p"fXe XkoktK Bkb T[jdk ;zgoe brksko pfDnk ofjzdk. T[j r[opkDhns/ Gkos dh t/dKfse ftok;s dk th frnksk ;h. T[jB/ fort/d d/ e[M fjZ;/gzikph ekft ftu nB[tkd th ehs/ ;B. fJ; fgS'eV B/ T[jBz{ fJe gk;/ p"fXe;zehoBsk s'I pukJh oZfynk ns/ d{i/ gk;/ T[jdh fbys ftu p"fXe v{zxkJh ns/gfogZesk g?dk ehsh.

ftFt ;zw/bB d/ ;w/I she T[jdh g{oh uVQs ;Ekfgs j' u[Zeh ;h.p[fBnkdh s"o #s/ T[j eth ;h go T[jdh uVQs dk ekoB T[jdk nkb'uBk d/y/so ftu ezw ;h. nk}kdh T[gozs ;ko/ d/; ftu wkoe;tkd-;wkitkd s'I gq/osgo'rq?f;t ftukoXkok dk p'bpkbk ;h. fJ;/ wkjb ;dek ;zs f;zx ;/y'I dhgqrshtkdh nkb'uBk ftXh dh jo gk;/ ;kfjs d/ jo/e o{g T[&Zs/ g{oh ieV ;h.vkH nso f;zx ns/ feFB f;zx th fJ;/ ftukoXkok Bkb s[od/ oj/. ;r'I feFBf;zx B/ sK eZuh bZ;h tKr fJ; ftXh Bz{ j'o th g/sbk eo fdZsk. w?I ][dwkoe;tkdh f;XKs dk ekfJb jK go w?I ;wMdk jK fe wkoe;h ftukoXkok Bz{;kfjs ouBktK T[&Zs/ fJzB-fpB bkr{ BjhI ehsk ik ;edk. n;b ftu sK fe;/th @@tkd## dk f;ZX/ s"o #s/ d]b fe;/ ouBk tk;s/ bkj/tzd BjhI j' ;edk. fJ;/eoe/ jfoGiB f;zx d/ ;w/I sZe gqrshFhb ftukoXkok d/ ;kfjs d/ @@mZgkwko##u"yN/ eoe/ gzikph ;kfjs ns/ ;w[Zu/ gzikph fuzsB d/ y/so ftu fJe yV's g;ou[Zeh ;h. gqrshtkdh, gq:'rtkd ns/ eJh j'o @tkdK# B/ eftsk dk sK pj[s wzdkjkb ehsk j'fJnk ;h. Bzd bkb B{og[oh s'I b? e/ nzfwqsk gqhsw, w'jB f;zx ns/fFt e[wko pNkbth B/ ]{p;{os eftsktK fbyhnK. fJ; dk fJe tZvk ekoB fJjth ;h fe T[j gqrshtkdh dh @@mZgkFkg## ftXh s'I pu/ oj/.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ;G s'I tZvh ;kfjse gqkgsh fJj ;h fe T[jB/ gzikph;kfjs Bz{ gqrshFhb f;XKs dh yV's d/ fJ; @@g?okfb;;## (Paralysis) s'I w[eseokT[D dh F[o{nks ehsh. T[j ebkd ;sok; tor/ :{ogh dkfBFtoK d/ wZs s'IgqGkfts ;h fe ;wki, nkofEesk ns/ GkFktK Bz{ ;wMD tk;s/ fJBQK d/ nzdo{BhYKfunK Bz{ ;wMD dh b'V g?Idh j?. fJ;/ soQK ;kfjse ouBktK d' @@N?e;N## Bz{;wMD tk;s/ gksoK ns/ eEk dhnK gosK Bz{ ;wMDk g?Id?. n;b ftu jfoGiBf;zx ;kfjs T[&Zs/ fe;/ fJe @@tkd## d/ mZg/ d/ jh fto[ZX ;h. T[jdh gjz[u ftuw'ebkgD ;h fe ouBk$N?e;N Bz{ ;wMD tk;s/ fJjB{z eJh gZyK$gfjb{nK s'I t/yDgoyD dh b'V j?.


skjhT[I T[j @u'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbk ftu fbydk j? fe @@w?I f;XKs dh BhIjT[&Zgo nkgDh eftsk dh T[;koh BjhI eo ;edkHHH w?I wKrt/I f;XKs Bz{ nkgDheftsk dk nkXko BjhI pDk ;edk, Gkt/I T[j fezBk th w[btkB feT[I Bk j't/.## fJjB/w f;oca eftsk T[&Zs/ BjhI pbfe ;kfjs d/ pkeh o{gK T[&Zs/ th bkr{ j[zdk j?.N"b;N"J/ dh n?Bk e?okfBBn?Bk e?okfBBn?Bk e?okfBBn?Bk e?okfBBn?Bk e?okfBB ns/ dk;s't;eh d/ Bktb dh JhvhnNdh JhvhnNdh JhvhnNdh JhvhnNdh JhvhnN d/ w[Zy gksofgzq; fwfFfeB Bz{ fet/I ;ed/ j' id she fJBQK gksoK d/ wB dhnK gosK Bz{ co'bBk ;e'.

jfoGiB f;zx dh r[o{$nfXnkgeK tkbh gqfsGk ;dek id T[j fJ; ftF/#s/ p'bdk g/uhdk dkoFfBe ;zebgK dh ftnkfynk eodk sK T[j ;q'fsnK BkbnkgD/ tZb'I fJe BtK @@;ztkd## F[o{ eo b?Idk. ;o'sk$ftfdnkoEh T[jdh eEk Bkbehfbnk T[jdh T[Irb cV e/ Bkb s[o g?Idk, fijVK w?I T[jd/ bhv} tkb/ ;?FBftu ][d wfj;{; ehsk. thjthI ;dh d/ gzikph ;kfjs d/ fJfsjk; ftu vkHjfoGiB dk BK fJe ftF/F j;sk]o ti'I ikfDnk ikJ/rk.

õõõ


eftsk ns/ :kd d/ nk;-gk; Leftsk ns/ :kd d/ nk;-gk; Leftsk ns/ :kd d/ nk;-gk; Leftsk ns/ :kd d/ nk;-gk; Leftsk ns/ :kd d/ nk;-gk; LvkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH jfoGiB f;zxvkH jfoGiB f;zx

r[od/t u"jkBr[od/t u"jkBr[od/t u"jkBr[od/t u"jkBr[od/t u"jkB

vkH jfoGiB f;zx j'oK dhnK ekft g[;seK Bkbw/ok tkj ;ØsoftnK ftu jh g? frnk ;h. T[jBK fdBK ftunfwqsk gqhsw ns/ fFt e[wko dh th ]{p pØb/ pØb/ ;h. ;Ved/ ;\/ dh sK ekft F?bh th ek\h Bth_ ;h ns/ n;h_ ne;ofJjBK fszBK ethnK dk Nkeok nkgD/ d';sK Bkb iK nkgD/wB ftu eod/. ne;o jh ;kvk r[Dk fFt e[wko s/ g?iKdk. go nØf;tnK d/ F[o{ ftu fit/_ fit/_ n;h_ rzGho j[zd/rJ/ ns/ ;kvh f}zdrh th g?uhdk j[zdh rJh sK ;k~ vkHjfoGiB f;zx dh eftsk tØX GkT[D br gJh. n;b ftufJj eftsk tk;sftesk d/ Bkb Bkb s[odh ojh ;h id'_ fefFt e[wko dh eftsk fJe ]k; ;w/I ns/ fSD Bkb jh pØMhojh. nzfwqsk gqhsw j'oK dh eftsk th fJ;/ soQK fJe ]k;wkBf;e fpzd{ ns/ gfjb{ T[dkb/ jh nkgDk tk; ns/ ft;skoeodh ojh. go jfoGiB f;zx dh eftsk nkgDh ;apdxkVs ns/ xDsk ftu tyoh soQK ]{p;{os ;h.

fJj eftsk okiBhse, ;wkfie ns/ xo/b{ ihtB d/pdbd/ gq;zrK ~ B/V/ j' e/ t/ydh ns/ S[zjdh ojh ;h. fJerb j'o. fJ; ftu gqrhsesk ns/ Szd pØXsk Gkt/_ nk]oshe ekfJw ojh go fJj Ehwe u/sBk gØy'_ tØX gqGkth thpDdh rJh. fJ; d/ Bkb jh fJj SkfJnktkd, gq:'rtkd,gqrshtkd, o{gtkd ns/ go:EkoEtkd d/ u"yfNnK ftu thpØMdh ns/ w[es j[zdh ojh. fJ; dk bfj}k th brksko;w/_ Bkb ubfdnK ;[yktK fijk r[zMbdko ns/ ftnzrwJhj[zdk frnk feT[_fe ftnzr jh j? fijVk nfseEBh ns/n¾zekoe F?bh ftu Ehwe iao{os nB[;ko noE fBowkD ftu

Email : gurdev

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Brampton ON

Canada L6R 2B4


tØX ;jkJh j' ;edk j?. N[ØehnK ihGK tkb/N[ØehnK ihGK tkb/N[ØehnK ihGK tkb/N[ØehnK ihGK tkb/N[ØehnK ihGK tkb/ ns/ nbftdk s'_ gfjbKnbftdk s'_ gfjbKnbftdk s'_ gfjbKnbftdk s'_ gfjbKnbftdk s'_ gfjbK she fJjnkgDh f;yaoh p[bzdh @s/ gj[zu frnk ;h.

fJ; eftsk ftu gzikph ;fGnkuko ns/ gzikp ftu ;w/_ ;w/_ pdbd/;wkfie ns/ wkBf;e ntu/sB ns/ okiBhse jkbksK dh gqsh r{zi th gqsØy ftykJhd/D br gJh ;h ns/ fJ; gqsh eth d/ w'j, o'j, gqsho'X iK nB[o'X d/ ed/ ;{yawns/ ed/ ifNb ne;, ns/ ed/ f;ØX/ ns/ ed/ nf;ØX/, r[gs ns/ b[gs nz;aet/ot/ th. go fJj eofdnK T[; dh eftsk ed/ th GhV dk fjØ;k Bjh_ pDh ns/fJ; B/ nkgDh rØb efjD bJh fJekrosk ekfJw oØyh ns/ iao{oh \k;bk th pDkJhofynk. fJ;soh gqsh ;zt/dBk ns/ w'j B/ jfoGiB f;zx j'oK dh ;koh eftsk ftuGotK j[zrkok Gfonk j? ns/ wK, Xh, gq/fwek iK gsBh d/ fjØ;/ dk d[Øy tzvkfJnk j?.

Gkt/_ ;zskbh d/ ;zskg pko/ T[jBK dh e/tb fJe Biaw jh rZb eodh j?go gzikp ns/ gzikph ihtB d/ ;zskg pko/ T[jBK dhnK pj[s ;kohnK BiawKe{edhnK jB. fjzd gke :[ØX, gzikp ftubh Be;bh bfjo, nØstkd, nekb sØ]ss/ Gkosh c"i dk jwbk ns/ fdØbh dzr/ T[;dh wrobh eftsk d/ d[nko thpD/. T[; dh eftsk f}zdrh dh T[gokwsk dk f;eko th j'Jh ns/ o[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFhftu ;t?-;ztkdh th. go T[jBK dh eftsk B/ sK th SzdpØXsk iKdh tko shefBGkJh.

c"iK e"D d/; s'_ nkJhnK <

fejV/ d/; s'_ efjo fbnkJhnK,

feØE'_ }fjo fbnkJhnK

fe; cBhno dh c{e fe

fi; B/ gØehnK ezXK YkjhnK

w?_ vkeNo jfoGiB f;zx j'oK dk u[Øg gkme tX/o/ fojk jK go rkj/prkj/ nko;hnko;hnko;hnko;hnko;h iK j'oK w?r}hBK ftu, gVQfdnk, w?_ gzikph eftsk, ]k; eoe/ vkeNo;kfjp j'oK dh eftsk dk gkme ns/ w{e gq;z;e pfDnk fojk jK ns/ j[D th jK.w?~ gsk j? T[jBK dh eftsk dh rfjoh gq;zfresk ns/ gqGkth nzdk} pko/ pj[se[M fbfynk frnk j? ns/ fbfynk ikt/rk go w?_ wfj;{; eodk jK fe, fco thjo tko e[M Bk e[M fbyD r'uok }o{o ofj ikfJnk eo/rk. fJj fJ; bJh feT[j fBok nkgDh eftsk Bkb jh Bjh_ ;r'_ fJ; d/ Bkb jh nkgDh jØd doi/ dhfuzseh ns/ T[sBh jh o'ue ns/ fFØds Goh tkose fijBK ftu T[jBK dh ;t?-ihtBh w?_ i' phs frnk, u'bk NkehnK tkbkw?_ i' phs frnk, u'bk NkehnK tkbkw?_ i' phs frnk, u'bk NkehnK tkbkw?_ i' phs frnk, u'bk NkehnK tkbkw?_ i' phs frnk, u'bk NkehnK tkbk torhnK feqsK nkT[_dhnK jB ns/fJzM jh nkb'uBk, ;kfjs f;XKsekoh, b'e:kB pko/ T[jBK dhnK Y/o ;kohnK ouBktKbJh, frnkB ftfrnkB Bkb Us g's nfXnkgB bJh, ihtB fdqFNh ns/ fBo'b


nkgD/ wkBth r[DK, gØyK, T[u/uK, ns/ ihtB ftu ftuoD d/ ]k; nzdkia bJh ;kv/fJsBk e'b nk frnk ;h fe j[D T[j ;kE'_ ed/ fJsBh d{o Bjh_ ikt/rk Gkt/_ T[jj[D nkg pj[s d{o ub/ frnk j?.

fJj jw/Fk fJe y[;a nuzGk jh oj/rk fe fet/_ e'Jh nkgD/ d[nkb/ fJsBhfyØu ns/ fdbu;gh g?dk eo ;edk j? ns/ d{finK ~ T[jBK uhiK t;sK, ozrK ns/YzrK ns/ fujfonK bJh fdbu;gh Go ;edk j? fijVhnK T[; dh fdbu;gh dke/_do ojhnK j'D. fJj ;kok e[M e/tb ;kfjs, ebk okjh_ fte;h ;{yaw fposh okjh_jh ;zGt j' ;edk j?. fJjh j? fijVk jfoGiB f;zx dh eftsk okjh_ j'fJnk j?.eftsk jh eo ;edh ;h ns/ eo ;edh j?.

bk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;Kbk;K (1956) s'_ ube/ o/fr;skB @u bØeVjkoko/fr;skB @u bØeVjkoko/fr;skB @u bØeVjkoko/fr;skB @u bØeVjkoko/fr;skB @u bØeVjkok (2000) she T[;dkekft ns/ ;kfjs gzX nØXh ;dh she g[Øi frnk ;h ns/ g[;seK dh frDsh sKT[; dh T[wo d/ ;kbK s'_ th feXo/ tØX. n;b ftu T[;dk ekft, tkose ;kfjs,nfXnkgB, y'i ns/ nkb'uBk ekoi, ftukoXkoe ns/ fttjkoe ftek; frDksweBkb'_ r[Dkswe gØy'_ tØX wjØst oØyd/ jB.

n;b ftu gzikph eftsk ns/ nkb'uBk d/ y/so ftu FkfJd jh e'Jh j'ofJsBh gqkgsh dk jØedko ejk ;edk j't/. nfXnkgB ftu th T[jBK dh EK wZbDhed/ th fJsBh nk;kB Bjh_ ojh ;h. Gkt/_ F[o{ ftu T[jBK dh eftsk dk bfj}ko[wkBh ns/ gqrhse ;h go S/sh_ jh T[jBK dh eftsk ftu ;wekbh :EkoE ns/ftukoXkoe brkt Sk rJ/ ;B fijBK ;dek fJj gqrshtkd d/ nk; gk; ftodhojh Gkt/_ ftukoXkoe s"o s/ T[j nkg ed/ th wkoe;h ;'u d/ XkoBh Bjh_ pD/ns/ Bk jh Xkofwesk Bkb g{oh soQK pØM/ ofj ;e/.

o[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFho[Øy ns/ foFh ftu vkeNo jfoGiB f;zx nkgD/ g{o/ nksfwe ns/o{jkBh ib'n ftu Biao nkT[_d/ jB. T[j nkswMks ns/ nzso-Mks dhnKnzsofdq;aNhnK Bkb g{oh soQK b?; j' e/ nzso fXnkB dh w[Xok ftu Fpd ;z;ko~ g/;a jB. T[jBK d/ ;apdK ftu efjoK dk ;ziw ns/ sBia j?.

vkeNo jfoGiB f;zx j'oK Bkb w/oh ;KM ns/ tke\hns pkjoh Bkb'_nzdo{Bh bfj}k tØX oØydh j?. Gkt/_ w?_ ;ØsfotnK d/ F[o{nksh ;kbK ftu nzfwqskgqhsw j'oK gk; nkgD/ w/om ftu B"eoh ns/ fBtk; d/ fdBK ftu pj[s iKdkofjzdk ;K ns/ fuØsoeko d/t gk; th, go fdØbh :{Bhtof;Nh w?_ FkfJd jh ed/frnk j'tK. pknd dh rØb tØyoh j?. j'fJnk fJj fe 1981 ftu w/oh ekft-g[;se, fBØehnK p/VhnK, fBØe/ uØg{fBØehnK p/VhnK, fBØe/ uØg{fBØehnK p/VhnK, fBØe/ uØg{fBØehnK p/VhnK, fBØe/ uØg{fBØehnK p/VhnK, fBØe/ uØg{, gqskg wfjsk d/ b'ekfJs gqek;aB s'_ Sg rJhns/ w?~ Bjh_ gsk fet/_ fJ; dh e'Jh ekgh vkeNo ;kfjp d/ jØE nk rJh. w?_T[d'_ uzvhrVQ 7 ;?eNo ftu ;oekoh wekB ftu ofjzdk ;K ns/ jo Fkw ;kvh


;kfjse YkDh gqskg wfjsk dh ;skoK ;?eNo tkbh feskpK dh d[ekB ftu pkd;s{obrdh. T[j gzikp ns/ nk;/ gk;/ nfstkd d/ fdB ;B.

fJe fdB 1983 dk e'Jh fdB ;h id w?_ nkf\; s'_ xo g[Øik sK w/ohN/pb @s/ fJe ]s fgnk ;h. y'fbQnk sK gsk brk fe fJj vkeNo ;kfjp dk ]s;h. w?~ Bjh_ gsk T[jBK ~ w/o/ xo d/ Bzpo dk feE'_ ns/ fet/_ gsk bØrkj't/rk. T[jBK B/ fbfynk ;h fe ¿w?_ s/oh feskp gVQh j? ns/ w?~ fJj pj[s nØShbØrh j?. w?_ tkjdk sK Bjh_ eodk go j' ;edk j? w?_ fJ; feskp pko/ e[M Fpdnko;h ftu fbyK. s{z pj[s nØSh eftsk fbydk j?. ]{p fwjBs eo. w/ohnK s?~FZ[G-fJZSktK !À w?_ eJh fdB fJ; ]s dh fJpkos Bkb ;oFko fojk. T[jBK fdBKftu nko;h ftu T[jBK dk Bt/_ b/yeK pko/ ekbw, Be;a Bt/o/, Sgdk ;h fi; ftu]s tkbh rØb s'_ S/sh_ pknd T[jBK B/ w/oh ekft-g[;se pko/ g{o/ uko ;\/ dkb/y fbfynk ;h fi;dh w/o/ ;ko/ d';sK ftu X[zw g? rJh ;h. fBo{gwk dØs T[jBKfdBK ftu fJzvhnB ne;gq?; ftu ezw eodh ;h ns/ jo n?stko j[D tKr ;kfjseekbw fbydh ;h. T[; B/ th fJj nko;h tkbk b/y gVQ fbnk ns/ w?~ :kd j?T[j ;kv/ xo nkgD/ ;gskfje ekbw tk;s/ w/oh fJzNoftT{ b?D bJh nkJh ns/n|b/ n?stko jh T[;dk fJj b/y n]pko ftu w/oh c'N' Bkb gqekfFs th j' frnksK w/oh j'o th pØb/ pØb/ j' rJh.

;' fJj w?_ fJj f}eo fJ; bJh eo fojk jK fe vkeNo jfoGiB f;zxfit/_ fe T[jBK B/ nkg th feXo/ fejk j? fe T[j jw/Fk uzrk fbyD tkfbnK ~T[sFkfjs eod/ oj/ ;B ns/ fJj eod/ j'J/ T[j fJj fXnkB oØyd/ ;B fe T[jjw/Fk nkgD/ y[FkwdhnK iK fto'XhnK dhnK ouBktK pko/ fbyDk g;zd Bjh_ eod/;B.

Gkt/_ w?_ T[jBK ~ eJh ekB\oz;K, eth dopkoK ns/ j'o nfij/ fJeØmK ftueftsk gVQd/ iK b?euo fdzd/ eJh tko t/fynk j? go w/oh T[jBK Bkb S'N/ fJeØmftu gfjbh ns/ nkyaoh fwbDh f;o\ fJe tko nØ;hth_nK ftu jh feXo/, ;kb e[M:kd Bjh_ fejVk ;h, uzvhrVQ d/ 15 ;?eNo ftu j'Jh fi; ftu w?_ ;K, FkfJofwzdo ;h, T[jBK dk g[okDk d';s g{oD f;zx ;h ns/ gzikp :{Bhtof;Nh ftunfXnkge eth ns/ c'N'rokco d/ftzdo. rØb fJzi j'Jh fe T[j fe;/ f;bf;b/ ftuuzvhrVQ nkJ/ j'J/ ;B. T[jBK fdBK ftu 15 ;?eNo dh fJe e'mh ftu pbphof;zx fdb ofjzdk ;h fijVk T[jBK fdBK ftu phwko ub fojk ;h. vkeNo ;kfjpT[jBK dh ]po;ko g[ØSD nkJ/ ;B. ;k~ T[jBK d/ T[E/ nkT[D dk fe;/ soQK gskbØrk ns/ n;h_ T[E/ ub/ rJ/. e[M fuo pknd n;h_ ;ko/ g?db jh T[;/ ;?eNoftu e'b g?_d/ vkeNo ;kfjp d/ g[okD/ fwØso g{oD f;zx d/ xo ub/ rJ/ ns/ T[E/


tkjtk ftuko-uouk th Bkb'_ Bkb j[zdh ojh ns/ w?~ nko;hnko;hnko;hnko;hnko;h tkb/ b/y bJh T[jBKdk XzBtkd eoB dk ;zy/g w"ek th fwb frnk Bjh_ sK w?~ fJ;dk ;dk wbkbofjDk ;h. T[E/ ukj gkDh dk fJzs}kw ;h ns/ vkeNo ;kfjp B/ fco :{Bhtof;Nhub/ ikDk ;h. soekbK g? rJhnK ;B ns/ n;h_ g?db jh T[jBK ~ :{Bhtof;Nhd/ r/N she SØvD nkJ/ sK nukBe jh okj ftu T[jBK dh ikD gSkD tkbh e[Vhfwb gJh. fJj gzikph ftu BthI Bth_ eftsk fbyD tkbh e[Vh, nX{oh e?Bt;,ekft-g[;se dh b/ye, e[bihs frØb ;h fijVh T[;/ ;?eNo ftu ofjzdh ;h ns/ e[M]ohdD bJh B/V/ dh fe;/ d[ekB tb ik ojh ;h. fJs\ke p; vkeNo ;kfjp B/nX{oh e?Bt; gVQ bJh j'Jh ;h ns/ fJ; bJh T[j fJ; bVeh ~ T[sFkfjs eoBbJh yb' rJ/ ns/ T[; Bkb rØbh_ o[M rJ/. w?_ th e[bdhg frØb ~ ikDdk ;Kgo n;h_ T[jBK dhnK rØbK tb e'Jh fXnkB Bk fdØsk ns/ pknd ftu n;h_ vkeNo;kfjp ~ :{Bhtof;Nh d/ r/N @s/ SØv e/ tkfg; nk rJ/ ns/ nkg' nkgD/ xoK ~ub/ rJ/.;' fJ; soQK T[j nzfwqsk gqhsw tKr Bt/_ ethnK Bkb w'j dk Bksk i'VhoØyd/ ;B ns/ b'Vh_dk ;bkj wFtok ns/ jØbkF/oh fdzd/ ofjzd/ ;B.

w/oh vkeNo jfoGiB f;zx j'oK pko/ rZbpks nX{oh oj/rh i/eo w?_ T[jBKdh wjØstg{oD ekft- g[;se, u"E/ dh T[vheu"E/ dh T[vheu"E/ dh T[vheu"E/ dh T[vheu"E/ dh T[vhe, pko/ nkgD/ e[M ;apd nzes Bk eoKfijV/ w?_13 nes{po, 1991 ~ gzikph fNqfpT{B ftu Sg/ nkgD/ g[;se ohftT{ ftuej/ ;B.

u"E/ dh T[vhe

vkH jfoGiB f;zx dhnK eftsktK ~ T[vhfenk iKdk j?, brksko. go y[ØdT[; ~ eftsk dh T[vhe Bjh_ eoBh g?_dh, ;r'_ eftsk T[; dh T[vhe eodh j?, ns/T[; dh ebw ~ nr/o/ j' e/ fwbdh j?. u"E/ dh T[vheu"E/ dh T[vheu"E/ dh T[vheu"E/ dh T[vheu"E/ dh T[vhe fJsBh bzwh Bjh_ ojh.fBe ;[ØefBe ;[ØefBe ;[ØefBe ;[ØefBe ;[Øe ns/ wktK XhnKwktK XhnKwktK XhnKwktK XhnKwktK XhnK pknd fJj MpfdnK jh nk rJh j? j[D/ j[D/ u[bQ/s'_ bkjh o'Nh tKr, so' skiak ns/ bgNK Goh.

eth fJE/ ;Øioh soQK tØyok j?, go gfjbK tKr jh ;[jbGkth ns/ ;Øi-;ztfonk. FpdK dh X{Dh e[M j'o GØy rJh j? ns/ Bkb jh ;fji ns/ ;[ji fuzsBth. eth fizdrh ~ T[;dh g{oBsk ftu t/ydk j? go nØi dk fJbw fJ; ~N'fNnK, GkrK, dhtkoK ns/ ftuko u"yfNnK ftu gJh j'Jh d/ydk j?. t;sK ns/r[DK d/ gqtor f}zdrh dh ;jh Ekj gkT[D ftu o'e pDd/ jB. jfoGiB f;zxdh eftsk fJ; d/ T[bN fo;afsnK d/ skD/ ftu pØMh f}zdrh dh sfjdko gSkD ns/S'j bJh ssgo ns/ nro;o j?. fJ; bJh ftnke[bsk fJjBK eftsktK bJh j'oth shpo j' rJh j? feT[_fe f}zdrh ftu'_ ;[gBk ns/ ;t/ok pVh s/ia ocasko Bkbyakoi j' fojk j?. nØi ;kvhnK oksK n"Nba rJhnK jB ns/ rbhnK ftu fcodh


fjz;k ;kv/ gzX yk rJh j?.

jfoGiB f;zx ;gkN dk eth Bjh_l T[j ft;sko dk eth j?, v{zx dk ethj?, g;oh j'Jh ifNbsk dk eth j?. pj[shnK eftsktK ftu T[j ojØ;tkdh bfj}/ftu s[odk j?. ;ukJh T[; bJh e'Jh xVh xVkJh t;s Bjh_. fJj pØMth_ thBjh_. fJj ne;o d'-gØyh j[zdh j? ns/ fto'Xh r[DK dh orV ftu'_ g?dk j'Jh j'Jh.fJ; dk tia{d ;kg/y j?. fJjh gqfefonk nØr/ ik e/ fJjBK eftsktK dh e'v pDdhj?L

fe;/ ~ fwbD dk o;sk th sK

fe;/ s'_ ftSVD dk o;sk j?

N[ØN ojh dhtko th sK

fJe T[Ø;o ojh dhtko j?.

fJjBK eftsktK d/ BktK ns/ gfjbhnK gzeshnK f}zdrh dh toswkBskns/ t/r ~ gqw[Øysk fdzdhnK jB. fJ;/ eoe/ jh fJj @j'D ns/ pBD# tØb M[ØehnKj'JhnK jB. @e'Jh t/y fojk j?#, @dfonk wo fojk j?#, fes/ e'Jh dhtko T[;o ojhj?. o/s s[oh nk ojh j?, T[j Bh_do ftu s[fonk ik fojk j?, w?_ nkgD/ nkg ~T[vhe fojk jK, fJfsnkd.

u"E/ dh T[vheu"E/ dh T[vheu"E/ dh T[vheu"E/ dh T[vheu"E/ dh T[vhe n;b ftu eftsk dh ;bkwsh dh T[vhe j? - u"E/ w'Y/dh, u"E/ ;so dh, fi; Bkb f}zdrh dh o[pkJh pDdh j?. spdhbh jh f}zdrh ~w'Yk d/ ;edh j?. @Xowk fco nk frnk, @u"bK dh sk;h#, nØi e'Jh yasok Bjh_- nki'e/ fjz;e ns/ ;zgqdkfJe wkj"b s'_ gqGkts eftsktK jB.

fi; fdB nyapko dØ;/

d{o fe;/ ;afjo ftu jbke frDsh w/o/ tofrnK dh

sK u[g ukg fpBk ya"ca xo'_ fBeb iKdk jK

w?~ Xotk;k

nØi GkJhnK tofrnK B/

d?_s ~ d/ fdØsk

;kvk GØy ;kv/ tzv/ dk

;afjo nØi ;[oØfyns j?

w/o/ bJh s[oB i'r

e'Jh yasok Bjh_

fJj eftsktK f}zdrh dhnK fJe d{ih ftu c;hnK nzrbhnK ;zrbhnK


dhnK eftsktK jB. f}zdrh ftu fezBk e[M tb/t/_ tkbk j?, uØeodko j? ns/n;gFN j?. fJj ;kok e[M jh fJ; ekft dh ;a?bh fwEdk j? feT[_fe ni/jh ;a?bhjh ;Øu dh gSkD pDdh j?L

@niBph#, J/bhnkj# ns/ @gqsh-Gkos# d{;oh soQK dhnK eftsktK jBfijVhnK f}zdrh d/ w{b ;o'ekoK ~ w[]kfsp jB ns/ fJ;/ soQK e[M d{ihnK fgnkod/ ft;a/ ~ ;zpzXs jB fijVk w"s d/ ft;a/ ~ x/o b?_dk j?. n;b ftu fJjBKeftsktK dk ft;ak f}zdrh dh sozr ns/ T[wzr B/ jfEnk fbnk ikgdk j?. fJjfJzi f}zdrh dh obrv dh eftsk pD rJh j?. T[vhe dh ns/ nzso-;zpzXsk dhfijVh eth jo ;fEsh ns/ bwj/ ftu gVQdk j?.

õõõ


r[o{d/t vkH jfoGiB f;zx dkr[o{d/t vkH jfoGiB f;zx dkr[o{d/t vkH jfoGiB f;zx dkr[o{d/t vkH jfoGiB f;zx dkr[o{d/t vkH jfoGiB f;zx dk;zr-;kE;zr-;kE;zr-;kE;zr-;kE;zr-;kE

gq'H ;[fjzdo phogq'H ;[fjzdo phogq'H ;[fjzdo phogq'H ;[fjzdo phogq'H ;[fjzdo pho

1H

vkH jfoGiB f;zx Bkb w/oh gfjbh fwbDh dktkfenk fJ; soQK j? fe 1974 JhH ftu w?_ ;oekoh ekbir[odk;g[o fty/ phHJ/H Gkr gfjbk dk ftfdnkoEh ;K ns/ekbi d/ j';Nb ftu jh ofjzdk ;K. w?B{z eftsk fbyD dkF"e ;h. d' fsB ;kb j' rJ/ ;B, w?B{z ebw x;kJheofdnK. fJe Fkw w?_ N?bhft:B *s/ ¿itK sozr¿ gq'rokwd/y fojk ;K fe fJe ;{uBk dk gq;koD j'fJnk. fJj ;{uBkfJj ;h fe ¿itK sozr¿ gq'rokw tZb'_ fJe *eth dopko*dk nk:'iB ehsk ik fojk j? fi; ftu B"itkB ethnK gk;'_T[jBK dhnK gzi gzi eftsktK G/iD dh wzr ehsh rJh.nfGnk;h eftsktK fby fby e/ w?_ nkgDh ekgh Goh j'Jh;h, fJ; eoe/ T[jBK ftu'_ jh w?_ gzi eftsktK u[D e/ ¿itKsozr¿ gq'rokw B{z vke okjh_ G/i fdZshnK.

gzdoK e[ fdB phs/ j'D/ jB fe d{odoFB e/_dofdZbh tZb'_ UE/ nk e/ nkgDhnK eftsktK g/F eoB bJh w?B{z;Zdk-gZso nk frnk. fuZmh ftu NhHJ/H$vhHJ/H dk th jtkbk;h i' ;/tk-cb ti'_ fdZsk ikDk ;h. fJj fumh ekjdh ;hfJj sK w/o/ eth j'D dk gqEw gqwkD-gZso ;h. nrb/ fdBw?_ fJj fuZmh ekbi d/ fgqz;hgb ;odko eosko f;zx j'oKB{z fdykJh, T[jBK B/ T[j fuZmh ekbi dh FkB ;wM e/ B'N;p'ov *s/ brtk fdZsh. ;ko/ ekbi ftu w/o/ Bkw dk vzektZi frnk, T[_i Gkt/_ w?_ ni/ nfGnk;h eftsktK jh fbyfojk ;h.

j';Nb ftu ofjD eoe/ nkgDh fwZso-wzvbh Bkb


fdZbh ikD pko/ ;bkj-wFtok eo fojk ;K. vkH r[owhs w/ok iwksh ;h s/ n;h_ne;o fJeZm/ jh ofjzd/ ;K. nkg; ftu n;h_ ;bkj eo oj/ ;K fe fdZbh feE/fojk ikt/ < fet/_ ikfJnk ikt/ < fwZso-wzvbh ftu jh fJe ;kvk ;KMk d';s ;h-e[bftzdo f;zx. T[j ed/ ed/ j';Nb nkT[_dk ;h, T[_i T[j Ffjo nkgD/ xo ftujh ofjzdk ;h. ;kvh rZb ;[De/ T[j efjD bZrk fe s{z fdZbh w/o/ wk;V ih gk;ofj gth_.w?_ T[;B{z g[fSnk fe s/o/ wk;V ih eh eod/ jB < T[j efjD bZrk,¿vkH jfoGiB f;zx w/o/ wk;V ih jB¿. fJj ;[DfdnK jh w/o/ nzdo ][Fh dhbfjo d"V gJh. gkm-eqw ftu bZrh j'Jh T[jBK dh ;zgkfds g[;se ekft-ehoshekft-ehoshekft-ehoshekft-ehoshekft-ehoshn;h_ o'} gVQd/ ;K. feogkb f;zx :'rh w/o/ nfXnkge ;B i' pj[s jh fBwo,;[fjod ns/ }whBh gZXo *s/ ftuoB tkb/ fJB;kB ;B. T[j ne;o fdZbh d/ b/yeK dhnK ejkDhnK nko;hnko;hnko;hnko;hnko;h d/ jtkb/ Bkb ;kB{z ;[DkT[_d/ ofjzd/ ;B. pktk pbtzsdh FkfJoh dk f}eo eofdnK sK T/[j nF nF eo T[md/. fJ;d/ pkti{d gzikphd/ b/yeK pko/ w?B{z T[; ;w/_ se e'Jh f}nkdk fJbw ns/ ikDekoh Bjh_ ;h.

nrb/ fdB e[bftzdo f;zx B/ nkgD/ phih gk;'_ G?D d/ Bkw fJe gZsofbytk e/ w?B{z d/ fdZsk sK w/oh fdZbh ofjD dh fuzsk d{o j' rJh. j[D w?_ fdZbhikD bJh nkgDh fsnkoh nkozG fdZsh ;h. fBZek fijk p?r, eftsktK tkbh ekghs/ uzd fSbV i/p ftu gk bJ/. fJ; s'_ gfjbK sK w?_ b[fXnkDk, uzvhrVQ th Bjh_;h d/fynk, fdZbh sK eh d/yDh ;h. fi; fdB eth dopko ;h T[; s'_ fJe fdBgfjbK w?_ fdZbh ikD dk gq'rokw T[bhe fbnk. r[odk;g[o s'_ ;t/o/ ;tZys/ pZ;bJh s/ T[;B/ Fkw B{z w?B{z fdZbh g[uk fdZsk. gZ[Sdk-g[SkT[_dk eo'b pk| dh T[;rbh ftu gj[zu frnk fiE/ vkH ;kfjp ofjzd/ ;B. rbh ftu fJe nkdwh s'_ vkH;kfjp pkps gZ[fSnk sK T[j w?B{z vkH ;kfjp gk; SZv nkfJnk. w?_ d/fynk fe rbhftu pZu/ y/v oj/ jB, ;p}h tkbk ;p}h t/u fojk j?, fBZeh w'Nh nktkikJh thub ojh j? go vkH ;kfjp nkb/ d[nkb/ s'_ p/-]"\, nkgD/ fXnkB fe;/ feskp ftuv{zx/ y[G/ j'J/ ;B. w/} *s/ feskpK s/ ek|} gJ/ j'J/ ;B. w?B{z T[; t/b/ T[jBKdh fdZy wjk eth ofpzdo BkE N?r'o torh bZrh. w?_ M[e e/ vkH ;kfjp d/ r'v/jZE bkfJnk, fuZmh cVkJh ns/ nkgD/ nkT[D dk we;d dZf;nk. T[jBK B/ ngDhXow-gsBh B{z nktk} wkoh s/ w/o/ pko/ dZf;nk. phih B/ e[bftzdo ns/ T[jBKd/ gfotko dh ;[Zy-;Kd g[ZSh s/ fyV/ wZE/ w?B{z xo d/ nzdo b? rJ/. T[jBK dhfBZxh fwbDh Bkb w/oh ;koh EektN d{o j' rJh. Fkw sK gfjbK jh j' u[Zeh;h j[D ;[owJh ns/ x;w?b/ ozr dh j' ojh ;h. vkH ;kfjp B/ jZEbk ezwBp/V fbnk ns/ xo d/ bkr/ gkoe ftu x[zwD bJh w?Bz{ fsnko eo fbnk. o;s/ftu w?_ vkH ;kfjp B{z dZf;nk fe s[jkv/ d[nkok ;zgkfds g[;se ekft ehoshekft ehoshekft ehoshekft ehoshekft ehosh w?_ekbi ftu gVQdk jK. gkoe ftu gj[zu e/ w?_ T[jBK Bz{ ngDhnK eftsktK ;[BkD


bJh fejk sK T[jBK fJe fJe eoe/ nkgDhnK eftsktK ;[B"DhnK nkozG ehshnKL

1H w/ok pugB ni/ B nkfJnkHHH

2H fejV/ fpoS B{z ngDk nky p[bktK$fejVh fejVh SK w/oh wKtorh$fejVk fejVk vkjDK tKr GoktK HHHHH <

3H izrb ftu goSkt/_ jh goSkt/_ B/HHH

;kohnK eftsktK T[jBK B{z }[pkBh :kd ;B. w?_ T[jBK dhnK eftsktK;[De/ nkuzfGs j' fojk ;K. w?B{z T[; t/b/ T[j fe;/ foFh d/ fBnkJh_ bZr oj/ ;B.w?_ nkgDh e'Jh eftsk Bjh_ ;[DkJh. J/B/ tZv/ eth B{z Gbk w?_ eh ;[BkT[Dk ;h <w?_ eftsk d/ y/so ftu gfjbh gbKx g[ZN fojk ;K go T[j fJ; y/so ftu tZvhnKwZbK wkoh p?m/ ;B. w?B{z T[jBK fJe rZb dh skehd ehsh, i' nZi th :kdj? L

¿ekek ! g{oh brB Bkb wks-GkFk ftu fdb brkth_, fJj s/oh fwjBsBkb'_ eJh r[DK tZX cb d/t/rh.¿

nrb/ fdB ;t/o/ w?_ *eth dopko* ftu Fkfwb j'D bJh d{odoFBe/_do ub/ frnk. w?B{z :kd j? w/o/ Bkb T[; fdB gzikp s'_ ;fts'i B/ th eftskgVQh ;h s/ fJ; gq'rokw dk ;zukbB gq'H jouoB f;zx ;'psh B/ ehsk ;h. w?_ fijVheftsk gVQh ;h T[; pkps ;'psh B/ w/o/ e'b'_ e[M gq'\?;oK tkb/ rfjo-rzGho ;[nkbth g[ZS/ ;B go w?B{z T[d'_ eftsk d/ ekft Fk;soh gZyK pko/ e'Jh Go';/:'r frnkBBjh_ ;h. fJ;d/ pkti{d gqfvT{;o uktbk B/ w/oh eftsk dh skoh\ ehsh. T[;dhfbys w?_ nZi sZe ;zGkb e/ oZyh j'Jh j?.

d' fdB fdZbh ofjD T[gozs w?_ tkfg; r[odk;g[o bJh ukb/ gk fdZs/, gofJe rZb B/ w?B{z pVk j?okB go/FkB ehsk fe fdZbh :{Bhtof;Nh dk gq'\?;o ns/gzikph dk ;otT[u b/ye eo'b pk| dh fJe rbh ftu S'N/ fij/ wekB ftu ofjfojk j?. nZi id'_ w?_ r[o{d/t dhnK ;kohnK fbysK gVQ u[Zek jK sK T[; ;fEshpko/ d/ydk jK, w?B{z gsk brdk j? fe r[o{d/t B/ nkgD/ ihtB ftu pj[s bzwk;wK ;zxoF ehsk. T[j nkgDh fwjBs-w[FZes Bkb jh nZr/ tXDk ukj[zd/ ;B.fJjh ;zxoF dk ;wK ;h fi;B/ r[o{d/t B{z ;kfjsekoh d/ y/so ftu T[uk o[spkfdtkfJnk. u'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbk ns/ X[Zg/ pbdk dhtkX[Zg/ pbdk dhtkX[Zg/ pbdk dhtkX[Zg/ pbdk dhtkX[Zg/ pbdk dhtk ftu T[jBK B/ fJ; XkoDkdk f}eo th ehsk j? fe uzrk eth$b/ye pDB bJh eth$b/ye gk; fJ;soh,d[Zy ns/ wk;{whns d/ nfj;k; dk j'Dk }o{oh j[zdk j?.

j[D id'_ w?_ o[Zy ns/ foFho[Zy ns/ foFho[Zy ns/ foFho[Zy ns/ foFho[Zy ns/ foFh dk gkm ehsk j? sK T[; ftu fJe s'_ tXhetko fJ; rZb dk f}eo nkfJnk j? fe ni'e/ :[Zr ftu foFh dh Gkb fet/_


eo'r/ < foFh sK J/Bk ;kXkoB j? fe T[j d[Bhnk dh GhV ftu r[nkuk j'fJnk j?.d{;o/ gk;/ fJ;dk rfjB noE fJj th pDdk j? fe ;kXkoB s'_ ;kXkoB pzdk thfrnkB dhnK rfjokJhnK sZe g[Zi ;edk j?. frnkB nwhoK dk e'Jh okytK;owkfJnk Bjh_ j?. fJj ;kXBk Bkb ewkfJnk ik ;edk j?. ;koso B/ wB[Zyhj'_d B{z fBj'_d d/ o{g ftu d/fynk ;h go vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ ;koso d/ \b;\/B{z T[bNk e/ bx{-wkBt dh fBr{Dh j'_d ftu'_ th T[u/oh gqfsGk dh gSkD ehsh j?.d[Zyh pzdk jh nzsow[yh j[zdk j?. frnkB nzsow[Zysk ftu'_ jh g?dk j[zdk j?.

vkH ;kfjp gk; d' fdB ofjD dk ;wK w/o/ bJh :kdrkoh ;h. w/o/ ihtBdk nBw'b ;owkfJnk. w?_ gVQkJh ftu sK gfjbK jh rzGho ;h go fdZbh c/ohB/ w?B{z gVQB tZb j'o ;[[u/s ehsk. wkB' w/ok ekfJnk ebg j' frnk. tkfg; nke/ w?_ ekbi w?rihB r[odk;r[odk;r[odk;r[odk;r[odk; dk ;zgkde pD frnk. e[M fbyD, gVQB ns/ pDBdh w/o/ ftu o[uh T[ikro j' rJh. ekbi dh bkfJpo/oh ftu pfjDk w/ok fBZs-B/w j' frnk. w?_ ;'funk fe w/o/ GftØy dh xkVs ftu bkfJpo/oh dh G{fwek nfjwj' ;edh j?. vkH ;kfjp dk eo'b pk| dh GhV-GVZe/ tkbh rbh ftu gVQB dkfdqF w/ohnK nZyK nZr/ x[zwdk ofjzdk. Bshik fJj j'fJnk fe w?_ 1976 JhH ftuphHJ/H nkBo} (gzikph) ftu'_ r'bv w?vb b? e/ gk; j'fJnk.

2H

r'bv w?vb B/ w/ok T[sFkj j'o tXk fdZsk s/ w?_ r[o{ BkBe d/t:{Bhtof;Nh d/ gzikph ftGkr ftu n?wHJ/H eoB bJh dkyb j' frnk. T[;;w/_ ftGkr dh tk|v'o vkH dhtkB f;zx d/ jZE ftu ;h. d{;o/ ;kb ftu w?_ T[jBKdh d/y-o/y nXhB p[bQ/ Fkj dhnK ek\hnK s/ y'i-fBpzX fbfynk. fJs\ke tZ; vkHjfoGiB f;zx w/oh w"fye gqhfynk b?D nkJ/, s/ w?B{z rzGhosk Bkb gVQd/ j'J/ B{zt/ye/ Fkpk; d/ e/ rJ/, ns/ nZr'_ n?wHfcbH eoB dh skehd eo rJ/. 1978JhH ftu w?_ :{Bhtof;Nh ftu'_ d{;oh g[ihFB b? e/ c;N ebk; ftu gk; j' frnk.Bkb jh n?wHfc¾H ftu w?_ dkybk b? fbnk. :{Bhtof;Nh ftu'_ w?_ fco c;N ofje/ *U* (nkT{N;N?_fvzr) ro/v ftu fJj iwks th gk; eo bJh. 1980 JhH ftuvkH dhtkB f;zx B/ ghn?uHvhH eoB bJh w?B{z c?b'fFg gqdkB eo fdZsh. w?B{z 250o[gJ/ c?b'fFg fwbD bZr gJh s/ w?_ nkgD/ g?oK *s/ s[oB br fgnk. ¿fFt e[wko-ekftL Ehw ns/ o{gkeko¿ d/ ftF/ s/ ghn?uHvhH dk y'i-ekoi nkozG eo fdZsk.Ehw d/ Bt/_ ;zebg d/ ;zukbe vkH jfoGiB f;zx jh ;B, fijBK B/ o{;h o{gtkdd/ gqGkt nXhB gzikph ;whfynk ftu o{gtkd dk sfjbek wukfJnk j'fJnk ;h.w?_ ftFk sK BtK b? fbnk go fJ;B/ w?B{z pVk GzpbG{;/ ftu gkfJnk j'fJnk ;h.wB eodk fe vkH jfoGiB f;zx B{z fwbK ns/ nkgDk ;zeN d{o eoK go T[j


T[; ;w/_ gzikph fuzsB dh o{j-J/-otK ;B. id'_ T[j nzfwqs;o nkT[_d/ sK tZv/ tZv/pzd/ x/ok gk e/ pfj iKd/. w/oh T[jBK Bkb d{o'_ d{o'_ jh d[nk-;bkw j[zdh.

1980 JhH d/ nzsb/ wjhfBnK ftu T[j nzfwqs;o fty/, gfotko ;w/s fBZihfe;/ ezw bJh nkgD/ foFs/dko gk; nkJ/ s/ w?B{z fJ;dh fGDe g? rJh. w?_T[jBK B{z ;sBkw f;zx d/ xo ik fwfbnk s/ nkgD/ Fze/ Bftos eoB dh p/Bshehsh. T[j w?B{z efjD bZr/, ¿eZb B{z w?_ ;t/o/ ibzXo ikDk J/ s/ s{z w/o/ Bkb jhuZbh_¿. nrb/ fdB ;t/o/ jh w?_ ;sBkw f;zx d/ xo gj[zu frnk s/ T[E'_ n;h_pZ; okjh_ ibzXo bJh otkBk j' rJ/. T[jBK B{z ;kE fwb frnk ns/ w?B{z r[o{.id'_ feskpK, e'F, wjk e'F i[nkp d/ iKd/ jB sK d/jXkoh r[o{ jh s[jkvh p/Vhgko brk ;edk j?. vkH jfoGiB f;zx j'oK dk eEB j?.

p; ezveNo nkfJnk s/ w?_ fNeN b?D bZrk sK T[jBK B/ w?B{z o'e fdZsk.T[j efjD bZr/ fe id s{z gq'\?;o bZr/Irk, fNeN b? fbnk eoh_. w?B{z e'Jh i[nkpBk nj[fVnk. p; ftu e'Jh ]k; rbpks Bk j' ;eh. p; dk f;o\ jkoB jhBjh_ ;h tidk, pkeh ;koh p; yVeh gJh ;h. ibzXo g[Zi e/ id'_ n;h_ g?dbs[od/ iK foeF/ ftu p?md/, w/ohnK g[ZSK F[o{ j' iKdhnK. fit/_ - Ehw eh j? <;kfjs feos Bkb fJ;dk eh Bksk j? < o{;h o{gtkdhnK B/ Ehw B{z Bt/_ o{g ftufet/_ gfoGkfFs ehsk j? < w'fN\, rshFhb w'fN\, rshjhD w'fN\, niBpheoD,ft;kj f;oiDk, o{ge, fwNkfBwh nkfd nB/eK gqFB w/o/ wB ftu T[;btZN/ b? oj/;B. T[jBK B/ BtK BtK *o{;h o{gtkd* pko/ y'i-gZso fbfynk ;h, w?B{z T[dkjoBKd/ d/ e/ ;wMkT[_d/. vkH ;kfjp gZSwh fbysK gVQ e/ gzikph ftu fbnkT[_d/ ;B.T[jBK dh ;wM J/Bh v{zxh ;h fe T[j nB[tkd Bjh_ ;h eod/ pbfe T[;dkgzikpheoD jh eo d/_d/ ;B. T[; t/b/ w/o/ gqFBK d/ e/tb T[jh i[nkp d/ ;ed/;B s/ T[jBK B/ fJe f;yKdo{ tKr{z w?B{z ;jh o;sk do;kfJnk ns/ w?_ nkgDhwzf}b tZb f;ZXk s[oB br fgnk.

1980-81 ftu w? T[jBK B{z ed/ ekoK *s/ T[vkohnK wkofdnK Bjh_ ;ht/fynk. p;, foeFk, ;e{No s/ p?m e/ th T[j ed/ fMie wfj;{; Bjh_ ;heod/. frnkB B{z T[j nkgD/ se ;hfws Bjh_ ;h oZyd/, ne;o Bt/_ gq'\?;oK B{z fejkeod/ ;B, ¿w?B{z fwZX e/ nZr/ ub/ ikU, w?B{z ][Fh j't/rh.¿

3H

wJh, 1982 JhH ftu w?_ ghn?uHvhH dk F'X-gqpzX }wK eotk fdZsk s/ vkHi/H n?;H ro/tkb tZb'_ fbytkJ/ ik oj/ gzikph ;kfjs d/ fJfsjk; ftu ps"o *y'i;jkfJe* fB:[es j' frnk. fJfsjk; sK T[j ed/ th Bk fbfynk frnk, feT[_ fevkH ro/tkb dh fwnkd sK fsB ;kb ;h go fJj gqki?eN B" ;kb dk ;h. ftGkrh


nfXnkgeK dh y[zdepk}h eoe/ w?B{z 31 wkou,1983 JhH B{z ;/tk-w[es eo fdZskfrnk. w?_ :{Bhtof;Nh dh okiBhsh s'_ fBok; j' e/ nkgDk ;k}'-;wkB b? e/ fgzvgbk;"o (soB skoB) fty/ ub/ frnk. w/oh |?o jk}oh ftu fJe fdB vkH ;kfjp:{Bhtof;Nh fty/ nkJ/ s/ w/o/ pko/ vkH ;fszdo f;zx gk;'_ g[ZS-gVskb ehsh. T[jBKB{z gsk bZrk fe w?_ o[}rkojhD j' e/ xo p?mk jK. e[M fdB pknd w?B{z th fJ;dh]po fwb rJh. w/o/ pko/, T[jBK dk fuzss j'Dk w?B{z uzrk bZrk. T[jBK fdBKftu B"eoh fwbDh pj[s jh efmB ekoi ;h.

e[M fdB pknd vhHJ/HthH uzvhrVQ fty/ b?euoko dh nk;kwh fBebh sKw? fpBk fe;/ B{z dZ;/ ngbkJh eo fdZsk. nzfwqs;o s'_ w/ok wB T[gokw j' u[Zek;h. i{B, 1983 JhH d/ gfjb/ j\s/ vhHJ/HthH ekbi uzvhrVQ bJh, fdZbh fty/fJzNoftT{ nk rJh. w?_ nkgDk r'bv w?vb, ;oNhfce/N s/ y'i-gZso b? e/ vhHJ/HthH w?_Biw?_N fdZbh d/ d\so ftu fwE/ ;w/_ s/ g[Zi frnk. w/oh ][Fh dh e'Jh jZdBk ojh id'_ w?_ d/fynk fe vkH jfoGiB f;zx gqXkB d/ ewo/ ftu dkyb j' oj/jB. T[jBK d/ Bkb gq'\?;o ftFtk BkE fstkVh ns/ gq'\?;o r';b th jk}o ;B.d't/_ gzikp :{Bhtof;Nh dhnK Bkwto j;shnK ;B. fJjBK pkps w?B{z d/ftzdoi"jb B/ dZf;nk, fijVk fe w/o/ Bkb jh fJzNoftT{ d/ fojk ;h. w?_ fJjBK d'tK;ZiDK B{z ed/ Bjh_ ;K fwfbnk. w?_ fJeZbk jh ghn?uHvhH ;K, pkeh d/ ;ko/T[whdtko n?wHfcbH jh ;B. i"jb B/ ;kok wkj"b d/y e/ w?B{z gfjbK jh efjfdZsk fe nZi s?B{z B"eoh fwb ikDh j?. w?_ th ftu/ ftu nk;tzd ;h go fizBkfuo B"eoh fwb Bk ikJ/ sd se Go';k Bjh_ j[zdk. gq'H fstkVh dk fJe uj/skth ;h fi;B{z T[j B"eoh fdtkT[Dk ukj[zd/ ;B, T[j e/tb n?wHJ/H gk; jh ;h. w?B{zfJ; rZb dk th ftFtk; ;h fe fi; ;Gk-;[;kfJNh ftu vkH jfoGiB f;zx F[wkoj'D T[; ;Gk ftu \?;bk T[jh j[zdk j? i' vkH ;kfjp ukj[D. go nZi ftFtk BkEfstkVh Bkb g/uk ;h, fi; pko/ G{FB B/ ed/ fejk ;h ftFtk BkE fstkVh, y/bs/ fybkVh. fJ; bJh w?_ nzdo'_ nzdo vfonk j'fJnk th ;K fe fes/ gq'H fstkVhnZi w/o/ o[}rko ftu bZs Bk wko ikD. ]?o! ;t/o/ d; ti/ fJzNoftT{ F[o{j'Jh s/ w/oh tkoh nkT[D s/ w?B{z nzdo p[bkfJnk frnk. vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/fJe w'joh tKr ew/Nh dh tk|v'o ;zGkbh j'Jh ;h. T[jBK w/ok r'bv w?vb s/pkeh dhnK ;kohnK fvrohnK fJe fJe eoe/ frDtk fdZshnK. fco o{gtkd, fFte[wko s/ vkH B/eh dh eftsk pko/ ;zy/g rbpks ehsh. w?_ nkgDh ;woZEk w[skfpegqFBK d/ i[nkp fdZs/. ;kok e[M ;jh ubdk d/ye/ gq'H fstkVh B{z bZrk fe fJjw[zvk sK f;b/eN j' uZfbnk. T[;B/ pVh jh \[osh Bkb w?B{z fJe ;[nkb g[ZfSnkL

ekek! s{z sK pj[s gfVQnk fbfynk J/_. J/BhnK tZvhnK tZvhnK fvrohnKbJh fcodk J/_, s{z sK ibdh jh fe;/ :{Bhtof;Nh ftu ub/ ikt/_rk, ekbi ftu


;kvhnK ebk;K sK o[bdhnK jh ofjDrhnK.

fJj Fpd gq'H fstkVh B/ fgqz;hgb nkohnk dh jk}oh ftu ej/, fit/_ T[j][d jh ekbi d/ fgqz;hgb j'D. fJj ;[nkb Bjh_ ;h, GZm/ ftu'_ eZfYnk j'fJnk e'JhpkD ;h i' fJe dw w/o/ eb/i/ ftu bZrk. w?_ p/ o[}rko ;h s/ J/Bk tZvk pkfJU-vkNk b? e/ ftjbk fco fojk ;h. nZi w/oh fe;ws dk \?;bk j'D ik fojk ;h.nzdo j' oj/ BkNe d/ vkfJo?eNo sK vkH jfoGiB f;zx ih ;B go gq'H fstkVhnkgDk o'b pk]{ph fBGk fojk ;h. pkeh jk}ohB sK ;ko/ doFe jh ;B. gq'HjfoGiB f;zx dh jk}oh eoe/ w/o/ nzdo th i'F nk frnk. w?_ fejk,¿s[;h_ w?B{zB"eoh fdU, w?_ ekbi ftu Fjhd j'tKrk¿. w/oh fJj rZb ;[DfdnK jh ;kfonKB/ fJe nktk} ftu fejk fe fJ; pZu/ B{z B"eoh fdU. j[D gq'H fstkVh gk;w/o/ bJh e'Jh fezs{-gozs{ Bjh_ ;h pfunk. w/oh u'D j' rJh. w?_ fti?Jh j' e/fBefbnk. fJj fiZs w/oh Bjh_ ;h. fJj fiZs vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ;h fiBQKw/oh nekdfwesk B{z wkBsk fdtkJh. d{i/ u"E/ fdB gq'H Bkjo f;zx (i' ekbi ftuftGkr dk w[yh ;h) dk \'B nk frnk,¿fgzv eh eodk, nk e/ ikfJB eo¿. w?_ oZpdk bZy bZy F[eo ehsk s/ uzvhrVQ dk j' frnk.

ekbi ftu ikfJB eoe/ w?_ gfjbh tko fgqz;hgb e/H n?;H nkohnk d/ d\softu T[jBK B{z fwbD frnk. w?B{z ukj dk eZg fgbkT[_fdnK j'fJnK efjD bZr/,¿ t'jfi; F]; B/ nkg eh f;b/eFB eh j?, t'j dot/F nkdwh j?. T[Be' ekbi w/_p[bkU. B:/ pZu'_ e' nkFhotkd fdbkBk j?. ¿ w?_ j?okB ;h fgqz;hgb nkohnk B{zT[jBK pko/ fet/_ gsk j? < w?B{z bZrk, f;nkD/ pzd/ MZN gZN ftu jh f}zdrh dhnKow}K ;wM iKd/ jB. T[j ow} fJzNoftT{ dh ;h.

e[M fdB pknd ekbi ftu w?_ fJe ;kfjse gq'rokw T[bhfenk. vkH ;kpB/ nkgD/ frnkB Bkb ;ZG B{z ;oFko ehsk. gq'rokw B/ ekbi ftu nkgDh nfwZN:kd SZvh. vkH e/;o f;zx e/;o th T[; gq'rokw ftu Fkfwb j'J/. ftfdnkoEhnKB{z p/fw;kb T[sFkj fwfbnk. w/o/ ftfdnkoEh r[oG/i f;zx r[okfJnk, vkHGhwfJzdo f;zx , efgb d/t, pbd/t Bkozr nkfd vkH ;kfjp dh ;kd-w[okdhFy;hns s'_ gqGkfts j' e/ ;kXBk ftu i[ZN/ oj/. T[u/ nj[fdnK *s/ gj[zu/ ns/ j[DwkD-wZshnK gqkgshnK eo oj/ jB

4H

1983 JhH s'_ 1990 JhH sZe w?_ uzvhrVQ fojk. 1990 JhH ftu vkHirihs f;zx fo}Bb ;?_No ibzXo s'_ gzikp :{Bhtof;Nh uzvhrVQ nk rJ/ s/w/ok ibzXo ikD dk ;pZp pD frnk. fJ; tko w?B{z ibzXo G/iD ftu vkH i;tzsf;zx B/eh dh ftF/F G{fwek ojh. ibzXo whvhJ/ dk xo j?. fJE/ g[Øi e/ vkH


pbihs e"o, vkH byftzdo i"jb, gq'H e[bpho f;zx, vkH T[fwzdo i"jb, ;[fodo ;'jb,dftzdo wzv, s/fizdo ftobh nkfd ;kfjsekoK d/ ;fj:'r Bkb n;h_ ;ZG B/ obfwb e/ *;[yBto wzu, gzikp* dh ;EkgBk ehsh. wzu tZb'_ vkH ;kfjp B{z th nkwzsqDfdZsk frnk. Ffjo ftu id'_ T[jBK d/ nkT[D dh ]po BFo j[zdh, ekbi, o/vhU,N?bhft:B tkb/ T[jBK d/ gq'rokwK bJh, T[jBK d/ okjK ftu nZyK ftSk pfjzd/.T[jBK dk BkFsk s/ oksoh G'iB w[jZpsh b'eK d/ xo j[zdk, go ofjD dk fNekDk;dk w/ok nkbQDk jh pDdk. w?_ i/ gh Bro ftu d' ewfonK d/ xo ftu ofjzdk;h go T[jBK B/ ed/ w//o/ nkbQD/ B{z fMZek Bk fejk. w/o/ gk; froBko ;e{No j[zdk;h fijVk w?_ gq'H r';b d/ bVe/ oth gk;'_ 1984 d/ F[o{ ftu feFsK ftu yqhfdnk;h. vkH ;kfjp B{z fwbD tkb/ sK nkgDhnK ekoK b? e/ p/skp ofjzd/ ;B go T[jw/o/ ;e{No s/ p?m e/ jh ;zs[FN j[zd/. vhH J/H thH ekbi, ibzXo tkb/ gq'H Nh vhi'Fh j'oh_ ;dk vkH jfoGiB f;zx ih B{z T[u/u Bkb fwbd/ ns/ ekbi ftu GkFDeokT[D bJh T[sktb/ ofjzd/.

fJe fdB UE'_ GkFD d/ e/ n;h_ nk oj/ ;K s/ nkdoF Bro tkbk w'Vw[VB jh bZr/ sK w/o/ wB ftu nkfJnk, feU Bk nZi fuZe fuZe s'_ d[gfjo dkykDk ykXk ikt/. w?_ ;e{No o'e e/ vkH ;kfjp dh ;fjwsh bJh, s/ n;h_ g"VhnKuVQ e/ T[go fuZe fuZe ftu gj[zu rJ/. w?_ vkH ;kfjp d/ nZr/ w?B:{ ehsk sKefjD bZr/ fe nZi w/ok wB eodk pfonkBh ykXh ikt/. nkw s"o s/ T[j tX/o/ xo dk ykDk jh g;zd eod/. w?B{z jw/Fk T[jBK dh f;js dk f]nkb ofjzdk,fJ; eoe/ n;h_ pkjo s'_ ykDk xZN jh yKd/.

T[jBK d/ eo'b pk| tkb/ xo tKr w/ok xo sK S'Nk fijk jh ;h. w?_vokfJzr o{w ftu jh fJe dhtkB bkfJnk j'fJnk ;h, fiE/ T[j ;dk nkokw eod/. T[;/ jh ewo/ ftu T[j fsnko j[zd/. T[; ewo/ ftu e'Jh FhFk Bjh_ ;h fi;B{zd/y e/ e'Jh grVh pzBQ b?_dk. id'_ e'Jh r?;N nkT[_dk sK n;h_ d{;o/ ewo/ ftu'_FhFk fbnk e/ d/ d/_d/ ;K. n?t/_ FhFk fbnkT[D ns/ fprkB/ xo ftu feZb mfeDdh x"b jh ;h. vkH ;kfjp fsnko j' rJ/ ;h s/ n;h_ BkFsk eoB bZr/ jh ;hfe w?B{z efjD bZr/, :ko! fJ; ewo/ ftu fJe FhFk jh oZy SZv. w?_ fejk s[;h_sK FhF/ s'_ p|?o jh J/Bh tXhnk grVh pzBQ b?_d/ j', ewkb j?. T[jBK dhnK ;ZGs'_ tZX fijVhnK c'N'nK b'e-fgqnk j'JhnK, T[j fJ;/ xo d/ pkjo fyZuhnK rJhnKs/ grVhnK th T[jBK FhFk t/yD s'_ fpBk jh pzBQhnK. g[okD/ b'e FhfFnK s'_ fpBkjh fsnko j[zd/ ;B.

T[j id'_ th fJeZb/ j[zd/, nkgD/ nkg Bkb rZbK eod/. ;dk nzso ;ztkdoukT[_d/ ofjzd/ ;B. w? T[jBK B{z nzso ;ztkd pko/ ed/ g[ZSDk sK T[jBK efjDk


fe w?_ pugB ftu pj[s fJeZbk fojk jK. w/oh ][Fh |wh ;[DB tkbk e'Jh Bjh_;h j[zdk. T[jh fJeZbsk tkbh w/oh nkds gZe rJh j? s/ j[D w?_ nkgD/ nzso;ztkdK Bz{ FpdK dk ikwk gfjBkT[_dk ofjzdk jK. w?_ ;'udk fJeZbsk th ewkb dhF?n j?, fe;/ bJh to s/ fe;/ bJh ;okg. tkj fJeZbsk !

vkH ;kfjp X[o wB ftu eth fjodk oZyd/ ;B. w?_ fJe fdB T[jBK B{zg[ZfSnk fe eh vkH ;kfjp ;whfynk B/ s[jkvh eftsk B{z m/; Bjh_ g[ukJh. T[jefjD bZr/ fe ;whfynk B/ w/ohnK pj[s ;kohnK eftsktK yk bJhnK jB.;whfynk dk eftsk T[go n;o g?_dk j?. fJ; soQK s[ofdnK s[ofdnK, ;kvk fBZekfBZek ;ztkd ubdk ofjzdk.

fJBQK jh fdBK ftu vkH ;kfjp d/ ibzXo nkT[D dh fGDe vkH ifszdogkb i"bh B{z j' rJh. T[;B/ nkdoF Bro d/ r[odtko/ ftu ;[pQk-;t/o/ vkH ;kfjpdk b?euo oytk fdZsk. vkH ;kfjp ek\h EektN ftu ;B go fco th w?_ T[jBKB{z fsnko eotk e/ nkdoF Bro ftu b?euo bJh b? frnk. vkH ;kfjp B/ r[o{BkBe d/t ih dh pkDh T[go pj[s jh Gktg{os gqtuB g/F ehsk. r[od[tko/ d/gqXkB ih B/ vkH ;kfjp dk wkB-;BwkB ehsk. Bkb jh fJe feogkB vkH ;kfjpB{z i?ekfonK dh r{zi Bkb G/Nk eo fdZsh. vkH ;kfjp T[j feogkB w/o/ gk; SZvrJ/. T[j feogkB gzMh ;kb w?_ nwkBs tKr nkgD/ gk; ;KG oZyh. 2018JhHftu gzikph nekdwh fdZbh tZb'_ vkH ;kfjp dh :kd ftu fJe ;wkrw oukfJnkfrnk ;h,T[; ;w/ w?_ T[j feogkB vkH ;kfjp d/ tZv/ ;gZ[so B{z ;g[od ehsh.

ibzXo d{odoFB ftu gowihs e[wko w/ok ;[fjod fwZso ;h, T[; Bkbobe/ w?_ ¿dot/F ;kfjsekoL vkH jfoGiB f;zx¿ d/ Bkw j/m fJe chuo fcbwth fdZbh ik e/ fsnko ehsh. fJ;dh ;efogN w?_ fbyh ns/ BhBk ;fjrb B/ rhsKdk rkfJB ehsk. T[;dh nktk} J/Bh ;'}wJh j? fe nZi th e'Jh T[jBK rhsK B{z;[D/ sK T[;dhnK nZyK Bw j' iKdhnK B/. id'_ fJ; fcbw d/ rhsK dh foekofvzrj' ojh ;h sK w?_ J/Bk Gkte j' frnk ;K fe w?B{z ;N{vhU ftu'_ pkjo ikDk fgnk.fJe uzrh FkfJoh dk fJjh r[D j[zdk j? fe T[j X[o wB ftu bfj iKdh j?. T[jfjod/ t/de rhs j/m fby/ ;BL

1H wkJ/ Bh fe nzpoK *u ofjD tkbhJ/$;kB{z uzB dh rokjh d/ d/$

2H p'b ;ZiB s/o/ fwZmV/ fwZmV/

3H t/ w?_ Goh ;[rzXhnK g"D, ;ZiB s/o/ p{j/

fJj chuo fcbw nZi th ibzXo d{odoFB ftu w"i{d j?. ed/ ed/ T[jfJ;dk gq;koD eod/ jB sK g[okDhnK :kdK so'-sk}k j' iKdhnK jB.

5H


;kb 1994 dk wZX ;h. w?_ ibzXo ftu tkfo; Fkj Bro dh ekb'Bh t;ke/ nkgDk BtK xo pDk fbnk ;h. fJj xo vkH irsko d/ xo (fwZmkg[o) s'_ nZXhe[ \obKr dh ftE #s/ ;h. nkg;h w/b-fwbkg Bkb ;kvh tkjtk gfotkoe ;KM pDrJh. id'_ th fe;/ @eth dopko# #s/ ;kB{z d'tK B{z p[bkfJnk j[zdk sK n;h_ fJeZm/iKd/. vkH irsko j'oK B{z ;tkoh dh fJZSk th j[zdh ;h. T[j ;e{No Bjh_ ;hubkT[_d/. efjzd/ j[zd/ ;h, ¿fJe tko ;e{No d/ n?e;hv?_N ftu w/oh pKj N[ZN rJh;h. w? S/ wjhB/ wzi/ #s/ p?mk fojk ;K, e;w yk bJh fe w?_ j[D ;e{No Bjh_ubkT[Dk . fco w?_ ;koh T[wo ;e{No Bjh_ ubkfJnkÀ. g[okD/ pzfdnK d/ gqD thgqkDK d/ Bkb jh fBZGd/ ;B. T[j pzd/ tZv/ dkJhJ/ tkb/ ;B. w?B{z :kd j? fe w/o/ dkdh ih B/ ;koh T[wo ;/p Bjh_ ;h ykXk. id'_ w?_ fJe tko T[jBK B{z ;/pBk ykD dk ekoB g[ZfSnk fe s[;h_ ;/p feU_ Bjh_ yKd/, sK T[jBK dZf;nk fe w?_ fJetko phwko j' rJh ;h s/ vkH B/ fejk ;h fe e'Jh fJe cb SZv fdU, ¿w?_ ;/pSZv fdZskÀ.

fJ;/ ;kb nr;s ftu bkb feb/ #s/ j'D tkb/ eth dopko s'_ ;kB{z d'tKB{z ;Zdk-gZso nkfJnk. n;K fJeZfmnK fdZbh ikD dk gq'rokw Tbhe fbnk. w?_id'_ th fdZbh iKdk ;K sK vkH ;kfjp B{z }o{o fwbD gj[zudk. irsko dh ;[ovkH ;kfjp Bkb f}nkdk Bjh_ ;h fwbdh. fe;/ rZb'_ T[j T[jBK Bkb ftNfonkj'fJnk ;h. vkH ;kfjp dh sphns ]okp ;h, fJ; bJh w/o/ efjD #s/ w/o/ BkbikD bJh fsnko j' frnk. xo g[Zi/ sK d/fynk fe vkH ;kfjp ni/ th g{oh soQKszdo[;s Bjh_ ;B j'J/. ;kB{z d/y e/ T[j ;fji/ ;fji/ T[m e/ p?m rJ/ go T[jBKB{z ;odh wfj;{; j' ojh ;h. w?_ ezpb T[jBK d/ nkb/ d[nkb/ tbQ/N fdZsk. phihj'oK ukj dk eZg pDkfJnk. rZbK eofdnK efjD bZr/ L

:ko irsko! s/ok fJe fJe fFno pj[s ehwsh j[zdk j?.

irsko B/ nkgDk BtK |}b-;zrqfj i[rB{z dhtk s/ dfonki[rB{z dhtk s/ dfonki[rB{z dhtk s/ dfonki[rB{z dhtk s/ dfonki[rB{z dhtk s/ dfonk vkH ;kfjpB{z G/N ehsk. e[M fuo p?m e/ n;h_ eth dopko #s/ ikD bJh nkfrnk bJh.vkH ;kfjp B{z th eth dopko ftu p[bkfJnk j'fJnk ;h go f;js B mhe j'DekoB T[j Bjh_ ik ;ed/ ;B. T/jBK w?B{z fJe eftsk fdZsh fe nZi w?_ sK Bjh_ik ;edk go eth dopko ftu s{z w/oh eftsk gVQ d/th_.

vkH ;kfjp dh T[wo T[; t/b/ 74 ;kb dh ;h go f;js d/ o'rK B/T[jBK B{z fpoX eo fdZsk ;h. fJj ;kok p[Ykg/ dk fdqF d/y e/ ;kv/ d'jK d/ wBK#s/ rfjok n;o j'fJnk. w/ok rbk Go nkfJnk. vkH irsko fi;B{z b'e pj[s;]s ;[Gkn dk ;wMd/ ;B, T[j th T[dk; ;h. w?B{z efjD bZrk fe s{z w/o/ #s/uzrk eow ehsk j? i' w?B{z vkH ;kfjp Bkb fwbk fdZsk J/. w?_ d/fynk fe vkH


irsko pkjo'_ Gkt/_ pdkw tKr ;]s ;h go nzdo'_ froh tork Bow s/ e{bk ;h.vkH irsko B/ e[M e gbK wro'_ fJe fFno r[Dr[DkfJnkL

d';sh s/ d[FwBh d/ f;bf;b/ ;ZG s'V e/.

fJe Bk fJe fdB x{e ;" iktKrk fwZNh UV e/.

w/o/ th wB ftu Gkt T[s/fis j'J/L

oZydk fojk i' T[wo Go jo pks dh ]po.

Uj nkdwh w?_ t/fynk nkgD/ s'_ p/ ]po.

o;s/ ftu n;h_ pzd/ d/ ihtB-;\o dhnK T[ukJhnK fBtkDK pko/ rZbKeod/ oj/. pzd/ dh f}zdrh d/ fezB/ ozr B/! eJh fdBK sZe w/ok fXnkB vkH ;kfjptZb bZrk fojk.

1994 JhH ftu jh vkH ;kfjp B{z Gkos d/ tZekoh fJBkw @;o;tshg[o;eko# Bkb fBtkfink frnk. Gkos d/ gqXkB wzsoh gh th Bof;wk okU tZb'_T[jBK B{z ;BwkfBs ehsk frnk. w?_ ibzXo s'_ T[u/uk fJ; ;wkrw ftu Fkfwbj'D bJh frnk. 1995 JhH d/ nk; gk; ;kfjs nekdwh fdZbh tZb'_ T[jBK B{z\?b'fFg gqdkB ehsh rJh. T[;d/ wkD-;BwkB ftu T[jBK dh f;js Bk;k} j'Deoe/ T[jBK d/ xo ftu jh fJj ;wkrw oukfJnk frnk, fi;dh gqXkBrh vkHi;tzs f;zx B/eh B/ ehsh. w?_ T[jBK d/ wkD ftu e[M ekft ;soK g/F ehshnKL

wZfEnK *u pkb/ U;B/ dht/ frnkB d/

pDe/ fojk Uj ofjB[Zwk ukBD dk jw-;\o

fi; EK edw T[;B/ Xo/ Skg ngDh bk frnk

okjK s/ T[;B{z d{o sZe t/y/ B}o B}o

eftsk d/ T[u/ nzpoh_ gotk} Go frnk

Xosh d/ fpyV/ gzX s/ eodk fojk ;\o

@;[yBto wzu, gzikp# tZb'_ th fJ; w"e/ s/ T[jBK dk ;BwkB ehsk frnk.vkH i;tzs f;zx B/eh ns/ nwoihs f;zx ne; fJ; w"e/ #s/ T[u/u/ s"o s/ jkf}oj'J/. w?_ d' fdB T[jBK d/ gk; jh fojk. T[jBK dk ;oho Gkt/_ fBYkb j' u[Zek;h go fdwk| g{oh \[osh ftu ;h. T[jBK dk e/tb ;Zik jZE ubdk ;h. T[jnkgD/ ;Zi/ jZE Bkb Gktg{os nZ]o fby ;ed/ ;B. w?_ T[jBK B{z g[ZfSnk fe ;kfjsBkb s[jkvk foFsk fej' fijk fojk j? < efjD bZr/, ¿;kfjs w/o/ ;tk; ;tk;ftu ;wkfJnk j'fJnk j?. id sZe w? ;kj b?_dk ojKrk, ;kfjs w/o/ nzr ;zr oj/rk¿. w?_ fco fejk fe cbkDk pzdk s[jkv/ Bkb ftNo frnk j?, cbkDk pzdk d{o


j' frnk j?. efjD bZr/ fe w?B{z fe;/ s/ e'Jh frbk Bjh_. ;koh d[Bhnk w/o/ bJhfJe' fijh j?. w?B{z fe;/ Bkb e'Jh ozi Bjh_. w?_ fJe o[Zy tKr jK fi;dk eownkJ/ w[;kf\oK B{z SK d/Dk j?. o[Zy fJj Bjh_ d/ydk fe w/oh SK wkBD tkbk fejVkftnesh j? < w?_ fejk fe r[o{ ih! s[;h_ ;jh FpdK ftu Xosh s/ ftuoB tkb/foFh j'. T[jBK d/ ;[B/j/ dh T[wo nBzssk tkbh j?. id se wB[Zy Xosh #s/oj/rk sd sZe T[;dh wkBtsk ekfJw oj/rh.

6H

fJj t/bk :kdK dh nkyoh bVh dk j?, 2001 ;kb ub fojk ;h. T[jgfotko ;w/s nzfwqs;o dopko ;kfjp fty/ Bsw;se j'D bJh nkJ/. fJe fdBnkokw eoB T[gozs w?_ T[jBK B{z ;t/o/ ;t/o/ dopko ;kfjp d/ do;BK bJh b?e/ frnk. w/o/ xo ftu d' fszB fdB ofjD dk gq'rokw ;h. w?_ nzdo'_ nzdo pj[s][F ;h fe vkH ;kfjp B/ w/o/ xo ftu uoB gkJ/ jB. vkH i'frzdo f;zx okjhi' w/o/ rtKYh ;B T[jBK B{z pV/ ;fseko Bkb fwbD nkJ/. fi; ew/Nh B/ fpobk\kT[_v/FB tZb'_ ;o;tsh g[o;eko bJh vkH ;kfjp d/ Bkw dh f;\kfoF ehsh ;h,vkH okjh T[; ew/Nh d/ u/now?B ;B.

fJjBK fdBK ftu vkH ;kfjp ew}'o j' u[Ze/ ;B ns/ pj[s jh ;kdk G'iByKd/ ;B. f}nkdk rZbK th Bjh_ eod/ ;B.

phih w?B{z efjD bZr/ fe n;h_ e[M egV/ b? e/ nkJ/ jK, T[j fgzrbtkV/fty/ b'VtzdK B{z G/N eoB/ jB. vkH ;kfjp B{z xo SZv e/ n;h_ T[j t;so s/d; j}ko o[gJ/ fgzrbtkV/ G/N ehs/. vkH ;kfjp d/ wkwk ih dh bVeh fgzv\skjg[o ofjzdh ;h, T[;B{z th fwbD rJ/. T[;B{z th phih B/ egV/ s/ wkfJnk G/N ehsh.

2001 ftu vkH n?;HghH f;zx :{Bhtof;Nh d/ e[bgsh ;B. w?_ T[jBK B{zvkH jfoGiB f;zx j'oK d/ nkT[D pko/ ;{uBk fdZsh sK efjD bZr/,* vkH ;kfjpB{z ftGkr ftu b? nkU. ftfdnkoEh T[jBK d/ doFB eo b?Dr/¿. w?_ vkH n?Z;HghH f;zx j'oK B{z fejk fe w?_ vkH ;kfjp Bkb ;bkj eoe/ dZ;dk jK. phih sKfpbe[Zb :{Bhtof;Nh ikD d/ jZe ftu Bjh_ ;B. w?_ phih B{z th wBkfJnk ns/e[M gbK bJh :{Bhtof;Nh ikD bJh vkH ;kfjp B{z fsnko ehsk. fwE/ ;w/_ nB[;kon;h_ ekB\oz; jkb ftu dky¾ j'J/ sK jkb yukyu Gfonk j'fJnk ;h.

vkH oDihs f;zx pkitk i' gq'H s/ w[yh ;h T[;B/ vkH ;kfjp dk pV/sgke Bkb ;tkrs ehsk. vkH ;kfjp sK e[M p'bD bJh dh ;fEsh ftu Bjh_;B w?_ jh T[jBK dhnK fJe d' eftsktK gVQhnK. vkH n?;HghH f;zx B/ gq'H jfoGiBf;zx dh ;kfjse xkbDk dh g[o }'o FpdK ftu skoh\ ehsh. UE/ jh x'FDk


ehsh fe r[o{ BkBe d/t :{Bhtof;Nh tZb'_ T[jBK dhnK ;kohnK ;whfynk g[;seK dk;?ØN gqekfFs ehsk ikt/rk. w"e/ s/ jh vkH ;kfjp B{z gzikj j}ko o[gJ/ dk uZ?e G/N ehsk. fJj fJe soQK Bkb gzikph ;kfjs d/ Ybd/ ;{oi B{z gqDkw ns/ T[jBKdk wkD-;BwkB ;h. w/o/ xo ftu T[j fJe fdB j'o oj/, fwbD tkfbnK dk sKskbZrk fojk. nrbh ;t/o w?_ T[jBK B{z Fskpdh ftu fpmk nkfJnk. ykbh ykbhtkfg; nk fojk ;h. o;s/ ftu w?_ vkH ;kfjp dk nshs c'b fojk ;K. vkH ;kfjpdhnK fbysK B/ ;_?eV/ nfXnkgeK ns/ ftfdnkoEhnK dk wko| o"FB ehsk. T[jBKdhnK fbysK p|?o gzikph ;kfjs dh ;g/; pVh nX{oh j?.

21 nes{po 2002 d/ fdB w?B{z phih dk \'B nkfJnk, fi; ftu gzikph;kfjs ns/ fuzsB d/ ;{oi dh n;s j' ikD dh wBj{; ]po ;h. w?_ ;'udk jKfe eh T[j ;u[wZu n;s j' rJ/ jB < nkdwh dk ;oho wK Xosh dh r'd ftu;wk iKdk j? go T[j nkgD/ ftukoK eoe/ jw/Fk ;kv/ nzr-;zr ofjzdk j?.f\bk;\o ed/ Bjh_ wod/,T[j sK ;dk ihfts ofjzd/ jB. gzikph gkme th ;dkvkH ;kfjp d/ do;kJ/ wkor dk nB[;oD eod/ ofjDr/. w/o/ bJh fJj wkDtkbh rZb j? fe w?B{z T[jBK d/ ;zr-;kE ftu ftuoB dk nt;o fwbdk fojk.w?_ ;'u fojk ;K fJ;dk f;jok e[bftzdo f;zx B{z iKdk j?, fi;B/ w/oh T[jBK BkbgqEw fwbDh eotkJh ;h.

õõõ


ihtB ;zxoF ns/ f;oiDksweihtB ;zxoF ns/ f;oiDksweihtB ;zxoF ns/ f;oiDksweihtB ;zxoF ns/ f;oiDksweihtB ;zxoF ns/ f;oiDkswe;cao dh rkEk L u'bk NkehnK;cao dh rkEk L u'bk NkehnK;cao dh rkEk L u'bk NkehnK;cao dh rkEk L u'bk NkehnK;cao dh rkEk L u'bk NkehnKtkbk ns/ X[Zg/ pbdk dhtktkbk ns/ X[Zg/ pbdk dhtktkbk ns/ X[Zg/ pbdk dhtktkbk ns/ X[Zg/ pbdk dhtktkbk ns/ X[Zg/ pbdk dhtk

vkH e[bdhg f;zxvkH e[bdhg f;zxvkH e[bdhg f;zxvkH e[bdhg f;zxvkH e[bdhg f;zx

nkX[fBe ekb dk gzikph tkose ;kfjs pj[s nwhoj?. ni'e/ d"o ftu fbfynk ik fojk tkose ;kfjs fGzB-fGzBtkose o{gK ftu ftef;s j' fojk j?. fJBQK tkose o{gK ftu'ihtBh$nB[tkfds ihtBh, ;t?ihtBh$nB[tkfds ;t?ihtBh, ;kfjse;t?ihtBh, ;z;woD$:kdK, o/ykfuZso, w[bkeks$fJzNoftT{, fog'oskins/ vkfJoh nkfd gqw[Zy jB. fJ;/ ekoD ihtBh ;kfjs B{zftftX GKs dh tkose ouBk th fejk iKdk j?. ihtBhw{be;kfjs dk w{b nkXko wB[Zy dh ;t?-gqrNkU dh o[uh ns/fJZe d{i/ pko/ ikBD dh fJZSk s/ fdbu;gh j?. ihtBhw{beouBktK dk T[d/;a b/ye$BkfJe dh ;aya;hns dh g[Bo T[;koheoB d/ Bkb Bkb T[;d/ ihtB-fpzp d/ fBowkD dh g/;aekoheoBk th j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh fJBQK ouBktK ftu fe;/ T[Øu;aya;hns dk fBZih ihtB, ihtB nB[Gt, ftbZyDsk, T[Øswsk,;zxo;a, ;zeN, ;wZf;nktK, gqkgshnK ns/ ngqkgshnK nkfd d/;wZ[usk ftu fdr do;aB j[zd/ jB. ihtBh w{be ouBktKftu'_ ;t?-ihtBh nkX[fBe tkose dh BthB ftXk j?, fi;dk;zpzX nksw toDB Bkb j?. fJj fJe nfijk tkose o{gj? fi; ftu b/ye nkgD/ ihtB ns/ ftnefsst dhnK ft;a/;a xNBktK dk toDB eodk j'fJnk fJBQK dh g[Bo f;oiDkeodk j?. Gkt tkose ebk okjh_ T[j nkgD/ nB[Gt ns/; a y a ; h ns f Bow kD d kb/yk-i'yk T[bhedk j?. ;t?ihtBh d/ e/_do ftu ftnesh thj[zdk j? ns/ ;wki th j[zdk j?. fJ; ftu b/ye y[d BkfJej[zdk j?.;t?ihtBh dh ;wZuh eEk t;s{ dk fposKs fJ;/

nf;;N?IN gq'ca?;o, gzikphf t G kr , e [ o { e F / s o:{Bhtof;Nh, e[o{eF/so.


BkfJe d/ nkb/ d[nkb/ x[zwdk j?. fJj BkfJe nkgD/ ihtB d/ ;[ZyK-d[ZyK, ihtB d/T[sokn-uVkj, e"V/-fwZm/ nB[Gt, fiZs-jko, Bcak-B[e;kB, efmBkJhnK-w[;afebK nkfdB{z nkgDh :kd-;aesh d/ ;jko/ fBo;ze'u, fBogZy ns/ ihtB gqsh ;zs[fbs fdq;aNhe'Dd/ jtkb/ okjh_ fpnkB eodk j?.nkgD/ ihtB ftu fJe nfs wjZstg{oB ;EkBjkf;b eoB T[gozs ;t?ihtBheko nkgD/ phs u[Ze/ ihtB s/ th Biao;akBh eodkj?.fJ; dk wzst gkmeK B{z w[yakfsp j'Dk jh j[zdk j?, i' T[;d/ ihtB fJfsjk;,nB[Gt, fiazdrh dhnK w[;afebK ns/ ;wZf;nktK s'_ e'Jh ;/X, f;Zfynk ns/ nrtkJhgqkgs eo uzr/ ihtB w[ZbK ns/ r[DK B{z nkdo;ae o{g #u rqfjD eo ;eD.fJ;/eoe/ fJj fejk iKdk j? fe ;t?ihtBheko dk ihtB nkdo;ae r[DK s'_ Gog{o j'Dkukjhdk j?. fJ; ftu b/ye dh :kd-;aesh ns/ fpnkB-;aesh dh ;[uZih tos'_ j[zdhj?. fJ; ftu ;t?ihtBheko nkgD/ ihtB dh ;ukJh dh g/;aekoh eoe/ gkme Bkbr{Vk ;zpzX ;Ekfgs eo b?_dk j?.;t?ihtBh ftu ;t?ihtBheko B/ fJe gk;/ nkgDkfBZi ns/ d{i/ gk;/ ;wkfie, Xkofwe, okiBhse nkfd ;G soQK dhnK ;fEshnKgo;fEshnK dh g/;aekoh ehsh j[zdh j?. nfGXk ;apd ;aesh dh fdq;aNh s'_ t/fynK;t?ihtBh ftu g/;a f;ZX/-;kd/ fposKs d/ noE p/;aZe ikD/ gSkD/ ns/ ;sj T[Øs/ gJ/gqshs j'D ekoD fJBQK B{z p[ZMDk n"yk Bk j'D ekoD fJj ;fji/ jh ;[ZM iKd/ jB.gozs{ id'_ fe;/ ouBk dh seBhe r[zMbdko j't/ sK tZyok gq;aB g?dk j[zdk j?.ftnziBk ;apd ;aesh ftu ouBk dh seBhe r[zMbdko j't/ iK Bk, T[;d/ rfjo/$nzdo{Bh noEK dk ;zpzX T[; dh p[Dsh s/ p[Dso Bkb j[zdk j?. ftnziBk ftufe;/ ouBk dh nzdo{Bh rfjokJh sZe gj[zuDk g/uhdk w;bk pD iKdk j?. fJ; s'_nZr/ be;aDk fe;/ th t;s-tosko/ dhnK nbkwsK d/ v{zx/ frnkB s/ ftdtsk dk;kXB pDdh j?.fJ; d/ f;ZN/ ti'_ fe;/ th ouBk d/ nzsoht nfXn?B ;w/_ tZy tZynfXn?B eosktK tZb'_ ehsk nfXn?B w{b gkm Bkb'_ tZy j' e/ fJe ;[szso gkm dko{g nyafsnko eo b?_dk j?. ouBk d/ w{b gkm Bkb'_ gqkgs tZy tZy ;[szso gkmKdhnK szdK nZr'_ fJfsjk;, ;kfjs-fJfsjk;, ;wki-ftfrnkB, ftukoXkok, wkBt-ftfrnkB, wB'ftfrnkB, g[okD-eEktK ns/ b'eXkok nkfd Bkb ik i[VdhnK jB.fJBQK;[szso gkmK dhnK szdK dh ftfGzBsk d/ cb;o{g fJe ouBk d/ fJe s'_ tZX gkmKdh gqkgsh j[zdh j?. jo fJe ouBk w{b o{g ftu b/ye e/_dfos j[zdh j?. gozs{ouBk dh w[ezwbsk T[gozs fJj b/ye d/ nfXeko y/so sZe ;hws Bk ofj e/ft;akb noEK dh XkoBh j' fJe ;[szso Gk;ae feos dk o{g Xko b?_dh j?. fJ;soQK fJ;dk w{b wB;ak ngqk;zfre j' iKdk j?. fJj ftuko dh gq;zfresk ;t?ihtBhd/ ;zdoG ftu th d/yh ik ;edh j?. ;t?ihtBh b/ye dk nkgDh ihtB ejkDh g/;a eoB dk wB;ak e[M th fojk j't/ gozs{ gkme d/ jZEK ftu gj[zufdnK fJ; d/GktkoE iK owiaK ftu spdhbh tkgoDh bkiawh j?.


nkX[fBe gzikph ;kfjs ftu fJ; ftXk dh nkwd d{ihnK ;kfjs ftXktKBkb'_ pj[s d/o pknd j'Jh gozs{ pj[s xZN ;w/_ ftu th fJ; ftXk B/ pj[s s/ih Bkb frDkswe ns/ r[Dkswe gZy s'_ nkgDh ft;a/;a gSkD pDkJh. nkX[fBegzikph tkose ;kfjs ftu BkBe f;zx, fgqzH s/ik f;zx, r[opy;a f;zx gqhsbVh, ns/gq'H g{oB f;zx s'_ b? e/ fJZeth_ ;dh d/ d{i/ djke/ d/ nzs sZe ;t?ihtBh ouBktKdh nwho gozgok gqkgs j[zdh j?. fJ; s'_ fJbktk j'oBK Gk;aktK s'_ gzikph ftunB[tkd j'JhnK ;t?ithBhnK ftu'_ wjkswk rKXh (d ;N'oh nkc wkJh n?e;g?ohw?_N;ftd No[ZE), itkjo bkb Bfjo{ (n?B nkN'pkfJUrqkch$Nktov cqhvw) vkH oki/_dogq;akd, r[o{d/t okfpzdoBkE N?r'o ns/ w?ef;w r'oeh nkfd dhnK ;t?ihtBhnKgqkgs j[zdhnK jB. fJ; s'_ fJbktk gzikph 1985 JhH ftu gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh,gfNnkbk tZb'_ pia[or ;kfjsekoK gk;'_ ;kfjfse ;t?ihtBhnK fbytkT[D dh ;ehwdh ;a[o{nks ehsh rJh. fJBQK ;t?ihtBhnK dk w[Zy wzst b/yeK dh ;kfjs ouBks/ f;oiBkswe gqfefonk dk fJfsjk; g/;a eoBk ;h. fJBQK ;kfjse ;t?ihtBhnKokjh_ b/yeK dh ;kfjse ;aya;hns T[;koh j'Jh ns/ T[BQK dh ;kfjfse gqfefonkftu'_ T[BQK dh g;zd-Bkg;zd ns/ e"V/-fwZm/ nfj;k;K d/ nB/eK gk;ko j'_d ftunkJ/. fJBQK gqw[Zy ;kfjse ;t?ihtBhekoK dh esko ftu ;'jD f;zx ;hsb,r[ofdnkb f;zx cZ[b, o";aB bkb nkj{ik, fpqi bkb ;ak;soh, ;[ikB f;zx, okw;o{g nDyh, dbhg e"o fNtkDk, vkH jfoGiB f;zx nkfd s'_ b? e/ fJZeth_ ;dhd/ d{i/ djke/ d/ nzs sZe fJe bzzwh c/jfo;s gqkgs j[zdh j?.jZEb/ y'i-gZso dk;zpzX jfoGiB f;zx dh ;t?ihtBh u'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbk(1994) ns/ ;kfjse;t?ihtBh X[Zg/ pbdk dhtk X[Zg/ pbdk dhtk X[Zg/ pbdk dhtk X[Zg/ pbdk dhtk X[Zg/ pbdk dhtk (1995) Bkb j?. fJj d't/_ g[;seK fJZe' f;Ze/ d/ d'gk;/ jB. fJe ftu ihtB, ;zxo;a dhnK :kdK s'_ f;oiDk dh f;ow"osk sZe d/gVkn dk fposKs j? ns/ d{ih ftu f;oiDkswe ;cao d/ f;ayo sZe nzr-;zrofjD tkb/ ;jfJe$fwZso ns/ f;oiDk B{z ihtB dk cab;cak wzB e/ nEe fBozsos[od/ ofjD d/ ;cao dh rkEk j?. fJBQK d'tK g[;seK ftu vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/nkgD/ ihtB ;zxo;a, ihtB fposKs s/ f;oiDkswe gqfefonk B{z fJeZsh ns/ B"_ yzvKftu tzv e/ g/;a ehsk j?. fJBQK g[;seK ftu gqkgs fposKs B{z ;t?ihtBh ns/;kfjse ;t?ihtBh d/ o{g ftu g/;a eoB ftu b/ye fezBk e[ ;cb fojk j?< eh;t?ihtBh b/ye nkgD/ ;w[Zu/ ihtB d/ nkuko ftjko B{z ;ZukJh, p/pkehns, ns/ra?o iao{oh t/oftnK B{z Biao nzdkia eodk j'fJnk e[;absk ;fjs gkmeK ;kjwD/g/;a eoB ftu ekw:kp fojk j?_ iK Bjh_ < ;t?ihtBh ftu'_ ;t?ihtBheko dk fej'fijk fpzp T[ØGodk j?< ;t?ihtBh ftu g/;a ;t? fpzp dh T[;koh ftu g/;a d{;o/gkso$d';s$fwZso$;zpzXhnK dk toDB eh G{fwek ndk eodk j?< ;t?ihtBh ftu'_r?ao-iao{oh$ra?o-jkfiao t/oftnK dh nDj'_d gkme B{z oVedh j? iK Bjh_< eh fJ;


ftu b/ye B/ nkgD/ ihtB ns/ ;kfjs :ksok dk nX{ok-ng{ok ihtB fposKs sKg/;a Bjh_ ehsk< eh fJ; ;t?ihtBh B{z fJe ;cb ;t?ihtBh fejk ik ;edk j? iKBjh_< fJ;d/ Bkb jh ;t?ihtBh fgZS/ ekoi;ahb gq/oDk-;q's, gq:'iB, pugB, itkBhs'_ p[Ykg/ sZe dh :kd ns/ nksw-uhBD dh gqfefonk d/ j' oj/ c'e;heoD(Focalization) dk nB[Gt, ;t?ihtBhnkswe ;kfjs d/ d{;o/ nz;aK fit/_ ;caoBkwk,vkfJoh, ;z;woD, ngokX-p'X (Confessions) dh ;tfeqsh ns/ fywk wzrD(Apologize) dh db/ohnkfd dh g/;aekoh th ehsh j? fe Bjh_. ;t?ihtBh ftu ;Zudh g/;aekoh fet/_ j'Jh j?< fJBQK ;G gq;aBK d/ o{-p-o{ j'D ns/ fJBQK dk T[Øso ikBDdk isB ftukokXhB b/y ftu eoKr/.

u'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbk g[;se d/ nkozG ftu b/ye @gqfsfrnk# f;ob/ynXhB fby/ ;apdK ftu oZp torh j'_d B{z T[;d/ ;t? B{z ;kXkoBsk d/ dkfJo/ #uoZyD, ;t? B{z tfvnkT[D, d{;o/ B{z S[fNnkT[D, jT[_w? ns/ Jhoyk s'_ fBob/g ofje/ fJ; g[;se dh fsnkoh bJh ofjB[wkJh eoB dh noi'Jh eodk j?.fJ; ekoiadh g[{osh bJh T[j nfijk oZp ukj[zdk j? i' Bk f;oca T[; B{z feosxDsk d/ d';as'_ pukt/ ;r'_ T[;dh ekft :ksok d/ f;oiDkswe ;cao ftu T[; ;zr-;kE s[o/fwjopkB, w[jZpsh ftnefsZst B{z g/;a eoB s'_ tKMk Bk ofjD d/t//. fJ; T[d/;adh ;zg{oDsk bJh T[j nkgD/ fJ;aN s'_ nfijh feqgk fadq;aNh dk to wzrdk i' T[;B{z fJ; ouBkswe ekoia dh fposKs T[;koh ;w/_ ;Zu, ;zy/g s/ ;[yktK p'bD dkfrnkB o{gh dhge ftyk e/ ;[wkor gqdkB eo/.ftukoB:'r B[esk fJj j? fe b/ye dk ;zp'XB oZp B{z j? fi; ftu T[j ouBk dh ;zg{oDsk bJh ofjB[wkJh wzrdkj?. fJ; gqeko dh ofjB[wkJh$wzrbkuoD wZXekbh fposKse ekft ftu th gqkgsj[zdh$j[zdk j?. gZSwh ;t?ihtBh ftu nfijk ;zp'XB @;/_N nr;NB# ns/ @ihB i?eo{;'# d/ @eBc?;aBia# ftu oZp nZr/ ehsh gqkoEBk d/ o{g #u fwbdk j?. ;/_Nnr;NB dh ;w[Zuh ouBk ftu fiZE/ oZph fwjo dh wzr j? T[ØE/ ihB i?e o{;' dhouBk ftu fJj wzr G{fwek ftu jh gq;s[s j'Jh gqkgs j[zdh j?. fgz;hgb s/ik f;zxdh ;t?ihtBh nko;hnko;hnko;hnko;hnko;h ftu th oZph fwjo bJh @gqkoEBk# ehsh rJh j?. T[; dh;w[Zuh ;t?ihtBh ftu fJj oZph fwjo r[o-;apd d/ o{g #u ftdwkB j?. id'_ thb/ye dk ihtB GNedk j? sK T[j r[o-;apd dk jh UN nk;ok b?_dk j?. vkHjfoGiB f;zx dh ;t?ihtBh ftu ihtB GNeDk s'_ puD bJh b/ye e'b ekftnfGftnesh, ;apd-r[o{, r[opkDh-ehosB, rhs, x[wZeVh ;[GkT[ ns/ fBozsonfXn?B ;kXBk nkfd ftubB s'_ pukT[D dk nfijk wkfXnw jB fijV/ n"y/ t/b/ b/ye dk wkordo;aB eoB ftu ;jkJh j[zd/ jB. vkH jfoGiB f;zx dk iBw1920 Jh;th ftu bkwvh_r$bzwfvzr n;kw ftu j'fJnk. 1994 Jh;th ftu u'bku'bku'bku'bku'bkNkehnK tkbkNkehnK tkbkNkehnK tkbkNkehnK tkbkNkehnK tkbk ;t?ihtBh d/ gqek;aB ;w/_ sZe e[Zb 74 ;kbK d/ ihtB ;w/_ dk


fposKs fJ; g[;se dk nkXko pDdk j?. fJ; g[;se ftu ;akfwb gfjb/ b/y @e'm/s/ gVe'mVk# s'_ b? e/ nyhob/ b/y @np jT[_ eEk ;zS/gs/# sZe e'Jh th b/y nfijkBjh_ fi; ftu gkme vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ;aya;hns d/ fe;/ Bk fe;/ gZy s'_gqGkfts Bk j[zdk j't/. gkme d/ wB T[Øs/ g?D tkbk fJjh gqGkt fJ; g[;se dhy{p;{osh j' fBZpVdk j?. fiBQK ;aya;hnsK B/ b/ye B{z go'y iK ngo'y o{g s'_ fe;/Bk fe;/ o{g #u gqGkfts ehsk j? T[;dh fBogZy Yzr Bkb fpzp T[;koh eoB ftub/ye g{oB s"o #s/ ;wofgs fojk j?. nfij/ ftnefsZst Bkb ;zpzfXs :kdK B{z;t?ihtBh b/ye B/ ;t?ihtBh ftu iK sK fposKse o{g ftu g/;a ehsk j? iK fcofe;/ ekft fpzp okjh_ eftsk iK rhs ftu. nfijhnK ekft N[eVhnK ns/ rhsK d/jtkb/ ;t?ihtBh ftu EK-g[o-EK t/y/ ik ;ed/ jB. nkgD/ fgsk d/ fujo/-w[jo/ dke'Jh th Be;a b/ye d/ wB #s/ nzfes Bjh_ ;h. gozs{ fgsk pko/ ;[D/-;[DkJ/ ihtBt/oftnK d/ Bt/eb/ ;[Gkn gqsh w'j ns/ oZfSnk fonkfJs b/ye B{z ;koh T[wo :kdofjzdh j?. fJj :kd jh fgsk ns/ g[Zso d/ nfBzB fgnko dk gqrNktk j?. fJ;/nfBzB fgnko GktBk ekoD jh fJ; ;t?ihtBh dk ;wogD b/ye d[nkok nkgD/ ¿g{fi fgsk GkJh rzvk f;zx s/ rqzEeko nekbh e"o f;zx dh fwØsosk d/ BKÀ B{z;wofgs j?. nekbh e"o f;zx d/ rqzE r[o{ rqzE osB gqekFr[o{ rqzE osB gqekFr[o{ rqzE osB gqekFr[o{ rqzE osB gqekFr[o{ rqzE osB gqekF s'_ b/ye brGruko djkfenK sZe bkG gqkgs eodk fojk. fJ;/ rqzE ftu'_ XzBtkd d/ cb;o{g b/ye B{z nkgD/ d/ fgsk dk fiaeo th gqkgs j[zdk j?. nkgD/ fgsk dh nfij/ rzqEekoBkb j'Jh fwZsosk s/ b/ye B{z wkD j?. fJ; bJh T[j fJ; g[;se B{z nkgD/ fgskns/ rqzEeko nekbh e"o f;zx B{z ;wofgs eodk j?. fgsk dh gfjbh fB;akBh fi;B/b/ye B{z ;G s'_ tZX gqGkfts ehsk ns/ r[opkDh Bkb i'fVnk T[j ;h, frnkBh Bo?Df;zx dk rqzE pkJh tkoK ;NhepkJh tkoK ;NhepkJh tkoK ;NhepkJh tkoK ;NhepkJh tkoK ;Nhe. fJj' rqzE b/ye bJh nfijk ;owkfJnk j'fBZpVdk j? fi; okjh_ ekft d/th T[; sZe ngVB dk t;hbk pDdh j?. fJj rqzEnfijh fyVeh j' fBZpVdk j? fi; okjh_ b/ye B{z nkgDh ekft-ouBk bJh ekft o{ghjtk s/ o';aBh gqkgs j[zdh ojh. b/ye dk wzBDk j? fe n;h_ fJBQK fyVehnK s'_ bkGs/ gqkgs eod/ jK go r"bd/ ed/ th Bjh_. pkDh s/ eftsk ftub/ G/d B{z S/ ;apdKd/ fBZe/ fij/ tke okjh_ b/ye pVh y{p;{osh Bkb tyfonkT[_dk j?. T[j efjzdk j?,¿pkDh eftsk dk gftsqhfeqs o{g j?.À (gzBk-11)

b/ye B{z eftsk fbyfdnK pko-pko fJ; rZb dk nkGk; j[zdk j? fefit/_ T[j gfjbK T[;o/ eftsk o{gh wekB d/ f;o #s/ fJe wzfiab j'o i'VB dkisB eodk j't/. eftsk bJh Bh_j sK gfjbK jh g[ZNh j'Jh ;h. eftsk o{gh wekBdk Be;ak th gjfbK s'_ jh ebfgnk j'fJnk ;h ns/ T[j eftsk o{gh gfjbh wziabd/ f;o #s/ T[j' fijh fJe wziab j'o T[;kodk fojk j?. T[;dk wzBDk j? fe d{ihwziab fBo'b Bth_ Bjh_ j' ;edh ns/ gfjbh wziab B{z oZd e/ n;b'_ nb'eko s/


Bth_ f;oiDk th Bjh_ j' ;edh. T[; B{z fJ; rZb dk nfj;k; j? fe T[;dhw"fbesk ftu pj[s e[M g[okDk j? fijVk T[; B{z nkgD/ gfotko dh wkocas nkgDh;fGnkukoe ftok;s ftu'_ fwfbnk j?.nkgD/ fgsk gqsh nEkj ;aoXk GktBk d/ GktKB{z T[j fJfsjk;e sZE s'_ fes/ tXhe fwfEe ;Zu tKr nkgD/ ti{d ftu ofunk-tf;nk wfj;{;dk j?. b/ye B{z brdk j? fe fiazdrh ftu fwb/ ftr'u/ s/ gqkgshnKT[; B{z egV/ dh f;ZX-g[m tKr ;koh T[wo jzvkT[D bJh gqkgs j'J/ jB. nkgD/fgsk dh gftZso :kd B{z nkgD/ wB-w;se T[go nzfes eoB dk ;G s'_ tZvk gq/oDk ;q's b/ye nkgDh wK B{z wzBdk j?. wK d/ fgsk dh :kd ftu r[Dr[DkJ/ ;aapd¿fi; okj'_ s/ok pkg f;XkfJnk, T[; okj'_ e'Jh gkg Bk nkt/.À b/ye B{z jw/;ak :kdofjzd/ jB. fJ;/ soQK pugB dhnK e[M t;sK fit/_ ;'B/ dk e?_mk, fgsk dhnK o/;awh gZrK, fgsk d[nkok pDtkJh ekb/ rkso/ tkbh feogkB b/ye B{z fto;/ ftugqkgs nwhoh f;Zyh s/ ;aesh d/ fuzBQ gqshs j[zd/ jB. fgsk dh ra?o jkiaoh dk b/ye nkgD/ ufoZso-fBowkD ftu pj[s tZvk jZE wzBdk j?. fgsk dh nekb fwos{jh b/ye dh pugB ftu f;nkfDnK torh ;'u, ;zihdrh s/ T[dk;h dk ekoDpDdh j?. T[j efjzdk j?L

fJT[_ gqshs j[zdk j? fit/_ b/ye d/ ihtB ftu ra?o jkfiao fo;afsnK dhpj[s tZvh G{fwek ojh j't/. pugB ftu gfotkfoe ihnK d/ ftS'V/ d/ sZEK ftu'_gqkgs fwEeh ;Zu d/ sBkT[ B{z T[;dh eftsk d/ nko-gko c?fbnk t/fynk ik ;edkj?. fJ;/ ekoD T[; dh ekft-:ksok ftr'u/ ns/ gqkgsh dh obh-fwbh ejkDh gqshsj[zdh j?. fiazdrh d/ ;cao ftu ftSV rJ/ gfotkfoe ihnK d/ ck;b/ B/ jh T[;B{z fiazdrh B{z B/V/ j' e/ wkBD dk w"ek gqdkB ehsk j?. ftr'u/ ns/ gqkgshnK dkfJj fto'XkGk; jh b/ye dk j'D-f;XKs j' fBZpVdk j?. fJ;/ f;XKs okjh jh T[jnkgD/ nzdo j'o rfjok T[soB ns/ nkgD/ s'_ pkjo c?bD dk isB eodk j?.fJ; d/ f;ZN/ ti'_ fJ; isB dk fposKs u'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbk fbys d/ o{g ftug/;a j[zdk j?. ;G e[M j' e/ ;G e[M y[; ikD dk G?n b/ye B{z nBzs nefj d[ZygqdkB eodk j?. nzso t/dBk dh nefj u[Zg ftu'_ T[gfink ;ztkd jh u'bku'bku'bku'bku'bkNkehnK tkbkNkehnK tkbkNkehnK tkbkNkehnK tkbkNkehnK tkbk g[;se d/ ihtB fposKs dh e/_doh ;[o$X[Bh$nbkg pDdk j?. fJ;;zrhs dh X[Bh B{z fJ; g[;se ftub/ tofDs ihtB fposKs ftu'_ ;fji/ jh ;[fDnkik ;edk j?. fJ; X[Bh dk nbkg T[;/ ;aya; B{z ;[DkJh fdzdk j? fi; B/ nkgD/swkw ;a"e fsnkr e/ nkgD/ nkg B{z fJbkjh fJ;ae d/ ozr ftu ozr fbnkj't/. nfij/ ozr ftu ozfrnk iht NkehnK bZr/ u'b/ dh gotkj Bjh_ eodk.

ftukokXhB g[;se d/ f;ob/y dh fXnkB Bkb gVu'b ehfsnK gsk ubdkj? fe u'bk$u'bak nfijh g';ake$rkT[B$u'r/ iK t;sq B{z fejk iKdk j? fijVk y[ZbQks/ bzwk j't/. fJ;/ soQK NkehnK bhoK iK gkN/ g[okD/ egfVnK$t;sqK Bkb ;hs/ j'J/


egV/ B{z fejk iKdk j?. fsbzr wjbk gfjbk ftu r[o{ BkBe d/t ih cowkT[_d/ jB¿w/o? ezs[ B Gkt? u'bVk fgnko/ feT[ XB ;/i? ikfJÀ Gkt w/o/ ezs$gqG{ gqhsw B{zgkyzv dk fbpk; Bjh_ GkT[_dk, fco iht fJ;sqh gqG{ dh ;/i T[s/$gqG{ d/ uoDK ftufet/_ gj[zu/. b/ye dk pugB wkfgnK ftj{Dk phfsnk j'fJnk j'D eoe/ T[; B{znkgD/ nzdob/ ns/ pkjob/ t/;a dk u'bk ftr'u/$E[VK ns/ ;zxo;a dhnK NkehnKBkb ;hsk j'fJnk gqshs j[zdk. yZdo-g?_;h s'_ Gkt gzi ;" szdK$skfrnK tkbk yZdodk nfijk t;sq j[zdk j? fi; dh skDh ftu ;{s dh gzi ;" sko j't/. gzi ;"szdK$skfrnK dhnK NkehnK tkbk yZdo dk fJj u'bk b/ye B{z jw/;ak nkgD/ nshsdh ftok;s Bkb i'Vh oZydk j?. fJjh ftok;s T[; dh ekft-f;oiDk ns/ ekft-;ak;soh u/sBk dh T[gikT{ G{wh dk nkdo;a pDdh j?.

fJj ftok;s b/ye d/ ihtB gqfs fdq;aNhe'D, ihtB dh ;kXkoBsk ftuf;de s/ ;zs'y Bkb ;zs[;aN ofjD d/ nkdo;ae ;[Gkn dh ;'Mh dk wkvb pDdhj?. fJjh ekoD j? fe b/ye B{z f}zdrh d/ ;cao d"okB i' e[M th gqkgs j'fJnkj?, T[;/ ftu T[; B/ ;zs'yh s/ ;kdrh ihtB pshs ehsk j?.

e'm/ s/ gVe'mVk, cak;b/, d/; fBekbk nkfd b/yK ftu b/ye B/ nkgD/pugB ns/ T[; Bkb ;zpzfXs xNBktK fit/I iBw j'D s'_ gfjbK fgsk d[nkokehshnK nodk;K ns/ iBw s'_ pknd fgsk dh sgfde Bkb j'Jh w"s, fJe oZid/g[Zid/ xo ftu iBw j'Dk, wK s/ G?DK dk fsZqyb Gok Bkb bkv-fgnko, wK d[nkokfpB p'fbnK b/ye dh jo gqeko dh fJZSk B{z g{fonK eoBk, fgsk dh w"s t/b/ b/ye d/ BK gzi wekBK dk j'Dk, fgsk dh w"s s'_ pknd xo d/ ihnK dk ;kE SZvDk,n;kw SZv e/ iZdh fgzv G[Zbo(nzfwqs;o) nkT[Dk, nzfwqs;o s'_ tkfg; bkj"o ikDk,wkfwnK dk w'j-s/j gqkgs Bk j'Dk, b/ye dk wk;h d/ xo ;zx #u nNe/ e"V/ x[ZNdh soQK wip{oh ftu ofjDk, g[Zso, g'sok, Gok Gshik nkfd fo;afsnK s'_ w[esj' e/ ;t? sZe ;[zrV ikDk nkfd nfij/ fposKse t/ot/ jB fiBQK B/ b/ye dhfizadrh B{z Bk f;oc jb{fDnk ;r'_ T[;B{z jZ;D-y/vD tkb/ pugB d/ fdBK ftuT[dk;h s/ fJebkgk jzYkT[D s/ wip{o th eo fdZsk. fiazdrh ftu tkgoh fJ; j'Dhs/ ;zskg B{z b/ye nkgDhnK ;G soQK dhnK j'_dK dk nkozG fpzd{ wzBdk j?. T[jefjzdk j?, ¿fJj j? w/ok nkozG fpzd{, fiE'_ w/ok nkgk, w/ok ;kfjseko, w/oknfXnkge ftr;dk j?. w/oh fiazdrh ftu fBo'b xNBk e'Jh Bjh_, jo xNBk Bkbw/oh wkBf;esk i[Vh j'Jh j? i' T[BQK B{z Bt/ebk, ;[jihbk o{g d/ d/_dh j?. i' e[Mw/o/ Bkb tkgodk j?, T[j' e[ZM j'o fe;/ Bkb Bjh_ tkgodk.À(gzBk-18) . iBws'_ gfjbK iK iBw ;zpzXh i' t/ot/ fJ; ;t?ihtBh ftu'_ gqkgs j[zd/ jB, T[j fwZEe;[Gkn d/ ns/ nkb/-d[nkb/ s'_ ;[D/ ;[DkJ/ jB.fJBQK ;ko/ t/oftnK dk ;[Gkn fwZEe


j?, i' b/ye B/ nkgDh wK s/ j'o fo;as/dkoK s'_ ;[D/ jB. nkgD/ wK-fgT[ s'_ ftSVrJ/ pZu/ dk nefj ;zskg fJ; ;t?ihtBh dk w{b g?okvkJhw pDdk j?, i' T[woGo T[BQK Bkb fwbkg dh sKx oZydk j'fJnk nkgD/ wB-w;se nzdo fuZstdkofjzdk j?. ;t?-ihtBh ftubk ;w[Zuk ;\o u/sB s'_ u/sBk sZe dh nt;Ek dk ;coj' fBpZVdk j?. fJ; ftu'_ b/ye d/ nu/sB wB$;aya;hns d/ fposKs dh e'Jh theDh fdykJh Bjh_ fdzdh. gozs{ b/ye d/ nu/sB ftu gJhnK j'o b'eK dhnK;[DhnK-;[DkJhnK ekft-gzrshnK ns/ pksK ftu gJ/ j'J/ w'fNca fJe d{i/ Bkb i[Ve/ b/ye dh ekft-f;oiD gqfefonk dk nfjw fjZ;k iao{o pDd/ jB.

pugB ftu gfjbK fgT[ s/ fco wK dk n;fj ftS'Vk b/ye B{z ;koh T[woMzi'Vdk j?. b/ye dk nkgDh wK Bkb X[o nzdo se i[Vkt ;h. wK s/ oZp T[;B{z fJe' fij/ fdykJh d/_d/ ;B.b/ye _B{z nkgDh wK ;'jDh, itkB, pkDh T[go N/e oZyD tkbh ns/ jodw nkgD/ u"frod/ pkDh dh okweko (o'rB s/ no ;'rBs/ ibi'rB s/ pj[GKs pukt?) tkj e/ ;G B{z ;[oZfyns oZyD tkbh ;[rV ;[nkDhr[Dtzsh ikgdh j?.wK Bkb w'j dk gqrNktk T[; dhnK ekft-ouBktK, rhsK ns/;t?-ihtBh ftu EK-g[o-EK fwbdk j?.

T[; ;w/_ d/ ;wki-;fGnkuko ftu wktK tZb'_ T[BQK fdBK #u nkgD/ pZfunKbJh p'bhnK ikD tkbhnK ekft b?nK ftu pZM/ N'fNnK B{z b/ye B/ c[ZbK tKr @wKd/ ;de/ tkoh iKd/ p'bK# d/ o{g ftu u[D e/ T[; B{z nkgDh @n;EkJh# pDk fbnksK fe b'V g?D s/ T[; ftu b/ye nkgDh woiah d/ @nzso/# i'V ;e/. fJ; eftskB{z b/ye nkgDh ;wZuh ekft-;kXBk dk wzrbkuoD wzBdk j?. fJ; wzrbkuoD dhBh_j ftu b/ye B{z wK s/ oZp d'jK d/ :'rdkB dk ;[w/b fdykJh fdzdk j?. w'JhwK Bkb rZbK eoBhnK b/ye B{z oZp Bkb rZbK eoB d/ ;wkB ikgdk j?. b/yedk wzBDk j? fe oZp pzd/ dhnK nkgDhnK ;'uK, ohMK, b'VK dk jh ft;skoj?.eftsk ftu T[; B/ wK d/ T[; wwskwJh o{g B{z g/;a ehsk j?, i' T[j jw/;aknkgD/ bJh t/yDk ukj[zdk ;h.

wK s/o/ ;de/

wK s?E'_ tkoh

wK s/o/ i'rh

wK s/oh j'rh (gzBk-73)

;t?-ihtBh ftu b/ye dk i' ;t?-gqrNktk j'fJnk j? T[; ftu'_ b/ye d/@nzsow[yh# ;[Gkn dh Mbe fdykJh fdzdh j?.gfotko Bkb'_ ftS'Vk ns/ T[; d/cb;o{g fwbh fJeZbsk b/ye dh ihtB-iku ftu oZu-fwZu rJ/ ;{so ikgd/ jB.gfotkfoe ftS'Vk T[; B{z nkgD/ tZb'_ ehs/ fe;/ ngokX dh fBnkJh_ ikgdk j?. fJ;


nDehs/ r[Bkj B{z T[j d[Bhnk s'_ b[ekT[_dk j'fJnk wK-fgT[ jhD/ j'D dh ;aow thwfj;{; eodk j?. fJ;/ ;aow ekoD T[j nkgD/ nkg B{z d[Bhnk s'_ b[ekT[D dhBkekw:kp e'f;a;a eodk d[Bhnk ftu ofjzdk j'fJnk th d[Bhnk s'_ feBkoke;ah eob?_dk j?. pugB ftu tkgoB tkbhnK d[ydkJh xNBktK d/ f;ZN/ ti'_/ jh T[j pkjohd[Bhnk s'_ fBob/g ofjzdk j?. b/ye dh ihtB-iku, wkBf;esk, T[; dh tk;sfteskns/ T[; dh ouBkekoh fBZs ihtB dhnK b'VK d/ go;go fto'X ftu'_ g?dk j'J/ikgd/ jB. T[j Bk ;zfBnk;hnK tKr d[Bhnk s'_ nbr-Ebr ofj ;edk j? ns/Bk jh fe;/ f;nkD/ d[Bhdko tKr fJ; ftu yfus j' ;edk. nzdo{Bh d[Bhnk ns/pkjoh d[Bhnk s'_ tZyoh e'Jh nfijh shih ;g/;$d[Bhnk th j[zdh j? fiZE/ eftskw"bdh, ftr;dh ns/ fBtk; eodh j?. b/ye fJ; shih d[Bhnk d/ ;fji pkf;azd/j'D d/ ;[GkT[eh jZe B{z fBo'b nkgDh ewkJh wzBdk j?. fJjh gSkD ik ewkJhb/ye B{z nkgDh j'_d dh fBowkDekoh dk n;b t;hbk ikgdh j?.

b/ye d[nkok ;t?ihtBh ftub/ ehs/ ;t?-ft;ab/;aD s'_ fJT[_ ikgdk j?fit/_ T[j nkgD/ nzsow[yh ;[Gkn dk ekoB nkgD/ @;t?# B{z jh wzBdk j?. gfotkeoftS'Vk, wkfgnK ftj{Dk do-do m'eoK yKdk pugB, fJ; bJh f}zw/tko ekoD pDd/jB. T[j nkgDh d[Bhnk sZe jh f;wN e/ ofj iKdk j?. d[Bhnk ftu ofj e/th T[; ftu ;akfwb Bk j'D dk ekoD T[j nkgDh yakw';ah B{z wzBdk j?. T[j efjzdk¿w/oh yakw';ah w/oh u"frod fyZuh j'Jh okweko j?.;Zuh rZb sK fJj j? fe nkgDhyakw';ah B{z ;wMD ftu ya[d w?B{z th pj[s d/o bZrh. w?_ fe;/ Bkb o[Z;/ fpBK thykw';a j' ;edk jK,HHHyakw';ah eftsk bJh w/oh b'V jh Bjh_, nkg ekft-ouBk s'_fwfbnk todkB j? w/oh ihtB-iku B{z.À nfijh yakw';ah dk fiaeo b/ye pj[s tko;t?ihtBh ftu eodk j?. gozs{ fJj yakw';ah b/ye bJh todkB dk ezw eodh j?Bk fe nfG;akg dk. nfij/ ;[Gkn ekoD pj[s/ d';sK dh nDj'_d, e[M d';sK dkihtB-okj ftu s[od/ j'J/ ftZSVBk$d{o j' ikDk, ;t? d/ wB goukt/ bJh n?p ej/ikD tkb/ f;Bwk B{z ya[;ah-ya[;ah t/yDk, f;Bw/ d/ pkjo bZrhnK s;thoK B{z fBjkoe/ ih goukT[Dk, Nkeh d/ pkjo ;[DkJh d/D tkb/ vkfJbkr ns/ rkfDnK B{z T[E/yb's/ ;[Dd/ ofjDk nkfd nkdsK B{z th b/ye B/ pVh p/pkehns Bkb ;thekfonks/ g/;a ehsk j?.

;t?ihtBh d/ pj[s/ b/yK ftu'_ ;t?ihtBheko dk eth$;akfJo d/ s"o #s/ thGotK fpzp TØ[Godk fdykJh fdzdk j?. fJBQK b/yK ftu'_ T[;dh ekft-f;oiD gqfefonkns/ ekft-;ak;soh u/sBk pko/ Goth_ ikDekoh gqkgs j[zdh j?.fJ; dh fw;kb;t?ihtBh ftu EK-g[o-EK g/;a ekft-N[eVhnK ns/ rhsK dh b?nkswes g/;aekohftu'_ d/yh ik ;edh j?. T[j ;t?ihtBh ftu g/;a eftsktK dh fgZm G{wh #uekoia;ahb xNBktK, t/oftnK, ftS'fVnK, ftr'funK ns/ :kdK nkfd dk toDB th


ebkswe Yzr Bkb eodk j?. ekft-f;oiDkswe t/oftnK dh fJj g/;aekoh;t?ihtBh d/ gkm-gqtkj ftu fes/ th o[ektN Bjh_ pDdh ;r'_ ekft-f;oiDekohd/ wjZstg{oB sZsK s'_ gkme B{z pV/ ;"y/ s/ ;[jiwJh Yzr Bkb ikD{ eotkT[_dhj?. ;t?ihtBh ftub/ ekft-t/ot/ ;fji-;[Gkn fJ; d/ gkm-gqtkj dk nzr pDd/jB. fJBQK dh g/;aekoh bJh b/ye B{z e'Jh ft;a/;a s/ T[u/uk isB Bjh_ eoBk fgnk.b/ye feT[_fe nkg T[;skd ;akfJo$eth j? fJ; bJh ;t?ihtBh ftu fJBQK ekft-t/oftnK dh j'_d T[;dh ekft-f;oiD gqfefonk dk ;fji nzr pD iKdh j?. b/ye nkgDh eftsk ftu ezw eoB w{b fJekJh dk ekoD b?n B{z wzBdk j?.T[;bJh fBqs, ;zrhs, s/ fiazdrh dh w{b fJekJh th b?n jh j?. b/ye dk wzBDk j?fe T[j i' th f;oidk j? T[j ;G b?n ekoD jh ;zGt j[zdk j?. T[;B{z nkgDhf;oiDkswesk bJh b?n gfjbK gqkgs j[zdh j? s/ bcaia$;apd pknd ftu.fJ;b?n dh gqkgsh b/ye B{z BkfrnK d/ r"D, n;kw d/ @phj{# Bku ns/ r[opkDh s'_j'Jh. p/;aZe b/ye B{z fJj b?nK ;wK phsD d/ Bkb Bkb G[Zb rJhnK jB goT[BQK dk gqGkt T[; T[Øgo jw/;ak pfDnk fojk j?. b/ye dh eftsk dh iawhB fJj'fij/ fBZe/-fBZe/ gqGktK B/ jh fsnko ehsh ;h. b?n dh wjZssk d/ ;zpzX ftu fJjeEB t/yD:'r j?L

¿nHHHjkHHHnHHHjkHHHnHHHjk tokB j'Jh oks. tokB j'Jh oks bcaia w?B{zgfjbK nj[V/, @;"_ ik w/o/ wkbek# pkd ftu. g{oB gzrsh B{z pDB #u g{ok fJefdB br frnk. fJj rhs 1947 d/ dzfrnK Bkb ;zpzfXs j?, go fJjdk gq/oBk-fpzd{ T[j dzr/ Bjh_. w/o/ nzdob/ rhseko B{z gq/oB tkbh sK Y'beh dh @efjotk#skb ;h fi; dh gqkgsh ;[s Bh_do/ ftu j'Jh. noE sK fes/ nkb/-d[nkb/ jtkftu c?fbnk j'fJnk ;h, b?n dh T[vhe ftu ;h, b?n fwbfdnK jh SzdK ftu Ybfrnk.À (gzBk-29). fJ;/ soQK cak;b/ b/y d/ nzs ftu T[j efjzdk j? ¿w/oh ftobhfijh, eZbh-ekoh nksfwesk T[j iawhB j? fi; ftu w/oh eftsk dk p{Nk T[rdkj?.À (gzBk-20).@T[od{ ;akfJohL w[Yb/ gqGkt# b/y ftu nkgDh ;akfJoh dh gq/oBk;zpzXh b/ye dk ftuko j? fe, ¿;akfJoh tb w?_ gq/oBk-fpzd{nK d/ dpkT[ j/m Bjh_nj[fbnk. ;akfJoh w/oh fJeKs B{z g{ok eoB dk ;fji t;hbk ;h. ;fji t;hbk:kBh w?B{z gsk th Bk bZrk s/ fJj w?B{z Godh, Gog{o eodh rJh. ;akfJoh$eftsk;zpzXh nfij/ w"fbe nB[GtK ns/ ekft-;ak;soh u/sBk d/ f;XKsK$;{soK (Formulations)B{z X[Zg/ pbdk dhtkX[Zg/ pbdk dhtkX[Zg/ pbdk dhtkX[Zg/ pbdk dhtkX[Zg/ pbdk dhtk g[;se d/ @pugB T[ikV dk# ns/ @w/o/ fgzv dhnK fszB BdhnK#nkfd b/yK ftu'_ th d/fynk ik ;edk j?.

u'bk NkehnK tkbk u'bk NkehnK tkbk u'bk NkehnK tkbk u'bk NkehnK tkbk u'bk NkehnK tkbk ns/ XZ[g/ pbdk dhtkXZ[g/ pbdk dhtkXZ[g/ pbdk dhtkXZ[g/ pbdk dhtkXZ[g/ pbdk dhtk ftu b/ye eJh EktK s/nkgDh ;akfJoh ;zpzXh gq/oe t/oftnK dk fiaeo th eodk j?. pugB s'_ jh T[jnkgDh ;akfJoh dh d[Bhnk ftu w;s ofjzdk ;h.fJ;/ ekoD T[; B{z ;e{b'_ xo


nkT[D dh Bk e'Jh ekjb ;h s/ Bk jh xo ftu fJzsiako eoB tkbk T[;dk e'JhnkgDk ;h. T[j izrbK ftu GZi iKdk ns/ FkfJoh eodk j'fJnk r[Dr[DkT[_dkofjzdk.fJ; s'_ fJbktk fiBQK ;aya;hnsK, b/yeK, g[;seK iK tksktoD B/ T[; B{zeth pDB bJh gq/fonk, T[BQK dk toDB u'bk NkehnK tkbk u'bk NkehnK tkbk u'bk NkehnK tkbk u'bk NkehnK tkbk u'bk NkehnK tkbk ns/ XZ[g/ pbdk XZ[g/ pbdk XZ[g/ pbdk XZ[g/ pbdk XZ[g/ pbdkdhtkdhtkdhtkdhtkdhtk g[;seK d/ eJh b/yK ftu'_ ft;Eko Bkb fwb iKdk j?. pugB ftu xor[opkDh ns/ ehosB d/ wkj"b B/ th T[; bJh ekft$rhs ouBk dh iawhB fsnkoeoB #u wjZstg{oB G{fwek fBGkJh. r[od[nko/ B{z th T[j nkgDh ;zrhs f;Zfynk,ekft-dhfynk ns/ ftdtsk dk e/_do wzBdk j?.eftsk ;[DkT[D d/ wZ[Yb/ siop/ T[;B{z r[od[nko/ ftu jh gqkgs j'J/. fJ;s'_ fJbktk fGzB-fGzB ;e{bK ftu gVQhnKd[nktK, GiB, skohca ns/ gqkoEBktK th T[; dh f;oiD gqfefonk d/ nfjw e/_do pD/ jB.b/ye nkgDk gfjbk ekft-r[o{ G?D fp;aB e"o B{z jh wzBdkj?.ekdo:ko dk g{oB Grs, d"bs okw dk o{g-p;zs ns/ Nfjb f;zx x[Ze/tkbhJ/dk @ftobkg# fJBQK fszBK feZf;nK B{z b/ye B/ pko-pko gfVQnk. T[;B{z brdk ;hfe fJe' xo ftu g{oB, o{g ns/ p;zs s/ T[BQK #u u"Ek T[j y[d, uko/ p/xo/,wK-pkg s'_ ftSV/ j'J/ ;h.fJ;/ bJh T[; B{z fJj feZ;/ nkgDh ihtB ejkDh Bkbw/b yKd/ ikgd/ jB. g{oB Grs dk feZ;k T[; B{z sozB[w ftu :kd ;h.fJ; feZ;/B{z gVQ e/ T[; B/ eJh eftsktK dh ouBk th ehsh. T[j ;kek Bhbk skok, pzrkbdh sqk;adh nkfd xNBktK dk fiaeo th ;t?ihtBh ftu eodk j?. ;kek Bhbk skokdhnK xNBktK B{z b/ye B/ nkgD/ uko b/yK @iVQK tkbk c'Vk#, @;kek Bhbk skok#,T[ØBh_ ;" u[ok;h# ns/ @uko fdB o{[g';a# ftu ft;sfos o{g ftu fpnkB ehsk j?.fJBQK xNBktK ;zpzXh fbyhnK eftsktK d/ Bkb Bkb T[j fJBQK xNBktK ;zpzXhnkgD/ ftuko th gqeN eodk j? ns/ fJ; ;fGnkukoe ntZfrnk d/ fto[ZX nkgDko';a th iakfjo eodk Biao nkT[_dk j?.

fJe nB[tkde d/ s"o s/ th fJBQK ;t?ihtBh g[;seK ftu'_ b/ye dk GotKfpzp T[ØGodk j?. nkgD/ b/y @nB[tkd# ns/@ukBD dh sbk;a ftu X[Zg/ pbdk dhtk#b/yK ftu T[j nkgDhnK eJh nB[tkfds ouBktK dk fiaeo eodk j'fJnk fJe;cb nB[tkde j'D dk gqwkD th g/;a eodk j?. @ukBD dh sbk;a ftu X[Zg/ pbdkdhtk# b/y ftu T[j gzfvs jiakoh gq;kfd fdt/dh dh g[;se nkb'e gotnkb'e gotnkb'e gotnkb'e gotnkb'e got (b/yed[nkok ehsk nB[tkd gqek;a g[opgqek;a g[opgqek;a g[opgqek;a g[opgqek;a g[op) d/ jtkb/ Bkb fJ; d/ nB[tkd ;w/_ nkT[DtkbhnK efmBkJhnK ns/ T[BQK d/ jZb bJh tZy tZy Gk;aktK d/ nkukohnK e'b'_ gqkgsehsh ;/X ns/ nr[nkJh dk fiaeo th pVh JhwkBdkoh s/ brB Bkb eodk j?.fJBQK Gk;ak nkukohnK ftu'_ t?fde ;z;feqsh d/ ftdtkB nkukohnk d/t oki ukBDk,;z;feqs nkukohnk ;fsd/t u"Xoh, i'fs;a ;ak;so d/ nkukohnk f;at BkokfJD;ak;soh, i'fs;a ftfdnk d/ ft;a/Ø;ar vkH wX{ fw;ao u"Xoh ns/ vkH fti/_do ;Bkse


nkfd dh ftdtsk dk fiaeo ns/ nB[tkd d/ ezw ftu ;/X d/D bJh Fa[eokBkG/N eodk j?. fJBQK ftdtkB nukohnK B{z fwb e/ b/ye B{z fJ; rZb dk thnfj;k; j[zdk j? fe i'fs;a eg'b ebgBk Bjh_. T[j fJ;/ b/y ftu r[opkDh,Grs epho, gkfDBh ftnkeoD, Fzeokukohnk d/ rhskGk;a, ftfdnk ;kro ns/okw feq;aB gowjz; dk eEk fposKs, nkb'e got g[;se ftub/ b/y ngGqz;a dko;kswe ;kfjs, ngGqz;a rqzE ;zd/;a ok;e d/ fjzdh nB[tkd d/ fBZe/-fBe/ fposKsKokjh_ o"ue ns/ frnkB Gog{o ikDekoh gqdkB eodk j?.fJ; s'_ fJbktk T[j r[o{[,d/jXkoh r[o{[, nB[Gth ftZfdnk r[o{[ ftubk nzso ns/ wjZst dZ;dk j'fJnk efjzdkj? fe ¿e'Jh th g[;se nB[Gth ftfdnk r[o[{ dh EK g{o Bjh_ ;edh.À b/ye d/s"o s/ T[; dk ;G s'_ gfjbK nkdo, nB[tkde d/ o{g ftu jh j'fJnk. ;t?ihtBhftu b/ye dk ;akfJo, nB[tkde, ;caoBkwk b/ye d/ s"o s/ GotK fpzp TØ[Godkj?. gozs{ nfXnkge d/ o{g ftu T[;dk fpzp ;t?ihtBh ftu'_ gqkgs Bk j'Dk fJeyZg/ dh fBnKJh gqshs j[zdk j?.

fJ; s'_ fJbktk b/ye B/ eoskoh BK dh fJe ;[nkDh Bkb nkgD/ n;cabfJ;ae dh dk;skB B{z th fpnkB ehsk j?. T[;B/ nkgD/ e[M yk; d';sK ns/;akfrodK ftu'_ ;[bZyD f;zx, vkH i;tzs f;zx B/eh, Jh;ato, ;[w/o, e/;o f;zx,nso f;zx, vkH wBihs f;zx, fJzdo f;zx, pbpho f;zx fdb nkfd dk fiaeo thehsk j?. fJzBQK ftu'_ th Jh;ato s/ ;[w/o dk fiaeo tX/o/ ehsk j?. ;t?-ihtBh ftub/ye B/ eJh wjZstg{oB t/oftnK$xNBktK s/ fBeN ftneshnK dk th fiaeoehsk j?. go fJ; ftu eJh j'o wjZstg{oD t/oftnK iK ftneshnK dk fiaeoeoB s'_ b/ye y[zfMnk th j?, fi; dh xkN ;t?-ihtBh ftu yak; s"o s/ wfj;{;j[zdh j?. @np jw r[w j[{J/# b/y ftu b/ye B/ nkgDhnK T[BQK ouBktK dk fiaeoth ehsk j? fijVhnK iK sK fe;/ ekoD Sg Bjh_ ;ehnK s/ iK T[; s'_ r[nkurJhnK jB. fJ;/ soQK eJh j'o b/y fit/_ @wksoh b?n, jzekohnK eZSK, nozG fJef;bf;b/ dk, s/oh Biao s'_ goQK, np jT[_ eEk ;zSgs/ ns/ XZ[g/ pbdk dhtkXZ[g/ pbdk dhtkXZ[g/ pbdk dhtkXZ[g/ pbdk dhtkXZ[g/ pbdk dhtkg[;se ftub/ r[nkuk p;sk, w/o/ fgzv dhnK fszB BdhnK, iBBh s{z Bjh_ ftGukoB,x[wZeV ;ak;so #s/ pkpk ih d/ BK fuZmh nkfd b/yK ftu'_ b/ye dh f;oiDkswegqfsGk, nfXn?B dh fJekrosk, frnkB gqkgsh dh u/Ne ftu ;jkJh g[;seK nkfdpko/ wjZstg{oB ikDekoh fwbdh j?. fJBQK ;t?ihtBh g[;seK ftu'_ b/ye d[nkokehsh gqshfBZX xNBktK dh u'D ns/ g/;aekoh dk Yzr ekfpb/ ra"o s/ gqGkt;akbhj?. ;t?iht_Bh dh ;a?bh ekft-r[DK ns/ fBZe/-fBZe/ fdbu;g fposKse t/oftnK d/;zi'r Bkb Gog{o j?. ;a?bh ftubk fJj r[D Bk sK T[gokwsk irkT[_dk ns/ Bkjh gkme B{z p'Mb eodk gqshs j[zdk j?. b/ye dk ;akfJokBk nzdkia-J/-fpnK;t?ihtBh dh o'uesk ftu tkXk eodk j?. fJ; Bkb g[;se ftu o'uesk fBozso


pDh ofjzdh j?.

fJBQK d'tK g[;seK d/ fposKse t/oftnK ftu'_ rbg ouBktK tork ;[ji-;[nkd th nkT[_dk j?. fJ;/ r[D eoe/ T[; dh fbyD-;a?bh fposKse ikgdh j?.p/;aZe fJ; fposKs dh g/;aekoh ftu fJfsjk;e t/oftnK tKr fBozsosk Bjh_ gozs{pkti{d fJ; d/ b/ye nkgDh fiazdrh d/ t/oftnK$sZEK $xNBktK B{z nkgDh :kd;aesh okjh_ nkgDh f;wfosh ftu'_ ;keko eodk j?. fJjh ekoD j? fe fJBQKg[;seK ftu g/;a xNBktK fe;/ rbg ouBk tKr o'ue ikgdhnK j'JhnK b/yedh ebkswesk B{z th fBykodhnK jB. fJ; soQK u'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbk ;t?ihtBhfBo'b b/ye dh ihtB ejkDh Bk j' e/ ;kfjse ;t?ihtBh dk o{g th XkoD eob?_dh j?.gozs{ fJ; ftubk ;kfjse ;t?ihtBh tkbk ozr T[d'_ sZe w[ezwbsk XkoBBjh_ eodk id'_ sZe fe gkme @X[Zg/ pbdk dhtk# B{z nkgD/ nfXn?B dk nkXko Bjh_pDkT[_dk. fJBQK d'jK g[;seK ftu b/ye B/ nkgDhnK d/;h ns/ ftd/;ah :ksoktKdk fiaeo th ehsk j?. fJBQK ftu'_ e[M B{z sK T[; B/ nkgDh :kd-;aesh okjh_ ns/e[M B{z vkfJoh d/ gzfBnK ftu B'N ehs/ t/oftnK okjh_ g/;a ehsk j?. fJ; gqekofJBQK ;t?ihtBh g[;seK ftu'_ vkfJoh ftXk d/ nz;a th t/yD B{z fwbd/ jB. fJBQKg[;seK ftu b/ye B/ xNBktK$ftneshnK dh g/;aekoh eod/ ;w/_ ;wkfie s/;fGnkukoe edoK-ehwsK B{z th fXnkB ftu oZfynk j?. T[j fJ;ae, w[jZps, ekwnkfd Bkb ;zpzfXs xNBktK dh g/;aekoh eod/ ;w/_ n;abhb Yzr$sohek Bjh_ngDkT[_dk. fJBQK xNBktK Bkb ;zpzfXs gksoK$ftnesh dh g/;aekoh eod/ ;w/_ T[j;fji s/ ;zs[fbs wkBf;e stkiaB s'_ ezw b?_dk j?. fJ; soQK ftnesh ft;a/;a Bkbi[Vh xNBk fe;/ soQK dh ;wZf;nk dk ekoD Bjh_ pDdh. fJBQK ;t?ihtBh ouBktKftu g/;a xNBktK dh ekbeqwesk b/ye dh nkgDh nktkorh tKr ;[szso s/nkiakd j?. fJ;/ ekoD fJBQK ouBktK dh g/;aekoh ftu xNBktK$t/oftnK B{zekbeqw nB[;ko Bjh_ ftT[_fsnk frnk. fJ; ;zpzXh b/ye @np jT[_ eEk;zS/gs/# b/y ftu efjzdk j? fe, ¿fJ; ;t?ihtBh ftu'_ pj[s e[M S[ZN frnk. rZd,;whfynk, ;caoBkw/, gkm-g[;seK, G{fwektK, gVQsK, yas, nfXnkgB bJh fby/tfynkB pj[s e[M nBefEnk ofj frnk j?. fbyDk nozG eoB s'_ gfjbK w?_e'Jh ftT[_spzdh Bjh_ ;h ehsh.nkgD/ u/s/ ftu T[God/ Be;aK d/ dpkT[ j/m jhfbydk frnk.À(gzBk-246)

gozs{ ekft-u/sBk ns/ ekft-;ak;soh u/sBk ;zpzXh T[; dhnK XkoBktK;fji/ jh ftT[_spzdh dk o{g XkoB eo b?_dhnK jB. b/ye B{z nkgDk nzdobk s/pkjobk ;w[Zuk u"frodk @N'Nb g'fJNoh# dk w[iZ;wk ikgdk j?. T[; dk wzBDk j?fe eftsk fbyD tkb/ jo pzd/ B{z w?_ eth ;wMD s'_ r[o/ia eodk jK. eth ns/eftsk dk ;zi'r pj[s d[obG j?. fJ; B{z w?_ @N'Nb g'fJNoh# torh e'Jh ;a? wzBdk


jK. @N'Nb g'fJNoh# efj e/ w?_ fe;/ nb'eko fij/ ;zebg dk fiaeo Bjh_ eofojk. @N'Nb g'fJNoh# w/o/ nzsoksw/ ftu t;h ohM j?, fJe nB[Gt dk fSD, id'_eftsk bcaiK ftu jh Bjh_ fe;/ ftnesh d/ feodko ftu th Mbedh j?. feosns/ eos/ d/ ndt?s dk nfijk fSD w?Bz{ eokwks ikgdk j?.À (gzBk-138) fJ;/soQK ekft-fpzp B{z b/ye nkgDh ouBk dk w{b nkXko wzBdk j?. T[; bJh fpzpfBo'b s;tho e;ah Bjh_, fJ; Bkb wB'GktK dk w/b bkiawh j?. w/o/ fpzp dk ;[GknBkNeh j?. e"D, fe; B{z (fe; ;fEsh ftu) feT[_ efj fojk j?, fJBQK d/ ;zi'rBkb jh w/ok ekft-fpzp o{g Xkodk j?. fJBQK ns/ fJj' fij/ j'o ftukoK ftu'_ b/ye d/ nB[Gt, T[; dh Xow-fBogZysk s/ wkBt fposh dk gqwkD fwbdk j?. fJBQKg[;seK ftu g/;a b/ye d/ nB[Gt iK cab;\/ Bho; iK fBog/y Bjh_ ikgd/, ;r'_gkme B{z ihtB-iku f;ykT[_d/ gqshs j[zd/ jB .

T[go'es ftuko uouk T[gozs fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe b/ye dk i'fpzp fJBQK ;t?ihtBh g[;seK ftu'_ T[Go e/ ;kjwD/ nkT[_dk j?, T[j fJe nfij/fwjBsh s/ ;zxo;a;ahb wB[Zy dk j?, fi; B/ nkgD/ pugB ftu ;G e[M rtkT[Ds'_ pknd th fJe yak; w[ekw s/ gj[zu e/, nkgDh tZyoh s/ fBt/ebh gSkD pDkJh.fJT[_ fJj ;t?ihtBh$;kfjse ;t?ihtBh fJe ;akfJo$eth d/ s"o s/ T[; dk GotKfpzp T[bheD ftu ekcah ekw:kp ojh j?. ;t?ihtBh ftu fJe ;akfJo d/ Bkb BkbfJe nB[tkde d/ s"o s/ th b/ye dk GotK fpzp T[ikro j[zdk j?. fJBQK g[;seKd/ pj[s/ GkrK ftu b/ye dh ekft-f;oiD gqfefonk pko/ Gog{o ikDekoh fwbdhj?. vkH jfoGiB f;zx d/ ihtB-;zxo;a, fwjBs, brB, ;po-;zs'y ns/ nDEZeiiap/ d/ ihtB-fposKs B{z g/;a eoB tkbhnK fJBQK ;t?ihtBh g[;seK ftu fJe;cb ;t?ihtBh tkb/ ;ko/ r[D w"i{d jB. fJBQK ;t?ihtBh g[;seK ftu Gkt/_b/ye B/ nkgD/ ihtB dhnK gqshfBZX xNBktK s/ t/oftnK dh jh u'D ehsh j?,pkti{d fJ; ;G d/ fe;/ th ihtB t/ot/$nz;aB{z wjZstjhD s/ ngq;zfre Bjh_ fejkik ;edk. fJBQK ouBktK ftu'_ p/;aZe T[BQK ftneshnK dk fiaeo Bjh_ fwbdk, fiBQKBkb b/ye d/ ;zpzX ;[ykt/_ Bjh_ ;B, gozs{ T[BQK ftneshnK dk GotK fiaeo iao{ofwbdk j? fijV/ b/ye s'_ gqGkfts j'J/ iK fiBQK B/ b/ye B{z fe;/ Bk fe;/ o{g ftugqGkfts th ehsk ns/ n;[ykt/_ t/b/ T[; dh ;jkfJsk th ehsh. fJBQK ;t?ihtBhg[;seK ftu'__ gqkgs b/ye d/ ihtB nB[Gt, cab;ca/, ;kfjs-fuzsB nkfd d/ t/ot/Bk f;oca gkme d/ frnkB ftu tkXk eod/ jB, ;r'_ T[; B{z ekft-f;oiDk, ihtB-iku ns/ ekft-;ak;soh u/sBk dk wkor th f;ykT[_d/ jB. fJ;// eoe/ fJBQK g[;seKftu'_ gqkgs b/ye dk ;t?-gqrNktk T[; d/ phs u[Ze/ ihtB dh g/;aekoh dk fposKsBk j' e/, T[; d/ ihtB nB[Gt ftu'_ o{gKsfos j' e/ ekft-u/sBk, ekft-f;ZXKs ns/do;aB dh t;s{ pD frnk j?. fJ;/ ekoD fJBQK ouBktK ftub/ ekftwJh t/ot/ T[;


dh tkose ;a?bh dh o'uesk B{z tXkT[_d/ j'J/ gkme B{z ekfte ;[ji-;[nkd th gqdkBeod/ jB. b/ye d/ ihtB-nB[Gt, ekft-u/sBk, ekft-fuzsB, fdq;aNhe'D, Xow-fBog/y GktK ns/ wkBt-fjs?;ah r[DK d/ ekoB fJj ;t?ihtBh g[;seK gzikph ;t?ihtBh;kfjs ftu r[Dkswe gZy'_ nfjw ;EkB oZydhnK jB. ekft-u/Ne, ekft-f;oiDgqfefonk, ekft-u/sBk ns/ ekft-;ak;soh B/wK B{z ;fji o{g ftu f;ZyD s/ rqfjDeoB tkb/ gkmeK bJh u'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbk ns/ X[Zg/ pbdk dhtkX[Zg/ pbdk dhtkX[Zg/ pbdk dhtkX[Zg/ pbdk dhtkX[Zg/ pbdk dhtk g[;seK Bkf;oca p"fXe s"o #s/ ;o;ako eodhnK jB ;r'_ T[; B{z fJ; ekoi bJh gq/odhnK thjB. fJj' fJBQK g[;seK dh nfjw s/ r"bD:'r gqkgsh ejh ik ;edh j?.

õõõ


u'bk NkehnK tkbk Lu'bk NkehnK tkbk Lu'bk NkehnK tkbk Lu'bk NkehnK tkbk Lu'bk NkehnK tkbk LfposKse gqtuBfposKse gqtuBfposKse gqtuBfposKse gqtuBfposKse gqtuB

jodhg e"ojodhg e"ojodhg e"ojodhg e"ojodhg e"o

thjth_ ;dh d/ d{;o/ nZX ftu fby/ rJ/ ;kfjs pko/id'_ n;h_ nkgDh fposh fJekro eod/ jK sK vkH jfoGiBf;zx dk Bkw fJe nfijh tZv-nkekoh F];hns ti'_ ;kjwD/nkT[_dk j?, fiBQK Bk e/tb eftsk ns/ ;whfynk d/ y/so ftujh nkX[fBe ;kfjs fuzsB d/ gqGkt nXhB w[ZbtkB spdhbhnKfbnKdhnK pbfe nfXnkgB, tkose, nB[tkd, ;zgkdB, y'inkfd ftfGzB y/soK ftu ouBkswe ns/ nekdfwe ;{M okjh_BthnK ;zGktBktK T[ikro ehshnK. vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ thnkw ;kfjsekoK tKr ;kfjs d/ y/so ftu eftsk dhouBkswesk Bkb gqt/F ehsk s/ T[j th ftokrwJh jbe/c[be/ rhsK dh f;oiBk Bkb. eth dk fJj ftdk-fpzd{ iKnk|k} rhs f;oiBk se ;hfws Bk fojk pbfe ;kfjs dhnK;kohnK ftXktK se g{oh ;wZoEk Bkb c?fbnk j'fJnk d/y;ed/ jK. T[BQK dh gfjbh f;oiBkswe ouBk nXo?DhnXo?DhnXo?DhnXo?DhnXo?Dh1956 ftu gqekfFs j[zdh j? ns/ u'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbk 1994ftu. fJ;/ ;kb jh vkH jfoGiB f;zx j'oK B{z fpobk \kT{_v/FB tb'_ ;o;tsh g[o;eko Bkb fBtkfink iKdk j?. ;' n;h_d/y ;ed/ jK fe vkH jfoGiB f;zx dk ouBkswe gqtkj gzidjke/ g{o/ t/r Bkb tfjzdk ofjzdk j?. jZEb/ y'i-gZso ftun;h_ fJj d/yD dh e'fFF eoBh j? fe T[jBK d/ ihtB dhnKfejVhnK w[Zy xNBktK ;h fijBK B/ ;t?-ihtBheko B{z;zxoFFhb pDkfJnk ns/ T[jBK xNBktK B/ b/ye dhouBkswesk T[go fe; soQK dk n;o gkfJnk <

vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ;t?-ihtBh u'bk NkehnKu'bk NkehnKu'bk NkehnKu'bk NkehnKu'bk NkehnKtkbktkbktkbktkbktkbk pko/ ftuko eoB s'_ gfjbK n;h_ ;t?-ihtBh d/ftXkrs ftXkB pko/ uouk eoBk p/jso ;wMd/ jK. g[oksB

y 'i ft fdnkoED,fdZbh :{Bhtof;Nh,fdZbh


ekb ftu id'_ wB[Zy B/ ihtB nB[Gt ns/ ufoso B{z g/F eoBk j[zdk ;h sK T[j;kfjs d/ g[oksB o{g Nhe/, r'FNK, gouhnK, ofjsBkw/, j[ewBkw/, ;kyhnK nkfd dhtos'_ eodk ;h. fJ; ;w/_ ftu T[_i pj[sk ;kfjs eftsk d/ o{g ftu jh fbfynkiKdk ;h. r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih dk pfuZso BkNe fJ;dh gqw[Zy fw;kb j?.

gZSwh ;kfjs d/ gqGkt nXhB gzikph tkose ftu fijV/ Bt/_ ;kfjs o{gT[sgzB j'J/ jB T[jBK ftu ihtBh, ;t?-ihtBh, ;kfjse ;t?-ihtBh ;\oBkwk,vkfJoh, ;z;woB, o/yk-fuZso, fBpzX, nkfd dk Bkw fbnk ik ;edk j?. nkw s"o*s/ ;t?-ihtBh ns/ ;kfjse ;t?-ihtBh ftu nzso eo fbnk iKdk j?. nkgDhf}zdrh dhnK nfjw xNBktK, ][FhnK, |whnK s/ ihtB-;zxoF B{z fJfsjk;e ekbeqw iK fJfsjk; dh GktBk B{z fXnkB ftu oZyd/ j'J/ ;t?-ihtBheko nkgD/ ihtBB{z fJ; soQK g/F eodk j? fe tk;sfte ;Zu dh p[fBnkd *s/ yb'sk oj/. T[;dhfbys B{z id'_ gkme gVQdk j? sK fJ; rZb dh fJZSk oZydk j? j? fe T[; ftu'_;[ji ;[nkd dh gqkgsh th j't/. Gkt fbys ftu o[ZykgB ns/ Bho;sk Bk j't/.fJj th fXnkB oZyD dh }o{os j? fe fes/ b/ye tk;sfte jehes s'_ d{o th BkfBeb ikt/.

fJ;d/ ftgohs ;kfjse ;t?-ihtBh ftu b/ye T[jBK ;fEshnK, gfo;EshnKns/ T[jBK ;ko/ toskfonK B{z nkgDh :kd Fesh okjh_ g[Bo ;[oihs eodk j? fiBQKB/ T[;dh ouBkswe Fesh B{z fsZfynK eoB ftu nkgDh nfjw G{fwek fBGkJh j[zdhj?. eJh tko b/ye fijV/ d"o ftu r[}fonk j[zdk j? T[j d"o nkw d"o Bjh_ pbfefJfsjk;e spdhbhnK tkbk d"o j[zdk j?. nfij/ d"o ftu b/ye bJh fJj u[D"shpD iKdh j? fe T[j ;wki dhnK fejVhnK skesK Bkb nkgDk ti{d yVk eodkj?. sh;o/ ;z;ko d/ d/;K ftu ;wZf;nk eJh tko tZyoh gqeko dh j[zdh j?. wZX-Fq/Dh d/ b'eK B{z ne;o gfotkoe ns/ ;wkie ;zeNK ftu'_ r[}oBk g?_dk j? fe T[jfe;/ tZv/ ;zxoF s'_ xZN Bjh_ j[zd/.

;t?-ihtBh dhnK d' T[g ftXktK jB. ihtBh ns/ ;kfjse ;t?-ihtBh.j[Dn;K d/yDk j? fe vkH jfoGiB f;zx d[nkok fbyh ;t?-ihtBh o{gkeko d/ gZy s'_ fe;ftXk d/ nzsors nkT[_dh j? < gzikph ;kfjs ftu fJfsjk;e s"o *s/ ;t?-ihtBhd/ o{gkeko dh ftFkb gozgok fwbdh j?. BkBe f;zx, r[opyF f;zx, fgqzL s/ik f;zx,gq'H g{oB f;zx, ns/ gq'H ;kfjp f;zx gzikph ;kfjs d/ w[ZYb/ ;t?-ihtBheko jB. ;t?-ihtBh dh gfogZesk T[go'es b/yeK dhnK ouBktK ftu d/yh ik ;edh j?. thjth_;dh d/ d{i/ nZX ftu gzikph d/ nB/e b/yeK B/ fJ; ftXk ftu ouBk ehsh, i' fer[Dkswe ns/ frDkswe gZy s'_ w[ZbtkB j?. ;' fJ; gqeko gzikph ;kfjs ftu ;t?-ihtBh dh gozgok pj[s pbtkB pDh ojh j?. i' fe j[D sZe brGr fJe ;dh


dk ;\o s?n eo u[Zeh j?.

thjth_ ;dh d/ nzsb/ djkfenK ftu gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh gfNnkbk B/ tZytZy b/yeK B{z ;t?-ihtBhnK fbyD bJh gq/fonk ;h. fi; gqGkt nXhB pj[s ;ko/gzikph b/yeK B/ ;kfjse ;t?-ihtBhnK dh ouBk ehsh. fJ; Bkb gzikph ;kfjsftu ;kfjse ;t?-ihtBh dh gozgok dk nkrk} j[zdk j?. jfoGiB f;zx feT[_ fefJe tZv/ ;kfjseko jB T[j fe;/ th ftXk dhnK gozgokrs ohshnK B{z s'V e/,BthnK ohshnK dh f;oiBk Bkb ftXk dhnK ;zGktBktK B{z gqc[Zfbs eoB tkb/ b/yejB.

n;h_ u'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbk dk ftXkrs nfXn?B eod/ jK sK ;kB{z gskbZrdk j? fe fJ; ftu ;t?-ihtBh ns/ ;kfjse ;t?-ihtBh dhnK ohshnK dk;[w/b fJ; soQK j'fJnk j? fe fJj gkmeK dh T[s;[esk ftu tkXk eodh j?. fJjouBk ;t?-ihtBh ns/ ;kfjse ;t?-ihtBh dk fwFos o{g j?. fJT[_ gqshs j[zdk j?fe fit/_ ;t?-ihtBh d/ o{gkeko ftu o[gKsoD fbnk e/ b/ye Bth_ ftXk dh sbkFftu'_ r[}o fojk j?.

;t?-ihtBheko e'b'_ fJj nk; ehsh iKdh j? fe T[j ihtB t/oftnK d/fposKs ns/ toDB t/b/ T[jBK dh g/Fekoh ;Zu d/ Xoksb *s/ ofj e/ eo/. u'bkNkehnK tkbk g[;se d/ nkozG ftu jh jfoGiB f;zx j[oK B/ fJ; rZb dk nfjdeo fbnk ns/ nzso-fXnkB j' gowkswk nZr/ p/Bsh th ehsh j? fe w?_ ;Zu d/o;s/ dk okjh pfDnk ojK. fit/_ T[j fbyd/ jB L-

gqfsfrnkgqfsfrnkgqfsfrnkgqfsfrnkgqfsfrnk

fJj fbys fsnko eofdnK ih ukj[zdk j? fe e'Jh oZp torh j'_d w/ohokjB[wkJh eo/ sK i[ w?_ jT[w? ns/ Jhoyk s'_ pfunk ojK. nkgDh ;kXkoBsk d/dkfJo/ s'_ T[oQK-goQK Bk GNeK, nkgD/ nkg B{z tfvnkT[D iK fe;/ j'o B{z S[fNnkT[Dd/ e[okj/ ed/ Bk gtK.

nkgD/ nk;-gk; n?;k oZp ukj[zdk jK i' feosxDsk-d'F s'_ w/oh ofynkeo/. w/oh ekft-:ksqk ftu i' e'Jh th fwjopkB w[jZpsh e[M d{o sZe w/o/ ;zzr-;kE s[fonk ;h, T[jB{z nkdo ;kfjs :kd eoB s'_ y[zM Bk iktK.

n?;h feqgk eo' w/o/ fgnko/ fe ;Zu p'bK, ;zy/g p'bK s/ ;[yktK p'bK. dhgedkB eo', ;[wkor ftykU, gqG{ ih.

jfoGiB f;zxjfoGiB f;zxjfoGiB f;zxjfoGiB f;zxjfoGiB f;zx

j[D ;kv/ wB ftu fJj gqFB g?dk j[zdk j? fe fe;/ ftnesh d/ wB nzdonkgDh ihtBh fbyD dh ]kfjF feT[_ g?dk j[zdh j?, fJ;dk gqsZy itkp fJj pDdk


j? fe T[; ftnesh d/ wB nzdo jh nkgDh ihtBh fbyD dh fJZSk g?dk j[zdh j?fi; ftnesh B/ fJ; ihtB ftu ftuofdnK j'fJnk ;wkie, Xkofwe, oki;h,;fGnkukoe nkfd y/soK ftu e'Jh ftF/F fe;w dk :'rdkB gkfJnk j't/. fJ;ihtB ftu ftuofdnK j'fJnk ftfGzB gqeko dhnK ftukoXkokJh bfjoK T[sgzBj[zdhnK jB. e[dosh nk\sK nkT[_dhnK jB. f}zdrh ftu eJh gqeko dh T[ØEb-g[ØEb j[zdh j?. fJBQK ;ko/ y/soK ftu fi; ftnesh dh nfjw G{fwek ojhj't/, fi; ftnesh B/ ;wki bJh T[;ko{ o'b ndk ehsk j't/ iK fi;B/ ;kfjs ns/ebk d/ y/so ftu e'Jh BkwDk yZfNnk j't/, T[; ftnesh d/ wB nzdo jh ;t?-ihtBh fbyD dh b'uk g?dk j[zdh j?. fJBQK ;ko/ i[nkpK B{z ;Bw[y oZy e/ jfoGiBf;zx dh F];hns B{z t/yhJ/ sK fJj ;fji/ jh gsk bZrdk j? fe T[jBK dh f}zdrhdk rqk\ ;Kth gZXoh f}zdrh tkbk Bjh_. fpyV/ g?_fVnK B{z gko eoB tkb/ fJe;zxoFFhb wB[Zy d/ o{g ftu T[ikro j[zdk j?. T[j nfs ;XkoB j[zfdnK j'fJnkth nfs ;kXkoB Bjh_ ofjzd/ pbfe ;kbK pZXh fwjBs eoe/ n;kXkoB ftnefsZstB{z gqkgs eoB ftu ;\b j[zd/ jB.

u'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbk ftu T[j nkgDh f}zdrh dhnK xNBktK B{z f;o\ t/oftnK wkso Bjh_ g/F eod/, ;r'_ fJjBK t/oftnK okjh_ T[j frnkB d/ v{zx/ ;kroKftu T[so e/ wkBt iksh bJh dkoFfBe B[efsnK B{z ;Ekfgs eod/ jB. fit/_ T[jfbyd/ jB L-

jo foFh d/ nshs ftu e'Jh }]w j?.

frnkB fe;/ d[Zy dh ftnkfynk. (o[Zy s/ foFh, gzBk L 42)

u'bk NkehnK tkbk dk id'_ n;h_ gkmrs nfXn?B eod/ jK sK T[;dh;w[Zuh o{g-ouBk d/ nkXko *s/ j/m fby/ w[Zy fpzd{ pDd/ jB. fijBK dh p[fBnkdT[s/ fJj ouBk T[;koh j'Jh j?L

1) XBh gfotko ftu iBw2) :shw s/ fJeZbsk tkbk ihtB3) |[ops ns/ ;zxoF4) gzikp, gzikph ns/ gzikphns dk fto;k5) fjzd-gke tzv d/ sqk;fde t/ot/6) ekft f;oiD gqfefonk d/ ;o's7) gqwkDe ;kfjsekoh d/ fujB L fJ;soh, d[Zy ns/ wk;{whns8) d';sK fwZsoK dk ;zr-;kE

fJ; ouBk d/ nkXko *s/ id'_ n;h_ vkH jfoGiB f;zx ih d/ ihtBfgS'eV T[s/ Mks wkod/ jK sK ;kB{z gsk bZrdk j? fe T[jBK dk iBw oZi/-g[Zi/


gfotko ftu j'fJnk.b/ye nkgD/ xo ftu fszB XhnK s'_ pknd g?dk j'D tkbku"Ek pZuk ;h. T[jBK d/ nkgD/ efjD nB[;ko T[j @fsqyb* pkb ;h. fszB XhnKs'_ pknd xo ftu bVe/ d/ g?dk j'D eoe/ ngko y[Fh dk wkj"b ;h. y[Fh dkfJj wkj"b xo ftu fJe ;kb pfDnk ofjzdk j?. go fit/_ fe nZi eZb eo'Bkdh eo'gh tkgo ojh j? fpbe[b fJ;/ soQK fJe ;dh gfjbK ftFt ftu wjKwkohdk wkj"b ;h. fJ; wjKwkoh dk ;/e jfoGiB f;zx j[oK d/ gfotko B{z th nkDbZrk. iBw d/ fJe ;kb d/ nzdo jh T[jBK d/ fgsk ih sgfde dh Bkw[okdfpwkoh d/ fFeko j' rJ/. T[jBK d/ nekb ubkD/ Bkb xo s'_ ;?_eV/ whb d{oofjzd/ gfotko dhnK iVQK fjZb rJhnK. xo gfotko B{z ubkT[D tkbk w[yhnkid nukBe s[o frnk sK xo dh nkofEe jkbs vktK v'b j'D bZrh. xo d/jkbks B{z ;[yktK oZyD bJh dkdh wK B/ e[ZM fuo fjzws oZyh, go fJj fjzws ns/m[zwDk f}nkdk d/o fNfenk Bk ofj ;fenk. fgsk d/ ikD T[gozs jfoGiB f;zxj[oK dk gfotko ;[ykt/_ wkj"b s'_ d[ykt/_ jkbksK ekoB ftubs okj/ g? frnk.T[jBK dh dkdh, wksk, d' G?DK ns/ S'Nk pkb bwfvzr d/ t;d/ o;d/ xo B{z SZve/ nzfwqs;o d/ fgzv G[Zbo ns/ fco fJSok ikD bJh wip{o j' rJ/. T[j ;EkBpdbh fe;/ tZv/ T[ikV/ s'_ xZN Bjh_ ;h. fJ; ;EkB pdbh t/b/ jfoGiB f;zxih ni/ nzRkDh T[wo ftu jh ;B. fi; eoe/ T[jBK B{z nkgDh tk;st ;fEshpko/ e'Jh frnkB Bjh_ ;h. j"bh j"bh id'_ T[jBK B/ ;[os ;zGkbh sK T[jBK d/foFs/dkoK tZb'_ T[jBK dh nwhoh d/ rtkuD dk nfj;k; eotkfJnk frnk, gofJj T[jBK d/ ihtB d/ w[ZYb/ ;kb nfij/ d[yKs Go/ ;B fe T[jBK d/ gfotkod/ ;ko/ ihn fJe fJe eoe/ tk;st ihtB ftu'_ s[od/ rJ/. T[jBK dh wkBf;eskT[s/ fJj rfjo/ ;dfwnK d/ tkgoB dk ;wK ;h. T[j p/ ;jkfonk tKr f}zdrhfiT{D bJh wip{o j' rJ/.

f}zdrh dk rqkc nkekF s'_ gkskb tZb frodk j'fJnk B}oh g?_dk j?. fJ;fvZrd/ j'J/ rqkc dhnK xNBktK B{z T[jBK dhnK wksk ns/ G?DK ;jko Bk ;ehnK.Bshi/ ti'_ fJe t;d/ o;d/ xo dk pkbe fJe :shw tKr ihtB B{z ihD bJhwip{o j' frnk. f}zdrh dk fxBkT[Dk ;Zu fJj ;kjwD/ nkfJnk j? fe jfoGiBf;zx ih dk nkgDk ;ek wkwk (fi; wkw/ B{z b/ye d/ fgsk ih B/ ed/ nkgD/ g?oKs/ yVk ehsk ;h) jh nwkBth toskU eoB bZrk. BzB/ pkb B{z wkoB e[ZND bZrkns/ Bk}[e fgzv/ T[s/ bk;K g? rJhnK. T[j nkgD/ B}dheh foFs/dkoK e'b jh fyZd'tKr o[bd/ oj/. f}zdrh dk ;Zu fJj j? fe id'_ e'Jh wB[Zy ;[Zy dh nt;Ek ftuj[zdk j? sK ;ko/ foFs/dko ns/ nzrh-;zrh y[Fh ftu tX uV e/ Fohe j[zd/ jB goid'_ e'Jh d[ZyK dh dbdb ftu x/fonk iKdk j? sK foFs/dko j"bh j"bh g?o dZpd/j'J/ fgZS/ jZN iKd/ jB. jfoGiB f;zx j[oh_ id'_ nkgDh pkb T[wo ftu foFs/dkoK


gk; ofj oj/ ;B sK T[jBK Bz{ vhH J/H thH ;e{b ftu dkyb eotk fdZsk frnk.ftZfdnk d/ y/so ftu T[j jw/Fk ntZb doi/ *s/ ofjzd/ ;B go f}zdrh dk fto'XfJj ;h. Gkt/_ T[jBK B{z ihtB fBopkj eoB bJh T[BQK e'b pkg-dkd/ dk i'Vh;zgsh j? ;h go B}dheh foFs/dkoK gk;'_ T[jBK d/ i' ngDZssk tkbk nfj;k;fwbDk ukjhdk ;h, T[; s'_ T[j ;yD/ oj/. foFs/dkoK d/ xoK ftu T[jBK bJh ed/th ;[yktK wkj"b Bjh_ ;h j[zdk. T[jBK dh nkwd *s/ fe;/ B{z e'Jh y[Fh Bk j[zdh.foFs/dkoK d/ fyM/ j'J/ fujo/ d/y e/ T[j xo s'_ d{o o'jhnK d/ ezY/-ezY/, ed/ feZeoKdhnK X[ZgK SktK *u, ed/ T[ikV phnkpkBK *u nkgDh fJeZbsk tkbh f}zdrh B{z G'roj/ ;B. fJj ;wK T[jBK bJh nfs dh fBok;sk tkbk ;h. Go/ j'J/ gfotko s'_ftS[zB/ j'J/ pkb tork. nfij/ ;w/_ *u T[jBK B{z nkgD/ fgsk wksk s/ G?DK dh pj[s:kd nkT[_dh. n;h_ t/yd/ jK fe jfoGiB f;zx j'oK d/ pugB dk ;wK x'ofJeZbsk, fJebkg/ s/ p/rkBrh tkbk ;h. nkgfDnK dh ;zrs s'_ T[j ftot/_ ofjrJ/ ;B. fJeZbsk dk fJj ;wK ihtB ;zxoF s/ fpyV/ g?_v/ tkbk ;h.fJ; ;fEshdk fto'XkGk; fJj pDdk j? fe fJj ;wK ;kfjsekoK ns/ ebkekoK bJh fJj ;okgBjh_ ;r'_ todkB d/ o{g ftu nkT[Idk j?.

ihtB ;zxoF ftu ftuodk j'fJnk eZb-w-eZbk pzdk nksww[yh j' iKdkj?. nzsow[ysk tZb :ksok wB[Zy B{z frnkB d/ ;'fwnK ftu b? iKdh j?. d[BhnkGo d/ fJfsjk; d/ gZso/ co'b/ ikD/ sK gsk bZrdk j? T[jh wB[Zy tZv/ ;kfjsekos/ ebkeko pDB ftu ;\b j'J/ fizBK B/ f}zdrh d/ w[ZYb/ ;kbK ftu e"V/-e[;?b/tfoQnK B{z ihftnk ;h. fe;/ th wB[Zy dh F];hns B{z xVB ftu T[wo d/ w[ZYb/tfoQnK dh nfjw G{fwek j[zdh j?.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx j[oK dh T[wo dk gfjbk djkek |[ops ns/ x'o;zxoF tkbk pfDnk ofjzdk j?. b/ye d/ iBw t/b/ T[j Gkt/_ w{zj *u ;'B/ d/ uwukb? fe g?dk j'fJnk go |[ops j"bh j"bh T[jBK d/ ihtB ftu g?o g;kodh rJh.eZb-w-eZbk pkb d/y e/ foFs/dkoK ns/ B/Vb/ nzrhnK-;zrhnK d/ wBK ftu y'Ndh GktBk th T[sgzB j'D bZrh. T[jBK d/ iZdh-g[Fsh xo j"bh j"bh T[jBK e'b'_y'j/ ikD bZr/ ns/ jfoGiB f;zx j'oh_ T[jBK dh wbehns s'_ ;ZyD/ j' rJ/. foFs/dkoK tk;s/ b/ye fJe wfjZNo pkb jh ;h. foFs/dkoK d/ xoK ftu ofjzfdnkT[jBK B{z XhnK, g[ZsoK tkbk T[j fgnko jkf;b Bk j' ;fenk i' fe nkgD/ ;e/wkfgnK s'_ gqkgs j'Dk ;h. foFs/dkoK d/ do-dotk}/ T[pk;h tKr{ y[bQd/ ;B ns/b/ye B{z d/y e/ T[jBK d/ wZfEnK T[Øs/ fsT[VhnK g? iKdhnK ;B. fJ;d/ gqsheowti'_ b/ye B/ nkgDh wkBf;esk B{z j[bk; d/D tk;s/ nkgD/ jw-T[wo ;kEhnK ns/eJh tko Xkofwe ;EkBK *s/ ik e/ nkgD/ ihtB B{z ;zs[bB ftu oZyD dk T[gokbkehsk.|[ops d/ wko{ wkj"b ns/ ;zxoF d/ bzw/ g?_v/ dh EekB ftu'_ b/ye nkgDh


UN Gkbdk Gkbdk Xkofwe ;EkBK dh FoB ftu g[Zi iKdk. T[jBK B{z pj[s ;ko/Fpd s/ r[opkDh ezm j' rJ/. ;e{b ns/ Xkofwe ;EkBK T[s/ b/ye dh G{fwekr"bD :'r j' iKdh j?.

fit/_ n;h_ f}eo ehsk j? fe b/ye nkgDh fJeZbsk d/ wkj"b B{z ]sw eoBbJh Xkofwe ;EkBK dh FoB b?_dk j?, fJjBK Xkofwe ;EkBK ftu r[od[nkok, wzdo,w;fid nkfd Fkfwb jB. T[jBK d/ ihtB dk fJj tkfenk brGr fJe ;dhg[okDk j?. fJ; xNBk ftu'_ Bk e/tb b/ye d/ ihtB dh jh v{zxh Mks g?dh j?pbfe fJe ;dh g[okD/ gzikp dh |?o ;zgodkfJe f}zdrh ns/ Gqksoh GktBk dh|"otwJh gozgok dh ;{M th gqkgs j[zdh j?. fJj ;{M gzikp, gzikph ns/ gzikphnsd/ foFs/ dh gqwkfDe s;tho tkbh j? .d[Zy dh rZb fJj j? fe fJj gqwkDes;tho pj[sk fuo ekfJw Bk ofj ;eh. nzro/}K dh e{NBhsh eoe/ fJ; s;thoftu so/VK nkT[D bZr gJhnK ns/ j"bh j"bh fjzd-gkfe tzv d/ d[yKs ftu fJjs;tho ueBku{o j' rJh. nZi fJT[_ gqshs j[zdk j? fe fit/_ ;w[Zu/ gzikphnK dknkdoF nshs ftu jh r[zw rtku frnk j't/. fJ; d[yKs d/ fjod/ t/de t/ot/T[jBK dh eftsk ftu th fwbd/ jB L

;"_ ik fJzi nZyhnK u'_ nZyhnK Bk e/of;skfonK dh ;dk Bjh_ v[ZpDh ;t/o

T[j nkgDh ;t?-ihtBh ftu fJ; rZb dh gq'Vsk eod/ jB L

;'uD, wfj;{;D ftu i' fFZds d[yh nkdwh gk; jz[dh j? T[j d[Zy s'_ \k;b/T[Øgo yb's/ pzd/ gk; Bjh_ j[zdh.

;' fJj ;Zu j? fe ;woZE b/ye e/tb nkgD/ jh Bjh_, d{finK d/ d[Zy-dod B{z th nkgD/ wB *s/ jzYkT[_dk j?. fi;d/ nkgD/ wB nzdo dod dk tk;kj?. T[jh b'ekJh d/ d[Zy-dod B{z ;wM ns/ tzvk ;edk j?.

gzikp d/ fi; wkj"b ftu vkH jfoGiB f;zx j'oK dk w[ZYbk ihtB phfsnk;h, T[j GkFktK d/ frnkB dk nfijk ;zrw ;h fi; Bkb fe;/ ftnesh dhF];hns dh T[;koh tZv nkekoh o{g tkbh pD ;edh ;h. fit/_ fit/_ gzikp oki;hgZy s'_ d[yKs tZb tXdk j? fst/_-fst/_ GkFktK ns/ GkFktK d/ ;kfjs *u'_ g?dkj'D tkb/ frnkB d/ ;'w/ ;Z[eD/ F[o{ j' iKd/ jB go feT[_fe jfoGiB f;zx j[oK d// w[ZYb/ fszB djke/ gzikp dh r"otFhb gozgok ftu phsd/ jB. fJ; eoe/ T[jBKd/ ouBkswe ;kfjs ftu g{otekbh frnkB dk ;kekokswe o{g t/fynk ik ;edkj?. T[jBK d/ ekft-ntu/sB ftu Xkofwe ;z;EktK Bkb ;zpzfXs ;kfjs, nkgD/ihtB dh iZd'-ifjd ns/ ;zrhs Bkb nEkj fgnko nkgD/ obt/_-fwbt/_ o{g ftufJ; soQK ;kjwD/ nkT[_dk j? fe vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh f;oiDk fJfsjk; fwfEjk;


d/ ft;sfos frnkB ftu'_ T[sgzB j[zdh j?. vkH jfoGiB f;zx j[oK bJh fJj fJefe;w dk fto'XkGk; jh ;h fe gfotkoe d[Zy ns/ nkb/-d[nkb/ d/ ihtB ftu'_ g?dkj' fojk frnkB ;kwkBKso o{g ftu gqkgs j[zd/ jB. T[j nkg fbyd/ jB few/o/ wB w;se ftu id'_ eftsk dh nkwd j[zdh j? sK ;zrhs dhnK X[BK w/o/ ekftnkg/ ftu okrwJh ;[oK S/VdhnK jB. fJ; dk wsbp fJj ;h fe ekft ;[oKgfjbK nkT[_dhnK ;B s/ Fpd pknd ftu pj[Vd/ ;B. f;oiBkswe ftXkB ftud{;ok wjZstg{oB B[esk fJj j? fe jfoGiB f;zx j'oK gk; d[Zy dk sB MkfrnkgqwkDe nB[Gt ;h. T[j id'_ nkgD/ nkb/-d[nkb/ d/ b'eK B{z d[Zyh t/yd/ ;B sKT[jBK d/ d[Zy B{z th nkgDk jh pDk b?_d/ ;B. pzdk d{;o/ dk d[Zy GziB eoBftu ;jkJh j' iKdk j?, id'_ T[j T[; Bkb ngDZssk dk foFsk ekfJw eo b?_dkj? go fJ; ftu i' p[fBnkdh Fos j[zdh j?, T[j fJj j? fe d[Zy joB tkb/ftnesh d/ fjod/ ftu wk;{whns dk tk; j't/.

FkfJo j' e/ fiT{D bJh bk}wh Fos j?

d{finK dh j'Dh B{z nkgDh j'Dh pDk b?Dk.

u'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbk ouBk ftu vkH jfoGiB f;zx ih B/ ouBkswe;kfjs d/ i' p[fBnkdh B/w ftnesh dh j'_d ftu bk}wh wzB/ jB T[j fJ;soh, d[Zyns/ wk;{whns d/ jB. T[jBK dh ;wZ[uh ekft ouBk dk gkm ehsk ikt/ sK fJjB[es/ ;fji Gkn jh B}o nk iKd/ jB. fJj f;ZXKse B[es/ T[E/ Gkt/_ ftjkoe o{gftu fd;d/ jB go u'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbk ftu fJjBK B{z fJe B/wktbh ftu pzfBQnkfrnk j?. ;t?-ihtBeko fJe T[Øxk ekft Fk;soh j? fJ; eoe/ nu/s jh T[j ekftftXkB d/ B/wK dh fBFkBd/jh eo iKdk j?.

n;h_ d/fynk j? fe jfoGiB f;zx fJe wjkB ;kfjse F];hns d/ wkbe;B. T[j fJe nfijk ftnefsst ;h i' nkswgoeh X[B ftu ofjzdk ;h. nkgD/ihtB ftu ftuofdnK T[jBK B{z nkgD/ gfotkoe ihnK, B/Vb/ foFs/dkoK, d';sK-fwZsoK, b/yeK dk ;zr-;kE fwbdk fojk. T[jBK d/ nkgD/ gfotkoe w?_poGkt/_ T[jBK dh f}zdrh ftu E'Vk no;k jh oj/, go T[jBK dh wkBf;esk ftuT[jBK dk rfjok tk; pfDnk fojk. B/Vb/ foFs/dkoK d/ Bkb ofjD dh wip{ohpDh ojh. fJE/ T[jBK B{z :EkoEe foFfsnK dh jehes dk frnkB j'fJnk.d';sK-fwZsoK ftu T[jBK d/ r{VQ/ ;ZiD-fwZso ;B. fijBK Bkb T[jBK B/ nzsw;[nk;K sZe d';sh fBGkJh, e[ZM frD/ u[D/ b/yeK, ebkekoK Bkb T[jBK dh pj[sfBeNsk ;h. JhFto fusoeko, j}kok f;zx r[odk;g[oh, ;[w/o, vkH nwohe f;zx,vkH i;tzs f;zx B/eh nkfd. fJjBK Bkb T[j nkgD/ ;kfjse ;ztkd oukT[_d/ ;B.nkgD/ FkfrodK B{z T[j Fkfrod Bjh_ pbfe nkgD/ ;zrh ns/ gfotko dk nzr jh


pDk b?_d/ ;B. T[jBK Bkb s[ofdnK-fcofdnK T[j nkgD/ nkg B{z frnkB d/ okjhjh ebfgs eod/ ;B. fJjBK FkfrodK d/ ;zr-;kE okjh_ T[j jw/Fk nkgD/ frnkBd/ y/so B{z t;hj eod/ ;B. nkgDhnK ;zGktBktK B{z FkfrodK d/ o{g *u s;Zt[oeod/ ;B. fJjBK T[go'es ;zrhnK-;kEhnK dh T[jBK dh f}zdrh ftu nfjw G{fwekpDh ojh.

T[go'es ;koh ftuko-uouk B{z i/ e[ZM FpdK *u ;w/NDk j't/ sK fJj fejkik ;edk j? fe fJ; ;t?-ihtBh ftu thjth_ ;dh d/ d{i/ nZX d/ ;ot'sw ;kfjsekons/ fuzse dh f}zdrh d/ ftfGzB gVktK dh fJe bzwh ftek;-o/yk j?. T[jBK dhF];hns nfijh ;h fe f}zdrh dh bzwh iZd'-ifjd ftu T[j ed/ jko/-j[ZN/ Bjh_,pbfe GftZyw[yh j[zd/ j'J/ nkgD/ nkdoFK B{z ;o eoB ftu bZr/ oj/ ns/ ;\bj'J/.

T[jBK dhnK ;kfjse ouBktK dk w{b \b;\k fJj T[ikro j'fJnk j? fe;kXkoB s'_ ;XkoB wB[Zy ftu th n;kXkoB F];hns pDB dh ;zGktBk ehsh ik;edh j?. vkH i;tzs f;zx B/eh dh fJj ;so

@@w?_ ;zGktBk dh nZy ftu p?m e/ t/fynk j? $ i' e[M ebfgnk ik ;edkj? $ tkgo th ;edk j?.## (f;wfosh d/ feoB s'I gfjbK, gzBk L 36)

T[jBK dh ihtB ejkDh ns/ nkdoFK T[go g{oh soQK Y[Zedh j?. fJjouBk gzikph d/ ;w{j gkmeK d/ fXnkB fjZs ofjDh ukjhdh j?, sK i' T[j nk;skdk gZbk ;dk geVh oZyD, sK jh fJ; fbys dk n;bh we;d ns/ :'rdkB;zg{oB j't/rk. ouBk dk Bkw jh ihtB ftu nkJhnK d[FtkohnK ns/ w[;hpsK tZb;ze/s eodk j?, fi;B{z b/ye B/ ;kfjsesk d/ ;[w/b okjh_ gqwkDe o{g ftu gqrNehsk j?. g[;se ftu nkJ/ ;ze/s nfijhnK ukphnK jB, fijBK okjh_ vkH jfoGiBf;zx d/ ihtB, ouBk ns/ F];hns dhnK r[zMbK ns/ ow}K B{z y'fbQnk th ik;edk j?.

õõõ


fJe dot/F dh :ksokfJe dot/F dh :ksokfJe dot/F dh :ksokfJe dot/F dh :ksokfJe dot/F dh :ksokvkH wBihs e"ovkH wBihs e"ovkH wBihs e"ovkH wBihs e"ovkH wBihs e"o

vkH jfoGiB f;zx fJe nfijh n}hw F];hns ;Bfe T[BQK pko/ fbyDk ;{oi Bz{ fuok| fdykT[D tkbh rZbj't/rh.

u'bk NkehnK tkbk ftu vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/nkgDh F];hns, nkgDh ekft-ouBk d/ pj[ftX gk;koK Bz{fJe ]k; ftXh okjh_ T[xkfVnk j?. id'_ w?_ fJ; ouBk d/gkm nzdo dkf]b j'Jh sK fJe' t/b/ ouBk gkm okjh_ T[BQKdh F];hns d/ o{-p-o{ th j'Jh. u'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbk;[Gkn s/ f;ob/y d'jK gZyK s'_ w?Bz{ nb'eko brk. jfoGiBf;zx dk ;w[Zuk ti{d u'bk j? ns/ NkehnK nfij/ gVkn jBfiBQK EkDh_ b/ye r[}fonk j?. fJE/ ;fjtB jh n;h_ nB[Gtdh gZXo s/ T[; d/ gkm Bkb i[VfdnK fJe foFsk ekfJweo b?_d/ jK. fJj fJe fJj' fijh fbys j? fi; ftu b/ye dh ekft f;oiDk s/ T[; d/ ihtB dhnK nB/eK gosKgqsZy o{g ftu ;keko j[zdhnK jB. b/ye ;fji/ jh gkmeirs Bkb nkgDk fJe ihtzs foFsk ekfJw eo b?_dk j?.

;t?ihtBh ftu u'bk fJe e/_doh fujB o{g ftu;keko j[zdk j? fijVk fJe gk;/ sK ihtB d/ nzdk} Bz{co'bdk j? ns/ d{i/ gk;/ T[; d/ X[o nzdo gJh fJe ]kw'FouBk Bz{ fbysh o{g se b? ikD dh ftXh th d;dk j? ns/shi/ pzB/ T[j fJe fJj' fijk wB[Zy fijVk g[Zso, fgU,nfXnkge ns/ fe;/ dk Fkfrod th j't/ T[; Bz{ u'b/ okjh_;keko eodk j?. u'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbku'bk NkehnK tkbk fJe fJj' fij/ F];(jfoGiB f;zx) dh ihtB :ksok j? fi; B{z Gog{o Xoksbd/ pkti{d th ftr'funK ftu ftuoBk fgnk. T[j gqkgshnKBz{ wkDdk ns/ ftr'funK ftu ftuodk j'fJnk th ;zxoFFhb

n?;';hJ/N gq'ca?;o, ;qh r[o{r'fpzd f;zx ekbi nkcaekwo; (fdZbh :{Bhtof;Nh),ghswg[ok, BthI fdZbh.c'B L 9871648494


j?. ihtB ftu ukJh_ ukJh_ nZr/ tXD ftu ftFtk; oZydk j?. nkgD/ fgsk pko/rZb eodk j'fJnk T[j nkydk j? L

w/ok fgsk fJfsjk;e sZE s'_ fes/ tXhe fwfEe ;'u tKr w/o/ nzdoofunk-tf;nk j?. T[jBz{ r[nkT[D ftu th e[M gkT[D dh tk;sftesk Fkfwb j?.ftr'uk s/ gqkgshnK fJe' egV/ dh f;ZX g[Zm tKr j?. ;koh T[wo jzYkT[_dk fojKjK. (gzH 10)

T[j ftr'funK Bz{ th fJe iFB tKr wkDdk j?. fJ; soQK @u'bk# fJe;zg{oD jfoGiB f;zx dk ti{d j' fBpVdk j?, fijVk fe nzsow[yh j? ns/ T[;ftubhnK NkehnK T[BQK dh okjdkoh d/ tZy' tZyo/ gVkn jB. Gkt/_ fJj gVknsoshptko Bjh_ jB ns/ fJj jh T[jBK dh ftbZyDsk j? ns/ fJ;/ eoe/ T[jNkehnK jB. fJBQK gVktK ftu T[; d/ foFs/ Bks/, d';s fwZso, b/ye, tZy tZy;fGnkukoK Bkb ;zpzfXs t/ot/ ;kv/ ;kjwD/ nkT[_d/ jB. fJj T[j NkehnK jBfiBQK Bz{ T[; B/ tZy' tyo/ gVktK ;w/_ nzfes ehsk j?. fJj gVkn T[; d/ ihtBu'b/ ftueko i[Vd/ th jB, d{i/ gk;/ nkgDh fJeZbhekoh j'_d dk ;p{s th fdzd/jB.

;t?ihtBh dk gfjbk gVkn T[; dk pugB j?. jfoGiB f;zx dk pugBpVk nwhoh tkbk fojk j?. feT[_fe T[j nkgD/ wK-pkg dk fJeb"sk g[Zso ;h, fJ;eoe/ ;G dk fgnkok ;h. gozs{ fJj jkbks T[; d/ ibdh pdb rJ/. T[; d/xo d/ ihn fJe fJe eoe/ ftSVd/ ub/ rJ/ ed/ Bk tkg; nkT[D bJhHHHT[;d/ gj[-c[Nkb/ Bz{ ;[Bfjoh d[gfjo pDB dk w"ek jh Bjh_ fwfbnk s/ f;ZXk Fkw j'rJh ns/ fJj Fkw pj[s bzw/oh ;h. fJ; Fkw Bz{ T[j wB jh wB ftu ]kw'FhBkb jzYkT[_dk fojk. gfotko ftS'Vk T[; Bz{ fJzi ikgdk ;h fit/_ T[; e'b'_ e'JhngokX j'fJnk j't/. T[j nkgD/ fJ; nDehs/ r[Bkj Bz{ th d[Bhnk s'_ b[ekT[_dkfojk. T[; bJh ;G s'_ pVk ftr'uk T[; dk pugB nkT[D s'_ gfjbK jh ub/ ikDk;h L

fJe fdB wK B/ pks ;[DkJh,

fet/_ T[; B/ nkgD/ jEh_

fgsk w/o/ dh fusk ibkJh

b/ye B/ nkgDh ;t?ihtBh Bz{ fJe ]k; ftT[_s ftu r[zfdnk j?. T[; dh;t?ihtBh dk jo Gkr fe;/ B fe;/ ftr'u/ Bkb ;zpzfXs j?. fw;kb d/ s"o s/gfjb/ Gkr e'm/ s/ gVe'mVk ftu T[j d;dk j? fe T[; d/ iBw ;w/_ jh T[;d/ fgsk dk d/jKs j' frnk. T[; B/ pugB ftu jh nkgD/ fgsk Bz{ r[nk fdZsk.fJj ftr'uk T[; Bz{ pugB ftu jh fwb frnk s/ ;koh f}zdrh T[; d/ Bkb Bkb


jh ubdk fojk. nfij/ ftr'u/ jh T[; Bz{ Bkb' Bkb nZr/ tXD bJh fJe g[]sk}whB th d/_d/ jB. T[j foFs/ fe;/ B fe;/ j;sh dh Feb ftu T[; Bz{ f}zdrhftu fwbd/ th oj/ jB fit/_ T[BQK dh G?D pz;'. T[; d/ ihtB ftu ftr'u/ s/gqkgshnK Bkb' Bkb s[od/ jB ns/ fJ;/ bJh T[j fJBQK Bz{ fJe' egV/ d/ f;ZX g[Zmnkydk j?. b/ye d/ fgsk dh id'_ w"s j'Jh sK T[BQK dh r?ojk}oh B/ T[; d/ufoZso fBowkD ftu pj[s tZvk o'b ndk ehsk. fgsk ih dh gfjbh fBFkBh i'T[BQK se gj[zuh T[j frnkBh Bo?D f;zx dk rzqE pkJh tkoK ;NhepkJh tkoK ;NhepkJh tkoK ;NhepkJh tkoK ;NhepkJh tkoK ;Nhe ;h fi; B/T[BQK Bz{ r[opkDh nfXn?B Bkb i'fVnk L

T[jBK tk;s/ fJj rzqE fJe nfrnks fyVeh j?, fi; okjh_ ekft-d/thw/o/ se gj[zudh ojh j?.

fJ; soQK fiE/ T[; d/ fgsk d/ ikD dk dod ;h T[E/ Bkb jh r[opkDhBkb fJe;[osk T[BQK dh gqkgsh ojh. T[BQK dh j'_d ftu jK$BK-w[yh t/ot/ T[jBKd/ ;zr-;kE ubd/ oj/ jB fijV/ fJe ihT[_d/ ikrd/ ;{MtkB ;zihdk fJB;kB dh;ZukJh j[zd/ jB. T[BQK e'b nro e'Jh XB d"bs ;h sK T[; B/ ekft fujBK dhewkJh ehsh. xo j[zfdnK j'fJnK T[j p/xo j'J/ s/ feokJ/ d/ wekBK ftuoj/. fJBQK Bz{ jh T[; B/ gqkgsh s/ ftr'u/ fejk j?. fJ; f;ob/y nXhB T[j nkgDheftsk fbyD d/ nB[Gt Bz{ fJzi wfj;{; eod/ jB fit/_ fe;/ B/ gfjbK s'_ jh T[;o/e'm/ d/ T[go fJe j'o e'mk i'V fdZsk j't/ L

w/oh w"fbesk ftu pj[s e[M g[okDk j? i' nkgD/ gfotko dh wko\s w?Bz{nkgD/ ;fGnkuko s'_ fwfbnk j?. w/ok fgsk fJfsjk;e sZE s'_ fes/ tXhe fwfEe ;ZutKr w/o/ nzdo ofunk tf;nk j'fJnk j?. T[jBz{ r[nkT[D ftu jh e[M gkT[D dhtk;sftesk Fkfwb j?. ftr'uk s/ gqkgshnK fJe' jh egV/ dh f;ZX g[Zm tKr w?_ ;kohT[wo jzYkT[_dk fojk jK. (gzH 10)

T[jBK dk xo, gfotko, ;fGnkuko s/ j'o nkbk d[nkbk Bh_j j? s/ T[gobhT[;koh d[nkok T[j nkgD/ ekft fujBK dh ewkJh eo fojk j?. T[; dk ihtB s/f;oiDk d't/_ ewhnK s/ gqkgshnK fwZso tKr Bkb' Bkb s[od/ jB Gkt/_ ;[Gkte s"os/ fJj tZy' tZyo/ jB.

;t?ihtBh ftub/ fJBQK ftr'funK ftu \k;bk fJe nfjw o'b ndk eodkj?. fJj \k;b/ T[; dh f}zdrh ns/ b/yDh d/ nko-gko c?b/ j'J/ jB. fJE'_ sefe id'_ T[j nkg nkgD/ ihtB gkm Bz{ T[;koB brdk j? sK T[; tes fJj \k;b/T[; dh \k;bk-g;zdh pD e/ ofjB[wkJh eod/ jB ns/ d{ih so\ fJe ebkswei[rs tKr T[; d/ ihtB gkm Bz{ T[;koB s/ ;ztkoB ftu th ;jkfJe j[zd/ jB.\k;bk T[; dh gSkD dk fJe wkfXnw j?. fi; w?_ s/ yb'e/ T[j rZb eodk j?,


T[j ;kXkoB jfoGiB f;zx Bjh_ ;r'_ T[j T[; jfoGiB f;zx dh rZb eodk j? i'fJeZbsk s/ ftr'funK ftu'_ T[Gfonk j?. fJ;/ bJh T[j nkydk j? L

w/oh f}zdrh ftu \k;b/ nkgD/ fgsk s'_ tZX jB. Bk w?_ nkgD/ idh fgzvtf;nk s/ Bk jh nkgD/ iBw Ffjo (bzwfvzr iK bkwvhr) ftu iBw b? e/ bkj"onk e/ ofjDk fgnk. nkgD/ iBw-EK s'_ \k;bk nZi se pfDnk j'fJnk j?. (gzH13)

iBw ;EkB dk \kb;k fJj' fijk \k;bk j? fijVk ni se ekfJw j?.fJE/ T[; Bz{ nkgDk nkg epho tork brdk j?. epho th izfwnk sK pBko;ftu ;h go T[; dh w"s wrjo ftu j'Jh.

;iB iBw fFtg[oh fpskfJnk

wosh pko wrjo T[fm XkfJnk. (gzH 13)

;EkB d/ ftr'u/ ftu bkj"o dk nfjw ;EkB j? fijVk T[; Bz{ pko pko:kd nkT[_dk j?. jfoGiB f;zx fJe fJj' fijk b/ye j?, fi; B/ nkgDh f}zdrhdk j'D-f;XKs nkg jh sbkfFnk j?. w/oh ekft :ksokw/oh ekft :ksokw/oh ekft :ksokw/oh ekft :ksokw/oh ekft :ksok ftr'u/ ns/ gqkgsh dhobh fwbh ejkDh j?. (gzH 12)

fJj \k;b/ jh n;b ftu T[; d/ ftr'u/ jB. ;EkB s'_ pknd d{ikftr'uk T[; d/ nkgfDnK d/ ftSVB dk j? fijV/ fJe tkoh ftSVB s'_ pkndd[pkok Bjh_ bG/ go T[j T[; d/ ntu/sB ftu Fkfwb j' rJ/ i' eJh tkoh T[BQKdh fbys ftu'_ Mked/ B}o nkT[_d/ jB. T[; dh f}zdrh ftu e[M ftS'V/ sKpkjow[yh ;B fiBQK eoe/ T[j nkgD/ nkb/ d[nkb/ s'_ ftSVdk j?. T[E/ d{i/ gk;/e[M fJj' fij/ ;B fijV/ T[; d/ nzdo tkogd/ jB ns/ fiBQK ;dek wB[Zy nkgD/nkg s''_ ftSVdk j?. fJ;/ ;fEsh Bz{ T[j nkgDk nkozG-fpzd{ nkydk j? L

fJj j? w/ok nkozG fpzd{ fiE'_ w/ok nkgk, w/ok ;kfjseko, w/ok nfXnkgeftr;dk j?.

(gzH 18)

fJE'_ jh fJe bzw/ ftS'fVnK d/ f;bf;b/ wro'_ T[jBK dhnK gqkgshnK dk;\o F[o{ jz[dk j?. fJ; soQK T[BQK dh f}zdrh ftu i' e[M tkgfonk T[j T[BQK dhwkBf;esk dk jh fJe nzr ;h. T[BQK dh f}zdrh ftu fto'X i[N Bkb'_ Bkb ubd/jB fit/_ gqkgsh-r[nkT[D, jkf}o-r?ojkf}o, nzsow[yh- pkjow[yh, ;zrs-n;zrs,xo-p/xo, XB d"bs-|ohph, d[Bhnkdkoh-\k;bk nkfd. T[j nro d[Bhnk t/ydkth j? sK fJe \k;b/, fJe ftE s/ yb' e/ t/ydk j?. T[j T[; ftu yfus Bjh_jz[dk, T[; Bz{ S'_jdk Bjh_ ;r'_ fJ; s'_ fBofbgs j'e/ fJ; Bz{ b'udk j?. fJe


niBph j'D sZe dk ;\o T[; B/ nkgD/ fgzv/ s/ jzYkfJnk j?. T[j }wkB/ dh GhVftu Fkfwb j' e/ th T[; s'_ tZyok s/ niBph j? L

vkH jfoGiB f;zx fJe pj[gosh F];hns d/ wkbe ;B. id'_ w?_ T[BQK d/ihtB u'b/ dhnK NkehnK Bz{ co'bdh jK sK T[BQK ftu'_ fJe b'eXkokJh ;zrhs dh;h fi; Bz{ T[BQK B/ b'et/d dk BK fdZsk. T[BQK dh eftsk dh nroG{wh wZXekb,gqkuhB gozgoktK, b'eXkok ns/ g[okD eEktK pDdhnK jB. Gkt/_ T[j T[BQK B{zBt/_ noEK ftu o{gKsfos eod/ jB. fit/_ fe fJe tko id'_ T[j xo dh SZss/ ;"_ oj/ ;B s/ Bkb d/ r[nKY ftu e[M n"osK Y'beh s/ e[M rk ojhnK ;B.T[j rz{i, T[j b?n T[BQK dh Bh_d ftu ;wk rJh. (gzH 11) T[j efjzd/ jB, ¿w/o/ nzdob/ rhseko Bz{ gq/oB tkbh sK Y'beh dh @efjotk# skb ;h, fi; dh gqkgsh;[sBh_do/ ftu j'Jh.À (gzH 29) fJ;/ d/ Bshi/ ti'_ T[BQK dk rhs ¿;"_ ik w/o/ wkbek,tokB j'Jh oksÀ dk phi o{g ftu iBw j'fJnk. n;kw d/ @phj{# Bku dhnK X[BK(b?nK) th T[; Bz{ gqGkfts eodhnK jB. T[; d/ pkb-wB ftu phj{ dhnK fgnko-b?nK jh ;wkJhnK j'JhnK ;B. iKrbh ephb/ id'_ T[BQK d/ xo nr'_ Bud/ j'J/fBebd/ sK T[BQK d/ f}jB ftu nkgDhnK X[BK SZv iKd/. j'o pj[s ;kohnK X[BKfit/_ w[ZY/ nN/ofdnK, uoyk esfdnK, ;/thnK tNfdnK iK e;hdk gkT[_fdnK i' rhsrkJ/ iKd/ ;B, fi; Bz{ T[BQK dh wK Fpd nkydh ;h, T[BQK Bz{ gqGkfts eodhnKojhnK jB (gzH 31). wK d/ wz{j'_ ;[D/ e[M rhs nfij/ th ;B, fiBQK d/ w[yV/ T[BQKB/ nkgD/ rhsK ftu th tos/ fit/_ @w?_ eo eo isBK jkoh. okwk Bjh_ w[edhc[bekoh#. T[BQK dk nkgD/ phs u[Ze/ Bkb'_ ;zpzX edh Bjh_ fByfVnk. fJ; soQK id'_n;h_ T[BQK d/ rhsK Bz{ gVQd/ jK sK T[BQK d/ nzdo ;wkJh b'eXkok fijVh rkj/prkj/ T[BQK d/ Bkb s[odh ofjzdh j?, ;kf]nks o{g ftu wfj;{; j[zdh j?. rhsT[BQK d/ ftjko d/ nzr-;zr oj/ jB. T[j rhsK ftu ihT[_d/ jB.

fJ;/ soQK jfoGiB f;zx id'_ fJSo/ nke/ nkgDh f}zdrh d/ 14 ;kbr[}kod/ jB sK fszB fjZf;nK d/ o{po{ j[zd/ jB. fJj feZ;/ T[BQK Bz{ nu/s jh ;zi'rBkb fwb/. fJj feZ;/ ;B L Nfjb f;zx x[Ze/tkbhJ/ dk ftobkgftobkgftobkgftobkgftobkg, ekdo:ko dkg{oB Grsg{oB Grsg{oB Grsg{oB Grsg{oB Grs s/ d"bs okw dk o{g p;zso{g p;zso{g p;zso{g p;zso{g p;zs. fJBQK fszBK feZf;nK ftu'_ T[j g{oBg{oBg{oBg{oBg{oBGrsGrsGrsGrsGrs s'_ tX/o/ gqGkfts j[zd/ jB ns/ fi; Bz{ T[j so[ZBw ftu ;[nkDhnK Bz{ rkrk e/ th ;[DkT[_d/ oj/. j"bh-j"bh g{oB T[; d/ ntu/sB dk nzr pDdk frnk.T[BQK d/ nzdo fJe j'o g{oB dk feZ;k fbfynk iKdk fojk.

fJj th ftr'u/ dk jh fJe o{g j?, i' T[j jzYk oj/ ;B. fit/_ g{oB thed/ yV's dh nt;Ek ftu Bjh_ fojk T[t/_ jh b/ye th jw/Fk jh rshFhb fojkj?, fpBK fe;/ yV's d/ T[j nZr/ s'_ nZr/ tXdk ubk frnk. fJBQK ftr'funK ftu'_


nZr/ tXDk jh T[BQK dh gqkgsh j?.

u'b/ dk fJe fjZ;k T[; d/ T[j foFs/ jB, fijV/ T[BQK Bz{ iBw s'_ fwb/fit/_ T[BQK d/ wksk fgsk ns/ G?D dk foFsk pj[s nfjw j?. wK dk foFsk sKfJj' fijk foFsk j? fijVk T[BQK s'_ ftSVB d/ pkti{d th T[jBK dh g{oh f}zdrhftu Bkb' Bkb rshFhb fojk j? L ¿w/oh wK X[o f}zdrh ftu pj[s vz{xh bZEhj'Jh j?. T[j pj[s d{o se w/o/ nzr ;zr s[oh j?HHH.À

wK T[BQK bJh fJe j;sh jh Bjh_ ;h ;r'_ fJe c?bdh beho ;h. T[jnZi th @;so[ nB/e ubkts xkt sT[ sB J/e B bkrB gkt/# dk ftod eodhj?, fJe nB'yk foFsk j? T[BQK dk wK Bkb. T[; Bz{ wK Bz{ @jkfJ wK# efj e/ g[ekoBdh b'V Bjh_ g?_dh. T[j f;o\ @wK ;de/ wK tkoh# dh b?n Bz{ fuskodk j? s/ T[j;kfynks o{g ftu B}oh_ g?_dh j? L

wK s/o/ ;de/

w?_ s?E'_ tkoh

fJe j'o foFsk i' T[; Bz{ iBw s'_ fwfbnk T[j T[; dh G?D fpFB e"o;h, fijVh pVk ;[ohbk rkT[_dh ;h ¿T[jB/ w/o/ nzdo pkDh dk ;fji-phi phfinks/ rhs ouBk bJh }whB fsnko ehsh.À (gzBk-37) go b/ye d/ fJj foFs/ T[;s'_ ibdh ftu ftSV rJ/. fJj th b/ye dh f}zdrh ftu fJe \k;bk ;h,nkgfDnK s'_ ftSVB dk. go wjZstg{oB rZb fJj j? fe Gkt/_ fJj foFs/ i' T[;Bz{ iBw s'_ fwb/ ibdh ftSV rJ/ ed/ Bk tkfg; nkT[D bJh go T[; dh ;kohf}zdrh T[j fe;/ Bk fe;/ o{g ftu T[; d/ ;kjwD/ nkT[_d/ oj/ jB. fJ; dk ekoBfJj j? fe b/ye fJ; ftr'u/ ftu th yb'sk Bjh_ fojk pbfe T[j nkgD/ ihtBftu nr/ tXdk frnk. nkgDh fJ; rshFhbsk ekoB jh T[j nZi fJ; w[ekws/ gj[zfunk s/ fJjh T[; dh ;G s'_ tZvh gqkgsh th j?. T[j nkydk j? L

edh edh w/ok ih nkgD/ nkg Bz{ ez{i ns/ pkbwheh dk fwfbnk i[fbnko{g ;wMD Bz{ eodk j?. w?_ jh e[M r[nkfJnk j? s/ w?_ jh ftr'u/ dh fwZNh BkbnkgDhnK ekft w{osK ouhnK jB. (gzH 58)

vkH jfoGiB f;zx fJe fJj' fijk b/ye j? fi; B/ nkgDh ;t?ihtBh Bz{fJe ftT[_s okjh_ fpnkB ehsk j?. T[; B/ jo Gkr d/ f;ob/y Bz{ fJj ;'uh ;wMhftT[_s fdZsh j? Gkt/_ fJj soshptko Bjh_ j? feT[_fe T[; dk u'bk jh NkehnK tkbkj?. u'b/ dhnK NkehnK ftu seshp Gkt/_ j'J/ Bk j'J/ go T[; dh soshp gkmedh u/sBk ftu }o{o pDdh j?.

b/ye dh f}zdrh ftu iBw s'_ fwb/ foFfsnK s'_ fJbktk e[M foFs/ fJj'


fij/ ;B fijV/ T[; B/ nkg ewkJ/. fJBQK foFfsnK ftu T[; d/ d';s i' T[; Bkbub/ ns/ e[M T[j th d';s ;B fijV/ e[M d{o ub e/ jh ftSV rJ/. fJBQKd';sK ftu ;[bZyD, nwo f;zx, r[b}ko f;zx ;zX{, nso f;zx, i;tzs f;zx B/eh, gq'H gqhsw f;zx, e/;o f;zx, joBkw nkfd d/ BK bJ/ ik ;ed/ jB. fJBQK d';sKpko/ T[j nkgDh ;t?ihtBh ftu @w/o/ d';s 1#, @w/o/ d';s 2# Gkr ftu fpnkBeod/ jB. d';sh pko/ T[; dk ftuko j? fe L

d';sh ftnesh Bkb jh ;zGt j?, ;w{j Bkb Bjh_. ;w{j d/ s[;h_ w?_pojh j' ;ed/ j'. ;' iwks i'V e/ s[oB tkb/ pzd/ gqwkfDe ftnesh Bjh_ jz[d/. T[j][d p][d d';sh d/ dkfJo/ ftu'_ ]kfoi j' iKd/ jB. (gzH 119)

JhFto fuZsoeko pko/ T[j efjzdk j? fe ¿w/oh of;esk ns/ frnkB Bz{ft;skoB ftu JhFto dk pVk jZE ;h.À (gzH 121) JhFto fuZsoeko s'_ pknd;[w/o d/ nkT[D Bkb T[; dh d';sh d/ x/o/ ftu tkXk j[zdk j?. fJE'_ se fe T[;dh gsBh ftu b/ye Bz{ nkgDh G?D pz;' B}o nkT[D brh. ;[w/o dh w"s s'_ pkndT[j fJe j'o ftr'u/ d/ ;kjt/_ jz[dk j? ns/ ;'udk j? fe j[D T[BQK wfjf\bK dkeh j't/rk fiBQK ftu G?D pz;' nkgD/ tho ]kfso i[V/ b'eK dh Nfjb ;/tk eodh;h. go ;[w/o dh w"s s'_ pknd th T[; dh gsBh nkgDk fJj ;/tk tkbk XowfBGkT[_dh ojh.

;t?ihtBh d/ fJ; ewkJ/ j'J/ foFfsnK ftu n"osK dk wjZstg{oD ;EkBj? feT[_fe fJj T[BQK dh eftsktK dhnK ;o'sK th ;B. fJBQK ftu T[BQK dh wK,G?D pz;', ;[w/o dh gsBh jopz; e"o iK T[BQK dk gfjbk fgnko eoskoh dk BKfbnk ik ;edk j?. fJBQK dk f}eo ;t?ihtBh d/ @fJ;sqh d[Zy s/ wk;{whns# Gkrftu ehsk j?. fJe j'o n"os i' T[; dh wkBf;esk Bz{ N[zpdh j? T[j j? fJSo/ftu T[BQK d/ wekB dh feokJ/dko p;zs e"o, fijVh T[BQK dh eftsk @pbz{rk# dhgq/oBk ;o's th pDh. b/ye bJh T[; dh Xh ;op ;EkBh, ;opekbh, ;op wkBthgqshe j?. T[; bJh T[j fJe fBt/ebh go ;zg{oB GkFk j? fi; Bz{ T[j fiT[Dns/ ouD d'jK bJh ;fji/ jh tosdk fojk j?. fJ;/ ekoD @Xh# Bkwe eftskfbfys o{g ftu ;kjwD/ nkJh. fJ; eftsk ftu T[; B/ Xh Bz{ Xosh j/mbk pbdfejk L

Xosh d/ j/mK

X"b j? Xow j?

fJe w/oh Xh j?

fJ; soQK b/ye d/ Gkt/_ iBwiks foFs/ j'D, w[jZps d/ j'D iK T[; d/ewkJ/ j'J/ foFs/ j'D, T[j jo jkb ftu T[BQK Bkb s[od/ oj/ jB, rshFhb oj/


jB. T[j jK-gZysk Bkb T[jBK Bkb tkp;sk oj/ jB. T[j T[BQK Bkb BfiZm e/nr/ tXd/ oj/.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ;t?ihtBh fJe j'o gZy'_ ftbZyD ejh ik ;edh j?T[j T[BQK dh vkfJoh j?. fJ; ftu T[BQK B/ T[jBK b'eK dk f}eo ehsk j? fijV/tZy' tZyo/ ;fGnkukoK Bkb ;zpzfXs ;B. fJBQK s'_ th T[; Bz{ T[jh ngDkgB s/fgnko fwfbnk fijVk nkgD/ b'eK s'_ fwfbnk. fJj T[; dh F];hns dh nwhohjh ejh ik ;edh j?. pkjob/ ;fGnkuko ftu id'_ T[BQK Bz{ eftsk gVQB dk w"ekfwfbnk sK T[E/ T[; Bz{ fJj nfj;k; j'fJnk fe ¿T[BQK dh wK p'bh fBo'b gzikpse jh ;hfws Bjh_, T[j Gkosh p'bh j? s/ Gkos d/ pj[s tZv/ y/so ftu fJ; dk;zuko ;fji ;zGt j?. w?Bz{ nkgD/ fgzv s'_ pkjo c?bD dk fJj;k; th j' fojk ;hs/ fJj ftFtk; th fe ;q's/ w/o/ X[o nzdo p?m/ vz{xh ngDs Bkb w/oh rb ;[D;wM oj/ jB.À (gzH 174)

fJ; s'_ fJbktk ;w/_ ;w/_ fijVhnK xNBktK d/F ftu tkgohnK, fit/_ Bhb/sko/ dk ;kek, T[Bh ;" u[ok;h, uko fdB o{g'F iK 1947, T[j th b/ye Bz{ gqGkftseodhnK ojhnK jB. fJBQK Bz{ T[j iVQK tkb/ c'V/ dk Bkw d/_dk j?. fit/_ c'V/ dhnKiVQK ed/ ]sw Bjh_ j[zdhnK, T[jBK dh uh; jw/Fk ekfJw ofjzdh j? ns/ T[j Bk;{opD iKd/ jB. fJ;/ soQK fJj xNBktK th ed/ G[bkJhnK Bjh_ ik ;edhnK. fJBQKxNBktK ftu jh fJe f}eo:'r xNBk n?woi?_;h dh j?. fi; ftu fe;/ Bz{ p'bDdh fJik}s Bjh_ ;h. T[; t/b/ T[BQK dh g[;se N[ehnK ihGK tkb/ Sgh. fJBQK s'_fJj gsk brdk j? fe b/ye fJe ;zihdk fe;w d/ b/ye ;B s/ fJBQK xNBktKdk vz{xk gqGkt T[BQK d/ wB s/ fgnk.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx fJe fJj' fijk b/ye j?, fijVk n?B/ ftr'funK d/pkti{d th jK-gZyh j?. Gkt/_ T[jd/ foFs/, fwZso fJe fJe eoe/ iKd/ oj/ go T[BQKdh w"s T[; ftu fJe u/sBk irkT[_dh ojh.

T[j sK wo rJ/ go w/o/ nzdo T[BQK dh w"s ihT[_dh ofjzdh j?. FkfJoj' e/ ihT[D bJh bk}wh Fos j? d{finK dh j'Dh Bz{ nkgDh j'Dh pDk b?Dk. p;fJ;/ ftu T[jdh ;wt/dBk dk G/d j?. (gzH 221)

fJj T[jh rZb j? fe T[j ftr'funK Bz[ th fJe gqkgsh tKr b?_dk j?, s/fJjh T[jdh gqkgsh s/ ftbZyDsk ejh ik ;edh j? fe T[j jw/Fk rshFhb fojkj?, yV's dh n;tEk ftu Bjh_. T[j fJe fJj' fijk ;zihdk b/ye j? i' nkgDh;t?ihtBh ftu gqekFB se dh rZb th eodk j?, fijVk nkgD/ nkg ftu fJeBt/ebh rZb j?. nkgDh FkfJoh dk f;yo T[j @np jw r[w j[J/# Gkr ftufpnkB eodk j?, fJE/ T[BQK dh F];hns dh nwhoh Mbedh j?. Gkt/_ T[; e'b'_


pj[s e[M y[; frnk go j[D T[j i' e[M BtK f;oi/rk T[j T[; dk nkgDk jhj't/rk L

pD/-pDkJ/ o;s/ r[nkuD dk ekjdk |w, id'_ nkg Bt/_ o;s/ pDk e/ fe;/Bt/_ nip-nikfJp Ffjo ftu gj[zuD dh ;woZEk ;dk ihT[_dh gqshs jz[dh j?. (gzH233)

fit/_ oks gqGkt tb s[odh j? T[;/ soQK b/ye nkgD/ ftr'funK s'_ gqkgshse ;\o eodk j?. Gkt/_ T[; Bkb ;BwkB ngwkB d'jK soQK dhnK XkoktKbrksko tfjzdhnK ojhnK jB. nfs fBr[D/ s'_ th T[j FpdK, b'nK, pzfdFK nkfddh dhfynk gqkgs eodk fojk j?. T[; Bz{ i' th fwZso fwb/ T[j th T[; Bz{ nkgDhfJe gqkgsh jh brdh j?. T[j T[BQK ftu'_ jh nkgD/ foFfsnK dh gSkD }o{o eod/oj/ jB. vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh fJj ]k;hns ;h fe T[j jo t/b/ d';sh ftuth nksw wzEB eod/ ofjzd/ ;B. FkfJd fJ;/ eoe/ T[; B/ nkgDk j'D dk B/w th nkg jh sbkfFnk j?. T[j xNBktK Bz{ G'rD tkbk F]; Bjh_ ;h pbfeT[j T[BQK dh goy gVskb eoe/ iK efj bT[ ekoD bZG e/ nr/ s[oB tkbk;h. T[BQK dk fJj B/w w/oh iku/ nkgD/ nkg/ dh gSkD Bkb ;zpzfXs j?, fi; ftur[owfs frnkB B}o nkT[_dk j?.

T[BQK dk w/b tZy' tZyo/ ;fGnkuko s/ XowK d/ b'eK Bkb j'fJnk ns/T[j pzd/ ;fjtB jh T[BQK d/ ;o's/ th pDd/ oj/. vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ nkgD/u"frod nfXnkgeK, ftfdnkoEhnK, Gkt/_ e'Jh T[BQK s'_ gfVQnk iK Bk gfVQnk j't/, gkmeK, ;o'fsnK dk fJe j}{w fJeZmk ehsk ;h. fJ; ftu ftuodk j'fJnk thT[j fJ; GhV ftu Fkfwb Bjh_ ;h ;r'_ fJe ftE (\k;b/) s/ yb'sk fojk. FkfJdfJj jh T[BQK dh pj[s tZvh gqkgsh ;h. nekdfwe y/so ftu T[BQK dh ;\bskT[BQK dhnK gqkgshnK d/ okj Bz{ w'ebk eodhnK ojhnK jB.

fBob/gsk T[; bJh ;tZS jh Bjh_ ngDs tkbh F?n th j?. T[; dh\k;bk-g;zdh ;zfBnk;h dh T[dk;hBsk Bjh_ fJj T[; wK d/ ngDZs torh j?, i'd{o p?mh nkgD/ g[Zso d/ oZi/ g[Zi/ j'D dhnK ]poK ;[D e/ y[F j[zdh j?. Gkt/_ T[;oZi ftu nkg fjZ;/dko Bjh_ pD ;edhHHH¿fJe |?o jkf}o wK w/oh eftsk ftujw/Fk jkf}o ojh j?. G?D BkBeh torh ;tZS F];hns dh d{o'_ nkT[_dh wZXwfijh nktk} w?_ jw/Fk ;[Ddk fojk jK. w/oh \k;bk-g;zdh dk w[jKdok ngDZs tkbkj?. (gzH 19) T[j \k;b/ T[go yb' e/ th nkgD/ ;Zu nkgD/ ;[ji dh oZfynk eo;edk j?.

nZi id'_ w?_ fJ; u'b/ Bz{ fJe tko c/o T[bNk gbNk e/ t/fynk sK w?_wfj;{; ojh jK fe T[jBK dh fJe fXo Bkb i[VB s/ i'VB dh gqfefonk T[BQK


dh gqkgsh ejh ik ;edh j?. fJe fJj fJj' fijk jfoGiB f;zx dh f}zdrh dkd;skt/} j?, fi; Bz{ tko tko gVQB dk ihn eodk j?. T[BQK dh pkewkb w"fye;woZEk dk th gsk brdk j? fe i' e[M th T[BQK gVQhnK iK fbyhnK T[j fBozsoT[BQK nzdo ekoiFhb fojk. ukj/ e'Jh ftnesh iK gkm fiBQK B/ T[; Bz{ nwhoehsk T[BQK tb T[j tko tko tosd/ oj/ fit/_ @jzekohnK eZSK# ftu eJhBekokswe pzd/ T[BQK d/ ihtB ftu nkJ/ T[j th T[BQK e'b nk e/ jK-gZyh pDrJ/. T[j fJ; bJh fe T[j nkg jK-gZyh ;B. T[BQK nzdo fJe nEkj i}pk ;hi' fJe iBz{B dh Feb n]fsnko eo u[fenk ;h. T[j ftr'funK Bz{ fJe iFBtKr wkDd/ jB. T[j nzs ftu fco fJBQK ftr'funK d/ pkti{d T[;/ iBw GktwkB; iBw ftu d[pkok iBw b?Dk ukj[zd/ jB. T[;/ }ks, gfotko, d/F gzikp ftunkT[D dh fJZSk }kfjo eod/ jB. T[j nro BjkT[Dk th ukj[zd/ jB sK g[zfBnKd/ fdB fJFe o{gh MBK ftu. s/ fJjh T[BQK dh ftr'funK s'_ gqkgsh se dk ;\ofejk ik ;edk j?. nzs ftu T[BQK dh jh eftsk Bkb nkgD/ b/y Bz{ ftokw d/Dk ukjKrh L

wkB; iBw d[pkok gktK

J/; jh d/F gzikp #u nktK

õõõ


fBoGT[ fBot?o dkfBoGT[ fBot?o dkfBoGT[ fBot?o dkfBoGT[ fBot?o dkfBoGT[ fBot?o dkebkswe gZyebkswe gZyebkswe gZyebkswe gZyebkswe gZyBtdhg e"oBtdhg e"oBtdhg e"oBtdhg e"oBtdhg e"o

;\oBkwk wB[Øy dh x[wØeV wB'fposh dh g?dktkoj?. x[zwDk fcoBk ns/ ;?o eoBk wB[Øy dh iwKdo{ o[uh j?.;?o ;gkN/ eoB tkbh fJj o[uh ns/ x[wØeV gqftosh d{;fonKB{z ikDB dh b'uk s'_ jh T[gidh j?. d{;fonK pko/ frnkBdh G[Øy ns/ ;[ji ;[zdosk t/yD wkBD dh fyØu wB[Øy B{zd/F ftd/F d/ ;\o s?n eoB dh fyØu wB[Øy B{z d/Fftd/F d/ ;co s?n eoB bJh gq/odh j? feT[_fe tØy-tØyd/FK d/ G{ yzvK ftØu ihtB dh tzB ;[tzBsk, o[ØsK, w";wK dhndbk-pdbh j? ns/ e[dos d/ ftokN fdqF, fdqFK ftØu ozr-ozrhBh ns/ ]{p;{osh j?. fJ; soQK nzdo{Bh gq/oBk d/ t;hG{sj' e/ ;\o ns/ ;?o ;gkN/ eodk j'fJnk Gkt[e wB[Øy id'_nkgDh ikfrnk;k dh wB'fposh d/ ekoB fe;/ G{-yzv s/G{wzvb dhnK ozr ozrhBhnK pko/ nkgD/ nB[GtK ns/nfj;k;K d/ wB'GktK B{z ;\oBkw/ ftØu'_ fpnkB eodk j?.b/ye d[nkok nkgDh :ksok ftØu gqkgs ehs/ siofpnK B{zid'_ fbgh pØX o{g ftØu T[skfonk iKdk j? iK ebkswe YzrBkb fusfonk iKdk j? sK ;\oBkwk j'_d ftØu nkT[_dk j?.

;\oBkwk tkose dh fJe nfijh tzBrh j? fi;ftØu fe;/ ftnesh d[nkok ;?o d/ ;wkukoK B{z nzfes ehskiKdk j?. fJ; ftØu b/ye nkg jh BkfJe j[zdk j? ns/ fe;/d/F dh :ksok B{z T[j nB[GtK iK gqsheowK d[nkok nkg jhgq;s[s eodk j?. ;\oBkwk fJe nfijh f;oiD gqfefonk j?fi; d[nkok b/ye nkgD/ nkg Bkb i[VhnK xNBktK d/toDB okjh_ nkgD/ ;w/_, ;EkBK s/ d/F dhnK okiBhfse,;wkfie, Xkofwe s/ ;fGnkukoe gfo;fEshnK dk frnkBth eotk ;edk j? ns/ gkme xo p?m/ wkBf;e s"o #s/

;hBhno fo;ou ;ekbo,gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh fo}Bb;?INo, pfmzvk.c'B L 9855130377Jh-w /b L nk1650290

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d/F ftd/F dh ;?o dk nkBzd wkD ;edk j?.

jØEb/ y'i gØso dk w{b wB'oE jfoGiB f;zx d/ ;\oBkw/ fBoGT[fBoGT[fBoGT[fBoGT[fBoGT[fBot?ofBot?ofBot?ofBot?ofBot?o ;'thns :ksok d/ e[ØM gqGkt d/ ebkswe gØy Bkb j?. ;\oBkw/ d/ebkswe gØy dh rØb eoB s'_ gfjbK ;\oBkwk eh j? < fJ; dh gqfeosh eh j?< fJ; pko/ uouk eoBh }o{oh j?. ;\oBkwk ft;fsqs neko tkbk ;kfjse o{g j?fi; ftØu b/ye B/ nkgD/ ;\o d"okB fyzvo/ ns/ fte'fbso/ nB[GtK B{z fJe;[oeoBk j[zdk j?. ;\oBkw/ s'_ Gkt T[j fposKse ouBk j? fi; ftu fe;/ dh :ksokdk o"ue s/ fdbu;g toDB j[zdk j?. ;\oBkwk fJe nfijh rØd ouBk j? fi;ftØu nDikDh s/ d[o/vh Xosh ;zpzXh pj[w[Øyh ns/ pj[gk;koh frnkB ;kfjse ozrftØu g/F ehsk iKdk j?. ;\oBkwk eJh gqeko dhnK ;kfjse tzBrhnK s/ T[;fonkfJe ;[szso o{gkeko j?. fi; ftu b/ye nkgD/ fBØih nB[GtK, G{r'fbe ;wkukoK ns/;fGnkukoe frnkB B{z ebkswe ;Ku/ ftØu Ykb e/ g/F eodk j? ns/ fJ; frnkBdh g/Fekoh d/ Bkb Bkb ;kfjse ebk ftXhnK ngDk e/ gkmeK ~ ;/X, fdFkfBod/F s/ nkBzd d/D dk :sB th ehsk iKdk j?. ;\oBkwk ;kfjs irs dh fJenfijh tkosewJh o{g tzBrh j? fi; ftØu ;kfjse ;?bkBh n;bh s/ nwbh o{gftØu nkg jzYkJ/ nB[GtK s/ gqsheowK B{z ebkswe Yzr Bkb s/ nkb'uBkswe F?bhd[nkok gqshfpzps eodk j?.

;\oBkw/ dk e/_doh fpzd{ Gkt/_ fe;/ G{-yzv dk e[Fb fposKs j? go;\oBkwk w?_ e/_dfos ouBk j?. fJ; dk ekoB fJj j? fe ;\oBkw/ dk ;kok t;s{-fposKs b/ye ][d nkg w?_ F?bh ftØu fBGkT[_dk j?. fJ; ouBk dh ftF/ t;s{b/ye B/ t/yh j[zdh j?. fJ; ftub/ ftfFnK dh gqshfefonk b/ye ;?bkBh ][d nkgg/F eodk j?. fJ; soQK ;\oBkw/ ftØu b/ye nkg jh BkfJe, nkg jh nkb'ue,nkg jh fdqFNk ns/ nkg jh f;qFNk j[zdk j?. ;\oBkw/ ftØu fpnkB:'r ftfFnKftØu fJe;[osk ekfJw j[zdh j? feT[_fe EK-EK fyzvo/ j'J/ fte'fbso/ siofpnK ns/xNBk-eqw B{z fJe ftt;Ek s/ soshp ftØu r[zdDk j[zdk j?. fJ; soQK ;fEshnK ns/gfo;fEshnK ftØu fJe;[osk ;Ekfgs eoBh ;\oBkw/ dk gow T[d/F j?.

fBoGT[ fBot?ofBoGT[ fBot?ofBoGT[ fBot?ofBoGT[ fBot?ofBoGT[ fBot?o ;coBkw/ ftØu jfoGiB f;zx B/ nkgDh ;'thns :ksokd/ e[ØM gqGktK B{z gkme irs Bkb ;KMk ehsk j?. vkH jfoGiB f;zx dk fbfynkj'fJnk fJj gfjbk ;\oBkwk j?. fJj ;coBkwk 1985 ftØu fbfynk frnk ns/vkH jfoGiB f;zx B{z 1980 ftØu ;'thns b?_v Bfjo{ ntkov fwfbnk. 1981 ftØuT[jBK B/ ;'thns o{; dk ;co ehsk. jfoGiB f;x B{z ;'thns b?_v Bfjo{n?tkov bJh u[fDnk frnk ns/ fJ; soQK T[jBK B{z ;'thns d/F dh :ksok eoBdk w"ek fwb frnk. T[; B/ T[ØE'_ d/ b'eK d/ ofjD ;fjD GkFk, tksktoB, G{r'fbe


G{ wzvb, T[ØE'_ d/ tksktoB dh nkgD/ tksktoB Bkb s[bBk, Xow gqsh B}ohnk,n"osK dh n}kdh wfjwkB fBtk}h nkfd i' gqGkt jfoGiB f;zx T[Øgo T[ØE'_ dh:ksok d/ d"okB gJ/ jB T[jBK B{z tkose F?bh ftØu gqsZy o{g ftØu gqrN ehskj?.

jfoGiB f;zx B/ ;'thns d/F d/ b'eK dh gqkj[Dkukoh dh pj[s skoh\ehsh j?. jfoGiB f;zx B/ fpnkB ehsk j? fe nkT[-Grs B{z gfjb d/D tkb/ ;BfeT[_fe J/nog'oN s'_ b? e/ T[ØE/ gj[zuD sØe fJjBK B/ pj[s wfjwkB fBtk}h ehshns/ T[jBK dk pj[s rowi'Fh Bkb ;tkrs ehsk. fJ; s'_ fJbktk ;'thnsd/F d/ fijV/ th Ffjok fit/_ ;kfJp/ohnkL fJoe{s;e ns/ B't'f;fpo;e dh :ksokehsh T[; dk T[jBk pj[s f}nkdk frnkB tzvD ftØu ;jkfJsk ehsh ns/ fJeØb/fJeØb/ Ffjo dh ikDekoh pV/ tXhnk sohe/ Bkb w[jZJhnk eotkJh. jfoGiB f;zxfpnkB eodk j? fe B't'f;fpoe s'_ pknd ;skfbBrokd ns/ wk;e' ftØu th;'thns o{; d/ b'eK B/ Gkos gqsh fgnko gqrNkfJnk go B't'f;fpo;e d/fJzihBhnoK dk sK Gkos Bkb ngDØs tkbk foFsk ;h. T[jBK dk Gkos gqshfgnko nzsookFNoh okiBhsh d/ ekoB eoe/ Bjh_ ;h ;r'_ T[jBK dk ;kv/ Bkb fBZihfoFsk ;h ;kv/ d/F d/ ftek; ftØu nkgD/ :'rdkB eoe/ gq;zB ;B ns/ fJ; dkf}eo ekoB ftØu T[j wkD wfj;{; eod/ ;B. jfoGiB f;zx id'_ gqkj[Dukoh dhrØb eod/ jB sK T[ØE'_ dh gqkj[Dkukoh dh nkgD/ d/F dh gqkj[Dkukoh Bkb s[bBkeod/ j'J/ B}oh nkT[_d/ jB, feT[_fe gqkj[Dukoh ftØu ;kv/ d/F d/ b'e th fe;/ rØb'_xØN Bjh_ jB. jo/e dh wfjwkB fBtk}h ftØu e'Jh ewh Bjh_ ofjDfdzd/.

b/ye fpnkB eodk j? fe T[; d/F ftØu ezw dh pj[s edo ehsh iKdhj? ns/ ezw eoB tkb/ ftnesh B{z jho' wzfBnk iKdk j? b/ye T[ØE'_ d/ FfjoK dh]{p;{osh dk toDB eodk th B}oh nkT[_dk j?. T[ØE'_ dhnK ;VeK w[;kfcoK dkfXnkB nkgD/ tØb fyØudhnK jB. fJzBhnK u"VhnK ;VeK d[Bhnk Go ftØu FkfJdjh fe;/ j'o Ffjo ftØu j'D. b/ye fJoe{s;e dh bkfJpq/oh dk th toDB eodkj?. fJj bkfJpq/oh b/ye B{z nGzr ;wkXh ftØu fNeh j'Jh ikgh i' th ftnesh ukj/T[j nkgDh wo}h d/ frnkB dk nkgDh ;woØEk nB[;ko gqekF irk ;edk j?.b/ye nB[;ko wk;e' gfVQnk fbfynk dk Ffjo j? ns/ feskpK tzvD tkfbnK d/d[nkb/ ek\h GhV bØrh ofjzdh j?.

b/ye nB[;ko wk;e' dhnK ;VeK s/ eJh soQK d/ p[Øs brkJ/ rJ/ jB.fiBQK ftØu FkfJoK ns/ ;kfjsekoK d/ th pj[s ;ko/ p[Øs ;B. fJ; Ffjo ftØu GhVpj[s j[zdh j? go b'eK e'b ekoK pj[s xØN jB feT[_fe T[j gpfbe NoK;g'oN


s/ ;\o eoBk jh f}nkdk g;zd eod/ jB. b/ye fJoe{s;e Ffjo d/ b'eK d/ofjD ;fjD T[jBK d/ gfjokt/, p'bukb nktk} dh ;fji s"o ns/ Xhw/ nzdk}ftØu rØbpks eoB dk sohek gØSwh ;fGnkuko d/ tX/o/ B/V/ bØrk. T[E'_ d/ wodKns/ n"osK dk gfjoktk gØSwh gfjokt/ tork jh wfj;{; j[zdk j?. fJj fJe' jhfbpk; B{z eJh fdB gfjD b?_d/ jB. fJ; d/ th eJh ekoB jB. fJ; dk gqw[ØyekoB fJj j? fe w";w dh tzB ;[tzBsk eoe/ fJjBK b'eK B{z brGr S/ gqekod/ gfjokt/ pDkT[D/ g?_d/ jB. uVd/ f;nkb ftØu fbpk; j'o soQK dk, g{oh ;odhftØu nbØr ns/ pkfoF ftØu nbØr, po\ fgxbD s/ po\ g?D ;w/_ nbØreØgfVnK dh }o{os g?_dh j?.

b/ye B{z T[E'_ dk tksktoB g"D-gkDh ns/ G{r'fbe G{ yzv fdb B{z w'fjseoB tkbk bØrk. ;tØS jtk ;zxD/ doØysK B{z uhodh j'Jh mzve dk nfj;k;eotkT[_dh j?. b/ye B{z T[ØE'_ dk tksktoB fpbe[Øb jh X{zJ/ s'_ ofjs ;k\ ;[Eokgqshs j'fJnk. fJ; dk fJe tØvk ekoB fJj th ;h fe b'e nkgDhnK ekoK xØNjh yohdd/ jB fi; ekoB X{znK th xØN j[zdk j? feT[_fe f}nkdkso b'e gpfbeNoK;g'oN s/ ;\o eoB B{z jh soihj fdzd/ jB.

GkFk d/ ;zdoG ftØu rØb ehsh ikt/ sK b/ye B/ ;\oBkw/ ftØu fpnkBehsk j? fe T[ØE'_ d/ b'e f}nkdk nkgD/ d/F dh GkFk dk jh gq:'r eod/ jB gofJe fJzNoftT{ d"okB b/ye dh w[bkeks fJe fBT{} fog'oNo B"itkB e[Vh Bkb j'JhsK T[; B/ b/ye Bkb gzikph dh wbtJh GkFk dk gq:'r ehsk sK b/ye pj[s j?okBth j'fJnk ns/ y[F th sK T[; bVeh B/ dØf;nk fe w/o/ tKr j'o th pj[s ;ko/b'e gzikph GkFk dk gq:'r eod/ jB.

T[dkjoD ti'_ fJ; rØb dk nzdk}k b/ye d/ fJjBK GktK s'_ ;gØFN o{gftØu j' iKdk j? L

T[gobh whfNzr s'_ uko-fdB pknd wk;e' o/vhU dh

gzikph ;oft; s/ w/ok gq'rokw j?. fJ; gq'rokw dh

fJzukoi fJe e[Vh ;h fi; B/ w/o/ d';s ;tortk;h vkeNo

pbpho f;zx gk;'_ gzikph f;Øyh ;h. wbtJh bfji/ tkbk

T[ukoD, go gzikph GkFk ;N?_vov w[jKdo/ tkbh. T[;

god/;D w{zj'_ J/vh ;'jDh ns/ m/m gzikph ;[D e/

wB pj[s gq;zB j'fJnk. T[;B/ dØf;nk fe T[jd/

tKr gzikph p'bD tkb/ j'o th eJh iD/ jB fJ; d/F ftØu.

;[nkb sK T[E/ th frD/ u[D/ ;B fiBQK d/ f;X gXo/


itkp w?_ fdØs?.À s[jkB{z ;kvk d/; fej' fijk bØrk<À

;'jDk th s/ uzrk thÀ, ;'jDk e[dos gØy'_, ftFkb

w?dkB, ;w[zdo torhnK MhbK, ;tØS gkDhnK tkb/

dfonk, ;zxD/ izrb, szdo[;s b'e. uzrk ;fGnkuko d/

gØy'_. T{u Bhu d/ ftseo/ d/ fwN ikD Bkb'_ uzrh rØb

j'o fejVh j' ;edh j?< ;GBK bJh o[}rko nkokw eoB

bJh f;jsw[ekw, ezw eoB d/ ns/ w"i b[ØND d/ fJe'

fij/ w"e/, w?B{z sK fJj d/F goh ejkDh d/ wkvb s/

Yfbnk gqshs j[zdk j?.

(fBoGT[ fBot?ofBoGT[ fBot?ofBoGT[ fBot?ofBoGT[ fBot?ofBoGT[ fBot?o, gzBk 130)

b/ye B/ T[ØE'_ dhnK e[ØM :kdrkoK th d/yhnK ;B. e[ØM :kdrkoK b?fBBdh :kd ftØu T[;kohnK j'JhnK ;B. b?fBB d/ cb?N, T[; dh w}ko, bkb u"ens/ eq?wfbB d/ pj[s ;ko/ gqGkt nkgDhnK nØyK okjh_ nB[Gt ehs/ jB. fJ; s'_pknd b/ye B/ ;N/N sq/fsnke't r?boh d/ fuØsoK pko/ th f}eo nkgD/ ;\oBkw/ftØu ehsk j?. fJj r?boh d[Bhnk Go dhnK wFj{o ebk r?bohnK ftØu F[wkoehsh iKdh j?. sq/fsnke't 19th_ ;dh dk wFj{o o{;h fusoebk gq/wh ;h. T[; B/;koh T[wo o{;h fusoebk d/ Fkjeko fuØso pDkT[_dk fojk ;h. T[;B/ nkgDh w"sdk ;wK B/V/ nkT[_dk t/y e/ fJj r?boh wk;e' Ffjo B{z nogD eo fdØsh ;h fJjo{;h ns/ ;'thns fusoebk nikfJp xo j?.

b/ye fJ; ;\oBkw/ ftØu e[dosh tksktoD, gjkV BdhnK, MhbK s/ pkrp|hfunK dh rØb eodk j?, GKs-GKs dh fdqFktbh T[;B{z w'fjs eodh j?, d/FdhnK fJfsjk;e gozgoktK, b'e o{VQhnK s/ j'o e"wh :kdrkoK nkfd fto;k j[zdhnKjB, T[jBK dk T[b/y eodk j?. fJ; soQK Bkb fejk ik ;edk j? fe b/ye gqfeoshfusoB dk toDB th ;\oBkw/ ftØu ;[uØi/ Yzr Bkb eodk j?. T[[dkjoD ti'_L

J/E'_ d/ w";w, dfonktK, MhbK, ;?orkjK

:{Bhtof;NhnK, c?eNohnK dh pksK gkT[_d/ fJj b'e

EØed/ Bjh_. w?~ fJzM brk fit/_ w? b'e ejkDhnK

d/ d/F gj[zu frnk j'tk.


b/ye Xow gqsh i' T[jBK b'eK dk ftFtk; ;h, B{z th gqrNkT[_dk j?.b/ye dØ;dk j? fe ;kvk d/F Xow ftØu gØeh nk;Ek oØyD d/ pkti{d @;?e{bo#


oj[ohs ngDkT[D tØb o[fus j?. ;kv/ d/; ftØu ;?e{bo dk noE pj[Xkofwesk j?.go b/ye d/ nB[;ko T[ØE'_ dh ihtB iKu ftØu Xow dk dyb Bjh_ j? ns/ fe;/Xowh T[Øgo nkgDk Xow eow fBGkT[D ;zpzXh e'Jh gkpzdh jh Bjh_ j?.

b/ye froikxo d/ fdqF B{z T[ikro eodk j? fe fJØE/ b'e e/tb S[ØNh tkb/fdB jh g{ik nouBk Bjh_ eod/ ;r'_ o'}kBk jh S[ØNh tKr GhV j[zdh j?. froikxoftØu Fkdh eotkT[D dh e'Jh wBkjh Bjh_ ;h go fJj' fijhnK FkdhnK ftobhnKNkthnK jh ;B. ftnkj ;w/_ n"os T[j' g[okDk ;\?d ozr dk i'Vk gfjBdh j? gofroi/ ftØu ikDk }o{oh Bjh_ ;wfMnk iKdk. n"osK dh n}kdh pko/ b/ye nkgD/nB[GktK B{z ;\oBkw/ okjh_ fpnkB eodk j? fe T[E'_ n"osK B{z g{oh n}kdh j? nkgDhwo}h Bkb ezw eoBk, oks j'J/ xo nkT[D s/ th e'Jh, vo Bjh_ ;r'_ fJj n"osKp/pke j' e/ nkgD/ ezw eodhnK jB. T[ØE'_ wod n"os ftØu e'Jh th \oe Bjh_;h ehsk iKdk ;r'_ n"osK th wodK tKr jo ezw eodhnK ;B. b/ye dh ekodh vokJhto fJØe n"os ;h fi; dh T[wo 80 ;kb ;h ns/ wk;e' Ffjo dh ;Gs'_ tXhnk N?e;h vokJhto wzBh rJh ;h. T[E'_ n"osK d/ foNkfJo j'D dh T[wo 55;kb ;h g?BFB nkT[D d/ pkti{d th T[jBK B{z ezw eoB dh e'Jh wBkjh Bjh_ ;h.b/ye nB[;ko fi; fBoGT[ fBot?o B{z w?_ nkgD/ d/F ftØu f;wodk jK T[j fJØE/jkf;nK ftØu v[Øb-v[Øb g?Idk j?. fJj Xosh ;[u/s jh fBoGT[ d/ nigk ikg ftØu bhBj?. fi; Broh d/ okj y/fVnK ftØu oks poks/ ekwk fJ;soh, GT[ w[es, y[Fh y[FhnkgD/ xo w[V ;edh j?, T[ØE/ }o{o jh oØp tØ;dk j?, oØp i' ;XkoD iKu dk nzrpD frnk j?.

b/ye fJe j'o :kd B{z ;\oBkw/ ftØu fpnkB eodk j? fe ;kfJp/ohnk ftØui' 1941-45 d/ :[ØX ftØu Fjhd j'J/ ;B T[jBK dh :kd ftØu i's irdh j?. fJ;izr ftØu d' bØy itkB fJ; ftØu Fkfwb ;B ns/ nØ;h j}ko B/ nkgDhnK ikBKtkohnK ;B. fJjBK gqsh T[ØE'_ d/ b'e pj[s ndp ;fseko gqrN eod/ jB.

id'_ th T[ØE/ fe;/ dk ftnkj j[zdk j? sK T[; dk ;G s'_ gfjbk eosØtFjhdK dh ;wkXh T[Øgo ik e/ jk}oh GoBk ns/ nkgDk ;fseko gqrN eoBk j?.b/ye dØ;dk j? fe fit/_ ;kv/ gzikph ftnkj/ i'V/ r[od[nko/ ik e/ ;h; M[ekT[_d/jB. fJ; gqeko T[ØE/ FjhdK dk g{ok ndp Bkb ;fseko ehsk iKdk j?.e[ØMftdtkBK dk wzBDk j? vkH jfoGiB f;zx wkoe;tkdh ftukoXkok d/ fto[ØX ;B gon;b ftØu nfijk Bjh_ j? feT[_fe vkH jfoGiB f;zx wkoe;tkdh ftukoXkok d/fto[ØX Bjh_ ;B pbfe T[jBK dk ;kfjs B{z t/yD dk fdqFNhe'D tØyok ;h. T[jBKB/ nkgD/ ;\oBkw/ ftØu f}eo ehsk j? fe T[j nkw tor d/ jØeK gqsh jw/Fkjh ;[u/s ofjzd/ ;B ns/ T[j jw/Fk jh e[ØM Bk e[ØM nkw tor gqsh fbyd/ ofjzd/


;B.

b/ye dh fJ; d/F B{z d/yD dh T[s;[esk pj[s f}nkdk ;h go id'_jfoGiB f;zx B{z ;'thns b?_v Bfjo{ n?tkov bJh u[fDnk frnk sK T[; B{z fJ;d/F B{z t/yD dk w"ek fwb frnk. T[; B/ fJ; d/F s'_ pj[s ;ko/ nB[Gt rqfjDeoe/ gkme irs Bkb ;KM/ ehs/ jB. T[&ZE'I d/ dfonktK pko/ fbyfdnK vkHjfoGiB f;zx fbyd/ jBL

pkJhekb, t'brk, nzrkok, Up, wk;e' fJj sK w/o/

nzdo t;/ gzi nkp jB. w?_ fJjBK dh rØb o{;h

tk;sftesk s'_ tXhe gzikph wkBf;esk tKr eo fojk

jK. fJj ;koh Xosh w?B{z oZp ouh s'_ tXhe wB[Øy f;oih

ikgh, fJ; bJh fJjdk w/o/ wB ftØu oufwu ikDk ;fji ;h.


b/ye T[ØE'_ dhnK ;oekoK dk nkgD/ b'eK gqsh w'j dk gqrNktk eodk j?.fJ; d/F B/ nkgD/ b'eK ftu'_ E'V/ fij/ nkBzd dk gqpzX eoB dh pikJ/ ;GBK d/;"y ns/ ;[y dk gqpzX th ehsk j'fJnk j?. pØfunK pko/ ;oeko dk otØJhnk wkfgnKtork j?. wktK G?DK bJh ;VeK jo fe;w d/ yso/ s'_ ;k\ eo fdØshnK jB.fJ; bJh ;ko/ fpBK fe;/ vo d/ ;[szso o{g ftØu x[zw ;ed/ jB.

b/ye id'_ ;\oBkw/ B{z fpnkB eodk j? sK T[j tkose F?bh ftunzro/}h d/ FpdK dh tos'_ th ;[u/s j' e/ eodk j?. fit/_ vo?;, o/_i, NoK;g'oN,nkfJeB nkfd FpdK dk gq:'r ;[uØi/ Yzr Bkb ehsk j?.

b/ye nkgDh eftsk dh s[bBk T[; d/F Bkb eodk th B}oh nkT[_dk j?.b/ye nB[;ko,

p[fBnkdh B[esk fJj j? fe ;kvh eftsk f}nkdkso

;kvhnK b'VK E[VK ftu'_ ;kvhnK wfjo{whnK

ftu'_ g?dk j'Jh j?. ;kv/ nB[Gt T[go ft:'rg[D/ dh

rfjoh Skg j?. fgSb/ g?_sh ukbh ;kbK dk ;kvk

nB[Gt r[nk fdØs/ rJ/ w"fenK dk nB[Gt j?,

M{m/ efjsK nekbK dh nkV ftØu b'eK B{z b[ØND dk

fJfsjk; j? ;kvk. GkFk ns/ Xow d/ BK s/ eotkJ/

rJ/ dzfrnK dh ejkDh ftØu n;h_ fBØe/ fBr{D/ gkso


jK. ;'thns o{; ftØu e[ØM fdBK dh :ksok dk nB[Gt

fJ; s'_ fpbe[Øb tØyoh soQK dk j?. fJ; dk w/o/ d/;h

nB[Gt Bkb sBkT[ tkbk foFsk j?. w?_ fJ; d/F B{z

;bkj ;fenK jK sK fJ; bJh fe fJ; ftubh pj[sh

tk;sftesk w/o/ ;[gfBnK dh ;wØroh j?, ;[gB/ i'

w?_ nkgD/ d/F bJh b?_dk fojk jK.

(fBoGT[ fBot?ofBoGT[ fBot?ofBoGT[ fBot?ofBoGT[ fBot?ofBoGT[ fBot?o, gzB/ 136-37)

fJ; gqeko fejk ik ;edk j? fe jfoGiB f;zx nkgD/ ;\oBkw/ ftØu;'thns :ksok d/ nB[GtK B{z gqrN eodk j?. ;\oBkwk :kdK ns/ f;wqshnK dhg[Bo f;oiDk j? feT[_fe :ksok ;wkuko gfjbk :ksoh dhnK :ksok d/ fuso gØNT[Øs/ nzfes j[zd/ jB ns/ fco FKs fSDK dh g[Bo T[;koh eodk j?.vkH jfoGiBf;zx nkgD/ ;\oBkw/ ftØu G{r'fbe fttoB, ;z;EktK, ni{p/, Xow gqsh FoXk, T[gis/ T[sgkdB ofjD ;fjD, GkFk, tksktoB nkfd dk gq:'r ;[uØi/ Yzr Bkb eodkj'fJnk ;k~ T[jBK EktK pko/ frnkBtoXe ns/ gqGktFkbh ikDekoh nkgD/nB[GtK d/ gqrNk okjh_ ;KMh eodk j?. vkH jfoGiB f;zx dk ;\oBkwk ;uw[Øujh frnkB d/ ftFkb ;'w/_ dh g{osh gkme tor sØe gj[zukT[_dk j? fi; B{z gVQe/ frnkB ftu th tkXk j[zdk j? ns/ ;'thns d/F pko/ ikDB dh T[s;[esk thtX/o/ shpo j[zdh j?.

õõõ


vkH jfoGiB f;zx dhvkH jfoGiB f;zx dhvkH jfoGiB f;zx dhvkH jfoGiB f;zx dhvkH jfoGiB f;zx dhnB[tkdekohnB[tkdekohnB[tkdekohnB[tkdekohnB[tkdekohvkH wBhFk pZsokvkH wBhFk pZsokvkH wBhFk pZsokvkH wBhFk pZsokvkH wBhFk pZsok

bwfvzr, n;kw ftu iBw/_, gzikp ftu gb/ s/ Bth_fdZbh #u ;oekoh w[bk}w, fco ]kb;k ;e{b #u ;jkfJebkfJpo/ohnB d/ o{g ftu fefonkFhbl fjzdh, T[od{, \ko;h,;z;feqs, pqi, nzrq/}h ns/ gzikph GkFk ftu w[jkos jkf;beo fdZbh :{Bhtof;Nh ftu ps"o nfXnkge ns/ w[yh d/ s"o#s/ pj[s jh wjZstg{oB G{fwek fBGkT[D ns/ ;kfjs f;oiDkd/ y/so ftu nkgDk f;Zek ekfJw eoB tkb/ jfoGiB f;zxfe;/ th ftjkoe ikD-gSkD d/ w[Eki Bjh_ jB. i/eo T[BQKdh F];hns ~ B/fVU_ d/yD-;wMD dh e'fFF ehsh ikt/_ sKT[j w"fbesk ns/ ftdtsk dk ;[w/b gqshs j[zd/ jB. ;kfjsf;oiDk d/ y/so ftu T[BQK dh nd[Zsh gqfsGk ns/ n}hwF];hns dh Mbe T[BQK dh f;oiDk d/ F[o{nksh tfoQnK s'_b? e/ nkgD/ nzfsw ;kj sZe T[BQK d[nkok ofus ;kfjs ftu;fji/ jh d/yD ~ fwb iKdh j?. fJj rZb fpbe[b Bjh_j? fe T[BQK s'_ gfjbK gzikph ;kfjs-f;oiDk iK ;kfjs-;whfynk d/ y/so ftu j'o ftfynks b/yeK s/ nkb'ueK dkBK doi Bjh_ j? go gzikph-fuzse s/ w"fbe-fuzsB ti'_ vkHjfoGiB f;zx fpbe[b jh ftbZyD F];hns d/ wkbe jB.T[BQK B/ ;kfjs ]k; s"o #s/ gzikph ;kfjs pko/ pj[s jhw[ZbtkB XkoBktK dh f;oiDk ehsh j?. gzikph ;kfjsf;oiDk d/ y/so ftu T[BQK dhnK w"fbe ;EkgBktK ftu'_ T[BQKd[nkok gkm d/ rfjB s/ ftjkoe nfXn?B dk gqshfpzpT[;odk j?. T[BQK tZb'_ ;Ekgs ;kfjse-dkoFfBesk B/ ;kfjsd/ y/so ftu soe:[es ;ztkd gqsh nB/eK BthB j;sk]o;Ekgs ehs/.

nf;;N?IN gq'ca/;o, w?sq/Jhekbi, fdZbh :{Bhtof;Nh.c'B L 9891271517Email : drmanisha.batra

@gmail.com


gzikph ;kfjs-fuzsB s/ ;whfynk d/ y/so ftu vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh gSkDftF/F ;kfjse s/ fJfsjk;e wjZst dk gqwkD fdzdh j?. T[BQK B/ gzikph ftu ftjko;whfynk ~ BthnK p[bzdhnK she gj[zuk fdZsk. nkb'uBk d/ y/so ftu th fJjefjDk nfs-eEBh Bjh_ j't/rh fe T[BQK B/ gzikph-nkb'uBk ~ ftFt-nkb'uBk d/;wkBKso yVQk ehsk j?. vkH ;kfjp B/ Gkosh ekft Fk;sqh gozgok dk g[Bo w[ZbKeDeoe/ toswkB d/ jkD dk pDkT[D bJh eJh ;koEe T[gokb/ ehs/ jB. fJ; d/Bkb jh T[BQK B/ gZSwh gozgok d/ rzGho nfXn?B-ftFb/;D okjh_, T[; d/ Y[Zet/_ gZy~ gzikph ;kfjs #s/ bkr{ eoB bJh eJh tvw[Zb/ s/ ;koEe nkXko gqdkB ehs/ jB.Bshi/ ti'_ T[BQK B/ gzikph ;kfjs d/ nkgD/ ekft-Fk;so dk nkrk} ehsk ns/ jow[wfeB jZd sZe T[; ~ T[;kfonk s/ ftef;s ehsk j?.

fiZE/ w"fbe ekft-ouBk ns/ ;whfynk vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh ;kfjse-;woEk d/ w[Zy gfjb{ oj/ jB. T[ØE/ T[BQK d[nkok ofus tkose tk;sftesk ~soe ;fjs g/F eodh j?. vkH ;kfjp fjzdh, T[od{, \ko;h, ;z;feqs, pqi, nzrq/}hns/ gzikph nkfd pj[-GkFktK d/ frnksk ;B fi; ;edk T[BQK B/ eftsk, rbg,tkose ns/ ;whfynk dhnK g[;seK ~ gzikph ftu nB[tkd eoe/ gzikph gkmeKdh nzsookFNoh-;kfjs ;z;ko Bkb B/Vsk ekfJw ehsh. eftsk ftu Gkosh eftsk,gzikph ;?eFB, (1956-57), Jhdhg; ekb'B; Jhdhg; ekb'B; Jhdhg; ekb'B; Jhdhg; ekb'B; Jhdhg; ekb'B; (1960), forpkDhforpkDhforpkDhforpkDhforpkDh (1963), w/ohw/ohw/ohw/ohw/ohp'bh s/o/ p'bp'bh s/o/ p'bp'bh s/o/ p'bp'bh s/o/ p'bp'bh s/o/ p'b (1970), r[o{ BkBe d/t-u'Dth_ pkDhr[o{ BkBe d/t-u'Dth_ pkDhr[o{ BkBe d/t-u'Dth_ pkDhr[o{ BkBe d/t-u'Dth_ pkDhr[o{ BkBe d/t-u'Dth_ pkDh (1971), fJj god/;DfJj god/;DfJj god/;DfJj god/;DfJj god/;Dfgnkohfgnkohfgnkohfgnkohfgnkoh (1973), feZ;k }ko ;[bskB dkfeZ;k }ko ;[bskB dkfeZ;k }ko ;[bskB dkfeZ;k }ko ;[bskB dkfeZ;k }ko ;[bskB dk (1979), g[FfeB dh eftskg[FfeB dh eftskg[FfeB dh eftskg[FfeB dh eftskg[FfeB dh eftsk (1979),b?fBBL B?D BeFb?fBBL B?D BeFb?fBBL B?D BeFb?fBBL B?D BeFb?fBBL B?D BeF (1980), ns/ ;{odk; d/ gd;{odk; d/ gd;{odk; d/ gd;{odk; d/ gd;{odk; d/ gd (1988) nkfd ouBktK jB.

fJ; d/ Bkb jh T[BQK B/ tkose ftu th eJh wjsZtg{oB nB[tkd ekoifit/_ fel rbg ftu w/o/ ftFt ftfdnkb/w/o/ ftFt ftfdnkb/w/o/ ftFt ftfdnkb/w/o/ ftFt ftfdnkb/w/o/ ftFt ftfdnkb/ (1960), fszB iD/fszB iD/fszB iD/fszB iD/fszB iD/ (1961), @s/ vkB@s/ vkB@s/ vkB@s/ vkB@s/ vkBtfjzdk fojktfjzdk fojktfjzdk fojktfjzdk fojktfjzdk fojk (1962), N?r'o dk pkb-;kfjs eftsktK, Bktb, vokwk,N?r'o dk pkb-;kfjs eftsktK, Bktb, vokwk,N?r'o dk pkb-;kfjs eftsktK, Bktb, vokwk,N?r'o dk pkb-;kfjs eftsktK, Bktb, vokwk,N?r'o dk pkb-;kfjs eftsktK, Bktb, vokwk,ejkDhnK, :kdrkoKejkDhnK, :kdrkoKejkDhnK, :kdrkoKejkDhnK, :kdrkoKejkDhnK, :kdrkoK (1966), g?rzpo ]bhb fipokB dk gokf\Ng?rzpo ]bhb fipokB dk gokf\Ng?rzpo ]bhb fipokB dk gokf\Ng?rzpo ]bhb fipokB dk gokf\Ng?rzpo ]bhb fipokB dk gokf\N, (1970),Bkwd/t Bkwd/t Bkwd/t Bkwd/t Bkwd/t (1977) ns/ BkwXkoh f;ZyBkwXkoh f;ZyBkwXkoh f;ZyBkwXkoh f;ZyBkwXkoh f;Zy (1988) nkfd ehs/ jB.

nB[tkd eoB tk;s/ nB[tkde dk fJe s'_ tZX GkFktK ftu frnkB j'Dkbk}wh j? feT[_fe nB[tkd f;o\ ebkswe f;oiDk dk nzF Bjh_ j[zdk pbfe T[;fgZS/ ;kfjse, ;wkie ns/ ;fGnkukoe f}zw/tkoh dh GktBk th ekoiFhb ofjzdhj?. nB[tkd fBo'b FpdK dh nB[e{bsk iK Fkpfde o{gKsoD #s/ nkXkfos jh Bjh_j[zdk ;r'_, fJj fJe nfijh f;oiD gqfefonk j? fi; d[nkok fJe ;fGnkuko s'_d{i/ ;fGnkuko d/ ;zouBkskwe YKu/ s/ edoK-ehwsK dk ;'fXnk o{g g/F ehskiKdk j?. nB[tkd ;zuko dk nfijk ;kXB j?, fi; d[nkok fe;/ ]k; GkFkJh fbys~ d{ih Gk;ak #u o{gKfsqs ehsk iKdk j?. don;b, nB[tkd d' GkFktK d/ Bkb


Bkb d' ;z;feqshnK ftu g[b dk ezw eodk j?. fJj f;Zfynk d/ ftek; ftu tvw[Zbk:'rdkB gkT[D tkbk ekoi j? feT[_ fe nB[tkd okjh_ jh ftFt-;ztkd ;zGt j';edk j?. ftfGzB ;wki$;fGnkukoK d/ nzso-;ztkd ftu'_ r[}ofdnK nB[tkd jh ;Gs'_ wddrko gqfefonk ;Ekgs j[zdh j?.

nB[tkd ;z;feqs d/ Xks{ ¿tkd¿ s'_ j'_d ftu nkfJnk wzfBnk frnk j?, fi;dk Gkt @efjDk# iK @p'bDk# j[zdk j?, fJ; s'_ nr/so ¿nB[¿ brkT[D Bkb fJ; dkGkt @d[pkok# iK @g[Bo# j' iKdk j?. nzro/ih ;apd Translation b/fNB Gk;ak d/ d';apd @trans#O @lation# s'_ pfDnk, fi; nB[;ko @trans# dk noE d{;o/ gk;/ iK gkoj? ns/ @lation# dk noE b? e/ ikDk j?. Translation bJh gzikph GkFk ftu@T[bEk#, @T[bNk#, @soiwk# ns/ @nB[tkd# nkfd FpdK dh tos'_ ehsh iKdh j?. ;',nB[tkd T[j ekoi j?, fi; okjh_ ftukoK iK noEK ~ d{ih Gk;ak ftu pdfbnk iKdkj?.

tZy tZy ftdtkBK B/ nB[tkd ~ nkg'-nkgD/ Yzr Bkb gfoGkfFs ehsk j?,i' fJ; gqeko jBL

;[o/;a ;/jb B/ nB[tkd ~ d' GkrK @gqfeosh# ns/ @ft;a/# nXhB tzfvnk j?fi; nzsors gqfeosh nXhB @;apd-nB[tkd#, @Gkt-nB[tkd#, @noE-nB[tkd#,@SkfJnk-nB[tkd#, @ftnkfynk-nB[tkd#, @;ko-nB[tkd# ns/ o{gKsoD nkfd nkT[_d/jB. T[BQK B/ nZr/ @ft;a/# ~ fco d' fjZf;nK @;kfjse# ns/ @|?o-;kfjse# ftuofynk j?. nB[tkd d/ @;kfjse# Gkr ftu BkNe, eftsk, rbg, tkose, ;t?-ihtBh, nkb'uBk nkfd ;akfwb jB. id'_ fe fJ; d/ @|?o-;kfjse# Gkr ftuftfrnkB, seBhe, wkBth ns/ ;wki ;k;asoh ;zuko nkfd ;akfwb jB.

ftehghvhnk (Wikipedia) nB[;koL @Translation is the communication

of the meaning of a source language text by means of an equivlent target

language text#H

T[go'es g/F gfoGkFktK d/ nkXko #s/ nkdo;a nB[tkd T[j j[zdk j? i';apd nB[tkd ns/ Gkt nB[tkd d'jK gfo;fEshnK ~ ngDk e/ w{b Gkt d/ BkbBkb, w{b ;a?bh ~ th nkgD/ ftu T[sko b?_dk j? ns/ Bkb jh be;a Gk;ak dh;fji gqfeqsh dk th ;zs[bB pDkJh oZydk j?. nB[tkde dh gqfefonk nzsorsouBkswesk ns/ ebgBk d'jK dh b'V j[zdh j?. nB[tkde dk ekoi ;[B/j/ dhftnkfynk eoBk j[zdk j?, sK i' nB[tkfds GkFk d/ gkme nB[tkd j'Jh fbys dkGkt ;wM ;eD. eJh tko nB[tkd u/szB wB dhnK v[{zxhnK gosK ~ BthBXoksb #s/ f;oidk j'fJnk gqshs j[zdk j? feT[_ fe jo/e nB[tkde fe;/ th ;[B/j/ dk nB[tkd, nkgDhnK ouBkswe ;woEktK nB[;ko eodk j?. nB[tkde bJh


T[; dk nB[tkd ekoi n;b ftu T[; dh w"fbe ouBk s'_ th tZX f}zw/tkoh dkezw pD iKdk feT[_ fe T[j fizBK FpdK dk BthBheoD$o{gKsoheD eo fojkj[zdk j?, T[j ngqsZy o{g ftu fe;/ ]k; d/F$;wki d/ okiBhse, nkofEe s/ B?fse;fEshnK ~ T[; dh nkgDh GkFk ftu fpnkB eo oj/ j[zd/ jB. nfij/ ;w/_ T[;d[nkok ehsh fJe S'Nh fijh rbsh nB[tkfds GkFk ~ p/noE eo eJh GkFkJhG[ZbK (Blunders) g?dk eo ;edh j?.

nB[tkd pko/ g/F T[es ftjkoe gfjb{nK dh Gkb eofdnK id'_ vkHjfoGiB f;zx dh nB[tkd ebk dk f}eo j[zdk j? sK fJe s'_ tZX GkFktK d/frnksk j'D ekoD gzikph nB[tkd f;oiDk d/ y/so ftu T[BQK dk tvw[Zbk :'rdkBfdykJh fdzdk j?. T[go'es g/F g[;se-t/oftnK nB[;ko T[BQK dhnK brGr 18s'_ tZX ouBktK gqekfFs j' u[ZehnK jB i' fe ftfGzB GKs dhnK tzBrhnK Bkb;zpzfXs jB. T[BQK B/ ekft ns/ tkose nB[tkd nXhB ihtBh, ;t?-ihtBh s/ekfte-nB[tkd s'_ fJbktk ;whfynk rqzE ns/ fposKse nB[tkd th ehs/ jB. T[BQKd/ nB[tkd ekoi w"fbe ns/ f;oiDkswe gZy'_ gkme ~ w{b ouBk dk nkBzdgqdkB eoB ftu ;\b oj/ jB. nkgD/ nekdfwe s/ nfXnkgB ekoiK s'_ ftjbgqkgs eoB T[gozs T[j nB[tkd ekoi eod/ oj/ jB. nB[tkd s'_ T[BQK ~ nkgDhw"fbe f;oiDk tkbk nkBzd gqkgs j[zdk ;h.

gzikph ;kfjs ftu T[BQK d[nkok ehs/ rJ/ nB[tkd ekoi dk nkrk} T[BQKdh gfjbh feos Gkosh eftsk d/ gzikph GkrGkosh eftsk d/ gzikph GkrGkosh eftsk d/ gzikph GkrGkosh eftsk d/ gzikph GkrGkosh eftsk d/ gzikph Gkr (1956-57) d/ fjzdh nB[tkdti'_ gqekfFs j'Jh. w/o/ ftFt ftfdnkb/w/o/ ftFt ftfdnkb/w/o/ ftFt ftfdnkb/w/o/ ftFt ftfdnkb/w/o/ ftFt ftfdnkb/ T[BQK dh d{ih$nrbh feos r'oehd[nkok ofus wkJh :{Bhtof;Nh}wkJh :{Bhtof;Nh}wkJh :{Bhtof;Nh}wkJh :{Bhtof;Nh}wkJh :{Bhtof;Nh} dk gzikph nB[tkd j?. T[BQK dh shih ouBkfszB iD/fszB iD/fszB iD/fszB iD/fszB iD/ th r'oeh dh fbys dk jh nB[tkfds o{g j?. T[BQK dh nrbh ouBks/ vkB tfjzdk fojks/ vkB tfjzdk fojks/ vkB tfjzdk fojks/ vkB tfjzdk fojks/ vkB tfjzdk fojk gqf;ZX Bktbeko F'b'y't d/ Bktb n?_v ;b'bh cb'; dkn?_v ;b'bh cb'; dkn?_v ;b'bh cb'; dkn?_v ;b'bh cb'; dkn?_v ;b'bh cb'; dkvkBvkBvkBvkBvkB T[Zs/ nkXkfos j?. vkH ;kfjp dh nrb/oh ouBk for pkDhfor pkDhfor pkDhfor pkDhfor pkDh ~ gzikph;kfjs d/ y/so ftu pj[-uofus ekft-nB[tkd d/ o{g ftu gSkD fwbh. fJ; d/Bkb jh T[BQK dh fJ; ouBk ~ ;kb 1963 ftu gzikp oki ;oeko tZb'_ ]k;;BwkB gqkgs j'fJnk. ps"o b/ye T[BQK ~ ;G s'_ gfjbk nkdo T[BQK dh fJ;ouBk eoe/ jh gqkgs j'fJnk. fJ; nB[tkd B/ Gkosh nfXnkswe gozgok nB[;koT[BQK ~ eJh gfjb{nK s'_ f;Zfyns th ehsk. fJ; ftu T[BQK B/ fBo'b ;{esK dknB[tkd jh Bjh_ ehsk ;r'_ ft;sko g{ote rfjB nfXn?B th ehsk. fJ; nB[tkdekoi s'_ gq/fos j[zd/ j'J/ T[BQK ~ nkgDhnK w"fbe ouBktK bJh ftfGzB wkvb thgqkgs j'J/.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx dk N?r'o dk pkb-;kfjsN?r'o dk pkb-;kfjsN?r'o dk pkb-;kfjsN?r'o dk pkb-;kfjsN?r'o dk pkb-;kfjs th for pkDhfor pkDhfor pkDhfor pkDhfor pkDh d/ wkvb


#s/ nkXkfos j?. g/_v{ w[jkto/ tkbh ;[rw p'bh dk eth j'D eoe/, T[; d[nkok ofusgkm ~ nB[tkfds eofdnK vkH ;kfjp N?r'o dh ;kfjse nkswk sZe gj[zuD dhe'fFF eod/ jB. N?r'o d/ pkb-;kfjs d/ n;b'_ jh Bt/_ s/ nb'eko ;z;ko B/jfoGiB f;zx ~ v{zxh soQK gqGkfts ehsk. T[BQK B/ N?r'o d[nkok ofus eftsktKftu'_ nkgDk pugB GkbDk F[o{ eo fdZsk. N?r'o dh ekft-;[rwsk dh gqFz;k eod/T[BQK dhnK ekft ;soK ftu'_ T[j nkg nkgD/ pugB ~ fusodk j'fJnk d/y nkgDhp/p/ ~ :kd eod/ ;'ud/ jB fe @i/eo w/oh wK p'bdh sK T[j fe; gqeko nkgDhrZb efjzdh#. T[BQK B/ fBo'b fJ; Gkt dh nB[G{sh ftu'_ jh N?r'o ouBk dk nB[tkdeod/ j'J/, g{oh ekft-f;oiDk dh T[;koh eo fdZsh.

;kfjs-;whfynk d/ y/so ftu :{BkBh fuzse no;s{ dh f;XKse nkb'uBkdk pj[s jh f}nkdk wjZst j?. doFB-Fk;so dh fdqFNh s'_ T[; dh ouBkg'fJfNe;g'fJfNe;g'fJfNe;g'fJfNe;g'fJfNe; fJe ;op-wkB: rqzE j?. T[; ftubh f;XKseh rfjokJh pj[s wip{sj'D ekoD, eJh tkoh ;kfjs nfXn?B eosk d[nkok fJ; ftubhnK s?jK ~ ;wMDkn"yk j' iKdk j?. jfoGiB f;zx B/ gzikph ftfdnkoEhnK dh fJ; ;kfjse w[Feb~ d{o eoB ]kso vkH Br/_dq d[nkok fjzdh ftu nB[tkfds gkm g'fJfNe;g'fJfNe;g'fJfNe;g'fJfNe;g'fJfNe; ~,gzikph ftu no;s{ dk ekft Fk;sono;s{ dk ekft Fk;sono;s{ dk ekft Fk;sono;s{ dk ekft Fk;sono;s{ dk ekft Fk;so f;ob/y nXhB nB[tkfds ehsk. fJ; s'_pknd jfoGiB f;zx B/ wk;e' d/ gqekFB dh gq/oDk nXhB g[FfeB dh @fposKseeftsk# dk th gzikph ftu nB[tkd ehsk. fJ; nB[tkd dk wkvb th for pkDhfor pkDhfor pkDhfor pkDhfor pkDhs/ N?r'o dhnK pkb-eftsktKN?r'o dhnK pkb-eftsktKN?r'o dhnK pkb-eftsktKN?r'o dhnK pkb-eftsktKN?r'o dhnK pkb-eftsktK T[Øs/ jh nkXkfos ;h. g[FfeB dh fJ; ouBkdhnK fJe j}ko gzrshnK ;B, fi; bJh jfoGiB f;zx ~ fJ; eftsk dk rZdo{g, Szd ns/ b?n dk Bw{Bk d/yDk fgnk sK i' nB[tkd ;jh fdFk tZb ~ikJ/. gfjbK s'_ jh g[FfeB dhnK ouBktK s'_ gqGkfts j'D eoe/ fJ; ekoi ~ vkH;kfjp B/ pj[s jh fFZds Bkb fBGkfJnk. T[BQK B/ o{;h eftsk dh jo ;so ~fJe' gzikph ;so ftu f;oifdnK ns/ fJ; d/ Szd s/ b?n ~ T[; soQK jhpoeoko ofynk. T[BK B/ nkgD/ T[bEk ekoi t/b/ ;[rw w[jKdo/ tkbh p'bh ~pZfunK d/ ;[Gkn w[skfpe jh tfosnk.

fJ; s'_ pknd T[BQK B/ gqf;ZX o{;h b/ye gb?ykB't dhnK fuZmhnK fi; ftuT[; dhnK jZE fbys S/ fuZmhnK jB dk fuZmhnK fpB f;oBkftUIfuZmhnK fpB f;oBkftUIfuZmhnK fpB f;oBkftUIfuZmhnK fpB f;oBkftUIfuZmhnK fpB f;oBkftUI f;ob/y nXhBgzikph GkFk ftu nB[tkd ehsk. fJBQK fbysK ftu T[; d/ bzw/_ tfynkB i' ebkebkebkebkebkns/ ;wkie ihtBns/ ;wkie ihtBns/ ;wkie ihtBns/ ;wkie ihtBns/ ;wkie ihtB nkXkfos j? dk th nB[tkd Fkfwb j?. ;kfjs irs ftufJBQK fuZmhnK dk pj[s jh f}nkdk ;kfjse ns/ fJfsjk;e wjZst j?. o{;h ;kfjsBkb foFsk ekfJw eoB wro'_ vkH ;kfjp ~ o{;h ;kfjs ]k; s"o #s/ eftsk gqshT[b/b ikr fgnk. w/oh p'bh s/o/ p'bw/oh p'bh s/o/ p'bw/oh p'bh s/o/ p'bw/oh p'bh s/o/ p'bw/oh p'bh s/o/ p'b ns/ fJj god/;D fgnkohfJj god/;D fgnkohfJj god/;D fgnkohfJj god/;D fgnkohfJj god/;D fgnkoh ftu brGrv/Y ;" d/ eohp eftsktK jB fiBQK dk gzikph ftu ekft-nB[tkd w"i{d j?, fi; ~


vkH ;kfjp B/ pV/ jh ukn Bkb w[ezwb ehsk. T[BQK ~ jw/Fk s'_ o{;h eftsk, gzikpheftsk d/ B/V/-s/V/ dh ikgdh ojh. fJ; tk;s/ vkH ;kfjp B/ nB[tkd gZy'_ T[BQKeftsktK dh u'D ehsh i' T[BQK ~ ;kXkoB wB[Zy ti'_ jb{DdhnK ojhnK jB. T[BQKd/ ftukoB[;ko @FkfJoh dk ;[y T[d'_ jh ikrdk j? id'_ wB[Zy }[pkB dhnK jZdK ~gko eo b?_dk j?#. T[j w/oh p'bh s/o/ p'bw/oh p'bh s/o/ p'bw/oh p'bh s/o/ p'bw/oh p'bh s/o/ p'bw/oh p'bh s/o/ p'b ftubhnK eftsktK ~ ed/ th o{;heftsktK dk gowkfDe T[bEk Bjh_ wzBd/, ;r'_ T[BQK ~ fJj ouBktK nB[tkfds gkms'_ f}nkdk w"fbe gqshs j[zdhnK jB.

;'thns o{; ns/ nzrq/}h }[pkB d/ jtkb/ Bkb vkH ;kfjp ~ ;z;ko dhnKftfGzB ekft-f;oiDktK ~ B/fVU_ ;wMD dk ;[Bfjoh w"ek fwfbnk. vkH jfoGiBf;zx d[nkok nB[tkfds b?fBB L B?D BeFb?fBB L B?D BeFb?fBB L B?D BeFb?fBB L B?D BeFb?fBB L B?D BeF ftu ;kfwb B}wK b?fBB dh f}zdrh,ftukoK s/ T[; d/ ftjkoe ihtB Bkb ;zpzfXs jB. fJ; ftu nfXeso eftsktKb?fBB ~ jh ;wofgs jB. T[BQK nB[;ko Gkt/_ fJBQK eftsktK d/ w{b f;oie ftFtgXZo #s/ ]k;h ;woZEk oyD tkb/ b/ye ;B go fJ; d/ pkti{d fJ; ekft-;zfrqjftubhnK ;kohnK eftsktK ftu ekft-;[ji g?dk Bjh_ j[zdk. fJBQK eftsktK dkgq/oDk-;o's fJfsjk;e wjZst oyD tkbk BkfJe j'D eoe/, fJ; d/ nB[tkd ftuT[BQK ~ eJh w[FebK dk ;kjwDk th eoBk fgnk. go fJBQK efmBkJhnK ~nDr'fbnK eofdnK T[BQK B/ fJ; ezw ~ th nkgD/ fgZSb/ ezwK tKr jh ;\bskg{ote fBGkfJnk. jfoGiB f;zx ~ T[BQK d/ fJ; ]k; nB[tkd ekoi bJh ;'thnsb?_v Bfjo{ g[o;eko gqkgs j'fJnk.

vkH ;kfjp B/ ;kfjs s/ ;[ji f;XKs pko/ b"BikJhB; dh ;z;ko gqf;ZXouBk n"B dk ;pbkfJwn"B dk ;pbkfJwn"B dk ;pbkfJwn"B dk ;pbkfJwn"B dk ;pbkfJw (On The Sublime) dk gzikph GkFk ftu b"BikJhB;b"BikJhB;b"BikJhB;b"BikJhB;b"BikJhB;L T[Ødks pko/L T[Ødks pko/L T[Ødks pko/L T[Ødks pko/L T[Ødks pko/ f;ob/y nXhB nB[tkd ehsk. fJ; s'_ fJbktk T[BQK B/ gb?N' dhgqf;ZX g[;se The Republic dk rDszsorDszsorDszsorDszsorDszso BK nXhB gzikph ftu nB[tkd ehsk.gZSwh ;kfjs ftu o[uh oyD tkb/ gkmeK ns/ y'ikoEhnK bJh gzikph d/ fJjnB[tkd pj[s jh bkj/tzd ;kfps j'J/ jB. fJ; d/ Bkb jh T[BQK B/ ekw{ d/ ;z;kogqf;ZX BkNe gb/rgb/rgb/rgb/rgb/r ~ th gzikph ftu T[bEk e/ gzikph ;kfjs ~ j'o f}nkdk nwhoeo fdØsk.

fJ; s'_ nrkj T[BQK B/ n?wHih d/Fw[y dh gqf;ZX ouBk Bkwd/tBkwd/tBkwd/tBkwd/tBkwd/t dk gzikphftu ns/ r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dh u'Dth_ pkDhr[o{ BkBe d/t ih dh u'Dth_ pkDhr[o{ BkBe d/t ih dh u'Dth_ pkDhr[o{ BkBe d/t ih dh u'Dth_ pkDhr[o{ BkBe d/t ih dh u'Dth_ pkDh dk fjzdh ftu nB[tkd ehsk.T[BQK dk fJe nB[tkd noph GkFk d/ w[nZbek fJwo[B e?ww[nZbek fJwo[B e?ww[nZbek fJwo[B e?ww[nZbek fJwo[B e?ww[nZbek fJwo[B e?w dk th j?. fJj d;-gzdoK ;f\nK dh fJe bzwh eftsk j? i' pj[s ;w/_ gfjbK FkfJd @nko;h# ftuSgh ;h. fJ; pko/ e[M g[ysk ikDekoh gqkgs Bjh_ j? feT[_ fe vkH ;kfjp e'b'_nkgDh fJj w{b ouBk feXo/ r[nku rJh ;h. fJ; s'_ pknd T[BQK BkwXkohBkwXkohBkwXkohBkwXkohBkwXkoh


f;Zy;f;Zy;f;Zy;f;Zy;f;Zy; BK dh nzrq/}h GkFk dh g[;se dk th gzikph ftu nB[tkd ehsk. fJ; s'_fJbktk T[BQK B/ fJe j'o wjZstg{oB nB[tkd gqf;ZX fjzdh ftdtkB nkukohnkj}koh fd±t/dh dh ouBk nb'e gotnb'e gotnb'e gotnb'e gotnb'e got dk gzikph GkFk ftu gqekF g[opgqekF g[opgqekF g[opgqekF g[opgqekF g[opf;ob/y j/m nB[tkd ehsk.

vkH ;kfjp B/ pj[s jh wfjBs Bkb nkgD/ wBg;zd b/ye gkpb' Bo{dkdhnK eJh fgnko-eftsktK dk nB[tkd th ehsk. T[BQK d/ ws nB[;ko gkpb'Bo{dk wkoe;h ftukoK s'_ T[bN iksh-ozr tkb/ fgnko dh jh rZb Bjh_ eodk ;r'_T[; dh FkfJoh f;nk;h tbrDK s'_ gko nkgDk ;[szso okj bZG b?_dh j?. T[BQKB/ gkpb' dhnK thj d/ eohp eftsktK dk nB[tkd eo fJ; ~ gqekfFs ehsk sKi' wkoe;h FkfJo gkpb'dh eftsk dh fJ; tzBrh dh gSkD gzikph d/ wkoe;hb/yeK dh B}oh_ g? ;e/ s/ T[j b'e th nkgDh ;kfjse ftXktK ftu b'Vh_d/ gq:'reo ;eD.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ eJh nfij/ nB[tkd th ehs/ fiBQK s'_ gqkgssiofpnK B/ T[BQK ~ tZyo/ fe;w dk nB[Gt gqdkB ehsk. fJ; Fq/Dh ftu ;G s'_gfjbk nB[Gt T[BQK ~ e/_doh fbykoh ;Gk s'_ :{BkBh sqk;dheko ;'\'ebh} d/ fszBBkNeK okik Jhdhg;okik Jhdhg;okik Jhdhg;okik Jhdhg;okik Jhdhg;, nzfsrBhnzfsrBhnzfsrBhnzfsrBhnzfsrBh, ns/ Jhdhg; ekb'B;Jhdhg; ekb'B;Jhdhg; ekb'B;Jhdhg; ekb'B;Jhdhg; ekb'B; ftu'_ f;o\ Jhdhg;Jhdhg;Jhdhg;Jhdhg;Jhdhg;ekb'B;ekb'B;ekb'B;ekb'B;ekb'B; dk gzikph nB[tkd eoB t/b/ gqkgs j'fJnk. n;b ftu pkeh d/ d' BkNegfjbK jh gzikph d/ f;ow"o b/yeK, w'jB f;zx ns/ ;zs f;zx ;/y'_ ~ ;"_g fdZs/rJ/ ;B. fJzB/ tØv/ b/yeK d/ Bkb nB[tkd ekoi fwbD dh y[Fh ns/ pj[s xZNfwjBskBK fwbD dh p/gotkjh pko/ o}kwzdh }kfjo eofdnK T[BQK B/ fJj ezwnkozG eo fdZsk. SzdkpzX ouBk j'D eoe/ fJj nB[tkd ekoi @;{X/-;{X/# uZfbnk.go fJ; ;G d/ pkti{d T[BQK ~ fJ; ekoi ~ g{ok eoB ftu nkgD/ w"fbe ekoidh ;zgzBsk tork T[wkj wfj;{; j'D bZr fgnk. T[j nkgD/ nkg ~ fJ; dkw"fbe b/ye ;wMD bZr gJ/ ;B. ;'\'ebh} d[nkok ofus fJ; n;kXkoB feos~ w"fbe nB[tkd dk o{g d/D ftu T[BQK dh nkgDh okFh ]ou j' rJh, fJZE'_ sZefe fBZek-w'Nk eo}k th b?Dk g? frnk. T[; ;w/_ T[BQK ~ T[whd ;h fe ;Gk s'_gqkgs okFh ~ ndk eoe/ T[j nkgDk eo}k nk;kBh Bkb u[Zek b?Dr/.go fJ;ezw ~ g{ok eoB bJh T[BQK ~ ;Gk d[nkok gfjbK s'_ s?n ehsh rJh oew ftu'_pj[s jh xZN oew gqkgs j'Jh ns/ pknd ftu pekfJnk oew ftu'_ th fe;/ gqekodh e'Jh ndkfJrh Bjh_ ehsh rJh. fJ; ;G d/ pkti{d feskp dh SgkJh B/ T[BQK~ pj[s y[F eo fdZsk. nrbh xNBk w[skfpe T[BQK ~ gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh d[nkokfJe nB[tkd ekoi nfwqsk gqhsw Bkb ;KM/ o{g ftu fdZsk frnk ;h. g{oh brBBkb ezw eoB s'_ pknd id'_ feskp fsnko j' rJh go T[; ~ Bk SgD:'r eokod/ e/ tkg; w'V fdZsk frnk.pknd ftu fJ; feskp ~ fJe fBih gqekFe B/


Skfgnk jh Bjh_ ik ;r'_ fJ; dk g[Bo-;z;eoD th gqekfFs j'fJnk. fJj feskp;h ]bhb fipokB dh ftFt gqf;ZX ouBk dh go"f\Ndh go"f\Ndh go"f\Ndh go"f\Ndh go"f\N (The Profit) dk gzikphnB[tkd fi; ~ g?|zpog?|zpog?|zpog?|zpog?|zpo f;ob/y nXhB Skfgnk frnk. i' fe vkH jfoGiB f;zxdh fJe j'o pj[-uofus f;oiBktK dh frDsh ftu F[wko j' rJh.

T[BQK dh fJe j'o pj[-uofus s/ nB[tkfds ouBk ;{odk;;{odk;;{odk;;{odk;;{odk; j?. i' fed' ;" gdK dk ;zrqfj j? fi; ~ ;{odk; dh gzith_ Fskpdh d/ w"e/ #s/ e/_doh fjzdhvkfJo?eNo/N d[nkok fsnko eotkfJnk frnk ;h. n;b ftu ;{odk; (1478-1582) nkgD/ ;w/_ d/ fFo'wDh eth ns/ Grs ;B. fJ; d/ Bkb fJj th wzfBnkfrnk j? fe pkb-toDB pko/ T[BQK d/ w[ekpb/ dk e'Jh FkfJo Bjh_ j?. T[BQK d/gfdnK ftu feqFB GrtkB d/ pkb r'gkb o{gK dk toDB pj[s jh nd[Zsh ns/p/i'V o{g ftu tofDØs j?. ;{odk; dh ouBk dk nB[tkd eoB ;w/_ vkH ;kfjp~ gfjbK gfjb sK fJj ezw pj[s jh ;"yk bØfrnk go ibdh jh T[BQK ~ fJ;ftubhnK d[FtkohnK dk gsk bZr frnk. fszB-uko wjhB/ T[BQK d/ ;[ji-;z;ko ftubhB ofjD wro'_ d' ;" gdK tkbh fJ; ouBk dk ;\bsk g{ote nB[tkd j'frnk. go nDukj/ ekoDK eoe/ e/_doh fjzdh vkfJo?eNo/N d[nkok fJj feskpgqekfFs Bk j' gkJh. pj[s jh w[FebK Bkb w{b yoV/ ~ tkg; gqkgs eoB T[gozsns/ gzikph nekdwh s'_ okfJbNh Bk b?D dh Fos Bkb vkH ;kfjp B/ nekdwh~ fJ; g[;se d/ gqekFB tk;s/ ok}h ehsk. go efjzd/ B/ Bk @nzs Gbk s'_ ;GGbk#, vkH ;kfjp dh f}zdrh ftu fJj ejkts T[; t/b/ w[ZbtkB ;kfps j' rJhid'_ fjzdh ;kfjs d/ gkoy{ gq'\?;o oF/w e[zsb w/x j[oK B/ vkH ;kfjp d[nkok ehs/nB[tkd dh Gog{o gqFz;k eofdnK g{o/ @;{o-;kro# dk nB[tkd fJ; F?bh ftu j'Dkukjhdk j? pko/ nkgDh tvw[Zbh ;bkj fdZsh. n;b ftu T[BQK d[nkok ej/ FpdKs'_ jh jfoGiB f;zx ~ T[BQK dk fwjBskBk gqkgs j' frnk ;h. vkH jfoGiB f;zxB/ nkgD/ d[nkok ofus b/y @ukBD dh sbkF ftu X[Zg/ dhtk# nzsors fJ;nB[tkd pko/ fBZm e/ uouk th ehsh j?. fi; s'_ fJj gsk ubdk j? fe nB[tkddk ezw fezBk ;zihdk j[zdk j? ns/ fJ; ~ fe; gqeko eoBk ukjhdk j?. T[BQK dkfJj b/y nB[tkd ekoi pko/ fJe wkvb dh ftnkfynk eodk gqshs j[zdk j?.

;wZu/ o{g ftu fJe wkfjo F];hns j'D d/ pkti{d vkH ;kfjp fJeftfdnkoEh tKr nkgD/ nB[tkd ekoi bJh ftfFnK d/ ftfGzB wkfjoK Bkbw[bkeks eo T[BQK Bkb ftuko tNKdok eod/ oj/ jB. T[BQK B/ nkgDh ouBk forforforforforpkDhpkDhpkDhpkDhpkDh dk nB[tkd eoB ;w/_ ;z;feqs GkFk ns/ ;kfjs d/ pj[ftX ftdtkB vkH d/toki ukBDk ns/ @N?r'o dk pkb ;kfjs# dh f;oiDk eoB ;w/_ vkH fJzdoBkEu"Xoh i' fe fdZbh :{Bhtof;Nh ftu fjzdh d/ nfXnkge ;B s/ T[BQK dh wks p'bhpzrbk ;h s'_ ;w/_-;w/_ wdd gqkgs ehsh. fJ; s'_ fJbktk T[BQK B/ ;{odk;;{odk;;{odk;;{odk;;{odk; dk


soiwk eoB ;w/_, ;{odk; d/ ftF/FZr, wBw'jB r"sw Bkb ;zgoe ehsk s/ T[BQKdh ftdtsk ns/ ;[fjodk d'jK dk bkG u[Zfenk. nB[tkd ftubhnK w[;ebK d/fBtkoD ;w/_ T[BQK B/ fizBK th b'eK s'_ wdd gqkgs ehsh T[BQK bJh T[j b'efpbe[b T[BQK w[BhnK tor/ j[zd/ i' wBB eod/, ftukod/ ;B s/ T[j nkg T[BQKfoFhnK tor/ pD iKd/ i' fe;/ ouBk ~ f;oidk, oudk s/ fdqFNdk j?. T[BQKB/ nDikD/ w{b s'_ nB[tkd eoB ftu T[; GkFk d/ ftdtkBK gk;'_ wdd b?D dhgozgok ~ nB[tkd-ekoi ftu ;Ekfgs eoB dk T[gokbk ehsk. T[BQK B/ fJ;gozgok okjh_ fJ; rZb ~ ;Ekfgs eoB dh e'fFF ehsh fe d{ihnK GkFktK d/wkfjoK Bkb ehs/ nzso-;ztkd ftu'_ T[Go/ ftukoK dhnK ;zGktBktK n;hw j[zdhnKjB. fJ; Bkb nB[tkd ~ ;jh fdFk d/ Bkb Bkb w"fbe GkFkJh noE gqdkBeoB ftu ;obsk wfj;{; j[zdh j? ns/ nB[tkd ekoi th ;\b j' fBpVdk j?.vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ Gkt/_ pj[s ;kohnK ;kfjse ouBktK ~ gzikph ftu nB[tkfdsehsk j? go fJ; d/ pkti{d T[BQK B/ nkgDhnK f;oiBkswe ouBktK ~ nkgDhwks-GkFk gzikph ftu jh gqrN ehsk j?. ;kfjs irs ftu T[BQK dh p/fw;kbouBkswe gqkgsh ns/ ouBktK dk d{;ohnK }[pkBK ftu nB[tkd, f;oiDk d/y/so ftu T[BQK d/ ;kfjse nj[d/ dh s;thoeFh eodk j?.

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Sam-Haribhajan (Singh revised)6