Salla Ikäheimo21.3.2014

Cost of Social Exclusion

Definition of Social exclusion:

“Social exclusion is a complex and multi-dimensional process. It involves the lack or denial of resources, rights, goods and services, and the inability to participate in the normal relationships and activities, available to the majority of people in a society, whether in economic, social, cultural or political arenas. It affects both the quality of life of individuals and the equity and cohesion of society as a whole.”(Levitas et al. 2007)

BACKGROUND

Who is socially excluded?

a) Conseptual definitionA person who cannot participate in society as expected, and who experienses problems in different areas of life.

b) Operational definition16-29 years old person who has no more education than comprehensive school, who is not currently studing, working, taking care of his/her own children or is not serving in military

The idea of a person who feels himself socially excluded is important too, but the study is about costs to society and therefore we can ignore those who from the point of view of a society function as not excluded.

BACKGROUND

- The method is used mainly in medicine to combine different studies to have even more reliable result than one experiment

- The idea:1. Define the research question, strategy to find the literature and exclusion and

inclusion criterias2. Search all available literature of the subject using the strategy3. Select all studies that meet the criteria4. Evaluate selected literature and merge the information5. Meta-analysis (confidence intervals etc.)

- In my study it is impossible to make meta-analysis because to be able to do that, you have to have studies quite similar so that you can compare them. Even the definition for social exclusion varies in different cases and the studies have a little in common.

SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW

(Malmivaara 2008)

- PICO is a method to define research question

RESEARCH QUESTION

P Patient/Population

I Intervention

C Comparison

O Outcome

(Malmivaara 2008)

RESEARCH QUESTION 1

P (population) High risk of social exclusion or socially excluded adolescents(16-29)

Adolescents who are not in risk or have a low risk to become socially excluded and who are not currently socially excluded (possible control group).

I (intervention) If there is studies of effectivenessC (control) If there is studies of effectivenessO (outcome) a) Lost production, taxes and slower economic

growthb) Paid benefitsc) Use of servicesd) Criminalitye) Cost of special education / sunk cost of

education – also positive effect of having fewer years at school

f) Any other costs to society

a) (Social exclusion) AND (Costs)b) (Youth at risk) AND (Costs)c) (Unemployment) AND (Costs)d) (Groups people that are in high risk to become socially excluded or

outcomes from social exclusion) AND (Costs) AND (Youth)

All of the terms include as much synonymes that were found (Picture)

STRATEGY TO FIND LITERATURE

a) Costs for socially excluded or some group at risk are calculatedb) Costs are for societyc) Peer reviewd) Follow up study or a systematic literature review (with at least one

follow up study)e) Adolecents or at least not about elderlyf) From developed country

INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA

From various databases 3198 articles were found After taking doubles out 2365 articles 70 articles from Finland Grey literature from most promising sources 66 articles (just in case

something absolutely awesome is found - which was not the case)

2501 articles and in the end 15 articles met the criteria. 9 From US and 6 from UK – none from Finland

SOME NUMBERS

- There was not a single article that would be exactly about how much socially excluded person costs for the society- some of the studies were found that tried to answer the question, but those studies

were not follow up studies.

- Articles found can be divided into 5 groups:

RESULTS

Criminality

School exclusion

Depression and suiside attempt

Conduct problems

Alcohol and drug problems

RESULTS

COST GROUPS

- Special education/services related to education- Health care

- Basic health care- Mental health

- Social services- Foster and residential care- Alcohol and Drug related problems- Social security benefits- Lost production- Justice system and criminality

RESULTS

What is next/going on now?- Evaluate studies (http://www.strobe-statement.org/?id=available-checklists)- I am trying to form more groups (method, follow-up time, bias…) to

make it easier to write a final report. Grouping helps me to understand the similarities between such a different studies. Also because in this case I cannot use meta-analysis, comparing studies is important.

- In the end I hope I would have a nice report of how it would be optimal to calculate the costs for socially excluded adolesents.

- I have access to data of basic services used in 2006-2011. Unit costs are already calculated.

- The first problem is how to identify socially excluded adolecents from the data- There is a good article about this:

”An individual i is socially excluded in semester a if he/she is currently disabled, out of work or inactive, with a probability of entering into employment or education during the next year smaller than a positive number ψ, given that business cycle conditions are normal”

(Raaum et al. 2009)

- The second question is how to find some kind of causal effect so that the study is not just descriptive- From the literature review there are some ideas, but of course the difference of the

data makes it a little hard to do the same.

EMPIRICAL STUDY

- Explanatory variables- Highest education- Socioeconomic status (=main activity) but only for those who have recieved benefits- Social security benefits

- So I can identify socially excluded person with:- Highest education being no higher than comprehensive school- Recieving Social security benefit- Unemployed- Not recieving maternal benefits

- Different groups of socially excluded adolescents- Eg. Chronically excluded, survivors…

BUT no adolescents under 18history only from 2006-2011only descriptive research – I cannot find any way to find causality in this

setting

Data now

Explanatory variables- Highest education- Main activity- Monthly data of employment/unemployment- Social security benefits- Income- Family- The country where one was born- Accommodation- Studies

- Also if not completed education- If not completed, what they started to do after leaving the school

- Special education- Parents

- Highest education- Employed/unemployed- Socioeconomic status

- All variables from the year person turns 16- Not only 16-29 years but also older if possible

Possible data later

Levitas, Pantazis Ruth Christina, Eldin Fahmy, David Gordon, Eva Lloyd, and Demi Patsios. THE MULTI-DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL EXCLUSION. 2007.

Malmivaara, Antti. Järjestelmällinen kirjallisuuskatsaus vaikuttavuudesta – Apuväline terveyden- ja sosiaalihuollon ammattilaisille, tutkijoille ja päättäjille. Sosiaalilääketieteellinen aikakauslehti 2008: 45 273-278. 2008.

Raaum, Oddbjørn, Jon Rogstad, Knut Røed, Lars Westlie, Oddbjørn Raaum, Jon Rogstad, Knut Røed, and Lars Westlie. Young and out: An application of a prospects-based concept of social exclusion. The Journal of Socio-Economics 38 (1) (Jan-1): 173-87. 2009.

References