saistorio krebuli2 saboloo11 - NPLGdspace.nplg.gov.ge/.../1/Saistorio_Krebuli_2012_N2.pdf · 2020. 8. 10. · saqarTvelos damoukideblobis sakiTxi 25 giorgi brwyinvalis mefobaSi

Historical

Annual

Mkhedari2012

2

Collections

weliwdeuli

mxedari

2012

2

saredaqcio kolegia

zaza sxirtlaZe

mamuka wurwumia (mT. redaqtori)

goCa jafariZe

redaqtori

zaza xozberiZe

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa

irma jiSkariani

saistorio krebuli

UDC (uak) 93/94(051.2) s-187

© avtorebi 2012

saavtoro uflebebi daculia. masalis gadabeWdva

redaqciis nebarTvis gareSe dauSvebelia

ISSN 1987-7285

Tbilisi 2012 Tbilisi

Editorial BoardGotcha Djaparidze, Zaza Skhirtladze, Mamuka Tsurtsumia (Editor)

baRvaSTa da orbelTa naTesaobis Sesaxeb 13

mixeil baxtaZe

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis sakiTxi 25

giorgi brwyinvalis mefobaSi

giuli alasania

iran-saqarTvelos urTierTobebi 51

Sah sefi I-is zeobis xanaSi

nana gelaSvili

sameliqo qvemo qarTlSi. 67

Sah abasis mier qvemo qarTlis

miwebis mitacebis mcdeloba

aleqsandre boSiSvili

gzebi da mogzaurebi bizantiaSi `giorgi 96

mTawmidelis cxovrebis~ mixedviT

vladimer kekelia

garejeli ierodiakoni iostos mrevliSvili 103

(aRmSenebloba wm. daviTis lavraSi da

mogzauroba wminda miwaze)

darejan kldiaSvili, marina mesxia

Sua saukuneebis qarTuli poliorketika 121

mamuka wurwumia

I

II

III

IV

V

VI

VII

qoberis I da II samecniero eqspediciis 170

pirveladi Sedegebi (sainformacio mimoxilva)

giorgi kalandia, qeTevan asaTiani

Arm 23-is anderZ-minaweris cnoba 192

Tmogvis aRebis Sesaxeb

dali CitunaSvili

abasianTa dirhemebis qarTuli minabaZebi da 197

bagrat III-is vercxlis monetis xelaxali atribucia

goCa jafariZe

spilenZis Rirebuleba qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi XVIII 220

saukunis miwuruls istoriuli sabuTebis mixedviT

(Tanadrouli spilenZis safasis TviTRirebulebis

sakiTxisTvis)

irakli faRava

mefe giorgis xuTjvriani beWdis (1160-1340) anabeWdebi 242

venis erovnul biblioTekaSi daculi 1160 wlis

garejuli xelnaweri krebulis (Ven.4) arSiebidan

Temo jojua

avSarTa periodis sparsuli da qarTul-sparsuli 300

orenovani istoriuli dokumentebi saqarTvelos

siZveleTsacavebSi

Tamar abulaZe, elene giunaSvili

IX

X

XI

XII

XIII

VIII

aTonis iveriis RvTismSoblis xatis 313

saCrdilobeli karavi

sofio daviTaSvili

Tamar mefis gardacvalebis TariRis Sesaxeb 348

goCa jafariZe

giorgi narimaniSvili. jvarosnebisa da fatimianebis 364

samxedro dapirispireba pirveli jvarosnuli

laSqrobis dros

mamuka wurwumia

zurab batiaSvili (darujanaSvili). trapizonis 372

imperiis daarseba

leri TavaZe

rogor imsxvreva miTebi 387

napoleonis mamluqi. rustam razas memuarebi.

frangulidan Targmnes, winasityvaoba da komentarebi

daurTes aleqsandre miqaberiZem da nika xoferiam.

goCa jafariZe

XV

XVI

XVII

XVIII

XIV

.

Contents

On the Family Ties Between Baghvashi and Orbeli 13Mikhail Bakhtadze

The Issue of Georgia’s Independence During the 25Reign of Giorgi the Brilliant

Giuli Alasania

Nana Gelahsvili

Melikdom in Kvemo Kartli 67Alexander Boshishvili

Roads and Pilgrims According to the 96"Life of George the Athonite"

Vladimer Kekelia

Hierodeacon of Gareja Iostos Mrevlishvili 103(The Builder and the Pilgrim)

Darejan Kldiashvili, Marina Meskhia

Medieval Georgian Poliorcetics 121Mamuka Tsurtsumia

Preliminary Results of First and Second Expedition in Koberi 170George Kalandia, Ketevan Asatiani

The Colophon of Ms. Armenian 23 192on the Capturing of Tmogvi Fortress

Dali Chitunashvili

Georgian Imitations of Abbasid Dirhams and Reattribution 197of the Silver Coin of Bagrat III

Gotcha Djaparidze

I

II

III

IV

V

VI

VII

VIII

IX

X

XI

XII

XIII

XIV

XV

XVI

Copper Price in the Kingdom of Kartl-Kakheti by the End 220of the 18th C. According to Historical Documents (On the Issueof the Self-Cost of the Contemporary Copper Currency)

Irakli Paghava

Impressions of a Five-Cross Seal (1160-1346) of King Giorgi 242from the Fields of the Gareji Manuscript (Ven.4, 1160)

Temo Jojua

Persian and Georgian-Persian Bilingual Historical 300Documents from Afshar Period at Georgian Depositories

Tamar Abuladze, Helen Giunashvili

The Shade Tent of the Virgin’s Icon at the Iviron Monastery 313on Mount Athos

Sophio Davitashvili

About the Date of the Death of Queen Tamar 348Gotcha Djaparidze

Reviews 364

Tqvens winaSea `saistorio krebulis~ meore tomi. krebulis Te-

matika uwindeburad mravalferovani da mravalmxrivia. masSi warmod-

genilia Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos istoria, epigrafika da wya-

roTmcodneoba, numizmatika da sfragistika, xelovnebaTmcodneoba,

samxedro da ekonomikuri istoria. samecniero gamokvlevebis garda,

krebulSi Sesulia polemikuri narkvevebi da recenziebi.

`saistorio krebulis~ pirveli tomiT daviwyeT saqarTveloSi

samecniero naSromebis damowmebaTa Cikagos sistemis damkvidreba.

kmayofilebiT aRvniSnavT, rom am wamowyebas amaod ar Cauvlia. Cikagos

wesis upiratesobebSi TandaTan rwmundebian qarTveli mkvlevrebi.

sakmarisia iTqvas, rom 2011 wels Tavisi Sromebis X-XI nomridan am

sistemaze gadavida iseTi didi tradiciebis mqone dawesebuleba,

rogoricaa ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa da eTnologiis

instituti. 2011 wlidan praqtikulad amave sistemiT sargeblobs

iseTi prestiJuli gamocemac, rogoricaa Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis humanitaruli kvlevebis weliwdeuli.

krebulis srulyofis Semdgomi etapi saerTaSoriso moTxovnebTan

misi SeZlebisdagvarad daaxloebaa – amisTvis aucilebelia aramarto

masSi warmodgenili naSromebis maRal samecniero Rirebulebasa

da profesiul doneze gamudmebiT zrunva, aramed ucxoeTis

samecniero wreebisaTvis am naSromebis farTod gaziarebac. krebulis

internacionalizaciis erT-erTi aucilebeli pirobaa ucxoeli

avtorebis mozidva, es ki mxolod mas Semdeg iqneba SesaZlebeli,

roca saerTaSoriso samecniero sazogadoeba krebuls masSi Sesuli

maRali donis SromebiT gaecnoba. qarTul enaze dawerili naSromebi,

Sua saukuneebis aRmosavleTisadmi gazrdili interesis miuxedavad,

enobrivi barieris gamo ucxoeli specialistebisaTvis jer kidev

miuwvdomelia. am problemis daZlevis erT-erTi realuri gza

gamokvlevebisaTvis SedarebiT vrceli inglisuri reziumeebis

darTvaa, rasac redaqcia yovelmxriv miesalmeba da xels Seuwyobs.

winamdebare krebulSi siaxlea is, rom didi adgili eTmoba

recenziebs samecniero naSromebze. dapirebisamebr, viwyebT mkacri

da obieqturi recenziebis beWdvas. dasamali ar aris, rom amJamad,

qarTul samecniero periodul gamocemebSi gamoqveynebuli rece-

nziebi, rogorc wesi, naSromis ukritiko daxasiaTeba-miwodebas war-

moadgens. saqmisadmi aseT midgomas ar moaqvs sargebloba qarTuli

istoriografiisaTvis, gansxvavebiT dasavleTisgan, sadac swored

obieqturma recenzirebam mniSvnelovanwilad Seuwyo xeli samecniero

naSromebis donis amaRlebas. imedia, mecnierebis ganviTarebisaTvis

aucilebeli da saSuri es praqtika CvenSic damkvidrdeba. aseve farTod

unda dainergos samecniero gamocemebSi gamosaqveynebeli naSromebis

faruli recenzirebac.

didi imedi gvaqvs, rom `saistorio krebulis~ redkolegiis am axal

iniciativas gagebiT Sexvdeba qarTuli samecniero sazogadoeba.

saredaqcio kolegia

mixeil baxtaZe

baRvaSebi da orbelebi Sua saukuneebis erT-erT yvelaze gavlenian

da Zlier sagvareuloebs warmoadgendnen. XI saukuneSi saqarTveloSi

aravin iyo baRvaSTa saxlze ufro Zlieri, xolo XII saukuneSi orbelebs

veravin Seecileboda pirvelobaSi.

qarTul da somxur istoriografiaSi arsebobs mosazreba (m.

janaSvili, m. brose, e. TayaiSvili da sxv.), rom orbelebi baRvaSTa

naTesavebi, ufro zustad Tu vityviT, maTi STamomavlebi iyvnen. am azrs

mowinaaRmdegebic (s. janaSia, v. kopaliani, s. eremiani da sxv.) yavs.1 orive

mxares Tavis argumentebi gaaCnia. aqve gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom bevri ram

wyaroebSi arsebuli cnobebis interpretaciazea damokidebuli.

baRvaSTa da orbelTa SesaZlo naTesaobis sakiTxi dawvrilebiT

ganixila q. quTaTelaZem. stefanos orbelianis cnobebTan dakavSirebiT

mkvlevari wers: ìstorikosi, rogorc Cans flobs sagvareulo

gadmocemas, romlis mixedviTac, gvaris saxelovan winaprad liparit

baRvaSi gamohyavs, Tumca baRvaSad mas ar moixseniebs. ufro logikuri

iqneboda orbelebad liparitis Semdgomi Taobebi wodebuliyvnen,

rodesac maT mamulad samSvilde-orbis cixe miiRes da ara kldekaris

erisTavebi, romelTac vidre ivane baRvaSamde, samSvilde mamulad

arasdros hqoniaT... rogorc Cans, baRvaSTa sagvareulos damxobis

Semdeg es gvari ramdenime ganStoebad Camoyalibda. argveTSi moRvawe

Sto kaxaberisZeebad daiwernen, qvemo qarTlSi moRvawe Sto ki

orbelebad~.2 argveTisa da qvemo qarTlis Stoebis garda, mkvlevari

baRvaSTa kidev erTi Stos arsebobas varaudobs, rodesac aRniSnavs,

rom daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosis cnoba – baRvaSTa sagvareulos

umemkvidreod amowyvetis Sesaxeb `TrialeTSi mosaxle baRvaSTa

1 dawvrilebiT, sakiTxis irgvliv literaturis mimoxilva, ix. qeTevan quTaTela-

Ze, qvemo qarTli: politikuri istoriis sakiTxebi (Tbilisi, 2001), 153-70.

2 quTaTelaZe, qvemo qarTli, 173.

I

14 mixeil baxtaZe

ganStoebas Seexeba~.3 gamodis, rom baRvaSTa feodalur saxlSi

arsebobda sami Sto. erTi TrialeTSi iyo da amowyda, meore – argveTSi

iyo da kaxaberisZeebad iwodeboda, mesame – qvemo qarTlSi damkvidrda

da orbelad iwoda.

Cveni azriT, realoba cota sxvagvari iyo. 1094 wels daviT

aRmaSenebelma liparit V Seipyro da sapyrobileSi gamoketa. baRvaSebma

kldekaris erisTavoba dakarges. es Ãeli~ giorgi mwignobarTuxucesis

diswuls, Tevdores gadaeca. liparitis Ze rati ki argveTis mamulSi

dabrunda. 1096 wels liparit V saqarTvelodan gaaZeves. 1103 wels ki

rati gardaicvala4 da àRaravin daSTa sayofelTa maTTa mkvidri ...

da mamuli maTi aRiRo mefeman~. swored es argveTis mamuli Seswira

mefem gelaTis monasters. `mamuli lipariteTi umkvidrod darCenil

iyo, aramed sxuaTa mravalTa da samarTlianTa usarzel-miuxueWelTa

sofelTa Tana miscna dedasa RmrTisasa samsaxureblad~.5 amgvarad,

TrialeTSi baRvaSTa sagvareulos warmomadgeneli ar darCenila.

argveTSi ki gvaris raime axali ganStoeba ar Seqmnila. kaxaberisZeTa

sakiTxs dawvrilebiT cota qvemoT ganvixilavT.

q. quTaTelaZes damatebiTi argumentebic moaqvs Tavisi mosazrebis

dasasabuTeblad: `baRvaSTa poziciebi yvela sferoSi (sagvareulo

Tanamdebobebi – qarTlis erisTavoba da spasalaroba, siaxlove

bagrationTa xelisuflebasTan) orbelTa sagvareulom daikava. aqedan

gamomdinare maT Soris naTesauri kavSiri marTlac arsebobda~;6

amas emateba: orive sagvareulos warmomadgenelTa saxelebis

msgavseba; teritoria, sadac baRvaSebs da orbelebs uxdebodaT

moRvaweoba. es gaxlavT samSvilde da misi Semogareni, romelic orive

gvarisTvis mamuls warmoadgenda; saxeloebi romelsac orive gvari

flobda, spasalaroba da qarTlis erisTavoba; damokidebuleba

bagrationebisadmi. ìsini garkveul zRvramde mefis erTgulni da

misi politikis gamtarebelni arian, magram garkveul sakiTxebze

uTanxmoebebisas mefes upirispirdebian~.7

g. alasania eTanxmeba mosazrebas, rom orbelebi baRvaSTa gan-

Stoebas warmoadgendnen da iziarebs q. quTaTelaZis mier wamoyenebul

3 iqve, 182.

4 mixeil baxtaZe, erisTavobis instituti saqarTveloSi (Tbilisi, 2003), 180.

5 qarTlis cxovreba, mT. redaqtori r. metreveli (Tbilisi, 2008), 313.


7 iqve, 183.

15

argumentebs. mkvlevari aRniSnavs, am igiveobis ZiriTadi argumentebia

is, rom 1. rogorc erT, aseve meore gvarSi gavrcelebulia erTi da igi-

ve sakuTari saxelebi (lipariti, ivane, sumbati, qavTari...); 2. rogorc

erTi aseve meore gvari flobs erTsa da imave teritoriebs; 3. ukaviaT

erTi da igive Tanamdebobebi; 4. mudam opoziciaSi udganan mefes~.8

Cven SevecdebiT TiToeuli argumenti ganvixiloT.

pirvel rigSi, gvinda baRvaSTa da orbelTa sagvareuloebis samefo

karTan damokidebulebis sakiTxs SevexoT.

samefo xelisuflebasTan mudam opoziciaSi yofna, an Tundac mefis

erTguleba ramdenad SeiZleba naTesaobiT gadadiodes da ama Tu im

sagvareulosaTvis `genetikurad~ damaxasiaTebeli niSanTviseba iyos

Zneli saTqmelia. baRvaSebisagan gansxvavebiT (Tumca erTi periodi,

1014-1039 wlebSi, isinic mefis xelsuflebis erTgulebi iyvnen)

orbelebi samefo karis mudmivi opozicionerebi~ ar yofilan. orbelTa

sagvareulos dawinaureba daviT aRmaSeneblis mefobis periodSi iwyeba.

am sagvareulos, CvenTvis cnobili, pirveli warmomadgeneli ivane

iyo. daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi mas 1110 wlis ambebis Txrobis

dros moixseniebs – `da Sekrbes giorgi Wyondidelsa da mwignobarT-

uxucessa winaSe Tevdore, abuleTi da ivane orbeli da simarjÂT

moipares samSÂlde... odes samSÂlde da Zerna aiRes, qronikoni iyo samas

ocdaaTi~.9 daviT IV aRmaSeneblis, demetre I-sa da TviT giorgi III-is

mefobis pirveli oci wlis manZilze maT samefo karTan problemebi

ar hqoniaT. gamonakliss daviT V-is xanmokle mefobis periodi

warmoadgens. giorgi III-sa da orbelTa dapirispireba 1177 wels daiwyo.

amitom mefesTan mudmivad opoziciaSi yofna ver CaiTvleba imis

damadastureblad, rom orbelebi maincdamainc baRvaSTa ganStoeba

iyo. orbelebi sul cota sami Taobis manZilze mefis erTgulebi iyvnen.

Semdeg giorgi III-s aujanydnen (calke sakiTxia demna ufliswulis mier

taxtis moTxovnis kanoniereba). Tumca ukve Tamar mefis dros orbelTa

erTi Sto brundeba saqarTveloSi.10 amis Semdeg orbelebi samefo karis

aRar dapirispirebian. am sagvareulos xelaxali gaZliereba ukve XIII

sukuneSi, monRolTa batonobis dros xdeba.

sruliad sapirispiro iyo baRvaSTa damokidebuleba mefis xeli-

8 giuli alasania, `baraTaSvilebis warmomavlobisaTvis~, analebi, 2 (2002), 11.

9 qarTlis cxovreba, 314.

10 stefanos orbelianis `cxovreba orbelianTas~ Zveli qarTuli Targmanebi, teqs-

ti gamosca, Sesavali da saZieblebi daurTo e. cagareiSvilma (Tbilisi, 1978), 53.

baRvaSTa da orbelTa naTesaobis Sesaxeb

16

suflebisadmi. am sagvareulos warmomadgenlebi Tavidanve ibrZvian

bagrationTa winaaRmdeg. samefo kars mxolod giorgi I-sa da bagrat IV-

is mefobis dasawyisSi uWeren mxars. Semdeg ki kvlav upirispirdebian

saqarTvelos mefeebs.

CvenTvis saintereso am or sagvareulos Soris naTesauri

kavSiris dasadastureblad arc Semdegi argumenti – ukaviaT erTi

da igive Tanamdebobebi – gamogvadgeba. vnaxoT Tu ra Tanamdebobebi

ekavaT samefo karze orbelebsa da baRvaSebs. orbelTa sagvareulos

warmomadgenlebi sxvadasxva dros iyvnen: amirspasalarebi, manda-

turTuxucesebi, mejinibeTuxucesebi, qarTlis erisTavebi. baRvaSebi

flobdnen: kldekaris erisTavobas, spasalarobas, qarTlis erisTavo-

bas. aucileblad unda aRiniSnos, rom spasalarisa da qarTlis erisTavis

saxeloebi baRvaSTagan mxolod liparit IV-s ekava. baRvaSTaTvis

tradiciuli kldekaris erisTavoba iyo. maSin rodesac orbelTa

tradiciuli saxeloebs amirspasalaroba, mandaturTuxucesoba da

qarTlis erisTavoba ganekuTvneboda. rogorc vxedavT arc aq gvaqvs

Tanxvedra. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom spasalari da amirspasalari sxvada-

sxva Tanamdebobebia. amirspasalarobis SemoRebis Semdeg spasalaris

`Ãeli~ ar gauqmebula.

garda amisa, erTi da igive Tanamdebobebis floba jer kidev ar

mianiSnebs sagvareuloTa naTesaobaze. orbelTa Tanamdebobebi

amirspasalaroba da mandaturTuxucesoba mxargrZelebma daikaves.

sxvaTa Soris, saxeli ivanec orive sagvareuloSi iyo gavrcelebuli.

ra Tqma unda, amis gamo aravin ityvis, rom mxargrZlebs orbelebTan

naTesauri kavSiri hqondaT.

ganvixiloT erTi da igive teritoriis flobis sakiTxic. sxvadasxva

periodSi moRvawe ori sagvareulos mier erTi da igive teritoriis

floba ar yofila Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelosaTvis gansakuTrebuli,

iSviaTi da unikaluri faqti. Tanac, rac mTavaria, baRvaSebi da

orbelebi maincdamainc erTi da igive teritorias ar flobdnen.

baRvaSebi marTavdnen kldekaris saerisTavos. aucileblad

unda ganvasxvavoT erTmaneTisagan samarTavad micemuli teritoria

– saerisTavod da samflobelod gadacemuli (Tundac droebiT)

teritoria. mflobeli Tavis TavSi socialur Sinaars gulisxmobs.

samflobelos teritoriaze mcxovrebTaTvis is patroni anu senioria.

mosaxleoba xdeba misi yma anu vasali. gansxvavebuli damokidebulebaa

erisTavsa da misi saerisTavos mcxovrebTa Soris. erisTavi aris

mixeil baxtaZe

17

saerisTavos droebiTi mmarTveli. saerisTavos mosaxleoba ar aris

misi vasali. is mas emorCileba rogorc moxeles da ara rogorc

seniors, patrons. samarTavad da samflobelod gadacemuli

`queynebi~ sul sxvadasxva socialur urTierTobebze arian agebuli.

kldekari arasdros ar yofila baRvaSTa samflobelo. is saerisTavo

anu saxelmwifo miwa iyo.11 sxva sakiTxia, rom xSirad erisTavoba

memkvidreobiT erTi sagvareulos kuTvnileba iyo da es sagvareulo

arc Tu iSviaTad saxelmwifo miwis dasakuTrebas cdilobda.

kidev erTxel gavimeorebT, baRvaSebi kldekaris erisTavebi anu

mmarTvelebi iyvnen. maTi mamuli anu samflobelo ki argveTSi iyo.

baRvaSTa mamuls rom argveTi warmoadgenda da ara kldekari es naTlad

Cans wyaroebidanac. rati I `dajda mamulsa Tvisaa argueTs~. 1057 wels

liparit IV-is datyvevebis mere `darCa argueTis mamuli ivanes~.12

Tavad ivanec xom wers – `movedi kacxs, mamulsa Cuensa~.13

orbelebi ar yofilan erisTavebi qvemo qarTlSi. isini aq

mflobelebi iyvnen. rogorc vxedavT ukve gansxvavebul socialur

statusTan gvaqvs saqme. amitom saubari SeiZleba iyos mxolod orbelTa

mier im teritoriis flobaze, romelsac baRvaSebi marTavdnen. erTiani

qarTuli samefos arsebobis Jams dafiqsirebulia saerisTavos an misi

erTi nawilis samflobelod anu mamulad gadaqcevis SemTxvevebi.

magaliTad, mamulebad iqca pankisisa da kalmaxis saerisTavoebi.14

Tumca CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT aucileblad unda

aRiniSnos, rom mTeli XII saukunis manZilze dasturdeba kldekaris

saerisTavos arseboba da rac aseve mniSvnelovania, erisTavebi ar

miekuTvnebodnen orbelTa sagvareulos.15

wyaroTa monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeuZlebelia saubari

orbelebis mier im teritoriis nawilis flobaze, romelsac baRvaSebi

marTavdnen. mas Semdeg rac daviT IV aRmaSenebelma baRvaSebs erisTavoba

CamoarTva, kldekaris saerisTavos teritoriis erTi nawili samefo do-

11 baxtaZe, erisTavobis instituti saqarTveloSi, 298-9.


13 qronikebi da sxva masala saqarTvelos istoriisa, Sekrebili,

qronologiurad dawyobili, axsnili da gamocemuli T. Jordanias mier, t. I

(tfilisi, 1892), 203.

14 baxtaZe, erisTavobis instituti saqarTveloSi, 193, 262.

15 iqve, 182.


18

meni gaxda.16 SesaZloa raRac nawili romelime feodals samflobelodac

gadaeca. SesaZloa es feodali ivane orbelic yofiliyo. sruliad

dasaSvebia, rom orbelebi flobdnen kldekaris saerisTavos yofili

teritoriis raRac nawils, magram ara mTels saerisTavos.

yovelive zemoTqmulis gamo Cven ar migvaCnia marTebulad

mosazreba, rom baRvaSebi da orbelebi flobdnen erTsa da imave

teritorias.

q. quTaTelaZe eTanxmeba Tavis droze n. berZeniSvilis mier

gamoTqmul mosazrebas da sruliad marTebulad aRniSnavs, rom

toponimidan sagvareulo saxeli mxolod im SemTxvevaSi warmoiqmneba,

rodesac es geografiuli adgili mamulia. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,

baRvaSTa da orbelTa saerTo mamulad mkvlevari samSvildes miiCnevs.17

gansxvebiT qarTul istoriografiaSi gavrcelebulia mosazre-

bisagan – gvarsaxeli orbeli, q. quTaTelaZis Tanaxmad, ukavSirdeba

geografiul punqt orbeTis cixes18 (orbeTeli//orbeli) – mkvlevari

am gvarsaxels samSvildes ukavSirebs. `samSvildes Zveli saxelwodeba

òrbi~ yofila, romelic saSualo saukuneebSi da SeiZleba ufro adrec

daviwyebulia, xolo Semdgom drois avtorebma samSvildis Zveli

saxelwodeba, saxelis msgavsebis gamo, orbeTTan gaaigives... samSvil-

de-orbidan warmosdgeba gvarsaxeli òrbeli~, xolo orbelidan

– toponimi òrbeTi~.19 SesaZloa swori Tvalsazrisia. ubralod

gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom X-XV saukuneebSi bevri SemTxveva gvaqvs,

rodesac toponimidan iwarmoeba gvarsaxeli. gvarsaxelidan nawarmoebi

toponimi ki Cven ar gvaxsendeba (vgulisxmobT X-XV saukuneebs, Torem

gvian peridSi msgavsi faqtebi gvaqvs).

Zalian mniSvnelovania sakiTxi, iyo Tu ara samSvilde baRvaSTa

mamuli?

1073 wels giorgi II-m ajanyebuli feodalebis daSoSmineba maTi

dasaCuqrebiT SeZlo. mefem ùboZa ivanes samSÂlde da Zesa ivanessa

liparits misca lowobanni nacvlad rusTavisa, romeli misca kaxTa~.20

16 ilia anTelava, saqarTvelos centraluri da adgilobrivi mmarTveloba XI-XII

saukuneebis saqarTveloSi (Tbilisi, 1983), 182.


18 anri bogveraZe, òrbelebi~, qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. VII (Tbilisi,

1984), 554.

19 quTaTelaZe, qvemo qarTli, 184-5.


mixeil baxtaZe

19

wyarodan ar Cans Tu ra statusiT uboZa mefem samSvilde ivanes.

SesaZloa, marTalia mosazreba, rom baRvaSs samSvilde mamulad eboZa,

rogorc amas q. quTaTelaZe Tvlis. Tumca arc isaa gamoricxuli, rom

ivane liparitis Zes samSvilde mxolod samarTavad gadaeca, rogorc

d. berZeniSvili varaudobda. samwuxarod, am sakiTxis gadasawyvetad

aranairi informacia ar gagvaCnia. yvelaferi mxolod mkvlevris

survilzea damokidebuli.

samSvildis sakiTxi Cven imdenad gvainteresebs, ramdenadac

cnobilia, rom gvarsaxeli mxolod mamulidan warmosdgeba. Tu sam-

Svilde baRvaSTa mamuli ar iyo sakiTxi avtomaturad wydeba – gvar-

saxeli orbeli ver warmoiqmneboda.

CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxis gadasawyvetad umniSvnelovanesi da

gadamwyvetia Tu ra ewodeboda samSvildes XI-XII saukuneebSi?

davuSvaT, samSvilde marTlac iyo baRvaSTa mamuli. Tu mas XI-

XII saukuneebSi orbis cixe anu mokled orbi ar ewodeboda, misgan

gvarsaxeli orbeli ver warmoiqmneboda.

leonti mroveli wers, `qarTlos aRaSena cixe orbisaÁ, romelsa

aw hqÂan samSÂlde~.21 sainteresoa ra periods gulisxmobs àw~? XI

saukunes? Cveni azriT, XI-XIII saukuneebis mematianeebis Txzulebebze

dayrdnobiT danamdvilebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am periodSi

samSvildes erqva samSvilde da ara orbis cixe. sumbat daviTis Ze,

`matiane qarTlisaÁs~, daviT aRmaSeneblis istoriis, ìstoriani

da azmanis~, Tamaris meore istoriis avtorebi da laSa-giorgis

droindeli mematiane asaxeleben mxolod samSvildes. isini ar icnoben

saxelwodebas orbis cixe. aqedan gamomdinare Cven vvaraudobT, rom XI-

XII saukuneebSi saxelwodeba orbis cixe ar gamoiyeneboda da relurad

arc arsebobda. amitom, samSvilde baRvaSTa mamuli romc yofiliyo,

misgan gvarsaxeli orbeli ver warmoiqmneboda. unda warmoqmniliyo

gvaris forma samSvildeli.

samagierod XI-XIII saukuneebis mematianeebi moixsenieben orbe-

Tis cixes. bagrat IV-is mefobisas, 1037-1039 wlebSi Tbilisis gaTa-

visuflebisaTvis mimdinare brZolis dros `wauxunes cixeni orbeTi

da farcxisi afxazTa mefis laSqarTa~.22 giorgi rusis ajanyebis erT-

erT organizatori vardan dadiani iyo `lixT aqeT patroni orbeTisa

21 iqve, 29.

22 iqve, 281.


20

da kaenisa~ (1177 wlis ajanyebis marcxis Semdeg orbelebma yvela

samflobelo dakarges).23

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, Cven veTanxmebiT mosaz-

rebas, rom gvarsaxeli orbeli ukavSirdeba orbeTis cixes. amitom arc

samSvildis flobasTan dakavSirebuli argumenti gamodgeba baRvaSTa

da orbelTa naTesaobis damadastureblad.

ganvixiloT baRvaSTa da orbelTa sagvareuloebSi gavrcelebuli

saxelebis sakiTxic. orive sagvareuloSi marTlac gvxvdeba erTi da igive

saxelebi, kerZod lipariti da ivane. rac Seexeba orbelTa sagvareuloSi

arsebul saxelebs: sumbati da qavTari, CvenTvis cnobil wyaroebSi, am

saxeliT baRvaSTa sagvareulos arc erTi warmomadgeneli ar moixsenieba.

saxeli ivane Zalian gavrcelebuli iyo X-XIII saukuneebSi. es saxeli

arsebobda Zalian bevr sagvareuloSi: abazasZeebSi, abuleTisZeebSi,

abuserisZeebSi, axalcixelebSi, vardanisZeebSi, dadianebSi,

maruSisZeebSi, mxargrZelebSi, suramelebSi, tbelebSi, jayelebSi.

amitom am saxels ver miviCnevT specifikurad, romelime erTi

konkretuli sagvareulosaTvis damaxasiaTeblad. Tu sagvareuloTa

Soris naTesavobis damadasturebel argumentad mxolod saxel

ivanes gavrcelebas aviRebT, maSin Cvens mier zemoT dasaxelebuli

sagvareuloebi yvelani erTmaneTis naTesavebi gamovlen.

saxel ivanesgan gansxvavebiT, saxeli lipariti am mxriv marTlac

specifikuria da namdvilad Zalian iyo gavrcelebuli baRvaSTa Soris.

am saxels xuTi baRvaSi atarebda: kldekarSi dafuZnebuli pirveli

baRvaSi liparit I, bagrat III-is mowinaaRmdege ratis mama liparit

II, amave ratis Ze liparit III, bagrat IV-is mowinaaRmdege da baRvaSTa

sagvareulos yvelaze cnobili da didi warmomadgeneli liparit IV,

kldekaris bolo baRvaSi erisTavi liparit V (ivane or baRvaSs erqva:

liparit IV-is Zmasa da Zes).24

orbelebSi saxeli ivane Zalian gavrcelebuli iyo, xolo lipariti

samjer gvxvdeba. lipariti erqva giorgi III-is winaaRmdeg ajanyebuli

amirspasalar-mandaturTuxucesis ivanes Zmas, romelic ajanyebis

dawyebis dros qarTlis erisTavi iyo. aseve lipariti erqva mis

SviliSvils da am ukanasknelis SviliSvilsac.

ra Tqma unda, survilis SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom

23 iqve, 423.


mixeil baxtaZe

21

radgan orive sagvareuloSi arsebobda saxeli lipariti, romelic ar

iyo Zalian gavrcelebuli da sxva sagvareuloebSi TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba,

es ori sagvareulo, naTesaobis kuTxiT, garkveuli saxiT erTmaneTTan

iyo dakavSirebuli.

Tumca isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom saxeli lipariti Toreleb-

Sic gvxvdeba – `da moiwia Tors, liparit Torelisasa, romelsa devis-

yurca ewodeboda~,25 mogviano periodSi ki dadianebSic.

Zalian gavrcelebuli meTodia saxelebis identurobis gamo

pirovnebebis erT sagvareulosTan, xolo sagvareuloebis erTma -

neTTan dakavSireba. ubralod es meTodi yovelTvis Seicavs gar-

kveul pirobiTobas. mag., saxeli virSeli Zalian specifikuria da

damaxasiaTebeli iyo qvenifnevelTa sagvareulosaTvis, Tumca virSeli

erqva wulukiZeTa erT-erT warmomadgenelsac.

amdenad, baRvaSTa da orbelTa sagvareuloebSi erTi da imave saxelebis

arseboba SesaZloa gamoviyenoT am or sagvareulos Soris naTesaobis

dadadasturebel argumentad. Tumca es Zalian pirobiTi iqneba. piradad

Cven, mxolod am argumentze dayrdnoba sakmarisad ar migvaCnia.

mecnierTa nawils eWvi Seaqvs imaSic, rom baRvaSTa sagvareulo

1103 wels, rodesac rati liparitis Ze umemkvidreod gardaicvala,

amowyda. rogorc vnaxeT, msgavsi saxis informacia daviT aRmaSeneblis

istorikosTan aris daculi.

daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosis cnobasTan dakavSirebiT g.

alasania wers, ìs rom, es cnoba erTgvari gazviadebaa, an mxolod

konkretul ojaxs exeba da ara mTel gvars, kargad Cans XIV s-is anonimis

JamTaaRmwerlis aswlovani matianedan~, sadac am gvaris warmomageneli

kidev erTxel gamoCndeba rogorc XIII s-is erT-erTi aqtiuri moRvawe.

amasTanave XIV s-is mematiane kidev erTxel imeorebs imas, rasac adre

daviTis istorikosic aRniSnavda: `mokuda da moispo yoveli naTesavi

misi baRvaSTa kaxaberisZeTa. ara daSTa da aRixoca naTesavi misi da

saxsenebeli maTi~.26

cxadia, bevri ram wyaroSi daculi informaciis interpretaciazea

damokidebuli. magram, Tu X-XV saukuneebSi arsebul viTarebas

gaviTvaliswinebT, unda vaRiaroT – kaxaberisZeebi baRvaSebi ar arian.

ra Tqma unda, kaxaberisZeTa sagvareulo baRvaSTa ganStoebad SeiZleba


26 alasania, `baraTaSvilebis warmomavlobisaTvis~, 10-1.


22

miviCnioT im mxriv, rom sagvareulos fuZemdebeli kaxaber I, liparit IV

baRvaSis Zmis ratis (I) Ze iyo.27 kaxaber I-is Ze rati (II) ukve kaxaberisZea da

kaxaberisZeebi ki calke sagvareulo. misi warmomadgenlebi yovelTvis

iwodebian kaxaberisZeebad da ara baRvaSebad. JamTaaRmwerlis cnoba

– `Seipyra mefeman da pirvel Tuali daswua, da merme erTi Ãeli

da erTi ferÃi mohkueTa, da orni Svilni misni miscna eqsoriobad,

kostantinepoliss wargzavna, rameTu dedofali coli misi, asuli iyo

didisa palialoRos mefisa. xolo kaxaberi, mcire cxovrebuli, ganvida

da mokuda, da moispo yoveli naTesavi misi, baRuaSTa kaxaberis-ZeTa, ara

daSTa, da aRiÃoca naTesavi misi da saÃsenebeli maTi~28 – gamonaklisia,

magram sruliad advilad asaxsneli gamonaklisi. mematiane ar ambobs

kaxaberisZeebi igive baRvaSebiao, aramed aRniSnavs, rom kaxaberisZeebi

baRvaSTa ganayofi arian (anu kaxaberisZeebi Tavis droze baRvaSebi

iyvnen). Tan amasac sagangebod akeTebs. amiT xazs usvams, rom rogorc

baRvaSebi iyvnen mefis orgulebi, aseTive orguli iyo kaxaber

kaxaberisZe daviT narinisa.

mas Semdeg rac raWis erisTavma kaxaber I baRvaSma saTave daudo

axal sagvareulos, kaxaberisZeebi da baRvaSebi ori damoukidebeli

sagvareulo gaxda. amitom daviTis istorikosis sityvebi – `mokuda

rati, Ze liparitisi, kaci or-guli da nandÂlve naSobi iqednesiTaÁ da

esreT dasrulda saxli baRuaSTaÁ, saxli ganmamwarebelTaÁ, rameTu

sua ukanaskneli Txle risxvisaÁ, sasumeli codvilTa queyanisaTaÁ.

da arRaravin daSTa sayofelTa maTTa mkÂdri, rameTu aRiÃsena usju-

loebaÁ mamaTa maTTaÁ winaSe uflisa, da mamuli maTi aRiRo mefeman~29

– exeba baRvaSTa sagvareulos. mematiane kidev erTxel aRniSnavs, rom

`mamuli lipariteTi umkÂdrod darComil iyo~.

orbelebis baRvaSebTan naTesauri kuTxiT dakavSirebisTvis

gvrCeba erTaderTi xelCasaWidi argumenti – stefanos orbeliani,

`rogorc Cans flobs sagvareulo gadmocemas, romlis mixedviTac,

gvaris saxelovan winaprad liparit baRvaSi gamohyavs~.30 ra SeiZleba

iTqvas amasTan dakavSirebiT? mematiane SesaZloa cdeba. im fragmentSi,

sadac selCukTa winaaRmdeg bizantielebis mxardamxar liparitis


28 qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s.

yauxCiSvilis mier, t. II (Tbilisi, 1959), 275.

29 qarTlis cxovreba, mT. redaqtori r. metreveli, 309.


mixeil baxtaZe

23

brZolazea saubari, ramdenime faqtobrivi Secdomaa daSvebuli. weria,

rom lipariti am brZolaSi daiRupa da Tanac saqarTvelos mefed daviT

aRmaSenebelia dasaxelebuli. arc isaa gamoricxuli, rom, rogorc amas

v. kopaliani da s. eremiani varaudobdnen, stefanosi sakuTari gvaris

gandidebis mizniT asaxelebs Tavis winaprebSi liparits. rogorc

vxedavT, arc es argumentia mtkice da ueWveli. kvlav yvelaferi

wyaroSi daculi informaciis interpretaciazea damokidebuli.

daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi, romelic mis mier aRwerili

movlenebis TviTmxilvelia, sruliad sando informacias iZleva, rom

baRvaSTa sagvareulo amowyda. cxadia es ar gamoricxavs ganStoebebis

arsebobas, romlebic am droisaTvis ukve damoukidebel sagvareuloebs

warmoadgendnen. aseTi iyo kaxaberisZeTa saxli. SesaZloa msgavsi viTareba

vivaraudoT orbelebTan dakavSirebiTac. Tumca wyaroebSi arsebuli

cnobebis analizis Sedegad, piradad Cven, ufro dasaSvebad is mosazreba

migvaCnia, rom orbelebi baRvaSTa ganStoebas ar warmoadgendnen.

alasania giuli. baraTaSvilebis warmomavlobisaTvis. analebi, 2, 2002

anTelava ilia. saqarTvelos centraluri da adgilobrivi

mmarTveloba XI-XII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi, 1983

baxtaZe mixeil. erisTavobis instituti saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi, 2003

bogveraZe anri. orbelebi. qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia. t. VII.

Tbilisi, 1984

stefanos orbelianis `cxovreba orbelianTas~ Zveli qarTuli

Targmanebi. teqsti gamosca, Sesavali da saZieblebi daurTo e.

cagareiSvilma. Tbilisi, 1978

qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris

mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. t. II. Tbilisi, 1959

qarTlis cxovreba. mT. redaqtori r. metreveli. Tbilisi, 2008.

quTaTelaZe qeTevan. qvemo qarTli: politikuri istoriis

sakiTxebi. Tbilisi, 2001

qronikebi da sxva masala saqarTvelos istoriisa. Sekrebili,

qronologiurad dawyobili, axsnili da gamocemuli T. Jordanias mier.

t. I. tfilisi, 1892


24

On the Family Ties Between Baghvashi and Orbeli

Mikhail Bakhtadze

Summary

The Baghvashi and Orbeli families were one of the most powerful in medieval Georgia. According to some scholars, the Orbelis were descendants of the Baghvashi. This assumption is based on the fact that the same names were common in both families,

the king. The author disagrees with this statement, because of the following reasons:1. The historian of David the Builder clearly states that the Baghvashis became

extinct.2. The families did not own the same positions.3. The territories under their possession were different.4. Names in their families were different with the exception of two: Ivane and

Liparit, which were very common and wide-spread names at that time. This argument is very weak to prove the existence of the kinship ties between these two families.

5. The attitude of their patrimonials torwards the government differed.6. The family name Orbeli comes from Orbeti fortress, not from the old name of

Samshvilde – Orbis Tsikhe (castle).

mixeil baxtaZe

giuli alasania

qarTul istoriografiaSi erTgvarad gazviadebulad aris war-

modgenili mefe giorgi V brwyinvalis damsaxureba saqarTvelos

damoukideblobis mopovebis saqmeSi. sakiTxis garkvevas arTulebs

wyaroTa simcire. swored giorgi brwyinvalis mefobis wlebSi daiSala

ilxanTa saxelmwifo, ris Sedegadac axlo aRmosavleTi, iseve rogorc

mTeli kavkasia, Sinaomebma da dapirispirebebma moicva, xolo, swored

im dros, roca gardaicvala giorgi brwyinvale, – 1346 wels, regions

Savi Wiris epidemiam gadauara. istoriis werisTvis qveyanaSi arcTu

Sesaferisi dro iyo.

CvenTvis saintereso xanaSi, XIV s-is 30-40-ian wlebSi sailxanoSi

marioneti yaenebis zurgs ukan idgnen hasan didi (bozorgi)

jelairi, hasan mcire Cobaniani da misi Zma aSrafi. jelairianTa tomi

mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda abu saidis (1317-36) gardacvalebis

Semdeg. hasan didma (jelairianma) Tavi xelmwifed gamoacxada, daipyro

erayi da baRdadi dedaqalaqad gamoacxada. hasan didma abu-saidis

Semdeg taxtze pirveli sami xani dasva.1 jelairianTa dinastiam iarseba

1410 wlamde da maTi saxelmwifo sxvadasxva dros moicavda sparseTis

erayis did nawils – hamadaniT, yazviniT da sultanieTi da garda amisa,

qurTistans, samxreT azerbaijans, yarabaxs, arabeTis erays, somxeTs,

Sirvansa da saqarTvelos. hasan bozorgis (1336-56) Semdeg misi Svilebi,

sultani huseini da uveisi inawilebdnen jelairianTa miwebs. huseinis

Semdeg misi adgili misma Zmam, Seix uveisma (1356-74) daikava, mis Semdeg

iyo jalal ad-din huseini (1374-81), dabolos – sultani ahmedi (1382-

1410). Cobanianebs, jelairianebsa da oqros urdos gamgeblebs Soris

mimdinareobda brZolebi teritoriebis gadasanawileblad. ilxan

1

II

26 giuli alasania

abu saidis Semdeg Cobanianma hasan mcirem 1338 wels Tavis jelairian

metoqes Tavrizi waarTva da Tavisi samefo ganavrco Crdilo-

dasavleTiT azerbaijaniT da sparseTis erayiT, rasac sikvdilamde

(1343 w.) flobda.2

saqarTveloSi monRolTa batonobis xangrZlivobis Sesaxeb azrTa

sxvadasxvaobaa. mecnierTa nawili saqarTvelos srul damoukideblobas

giorgi brwyinvales ukavSirebs, sxvebi am azrs ar iziareben.

vaxuSti bagrationi giorgi brwyinvalis Sesaxeb. `qarTlis

cxovrebis~ Zveli redaqcia swored giorgi brwyinvalis taxtze

asvlaze wydeba. JamTaaRmwereli CvenTvis saintereso wlebze mxolod

ramdenime sityviT ifargleba. mogvianebiT, es xarvezi nawilobriv

Seavses `qarTlis cxovrebis~ gamgrZeleblebma, xolo Semdeg – vaxuSti

bagrationma. rogorc Tavis droze m. brosemac SeniSna, mas, albaT,

xelT hqonda qronikebi, romlebic ar Sevida mamamisis, vaxtang VI-is,

iniciativiT Seqmnil teqstSi.3

vaxuStis teqsti, sxva wyaroebTan SedarebiT, ufro srulia da

yvela mkvlevari, vinc ki odesme Sexebia giorgi brwyinvalis mefobas,

ZiriTadad swored mas eyrdnoba.

vaxuStis informaciaSi yuradRebas iqcevs ramdenime momenti.

pirvel rigSi, aq sayuradReboa TariRebi. vaxuStis cnobiT, giorgi

brwyinvalis taxtze asvlis TariRia 1318 w., xolo gardacvalebisa – 1346

w. Tavisi mefobis wlebSi giorgi V-m `daipyra saqarTveloni, somxiTi,

her-kaxni, qarTli, mesxni, tao, SavS-klarjni da vidre speradmde da

zRvadmde~.4 `Sevida da Semusrna kavkassa Sina myofni, urCni mosrna da

daimorCilna da moxarke hyvna~, `daamSÂda qarTli ovsTagan, vinaÁTgan

gzani yovelni TÂT daipyrna~, `kualad Semoikribna spani da Sevida rans;

vervin winaaRudga da munidam Sevida Sirvans da daimorCilna iginica.

da moxarke hyvna darubandamde qurdis lekiTurT. Semdgomad moiqca

tfiliss ganZlierebuli~.5 vaxuSti gvatyobinebs, Tu rogor moupova

giorgim qveyanas damoukidebloba: `maSin ica Jami brwyinvale giorgi

2 Rene Grousset, L’empire des steppes. Attila, Cengiz Khan, Tamerlan (Paris, 1982), 465. 3 Histoire de la Géorgie depuis l’antiquité jusqu’au XIX siècle traduite du Géorgien par M. Brosset,

I-re partie, Histoire ancienne, jusqu’en 1469 de J.-C. (S-Pétersbourg, 1849), 644.4 batoniSvili vaxuSti, àRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~, qarTlis cxovreba,

teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. IV

(Tbilisi, 1973), 255.

5 iqve, 257.

27saqarTvelos damoukideblobis sakiTxi

mefemanca da ganasxna TaTarni saqarTvelosagan, romelnime brZoliTa

da ZlierebiTa da mospna yovelni sazRvarTagan TÂsTa. merme moiyvanna

yovelni amis queyanisas erisTavni da warCinebulni, reca darbazobad

civsa zeda hereTisasa da moswyÂdna mun urCni TÂsisa mefobisani

da daadginna yovelTa adgilTa warvlinebulni erisTavni TÂsni

morCilebisani da daipyrna amiT umetes yovelTa~.6 aqve aris gadmocemuli

qveynis gaerTianebis ambavic, warmodgenilia dasavleT saqarTvelos

viTareba daviT narinis gardacvalebis Semdeg, dapirispireba samefo

ojaxSi, dasavleT saqarTvelos erisTavebis mimxroba giorgisadmi,

Tu rogor miadga giorgi mefe jariT quTaiss, sadac miqaelis Svili,

bagrati, iyo TavSefarebuli: èvedra mefesa giorgis, raTa ara-raÁ

evnos sikudilTa anu patimrobiTa da sces sarCo imereTsave mefeman,

mivides winaSe missa da mosces yovelni cixenica imereTisani mefesa,

vinaÁTgan mogca RmerTman Zleva~,7 àmisni mxilvelni dadiani mamia da

gurieli da suanTa erisTavi da afxazeTisa SarvaSiZe mierTnen niWiTa

didiTa da dauloces mefoba imereTsa da yovlisa giorgiisa. merme

STavida odiSs, munidam afxazeTs, ganagna muneburni da daipyrna cixeni

TÂsad da misca cxomis saerisTo bediels, Semovlo guria, ganagna

muneburni da movida samcxes...~8 `mokuda sargisi (1334 w.), miuboZa Zesave

missa yuaryuares aTabagoba da dasxna erisTavni TÂsni klarjeTs, spers,

kalmaxs, artanujs da samcxes artanisa da wunisa da am saerisTaoTagan

romelime miuboZa biZaTa da biZis ZeTa yuaryuare aTabagisaTa...~9 aqvea

cnoba giorgis sakanonmdeblo saqmianobazec da saeklesio saqmeebis

mogvarebaze: `kualad ganixilna mefeman mTiulTa da kavkasTa saqmeni,

rameTu mravalni ùjeroni iqmnebodnen~, `Semoikribna spani, Sevida

da daimorCilna yovelni umetes pirvelsa kavkassa Sina myofni. xolo

munidam Camovlo cxrazmasa zeda, movida muxrans da Camoiyvanna mun

romelni kavkasiisa Sina qristianeni iyvnen Tavni maTni da Ãevisberni

Semovida tfiliss, da Semoitanna iginica da ganuCina maT samarTalni da

wesni dausxna wigniT, raTa hyofdnen waRmarT egreT. mokuda kaTalikozi

efTvime da dasua basili~.10 vaxuStis moaqvs cnobebi giorgis sagareo

warmatebebzec, rasac nawilobriv qvemoT davubrundebiT.

6 iqve, 256.

7 iqve, 257.

8 iqve, 258.

9 iqve.

10 iqve.

28

.

dasasrul, giorgis mefobis wlebia Sejamebuli: `daimonna yoveli

giorgia nebasa Sina TÂssa da kavkasnica morCilebasa missa iyvnen

nikofsiidam darubandamde; kualad rani, movakani da SarvanSi moxarked

aqunda da arRaravin iyo winaaRmdgomi da urCi misi, Semoikribna

kaTalikozni da episkopozni iveriisani da ganaaxlnes wesni da rigni

saeklesioni da samRudeloni ganmarTnes, da daadginnes moweseni wessa

zeda TÂssa da uwesurni ganhkueTnes...~11 dabolos vaxuSti giorgis

daviT aRmaSenebels adarebs, saubrobs mis aRmSeneblobiT saqmianobaze

da amatebs: `rani, SarvanSi da movakani moxarked hyvna Tavisad“.12

samecniero literaturaSi damkvidrebuli Sexedulebebi giorgi

brwyinvalis Sesaxeb. yvela zemomotanili cnoba giorgi brwyinvalis

Sesaxeb, mcire gansxvavebebiT, meordeba saxelmZRvaneloebsa da gamo-

kvlevebSi. amasTan, vaxuStisTan CamoTvlil giorgis damsaxurebebs

emateba informacia jvris monastris gamosaxsnelad orjer gagzavnil

elCobaze (1316/7 da 1320 ww.), cnobebi monRolTa xarkis Sewyvetisa

da mefis mier axali safasis – giorgaulis moWris Sesaxeb. yvela aq

CamoTvlil cnobaze samecniero literaturaSi azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa.

m. brose erT-erT komentarSi gvaZlevs ilxanTa CamonaTvals,

zogierT informacias saqarTveloSi mdgari monRoluri jaris

meTaurebze da ilxanebis oljaiTus da abu saidis didvezir Cobanze, misi

erT-erTi Svilis gandgomaze, misi mokvlis brZanebaze, pasuxad Cobanis

ajanyebaze, mis gaqcevaze heraTSi da gubernatoris mier abu saidis

brZanebiT mis mokvlaze, aseve saqarTvelos da somxeTis gubernatoris,

Cobanis meoTxe Svilis, Seih mahmudis wamebiT mokvlaze yarabaRSi; imave

yarabaRSi, 1336 wlis 30 noembers, abu saidis gardacvalebis Semdeg (30

noembers, 1336 wels), taxtze arfa xanis, Cingiz yaenis erT-erTi Svilis,

Tulus STamomavlis taxtze asvlaze da maleve meore kandidatis musas

wamoyenebaze.

m. broses informaciiT, arfa mokla da Caanacvla hulagus sxva

STamomavalma, muhamadma, romelic eyrdnoboda rumelTa da qarTvelTa

jarebs, magram damarcxda 1336 wlis 24 ivlisis brZolaSi.13 rogorc

Cans, m. broses aq uzustoba aqvs daSvebuli, rac mogvianebiT gameorda

n. urbnelis naSromSi `giorgi brwyinvale~.

urbneli aRniSnavda, rom vinaidan `1336 w. Cvens laSqars brZolaSi

11 iqve, 259.

12 iqve.

13 Histoire de la Géorgie, 646, n.1.

giuli alasania

29

meTaurobda mohamedi, ulo yaenis CamomavalTagani, maSasadame im dro-

sac saqarTvelos vasaluri damokidebuleba hqonda monRolebTan da

mxolod SemdegSi ganTavisuflda~,14 Tumca igive mkvlevari ar iziarebs

im mecnierTa azrs, romlebsac `mefis TviT-mpyrobeloba ara swamT da

amtkiceben, viTom giorgi brwyinvale bolomde vasali iyo da ara sxva

vinmeo~.15 imis dasasabuTeblad, rom saqarTvelom giorgi brwyinvales

dros miaRwia damoukideblobas, n. urbneli imowmebs `Zeglis debis~

erT-erT cnobas, romelic xelT hqonia m. brosesac, sadac saubaria

giorgi brwyinvalis xelisuflebis mTel samefoze gavrcelebis Sesaxeb

(`yovelgniT ucileblad qonebasa Sina samefosa Cuenisasa da ucileblad

pyrobasa taxtisa da skiptrisasa~16 vimyofebodiTo). `pirvelad igi,

marTalia, vasalad iricxeboda, magram ... nel-nela vasaloba moiSora da

sruli damoukidebloba Seiqmna~, – dasZens n. urbneli. misi varaudiT, es

moxda ilxanebTan dawyebuli areulobis dros.17

aqve SevniSnavT, rom TviT m. broses informacia, rogorc Cans,

momdinareobs hafiz-i abrus Txzulebidan, Tumca cnoba am SemTxvevaSi

uadgilod da arcTu zustad aris motanili. sparsul wyaroSi cnoba

faqtobrivad exeba im dros, rodesac amir Cobanis da misi ojaxis

wevrebis mimarT represiebis Catarebamde daiZaba urTierToba abu sai-

dsa da Cobanis gvars Soris. amasTan dakavSirebiT, Seikribnen ojaxis we-

v rebi da imsjeles Seqmnili viTarebis Sesaxeb. maT gamoTqves azri, rom

Tavisuflad SeeZloT abu saidis damarcxeba, ris Semdegac CamoTvales

maT gankargulebaSi myofi Zalebi, dabolos aRniSnes: rodesac Cveni Zmebi

Timur-TaSi da mahmudi gaigeben Cveni ajanyebis Sesaxeb, isini gamoiyvanen

saqarTvelos da rumis jarebs, ajanydebian centraluri xelisuflebis

winaaRmdeg da es iqneba brwyinvale saSualeba samefo armiis SesaCereblad

yoveli mxridan~.18 rogorc vxedavT, es cnoba sul sxva dros da sxva

movlenebs exeba, amasTanave mahmudi, romelic Cobanis Svilia, marto

ar aris dasaxelebuli da masTan erTad ixsenieba Cobanis meore Svilic,

TimurTaSi. amdenad, motanili cnoba aranairad ar gamodgeba 1327 wlis

Semdgom monRolebze saqarTvelos damokidebulebis dasasabuTeblad.

14 n. urbneli, giorgi brwyinvale mefe saqarTvelosi (tfilisi, 1889), 74.

15 iqve, 80.

16 i. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, t. III (Tbilisi, 1966), 263.

17 urbneli, giorgi brwyinvale, 82.

18 Chronique des Rois Mongols en Iran, texte persan edite et traduit par K. Bayani, II (Paris, 1936), 101.

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis sakiTxi

30

britaneli mecnieri devid lengi giorgi brwyinvalis mefobas

1314 wliT iwyebs da or periodad hyofs: 1327 wlamde, anu misi

mfarvelis amira Cobanis daRupvamde, da Semdgom, qarTveli mefis

gardacvalebamde – 1346 wels. aseT dayofas SeiZleba daveTanxmoT.

d. lengis azriT, marTalia, Cobanma giorgis aRudgina kontroli

mesxeTze, samcxe-saaTabagoze, samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloze,

romelic ufro adre ilxanma abaRam ilxanebze pirdapir damokidebul

provinciad aqcia, magram Cobanis marcxis Semdeg man dakarga

kontroli aRmosavleT saqarTveloze da Tbilisze, risi kompensaciac

iyo dasavleT saqarTvelos gaerTianeba misi skiptris qveS,

dasavleT saqarTveloSi iZulebiTi gadasvlis Semdeg. aRmosavleT

saqarTveloze misi kontrolis Sesustebis gamo, 1338 wels iq SeiWra

hasan mcire.19

d. lengi ar endoba qarTul wyaroebs, romelTa mixedviTac giorgim

SemoierTa aramarto dasavleTi saqarTvelo – samegrelo, afxazeTi,

da Savi zRvispireTis sxva regionebi, aramed, agreTve, azerbaijani,

Sirvani, da kaspiispireTi derbendamde da rom monRoli noinebi ga-

vidnen saqarTvelodan da TaTrebi aRar iyvnen saqarTveloSi; rom

mTeli saqarTvelo da kavkasia nikofsiidan darubandamde giorgi

brwyinvalis skiptris qveS moeqca.20 numizmatikur monacemebze

dayrdnobiT, d. lengi gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom monRolTa batonoba

saqarTveloSi mTeli XIV saukunis pirvel naxevarSi grZeldeboda.

Tavisi mosazrebebis dasasabuTeblad d. lengi, sxvadasxva

wyaros gamoyenebiT sxvadasxva arguments iSveliebs, rac qarTul

istoriografiaSi ar aris gaziarebuli. sxvadasxva dros d. lengis

msjelobas da daskvnebs sxvadasxva pasuxi gaeca.

winaswar vacxadebT, rom ar viziarebT d. lengis azrs imis

Sesaxeb, TiTqos giorgi brwyinvalem 1327 wlis Semdgom dakarga

kontroli aRmosavleT saqarTveloze da rom im droidan saqarTvelo

mniSvnelovnad dasustda, amasTan, yuradRebas SevaCerebT wyaroTa

zogierT cnobaze, romlis arasandooba, vfiqrobT, arasaTanadod aris

dasabuTebuli samecniero literaturaSi.

pirveli, vinc eWvqveS daayena d. lengis ZiriTadi mosazreba

19 D.M. Lang. “Georgia in the Reign of Giorgi the Brilliant (1314-1346),” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, vol. 17, no. 1 (1955), 84.

20 iqve, 83; Histoire de la Géorgie, 646-8; batoniSvili vaxuSti, àRwera samefosa

saqarTvelosa~, 277-80.

giuli alasania

.

31

saqarTvelos monRolTagan sruli damoukideblobis mopovebis

Sesaxeb mxolod XIV saukunis meore naxevarSi, iyo v. gabaSvili.21

v. gabaSvilis msjelobiT, aucilebeli piroba damoukideblobis

mosapoveblad aris xarkis Sewyveta. aqac ZiriTadad gaziarebulia

qarTul istoriografiaSi manamde miRebuli azri (zogjer frTxili

varaudis formiT gamoTqmuli – `giorgi brwyinvales saqarTveloSi

myofi monRolTa laSqrisa da yvela maTi moxeleebis gandevna-mospoba,

rasakvirvelia, ar gauZneldeboda~,22 zogjer – ufro kategoriulad,

rom monRolebisaTvis xarkis gadaxda, iseve, rogorc dampyroblebis

jaris gayvana, Sewyda XIV s-is 20-iani wlebis miwuruls).23

amasTanave v. gabaSvilis naSromSi ganxilulia sparsuli wyaroebi,

gaTvaliswinebulia agreTve numizmatikuri monacemebic, sadac

gansxvavebuli viTarebaa warmodgenili. miuxedavad amisa, v. gabaSvilis

daskvniT, imis gamo, rom `1335-1350 wlebSi saqarTvelos mezobel

qveynebSi metad mZime mdgomareoba Seiqmna...~ da ilxanTa saxelmwifo

Sinaomebma moicva, `Sinaomebis ZiriTad asparezs azerbaijani

warmoadgenda, magram saqarTvelos ukidures samxreT-aRmosavleT

nawilebzec vrceldeboda. swored aseT viTarebaSi... unda gaCeniliyo

saTaTro xarkic da monetac... magram... monRolebze damokidebuleba

axla mxolod formaluri xasiaTis matarebeli unda yofiliyo~.24

monRolebisTvis xarkis gadaxdis Sewyvetis TariRi. v. gabaSvilis

dasaxelebul naSromSi ganxilulia hamdallah yazvinis monacemebi,

romlis Txzulebac 1339-40 wlebSia dawerili da romlis mixedviTac

1336 wels saqarTvelodan Semodioda 120 Tumani (1,202,000 dinari an

7,212,000 dirhemi). am wyaroSi `saqarTvelos da afxazeTis Sesaxeb~

vkiTxulobT: ìq xuTi qalaqia, xolo klimati civi. is esazRvreba

aranis, armeniis da mcire aziis miwebs; maTi mefeebis dros Semosavali

daaxloebiT xuT milion dinars aRwevda axlandeli kursiT, xolo Cven

droSi xelisufleba iRebs mxolod 1,202,999 dinars, saqarTvelos da

afxazeTis regionebis dedaqalaqi Tbilisia~. yuradRebas iqcevs is

21 v. gabaSvili, `saqarTveloSi monRolTa batonobis xangrZlivobis sakiTxi-

saTvis~, aRmosavluri krebuli, I (Tbilisi, 1960), 121-46.

22 javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, III, 261.

23 n. berZeniSvili, v. dondua, m. dumbaZe, g. meliqiSvili, S. mesxia, p. ratiani,

saqarTvelos istoria (Tbilisi, 1958), 251.

24 gabaSvili, saqarTveloSi monRolTa batonobis xangrZlivobis sakiTxisaTvis~,

141.


32

faqti, rom avtori, rogorc Cans, marTlac, Tavisi drois viTarebas

aRwers da man kargad icis, rom saqarTvelo gaerTianebulia.25

hamdalah yazvinis garda v. gabaSvili exeba agreTve abdalah ibn

mohamed ibn qia al-mazandaranis Txzulebas `resalei-e falaqia~,

romlis cnobebi, rogorc literaturaSia navaraudevi, ZiriTadad

1333-63 wlebs ganekuTvneba, yvelaze adreuli 1333 w., xolo yvelaze

gviani informacia – 1430-66 wlebisaa.26 am Txzulebis mixedviT, 1350

wels saqarTvelos gadasaxadia 40 Tumani – 400,000 dinari, aranis

82 Tumani – 820,000 dinari; armeniisa 54 Tumani – 540,000 dinari. am

monacemebiT, mokle droSi 120 Tumani 40 TumniT Seicvala, xolo, Tavis

mxriv, 120 Tumani yazan-xanis wlebTan SedarebiT ganaxevrebulia,

Tumca gadasaxadi moxsnili ar aris.

am ori wyaros cnobebis mimarT mkvlevrebs gansxvavebuli komentari

aqvT gakeTebuli. v. gabaSvilis azriT, hamdalah yazvinis cnoba sandoa,

Tumca xarkis gadaxda ufro epizodur SemTxvevas unda gulisxmobdes,

vidre monRoluri saxarko sistemis batonobas saqarTveloSi.27 r.

kiknaZis azriT, hamdalah yazvinis monacemebi motanilia gadasaxadTa

winaswari ganawilebis wignidan (`davTare kanunis~ mixedviT) da

Seesabameba oljaiTus (1304-17) droindel Semosavals da ara XIV s-is

30-ian wlebs.28 aqedan gamomdinare, r. kiknaZe askvnida: `raki viciT,

rom 1336-40 wlebSi, feodaluri Sinaomebisa da ajanyebebis xanaSi,

xazinaSi imis naxevaric aRar grovdeboda, rac yazan-xanis dros

Sedioda, Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am periodSi saqarTvelo xarks

aRar uxdida monRolebs... abu-saidi uZeod gardaicvala 1335 wels da

taxtze dasves misi Soreuli naTesavi arfa-xani, saxelmwifoSi mZafri

brZola gaCaRda taxtis maZiebelTa Soris, erTmaneTis mowinaaRmdege

feodalur dajgufebebs zedized ahyavdaT ilxanis taxtze TavianTi

marionetebi (musa-xani, mohamed-xani, saTi-begi, soleiman-xani...),

25 The Geographical part of the Nuzhat al-Qulub, translated by G. Le Strange (Leyden, 1919), 94.

26

27 gabaSvili, saqarTveloSi monRolTa batonobis xangrZlivobis sakiTxisaTvis~,

141.

28 r. kiknaZe, me-14 saukunis pirveli naxevris saqarTvelos istoriidan (hamdalah

yazvinis erTi cnobis ganmarteba)~, saqarTvelos istoriis wyaroTmcodneobis

sakiTxebi, II (Tbilisi, 1992), 169-84.

giuli alasania

33

romelTac araviTari realuri xelisufleba ar gaaCndaT. cxadia, aseT

viTarebaSi saqarTvelo xarks aRar miscemda monRolebs~, – askvnis

mecnieri.29 Tu konkretulad rodis Seuwyvita saqarTvelom monRolebs

xarkis gadaxda, miTiTebuli ar aris.

hamdalahis cnoba aseve arasandod miiCnia v. kiknaZemac, romlis az-

riTac, yazan-xanis wlebTan SedarebiT, ilxanTa Semosavlis ganaxevrebis~

erT-erTi mizezi iyo XIV s-is 30-ian wlebSi ramdenime regionis da maT

Soris, pirvel rigSi – saqarTvelos gamokleba.30 Tu hamdalahis cnoba,

rogorc es r. kiknaZem ivarauda da rasac v. kiknaZec daeTanxma, oljaiTus

xanas Seesabameba, maSin, gamodis, rom ukve oljaiTus dros, e.i. abu saidis

taxtze asvlamde, saqarTvelo damoukidebeli yofila?

valter hincma al-mazandaranis cnoba abu saidis (1316-35) dros

gadaitana; misi azriT, gilani, Sirvani, saqarTvelo da mcire azia 1349-

50 ww. xarks ver gadauxdidnen Seix hasan jelairs, uveisis winamorbeds,

vinaidan swored uveisma 757-776 (1356-74) wlebSi waarTva oqros urdos

azerbaijani da Tavrizi (759/1357/58 w.), SemouerTa Tavis samflobeloebs

mosuli da diarbaqri da daamyara kontroli saqarTveloze.31

d. lengma sandod miiCnia al-mazandaranis cnoba, ar daeTanxma v.

hincis eWvs da amasTan aRniSna, rom al-mazandaranis unda esargebla

al-aSrafis im davTrebiT, romlebic jelairianebs xelT unda egdoT

1358 wels, rodesac maT Tavrizi daipyres.32

v. gabaSvilma al-mazandaranis informacia, iseve rogorc hamdalah

yazvinisa, sandod miiCnia, da, iseve rogorc pirvel SemTxvevaSi,

ivarauda, rom xarkis gadaxda am SemTxvevaSic epizodur xasiaTs ata-

rebda.33 s. aSurbeilim v. hincis mier 1363 wliT daTariRebuli al-

mazandaranis Txzuleba, gadaaTariRa da savaraudod moaTavsa 1467

wels. mkvlevarma savsebiT sandod miiCnia hamdalah yazvinis monacemebi

da maTTan SedarebiT al-mazandaranis 40 Tumani saeWvod CaTvala.

misi azriT, aseTi ricxvi ufro XIV saukunis dasasrulisaTvis aris

savaraudo.34

29 r. kiknaZe, `me-14 saukunis pirveli naxevris saqarTvelos istoriidan~, 180.

30 vaJa kiknaZe, saqarTvelo XIV saukuneSi (Tbilisi, 1989), 85.

31 iqve, 88.

32 Lang, “Georgia”, 89. 33 gabaSvili, saqarTveloSi monRolTa batonobis xangrZlivobis sakiTxisaTvis~,

143.

34 , “ - ,” 45-6.


34

v. kiknaZem savsebiT gaiziara es eWvi da, Tavis mxriv, ivarauda,

rom al-mazandaranis mier dasaxelebuli 40 Tumani asaxavs bevrad

ufro gviani xanis viTarebas, kerZod, is jahan-Sahis (1438-67) wlebis

gadasaxadia.35

sparsuli wyaroebi giorgi brwyinvalisa da misi momdevno

wlebis saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. v. gabaSvili imowmebs raSid ad-dinis

Txzulebis gamgrZelebelTa (hafiz-i abru, abd ar-razak samaryandi,

romelic CvenTvis saintereso monakveTSi hafiz-i abrus emyareba)

saistorio nawarmoebebs, romelTa mixedviTac, rogorc XIV s-is 40-

ian, ise 50-ian wlebSi, azerbaijani da saqarTvelo CobanianTa da

jelairianebis saxelmwifos kontrolis qveSaa.

Cobanis dacemisa da ilxanTa saxelmwifos daSlis Semdeg,

rac mohyva abu saidis gardacvalebas (1336), saqarTvelo kvlav

ilxanebis kontrolis qveS iyo. amas adasturebs abu baqr al-kutbi

al-aharis Txzuleba `Seix uveisis istoria~, romlis mixedviTac,

mokluli Cobanis mokluli Svilis muhamadis nacvlad, monRolebma

saqarTvelos gamgeblad yuTluRSahis Svili, ikbalSahi daniSnes,

xolo 1334 wels es Tanamdeboba mieca Seix hasan jelairs, romelic

cnobili iyo rogorc `didi~.36 734/12.IX.1333-31.VIII.1334 wlis `zamTarSi

sultani baRdads gaemarTa, gaugzavna iarliyi amira Seix hasans, rom

is saqarTveloSi gamgzavrebuliyo. amira wavida iq... kuraki maliqi

Cavida mis udidebulesoba amira Taj ad-duni a va-d-din Seix hasanTan,

emsaxureboda erTgulad. kvlav gamovida fadiSahis miTiTeba imaze,

rom mTeli rumi ekuTvnis Taj ad-din Seix hasans, ris gamoc is iq unda

gaemgzavros~ (Seix uveisis istoria).37

miuxedavad sakmaod detaluri informaciisa, abu baqr al-ahar al-

kutbis cnoba qarTul istoriografiaSi sandod ar aris miCneuli. T.

beraZis da m. sanaZis komentariT, `1333-1334 wlebSi ilxanTa yaenma abu-

saidma saqarTveloSi Sihnad anu yaenis nacvlad hasan jalairi daniSna.

giorgi brwyinvalem is saqarTveloSi ar SemouSva. hasan jalairi

saqarTveloSi monRolTa mier daniSnuli ukanaskneli Sihna iyo. amiT

saqarTvelo monRolTa uRlisagan formaluradac ganTavisuflda~.38

35 vaJa kiknaZe, saqarTvelo XIV saukuneSi, 91.

36

37 , 14.38 T. beraZe, m. sanaZe, saqarTvelos istoria (Tbilisi, 2003), 209.

giuli alasania

35

aRniSnul komentarSi warmodgenili viTareba abu baqr al-kutbi al-

aharis cnobas, rogorc vxedavT, ar Seesabameba. erTaderTi, ris gamoc

SeiZleboda mkvlevrebs msgavsi daskvna gamoetanaT, is aris, rom Seix

hasanis rumSi gadayvanis Semdeg, wyaroSi ar Cans, Tu vin dainiSna

saqarTveloSi mis nacvlad. Tumca manamde saqarTveloSi daniSnuli

hasani iq Cavida da masTanve gaemgzavra kuraki maliqi, romelic mas

erTgulad emsaxureboda.

amave wlebis movlenebs exeba v. kiknaZe, romelic SeniSnavs, rom

giorgi V-m monRolebi ara marto saqarTvelos teritoriidan gandevna,

aramed yofil ymadnafic qveynebSi, ransa da SirvanSic ilaSqra da isinic

`moxarke hyvna~.39 naTqvamis dasadastureblad motanilia erT-erTi

wyaro, kirile donauris ànderZi~ (daTariRebuli 1333 wlis 5 martiT

– `q-sa ka: Tuesa martsa e~, romlis safuZvelzec ùcilobeli xdeba, rom

jer kidev abu saidis sicocxleSi giorgi V-s ransa (ganZa) da SirvanSi

ulaSqria.40 marTalia, aq damowmebuli dokumenti daTariRebulia,

magram TviT dokumentSi motanil cnobaSi ar Cans, rodis moxda CvenTvis

saintereso faqti. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom iq moxseniebuli brZola

yofiliyo jer kidev amir Cobanis dros, an Tundac ilxanebTan giorgi

brwyinvalis urTierTobebis aRdgenis Semdeg, uzbek xanis winaaRmdeg,

xolo giorgi brwyinvale am SemTxvevaSi ilxanebis interesebis damcveli

yofiliyo CrdiloeTidan SemoWrili Zalebis winaaRmdeg. movitanT

damowmebul dokuments: òdes brwyinvaleman mefeman giorgi gaimarjua

agarianTa zeda ganZas da Sirvans, mas Jamsa Sina Cuenni samwysoni Saq-

qurmuxisani Cinebulad ibrZodes Zlevad mterTa da amisTvis uZlevelman

giorgi gviwyalobna sigel da dagvimtkicna Cuen qiSel-qurmuxels.

zRvari yv... lsa...ganuxs. mamulni yabalasa Zuari vardTa Sens savaWroni

da vaWarni Suidni da Siraqisa: sabalaxeni da qarTvelTa mTasa zeda

sabalaxeni da qarTvelTa mTasa zeda sabalaxeni da mtkuarsa Tevzisa

sabaJeni axtaSisani RmerTman warumarTnes uZlevelsa mefesa giorgi

brwyinvalesa, romlisa meoxebiTa umetesad ganZlierda qristeanobai:

mTeulTa Soris da kualad ganmtkicda erTobai saqarTvelosa Sina amin

aRiwera: ese q-sa ka: Tuesa martsa: e~.41 cnobaSi moxseniebuli àgariani~

savsebiT SeiZleboda yofiliyvnen oqros urdos Zalebic.

39 batoniSvili vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~, 257; kiknaZe, saqarTvelo

XIV saukuneSi, 70.

40 kiknaZe, saqarTvelo XIV saukuneSi, 71.

41 m. janaSvili, saqarTvelos istoria (Tfilisi, 1894), 206.


36

hafiz-i abrus (gard. 1430/31 w.) TxzulebaSi, 1339 wlis gazafxulis

movlenebs uZRvis cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom sparseTis erayis, azerbaijanis,

aranis, maraRisa da saqarTvelos mxareebis dapyrobis Semdeg, Seixi

hasan Cobani triumfalurad Sevida sultanieSi da darCa iq zamTris

dasasrulamde.42 e.i. im dros saqarTvelo daupyria amir Cobanis Svilis

– Timur-TaSis (romelic represiebis dros jer rumSi darCa, xolo

Semdeg egviptes Seafara Tavi da moklul iqna mamluqTa sultnis mier

1328 wels. misi Tavi gagzavnes ujanSi 1328 wlis TebervalSi43) Svils,

hasan mcires. amave mematianes 1347 wlis movlenebSi moaqvs cnoba,

rom maliq aSrafi baRdadze warumatebeli Setevis Semdeg dabrunda

TavrizSi da iqidan marTavda imas, rac mis mflobelobaSi iyo darCenili.

aq CamoTvlil erTeulebs Soris – azerbaijani, sparseTis erayi, arani,

muRani, qurTistani, kvlav dasaxelebulia gurjistani (saqarTvelo),

romelTa amirebad, misi cnobiT, erTguli pirebi iqnen daniSnuli.44

hafizi abrus cnobiTve, 1342 wels hasan mcires sxvadasxva qveSevrdomi

ujanydeba, maTi nawili Tavs hasan bozorgTan, jelairianTan afarebs da

hasan Cobanians maTTan gamklaveba uxdeba. swored im dros hasanis Zmam

maliq aSrafma gaimarjva pir-huseinze, romelic sultanieSi gaiqca.45 am

ambis Semdeg maliq aSrafi, romelsac Tavisi Zmis eSinoda, Tavs afarebs

saqarTvelos provincias,46 rasac d. lengisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic

am faqts aSrafis mier saqarTvelos dauflebad miiCnevs,47 v. kiknaZe

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis argumentad Tvlis.48 vfiqrobT, es arc

erTia da arc meore. aSrafs, romelic jer kidev Riad ar upirispirdeboda

Tavis Zmas, SeeZlo garideboda mas CobanianTa kontrolis qveS myof

provinciaSic, kerZod saqarTveloSi, romelic 1347 wlis movlenebSi

jer kidev CobanianTa kontrolis qveS myof provinciebs Soris aris

moxseniebuli, sadac CobanianTa erTguli amirebi dainiSnen. Tumca v.

kiknaZes amave mematianis zemomotanili 1347 wlis cnobac aseve saeWvod

miaCnia,49 radgan mematiane ar asaxelebs konkretul brZolas. mkvlevari

42 Chronique des Rois Mongols en Iran, 131.43 iqve, 107.

44 iqve, 148.

45 iqve, 136.

46 iqve, 136.

47 Lang, “Georgia”, 91.48 kiknaZe, saqarTvelo XIV saukuneSi, 94.

49 iqve, 89-95.

giuli alasania

37

ekamaTeba d. lengs da v. gabaSvils, romlebic hafiz-i abrus cnobaze

dayrdnobiT miiCneven, rom dapyrobili iyo mxolod aRmosavleTi

saqarTvelo, Tumca sakiTxis principulad gasarkvevad imis dazusteba,

Tu saqarTvelos romeli nawili iyo dapyrobili, mniSvnelovani ar aris.

mxolod is, rom wyaros cnobaSi saqarTvelo ixsenieba, xolo mkvlevrebi

mxolod aRmosavleT saqarTvelos uTiTeben, aranairad ar gamodgeba

wyaros cnobis eWvis qveS dasayeneblad. ufro metic, hafiz-i abrus

mier zogadad gurjistanis moxsenieba im wlebSi, rodesac saqarTvelo

erTiani samefoa, savsebiT mosalodnelia, xolo d. lengis da v.

gabaSvilis dazusteba gaumarTlebeli.

hasan mcires mier 1338 wels saqarTvelos dapyrobis Sesaxeb hafiz-i

abrus Txzulebidan zemoT motanili nawyvetis eWvqveS dasayeneblad

v. kiknaZes damowmebuli aqvs vaxuSti bagrationis cnoba, `romelman

noinTaganman daipyra adrabagani, amanve iwyo pyrobad somxiTisa, ranisa

da movakanisa da movida ganjas, raTa daimorCilos giorgi mefeca~.50 iqm-

na brZola Zlieri; garna ZaliTa RuTisaTa mosrna mefeman banakni maTni

da ivltodnen da moswyueddnen spani mefisani maxviliTa da Semoiqca

gamarjuebuli, alafiTa didiTa~.51 mkvlevaris daskvniT, vaxuStis cnoba

`brZolaSi qarTvelTa gamarjvebis Sesaxeb swori unda iyos~, radganac,

misi varaudiT, vaxuStis Tanadrouli sando wyaroebi unda gamoeyenebia,

`saqarTvelosa da ilxanTa memkvidreebs Soris brZolas epizoduri

xasiaTi hqonda da cvalebadi warmatebiT mimdinareobda~.52 sxva SemT-

xvevaSi igive mkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom `SeuZlebelia saqarTvelos mefes

giorgi V-s ar esargebla sailxanoSi Seqmnili situaciiT da sabolood

ar aRmoefxvra monRolTa batonoba saqarTveloSi~.53

numizmatikuri monacemebi. samecniero literaturaSi dasabu-

Tebuli mosazrebiT, giorgi brwyinvales arasdros mouWria erovnuli

xasiaTis moneta.54

araerTxel gamoiTqva varaudi, rom ilxanebis dacemis xanaSi

saqarTvelo kvlav ilxanebs eqvemdebareboda. zemomotanili abu baqr

50 batoniSvili vaxuSti, àRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~, 258.

51 iqve, 258-9.

52 v. kiknaZe, `saqarTvelosa da Cobanianebis urTierTobis erTi faqtis Sesaxeb

(XIV s.)~, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, 93, 2, (1979), 501-3.

53 kiknaZe, saqarTvelo XIV saukuneSi, 70.

54 am sakiTxis Sesaxeb ix. giorgi dundua, Tedo dundua, qarTuli numizmatika, II

naw. (Tbilisi, 2011), 46.


38

al-aharis cnobis garda, xsenebuli varaudis myari safuZveli aris

ilxanebis saxelze saqarTveloSi moWrili monetebi: arpa xanis 736/1335-

36, muhamed xanis 738 /1337-38), saTi beg xaTunis 739/1338-39, suleiman

xanis 740/1339-40, 741/1340-41, 743/1342-43), anuSirvanis 745/ 1344-45, 748,

750-756/1349-55). rogorc vxedavT, 1336 wlis Semdegac saqarTveloSi

kvlav grZeldeboda monetebis Wra ilxanebis saxeliT.55 miuxedavad

imisa, rom giorgi brwyinvalis wlebis gasaSuqeblad gamoyenebul

numizmatikur monacemebTan dakavSirebiT, literaturaSi, xSir SemT-

xvevaSi, azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa, swored numizmatikuri masalis moS-

veliebiT barTolomei, freni, len-puli, markovi, paxomovi, lengi, ja-

laRania, RvaberiZe akeTeben daskvnas imis Sesaxeb, rom saqarTvelo XIV

saukunis manZilzec sxvadasxva gareSe Zalis kontrols qveSaa.

abu saidis Semdeg, rogorc aRvniSneT, sparseTis erayi, azerbai-

jani, arani, maraRa, iseve rogorc saqarTvelo, daikaves Cobanianebma,

romelTa damarcxebas garkveul dromde uSedegod cdilobdnen ro-

gorc jela rianebi, ise oqros u dos gamgebeli uzbek-xani. sazRvari

oqros urdosa da ilxanebis saxelmwifos Soris gadioda derbendze.

wyaroebSi ar Cans, Tu ra saxis iyo qarTvelebis damokidebuleba

Cobanianebze. garkveuli miniSneba maT urTierTobaze aris al-‘uma-

ris TxzulebaSi (daiwera 1340 wlis Semdeg), sadac saubaria qarTvel

meomrebze: ìsini hulaguianTa laSqris Zalasa da simdidres war-

moadgenen, xolo (hulaguianebi) endobian maT da eyrdnobian, gan-

sakuTrebiT jubanis Svilebi, SvilTaSvilebi da sxva STamomavalni

qarTvelebisadmi jubanis warsuli sikeTisa da qveli saqmeebis gamo,

romelic iyo maTi mefis bartilmas gulwrfeli megobari, nergavda

masTan sikeTes da mouwodebda daecva (mindobili) saganZuri~.56 marTalia,

suleimanis Semdeg hulaguianTa saxelmwifoSi xelisufleba xelT igdes

Cobanianebma, magram samxedro warmatebebis miuxedavad, verc hasanma

da verc misma Zmam aSrafma sultnad Tavis gamocxadeba ver gabedes.

amdenad, ar aris cnobili arc maTi saxeliT moWrili monetebi.57 amasTan,

55 ciala RvaberiZe, saqarTvelos urTierToba ilxanTa iranTan da jalairTa

saxelmwifosTan (numizmatikuri masalis mixedviT) (Tbilisi, 1986), 42-3.

56 XIV-XV ss. arabi istorikosebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb (al-umari, al-

muhibbi, al-kalkaSandi), arabulidan Targmna, Sesavali, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi

daurTo dito goColeiSvilma (Tbilisi, 1988), 51.

57 RvaberiZe, saqarTvelos urTierToba ilxanTa iranTan da jalairTa

saxelmwifosTan, 40.

giuli alasania

39

napovnia monetebi `samarTliani sultnis~ tituliT, sultnis saxelis

gareSe, romelTac e. paxomovi Cobanian aSrafs ukavSirebs. rogorc c.

RvaberiZe aRniSnavs, e. paxomovis koleqciaSi aRmoCenilia TbilisSi

moWrili am tipis monetac, romelic amJamad saqarTvelos saxelmwifo

muzeumis numizmatikis ganyofilebis qarTul ZiriTad fondSi inaxeba.58

amdenad, rogorc werilobiTi wyaroebi, aseve numizmatikuri monacemebi

adasturebs saqarTvelos damokidebulebas Cobanianebze.

Cobanianebis mkacri reJimis gamo, azerbaijanis adgilobrivma

feodalebma daxmarebisaTvis oqros urdos gamgebels, uzbek xans (1318-

42) mimarTes, romelmac, miuxedavad araerTi cdisa, ver miaRwia mizans.

brZolebi grZeldeboda janibekis (1342-57) drosac, romelmac mxolod

758/1356-57 wels daamarcxa Cobaniani maliq aSrafi, aiRo Tavrizi da

SemoierTa ilxanTa saxelmwifo. werilobiT wyaroebSi miTiTebulia

758, monetebze ki – 757 weli, rac ufro zustad aris miCneuli.59

istoriografiaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebiT, oqros urdos gamgeblebs

mcire xniT saqarTvelos dedaqalaqic unda sWerodaT, vinaidan 757

wels Tbilisis zarafxanac axorcielebs samoneto regalias janibegis

da muhamed-berdibekis saxeliT 756-759 wlebs Soris,60 im dros, rodesac

paralelurad (759 w.) Tbilisis vercxlis monetaze Seix uveisis saxelia

aRbeWdili.61 rogorc cnobilia, swored Seix hasan buzurgis Svilma,

uveisma (757-776), daipyro azerbaijani da saqarTvelos samxreT da

samxreT-aRmosavleTiT momijnave teritoriebi. rogorc e. paxomovi

aRniSnavs, imis gamo, rom qarTveli mefeebis damokidebulebaze

jelairianebze matianeebi sduman, monetebis mowmoba gansakuTrebiT

mniSvnelovania.62

XIV s-is meore naxevarSi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi mimoqcevaSi

ilxanTa garda, oqros urdos da jelairianTa monetebic iyo.

dasabuTebuli varaudiT, XIV s-is 30-ian-iani wlebis dasasruls qarTvel

mefeTa qveSevrdomobaSi CrdiloeT oseTi Sevida,63 ris gamoc oqros

urdos teritoriazec gaCnda igive monetebi, rac iyo mimoqcevaSi

58 iqve, 40.

59 dundua da dundua, qarTuli numizmatika, 52.

60 . . , ( , 1970), 190; dundua da dundua, qarTuli

numizmatika, 52; RvaberiZe, saqarTvelos urTierToba, 44-5.

61 , , 190. 62 iqve, 191.

63 RvaberiZe, saqarTvelos urTierToba, 45.


40

saqarTveloSi. mkvlevris azriT, swored giorgi brwyinvalis mier oseTis

saqarTvelosTan SemoerTebis Semdeg CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, oqros urdos

teritoriaze Cndeba ukanaskneli ilxanebisa da jelairianebis saxeliT

moWrili monetebi. alagiris zarafxanaSi ilxanTa saxeliT monetebi

iWreboda 739-759/1338-39 – 1357-58 wlebSi. amierkavkasiaSi ki CobanianTa

batonobis dros CrdiloeT urdos gamgeblis janibekis 757/1356 w. monetis

paralelurad iWreba jelairianTa monetac. 757 wels jelair hasan

bozorgis saxeliT xdeba samoneto regaliis ganxorcieleba. c. RvaberiZe

jelairianTa saxeliT monetebis gaCenas im dros, rodesac ilxanTa iranSi

CobanianTa mmarTveloba oqros urdom daamxo, xsnis imiT, rom Cobaniani

meliq aSrafi jelairian hasan bozorgTan damarcxebis Semdeg iZulebuli

gaxda Tavi ecno mis vasalad.

imave wels Cobanianma maliq aSrafma aRidgina Tavi, xolo adgi-

lobrivebma kvlav mimarTes CrdiloeTs dasaxmareblad.64 azerbaijanis

dauflebis Semdeg oqros urdos gamgebeli janibeki maleve brundeba

ukan, xolo azerbaijanSi tovebs Tavis Svils berdibeks, romelic, mamis

avadmyofobis gamo, TviTonac gadis qveynidan da tovebs Tavis vezirs

axiCuks, romelic damoukideblobas acxadebs. 759/1357-58 w. sparseTis

erayi da samxreT azerbaijani daipyres muzafarianebma, romelTac,

iseve rogorc axiCuks, imave wels amarcxebs jalair Seix hasan buzurgis

Svili, Seix uveisi.65 e. paxomovis azriT, swored axiCuki Wris jelaidur

anonimur monetebs.66 amgvarad, saqarTveloSi fulis emisia jelairianebs

daeqvemdebara. swored numizmatikuri monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT

gakeTebulia daskvna, rom giorgi brwyinvalis Svilis, daviT IX-is da

bagrat V-is mefobis drosac saqarTvelo kvlav monRolebs emorCileba.67

aq ganxiluli yvela monacemi adrec iyo cnobili, Tumca

sxvadasxvagvarad axsnili. im mkvlevarTagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic

fiqroben, rom gaerTianebis miuxedavad, saqarTvelos politikuri

damoukidebloba ar iyo miRweuli XIV saukunis manZilze (`mematianis

gancxadeba, rom qarTli sruliad gawmendilia TaTarTagan giorgi

64 iqve, 46.

65 iqve, 46-7.

66

67 RvaberiZe, saqarTvelos urTierToba, 48.

giuli alasania

41

VI-is dros, aSkara gazviadebaa~).68 mkvlevarTa nawili miiCnevs, rom

`rogorc jalairebis, aseve oqros urdos yaenTa saxeliT monetebs Wris

TviT saqarTvelos samefo kari, romelic xelmZRvanelobs mxolod

ekonomikuri mosazrebiT~. ase fiqrobs v. kiknaZe.69 analogiuri azri

adre gamoTqmuli hqonda zogierT numizmats, magaliTad, d. kapanaZes.70

giorgi brwyinvalis mefobis meore naxevari (1327 wlidan).

davubrundeT giorgi brwyinvales xanas, kerZod imas, Tu ra bedi ewia

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mefes amira Cobanis da misi ojaxis mimarT

ganxorcielebuli represiebis wlebSi da Semdgom? d. lengi mimarTavs

precedentebs saqarTvelos istoridan, kerZod, rusudanis gadasvlas

dasavleT saqarTveloSi jalal ad-dinis SemoWris dros, rusudanis

Svilis, daviT narinis gadasvlas imave dasavleT saqarTveloSi mon-

RolebTan dapirispirebis gamo, ris Semdegac varaudobs, rom aseve

moiqca giorgi brwyinvale, romelmac gadarCenis mizniT Tavi aseve

dasavleT saqarTvelos Seafara.71

Cven migvaCnia, rom es, marTlac, ar aris gamoricxuli, rasac kvlav

mxars uWers numizmatikuri monacemebi.

sainteresoa, rom swored 729/1328-29 wlis Semdeg 1333 wlamde

monetebi TbilisSi aRar iWreboda. ilxan abu saids Semoaqvs axali

welTaRricxva 733 wlis monetaze – ilxanuri era, romelic 701/1301-

02 wlidan iwyeba. magram ismis kiTxva: ra xdeboda im SualedSi da sad

iyo im dros giorgi brwyinvale? ar aris gamoricxuli, rom dasavleT

saqarTveloSi giorgis gadasvlamde moxda is faqti, romelic ixsenieba

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ ramdenime xelnaweris (WalaSviliseulis,

maCabliseulis da janaSviliseulis) minawerSi: àmis giorgi mefis

JamSi Cingiz yeenTa mteroba aRuCndaT da waxden, da imereTs narin

daviTis Svilnic erTmanerTzec aRdgen, da ra dro daica mefe

giorgim, her-kaxTa da somxiTis erisTavni, romelnic CingizT miudgen,

kaxeTs civzed moawviva da amoswyÂta~.72 giorgi gadadis dasavleT

saqarTveloSi, sadac 1327 wels gardaicvala konstantine daviT

68 , 201.69 kiknaZe, saqarTvelo XIV saukuneSi, 81.

70

, 2 (1964), 63-78. 71 Lang, “Georgia”, 86-7.72 qarTlis cxovreba, II, teqsti, dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris miexdviT

s. yauxCiSvilis mier (Tbilisi, 1959), 325.


42

narinis Ze, romlis adgilic daikava misma Zmam miqaelma. ukanaskneli,

Tavis mxriv, 1329 wels gardaicvala da `dauteva Ze mcire bagrat~.

marTalia, vaxuStis gadmocemiT, saqarTvelos gaerTianebis procesi

maqsimalurad mSvidobianad warimarTa, àman bagrat siyrmiT TvisiT da

daumorCileblobiTa mTavarTaTa ver ikadra mefoba, rameTu arRara

moerTnen erisTavni~.73 amave dros igive mTavarTa saTno iCines mefoba~

giorgi brwyinvalisa, `vinaiTgan ganZlierdeboda~.74 savaraudoa, rom

es procesi arc ise umtkivneulo iyo da yovelive amas didi samuSaoc

uZRoda. `Semoikribna spani Tvisni Zlierni, gardavlo mTa lixisa spiTa

da amisi mxilvelni imerni yovelni moerTnen sixaruliTa~, `bagrat Ze

miqel mefisa Seiyvanes aRmzrdelTa da erTgulTa misTa quTaTiss da

ganamagres cixe. mcnobi giorgi mefe moadga quTaTiss. maSin bagrat

verRara winaaRmdgomi da SeWirvebuli raodensame Jamsa evedra mefesa

giorgis, raTa ara-rai evnos sikudiliTa anu patimrobiTa da sces sarCo

imereTsave mefeman, mivides winaSe missa da misces yovelni cixenica

imereTisani mefesa, vinaiTgan mogca RmerTman Zleva. amisman msmenelman

mefeman ganixara da aRuTqua yovelnive aRsrulebad sawadelni misni.

smeneli pirisa amis gamovida bagrat da movida winaSe giorgi mefisa da

miscna yovelni cixe-qalaqni da simagreni imereTisani~. aq miTiTebulia

TariRi – 1330 w.: `da dasxna erisTavni Tvisni; xolo bagrats misca

saerisTo Sorapnisa da hyo mun erisTavad~.75

vaxuStis gadmocemiTac kargad Cans, rom drois didi monakveTis

manZilze mefe TbilisSi ar imyofeboda. am xnis manZilze man moiara odiSi,

afxazeTi, `ganagna muneburni da daipyrna cixeni TÂsad da misca cxomis

saerisTo bediels~, `movida samcxes~, sadac im dros gardacvlili

sargis aTabagis adgilze dasva misi Ze yuaryuare 1334 wels.76

yuradRebas iqcevs kaTolikuri misiis daarseba TbilisSi drois

swored im monakveTSi. rogorc cnobilia, jer kidev 1318 wlidan soxumSi

arsebula kaTolikuri saepiskoposo, romlis episkoposad bernar more

daniSnula. 1330 wels ki amave Tanamdebobaze petre geraldi dauniSnavT.77

aRsaniSnavia, rom jer kidev imave 1318 wels saqarTveloSi Casula

73 batoniSvili vaxuSti, àRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~, 257.

74 iqve.

75 iqve, 257-8.

76 iqve, 258.

77 v. kiknaZe, `saqarTvelos sagareo urTierTobis istoriidan~, mnaTobi, 9 (1962),

156-60.

giuli alasania

43

kaTolike ioane florencieli, romelic iq 30 weli darCenila,78 amaTgan

18 weli is TbilisSi daarsebuli kaTolikuri saepiskoposos episkoposia.

arsebobs ori werili, romelic gagzavnilia papis mier giorgi

mefisadmi. pirveli werili gamoegzavna avinionidan 1321 wlis 15

oqtombers `giorgis, qarTvelTa brwyinvale mefes da mis Tavadebs~ mo-

wodebiT, SeuerTdnen romis wminda eklesias. qarTveli mefis sapasuxo

werili cnobili ar aris. igive werili i. tabaRuas 1322 wliT aqvs

daTariRebuli.79 1328 wels papma gaauqma Turqebisagan Seviwroebuli

smirnis saepiskoposo da is TbilisSi gadaitana. 1329 wlis buliT, papma

Tbilisi episkoposis sataxto qalaqad aqcia da brZana: `momavalSic

yovelTvis ewodebodes aseve saxeli: tfilisis saepiskoposo qalaqi~,80

sadac episkoposad dainiSna ioane florencieli. SemorCenilia papis

1329 wlis mimarTva saqarTvelos mefisadmi, kvlav SemoerTebis

mowodebiT, Tumca aq arc mefis saxeli da arc misi adgilsamyofeli

miTiTebuli ar aris.81 Tu vivaraudebT, rom giorgi am dros aRar aris

TbilisSi da Tavs afarebs dasavleT saqarTvelos, SesaZloa, swored

im dros TbilisSi saepiskoposos daarseba erTgvari diplomatiuri

nabijic yofiliyo. axlad daarsebuli Tbilisis saepiskoposo papma

daumorCila sultanieSi 1318 wels daarsebul saepiskoposos,82 rogorc

Cans, swored imis gamoc, rom politikuradac saqarTvelos ilxanTa

kontrolis qveS miiCnevda. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom im daZabul

periodSi, rodesac represiebi did vezir Cobanis yvela axlobels

Seexo, swored kaTolikebi monawileobdnen saqarTvelos mefis da ilxan

abu-saids Soris molaparakebaSi, ris Sedegadac giorgis SesaZlebloba

mieca maleve dabrunebuliyo TbilisSi. v. kiknaZes Seswavlili aqvs

zogierTi evropuli wyaro, sadac, erT SemTxvevaSi, motanilia giorgi

brwyinvalis pasuxi filipe VI valuasadmi, romelic 1332/3 ww. Tavisi

elCebis, ori franciskanelis, rikardo merCerisa da aleqsandre

ingliselis meSveobiT sTavazobda saqarTvelos mefes erTobliv

78 m. TamaraSvili, istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris namdvilis sabuTebis

SemotaniTa da ganmartebiT XIII saukunidan vidre XX saukunemde (Tfilisi, 1902), 39.

79 i. tabaRua, saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi (XIII-XVI ss.) (Tbilisi,

1984), 203.

80 m. TamaraSvili, qarTuli eklesia dasabamidan dRemde, redaqcia gaukeTes,

winasityvaoba daurTes da gamosacemad moamzades zaza aleqsiZem da jumber

odiSelma (Tbilisi, 1995), 498, 501; TamaraSvili, istoria kaTolikobisa, 30-5.

81 TamaraSvili, qarTuli eklesia, 501.

82 TamaraSvili, istoria kaTolikobisa, 39.


44

laSqrobas egvipteze. aRsaniSnavia, rom franciskaneli elCebi giorgi

V-m TbilisSi pativiT miiRo da ori Tvis manZilze umaspinZla. aseTive

winadadebiT papma mimarTa sparseTis ilxan gamgebels, romelic, abu

saids ar gadasces imis gamo, rom 1323 wels mas ukve dadebuli hqonda zavi

egviptis sultanTan. dokumenti 1919 w. gamoaqveyna i. j. goluboviCma

(kardinali ieronime), romelic aRniSnul faqtTan dakavSirebiT ake-

Tebs Semdeg komentars: `misi (giorgis) rezidencia iyo TbilisSi da

igi damoukidebeli iyo sparseTis monRolebisagan~. goluboviCis azri

monRolTa kontrolisagan saqarTvelos damoukideblobis Sesaxeb gai-

ziara Jan riSarma. v. kiknaZis msjelobiTac, gana safrangeTis mefe wmin-

da miwebze~ gasalaSqreblad calke miiwvevda giorgi V-s, Tuki is abu

said-yaenis vasali iyo?~83 v. kiknaZes motanili aqvs marino sanutos 1330

da 1334 ww. ori werili, sadac erTi da igive cnobebia saqarTveloze.84

marino sanutos cnobiT, qarTvelebi èrTgvarad morCileben saTaT-

reTs, (magram), meore mxriv, faqtobrivad arc (emorCilebian mas)~.

marino sanuto saqarTvelos or samefos ixseniebs. es werilebi,

rogorc Cans, asaxavs im drois viTarebas, rodesac qarTveli mefe jer

kidev dasavleT saqarTveloSia da gasulia monRolebis morCilebidan.

sayuradRebo cnobebs saqarTveloze CvenTvis saintereso wlebSi

gvaZlevs zemoT damowmebuli arabi avtori al-‘umari (1301-49), romlis

Txzuleba 1340 wlis Semdeg, mis axlo xanebSi, daiwera. aRniSnuli

naSromi gamoiyenes da Seavses sirielma avtorma Taki ad-din ‘abd ar-

rahman al-kadavi al-muhibbim (gard. 1384 w.) da cnobilma egviptelma

enciklopedistma Sihab ad-din abu l-‘abbas ahmad ibn ‘ali al-kalkaSandim

(1355-1418). al-‘umaris informaciiT, `qarTvelTa qveynis dedaqalaqia

Tbilisi... mas hyavs mefe da mefoba iq mudmivia. masze batonobs iranis

samefos hulaguianTa saxlis sultani, romlis firmanebi modis

(saqarTveloSi), magram misi niaRvari napirebs ar lekavs da ar daZrwian am

qveynis sanaxebSi misi mxedrebi gaCaRebuli omis gamo. mas (sultans) iq hyavs

mxolod erTi dumani laSqari, romelsac iyenebs am (qveynis) sazRvrebis

dasacavad da mis saqmeTa samarTavad~.85 d. goColeiSvilis komentariT,

al-‘umaris cnoba, rom ilxanebs saqarTveloSi mxolod erTi dumani

(10,000) laSqari hyavdaT, XIV s. 20-iani wlebis miwuruls exeba, radgan mas

83 vaJa kiknaZe, `saqarTvelos istoriis evropuli wyaroebi~, mnaTobi, 4 (1983), 158-

64; misive, `saqarTvelos sagareo urTierTobis istoriidan~, 156-60.

84 kiknaZe, `saqarTvelos sagareo urTierTobis istoriidan~, 161.

85 XIV-XV ss. arabi istorikosebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, 51.

giuli alasania

45

uSualod mosdevs Txroba ilxanTa iranis gamgeblis abu saidis (1317-

36) vaziris, Cobanis vaJis Seix mahmudis Sesaxeb, romelic saqarTveloSi

myofi monRolTa samxedro Zalis meTauri iyo.86 aRniSnuli komentari

moklebulia damajereblobas, radgan al-‘umari, ambebis gadmocemisas,

sruliadac ar icavs qronologiur Tanmimdevrobas. motanili infor-

macia adreul viTarebasac rom asaxavdes, rogor unda avxsnaT momdevno

cnoba, sadac avtori exeba qarTvelTa laSqars, romelic, misi azriT,

`hulaguianTa laSqris Zalasa da simdidres~ warmoadgens, `xolo (hula-

guianebi) endobian maT da eyrdnobian, gansakuTrebiT jubanis Svilebi,

SvilTaSvilebi da sxva STamomavalni~,87 romelic ukve namdvilad

Cobanis ganadgurebidan karga xnis Semdgom wlebs exeba. naSromis Seqmnis

wlebs savsebiT Seefereba cnoba imis Sesaxebac, rom qarTvelTa qveynis

dedaqalaqi Tbilisia, radgan im wlebSi saqarTvelo gaerTianebulia.

rogorc TviTon d. goColeiSvili SeniSnavs, egviptis sultnis saxelmwifo

mdivnis Tanamdebobaze yofnis gamo, avtori kargad iyo informirebuli

iranisa da saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. vfiqrobT, al-‘umaris cnobebi sandoa

da eWvis Setanis safuZveli ar arsebobs. rogorc Cans, eWvis mizezia

qarTul istoriografiaSi gabatonebuli azri imis Sesaxeb, rom giorgi

brwyinvalem saqarTvelo aramarto gaaerTiana, aramed 20-iani wlebis

dasasruls mas sruli damoukidebloba moupova.

dabolos, kidev erTxel Sevexebi jvris monastris gamoxsnis mizniT

1316/17 da 1320 wlebSi saqarTvelodan gagzavnili elCebis sakiTxs.

arabi avtoris, al-makrizis cnobiT, romelic 716/26.III.1316–15.III.1317

wlis movlenebSia moTavsebuli, naTqvamia:

àm wels movidnen uzbekis elCebi, qarTvelTa mefis elCebi da

tuRais, uzbekis naTesavis, elCebi saCuqrebiT. maT pasuxi gaeca da

gaegzavna maT saCuqrebi. da am wels egvipteSi Seikriba 8 elCi. esenia:

Cobanis elCebi, abu sa’idis, uzbekis, tuRais, barselonas mflobelis

(sahib), stambolis mflobelis, nubiis mflobelisa da qarTvelTa mefis

elCebi. yvela maTganma gamoxata morCileba. amis msgavsi ar momxdara

Turqebis saxelmwifoSi (ad-davla aT-Turqia, e.i. bahrel mamluqTa

saxelmwifoSi – g.a.). yvelaze meti, 5 elCi iyo zahiris (igulisxmeba az-

zahir beibarsi, 1260-77 – g.a.) xelmwifobis periodSi~.88

86 iqve, 21.

87 iqve, 51.

88 al-makrizi, as-suluq li-ma‘rifaT duval al-muluq. Tahkik muhammad ‘abd al-

kadir ‘ata, al-juz’ as-sani, baÁruT, 1997, 517. Targmani mogvawoda g. jafariZem.


46

vinaidan cnobaSi Cobani da abu saidi ixseniebian, ar aris gamori-

cxuli giorgi mefis monawileobac, magram elCebis saerTo ricxvSi – 8,

saqarTvelodan mxolod erTi elCi SeiZleba vigulisxmoT. es erTi elCi

cnobaSi orjer aris moxseniebuli. pirvel SemTxvevaSi qarTvelTa mefis

garkveul konteqstSi moxsenieba SesaZlebels xdis mis identifikacias.

qarTvelTa mefis elCis oqros urdos gamgeblis uzbekis elCTan, misi na-

Tesavis, tuRais, elCTan erTad moxsenieba imaze miuTiTebs, rom aq, am Sem-

T xvevaSi, dasavleT da ara aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mefe igulisxmeba.

igive viTarebaa 1320 wlis elCobasTan dakavSirebiT. al-‘ainis cnobiT,

1320 wlis 8 maiss sultnis winaSe warsdgnen uzbekis elCebi, qarTvelTa

mefis elCebi da laskarisis elCebi89 (e.i. konstantinopolis mmarTvel

dinastiad arabuli wyaroebi SecdomiT miiCneven laskarebs, romlebic

XIII s-is 60-iani wlebidan paleologosebma Secvales). im dros, rodesac

aRmosavleT saqarTvelo da samcxe ilxanebis, kilikiis somxeTis, rumis

sasultnos da romis papis mokavSireebi arian, dasavleT saqarTvelo

bunebrivad gaerTianebulia ilxanebTan da romis papTan dapirispirebul

ZalasTan – oqros urdosTan, egviptesTan da bizantiasTan. aRniSnuli ar

gamoricxavs giorgi brwyinvalis wvlils jvris monastris dabrunebis

saqmeSi, magram es unda momxdariyo mas Semdeg, rac daido zavi ilxanTa

da egviptis sultans Soris.90

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba gakeTdes Semdegi daskvnebi:

1. 1329-34 wlebSi giorgi brwyinvalem, romelmac isargebla

ilxanTa samefoSi Seqmnili viTarebiT, CamoiSora politikuri

mowinaaRmdegeebi da aRadgina saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianoba,

qveyanas Seuqmna myari samarTlebrivi safuZveli, moawesriga saeklesio

sfero. 1329-32/3 wlebSi igi dasavleT saqarTveloSi imyofeboda

da gasuli iyo monRolTa morCilebidan. swored im monakveTSi

saqarTveloSi ilxanuri moneta aRar iWreboda; Tumca im droisaTvis

ukve gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefem maleve aRidgina ilxanebTan

urTierToba da dabrunda TbilisSi, rac monRolebis morCilebaSi

amjerad ukve gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos Seyvanas gulisxmobda.

2. rogorc Sesabamisma gamokvlevebma aCvena, giorgi brwyinvales

ar ukavSirdeba erovnuli monetis (`giorgauli~) moWra da mis dros

89 II520.

90 giuli alasania, `qarTveli mefeebis sagareo politikis istoriidan me-14

saukunis pirvel naxevarSi~, kr. nodar Sengelia, 75 (Tbilisi, 2008), 31-2.

giuli alasania

47

mimoqcevaSi iyo ilxanuri monetebi, xolo mogvianebiT CobanianTa,

oqros urdosa da jelairianTa monetebi;

3. 1338-9 wlebSi giorgi brwyinvalem daipyro oseTi, ris Semdegac

oqros urdos teritoriaze ilxanuri monetebi gavrcelda;

4. miuxedavad ucxo xelisuflebaze formaluri damokidebulebisa,

razedac metyvelebs monRolTa 10,000-iani jaris dgoma saqarTvelos

sazRvarze, aseve mimoqcevaSi myofi ucxouri moneta, saqarTvelo

sakmaod farTo Sida avtonomiiT sargeblobda;

5. formalurad saqarTvelo kvlav ilxanTa kontrolis qveS

rCeboda, romelTa Canacvleba 1338 w. moxda jer CobanianebiT, Semdeg

oqros urdos gamgeblebiT 757/1356 w., xolo paralelurad da Semdeg

jelairianebiT, rasac mowmobs rogorc werilobiTi wyaroebi, aseve

numizmatikuri monacemebi;

6. rac Seexeba sagareo politikas, aq qveynis SesaZleblobebi

SezRuduli iyo. Cvenamde moRweuli wyaroebiT, ar ivaraudeba giorgi

brwyinvalis monawileoba 1316/7, 1320 wlebSi jvris monastris daxsnis

mizniT mowyobil elCobaSi. im wlebSi elCebi gaigzavna, rogorc Cans,

dasavleT saqarTvelos mefis, konstantines mier.

yovelive zemoTqmuli ar akninebs giorgi V damsaxurebas qarTveli

eris winaSe da mis istoriul rols qveynis politikuri gaerTianebis,

misTvis samarTlebrivi safuZvlis Seqmnis, saeklesio saqmeebis

mowesrigebis TvalsazrisiT, mefis, romelic damsaxurebulad atarebs

`brwyinvalis~ saxels.

alasania giuli. qarTveli mefeebis sagareo politikis istoriidan

me-14 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi. kr. nodar Sengelia, 75. Tbilisi, 2008

berZeniSvili n., dondua v., dumbaZe m., meliqiSvili g., mesxia S.,

ratiani p. saqarTvelos istoria. Tbilisi, 1958

batoniSvili vaxuSti. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa. qarTlis

cxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s.

yauxCiSvilis mier. t. IV. Tbilisi, 1973

beraZe T., sanaZe m. saqarTvelos istoria. Tbilisi, 2003

gabaSvili v. saqarTveloSi monRolTa batonobis xangrZlivobis

sakiTxisaTvis. aRmosavluri krebuli, I. Tbilisi, 1960


48

dundua giorgi, dundua Tedo. qarTuli numizmatika. II nawili.

Tbilisi, 2011

TamaraSvili m. istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris namdvilis

sabuTebis SemotaniTa da ganmartebiT XIII saukunidan vidre XX

saukunemde, avtoris mier gamocemuli. Tfilisi, 1902

TamaraSvili m. qarTuli eklesia dasabamidan dRemde. redaqcia

gaukeTes, winasityvaoba daurTes da gamosacemad moamzades zaza

aleqsiZem da jumber odiSelma. Tbilisi, 1995

kiknaZe revaz. me-14 saukunis pirveli naxevris saqarTvelos

istoriidan (hamdalah yazvinis erTi cnobis ganmarteba). saqarTvelos

istoriis wyaroTmcodneobis sakiTxebi, II, Tbilisi, 1992

kiknaZe vaJa. saqarTvelos sagareo urTierTobis istoriidan.

mnaTobi, 9, 1962

kiknaZe vaJa. saqarTvelosa da Cobanianebis urTierTobis erTi faqtis

Sesaxeb (XIV s.). saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, 93, 2, 1979

kiknaZe vaJa. saqarTvelos istoriis evropuli wyaroebi. mnaTobi, 4,

1983

kiknaZe vaJa. saqarTvelo XIV saukuneSi. Tbilisi, 1989

al-makrizi. as-suluq li-ma‘rifaT duval al-muluq. Tahkik

muhammad ‘abd al-kadir ‘ata. al-juz’ as-sani, ba ruT, 1997

XIV-XV ss. arabi istorikosebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb (al-

umari, al-muhibbi, al-kalkaSandi). arabulidan Targmna, Sesavali,

SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo dito goColeiSvilma. Tbilisi, 1988

tabaRua i. saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi (XIII-XVI

ss.). Tbilisi, 1984

urbneli n. giorgi brwyinvale mefe saqarTvelosi. tfilisi, 1889

javaxiSvili i. qarTveli eris istoria. t. III. Tbilisi, 1966

qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti, dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris

miexdviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. t. II. Tbilisi, 1959

RvaberiZe c. saqarTvelos urTierToba ilxanTa iranTan da

jalairTa saxelmwifosTan. Tbilisi, 1986

janaSvili m. saqarTvelos istoria. Tfilisi, 1894

. . -- -

giuli alasania

49

.

II - , 1884

Qazwin in 740 (1340). Translated by G. Le Strange. Leyden, 1919Grousset, Rene. L’empire des steppes. Attila, Cengiz Khan, Tamerlan. Paris, 1982

K. Bayani, II. Paris, 1936Histoire de la Géorgie depuis l’antiquité jusqu’au XIX siècle traduite du Géorgien

par M. Brosset. I- re partie, Histoire ancienne, jusqu’en 1469 de J.-C. S-Pétersbourg, 1849

Lang D. M. Georgia in the Reign of Giorgi the Brilliant (1314-1346). Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. 17, No. 1, 1955


50

The Issue of Georgia’s Independence During the Reign of

Giorgi the Brilliant

Giuli Alasania

Summary

In the scholarly literature there are some exaggerations about Giorgi V’s (1318-46) merit in regaining political independence for Georgia. The duration of Mongol rule over Georgia is still under dispute. Considering the different sources related to the issue the author of the present paper comes to the following conclusions:

In 1328/9–34, Giorgi the Brilliant took advantage of the situation in Ilkhanid state, got rid of domestic political adversaries, restored the territorial integrity of Georgia, established a sustainable legislative basis for the state, restored order in the ecclesiastical sphere. In 1328/9- 1332/3 he was in western Georgia, out of Mongol obedience. At that time the Ilkhan coin was not minted in Georgia. Meanwhile, the king of already united Georgia restored relationships with Ilkhans. returned to Tbilisi and under the Mongol rule;

1. National coinage (“Giorgauli”) is not connected with Giorgi the Brilliant and during his reign Ilkhans’, later Chobanids’, Golden Hordes’ and Jalairids’ coins were minted according to the political dependence of Georgia;

2. In 1338-9 Giorgi the Brilliant occupied Ossetia and since that time Ilkhanid coins were spread in the lands controlled by the Golden Horde.

3. Regardless of formal dependence on foreign power, as evidenced by the remaining 10,000 Mongol troops on the Georgian border, as well as by minted foreign coins, Georgia regained territorial integrity and enjoyed wide autonomy;

4. Georgia formally remained under Ilkhans rule, which was replaced in 1338 by Chobanids’, later by the Golden Horde’s in 757 (1356) and at the same time and

by the numismatic data;5. As for international policy the possibilities of eastern Georgia were limited. Until

1323 the participation of Giorgi the Brilliant, the king of eastern Georgia, in sending of envoys to the Holy land in 1316/17 and 1320 can’t be presumed. It seems that the envoys in those years were sent by the king of western Georgia, Constantine.

6. Although Giorgi the Brilliant didn’t regain political independence for the country, this doesn’t diminish his historic role and merit for the Georgian nation. Since Giorgi the Brilliant united Georgia, laid a legislative foundation in the country, brought the church to order, and thanks to him the country survived Mongol rule, he deserved the nickname “Brilliant” bestowed upon him by the Georgians.

giuli alasania

nana gelaSvili

sefianTa iranis da saqarTvelos urTierTobebis istoriaSi

mravalmxriv sayuradRebo periodia XVII saukunis 20-iani wlebis

miwurulidan 40-iani wlebis dasawyisamde, ramdenadac aRniSnuli

xana ara erTi mniSvnelovani faqtiTa da movleniT aRiniSna. sefianTa

saxelmwifos saTaveSi Sah sefi I-is (1629-42) mosvliT ori qveynis

urTierTobebSi axali etapi daiwyo. cnobilia, rom Sah abas I (1587-

1629) Tavisi zeobis ukanasknel wlebSi iZulebuli gaxda Zaladobrivi

meTodebi saqarTvelos mimarT, ufro liberaluriT Seecvala, rac

ganpirobebuli iyo axlo aRmosavleTSi da amierkavkasiis regionSi

imxanad Seqmnili politikuri viTarebiT. Sah abas I-is mier dawyebuli

axleburi, e.w. kompromisuli kursi realurad cxovrebaSi misi taxtis

memkvidre SviliSvilis – Sah sefi I-is zeobis xanaSi ganxorcielda.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTveloSi XVII saukunis 20-iani wlebis

miwuruls sakmaod mZime viTareba iyo: qarTvel mefe-mTavarTa

umetesoba erTmaneTTan mtrul damokidebulebaSi imyofeboda,

rac adekvaturad aisaxeboda maT sagareo politikur orientaciaSi

sefianTa saxelmwifosTan, osmaleTis imperiasTan, ruseTTan da

dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoebTan, anu mTlianad gare samyarosTan

mimarTebaSi. amis miuxedavad, TiToeuli maTgani, uTuod, erTi saerTo

miznisaTvis iRvwoda, rac samSoblos usafrTxoebis dacvis interesiT

iyo nakarnaxevi. saamisod isini dampyrobelTa winaaRmdeg brZolis

paralelurad, garkveuli doziT daTmobebzec midiodnen, moqnili

politikuri Tu diplomatiuri svlebis saSualebiT. yovelive amis

Taobaze uxvi masala moipoveba rogorc qarTul, ise ucxour (sparsul,

Turqul, somxur, rusul da evropul) werilobiT wyaroebSi.

sanam uSualod iran-saqarTvelos urTierTobebs ganvixilavdeT,

upriania oriode sityviT Sah sefi I-is pirovnuli portretis warmoCena,

romlis zeobis periodSic CvenTvis saintereso movlenebi viTardeboda.

III

52

sam-mirza (ase erqva mas gamefebamde) Sah abasis ufrosi vaJis, sefis Ze iyo,

romelic Sahs qarTveli qalisagan SeeZina. 1615 wels Sah abasma sefi-mirza

Ralatis eWvis gamo moakvlevina, Tumca ufliswuli udanaSaulo aRmoCnda

da Sahi Turme Zalian nanobda Tavisi qmedebis gamo.1 `karmelitebis

qronika~ gvauwyebs, rom sam-mirza 3 wlis iyo, rodesac mama moukles. is

Zalze Wirveuli, mgrZnobiare da susti janmrTelobis bavSvi iyo da Sah

abasis brZanebiT, mas opiumis dRiur normas asmevdnen.2 sam-mirzas deda

ki, romelmac kargad uwyoda sasaxlis karis intrigebis Sesaxeb, Svils

gansakuTrebulad ufrTxildeboda da yvela Rones mimarTavda, rom is

janmrTeli da Ronieri gazrdiliyo.3 asea Tu ise, saistorio wyaroebidan

cnobilia, rom Sah abass Zalian uyvarda sam-mirza, anebivrebda da swored

mas moiazrebda Tavis memkvidred. rogorc Cans, amiT is usamarTlod

dasjili Svilis sisxlis gamosyidvas cdilobda, rom sefi-mirzas

kuTvnili samefo gvirgvini mis vaJs mainc rgeboda.4

adam oleariusis cnobiT (romelic XVII saukunis 30-ian wlebSi

iranSi imyofeboda holStainis elCobis SemadgenlobaSi), rodesac

sam-mirza gaCnda, orive xeli mas sisxliT hqonda savse. Sah abass

maSin uTqvams: ès biWi gvarianad daibans xelebs sisxlSi~.5 marTlac,

gamefebisTanave (mamis pativsacemad Sah sefis saxeliT) man saSineli

sisxlisRvra gaaCaRa, mtyuan-marTlis ganurCevlad, mTeli sisastikiT

sjida da xocavda Sah abasis karze aRzevebulebs, aseve Tavis naTesavebs.

mas arc niWi da energia mosdgamda Tavisi papisa, saxelmwifo saqmeebic

naklebad ainteresebda da umetes dros smasa da garTobaSi atarebda.

yovelive amas xazs usvamen Tanamedrove iraneli mkvlevarebic.6

sabolood swored gadametebulma smam imsxverpla misi janm-

1 .,

1870), 860-2; nasrola faslafi, zendegani-e Sah abbas-e avval, II (Teirani, 1954), 176

(sparsul enaze).

2 th and 18th centuries, vol. I. (London, 1939), 314.

3 mohamad ahmad fenahi semnani, Sah abbas-e qabir mard-e hezar Cahre (Teirani, 1991),

258-9 (sparsul enaze).

4 nana gelaSvili, Sah sefi I-is gamefebis sakiTxisaTvis. daviT kacitaZe 80, red.

giuli alasania (Tbilisi, 2009), 143.

5 861-2.6 maSqur mohammad javad, Tarix-e iran zaman az rugzar-e basTan Ta asr-e zaher

(Teirani, 1977); semnani, Sah abbas-e qabir mard-e hezar Cahre, 265-6.

nana gelaSvili

53

rTeloba da sicocxle. gardacvalebisas is mxolod 31 wlis iyo.

Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom Sah sefis zeobis periodSi ara erTi

SemTxveva dafiqsirebula, rodesac is gulmowyalebas, xelgaSlilobas

da sikeTes amJRavnebda, aseve religiur Semwynareblobas iCenda

sxvadasxva konfesiebis mimarT.7 ase rom, saboloo jamSi, Sah sefi Zalze

winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTis da impulsur pirovnebad warmoCindeba.

yovelive zemoTqmulis miuxedavad, Sah sefi I saqarTvelosTan

(konkretulad, aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTan) mimarTebaSi cnobilia,

rogorc loialuri da Semwynarebluri politikis gamtarebeli.

TumcaRa, es metwilad qarTlis valis – rostomis (1633-58), igive

xosro-mirza bagrationis damsaxureba iyo da ara uniaTo Sahis raime

politikuri alRosi. cnobili faqtia, rom swored xosro mirzas di-

di Zalisxmevis wyalobiT ascda sefianTa samefo kari dinastiur

sisxlisRvras da Sah abas I-is survilisamebr, Sahis taxti sam-mirzam

daikava. farsadan gorgijaniZis da vaxuSti batoniSvilis gadmocemiT,

amieridan xosro-mirzas avtoriteti iranSi kidev ufro amaRlda,

madlierebiT aRsavse axalgazrda Sahi mas mamas eZaxda,8 did ndobas uc-

xadebda da rCevebsac misgan iRebda sxvadasxva sakiTxis gadawyvetisas.

amis Sesaxeb vrclad da xatovnad mogviTxroben XVII saukunis iraneli

mematianeebi (isqander munSi, mohamad iusufi, mohamad ma’sumi, mir Temur

maraSi, mohamed Taher vahidi), aRsaniSnavia aseve evropel misionerTa

da mogzaurTa monacemebi. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs mir

Temur maraSis cnobebi, romelic dawvrilebiT aRwers xosro-mirzas

windaxedul nabijebs da sifrTxiles im misiis Sesrulebisas, romelic

Sah abasma Tavisi anderZiT mas daakisra.9 xosro-mirzas mimarT Sah sefis

gansakuTrebuli damokidebulebis naTel gamoxatulebas warmoadgenda

misTvis qarTlis samefo taxtis boZeba 1632 wels. amieridan mas rostomi

ewoda qarTlis valis tituliT, imavdroulad is `Zmobis maRali

7 Vera B. Moreen, “The Status of Religious Minorities in Safavid Iran 1617-61, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 40, N2 (1981), 179; The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 6, The Timurid and Safavid Periods, ed. by Peter Jackson and Laurence Lockhart (Cambridge, 1986), 280.

8 farsadan gorgijaniZe, „istoria“, gamomcemeli sargis kakabaZe, saistorio

moambe, 2 (1925), 238; vaxuSti batoniSvili, „aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa“,

qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s.

yauxCiSvilis mier, t. IV (Tbilisi, 1973), 441.

9 nana gelaSvili, „mir Temur maraSis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb“, iv.

javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, 338 (2001), 152-3.

iran-saqarTvelos urTierTobebi

54

titulis~ matarebeli gaxda.10 Sah sefi I-is oficialur sabuTebSi is

Semdegnairadaa moxseniebuli: `Cemi Zma, qarTlis vali rostom-xani~.11 es

yovelive imaze miuTiTebs, rom Sah sefi saqveynod aRiarebda rostoms

Tavis tol-sworad. sxva sakiTxia, es realurad ase iyo Tu ara.

rostomis qarTlSi gamefebaSi erTgvari katalizatoris roli

Seasrula Teimuraz I-is (1606-63) da daud-xan undilaZis mier ganja-

yarabaRSi organizebulma ajanyebam, romelic iranis xelisuflebis

winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. Sah sefim swored aseT daZabul viTarebaSi

gadawyvita rostomis saqarTveloSi gagzavna, rogorc misTvis Zalze

sando adamianis da Tanac gamocdili politikuri moRvawisa (rostomi

im droisaTvis 67 wlis iyo). iranSi muslimur tradiciebze aRzrdili

qarTveli batoniSvili marTlac SesaniSnav kandidaturas warmoadgenda

qarTlSi gasamefeblad. Sahis brZanebiT, uSualod ajanyebis CasaxSobad,

rostomis amalas win uZRoda yizilbaSTa jari spasalar rostom-

xan saakaZis sardlobiT.12 xsenebuli amboxebis peripetiebi kargadaa

cnobili istoriografiaSi. kerZod, ajanyebulebi damarcxdnen, ris

Semdegac Teimurazma samefo taxti dakarga da misi adgili 1633 wels

rostomma daikava.13 daud-xani mcire xans saqarTveloSi imaleboda,

Semdeg ki osmaleTs Seafara Tavi. ganrisxebulma Sah sefim iranSi myof

undilaZeTa sagvareuloze iZia Suri: upirveles yovlisa, daud-xanis

ufrosi Zma da misi Svilebi gamoasalma sicocxles, Semdeg ki TiTqmis

mTlianad gaJlita es sagvareulo. Tumca ramdenime maTgani mainc

gadaurCa am saSinel represiebs.14 isqander munSis sityviT, àlaverdi-

xanis mTeli sagvareulo, romelic isfahanidan omanis sanapiromde,

erTi Tvis saval gzaze batonobda, wyeuli daudis uRirsi saqcielis

gamo, araraobis qars mieca~.15

10 mohamad iusuf, xuld-e barin, be Tashih-e sohiel xansari (Teirani, 1939), 238

(sparsul enaze); isqander munSi, abasis qveynis damamSvenebeli istoriis gagrZeleba,

sparsul teqsts gamokvleva, qarTuli Targmani, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo

nana gelaSvilma (Tbilisi, 1981), 57.

11 vladimer fuTuriZe, sparsuli istoriuli sabuTebi saqarTvelos wignT-

sacavebSi, wigni I, nakv. I ( Tbilisi, 1961), 48.

12 munSi, abasis qveynis damamSvenebeli istoriis gagrZeleba, 58.

13 nana gelaSvili, „erTxel kidev rostom-xanis qarTlSi gamefebis sakiTxisaTvis“,

macne, istoriis, eTnografiis da xelovnebis istoriis seria, 2 (1993), 28-9.

14nana gelaSvili, „undilaZeTa sagvareulo iranis kulturul asparezze“, samecniero

paradigmebi, prof. naTela vaCnaZisadmi miZRvnili krebuli (Tbilisi, 2009), 236-7.


nana gelaSvili

55

devnili da Seuracxyofili Teimurazi, romelic verafriT egu-

eboda qarTlSi rostomis mefobas, wlebis manZilze TavgamodebiT

ebrZoda mas. am bataliebSi mas gverds umagrebda imereTis mefe gi-

orgi III (1605-39). aranakleb dramatul procesebSi iyo CarTuli

Teimurazi cota ufro adre — XVII saukunis 20-iani wlebis miwuruls.

kerZod, rodesac Sah abas I gardaicvala (1629 w.) da osmaleTma omi

ganaaxla iranis winaaRmdeg, Teimuraz mefe Seecada Seqmnili qaosuri

situaciiT esargebla da qarTlis samefo taxti mefe simon II-isaTvis

waerTmia (romelic imxanad faqtobrivad, somxiT-sabaraTianos

ganagebda). saamisod is yvela Rones mimarTavda da male cnobili gaxda,

rom simon mefe moRalaturad mokla Teimuraz mefis siZem – zurab

aragvis erisTavma (1630 w.), ris Semdegac am ukanasknelma Teimurazs

qarTlis samefo taxtis daufleba SesTavaza. qarTul saistorio

wyaroTa cnobiT, Teimurazi ar endoboda moRalate zurabs, ufro

metic – mis Tavidan mocilebas eswrafoda da saamisod mkvlelic

miuCina, romelmac aragvis erisTavi sicocxles gamoasalma. amis

Semdeg ki iranis SahisaTvis erTgulebis damtkicebis mizniT, mokluli

zurabis Tavi gaugzavna da SeuTvala, rom is simon mefis Ralatis gamo

mokla.16 farsadan gorgijaniZe gvauwyebs, rom Sah sefim mas saqcieli

mouwona da jildod `qarTlica da kaxeTic baton Teimurazs misces da

xalaTi da rayami gamougzavnes~.17 aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTul wyaroebSi

azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa simonis mokvlaSi Teimurazis monawileobasTan

dakavSirebiT. beri egnataSvilis, vaxuSti batoniSvilis, mefe arCilis

`gabaaseba Teimurazisa da rusTavelisa~ Tanaxmad, kaxeTis mefe amaSi

udanaSaulo iyo.18 farsadan gorgijaniZe, rostom mefe (Tavis 1648 wlis

sigelSi), anonimuri parizis qronika~ (igive cxovreba saqarTveloisa~)

ki Teimurazs zurabis Tanamonawiled miiCneven simonis mkvlelobaSi.19

16 beri egnataSvili, „axali qarTlis cxovreba. pirveli teqsti“, qarTlis

cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis

mier, t. II (Tbilisi, 1959), 415; vaxuSti, „aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa“, 437.

17 gorgijaniZe, „istoria“, 238.

18 beri egnataSvili, „axali qarTlis cxovreba. pirveli teqsti“, 413; vaxuSti,

„aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa“, 437; arCili, „gabaaseba Teimurazisa da

rusTavelisa“, Cveni saunje, t. 4 (Tbilisi, 1960), 232.

19 gorgijaniZe, „istoria“, 236; qronikebi da sxva masala saqarTvelos istoriisa

da mwerlobisa, Sekrebili, qronologiurad dawyobili da axsnili Tedo Jordanias

mier, wigni II (Tbilisi, 1897), 461-3; cxovreba saqarTveloisa (parizis qronika), teqsti

moamzada, SeniSvnebi da saZiebeli daurTo giuli alasaniam (Tbilisi, 1980), 92.


56

friad sayuradReboa isqander munSis mier mowodebuli informacia

aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. misi gadmocemiT, Teimurazma sikvdi-

liT dasaja orguli aragvis erisTavi, simonis mokvlis gamo da amis

Sesaxeb Sahs acnoba. `misma udidebulesobam am samsaxuris sazRaurad,

qarTli, Tbilisis cixis gamoklebiT, mis vaJs – gurgen mirzas20 uboZa,

romelsac memkvidreobis ufleba hqonda dedis mxridan~. iqve avtori

dasZens, rom `Teimurazma sasaxlis zRurblze sinamdvile arasworad

moaxsena~, Sahma ki es daijera21. amrigad, naTelia, rom isqander munSim,

romelic Rrmad iyo Caxeduli saxelmwifo saqmeebSi, rogorc sasaxlis

karis istorikosi, dazustebiT icoda, rom Teimurazma Sahs simarTle

daumala.

1630 wels qarTlSi datrialebul tragikul movlenebs xatovnad

aRwers imxanad gorSi myofi TeaTineli misioneri don jakomo di

stefano. romSi gagzavnil erT-erT werilSi is aRniSnavs, rom Teimuraz

mefem Sahs bodiSi mouxada momxdaris gamo da SeuTvala, rom simonis

sikvdilSi misi xeli ar eria. Semdeg ki Teimurazma masTan stumrad

mowveuli aragvis erisTavi Tavis mcvels moakvlevina. es informacia

da TeaTinel misionerTa sxva werilebi italielma avtorma barTlomeo

ferom gamoaqveyna Tavis naSromSi `TeaTinel misionerTa istoria~.22

sxvadasxva werilobiT wyaroTa monacemebis urTierTSejerebisa

da analizis safuZvelze naTeli xdeba, rom Teimuraz mefe piradad ar

iyo dakavSirebuli simon mefis mkvlelobasTan, Tumca es zedmiwevniT

zustad miesadageboda mis interesebs. marTlac, zemoxsenebuli

tragikuli movlenebis Sedegad, iranis xelisuflebis xeldasxmiT,

Teimurazma sawadeli aisrula da qarTlis samefo taxti miiRo. isqander

munSis sityviT, Sahis wyalobiT amieridan Teimurazis samefo ayvavebisa

da aRmavlobis gzas daadga.23 magram Teimurazis keTilganwyoba iranis

xelisuflebis mimarT moCvenebiTi aRmoCnda, rac maleve gamomJRavnda.

amis naTeli dasturia 1632 wels daud-xan undilaZisa da mis mier

organizebuli ajanyeba, ris Sesaxebac zemoT iyo saubari.

amrigad, ganja-yarabaRis ajanyebis marcxis Semdgom qarTlis

20 aq, uTuod, daviT (daTuna) batoniSvili unda igulisxmebodes.


22 Bartlomeo Ferro, Istoria della Missioni de Chierici Regolari Teatini con le Descricione de Regni, de Quattro Regni della Georgia: Iberia, Odishi, Gurieli, Imereti, t. I (Roma, 1704), 120; ilia tabaRua,

saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignTsacavebSi, t. III (Tbilisi, 1987), 173.


nana gelaSvili

57

samefo taxti 1633 wels rostomma daikava. misi zeobis sxvadasxva

aspeqtebi saTanadodaa gaSuqebuli istoriografiaSi, amasTan, ara

calsaxad; mkvlevarTa erTi nawili mis mmarTvelobas dadebiTad

afasebs, garkveuli nawili ki – uaryofiTad. jer kidev akad. iv.

javaxiSvili xazs usvamda rostomis orbunebovan politikas, kerZod,

rogorc iranuli, ise qarTuli politikis gamtarebels.24 upirveles

yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom Sah sefis mier xeldasxmuli rostomi

erTgulad da pirnaTlad asrulebda masze dakisrebul movaleobas,

Tumca imavdroulad, SefarviT Tu Riad, Tavisi mSobliuri mxaris

sakeTildReodac iRvwoda. Tavis mxriv, iranis xelisufleba mis

saSinao politikaSi TiTqmis ar ereoda, maT Soris, arc qristianobas

devnida. aqedan gamomdinare, qarTlis mefe am kuTxiT loialurobas

iCenda. Tavisi meuRlis – mariamis mxardamxar (romelic uaRresad

RvTismosavi da kulturul-saganmanaTleblo sferos didi amagdari

iyo), rostomi TiTqmis Tanabar mzrunvelobas amJRavndebda

marTlmadideblobis, kaTolikobisa da grigorianelobis mimarT. is

ara mxolod eklesiebis aRdgena-aRmSeneblobaze zrunavda, aramed

materialur daxmarebas uwevda maT da saqarTvelos farglebs miRma

arsebul monastrebsac.25 saamiso magaliTebi mravlad moipoveba

gansaxilveli periodis qarTul realobaSi, rac saubris calke Temas

warmoadgens. am konteqstSi xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebas, rom Sah

sefi, rostomis mimarT gansakuTrebul damokidebulebis gamo, zog

rameze Tvals xuWavda. amasTan, amgvari politika saqarTvelos mimarT

SemuSavebuli kompromisuli urTierTobis erT-erT Semadgenel

komponents warmoadgenda. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom samwuxarod,

am axleburi urTierTobis damyarebas Tan axlda qarTlis samefos

saxelisuflebo struqturebSi iranuli gavlenis gaZliereba. kerZod,

zogierTi Tanamdebobis qarTuli dasaxeleba sparsuliT Seicvala

(magaliTad: yorCibaSi, sufraji, naziri da sxv.), Tumca maTi arsi

igive rCeboda.26 qarTul sinamdvileSi sparsul-muslimurma adaT-

wesebma moikida fexi, garda amisa, qarTlSi yizilbaSTa garnizoni

24 ivane javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, IV (Tbilisi, 1967), 132.

25 gulqan JorJoliani, saqarTvelo XVII saukunis 30-50-ian wlebSi (Tbilisi, 1987),

55-7;

26 valerian gabaSvili, qarTuli feodaluri wyobileba XVI – XVII saukuneebSi

(Tbilisi, 1958), 270.


58

iyo Cayenebuli da TbilisSi fuli Sahis saxeliT iWreboda.27 saqar-

TveloSi islamisa da muslimuri adaT-wesebis gavrceleba arcaa

gasakviri, mezobel muslimur saxelmwifoebTan – iranTan da

osmaleTTan misi imJamindeli urTierTobis formebidan gamomdinare.

amis miuxedavad, faqtia da istoriidan calsaxad cnobilia, rom

qarTveli eri sxvadasxva saSualebiT Seurigebel brZolas ucxadebda

ucxo sarwmunoebis danergvas mSobliur miwa-wyalze.28 rostomis

mTavar mizans warmoadgenda Sida omebisagan da gareSe mtrisagan

dauZlurebul qarTlis samefoSi mSvidobianobis damyareba da same-

urneo-ekonomikuri aRorZinebis miRweva. amasTan, es yvelaferi iranis

saxelmwifoebriv interesTa CarCos ar unda gadascdenoda, rasac is

SesaniSnavad axerxebda.

iranis xelisuflebam mSvidobiani diplomatiuri urTierToba

daamyara agreTve odiSis mTavarTan – levan dadianTan (1611-57) mas Semdeg,

rac rostom mefem colad SeirTo levanis da – mariami. xsenebul qorwine-

bas politikuri datvirTva hqonda, ramdenadac is metad xelsayreli iyo

rogorc qarTlis mefisaTvis saqarTveloSi poziciebis ganmtkicebis

TvalsazrisiT, ise odiSis mTavrisaTvis; kerZod, rostomTan naTesauri

kavSiris Sekvra mas uadvilebda brZolas Teimurazisa da imereTis

mefis winaaRmdeg, romlebTanac, rostomis msgavsad, Zveli mtroba

hqonda. isqander munSis momdevno xanis iraneli mematianis mohamad

iusufis informaciiT, levans imisTvis surda rostomTan danaTesaveba,

rom àm gziT qveynis safarvelis sasaxlis zRurblis monaTa ricxvSi

moxvedriliyo~29 anu iranis Sahis kars dakavSireboda. rostom mefem,

rogorc Sah sefis xeldasxmulma, Tavisi daqorwinebis sakiTxi jer masTan

SeaTanxma. Sahma moiwona misi arCevani da Zvirfasi saqorwilo saCuqrebic

gamougzavna. TiTqos yvelaferi rigze iyo, magram Teimurazisa da

imereTis mefis, giorgis ZalisxmeviT qorwineba cotaTi gaWianurda. saqme

is iyo, rom qorwinebis CaSlis mizniT, maT saomari operacia wamoiwyes.

mohamad iusufis gadmocemiT, rostomi da odiSis mTavari, romlebic

27

25-7.28 karlo kucia, „sefianTa iranisa da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos urTierTobis

religiuri aspeqti“, Dedicatio, istoriul-filologiuri Ziebani (Tbilisi, 2001),

369; nana gelaSvili, „religiuri aspeqti rostom mefis mmarTvelobaSi (1633-1658)“,

nodar Sengelia 75, red. roin metreveli (Tbilisi, 2008), 121-2.

29 iusufi, xuld-e barin, 158.

nana gelaSvili

59

informirebulni iyvnen mowinaaRmdegeTa gegmis Taobaze, maT imereTis

sazRvarTan Causafrdnen da sisxlismRvreli Setakebis Sedegad, mteri

daamarcxes. yovelive amis Semdeg rostom mefem Tavis samflobeloSi

didi zar-zeimiT gadaixada qorwili.30 analogiurad, magram ufro mokled

mogviTxroben am movlenaTa Sesaxeb mohamad iusufis Tanamedrove

mematiane mohamad ma’sumi31 da qarTuli saistorio wyaroebi.32 evropeli

avtorebidan sayuradReboa italieli misioneris don juzepe judiCe

milanelis cnobebi, romelic gansaxilvel periodSi samegreloSi

imyofeboda. misi gadmocemiT, rostomma gadawyvita odiSis mTavarTan

danaTesaveba mis daze daqorwinebiT. `dadianma da rostomma gadawyvites

orive mxridan omi gaumarTon imereTis mefes, raTa mere Suaze gaiyon es

mxare im sababiT, rom imereTSi gadmoxvewil Teimurazs imereTis mefem

TavSesafari misca~.33

cxadia, rom iranis politikuri miznebisaTvis odiSis da

qarTlis kavSiri Zalze xelsayreli iyo, upirveles yovlisa im Tval-

sazrisiT, rom Sahis erTguli pirovneba – rostomi saqarTveloSi

poziciebs gaimyarebda, amasTanave levan dadianic Tavisi momxre

didebulebiTurT, iranis poziciebis damcveli xdeboda. es yvelaferi

ki imereTis winaaRmdeg erToblivi warmatebuli brZolis sawindars

warmoadgenda da rac mTavaria, iran-osmaleTis omis SemTxvevaSi,

uaRresad mniSvnelovani faqtori iqneboda. rogorc Cans, yovelive

zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, farsadan gorgijaniZis gadmocemiT,

`50 000 marCili Sah sefi yaens gamoegzavna levan dadianisaTvis~. misive

cnobiT, amas male mohyva odiSis mTavris mier iranSi elCobis gagzavna.34

amrigad, rostomisa da odiSis mTavris damoyvrebam mniSvnelovani

cvlilebebi gamoiwvia politikur ZalTa TanafardobaSi, rogorc qveynis

SigniT, ise mis sazRvrebs miRma. gansakuTrebiT mwvave reaqcia mohyva

mas osmaleTis xelisuflebis mxridan. XVII saukunis Turqi istorikosis

mustafa naimas gadmocemiT, osmaleTis sultani Zalze SeaSfoTa

30 iqve, 159.

31 mohamad ma’sum, xulasaT as-siiar, peterburgis aRmosavleTmcodneobis

institutis xelnawerTa ganyofileba, mikrofilmi 127, 80a-80b (sparsul enaze).

32 egnataSvili, „axali qarTlis cxovreba. pirveli teqsti“, 419; vaxuSti, „aRwera

samefosa saqarTvelosa“, 441, 828; cxovreba saqarTveloisa (parizis qronika), 51.

33 don juzepe judiCe milaneli, werilebi saqarTveloze, XVII saukune, italiuri

teqsti Targmna, winasityvaoba da SeniSvnebi daurTo beJan giorgaZem (Tbilisi,

1964), 34.

34 gorgijaniZe, „istoria“, 241-2.


60

saqarTvelodan miRebulma cnobam rostomis qorwinebis Sesaxeb, rad-

ganac amaSi is xedavda osmaleTis winaaRmdeg mtruli politikuri

nabijis gamovlinebas rogorc iranis, ise odiSis mTavris mxridan.

amas zed daerTo informacia imis Sesaxeb, rom iranis xelisufleba,

dadiani, gurieli da maTTan erTad `30 aTasamde saqarTvelos urwmuno

mosaxleoba~ gaerTiandnen da Savi zRvis sanapiromde miaRwies, riTac

safrTxe Seuqmnes goniosa da trapizonis sazRvrebs.35 analogiuria

meore Turqi istorikosis, qaTib Celebis mier mowodebuli cnobac.36

amis Sedegi iyo is, rom sultanma murad IV-m (1623-1640) saswrafod

radikaluri RonisZiebebis gatareba daiwyo sasazRvro teritoriebis

gasamagreblad. 1634 wels osmaleTis jari samegreloSi SeiWra da

sastikad aaoxra. amis gamo dadiani, Semdeg ki gurielic iZulebulni

gaxdnen osmaleTis sultnisaTvis morCileba gamoecxadebinaT.37

Seqmnili politikuri situaciidan gamomdinare, Teimuraz me-

femac icvala politikuri orientacia (Tumca droebiTi), rogorc

rostomTan, ise Sah sefisTan damokidebulebaSi. rogorc Cans, man

adekvaturad Seafasa imxanad arsebuli viTareba da kompromisze

wasvla arCia. kerZod, Teimurazma qarTlis mefes Serigeba sTxova,

Sah sefis keTilganwyobis mosapoveblad ki ganacxada, rom mas Tavisi

qaliSvils– TinaTins gaugzavnida. farsadan gorgijaniZis gadmocemiT,

gulmowyale rostomma Teimurazis Txovna Seismina da amis Sesaxeb

iranis Sahs acnoba.38 iranis xelisuflebisaTvis Teimurazis Semorigeba

metad drouli da sasurveli iyo, ramdenadac qveynis sagareo viTareba

imxanad sakmaod mZime iyo; rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, osmaleTis saomar

operaciebs axorcielebda amierkavkasiis regionSi, riTac axali biZgi

mieca iransa da osmaleTs Soris mimdinare gauTavebel oms.

rac Seexeba Teimurazis qaliSvilis iranSi gamgzavrebas da

mis Semdgom bed-iRbals, saistorio wyaroebSi amis Taobaze azrTa

sxvadasxvaobaa. farsadan gorgijaniZis gadmocemiT, Sahis survilisamebr

35 mustafa naima, cnobebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis Sesaxeb, Turquli teqsti

qarTuli TargmaniT, gamokvleviTa da SeniSvnebiT gamosacemad moamzada nodar

Sengeliam (Tbilisi, 1979), 190.

36 giuli alasania, „saqarTvelos istoriis zogierTi sakiTxi qaTib Celebis

cnobaTa Suqze“, macne, istoriis, eTnografiis da xelovnebis istoriis seria, 2

(1973), 236.

37 mixeil svaniZe, saqarTvelo-osmaleTis istoriis narkvevebi (Tbilisi, 1990),

237.

38 gorgijaniZe, „istoria“, 244.

nana gelaSvili

61

rostomma TinaTini Zvirfasi mziTviT iranSi gaamgzavra. sapasuxod, Sah

sefim Teimurazi kaxeTis mefed aRadgina, jamagiri dauniSna da Zvirfasi

saCuqrebic gamougzavna. TinaTini man colad SeirTo, mogvianebiT ki, misi

brZanebiT, is mouxrCviaT.39 rusi elCebis e. miSeckisa da i. kluCarevis

informaciis Tanaxmad, romlebic 1640-1643 ww. Teimuraz mefesTan

molaparakebebs awarmoebdnen kaxeTSi, TinaTini moklul iqna iranis

momdevno Sahis, abas II-is (1642-1666) mier.40 Tvali gavadevnoT sparsul

wyaroTa monacemebs aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSrebiT. mohamad iusufis

sityviT, `rodesac Teimurazi amboxebis Rrma Zilidan gamofxizlda,

danaSaulis gamosyidvis mizniT, Sah sefis Tavisi qaliSvili gaugzavna~.

amis samagierod Sahma mas kaxeTis samefo daubruna. swored am dros iranSi

Setyobineba movida imereTis mefis, giorgis gardacvalebis Sesaxeb.41 aq

iraneli mematiane aSkarad urevs movlenebis Tanamimdevrobas, radganac

Sah sefim Teimurazi kaxeTis mefed 1635 wels aRadgina, imereTis

mefe ki ramdenime wlis Semdeg – 1639 wels gardaicvala. analogiuria

mohamad ma’sumis naSromSi daculi informacia im gansxvavebiT, rom iq

miTiTebulia, TiTqos rostomma Tavad Caiyvana Teimurazis qaliSvili

iranSi da Sah sefis mihgvara.42 TinaTinis tragikuli aRsasrulis Sesaxeb

ki sparsul wyaroebSi araferia naTqvami.

frangi mogzauris Jan batist tavernies cnobis Tanaxmad, mTvralma

Sah sefim Tavisi dedis waqezebiT, romelsac TinaTini sZulda, mas

xanjliT yeli gamosWra.43 adam oleariusic mogviTxrobs TinaTinis iranSi

Casvlisa da masze Sah sefis daqorwinebis Sesaxeb, magram misi Semdgomi

bedis Taobaze arafers ambobs.44 cnobilia, rom oleariusi isfahanSi 1637

wlis agvistos dasawyisSi Cavida, rodesac kaxeTis mefis asuli ukve Sah

sefis meuRleTa Soris iricxeboda. TeaTineli misioneris don pietro

avitabiles gadmocemiT, Teimurazi 1634 wlis ianvridan moyolebuli

SiSiT eloda iranidan brZanebas qaliSvilis gagzavnis Taobaze, romelic

Turme ukve 10 weli iranis Sahis colad iTvleboda. amitomac man qarTlis

39 iqve.

40

41 iusufi, xuld-e barin, 230.

42 ma’sumi, xulasaT as-siiar, 164 b.

43 Johann Baptista Tavernier, Beschreibung der Sechs Reisen in Turkey, Persien und Indien (Genf, 1681), 285.

44

., 879.


mefes miabara TinaTini da àxla yovel wuTs ucdian Sahis mosvlas mis

wasayvanad~.45 1635 wlis seqtemberSi Teimurazis mier ruseTis mefisadmi

gagzavnil werilidan ki Cans, rom misi asuli, romelsac Sahi daJinebiT

iTxovda, jer kidev saqarTveloSi imyofeboda~.46

zemoT xsenebul wyaroebSi daculi monacemebis da istoriuli

movlenebis ganviTarebis analizi calsaxad gviCvenebs, rom Teimurazi

yvelanairad cdilobda SahisaTvis micemuli pirobis Sesrulebis

gaWianurebas. sabolood, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, TinaTini mainc

aRmoCnda iranis samefo karze, rac savaraudod 1635 wlis Semodgomidan

1637 wlis agvistomde drois SualedSi unda momxdariyo.

saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi urTierTobis sasurvelad daregu-

lirebis Semdeg, Sah sefi osmaleTTan mimdinare omis peripetiebze

gadaerTo. Tavisi garemocvis TavdajerebulobiT gulmocemuli

Sah sefi (romelic naklebad erkveoda saxelmwifo saqmeebSi) saomar

frontze sefianTa saxelmwifosaTvis warmatebuli gardatexis moxdenas

imedovnebda, magram movlenebi sxvagvarad warimarTa; yizilbaSebs ar

ZaluZdaT osmalTa mZlavr SeiraRebul ZalebTan gamklaveba, romlebic

sul ufro warmatebul SeiaraRebul operaciebs axorcielebdnen

amierkavkasiis regionSi.47 ramdenadac es saubris calke Temas warmoadgens,

aq mxolod imis aRniSvniT SemovifarglebiT, rom 1639 wels iran-osmaleTs

Soris samSvidobo zavi daido, romelic faqtobrivad 1555 wlis amasiis

zavis pirobebs imeorebda. kerZod, aRmosavleT saqarTvelo wilad ergo

sefianTa saxelmwifos, dasavleT saqarTvelo – osmaleTs. siaxle ki is

iyo, rom samcxe-saaTabago mTlianad osmaleTis mflobelobaSi gadavida.48

uSualod saqarTvelo-iranis urTierTobebi XVII saukunis 40-

iani wlebis damdegs uwindeburad mSvidobian xasiaTs atarebda.

amis ganmsazRvrel faqtorebs warmoadgenda erTi mxriv, rostom

mefis dabalansebuli mmarTvelobis forma da meore mxriv, Sah sefis

gulTbili damokidebuleba mis mimarT, rac mniSvnelovanwilad

zurgs umagrebda rostoms. swored amis Sedegi iyo, rom qarTlSi

45 don pietro avitabile, cnobebi saqarTveloze (XVII saukune), Sesavali, Targmani

da komentarebi beJan giorgaZis (Tbilisi, 1977), 68.

46

47 naima, cnobebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis Sesaxeb, 75-7; ibrahim feCevis cnobebi

saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis Sesaxeb, 91.

48 mixeil svaniZe, TurqeTis istoria (Tbilisi, 2007), 208-9.

nana gelaSvili

63

mSvidobianobam daisadgura, Sida omebic droebiT minelda da rac

mTavaria, Sewyda gareSe mtris TareSi. Tumca, gasaTvaliswinebelia is

garemoeba, rom zogadad saqarTveloSi stabilurobis ganmtkicebas

sagrZnoblad amuxruWebda qarTvel mefe-mTavrebs Soris arsebuli

dapirispireba. es ki Tavis mxriv, xels uSlida gare samyarosTan

qveynisaTvis sasargeblo saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis ganviTarebas.

Sah sefi I moulodnelad gardaicvala 1642 wlis maisSi (is mxolod

31 wlisa iyo), ris Semdegac misma vaJma sulTan muhamad mirzam daika-

va samefo taxti Sah abas II-is saxeliT (1642-66). marTalia, aRniSnuli

droisaTvis iranis teritoriuli sazRvrebi da gavlenis sferoebi

ufro Semcirebuli iyo, vidre Sah sefis gamefebisas, magram ufro

mniSvnelovani faqtori is iyo, rom qveyanas ar emuqreboda raime

seriozuli gareSe safrTxe, gansakuTrebiT osmaleTis mxridan.

es sakmaod pozitiuri garemoeba miewereba ara imdenad Sah sefis,

ramdenadac gansakuTrebuli kompetenciis mqone maRalCinosnebs mis

samefo karze.49 amave dros, faqtia, rom swored Sah sefis zeobis xanis

miwuruls gamoikveTa pirvelad susti mxareebi sefianTa saxelmwifos

struqturebSi, ramac gadamwyveti roli Seasrula momdevno xanebSi

mmarTveli sefianTa dinastiis daqveiTebasa da saboloo damxobaSi.

avitabile don pietro. cnobebi saqarTveloze (XVII saukune).

Sesavali, Targmani da komentarebi beJan giorgaZis. Tbilisi, 1977

alasania giuli. saqarTvelos istoriis zogierTi sakiTxi qaTib

Celebis cnobaTa Suqze. macne, istoriis, eTnografiis da xelovnebis

istoriis seria, 2, 1973

arCili. gabaaseba Teimurazisa da rusTavelisa. Cveni saunje. t. 4.

Tbilisi, 1960

batoniSvili vaxuSti. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa. qarTlis


yauxCiSvilis mier. t. IV. Tbilisi, 1973

gabaSvili valerian. qarTuli feodaluri wyobileba XVI-XVII

saukuneebSi. Tbilisi, 1958

gelaSvili nana. erTxel kidev rostom xanis qarTlSi gamefebis

49 The Cambridge History of Iran, 288.


64

sakiTxisaTvis. macne, istoriis, eTnografiis da xelovnebis istoriis

seria, 2, 1993

gelaSvili nana. mir Temur maraSis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. iv.

javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, 338, 2001

gelaSvili nana. religiuri aspeqti rostom mefis mmarTvelobaSi

(1633-1658). nodar Sengelia 75. red. roin metreveli. Tbilisi, 2008

gelaSvili nana. Sah sefi I-is gamefebis sakiTxisaTvis. daviT

kacitaZe 80. red. giuli alasania. Tbilisi, 2009

gorgijaniZe farsadan. istoria. gamomcemeli sargis kakabaZe.

saistorio moambe, 2, 1925

egnataSvili beri. axali qarTlis cxovreba. pirveli teqsti.



ibrahim feCevis cnobebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis Sesaxeb. teqsti

qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosca, Sesavali da SeniSvnebi daurTo sergi

jiqiam. Tbilisi, 1964

iusuf mohamad. xuld-e barin. be Tashih-e sohiel xansari. Teirani,

1991 (sparsul enaze)

kucia karlo. sefianTa iranisa da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

urTierTobis religiuri aspeqti. Dedicatio, istoriul-filologiuri

Ziebani. Tbilisi, 2001

ma’sum mohamad. xulasaT as-siiar. peterburgis aRmosavleT-

mcodneobis institutis xelnawerTa ganyofileba, mikrofilmi 127

(sparsul enaze)

munSi isqander. abasis qveynis damamSvenebeli istoriis gagrZeleba.

sparsul teqsts gamokvleva, qarTuli Targmani, SeniSvnebi da

saZieblebi daurTo nana gelaSvilma. Tbilisi, 1981

naima mustafa. cnobebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis Sesaxeb. Tur-

quli teqsti qarTuli TargmaniT, gamokvlevebiTa da SeniSvnebiT gamo-

sacemad moamzada nodar Sengeliam. Tbilisi, 1979

JorJoliani gulqan. saqarTvelo XVII saukunis 30-50-ian wlebSi.

Tbilisi, 1987

semnani mohamad ahmad fenahi. Sah abbas-e qabir mard-e hezar Cahre.

Teirani, 1991 (sparsul enaze)

svaniZe mixeil. saqarTvelo-osmaleTis istoriis narkvevebi.

Tbilisi, 1990

tabaRua ilia. saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi. t. III.

Tbilisi, 1987

nana gelaSvili

65

falsafi nasrola. zendegani-e Sah abbas-e avval, II. Teirani, 1954

(sparsul enaze)

fuTuriZe vladimer. sparsuli istoriuli sabuTebi saqarTvelos

wignTsacavebSi. wigni I, nakv. I. Tbilisi, 1961

qronikebi da sxva masala saqarTvelos istoriisa da mwerlobisa.

Sekrebili, qronologiurad dawyobili da axsnili Tedo Jordanias

mier. wigni II. Tbilisi, 1897

cxovreba saqarTvelosa (parizis qronika). teqsti moamzada,

SeniSvnebi da saZiebeli daurTo giuli alasaniam. Tbilisi, 1980

javad maSqur mohammad. Tarix-e iran zaman az rugzar-e basTan Ta

asr-e zaher. Teirani, 1977 (sparsul enaze)

javaxiSvili ivane. qarTveli eris istoria. t. IV. Tbilisi, 1967

judiCe milaneli don juzepe. werilebi saqarTveloze, XVII saukune.

italiuri teqsti Targmna, winasityvaoba da SeniSvnebi daurTo beJan

giorgaZem. Tbilisi, 1964

The Cambridge History of Iran. vol. 6. The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Edited by Peter Jackson and Laurence Lockhart. Cambridge, 1986

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Moreen, Vera. B. The Status of Religious Minorities in Safavid Iran 1617-1661. Journal of Near Eastern Studies. vol. 40, 2, 1981

Tavernier, Johann Baptista. Beschreibung der Sechs Reisen in Turkey, Persien und Indien. Genf, 1681


66 nana gelaSvili

Iranian-Georgian Relations during the Reign of Shah Safi I

Nana Gelahsvili

Summary

The present paper covers the cardinal moments of relationship between Safavid Iran

pursued a policy of compromise, inherited from his grandfather Shah Abbas I (1587-1629). At the time relations of the two countries entered a new phase, revealing almost all capacities of political, economic and cultural spheres. The relations found this clearest expression during the reign of Rostom Bagrationi (1633-58) in Eastern Georgia, who

interests, without forgetting the adversity of his native land. On the one hand, he labored to restore Christian churcles, launching building activities, while on the other hand it was under Rostom’s rule that Iranian traditions and posts were widely spread in Georgia. Despite this, pursuing a moderate and balanced course, Rostom managed to preserve the state’s administrative system, the socio-economic structure of the country. In his turn,

negative aspects and did not interfere in his domestic policy. All the questions raised are reviewed in the paper on the basis of critical analysis

of different (Georgian, Oriental and European) written sources as well as the logical development of the historical facts and phenomena of the period studied.


XVI saukuneSi gaZlierebulma osmaleTma aRmosavleT amierkavkasia

daikava. iranSi gatarebuli samxedro reformebis da didi mzadebis

Semdeg, 1603 wels Sah abas I-ma (1587-1629) osmaleTis winaaRmdeg daiwyo

omi. Sahis umTavresi mizani iranis dakarguli poziciebis dabruneba

da aRmosavleT kavkasiidan osmalebis saboloo gandevna iyo. iran-

osmaleTis am omSi qarTlis mefe giorgi X (1600-1606) da kaxeTis mefe

aleqsandre II (1574-1605) iZulebulni gaxdnen Sah abasis mxare daeWiraT.

manamde – 1601 wels, giorgi X-m osmalTagan lore gaaTavisufla.1 omis

dasawyisSi, pirvel etapze, Sah abasma erevnis cixis aReba gadawyvita,

uzarmazari armiiT mivida da erevnis osmalur garnizons alya

Semoartya.

1604 wels Sah abasma, qarTlis mefe giorgi X-m da kaxeTis mefe

aleqsandre II-m sastikad daamarcxes osmalebi erevanTan omSi. omSi

monawileobisa da warmatebis gamo Sahma qarTveli mefeebi ùxvad~

daajildova. giorgi mefes iranSi soflebi misca da 300 Tumani jamagiri

dauniSna. samagierod lore da mdinare debedas xeoba gamosTxova.2 `da

SeuZnda friad da rameTu ara eZlo uari Saabazisa da daaneba lore

da daipyra cixe lorisa Saabaz~.3 ase Seiqmna loreSi saxano. ioane

batoniSvilis cnobis mixedviT, rodesac Sahma loreSi Tavisi jari

daayena, `muneburi meliqi mivida winaSe Saabazisa da miiRo mamadianoba,

romlisaTvis jildod Saabazman gaaTavada da misca gvarad meliqobaÁ

1 givi jamburia, ìran-osmaleTis axali omi da qarTl-kaxeTis samefoebi~,

saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. III (Tbilisi, 1973), 245.

2 jamburia, ìran-osmaleTis axali omi da qarTl-kaxeTis samefoebi~, 247.

3 àxali qarTlis cxovreba~, mesame teqsti, qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili

yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT simon yauxCiSvilis mier, t. II (Tbilisi, 1959),

537.

IV

68

da mamuli loris xeobasa Sina saxasoTagan mefisa~.4 vaxuStic xazs

usvams meliqiSvilTa Sah-abasis periodidan dawinaurebas, maT somxur

warmomavlobas da aRniSnavs, rom – meliqiSvili ara aris guari, aramed

somexsa visme pativsca Saabaz gamohmadianebisTvis~.5 rogorc Cans,

loris mflobeloba meliqebma Sahisgan swored gamahmadianebis gamo

miiRes.

lores cixesa da md. debedis mTeli xeobis dapatronebiT iranis

mbrZanebelma saqarTvelos samxreTi karis gasaRebi Caigdo xelSi.

amitomaa, rom vaxuSti am moments gulisxmobs, roca xazgasmiT aRniSnavs

im faqts, Tu rogor aiZula Sah-abasma qarTlis mefes, daeTmo lore.

`SeuZnda ese friad mefesa da miugo: `velodi jildod Sengan sxvasaca

qalaqsa samsaxurisaTvis mamisa Cuenisa da ara mixumasa sazRvarTa

damtareba qarTlisa... amisTÂs ufros aiZulebda, raTa misces lore da

gamosvlisaTÂs berdujis mdinarisa~.6

dRemde, qarTul istoriografiaSi, Sah abasis mier qvemo qarTlis

miwebis CamoWra da loris saxanos Seqmna naklebad iyo Seswavlili. am

faqtis Sesaxeb arsebuli masalebiT naTeli xdeba, rom Sahma lores

mxare samarTavad misca erT sagvareulos, romelic droTa viTarebaSi

or Stod gaiyo, es iyo loris meliqi, romelic lores cixeSi ijda da

somxiTis meliqi, romelic axtalaSi iyo.

prof. robert hiusenis azriT, romelic, Tavis mxriv, mTlianad

prof. kiril Tumanovis mosazrebas eyrdnoba,7 somxiTis meliqebi,

bebuTaSvilebis gvaris (Tbilisis meliq-mamasaxlisebi XVIII s.) avanianTa

Stos warmomadgenlebi iyvnen.8 amave azrisaa frangi mecnieri Jak

feranic, romelsac Tavis naSromSi xaCenis da gardmanis feodalis,

vasakis (XIII s.), mTeli genealogia mohyavs. vasakis mecamete STamomavali

yofila nazar-saruxani (igive miriman I), xolo misi Zeebi iyvnen meliqi

dai (loreSi) da meliqi mirimani (igive sefiyuli-begi) (somxiTSi).9

4 ioane batoniSvili, SemoklebiT aRwera saqarTvelosa Sina mcxovrebTa TavadTa

da aznaurTa gvarebisa (Tbilisi, 1997), 34.

5 vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, qarTlis cxovreba,

teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT simon yauxCiSvilis mier,

t. IV (Tbilisi, 1973), 34-5.

6 vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, 156.

7 C. Toumanoff, Studies in Christian Caucasian History (Washington 1963), 217, n. 250.8 Robert H. Hewsen, The Meliks of eastern Armenia III, «Revue des etudes Armenienne» novella

serie, Tome XI (Paris, 1975-1976), 298.9 Jacques Ferrand, Familles Princières de Géorgie (Montreuil, 1983), 127-8.


69

meliqebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb igive mosazreba ufro adre gamoTqmuli

aqvs roman ermerins,10 am bolo wlebSi yovelive amas iziareben stanislav

dumini da iuri Ciqovanic.11

nazar saruxani

miriman I

sefiyuli-begi dai

miriman II

somxiTis meliqebi loris meliqebi

meliqiSvilebi loris meliqiSvilebi

nel-nela lores meliqi da somxiTis meliqi qvemo qarTlSi, musli -

muri aRmsareblobis da erTmaneTis konkurent dinastiebad iqcnen.12

ori ves warmateba Tavidanve iranis Sahis erT gul samsaxurze iyo

damokidebuli. yvela meliqi cdilobda SahisTvis saimedo dasayrdeni

yofiliyo, raTa meti warmatebisTvis mieRwia. iranSi maT sagva -

reuloTa araerTi warmomadgeneli sxvadasxva maRal sapasuxismgeblo

Tanamdebobaze iyo daniSnuli. Tavdapirvelad upiratesobas loris

meliqi flobda da swored is iyo `loris xanic~, magram sul male,

viTareba Seicvala da SahTan piradi urTierTobis xarjze, somxiTis

meliqma upiratesoba moipova. amasTanave, savaraudod, isev Sahis

xelSewyobiT, isic moaxerxa, rom qarTul feodalur ierarqiaSi loris

meliqi aznaurad, xolo somxiTis meliqi, anu TviTon, Tavadad aRiricxa.13

10 R. I. Ermerin, Annuaire de la Noblesse de Russie, contenant les prince de lÈmpire, augmenté dùn grand nombre de notices sur les familles alliées (Sankt-Peterburg, 1899), 215.

11 maT naSromSi moyvanilia meliqiSvilebis gvaris genealogiuri tabula,

romelSic sakmao uzustobebia gaparuli. amis gamo igi Semdgomi kvlvisaTvis sando

dasayrdeni ver iqneba. ix. ,IV,

12 maTi sagvareulos ganStoeba iyo Tbilisis meliqebis nawilic (meliq aslanis

da meliq enalas STamomavlebi, vrclad ix. aleqsandre boSiSvili, `Tbilisis

meliqis saxelos da qronologiis Sesaxeb~, Tsu saqarTvelos istoriis institutis

Sromebi, 3 (2011), 154-64.

13 saxlis ufrosi aRiniSneboda, rogorc loris meliqi, xolo saxlikacebi aznaur loris

meliqiSvilebad, aseve somxiTis meliqi, an meliqi da saxlikacebi Tavadi meliqiSvili.

sameliqo qvemo qarTlSi

70

loris meliqi

loris meliqiSvilebi, rogorc aRiniSna, aznauris tituliT

sargeblobdnen da bolomde aznaurebad darCnen. Tumca, SahTan

daaxlovebis gamo, maT sxva qarTul sagvareuloebTan SedarebiT

upiratesoba hqondaT, radganac piradad Sah abasisgan hqondaT miRebuli

mamulis da saxelos samkvidrod da Seuvalad flobis firmani.14

loris meliqebi, iseve rogorc somxiTis meliqebi da Sahis mier

saqarTveloSi dawinaurebuli sxva pirebi, muslimebi iyvnen da swored

muslimobis gamo mieniWaT maT aseTi privilegiebi. mogvianebiT, lo ris

meliqebma monofizituri qristianoba miiRes da samsaxuri qarTlis

sa mefoSi lores mxaris boqaulis Tanamdebobaze ganagrZes. am dros

gaCnda or magi gvaric, romelSic gaerTianebuli iyo Tanamdeboba

da moRvaweobis adgili.15 loris meliqi iyo loris boqauli da

qalanTari16, xolo misi Svilebi da saxlikacebi loris-meliqiSvilebad

moixseniebian. XIX saukuneSi rusuli administraciis damyarebis Semdeg,

gvari loris meliqiSvili, rusuli variantiT – loris-meliqovi (

), Seicvala.

1768 wels giorgi batoniSvilma `loris qalanTars papas da meliqs

me liqjanas~ wyalobis wigni uboZa, `Tqven mamapapiT loris da banbakis

moÃele ni yofilxarT da rusubic gqoniaT da Ãelmwifeebisganac

naboZebi rayame bi gaqvsTo~. magram radgan glexebi loredan ayrilebi

da aRjayalaSi Sexiz nulebi yofilan, amitom batoniSvili qalanTars

da meliqs ubrZanebs, rom komlze cxra Saurze meti ar aiRon da

rodesac lore da banbaki moSen deba, Semdeg yvela sargo miecemaT~.

iqve, batoniSvili, qevxebsa da qeTxudebs meliqis da qalanTaris

sasargeblod gadasaxadis droulad gadaxdas ubrZanebda.17

14

2005), 109; saqarTvelos centraluri saistorio arqivi (scsa), f. 1450, 18/60.

15 , . . - ,” 110.16 qalanTari sparsuli sityvaa da policiis ufrosi da samoqalaqo saqmeebis

gamgea. savaraudod loris meliqisSvilis ganStoeba unda iyos qalanTrisSvi-

lic. qalanTrisSvilebi georgievskis traqtatSi, samefo aznaurebis siaSi, lo-

ris meliqisSvilebis momdevno adgilze arian Cawerili. qalanTroba swored

loris meliqisSvilebs ekavaT memkvidreobiT. ioane batoniSvilis mixedviT,

qalanTrisSvilis (samefo aznaurni qarTlisani) `winaparni arian mosrulni

ganjidgan yazaxsa Sina, romelnica iyvnen moxeleni sparsTa enisaebr qalanTarni~.

ioane batoniSvili, SemoklebiT aRwera saqarTvelosa Sina mcxovrebTa TavadTa

da aznaurTa gvarebisa, 67.

17 scsa, f. 1450-18/57.


71

1780-ian wlebSi meliqiSvilebs zaaliSvilebma dauwyes dava.

gabriela zaaliSvili Cioda, rom Cvenc meliqebis saxlis wevrebi varT

da wils ar gvaZ leveno. loris meliqiSvilebi ki pasuxobdnen, rom

egeni arc Cveni saxli kacebi arian da arc wili ergebaTo. 1789 wels

sasamarTlos warudgines ram denime sigeli. arcerT maTganSi arc es

zaaliSvilebi da arc maTi winap rebi ar aRmoCndnen Cawerilebi.18

am saqmem, rogorc Cans, loris meliqiSvilebis gvarSi mwvaved daaye-

na sakiTxi, rom Tavisi sagvareulos warmomavlobis damadasturebeli

dokumenti aRedginaT. loris meliqiSvilebs Sahisgan naboZebi firmani

1795 wels aRa mahmad xanis Semosevis dros daukargavT.19 amitom, 1798

wels Seadgines sabuTi, romelSic lorisa da fanba kis meliqiSvili

avTandili da misi Ze, stefane, weren, rom Cven saqarTvelos mefeTagan,

eranis mepatroneT sefebielT20 ÃelmwifeTagan, imaTgan qarTlSi

warmogzavnilis sardlebisagan da qarTlSi myofs osmalo saraskere-

bisagan boZebuli Cvenis samkvidros mamulebisa saxeloT meliqobisa,

nasyidobisa da saCivris ganaCenebi bevri gvqoda da aRa mahmad xanma,

rom tfilisi qalaqi waaxdina es moxsenebuli wignebi zogi dagvekarga

da zogi dagvewva, romelic rodesme es Cveni wignebi genaxosT da an

Cveni gvartomobisa icodeT rame winaSe RTisa amaze q. nebiT mowmobis

Ãeli momiweroeT, martis ig (13) qks upv (1798 w.)~.21

sabuTze batoniSvilebis, samefos sxvadasxva moxelisa da ubralod

mow meebis xelmowerebi 1801 wlamde grZeldeboda. dokumentis xelis

momwerebs Soris arian: mdivani erasti, giorgi mefis molare giorgi

SanSiaSvili, ioane TurqistaniSvili, zaal iagulaSvili, giorgi

yorRanaSvili, farsadani, Toma ispasSvili, daviT batoniSvili, ioane

batoniSvili, bagrat batoniSvili, minbaSi solomon arRuTaSvili,

mdivani sulxani. mowmeebi adastureben da aRniSnaven, Tu ra ician am

sakiTxis Sesaxeb, sad an rogor naxes es Zveli, dakarguli, sabuTebi.22

loris qalanTaris, avTandilis, mama barxudara iyo, romelsac

aseve loris meliqisa da qalanTaris Tanamdeboba ekava. xolo Svilebi

iyvnen – enala, stefane, daviTi da aRa (ix. cxrili).

18 scsa, f. 1450-18/59.

19 scsa, f. 1450-18/60.

20 igulisxmeba sefianTa dinastia.

21 scsa, f. 1450-18/60.

22 scsa, f. 1450-18/60.


72

barxudara

avTandili

stefane enala daviTi aRa

miriani

1801 wels TavlidaranT petreSvilebis nasyidobis wignSi `loreli da

fan bakisa borCalos meliqi barxudaras Svili, avTandilasSvilebs stefanes,

ena las, daviTs da aRas~ petresSvilebma qalaqSi saxlis adgili mihyides.23

sabuTebSi, aseve Canan meliqiSvil-tainaSvilebi – gogia, avTan-

dili, Tamaza da stefane, meliq-amirxanasSvilebi – papa, meliqjan

da avTandili.24 eseni yvelani loris meliqis Svilebi arian. pirvel

SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs meliq dais saxelis variantTan, meliqi dais

saxelidan unda iyos warmomdgari taina. meliqiSvil-tainaSvilebic

amiT aixsneba. amirxana ki loris meliqi iyo, romelsac Svilebi papa,

meliqjana da avTandili hyavda. amitom sabuTebSi amirxanasSvili mamis

saxels gulisxmobs da aqac igive sagvareulosTan (loris meliqiSvili)

gvaqvs saqme. amirxanac dais/tainas STamomavali unda iyos. 1768 wlis

erTi sabuTis mixedviT cnobilia, rom amirxanas ufrosi Ze, papa, loris

qalanTari, xolo misi Zma, meliqjana, loris meliqi iyo.25

taina

amirxana

papa meliqjana avTandili26 gogia avTandili Tamaza stefane

loris loris

qalanTari meliqi

(1768) (1768)

23 scsa, f. 1450-18/58.

24 scsa, f. 1450-18/59.

25 scsa, f. 1450-18/57.

26 scsa, f. 1450-18/59.


73

mogvianebiT, 1877-78 wlebSi osmaleTTan omSi Tavis gamoCenis-

Tvis 1878 wlis 16 aprils imperatorma aleqsandre II-m (1855-81) mixeil

tarielis Ze loris-meliqiSvils grafoba da axali gerbi uboZa.27

somxiTis meliqi

somxiTis meliqebis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovani detalebi irkveva

sparsuli naratiuli wyaroebidan. somxiTis meliqi mirimani iyo

pirveli meliqi, misi Ze yorxmazi, agreTve somxiTis meliqi, Sah abass

erTgulad emsaxureboda. mirimanis meore vaJi, Tamazyuli xani, erT-

erTi upirvelesi didkaci (yularaRasi, ufliswulis aRmzrdeli) iyo

Sahis karze, xolo misi Zmiswuli sefi-yuli xani (yorxmazis Ze), jer

yolmaris da alaSqeris beglarbegi iyo, Semdeg – hamadanis, bolos,

rogorc baRdadis dampyrobeli (1623), erayis mmarTvelad ijda 1633

wlamde.28

pirveli meliqis, mirimanis, saxelis gamo meliqis saxlis war-

momadgenlebi wyaroebSi xSirad mirimaniZeebad moxseniebian, xolo

nawili, ZiriTadad TbilisSi darCenili aslan yorxmazis Ze mirimaniZis

STamomavlebi, mirimanaSvilebad.

Sahisadmi gansakuTrebuli erTgulebiT gamoirCeoda meliq

yorxmaz I-is Ze, meliqi aTa begi, igive aTabeg mirimaniZe. igi somxiTis

meliqad 1619-59 wlebis saistorio sabu TebSi moixsenieba.29

aTabegs 1616 wels bagrat xanma (bagrat VII, 1616-19) mefe luarsab II-is

(1606-14) mier nawyalobevi soflebi, qarataki da gelaqTagi, CamoarTva

da sanacvlod qvemo weraqvi uwyaloba.30

meliq aTabegi Sah abasis saqarTveloze laSqrobebis aqtiuri

monawile iyo. Sah abasis istorikosis, isqander munSis, mixedviT, 1616

wels Sahi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi mowyobili eqspediciis Semdeg,

TbilisSi Semovida, sadac bagrat xani didis ambiT daxvda. Tbilisidan

Sah abasi gaemarTa somxiTisaken da ramde nime dRe ilxenda meliq mirman

somxiTaris Svi liSvilis, aTabegis, samyofels, romelic [iranis Sahis]

27 . . - ,” 126.28 valerian gabaSvili, qarTuli feodaluri wyobileba XVI-XVII saukuneebSi

(SedarebiTi Seswavlis cda) (Tbilisi, 1958), 294.

29 pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni, XI–XVII ss. istoriuli sabuTebis mixedviT,

masalebi Sekribes da gamosacemad moamzades a. baqraZem, l. ratianma da g.

oTxmezurma, tomi Seadgines d. kldiaSvilma da m. surgulaZem, t. III (Tbilisi, 2004),

186.

30 pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni, t. III, 186; scsa, f. 1448-1024.


74 aleqsandre boSiSvili

wminda gvareulobis erTgulTa ricxvs ekuTvnoda~.31 aseTi erTgule-

bis sanacvlod meliqebi Sahisgan damatebiT uflebebsa da imunitets

iRebdnen.

1956-58 wlebis istoriul-geografiuli eqspediciis dros qvemo

qarTlSi akad. daviT musxeliSvilma marneulis raionSi, gorulis na-

soflarTan,32 1615 wels somxur enaze Sesrulebul warweras miakvlia.

man pirvelma waikiTxa es warwera da ivarauda, rom igi somxiTis meliq

aTabegs ekuTvnoda. warwera dazustda da 2009 wels xelmeored gamoica

giorgi gagoSiZisa da naTia CantlaZis mier. axal gamocemaSi avtorebi

ramdenime adgils azusteben, maT Soris, eqvsi Zmis mamis saxels (mavqosi)

da erT-erTi Zmis, mirimanis, saxelos (baRtat xani), Tumca arc amjerad

aris dadgenili warweraSi moxseniebul pirTa vinaoba. gamomcemlebi

aRniSnaven, rom àseTi ojaxis kvali araTu warweris dRevandeli

mdebareobis adgilas, aramed saerTod, somxeTis teritoriazec, arc am

da arc sxva periodSi ar dasturdeba~. Sesabamisad, avto rebs es warwera

nayalbevad miaCniaT.33

34

35

31 isqander munSis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, sparsuli teqsti qarTuli

TargmaniTa da SesavliTurT gamosca vladimer fuTuriZem (Tbilisi, 1969), 111.

32 goruli marneulis municipalitetSi, sof. ofreTTan, md. Sulaveris zemo

welze mdebareobs.

33 giorgi gagoSiZe, naTia CantlaZe, monofizituri Zeglebi saqarTveloSi

(Tbilisi, 2009), 97.

34 daviT musxeliSvili, `qvemo qarTlis istoriul-geografiuli eqspediciis sa-

vele samuSaoTa (1956-1958 ww.) Sedegebi~, saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis kre-

buli, 1 (1960), 52-3.

35 gagoSiZe, CantlaZe, monofizituri Zeglebi saqarTveloSi, 96.

daviT musxeliSvilis mixedviT giorgi gagoSiZis da naTia CantlaZis

mixedviT

1. welsa 1615. me batonma – ? –

2. aRvaSene wminda eklesia

3. xsnisaTvis sulisa Cemisa

4. myavda 6 Svili: didi batoni aT

5. abeki, romelic am qveynis meliqi

iyo, miri

6. mani, ?, ?, aslani

7. elikumi ? batoni manTaSi – ? –

1. welsa 1064 (1615) me batonma mavqosma

2. avaSene es wminda eklesia

3. Cemi sulis xsnisaTvis

4. myavda eqvsi Svili didi batoni

5. aTabeki, romelic am qveynis meliqi

iyo, mirimani

6. baRtat xani iyo, aslani

7. [..e]lgumi, batoni manTaSi, qana[...]

8. [...]

75

Cemi varaudiT, warweraSi moxseniebuli pirebi adgi lobrivi mflo-

belebi, mirimaniZeebi, anu somxiTis meliqis Svilebi (Tavadi meli-

qiSvilebi) unda iyvnen.36

àTabeki, romelic am qveynis meliqi iyo~ – zemoT naxsenebi

somxiTis meliqi aTabegia; `mirimani baRdat xani~ – meliq aTabegis Zma,

igive sefiyuli xania, romelic jer yolmaaris, alaSqeris da hamadanis

beglarbegi, bolos ki – erayis mmarTveli iyo.37 àslani~ – Tbilisis

meliqis enalas (1634-72) mamaa, romelsac aseve Tbilisis meliqis saxelo

ekava.38 `[..e]lgumi/elikumi~ – qarTul saistorio sabuTebSi naxsenebi

aTabegis kidev erTi Zma zaqumi unda iyos, romelmac safuZveli Cauyara

XVII-XVIII saukuneebis zaqumiSvilebis sagvareulos.39 batoni manTaSis~

da kidev erTi Zmis (romlis saxelic ar ikiTxeba) Sesaxeb cnobebi

saistorio sabuTebSi ar Cans.

gorulis warweraSi moxseniebuli pirebi:

mavqosi/yorxmazi

aTabegi mirimani eligumi/elikumi/zaqumi aslani manTaSi ?

1625 wels martyofis brZolaSi gamarjvebis Semdeg giorgi saakaZem

qarTlSi darCenil iranis Sahis erTgulebs Seutia. rogorc vaxuS-

ti bagrationi gadmogvcems, swored Sahis erTgulebis gamo meliq

aTabegs da mis Zmas, zaqums, 1625 wels `miuÃda amaT mouravi, xolo igini

36 aleqsandre boSiSvili, gorulis warweraSi moxseniebul pirTa vinaobis sakiT-

xisTvis~, Tsu saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi, 1 (Tbilisi, 2011), 176-83.

37 gabaSvili, qarTuli feodaluri wyobileba XVI-XVII saukuneebSi, 194; hirotake

maeda, qarTvelebi sefianTa iranSi, RulamTa oTxi ojaxis eTnosocialuri warmo-

mavloba (Tbilisi, 2008), 43.

38 scsa, f. 1450, 18/78. qalaqis meliq aslanis da gorulis warweraSi moxseniebul

aslanis identurobis Sesaxeb vrclad ix. boSiSvili, `gorulis warweraSi

moxseniebul pirTa vinaobis sakiTxisTvis~, 180.

39 pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni, XI–XVII ss. istoriuli sabuTebis mixedviT,

gamosacemad moamzades d. kldiaSvilma, m. surgulaZem, t. II (Tbilisi, 1993), 218-9;

saqarTvelos siZveleni, saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoebis gamocema, eq.

TayaiSvilis redaqtorobiT, t. III (tfilisi, 1910), 410.


76

ivltodnen da waguarna dedawulni da qonebani~.40 aTabegi ZmebTan erT-

ad iranSi gaiqca. farsadan gorgijaniZis cnobiT, iranSi gaxiznulma

meliq aTabegma da misma Zmebma mxolod XVII saukunis 30-ian wlebSi

rostom xanis (1633-58) daxmarebiT moaxerxes samSobloSi dabruneba.41

ukan dabrunebulma meliq aTabegma mdgomareoba da samflobeloebze

gavlena maSinve aRidgina.42

aTabegis gardacvalebis Semdeg, 1637-56 wlebSi, meliqi misi Svili,

yorxmaz mirimaniZe, igive yorxmaz II gaxda.43 qarTlSi im dros rostom

xani (1633-58) mefobda, rostoms ki mefobas Teimurazi ecileboda.

1642 wels qarTlSi rostomis winaaRmdeg qarTlis da kaxeTis

Tavadebis erTi jgufis monawileobiT da Teimurazis meTaurobiT

didi SeTqmuleba daigegma. SeTqmulebis mizani im dros `cotas kaciT

cxireTs~ mdgomi rostomis mokvla da Teimuraz I-is gamefeba iyo.44

sparseli istorikosis mohamed Taheris cnobiT, qarTvelma Tavadebma

`saqmeSi mokavSired gaiCines meliqi yorxamasi, somxiTis meliq aTabegis

Svili. radganac xsenebuli meliqi saxalifo sasaxlis (Sahis) erTgulTa

ricxvs ekuTvnis, amitom man Seatyobina rostom xans im urwmunoTa

borotebis Sesaxeb~.45 rostomi goris cixeSi gamagrda, Teimurazma ki,

romelic ukve metexTan iyo misuli, SeTqmulebis gacema Seityo da

ukan, kaxeTSi, dabrunda. rostomma SeTqmulebaSi monawileebi sastikad

dasaja.46

yorxmaz II, rogorc meliqi, aqtiurad iyo CarTuli samamule davebis

garCevaSi. man rostom xanis meuRlis, mariam dedoflis, brZanebiT vinme

alixanasa da ofreTelebs Soris warmoqmnili dava gaarCia.47 yorxmazma

40 vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, 434.

41 farsadan gorgijaniZe, ìstoria~, sargis kakabaZis gamocema, saistorio

moambe, t. II (Tbilisi, 1925), 32; cxovreba saqarTveloÁsa (parizis qronika), teqsti

gamosacemad moamzada, Sesavali, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo giuli alasaniam

(Tbilisi, 1980), 92.

42 pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni, t. III, 186; scsa, f. 1450-8/145.

43 pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni, t. III, 187.

44 beri egnataSvili, àxali qarTlis cxovreba~, qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti

dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. II (Tbilisi,

1959), 421; farsadan gorgijaniZe, ìstoria~, 250.

45 mohamed Taheris cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, teqsti, Targmani da SeniSvnebi

vladimer fuTuriZisa (Tbilisi, 1954), 381.

46 farsadan gorgijaniZe, ìstoria~, 250; beri egnataSvili, àxali qarTlis

cxovreba~, 422; mohamed Taheris cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, 381.



77

sufraj hamzabegisa da mdivan birTvel TumaniSvilis mamulebis da

Ralis sakiTxebze warmoqmnili dava gaariga.48 yorxmaz II-m 1640-ian

wlebSi gorulelebs da xoxmelelebs, Soris mdebare, sadavo miwa

alixana iagulaSvils uwyaloba.49

yorxmazi mowmea samebis mamasaxlisis mier papia SanSiaSvilisaTvis

micemuli nasoflaris nasyidobis wignisa50 da paata baraTaSvilis mier

Sahyula iagulaSvilisaTvis micemuli yma-mamulis gacvlis wignisa.51

yorxmazi, savaraudod, XVII s. 50-iani wlebis bolos gardaicvala, mis

Semdeg meliqi misi Svili, qamarbegi, gaxda. igi meliqi vaxtang V Sahnavazis

(1658-75) da giorgi XI-is (1675-88; 1703-09) mefobis dros iyo.

qamarbegma 1660 wels roWika SalikaSvilis kuTvnili somxiTis

sofeli vanqi sameliqo gadasaxadisagan gaaTavisufla. vanqis sameliqo

gamosaRebi Tavis droze meliqiSvilebs Sah abasisgan hqoniaT naboZebi.52

giorgi XI Sahisadmi did erTgulebas ar iCenda. amave dros

Sah suleimani (1666-94) qarTvelebis urTierTdapirispirebas

cdilobda, risTvisac 1679 wels qarTlSi iraneli sardali aji-ali

xani gamogzavna, `raTa gardaabirnos qarTvelni giorgi mefisagan~.

xolo `meliqi somxiTisa qamarbeg amxilebda qmnulsa mefisasa aji-

alixans~. mefis mowinaaRmdegeebi iyvnen, aseve, erekle muxranbatoni,

iese da elizbar maCablebi.53 mefis brZanebiT 1687 wels `hkres Tofi

qamarbegs farulad koJorsa zeda da mokuda igi~, sxvebi ki daapatimra

da mkacrad gausworda.54 parizis qronikis mixedviT, `somxiTis meliqi

yeenman karzed iTxova~, raTa gaerkvia, Tu ra xdeboda qarTlSi, sadac

Tavadebi urCobdnen, `yeeni gurgen xansac~ uwyreboda, amitom `karavSi

mjdoms Tofi akvrevines da qamar-beg meliqi moakvdines~.55 es ambavi Sahs

didad swyenia.56 rogorc Cans, qamarbegi giorgisTvis seriozuli mowi-

naaRmdege iyo, amitom mefes xels ar aZlevda misi iranSi gamgzavreba da

saswrafo zomebi miiRo.

48 pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni, t. III, 187; xelnawerTa erovnuli centri (xec),

Sd 484.49 pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni, t. III, 187; scsa, f. 1450-9/109.





54 iqve.

55 cxovreba saqarTveloÁsa (parizis qronika), 121.

56 iqve.


78

miuxedavad imisa, rom meliqi qamarbegi mefis xelisuflebas

ewinaaRmdegeboda da amis gamo sikvdiliTac dasajes, mis Semdeg meliqi

mainc misi Svili avTandili gaxda.

meliqi avTandili sxvadasxva sabuTSi moixsenieba. 1688 wels

meliq avTan dilma baindur gogibasSvils bolnisSi, Turmani[s]

Si, `safaraanT Telnaris qvemoT~ safaraSvilis, akofaSvilis da

yadinaSvilis miwebamde, Tormeti dRis miwa mihyida.57 1689 wels

alaverda alixnasSvils mihyida miwebi.58 1689 wels, ioane diasamiZis

kaTalikosobis dros, rostom mefis mier sveticxovlisTvis 1645 wels

Sewiruli, sofeli darbazi sameliqo gadasaxadisagan gaaTavisufla.59

meliqebi TandaTan toveben islams da marTlmadideblobas iReben.

es Cans rogorc sakuTari saxelebidan, aseve maT mier gacemuli

iuridiuli dokumentebidan.

1697 wels meliq avTandilma givi TumaniSvils Samirzas nasoflari

mihyida. aRniSnuli sabuTidan Cans, rom meliqi avTandili im dros ukve

marTlmadidebeli yofila, radgan sigels win uZRvis vrceli marTl-

madidebluri locva wmindanTa rigis CamoTvliT.60

meliqi avTandili pirveli meliqi iyo, romelmac muslimoba

datova da marTlmadidebeli gaxda. avTandilis Semdeg meliqiSvilebi

sabolood qristianebi xdebian da qarTvel TavadTa ricxvSi iTvlebian.

avTandils weraqvis sameliqo gamosaRebis gamo ciciSvilebTan

hqonda dava. erekle I nazarali xanis dros (1688-1703) meliq avTandilma

uTruT ciciSvils weraqvis sameliqo gadasaxadze da meliqis ymis

mier nayid zvarze dava dauwyo. es dava ramdenime xnis win nazarali

xanis davalebiT bagrat TurqistaniSvils gaurCevia. magram male

isev ganaxlebuli dava. paata SalikaSvilma gaarCia, meliqis ymebma

zvris nasyidobis wigni ver warmoadgines; weraqvelebmac daifices,

rom sameliqo gadasaxadi manamde ar hqondaT. sabolood dava uTruT

ciciSvilis sasargeblod gadawyda.61



59 pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni, t. III, 185; scsa, f. 1449-2365.

60 saqarTvelos siZveleni, saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoebis gamocema,

eq. TayaiSvilis redaqtorobiT, t. II (tfilisi 1909), 115-8; qarTul-sparsuli

istoriuli sabuTebi, teqsti daadgina, Targmani da SeniSvnebi daurTo vladimer

fuTuriZem (Tbilisi, 1955), 381-3.



79

meliq avTandils, rogorc Cans, ekonomikuri problemebi hqonda.

1710 wels man luarsab sardlisgan `samocdaaTxuTmeti naRdi TeTri

aiRo~ da sanacvlod Tavisi `saxaso samkvidro sofeli dieRcnuti...

Tavisis mTiTa, bariTa, wyliTa, wisqviliTa, veliTa, venaxiTa, saxnaviTa

da uxnaviTa, WaliTa da saTibiTa, SesavliTa da yovlis nivTiT, maTis

gamosaRebiTa da yovlis maTis samarTlianis samZRuriTa~ daudo.62

giorgi XI-is Semdeg qarTlis mefoba iranSi myofma qaixosrom

(1709-11) miiRo. igi qarTlSi Camosvlas verc moeswro, ise daiRupa

avRanelebTan brZolaSi. Semdeg mefe iese (1711-16) gamefda. 1716 wlidan

qarTlis mefe iranSi myofi, adre janiSinad (1703-12) namyofi vaxtang

VI gaxda. igi iranidan qarTlSi 1719 wels dabrunda, raTa mas qarTlis

samefos Sida saqmeebi moewesrigebina da daRestnelebis Tavdasxmebi

SeeCerebina.63 vaxtang VI-is samSobloSi dabrunebas qarTlis sazo-

gadoeba didi sixaruliT Sexvda. zogisTvis mefis dabruneba maTi uf-

lebebis SezRudvasTan igivdeboda. amis gamo mas mowinaaRmdegeebic

mravlad hyavda. vaxtangma energiulad daiwyo qveynis marTva-gamgeoba.

pirvel rigSi, iranul yaidaze Secvlili qarTuli wesebisa da kanonebis

aRdgena daiwyo. erT-erTi pirveli, rac gaakeTa, mowinaaRmdegeebi

Seipyro da sxvadasxva sasjeliT dasaja. swored `maSin Seipyra Ze

qamar-begisa somxiTis meliqi (avTandili – a.b.) da daxurita TofiT~;

amis garda, Seipyro bagrat ciciSvili, feSangi falavandiSvili,

jamaspi xerxeuliZe, revaziSvili papuna da sxvebi, magram èseni iÃsna

kaTalikosman sikudilisagan da ganyides oseTs TxebTa zeda~.64

avTandilis Semdeg meliqi misi biZaSvili, levani, gaxda. avTandilma,

rogorc Cans, icoda, rom mis Semdeg misi Svili ki ara, SeiZleba misi

saxlikaci gamxdariyo meliqi, amitom 1710 wels sabuTis gacemisas

aRniSnavs, rom `Tu me var meliqi an dReis iqiT Cemi naTesavi vinme

meliqad iyos~, mainc ver mogiSalos es pirobao.65 msgavsi SemTxveva

sxva sabuTebSi ar fiqsirdeba da meliqoba stabilurad mamidan Svilze

gadadioda.

levanis dros qarTlis mefeebsa da Tavad meliqiSvilebs Soris ur-

TierToba SedarebiT dastabilurda. meliqebma iranidan mxardaWera

62 xec. Sd 13173.63 lovard tuxaSvili, `politikuri viTareba XVIII s-is pirvel ocwleulSi~,

saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. IV (Tbilisi, 1973), 408.


65 xec. Sd 13173.


80

sabolood dakarges, amitom meliqisTvisac islami prioritets aRar

warmoadgenda. mirimaniZeTaTvis ufro xelsayreli qarTveli mefis

samsaxuri gaxda.

meliqi levani 1681 wels Salva SalikaSvilsa da mis ganayofebs ku-

neTis mi webs edaveboda. saqme beruka TurqistaniSvilma gaarCia da

levans beJanbeg SalikaSvilisgan SeZenili mamulebi arguna, xolo

aliyulas mamuli Sali kaSvilebs darCaT. levanma SalikaSvilebs am

miwebze udaobis piroba misca.66 1688 wels levan meliqiSvilma givi

TumaniSvils adre aRebuli vali daubruna da angariSi gauswora.67 1698

wels nazaralixanma levans sofeli yaTlu uwyaloba.68

1698 wels nazarali xanma mehmandarbaS69 alaverda iagulaSvils

SeuTvala, rom meliqis soflebi: axtala, WoWkani, Sadikni, wofi,

tefuri, goruli, weraqvi, deRararas sofeli, birSas sofeli, zemo

goruli, maTiSi, diRcnuti, saabi, Samirzas sofeli, qvemo bolnisSi

rac hqondaT meliqebs Toxluqilisa, yvela levan mirimaniZesTvis

gadaebarebina.70

rogorc vxedavT, vidre meliqis saxelos miiRebda, levan mirima-

niZe sameliqos mamulebis did nawils flobda da qarTlis mefeTa

pativiscemiTa da wyalobebiTac sar geblobda. am faqtma savaraudod,

didi gavlena iqonia imaze, rom avTandilis sikv diliT dasjis Semdeg

qarTlis mefeTa arCevani swored masze SeCerebuliyo da somxiTis

meliqi levan yeeniseuli71 aTabegis Ze gamxdariyo. es albaT pirveli

SemTxveva iyo, rodesac meliqi qarTlis mefem daniSna da ara Sahma.

levani 1721 wlis mewinave sadroSos aRweraSic moixsenieba.72

rogorc cnobilia, 1723 wlidan qarTlSi da kavkasiis did


67 saqarTvelos siZveleni, t. III, 568.


69 „memandari“ da „memandarbaSi“ – gviandel feodalur periodSi mestumrisa

da mestumreTuxucesis mniSvnelobiT Semovida. memandrebi da memandarbaSi

eSikaRasbaSs eqvemdebarebodnen. ix. i. surgulaZe, `meliqi~, qarTuli sabWoTa

enciklopedia (qse), t. VI (Tbilisi, 1983), 601.

70 pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni, t. III, 186-7; scsa, f. 1450-17/73.

71 `yeeniseuli~ aTabegi didi aTabegis SviliSvili da yorxmaz II-is Ze iyo.

`yeeniseuli~ – iranis Sahis karze yofnis gamo erqva.

72 àRwera mewinave droSisa sabaraTaSvilosa da somxiTisa, Sedgenili vaxtang

meeqvsis brZanebiT vaxuSti batoniSvilisa da givi TumaniSvilis mier 1721 wels~,

masalani saqarTvelos statistikuri aRwerilobisa, e. TayaiSvilis gamocema

(Tbilisi, 1907), 262-4.


81

nawilze osmalebi gabatondnen. amave dros, ruseTma kaspiis zRvispi-

ra provinciebi daikava. osmaleTma ruseTis mier kaspiispireTis

dapyroba cno, xolo petre I-ma (1682-1725) osmaleTis mier aRmosavleT

saqarTvelosa da aRmosavleT somxeTis damorCile ba aRiara. dasus-

tebulma iranma kavkasiaSi osmaleTis gabatonebas winaaRmdegoba veRar

gauwia, arc qarTlis mefe vaxtang VI-s Seswevda amis Zala.

qarTlSi ki osmaluri administracia Seiqmna. daiwyo e.w. osmaloba~,

romelic 1735 wlamde gagrZelda. osmalebma qarTlis samefos Tbilisis

vilaieTi uwodes, romelic ufro mcire erTeulebad: nahieebad,

livebad da yazebad iyofoda.73 Seqmnes sakuTari administraciuli

aparati. gamgeblad, anu Tbilisis vilaieTis valid isay faSa74 daniSnes.

qveyana aRweres da Tavisi gadasaxadebi Seaweres. somxiTis meliqebis

mdgomareoba òsmalobis~ dros gansakuTrebiT garTulda.

osmalebma qarTlis samefo 1728 wels aRweres da mosaxleoba, maTi

socialuri kategoriebisa da warmomavlobis miuxedavad, Tanabrad

dabegres osmaluri gadasaxadebiT. osmalobis dros `Tbilisis

vilaieTSi~ calke administraciul erTeulad Sevida `somxiTis

livis nahie~.75 somxiTis livis ufrosi mirimaniZeTa sagvareulos

warmomadgeneli aRar Cans. misi mamuli daiyo da givi amilaxoris,

adallah beg amilaxor oRlisa da mehmed alis Zes Soris ganawilda.

nawili mamulebisa saxasod gamocxadda, mag. meliqaSeni sameufeo xasia,

eqvemdebareba somxiTs~.76 aRweraSi sofel axtalas, sadac somxiTis

meliqebis sagvareulo saZvale da sasaxle iyo, miwerili aqvs `ziameTi

mehmed alis Zisa~. aseve, mehmed alis Zis ziameTebia soflebi: dvibi,

diudi da sxv.77

73 ix. 1728 wlis Tbilisis vilaieTis didi davTari, osmaluri teqsti qarTuli

TargmaniT, SesavaliT, gamokvleviTa da faqsimileebiT gamosacemad moamzades

akad. sergi jiqiam da prof. nodar Sengeliam, w. I (Tbilisi, 2009), 28-30.

74 isay faSa (1701-1748) warmoSobiT jayelTa feodaluri sagvareulodan iyo.

pirveli gamahmadianebuli aTabagis safar faSas STamomavali, axalcixis faSa da

Tbilisis vali, `mpyrobeli da ganmgebeli yovlisa saqarTvelosi~, osmaleTis

samTuRiani veziri. cisana abulaZe, isay / isak faSa (1701-1748), http://qim.ge/isak fasha.html.

75 n. Sengelia, `somxiTis nahie 1728 wlis `Tbilisis vilaieTis didi davTris~

mixedviT~ (1728 w. t. II), axlo aRmosavleTi da saqarTvelo, 5 (Tbilisi, 2008), 194-208.

76 1728 wlis Tbilisis vilaieTis didi davTari, osmaluri teqsti qarTuli Tar-

gmaniT, SesavaliT, gamokvleviTa da faqsimileebiT gamosacemad moamzades akad.

sergi jiqiam da prof. nodar Sengeliam, w. II (Tbilisi, 2010), 262-354.

77 1728 wlis Tbilisis vilaieTis didi davTari, w. II, 306.


82

òsmaloba~ qarTlSi 1735 wlamde gagrZelda. 1735 wels ajanyebulma

qarTvelebma yizilbaSebis daxmarebiT osmalebi daamarcxes da

gandevnes, magram qveynisTvis bevri araferi Secvlila. yizilbaSebma

Tavis rigze moindomes qveynis mowyoba. osmalo faSa yizilbaSma xanma

Secvala. `yizilbaSoba“ 1749 wlamde gagrZelda.

levan meliqis Semdeg qarTul sabuTebSi somxiTis meliqad

aRaravin ar moixsenieba. meliqoba, faqtobrivad, gauqmda, maTi mamuli

saxasod iyo gadaqceuli da qarTveli mefis sakuTrebas warmoadgenda.

Tumca, rogorc Cans, levanis STamomavloba somxiTSi da qvemo qarTlSi

garkveul mdgomareobasa da teritoriebs inarCunebda. levanis Svili

iyo iese, romelsac moRvaweoba osmalobisa da yizilbaSobis dros

mouwia. ieses Svili iyo avTandili. es avTandili sabuTebSi TavisTavs

meliqad moixseniebs. Tumca mas oficialurad minbaSis Tanamdeboba

ekava da amitom samefo kancelariis sabuTebSi yvelgan avTandil

minabaSad an avTandil meliqiSvilad moixsenieba.

rogorc cnobilia, 1763 wels erekle II-m meliqiSvilis mamulSi da

maT saZ valesTan axlos axtalis vercxlsadnobi qarxana daaarsa. meli-

qiSvilebma centralur xelisuflebas winaaRmdegoba veRar gauwies.

maT sakuTari mamulebis sabolood daTmoba mouwiaT, ris sanacvlo -

dac ereklem meliqiSvilebs qarxnebis zedamxedveloba da somxiTis

minbaSoba daavala da Sesabamisi xelfasic dauniSna. pirveli minbaSi

swored avTandil meliqiSvili78 iyo. axtalis qarxanaSi warmoebis

mepatroned mefe iTvleboda, romelic meTvalyureobisaTvis minbaSs,

anu aTasisTavs niSnavda.79 minbaSs unda ganewesebina miwerili glexebi

(100 kaci) naxSiris dawvisaTvis, 120-150 kaci sabervelTa bervisa da

sxva saqarxno samsaxurisaTvis, aseve Tvali edevnebina warmoebaSi

wesrigisaTvis, raTa berZnebs muSebisaTvis sazRauri droulad

eZliaT da warmoebidan liToni ar mietacaT. garda amisa, sursaTisa

da warmoebisaTvis saWiro yvela masalis motanac minbaSs evaleboda.

minbaSi anu Tavadi meliqiSvilebi wliurad miwisa da tyisaTvis 300

maneTs iRebdnen, qarxnebis zedamxedvelobisaTvis xelfass – 300

maneTs; 600 maneTis garda, wliurad isini naturis saxiT tyviisa da

vercxlis nawilsac iRebdnen.80

78 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. VII, 681; scsa, f. 1450, 18/22.

79 gulCina akofaSvili, `vaWrobis, mrewvelobis da saqalaqo cxovrebis

ganviTareba~, saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. IV (Tbilisi, 1973), 548.

80 dermiSa gogolaZe, samTamadno, samTo-saqarxno mrewveloba saqarTveloSi


83

1786 wels avTandili bebur beburiSvils ymas edaveboda. beburma

vaxtang batoniSvils TxovniT mimarTa. es ukanaskneli eubneba, rom

avTandil minbaSs am kacze Cven aRar vedavebiT da Tu Sen rame sadavo

gaqvs, mefes mimarTeo.81 momdevno wels beburis Zem, ninia beburiSvilma,

mimarTa dedofal darejans, rom meliqiSvili avTandili òcda-

TxuTmetis wlis Camosuls~ medavebao. sabolood, saqme sasamarTlos

gadaeca. dedofalma meliqiSvils ganuc xada, àRdgomamde daacale.

Tu saaRdgomoT movides da samarTalSi gela parakos, is aris; Tu ara,

masukan Sens kacs xeli mohkide da wamoiyvaneo~.82

es sabuTi sainteresoa imiT, rom mimarTvaSi avTandili Tavs moix-

seniebs, rogorc `meliqi avTandili~, xolo vaxtang batoniSvili oqmSi

`minbaS avTandil meliqiSvilad~ wers.

1793 wels meliqisSvilma avTandilma da misma Svilma, iasem,

Saqarasgan da stefanesgan vali aiRes. msesxeblebi, rogorc Cans,

axtalis midamoebSi cxovrobdnen da madnis warmoebaSi iyvnen

dasaqmebuli, radgan meliqiSvilebi maT valis dabrumebas kuTvnili

jamagiridan sTavazoben: `rac Cveni ganweseba aris madnidam jamagiri

iqidam aiRe, es xuTi Tumanio~, Tu batonma ar mogca Cven mogarTmevTo.83

sabuTSi avTandili minbaSad moixsenieba, xolo iese – iuzbaSad.

avTandilis Semdeg axtalis madnebis zedamxedveli da minbaSi misi

Svili, iese meliqiSvili, gaxda. Tumca iese manamde iyo CarTuli am saq-

mianobaSi. es Cans 1788 wlis 28 aprilis erekle II-is mier iulon bato-

niSvilTan gagzavnili werilidan. ereklem werilTan erTad iase uzbaSi

100 kaciT gaagzavna da madnebis mixedva daavala.84

somxiTis meliqis mamuli ZiriTadad istoriul qvemo qarTlSi

somxiTs moicavda. XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi somxiTi sruliad garkveul

teritorias erqva, es iyo bolnis-Sulaveris xeobebi da maT Soris mcire

xevebic. prof. devi berZeniSvili wyaroebze dayrdnobiT varaudobs,

rom meliqis mamuli ùfro debeda-wofis xeobiT sevanis tbisaken

mimaval gzaze~ unda yofiliyo. mis mezoblad ki loris xanis mamulia~.85

da kapitalizmis genezisis zogierTi sakiTxi (XVIII-XIX ss.) (Tbilisi, 1966), 11.

81 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. VII, 681.

82 iqve, 447-8.

83 scsa, f. 1450, 18/22.

84 saqarTvelos siZveleni, t. III, 45.

85 devi berZeniSvili, àxtalis monasteri~, literatura da xelovneba, 2 (1998), 99;

misive, narkvevebi (Tbilisi, 2006), 191-211.


84

meliqis mamulis soflebis gansazRvrisTvis saintereso sabuTs

warmoadgens 1698 wels nazarali xanis mier gacemuli dokumenti,

romelSic CamoTvlilia meliqis soflebi: axtala, WoWkani, Sadikni,

wofi, tefuri, goruli, weraqvi, deRararas sofeli, birSas sofeli,

zemo goruli, maTiSi, diRcnuti, saabi, Samirzas sofeli, qvemo

bolnisi da Toxluqilisa.86 wofi rom meliqis mamulia, kargad Cans

vaxtang VI-is mier 1730 wels ruseTSi gacemul wyalobis sigelSic. am

sigelis mixedviTac, `sofeli somxiTis meliqisa wofa~ orbelianebs

giraod eWiraT da maTve daumtkica.87 meliqis mamuli unda iyos sofeli

meliqaSenic.

rogorc mogviano xanis istoriuli sabuTebiT da iq aRmoCenili

saflavis qvebis warwerebiT dasturdeba, meliqiSvilTa saZvale axtala

(dRev. somxeTis respublikaSi, lores provinciaSi) iyo. axtala lores

siaxloves, md. debedis xeobaSi mdebareobs. axtalis Zveli saxeli

iyo spilenZis madani (somxurad – pRnZahanq). saxelwodeba àxtala~

monRolebma Searqves. àR-Tala~ `TeTr vels~ niSnavs,88 rac, albaT, iq

arsebuli madnebis gamo, bac, Ria feris niadags ukavSirdeba. axtalis

midamoebi dResac gadaTeTrebulia.

rogorc zemoTac aRiniSna, mirimaniZeebis sagva reulos samf-

lobelo, anu somxiTis meliqis mamuli, muslimi meliqiT saTaveSi,

saTavados saxiT qarTlis samefos SemadgenlobaSi XVII saukuneSi

gaCnda. miuxedavad imisa, rom qvemo qarTlSi meliqi muslimuri

aRmosavleTis ZaldatanebiT damkvidrda, `sameliqo~ anu `meliqis

saulRari~, `meliqis mamuli~ – imave rigiT iyo mowyobili, rogoriTac

sxva qarTu li saTavadoebi. misi Sinagani struqtura didad ar

gansxvavdeboda sxva saTava doebisagan. saTavados saxlis ufrosi iyo

meliqi, xolo sxvebi meliqiSvile bi (Sdr. amilaxvari – amilaxvriSvili;

erisTavi – erisTvisSvili). meliqebi cdilobdnen, saTavado erTiani

SeenarCunebinaT. maT sakmaod didi mamulebi hqondaT miRebuli. me-

liqebs hyavdaT sakuTari aznaurebic: abazaSvili, ardaSeliSvili, ya-

raxanaSvili, isuaSvili, odiSeliZe, maSaTaSvili da sxv.

meliqiSvilebis aznaurebis nawili georgievskis traqtatze

darTul qarTlisa da kaxeTis TavadTa da aznaurTa siaSic arian

Seyvanilni:

86 pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni, t. III, 186-7; scsa, f. 1450-17/73.

87 saqarTvelos siZveleni, t. II, 357-8.

88 berZeniSvili, àxtalis monasteri~, 99; misive, narkvevebi, 191.


85

274. aznauri abazaSvili,

275. aznauri ardaSeliSvili,

276. aznauri yaraxanaSvili,

277. aznauri isuaSvili.89

meliqiSvilebis aznaurebad igive gvarebi aqvs miTiTebuli

ioane bagrations qarTl-kaxeTis TavadTa da aznaurTa gvarebis aR-

werilobaSic.90 Tumca amaT garda, 1721 wlis mewinave sadroSos

aRweraSi sxva gvarebic fiqsir deba, mag. odiSeliZe otia, maSaTaSvili

abazyula, gardiSa; sofel sabaSi – luarsabi.91 1697 wlis nasyidobis

wignSi, romlis mixedviTac meliq avTandilma, misma Svilebma da

saxlikacebma TumaniSvil zurabs mihyides Samirzas nasoflari, mowmed

dasaxelebulia àznaurSvili abazaSvili araza~.92

sabuTTa simwiris gamo sameliqos meurneobis Seswavla ver

xerxdeba, Tumca meliqis mamulis saTavadosTan amdeni msgavsebis

miuxedavad, igi sxva qarTuli saTavadoebisagan gansxvavebul da

didad upirates mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda. radgan mTeli istoriis

manZilze meliqebi Sahisadmi erTgu lebiT gamoirCeodnen, isini xSirad

yvelaze sando dasayrdeni xdebodnen iranisTvis da cxadia, Sahic afa-

sebda maT erTgulebas da cdas ar aklebda, es mxare CamoeSorebina

saqarTvelosTvis da damoukidebel saxanod eqcia. `meliqis saulRari~

(sparsulad seiorRali – mamuli) `dauwereli~ iyo. qarTveli me-

fe mis mamuls gadasaxadebs ver awerda. iranis Sahis mxardaWeris

pirobebSi, meliqis qarTveli mefisadmi morCileba no minaluri iyo

da dasturlamalis mixedviTac mcire valdebulebebi hqonda. unda

aRiniSnos, rom somxiTSi arsebuli soflebi, sadac memamuleebad sxva

feodaluri saxlebi (SalikaSvili, ciciSvili da sxv.93) iyvnen, meliqis

sasargeblod specialur `sameliqo gamosaRebs~ ixdidnen. somxiTis

soflebSi, sameliqo gadasaxadi Tavis droze Sah abass dauwesebia.94

sainteresoa `dasturlamalSi~ moxseniebuli `meliqis saulRari~,

89 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, saero sakanonmdeblo Zeglebi (X-XIX ss.), teqstebi

gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo prof. i. doliZem, t. II (Tbilisi, 1965),

483.

90 ioane batoniSvili, SemoklebiT aRwera saqarTvelosa Sina mcxovrebTa TavadTa

da aznaurTa gvarebisa, 149.

91 àRwera mewinave droSisa sabaraTaSvilosa da somxiTisa~, 262-4.

92 saqarTvelos siZveleni, t. II, 117; qarTul-sparsuli istoriuli sabuTebi, 385.




86

romelSic nagulisxmevi unda iyos is qveyana (sameliqo mTlianad

Tu ara, misi garkveuli nawili mainc), romlis sruli sagadasaxado

administraciuli da sasamarTlo imunitetiT sargeblobs. meliqis

amgvari Seuvaloba istoriulad iranis Sahis `wyaloba~ iyo. mxolod

am TvalsazrisiT gasagebi xdeba, Tu ratom ewodeba meliqis mamuls

`saulRari~. Sahi qvemo qarTlSi sameliqosa da saxanoebis SeqmniT

aramarto miwebis mitacebas, aramed qarTuli miwismflobelobis

darRvevas da iranuli miwismflobelobis SemoRebasac Seecada.

rogorc prof. valerian gabaSvili aRniSnavs, SahisTvis `saukeTeso

varianti Tiulis SemoReba iqneboda, magram es qarTul sazogadoebas

iranis winaaRmdeg darazmavda. soiurRalad qceuli teritoria, romelic

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo organizaciisagan mxolod TandaTan gaTiSvis

SesaZleblo bas iZleoda, ufro kompromisuli xasiaTis matarebeli iyo. am

mxriv soiurRals daaxloebiT iseTive roli unda Seesrulebina, rogor-

sac monRolTa batonobis xanaSi `xasinjus~ instituti asrulebda~.95

prof. valerian gabaSvilisave ganmartebiT, `soiurRali aRmo-

savleTis qveynebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli miwismflobelobis wesia,

misi wina forma aris ìkta~, rac arabulad niSnavs CamonaWers. iktam,

sanam soiurRalad gadaiqceoda, ganviTarebis ramdenime etapi gaiara:

`pirvel periodSi (IX-X ss.) ikta gulisxmobda misi mflobelis (arab.

`mukta~, spars. ìktadari~) wils miwis SemosavalSi, mis uflebas

renta-xarkis gadakveTil wilze; meore periodSi (XI-XIII ss.) samxedro

samsaxuris pirobiT gacemul miwas, ramac saWiro safuZveli Seuqmna

samxedro-lenuri sistemis Camoyalibebas; mesame periodSi (XIV-XV

ss.) ikta aRwevs ganviTarebis axal, ufro maRal safexurs, ris gamoc

samxedro lenuri sistema dasrulebul saxes iRebs da, amasTan, vi-

Tardeba feodaluri imuniteti~.96 iktis mflobelobis darRvevad

iTvleboda miwis daumuSavebloba; miwac da glexebic iktadarebs,

rogorc wesi, miwis damuSavebis pirobiT eZleodaT.97 XV saukuneSi

iktis ganviTarebis Sedegi iyo `soiurRalis~ instituti, rac miwis

feodaluri gasakuTrebis wina aziaSi arsebulma saerTo tendenciam

gamoiwvia. soiurRalisTvis damaxasiaTebeli xdeba administraciuli,

sagadasaxado da sasamarTlo imuniteti.98

95 gabaSvili, qarTuli feodaluri wyobileba XVI-XVII saukuneebSi, 295.

96 iqve, 164-5.

97 iqve, 172.

98 iqve, 165.


87

`soiurRali~ monRoluri warmoSobis sityvaa, monRolurad `saur-

xal~ yovelgvar Sewyalebas niSnavs. igi qmnida msxvil teritoriul

erTeuls, romlis mflobeli (Cveulebriv momTabare tomTa amira)

aRWurvili iyo administraciuli, sagadasaxado da sasamarTlo

imunitetiT, magram miwis feodaluri sakuTrebis am formis arseboba

ar moaswavebda feodaluri meurneobis winsvlas, mis ganviTarebas.99

akad. ilia petruSevskim, romelmac soiurRali~ somxeTisa da azer-

baijanis miwismflobelobasTan kavSirSi Seiswavla, aseTi gansazRvreba

mogvca: `soiurRalisTvis yvelaze metad damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia –

mflobelobis memkvidreobiTi xasiaTi da sagadasaxado imuniteti~.100

prof. valerian gabaSvilis azriT, qarTuli wyaros Cveneba, romelic

`qarTvelobis~ dros soiurRalis arsebobas aRniSnavs, erTaderTia

da amdenadve misi ganzogadebis sakiTxi savsebiT gamoricxulia.

amasTan, etyoba, igi yalibdeba garkveul istoriul viTarebaSi da

geografiuladac misi warmoSoba moulodneli ar aris iq, sadac es

iranuli feodaluri instituti warmoiSva~.101

somxiTis meliqi gansakuTrebuli privilegiebiT sargeblobda.

igi, faqtobrivad, gaTavisuflebuli iyo valdebulebisgan. `dastur-

lamalSi~ vkiTxu lobT: `rodesac qarTli awerila da an aiwere-

bis, am wesiT unda aiwerebodes: yaiyulidam SemoyolebiT TaTarsa

da meliqis sulRars garda, somxiTs, taSirs, yaiyuls, TrialeTs da

sabaraTaSviloSi amazed sabaraTaSvilos sardali wava. erTi mdivani

wava, aswers da davTars daiWers, mefis mdi vani wavidodes~.102

feodalur sazogadoebaSi qveynis aRwera samxedro da fiskaluri

mizniT warmoebda, raTa gaerkviaT molaSqreebis da gadasaxadebis

raodenoba. Cndeba kiTxva, ratom gamoricxavs kanoni meliqis mamulis

aRweras? pasuxi aseTia: iranis Sahisgan meliqisTvis miniWebuli

gansakuTrebuli privilegiebis gamo misi mamuli `dauwerelia~.

ra Tqma unda, ar iqneba simarTle imis Tqma, rom meliqi mTlianad

CamoSorebulia qarTlis xelisuflebas, aq saubaria mxolod mis

99 iqve, 173.

100

XVI XIX , 75-95.101 gabaSvili, qarTuli feodaluri wyobileba XVI-XVII saukuneebSi, 296.

102 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wignTa krebuli, teqstebi

gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem, t. I (Tbilisi, 1963),

272.


88

gansakuTrebul imunitetze. miuxedavad imisa, rom `meliqis mamuli

dauwereli~ iyo, imave `dasturlamalis~ mixedviT, garkveuli

valdebulebebi meliqs mainc aqvs. yovel wels meliqs `jogisTvis

erTi ajilRis Senaxva~103 da `sawnaxelze tkbili Cafi oTxi, guTanze

puri kapiwi erTi, Tavze naxevarSauri~104 evaleboda. aqedan Cans, rom

somxiTis meliqi qarTveli mefis moxelea da mefe meliqis ramdenime

soflidan sargosac Rebulobda.

vaxtangma moaxerxa garkveuli cvlilebebi Seetana meliqebTan

damokidebulebaSi. manamde sruliad gancalkevebis gzaze mdgari

safeodalo, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom centralurma xelisuflebam

daiqvemdebara da `dauwerlobis~ miuxedavad, sameliqo soflebis

nawili 1721 wlis vaxtang VI-is brZanebiT Catarebul mewinave sadroSos,

anu qvemo qarTli, aRweraSi Seitanes. 1721 wlis aRweraSi meliqi levani,

meliqiSvilebi revazi, papuna da papunas Zmebi moixseniebian.105

somxiTis meliq levans ymebi Semdeg soflebSi hyavda: patara

gorumi,106 delarara-sofeli da did gorumi – sul TerTmeti komli,

erTi bogano da erTi aznauri (did gorumSi) limua.107

revaz meliqiSvils did gorumSi eqvsi komli yma hyavda.108

papuna meliqiSvilsa da mis Zmebs ymebi hyavdaT soflebSi: miraSa,

didi gorumi, saba, fiSuasofeli – sul 28 komli, erTi bogano da xuTi

aznauri: abazaSvili baindura, odiSeliZe otia, maSaTaSvili abazyula,

gardiSa (did gorumSi), luarsabi (sabaSi).109

1721 wlis mewinave sadroSos da sabaraTaSvilos aRweraSi meliqisa

da meliqiSvilebis 45 komli, 2 bogano da 6 aznauria Setanili. aRweris

SesavalSi aRniSnulia, rom aRweraSi ver moxvdnen samxedro samsaxuris

da begaris gamoRebis verSemZlebi komlebi.110 somxiTis yvela sofeli

verSemZle ver iqneboda, miT umetes, rom xoJornisa da WoWkanis xevis

soflebi am dros dasaxlebulia.111 kargad Cans, rom meliqis sxva

103 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, 280.

104 iqve, 323.

105 àRwera mewinave droSisa sabaraTaSvilosa da somxiTisa~, 262-4.

106 gorumi igive gorulia.

107 àRwera mewinave droSisa sabaraTaSvilosa da somxiTisa~, 262.

108 iqve, 262.

109 iqve, 263-4.

110 iqve, 262-4.

111 devi berZeniSvili, `narkvevebi saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiidan~, qvemo

qarTli, nakv. I (Tbilisi, 1979), 100.


89

soflebs qarTlis mefe jer kidev ver avaldebulebs. Tumca arc meliqs

aqvs mopovebuli bolomde `dauwerelis~ ufleba. meliqis mamulebze

saboloo da sruli kontroli XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi aRdga. am

mimarTulebiT gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia qarTl-kaxeTis mefe

erekle II-is RonisZiebebi, misi mmarTvelobis periodSi qarTl-kaxeTSi

somxiTis meliqis instituti, faqtobrivad aRar arsebobs, igi Tavadi

meliqiSvilia.

amrigad, qvemo qarTlSi sameliqos SeqmniT Sahma qarTls samxreTis

kedlis morRveva scada. qarTvelebi saukuneTa manZilze TavgamodebiT

icavdnen am mniSvnelovan zRudes. Sah-abasma „mSvidobianad“ Caigdo

xelSi strategiulad didi mniSvnelobis mxare. amis Semdeg qarTlis

dacvis kedeli mis sawinaaRmdego placdarmad iqca.112

XVII saukunis dasawyisSi qvemo qarTlSi gaCnda, manamde sruliad

ucxo, da qarTuli sinamdvilisaTvis miuRebeli, Sahis moxele – meliqi,

romelic gansakuTrebuli avtonomiuri uflebiT sargeblobda da

qarTlis mefis formalur morCilebaSi imyofeboda. meliqi qvemo

qarTlSi XVII saukunis damdegs, qarTlis mefis nebis gareSe, garedan

inicirebuli Zalebis daxmarebiT da piradad iranis Sahis brZanebiT

gaCnda.

meliqebi mamulebs da meliqis saxelos memkvidreobiT flobdnen.

maTi gansakuTrebuli imuniteti, XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi, gark-

veulwilad vaxtang VI-is RonisZiebebma Searyia. centralurma

xelisuflebam moaxerxa garkveuli valdebulebebi daekisrebina

meliqis mamulisTvis da misi soflebis nawilic aRiwera. sameliqom

òsmalobis~ da `yizilbaSobis~ dros mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi gani-

cada da imunitetis da mamulebis nawilis daTmoba mouwia. sabolood

meliqebis sakiTxi erekle II-m gadawyvita, rodesac maT mamulebSi

spilenZis da vercxlis mompovebeli qarxnebi aaSena. meliqiSvilebi

iZulebulni gaxdnen sakuTari mamulebi daeTmoT, ris sanacvlo dac

112 aleqsandre boSiSvili, `lore. istoria da Tanamedrove mdgomareoba~, daviT

aRmaSenebeli da misi epoqa (Tbilisi, 2012), 98. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom kaxeTis

SemTxvevaSic, Sahis mxridan miwebis mitacebis mcdelobis meTodi TiTqmis igive

iyo. kaxeTis aRmosavleTiT Seiqmna kak-eniselis (istoriuli hereTi, dRevandeli

saingilo) sasulTno, romlis mmarTvelad gamuslimebuli qarTveli Tavadi

dainiSna. kakis sasulTnoc, sameliqos msgavsad, uSualod Sahs emorCileboda.

Sah abasma kaxeTs aRmosavleTis kedeli mourRvia. sabolood ki es mxare lekebis

Semosvlebisa Tu iranis jaris sadgomad iqca. sameliqosgan gansxvavebiT,

saqarTvelosTvis es mxare daikarga.


90

ereklem meliqiSvilebs qarxnebis zedamxedveloba da somxiTis minba-

Soba daavala, Sesabamisi xelfasiT; meliqiSvilebis nawili centralur

xelisuflebaSic daawinaura da maRali samoxeleo Tanamdebobebi

(laSqarnivisi, muSribi) uboZa.

aRa-mahmad xanis Semosevis dros aoxrebuli axtalis qarxnebis

aRdgena, mkveTrad Semcirebuli moculobiT, mainc moxerxda.113

mogvianebiT, giorgi XII-m (1798-1800) meliqis yofili mamuli, axtala, da

misi midamoebi Tavad begTabegiSvils da vaWar qarTveliSvils ijariT

gadasca, yovelwliurad 12 aTas maneTad. aq mopovebuli oqro kvlav

mefis unda yofiliyo.114

sabolood, meliqebi ramdenime Stod daiyvnen: meliqTa Soris

yvelaze warmatebuli iyo somxiTis meliqi, romelsac wyaroebSi

ufro xSirad mirimaniZedac (pirveli meliqis mirimanis saxelis gamo)

moixseniebdnen. somxiTis meliqma XVIII s-is meore naxevarSi islami

datova, marTlmadidebloba miiRo da Tavadi meliqiSvili gaxda; meore

Stos warmomadgeneli, loris meliqi da qalanTari imave periodSi iRebs

somxur-grigorianobas (monofizitur qristianobas), igi qarTlSi

samefo aznauris pativiT sargeblobda; cota adre, somxiTis meliqis

erTma Stom, meliq aslanis da meliq enalas STamomavlobam, romlebic

Tbilisis meliqad dawinaurdnen, marTlmadidebloba da nawilmac

monofizitoba aRiara.115

113 apolon TabuaSvili, erekle meoris ekonomikuri koncefciebi da reformebi

qveynis mmarTvelobis modernizaciisaTvis (Tbilisi, 2010), 79.

114 gogolaZe, samTamadno, samTo-saqarxno mrewveloba saqarTveloSi, 20.

115 aqve unda aRiniSnos mesxi meliqiSvilebis Sesaxeb. akad. eqvTime TayaiSvili

prof. petre meliqiSvilis gardacvalebasTan dakavSirebiT gamoqveynebul werilSi

aRniSnavs, rom `meliqiSvilebis gvari ori iyo saqarTveloSi. erTi saqarTvelos

somxiTis xelisufalTa meliqisagan iyo warmomdgari. am gvaris wevrni Tavadebi

iyvnen; meore samcxidan iyo, qarTveli kaTolikebis gvari~. eqvTime TayaiSvili,

`damsaxurebuli profesoris petre meliqiSvilis gardacvalebis gamo~, dabruneba,

mravaltomeuli g. SaraZis saerTo redaqciiT, t. I (Tbilisi, 1991), 7. prof. ramaz

surmaniZes miaCnia, rom mesxi meliqiSvilebi, meliqaZeebi, meliqiZeebi erTi war-

moSobis gvarebia. mecnieri varaudobs, rom yvela es gvari warmoSobiT aWaridan,

sofel meliqawmindidan (gviandeli Janivri, Wvanis xeoba) arian, xolo osmalebis

aWaraSi Semosvlis Semdeg isini iZulebuli gaxdnen axalcixeSi gadasuliyvnen. ramaz

surmaniZe, meliqiSvilebi: grigoli, stefane, petre, iosebi, ekaterine (Tbilisi, 2003),

5; s. dumbaZe, `gvari, qveynis istoriuli nawili~, literaturuli saqarTvelo, 14-20

maisi (2004), 12. amaT garda, Sida da qvemo qarTlis, aseve mcxeTa-mTianeTis mxareebSi,

TiTqmis yvela municipalitetSi meliqiSvilebi mravlad cxovroben. isini warmoSobiT

mTiuleTidan arian da maTi gvari sakuTari saxeli – meliqadan – unda iyos nawarmoebi.


91

1728 wlis Tbilisis vilaieTis didi davTari. osmaluri teqsti qar-

Tuli TargmaniT, SesavaliT, gamokvleviTa da faqsimileebiT gamosa-

cemad moamzades akad. sergi jiqiam da prof. nodar Sengeliam. w. I-II.

Tbilisi, 2009-10

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ganviTareba. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. t. IV. Tbilisi, 1973

aRwera mewinave droSisa sabaraTaSvilosa da somxiTisa. Sedgenili

vaxtang meeqvsis brZanebiT vaxuSti batoniSvilisa da givi TumaniSvilis

mier 1721 wels. masalani saqarTvelos statistikuri aRwerilobisa.

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axali qarTlis cxovreba. mesame teqsti. qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti

dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT simon yauxCiSvilis

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beri egnataSvili. axali qarTlis cxovreba. qarTlis cxovreba.

teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT simon

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ss.). teqstebi gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo prof. isidore

doliZem. t. II. Tbilisi, 1965

qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, sasamarTlo arza oqmebi. teqstebi

gamosca, winasityvaoba da SeniSvnebi daurTo prof. isidore doliZem.

t. VII. Tbilisi, 1981

Sengelia nodar. somxiTis nahie 1728 wlis Tbilisis vilaieTis didi

davTris~ mixedviT (1728 w. t. II). axlo aRmosavleTi da saqarTvelo, 5,

2008

cxovreba saqarTveloÁsa (parizis qronika). teqsti gamosacemad

moamzada, Sesavali, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo giuli alasaniam.

Tbilisi, 1980

jamburia givi. iran-osmaleTis axali omi da qarTl-kaxeTis

samefoebi. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. t. III. Tbilisi, 1973

, .. . IV.

. XVI- XIX . , 1949

Ermerin, Roman Ivanovich. Annuaire de la Noblesse de Russie. Contenant les prince de lÈmpire, augmenté dùn grand nombre de notices sur les familles alliées. Sankt-Peterburg, 1899

Ferrand, Jacques. Familles Princières de Géorgie. Montreuil, 1983Hewsen, Robert H. The Meliks of eastern Armenia. III. Revue des etudes Armenienne.

novella serie. Tome XI. Paris. 1975-1976Toumanoff, Cyril. Studies in Christian Caucasian History. Washington, 1963


94

saqarTvelos centraluri saistorio arqivi (scsa.), f. 1448-1024.

scsa, f. 1449-2365

scsa, f. 1450-5/35

scsa, f. 1450-8/145

scsa, f. 1450-9/108

scsa, f. 1450-9/109

scsa, f. 1450-9/116

scsa, f. 1450-9/150

scsa, f. 1450-17/73

scsa, f. 1450-18/22

scsa, f. 1450-18/57

scsa, f. 1450-18/58

scsa, f. 1450-18/59

scsa, f. 1450-18/60

scsa, f. 1450-18/78

scsa, f. 1450-37/191

scsa, f. 1450-37/205

scsa, f. 1450-48/139

scsa, f. 1450-51/81

xelnawerTa erovnuli centri (xec.), Sd 484xec, Sd 13173


95

Melikdom in Kvemo Kartli

Alexander Boshishvili

Summary

The term “Malik” appeared in the Ancient Middle East and was used to denote a ruler or a king. Later, the term was used in other countries with the same meaning, but taken from the Arabic. Before the spread of Islam, “Malik” was the term for the rulers of Lakhmid and Ghassanid dynasties, also for the South-Eastern and Central Arabian tribes. After the spread of Islam, the term “Malik” was used mainly for non-Muslim rulers. In the 13th-18th centuries in the Caucasus “Melik” was the term for a feudal title, and also

Mongol domination, Meliks were Christian feudals in these lands, and then Shah Abbas I (1587-1629) – depended on him.

We have Meliks in Georgia, namely, in Kvemo Kartli (district southwards from Tbilisi), Tbilisi and Gori with different authorities.

At the beginning of the 17th century meliks appeared in Somkhiti (Kvemo Kartli). In 1604 Shah Abas I ordered the king of Kartli to cede the territories of Lore and Debeda

melik.melik was Miriman, founder of the dynasty (Mirimanidze), and the success

of this feudal house was largely due to the loyal service to the Shah of Iran. In the 17th

melik was organized as a Georgian feudal entity – Satavado, a part of the Kingdom of Kartli. But the new melikdom was invariably supported by the shah’s regime and in comparison with other Georgian Satavados held a more privileged position.

The Meliks of Lore were relatives of the Meliks of Somkhiti, and had the rank of aznauri in Georgian feudal hierarchy.

initiated by the Muslim rulers. The meliks of Kvemo Kartli were big landowners, later their holdings were organized as Satavado and they were named as princes Melikishvili, while their subjects, Loris-Melikishvilis, seem to have been small landowners, with the rank of aznauri.


vladimer kekelia

mTeli Sua saukuneebis manZilze sxvadasxva qveynidan bizantiis

imperiasa da axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebSi mravali adamiani mogzau-

robda. qristiani mogzaurebis ZiriTadi mizani piligrimoba iyo. su-

lieri aRmavlobis periodSi sayovelTaod iyo gavrcelebuli azri,

rom wmindanebi adamianebs RmerTTan aaxloeben. aqedan gamomdinare,

gaCnda moTxovnileba, SeenaxaT da pativi miegoT yvelafrisaTvis, rac

wmindanebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. ase gaCnda wmindanTa nawilebisa da

maTTan dakavSirebuli adgilebis Tayvaniscema-monaxulebis survili.

gansakuTrebiT sasurveli gaxda `wminda miwis~ molocva, sadac iSva,

cxovrobda da jvars ecva macxovari.1

am procesisagan gamonaklisi arc qarTvelebi iyvnen. maT qristianobis

miRebis adreuli etapidanve hqondaT urTierToba jer wminda miwasTan,

Semdeg sinas, Savi mTisa da aTonis kulturul-saganmanaTleblo

kerebTan.

sityva `piligrimi~ laTinuri peregrinio-dan modis. Tavdapirvelad

es sityva mxolod mogzaurs aRniSnavda. XII saukunidan piligrimi

wminda adgilebSi momlocvelis mniSvnelobiT ixmareba. piligrimis

momlocvelis mniSvnelobiT gamoyenebis uadresi magaliTi swored

ierusalimTanaa dakavSirebuli.2 adreul etapze Zvel qarTulSi wmin-

da adgilebSi locvisa da moxilvis mizniT mogzaurobis aRsaniSnad

`molocva~, `mosalocad wasvla~ unda xmarebuliyo.3 XI saukunidan

naSromi wakiTxulia 2009 wels samecniero konferenciaze giorgi mTawmideli 1000~.

1

2 John Wilkinson, (London, 1988), 91.3 darejan kldiaSvili, `gareja da piligrimoba adreul Sua saukuneebis qarTul

wyaroebSi~, garejis kvlevis centri, Sromebi, II (2001), 80.

V

97

`queyaniTi queyanad mimosvla~ ixmareboda;4 es termini wm. ilarion

qarTvelisadmi miZRvnil sagaloblebSi dasturdeba.5

qarTvelebi piligrimuli interesebis garda, saqtitoro moRva-

weobasac eweodnen, Sesabamisad, xSirad uwevdaT didi sivrcisa da misi

Tanmxlebi mravali sirTulis gadalaxva, miT umetes, rom aRniSnul

sivrceSi arcTu iSviaTi iyo eTnikuri da politikuri cvlilebebi.

bunebrivia, mgzavroba xangrZlivi da saxifaTo iyo. sainteresoa,

ra pirobebSi uxdebodaT maT mimosvla, ra saSualebebiT gadaadgil-

debodnen, riTi imosebodnen, riTi ikvebebodnen da sxva. vfiqrobT,

interesmoklebuli ar iqneba am procesisaTvis Tvalis gadevneba da,

SeZlebisdagvarad, saerTo suraTis aRdgena.

Sua saukuneebis piligrimobis, rogorc procesis, istoriis Sesas-

wavlad saintereso informacias Seicavs qarTvel wmindanTa cxovrebebi.

naSromSi ganvixilavT giorgi mTawmidelis cxovrebaSi dacul cnobebs

imave periodis sxva agiografiuli Zeglebis cnobebTan erTad.

pirvel sakiTxad gamovyaviT is geografiuli sivrce da is siZne-

leebi, romelTa gadalaxvac yvelaze xSirad uwevdaT samogzaurod

wasul qarTvelebs. gamoiyofa ori ZiriTadi mimarTuleba:

1. konstantinopoli da mTawmida.

2. siria-palestina – Savi mTa, ierusalimi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTvelebi am geografiul sivrces XI sau-

kuneSi ukve kargad icnobdnen, mainc xazgasmiT ucxo qveynad moix-

senieben: `mouÃda survili ucxoebisaÁ da TÂsTagan ganSorebisaÁ, da-

farulad yovelTa megobarTagan da mecnierTa sivltolaÁ iÃumia da

waremarTa ierusalemiT kerZo~,6 `raÁ ars ese, romel esreT ivltiT

Cuengan da ucxosa queyanasa warxualT?~,7 àmis ukue mizezisaTÂs gani-

zraxes, raÁTa warviden ucxosa queyanasa...~ 8

4 terminebs – `mimosvla~, `momovla~ XI saukuneSi efrem mcire wm. mociqulebis,

andria pirvelwodebulisa da barTlomes kavkasiaSi samisionero moRvaweobis

aRsaniSnavad iyenebs. efrem mcire, uwyebaÁ mizezsa qarTvelTa moqcevisasa Tu

romelTa wignTa Sina moiÃsenebis, teqsti gamosca, Sesavali da leqsikon-saZieblebi

daurTo T. bregaZem (Tbilisi 1959), 45.

5 manana dolaqiZe, ìlarion qarTvelis saxelze dawerili sagaloblebi~, mraval-

Tavi, I (1971), 182.

6 giorgi mcire, cxorebaÁ giorgi mTawmidelisaÁ~, Zveli qarTuli hagiografiuli

literaturis Zeglebi, w. II (Tbilisi 1967), 119.

7 giorgi mTawmideli, `cxorebaÁ iovanesi da efTÂmesi~, Zveli qarTuli

hagiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, w. II (XI-XV ss.), (Tbilisi 1967), 55.

8 giorgi mTawmideli, `cxorebaÁ iovanesi da efTÂmesi~, 56.

gzebi da mogzaurebi bizantiaSi

98

im xanad antioqiis gza yvelaze saxifaTod miiCneoda. giorgi mTawmi-

delis cxovrebaSi vrclad aris aRwerili marSruti antioqiidan, vidre

quTaisamde.

`gamovediT antioqiiT da moviwieniT vidre didad mdinared

evfratad da mun gveuwya, viTarmed miSuebisaTÂs codvaTa CuenTaÁsa

TurqTa daupyries yoveli Suamdinare da isauri da saberZneTi. xolo

Cuen guesma raÁ ese, SeviqeciT mier da sevastiiT kerZo mividodeT;

guegona, viTarmed maT kerZoTa mSÂdobaÁ ars. xolo uwinares Cuensa

misrul iyvnes Turqni da aeRo qalaqi igi da daewua. da Cuen araÁ uwyodeT

da mividodeT da kninRa-da mcired ÃelTa maTTa STavvardebodeT,

ukeTumca wyalobasa RmrTisasa ara aRepyra Ãeli...

esreT SeviqeciT da mTaTa mivhmarTeT da didiTa SromiTa da dRe

da Rame slviTa kesariad movediT. da muniT warmovediT da zRuasa

movhmarTeT. rameTu ÃmeliT arRara egeboda, da nebiTa RmrTisaÁTa

evxaits moviwieniT... da esreT gamovediT mier da moviwieniT samisons

qalaqsa zRÂs-kidisasa. da mun ganvyideniT saÃedarni Cuenni da esreT

naviTa miviwieniT foTs da mier saÃedriTa quTaTiss Jamsa sTulisasa~.9

amonarididan naTlad Cans, Tu ramdenad rTuli da saSiSi iyo

mogzaurisaTvis mimosvla, miT umetes, rom aRniSnuli geografiuli

areali xSirad qristianebsa da muslimebs Soris sacilobeli iyo. giorgi

mTawmidelis cxovrebaSi `sarkinozTa~ mxridan safrTxeze saubari sxva

adgilebSic gvxvdeba. rodesac mariam dedofalma antioqiaze gavliT

ierusalimSi mosalocad wasvla ganizraxa, miuxedavad imisa, rom

antioqiis patriarqs imperatorisagan nabrZanebi hqonda dedoflis

pativiT wargzavna, patriarqma da mTavarma dedofali gadaarwmunes:

àra keTil ars, aRmosavalisa mefeTa dedaÁ raÁiTamca sasarkinozeTs

warvida, vinaÁTgan codvaTa CuenTagan igini ufleben queyanasa mas~.10

rogorc Cans, antioqiidan ierusalimamde arsebul arcTu vrcel

monakveTSi usafrTxod deda dedofalic ki ver imgzavrebda.11 amitomac

9 iqve, 158-9.

10 iqve, 144.

11 antioqiis gzaze arsebul safrTxeebze saubaria ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba-

Sic: rom iq `mkÂidr iyvnen naTesavni barbarozni~. wm. ilarions isini Tavs dasxmian,

magram wm. mamis mier moxdenili saswaulis Semdeg maT monazonebze Tavdausxmelobis

fici miuciaT. `cxorebaÁ da moqalaqeobaÁ wmidisa da netarisa mamisa Cuenisa

ilarion qarTvelisaÁ~, Zveli qarTuli hagiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, w.

II (Tbilisi1967), 13.

vladimer kekelia

99

`cxovreba~-Si araerTgzis vxvdebiT sityvebs – `nebiTa RmrTisaÁTa

mSÂdobiT moiwia~. Sua saukuneebSi gzis gadalaxvis sirTuleze gakvriT

saubaria XI-XII saukuneebSi gadaweril erT-erTi xelnaweris anderZSic:

`...locva yavT RvTisaTÂs kurTxeulisa amis mamisa iordanesTÂs,

romelman friadi SromaÁ Tavs idva da movida qarTlisa quÀyniT saber-

ZneTs...~12

mogzaurebs xSirad, mtris safrTxesTan erTad, siZneleebs uamin-

dobac uqmnida. giorgi mcire giorgi mTawmidelis ierusalimSi erT-

erTi mogzaurobis Sesaxeb Semdegs gadmogvcems: `xolo ityoda TÂT

wmidaÁ igi, viTarmed: udabnosa adgilsa SegÂRamdao tyeTa Sina, da iyo

elva-quxili da haeri boroti da SÂdgzis daakueTa eSmakmano mwuxare igi

mas Ramesa, da perovin da iRrWenn da yivin, xolo me vlocevdio~.13

interesmoklebuli ar iqneba mokled SevexoT piligrimebis Cacmu-

lobasa da sakvebs.

saukuneebis manZilze maTma yofam didi cvlileba ar ganicada. maTi

samosi da sakvebi erTob mwiri iyo: giorgi mTawmidelma `Sesamoseli

TÂsi friad keTili misca glaxaksa visme da misi igi dabebkuli Seimosa~.

sxva adgilas vkiTxulobT: `ZaZaÁ Seemosa da uÃamloÁ da TavRia, uRÂnoÁ

da uwueloÁ vidoda gzasa mas iwrosa~.14 ioanesa da eqvTimes cxovrebaSi

ki weria: `warvide da suli Cemi vicxovno da glaxakebiT viyofebodi~.15

mogzaurebs sakvebiT xSirad adgilobrivi mosaxleoba umaspinZldeboda.

warmoudgenelia, maSindel pirobebSi Sor gzaze samyofi sagzali mog-

zaurs Tan etarebina: `da esreT carieli gamovida monastriT, romel ga-

re RmrTis-moyuareTa kacTa misces sagzali, rameTu orgzis iqmna sivl-

tolaÁ misi~.16 mogzaurebs dapureba monastrebSic SeeZloT. iovanesa

12 xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, xelnaweri H2251, 46r.13 giorgi mcire, `cxorebaÁ giorgi mTawmidelisaÁ~, 120.

14 iqve, 120.

15 giorgi mTawmideli, `cxorebaÁ iovanesi da efTÂmesi~, 55. Cacmulobaze

saintereso cnobebi adreulma hagiografiulma Zeglebmac Semogvinaxa. petre

iberis cxovrebis asurul redaqciaSi vkiTxulobT: `maTi samoseli iyo Wilis

boWkosagan (moqsovili) mdabali da Seuracxi samoseli~. cxovreba petre ibe-

risa, asuruli redaqcia, germanulidan Targmna, gamokvleva, komentarebi da

ganmartebiTi saZiebeli daurTo i. lolaSvilma (Tbilisi 1988),102. yuradRebas

ipyrobs saqarTveloSi Camosuli asureli mamebis samosi: `movidodes wmidani igi

mamani uÃamloni da dabebkuliTa mosilni...~ `cxorebaÁ da moqalaqeobaÁ Siosi da

evagresi~, Zveli qarTuli hagiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, w. III (Tbilisi

1971), 117.

16 giorgi mcire, `cxorebaÁ giorgi mTawmidelisaÁ~, 142.


100

da efTÂmes cxovrebaSi xazgasmiT weria, rom `stumris-moyuarebasa nu

daiviwyebT da, raÁ RmerTsa eboZos, glaxakTa miupyrobdiT, msgavsad

Zalisa Tqvenisa...~17 meore adgilas vkiTxulobT: ùkeTu ese adgilisa

mrorineni monazonni movidodian, ukeTu mwuxrsa moviden, iseron da

samxari Wamon da gaujmen... xolo ucxoni Tu movidian, mesamesa dResa

Semdgomad Wamisa ebrZana, raÁTa mekare ujmnides~.18 sakvebad ZiriTadad

iyenebdnen purs, xils, bostneuls, Tevzs, zeTisxils da zomierad –

Rvinos. sakvebis es saxeobebi iovanesa da efTÂmes cxovrebaSi araerTgzis

aris dasaxelebuli.19

sainteresoa, riT gadaadgildebodnen mogzaurebi. yvelaze xSirad

aseT saSualebad saxedars iyenebdnen. giorgi mTawmidelis cxovrebaSi

es faqti araerTgzis dasturdeba. iyenebdnen uremsac,20 raSic, albaT,

Sesabamisad, xarebi iqneboda Sebmuli. garda amisa, fexiTac mimodiod-

nen: `queiT momaSural iyo, rameTu ese iyo CueulebaÁ misi~.21 aqtiurad

iyenebdnen sazRvao saSualebebsac, kerZod, navs: `nebiTa RmrTisaÁTa

warmovemerTeniT zRÂT mTawmidas. da viTarca moviwieniT adgilsa mas,

romelsa eqsamili ewodebis, ÃmeliT wamovediT siSorisaTÂs gzisa da

SiSisaTÂs sarkinozTaÁsa... esreT gardavleT eqsamili, kualad zRuad

SevediT da SewevniTa RmrTisaÁTa, naviTa myudroÁTa da hamoÁTa

mTawmidas moviwieniT~.22

aseTia XI saukunis qarTul hagiografiul ZeglebSi gzebTan da

mogzaurebTan dakavSirebiT daculi cnobebi.

qarTuli masala sainteresoa ara mxolod qarTveli mogzaurebis,

aramed, zogadad, Sua saukuneebis piligrimobis istoriis Sesaswavlad.

nebismier piligrims ganurCevlad eTnikur-religiuri kuTvnilebisa,

iqneboda is saero Tu sasuliero piri, vrceli manZilis gavlisas didi

sirTuleebis gadalaxva uwevda.

17 giorgi mTawmideli, `cxorebaÁ iovanesi da efTÂmesi~, 59.

18 iqve, 82-3.

19 wm. ilarionis cxovrebaSi sakvebis saxeobebidan ZiriTadad figurirebs puri,

kerati (mxali), paqsimadi da dambali cercvi. `cxorebaÁ da moqalaqeobaÁ wmidisa da

netarisa mamisa Cuenisa ilarion qarTvelisaÁ~, 13, 19.

20 giorgi mcire, `cxorebaÁ giorgi mTawmidelisaÁ~, 198.

21 iqve, 182.

22 iqve, 198-9.

vladimer kekelia

101

giorgi mTawmideli. cxorebaÁ iovanesi da efTÂmesi. Zveli qarTuli

hagiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi. wigni II (XI-XV ss.). Tbilisi, 1967

giorgi mcire. cxorebaÁ giorgi mTawmidelisaÁ. Zveli qarTuli

hagiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi. wigni II. Tbilisi, 1967

dolaqiZe manana. ilarion qarTvelis saxelze dawerili sagalob-

lebi. mravalTavi, I, 1971

efrem mcire, uwyebaÁ mizezsa qarTvelTa moqcevisasa Tu romelTa

wignTa Sina moiÃsenebis. teqsti gamosca, Sesavali da leqsikon-

saZieblebi daurTo T. bregaZem. Tbilisi, 1959

kldiaSvili darejan. gareja da piligrimoba adreul Sua sauku-

neebis qarTul wyaroebSi. garejis kvlevis centri. Sromebi, II. Tbilisi,

2001

cxorebaÁ da moqalaqeobaÁ wmidisa da netarisa mamisa Cuenisa ila-

rion qarTvelisaÁ. Zveli qarTuli hagiografiuli literaturis

Zeglebi. wigni II. Tbilisi, 1967

cxorebaÁ da moqalaqeobaÁ Siosi da evagresi. Zveli qarTuli

hagiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi. wigni III. Tbilisi, 1971

cxovreba petre iberisa. asuruli redaqcia, germanulidan

Targmna, gamokvleva, komentarebi da ganmartebiTi saZiebeli daurTo

i. lolaSvilma. Tbilisi, 1988

Wilkinson, John. Jerusalem Pilgrimage, 1099-1185. London, 1988


102

Roads and Pilgrims According to the

"Life of George the Athonite"

Vladimer Kekelia

Summary

During the Middle Ages many people from different countries used to travel to the Byzantine Empire and to Middle Eastern countries. From the early period of the proclamation Christianity as the state religion in Georgia, Georgian pilgrims had close relations with the cultural-educational centres of the Holy Land, later with Mount Sinai, Black Mountain and Mount Athos.

It is clear that pilgrimage lasted for a long time and it was hazardous. It is interesting to know in what conditions pilgrims were traveling, what means of transport means they used, what kind of clothes they were wore and what food they used. For the study the history of pilgrimage in the Middle Ages, “Lives of Georgian Saints” give us a very interesting material. This work discusses events written not only in the life of St George the Athonite, but in some contemporary sources as well.

First dealt with are those georgaphical areas and obstacles Georgian pilgrims had to

1) Constatinople and Mount Athos. 2) Mount Sinai, Palestine – Black Mountain, Jerusalem. In that period the road that led to Antioch was the most dangerous. A detailed

description of the road from Antioch to Kutaisi is given and the possible obstacles the pilgrims may have come across. Not only enemy`s attack, but also bad weather compounded the obstacles on their way.

The life of pilgrims did not greatly changed over the centuries. Their clothes and food were poor. They were fed on their way by local people or monasteries. Pilgrims basically used donkeys in their travel.

Our sources are important for the study of the history not only of Georgian but medieval pilgrimage as well.

vladimer kekelia

darejan kldiaSvili

marina mesxias monawileobiT

ierodiakoni iostosi im garejel moRvaweTa ricxvs ekuTvnis, rom-

lis saxelic droTa ganmavlobaSi miviwyebul iqna. fragmentuli cno-

bebi iostosis Sesaxeb XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris momlocvelTa da

siZvelismoyvarulTa Canawerebma, agreTve erT dros garejis mravalm-

Tis kuTvnili xelnawerebis anderZ-minawerebma Semoinaxes. maTSi dac-

uli masalis simwiris miuxedavad, mainc SesaZlebeli xdeba gviani xanis

am saintereso da mravalmxrivi pirovnebis biografiisa da moRvaweobis

calkeuli mxareebis aRdgena.

iostosis Sesaxeb vrceli biografiuli SeniSvna CarTulia misi

Tanamedrovis, qvaTaxevis monastris arqimandritis, tarasi aleqsi-

mesxiSvilis narkvevSi ùdabno Rirsisa mamisa Cvenisa daviT garej-

elisa~. arqimandrit tarasis cnobiT, iostosi warmoSobiT yofila

mcxeTeli, gvarad mrevliSvili. iostosi bavSobidanve garejis wm. da-

viTis lavraSi izrdeboda, sadac mas mniSvnelovani saaRmSeneblo sa-

muSaoebi Cautarebia. tarasi iostosis saxels ukavSirebda wm. daviTis

lavris samxreT kldovan masivSi, wm. ilarion qarTvelis filialad

saxeldebuli kompleqsis Camoswvriv, e.w. `mesame~ nawilSi, 1812 wels

RvTismSoblis miZinebis eklesiis gamokveTas.1 1831 wels gr. gordeevi

aseve miuTiTebda, rom arc Tu didi xnis win daviT garejis lavraSi

adgilobrivma ierodiakonma iostosma kldeSi gamokveTa yovladwmi-

da RmrTismSoblis miZinebis eklesia, romlis interieric (sigrZiT –

13,1/4, siganiT – 7 arSini) im droisaTvis Selesili da Semkuli yofila

1 arqimandriti tarasi, ùdabno Rirsisa mamisa Cvenisa daviT garejelisa, mokle

aRnusxva qarTl-kaxeTis monasterTa~, saqarTvelos sasuliero maxarebeli (1864),

VIII, 39.

VI

104

gajis CuqurTmebiani da gamosaxulebebiani kankeliT; amas garda, misive

gadmocemiT, iostoss eklesiis mimdebared gamoukveTavs sami (tarasis

Tanaxmad, ori) senaki da saniaRvre Rarebi, saidanac xdeboda monastris

uzarmazari cisternebis naleqebiT Sevseba.2 ramdenadme mogvianod,

rusi mogzauri da momlocveli a. muraviovi (romelic garejs 1845

wels swvevia) wm. daviTis lavraSi Catarebul saaRmSeneblo samuSaoe-

bze saubrisas aRniSnavda XVIII saukunis damlevs, ierodiakon iustinis

(igi iostoss amgvarad moixseniebs) mier lavris galavans miRma, kldeSi,

RmrTismSoblis miZinebis da wm. marines saxelobis patara eklesiebis

gamokveTis Taobaze.3

XIX saukunis meore naxevarisaTvis iostosis saxeli ukve miviw-

yebuli yofila; garejis lavraSi ukve aRar axsovdaT miZinebis da wm.

marines eklesiis im maSeneblis saxeli, romelTa aRwerac mRvdelmo-

nazonma kalistratem garejis udabnosadmi miZRvnil mcire wignakSi

dagvitova; misi aRweriT, lavraSi `...samxreTiT mesame cicab kldeSi

aris gamokveTili eqvsi senaki sxvadasxva TaxCebSi da ori eklesia; am

eklesiebSi erTi aris RvTismSoblis miZinebisa, kamaredad gamoWrili,

romelic aris sigrZiT oTxi saJeni, ganiT ori saJeni da erTi Careqi,

kankeli aris amisi gajiT aSenebuli da CuqurTmiT gamoqnili; xatebi

arian tilosi mSvenierad TviToeuli cal-calke mis zomis qvazed dak-

rulni; ambioni da iataki aqvs Sesaferi, gamokveTili. sakurTxevlidam

orive mxares aqvs eklesias Camosajdomi kldisagan gamokveTili; gax-

vretilia klde da es Seadgens sakurTxevlis fanjaras, romlisaganac

naTldeba. ekklesia ki erTi dasavleTis karis da mis zeviT erTi fan-

jrisgan iRebs sinaTles; ekklesia sakmaod Semkobilia, dResac srul-

deba masSi wirva-locva. amis zemod aris mexuTe ekklesia, mcire wmin-

dis qalwulis mowamis marinasi, kldisagan gamokveTili; sigrZe aqvs

ori saJeni, gani da simaRle TiTo saJeni; masSi aris Zveli mSvenieri

mxatvroba, magram ar sruldeba saRmrTo msaxureba. aq aris ori senaki

da sxvani siZvelis gamo Camoqceulan~.4

wm. daviTis lavraSi iostosis moRvaweoba da mis mier iq Catarebuli

saaRmSeneblo samuSaoebi garejis mravalmTaSi samoweseo cxovrebis

2

, 2 (1832), 34-41.3

4 mRvdel-monazoni kalistrate, wmidis daviT garesjelis udabno (Tbilisi,

1884), 19-20.


105

bolo periodis Tanmxvedri aRmoCnda. iostosis mier eklesiebis gamo-

kafva da saniaRvre arxebis gayvana garkveulwilad ganpirobebuli

unda yofiliyo saqarTvelos ukanaskneli mefeebis – erekle II-is (1762-

98) da giorgi XII-is (1798-1800) gansakuTrebuli damokidebulebiT da

yuradRebiT garejisadmi. amis dadasturebaa wm. daviTis lavris zeda

ezos CrdiloeT nawilSi gamokveTili giorgi batoniSvilis (Semdgom-

Si mefe giorgi XII) senaki. aseve giorgi XII-is gangebiT iostoss unda

gamoekveTa da gajis CuqurTmebiani kankeliT Seemko RvTismSoblis

miZinebis eklesiac.5 varaudoben, rom miZinebis eklesia unda SeeqmnaT

1782 wels, giorgi XII-is Tanamecxedris, qiziyis mourav papuna androni-

kaSvilis asulis, qeTevanis gardacvalebasTan dakavSirebiT.6 eklesii-

saTvis kankeli daumzadebia iostosis erT-erT TanamoRvawe garejel

bers, zosimes, romelic, pl. ioselianis gadmocemiT, yofila gamom-

kveTeli senakisa da kankelisa.7 es is zosime unda iyos, romelic na-

myofi iyo aTonze – wminda mTaze imxanad gavrcelebuli, msgavsi tipis

kankelebi mas gaukeTebia garejis mravalmTis wm. dodos monasterSi da

Tbilisis sionis sakaTedro taZarSi.8

wm. daviTis lavraSi XVIII saukunis miwurulisaTvis jer kidev sakma-

od mravalricxovani krebuli mkvidrobda. pl. ioselianis cnobiT, 1799

wlisaTvis lavraSi imyofeboda `...sami gadamdgari moxucebisa gamo

episkoposni: daniil mangleli, timoTe nekreseli da vonifante mo-

qveli imereli; 6 arqimandritni; 23 mRvdelmonazoni; 14 arqidiakoni da

5 1921 da 1929 wlebSi garejis mravalmTaSi mowyobili eqspediciebis dros Ses-

rulebul iqna giorgi XII-is oTaxis da miZinebis eklesiis gegma, Wrili, kankelis da

ornamentebis sqemebi. anazomi masala, sqemebi da fotoebi g. CubinaSvilma gamoaq-

veyna garejisadmi miZRvnil monografiaze darTul sailustracio masalaSi. . -, - ( , 1948), 112, . 69, 70, 71,72, 73,

74, 75. eklesiis kankeli amJamad, faqtobrivad, mTlianadaa darRveuli – SemorCa

misi qvena nawili, isic dazianebuli saxiT.

6 g. CubinaSvilis varaudiT, qeTevani dakrZalul iqna miZinebis eklesiaSi. -, - , 112. pl. ioselianis cnobiT, qeTevani

daukrZalavT wm. ioane RvTismetyvelis eklesiaSi. pl. ioseliani, cxovreba giorgi

mecametisa (tfilisi, 1936), 10. am cnobas imeorebs a. muraviovi, Tumca aRniSnavs,

rom iq saflavis aranairi kvali ar SeiniSneboda. , , 111. pl.

ioseliani amas imiT xsnis, rom 1830 wels eklesia `Caiqca da da didni kldisa da-

naxeTqni RorRad awevs saflavsa amas da kaxTa mefisaca aleqsandresa~. ioseliani,

cxovreba giorgi mecametisa, 261, Sen. 4.

7 ioseliani, cxovreba giorgi mecametisa, 261.

8 , - , 118.

garejeli ierodiakoni iostos mrevliSvili

106

60-mdin msaxurni; wmidis dodos udabno, Tumca iyo drosa amas carieli,

garna wirva-locva iyo xolme siaxloisa gamo garejisa lavrasTan~.9

ruseTis mier qarTl-kaxeTSi samefo xelisuflebis, xolo mogvi-

anebiT, 1811 wels, saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqmebis Sem-

dgom, mravalmTis monastrebis qoneba saxelmwifo xazinaSi gadavida

da sul male samonastro cxovreba garejSi radikalurad Seicvala.

pl. ioseliani amasTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavda: `1811 wels dasust-

da garesja, Tumca moRvaweni Rirsni ar aklda da arca mwignobarni~.10

lavraSi winamZRvar ilarionis (vaCnaZe) dros CautarebiaT ganaxle-

biTi samuSaoebi, magram is, ZiriTadad, feriscvalebis eklesiis karib-

WiTa da galavaniT Semoifargla.11

gamoricxuli araa, rom iostosi, saaRmSeneblo saqmianobis garda,

aseve dakavebuli yofiliyo wignebis gadanusxviT wm. daviTis lavris

biblioTekisaTvis an sulac mis mier axladSeqmnili eklesiisaTvis Se-

sawirad. saqme isaa, rom 1808, 1816, 1817, 1822 wlebSi vinme ieromonaxma

iostosma gadawera da garejis monasters Seswira mTeli rigi xelnaw-

eri wignebisa, romelTa nawili mis mier wm. daviTis lavrisTvis iqna

ganwesebuli (1816 w., xec, A-181; 1806 w., xec A-1836; 1822 w., xec, A-1838),

nawili ki, rogorc Cans, aseve garejSi inaxeboda, ramdenadac isini XX

saukunis dasawyisSi mravalmTidan iqna Camotanili (1817 w., xec, A-1396;1822 w., A-1836). am xelnawerebis anderZebSi (xec, S-42, 141v; xec, S-1191, 204v, 238r; xec, H-1657, 87v; xec, A-181, 239v; xec, A-1336, 62v; xec, A-1338, 327v; xec, A-1396, 192r) iostosi, gvaris miuTiTeblad, iwodeba ieromonaxad,

misis uwmindesobis ieromonaxad an mRvdel-monazonad. samecniero

literaturaSi dasaxelebuli xelnawerebis gadamwerad miCneulia

cnobili moRvawe, RvTismetyveli da filosofosi, 1804 wlis mTiule-

Tis ajanyebis monawile, beri iostos andronikaSvili. pl. ioselianis

cnobiT, iostos andronikaSvili gardacvlila 1815 wlis axlo xanebSi

da daukrZalavT sofel veJinis sagvareulo RvTaebis eklesiaSi.12 ios-

tosis saxelTan dakavSirebuli xelnawerebis miseuli bolo anderZi

1822 wliT TariRdeba; amis gaTvaliswinebiT gamoTqmul iqna varaudi

iostos andronikaSvilis ara 1815, aramed 1823 wels gardacvalebis Ses-

9 ioseliani, cxovreba giorgi mecametisa, 121, Sen. 32.

10 iqve.

11 - , 112-8.12


107

axeb.13 iostosis mier wm. efvTime mTawmindelis naTargmn basili didis

iTikaze Sesrulebuli anderZidan cnobili xdeba, rom xelnaweri mas

gadauweria 1816 wels da Seuwiravs daviT garejis monastrisaTvis: ès

wigni, romel ars iTika vasilisa, gardavswere me, codvilman ieromonax-

man iostos, raoden Zalmedua Zalisaebr, da uZRuÀn monastersa wmidisa

mravalmTis daviT garejelisasa, gamomwirveli wyeul iyavn. codÂli

iostos, welsa 1816 Cyv~ (xec, A-181, 239v).14 xelnaweri gadanusxuli Cans

garejSi, ramdenadac saTauris Semdeg, 1v-ze, teqsts win uZRvis gare-

jeli morCilis, sfiridonis mier fanqriTa da aqvarelis saRebavebiT

Seferadebuli wm. basili didis gamosaxuleba. cnobilia sfiridonis

mier fanqriTa da aqvareliT Sesrulebuli sxva naxatebic, romlebzec

garejeli wminda mamebi da lavris fonze gamosaxuli wm. daviTia war-

modgenili. es TavisTavad imis mimaniSnebeli unda iyos, rom xelnaweri

garejis lavraSi iqna Sesrulebuli adgilobrivi ierodiakonis iosto-

sis mier.

1822 wels daviT garejis monastrisaTvis iostoss Seuwiravs mis

mier gadawerili kidev ori xelnaweri – 1806 wels gadanusxuli Teofi-

laqte bulRarelis markozis Tavis ganmarteba (xec, A-1336)15 da grigol

RvTismetyvelis Txzulebani (xec, A-1338).16 1808 wels misive TxovniT

(`morCilebiT~) ierodiakonma grigolma gadanusxa da arqimandrit niki-

fores (jorjaZe, xirsis wm. stefanes monastris arqimandriti) miarTva

kanonikuri krebuli (xec, S-1191, 204v; 238r).17 iostosi saqarTvelos uax-

13 m. berZniSvili, masalebi XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris qarTuli sazogadoe-

briobis istoriisaTvis, II (Tbilisi, 1983), 108; l. menabde, Zveli qarTuli mwerlo-

bis kerebi, w. I, nak. 1 (Tbilisi, 1962), 317-8.

14 iostoss dednad gamouyenebia daviT mefis brZanebiT, qarTlidan aTonis mTaze

Casuli mama iordanes mier gadawerili nusxa (xec, A-181, 239v). xelnaweri Sesru-

lebulia cisfer qaRaldze, Casmulia ficris tyavgadakrul tvifrul ydaSi; te-

qsti naweria Savi melniT, mxedruliT; niSandoblivia, rom es xelnaweri saeklesio

muzeumSi moxvda garejis monastridan – qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba. yofili

saeklesio muzeumis (A koleqciisa, t. I, nak. 2, el. metrevelis redaqciiT (Tbilisi,

1976), 291-2.

15 iqve, 410-1.

16 iqve, 412-7.

17 qronikebi da sxva masala saqarTvelos istoriisa da mwerlobisa, Sekrebili,

qronologiurad dawyobili, axsnili da gamocemuli T. Jordanias mier, t. III (Tbi-

lisi, 1967), 468-9; qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba. yofili qarTvelTa Soris wera-

kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis (S koleqciisa, t. II, el. metrevelis redaq-

ciiT (Tbilisi, 1961), 89-90.


108

lesi istoriiTac yofila dainteresebuli. savaraudod, mas ekuTvnoda

oman xerxeuliZis cxovreba irakli mefisa~. amas adasturebs petre umi-

kaSvilis naqon xelnawerze darTuli kolofoni, saidanac vigebT, rom

xerxeuliZis Txzuleba mas 1879 wels gadauweria rveulidan, romelic

Tavis mxriv gadawerili yofila ieromonax iostosis kuTvnili xelnaw-

eridan (xec, S-1532, 141v-142r).18 hqonda Tu ara garejel ber iostoss kav-

Siri wignebis gadanusxvasTan gadawyvetilad ver CaiTvleba da Semdgom

Ziebas moiTxovs; miuxedavad amisa, yuradRebis gamaxvileba amis Sesaxeb

mainc saWirod CavTvaleT.

garejeli mRvdelmonazonis iostosis moRvaweobaSi gansakuTrebiT

mniSvnelovania 1819-22 wlebSi misi mogzauroba qristianuli aR-

mosavleTisa da ruseTis piligrimul adgilebSi. garejis wm. daviTis

lavraSi diakvnad kurTxevis Semdgom, iostosi ierusalimisa da wminda

adgilebis mosalocad gaemgzavra. mwerali, mTargneli da diplomati

giorgi avaliSvili, romelmac 1819-20 wlebSi imogzaura TurqeTSi,

egviptesa da palestinaSi, iostoss mogzaurobisas ramdenjerme Sexve-

dria. dRiurebis saxiT daweril samogzauro wignSi `mgzavroba¡~ cno-

bili mogzauri wm. daviTis lavris diakons, mcxeTel iostoss ramden-

jerme ixseniebs.19 giorgi avaliSvilis samogzauro wignidan irkveva,

rom avaliSvili saqarTvelodan ierusalimSi gamgzavrebas apirebda

iostosis Tanmxleb pirTan, ierusalimis patriarqis veqilTan, jvaris

mama da arqimandrit-yofilTan, berZen benediqtesTan erTad.20 gzad mi-

18 qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba. yofili qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gama-

vrcelebeli sazogadoebis (S koleqciisa, t. III, Sedgenili da dasabeWdad damza-

debuli: T. enuqiZis, e. metrevelis, m. qavTarias, l. quTaTelaZis, m. SaniZis da qr.

SaraSiZis mier (Tbilisi, 1963), 11.

19 giorgi avaliSvili, mgzavroba Tbilisidan ierusalimamde, teqsti gamosacemad

moamzada, gamokvleva, leqsikoni da saZieblebi daurTo el. metrevelma (Tbilisi,

1967), 56, 59, 203, 258.

20 benediqte unda yofiliyo erT-erTi im berZen sasuliero pirTagani, romlis

saqarTvelodan gaZevebasac, Seuferebeli saqcielis sababiT, iTxovda saqarTve-

los egzarqosi Teofilaqte. amaze miuTiTebs kavkasiis mTavarmarTeblis ermo-

lovis Setyobineba imperatorisadmi, sadac is ukmayofilebas gamoTqvams berZeni

sasuliero pirebis mxridan mamulebis marTvis saqmeSi ruseTis xelisuflebis

Caurevlobis Sesaxeb. 1818 wels, benediqtes jvaris mamobis dasrulebis Semdgom,

saqarTveloSi mraval adgilas dawyebula berZeni arqimandritis mier gacemuli

sesxebis da savaWro operaciebis gamo sasamarTlo procesebi. n. xuciSvili, ieru-

salimis jvris monastris miwaTmflobeloba saqarTveloSi (Tbilisi, 2006), 109-11.

vfiqrobT, yofili patriarqis veqilisa da jvaris mamis benediqtes 1819 wels saqa-

rTvelodan gamgzavrebis mizani unda yofiliyo saqarTveloSi arsebuli eklesia-


109

mavali giorgi benediqtes wm. saflavis metoqi dirbis jvris amaRlebis

monasterSi 1819 wlis 12 ivliss Sexvedria. maT moulaparakebiaT kidec

erTad gamgzavrebis Taobaze, magram banZaSi faRavebTan gaCerebuli

giorgi avaliSvili ori dRis amao lodinis Semdeg benediqtes aRar

dalodebia da reduT-kaladan (yulevi foTTan axlos)21 gemiT gamgza-

vrebula yirimisaken. benediqte, garejel ber iostosTan erTad, ram-

denime dRis dagvianebiT gamgzavrebula.22 maT saqarTvelodan konstan-

tinopolamde daaxloebiT igive marSruti gauvliaT zRviT, romelic

gaiara giorgi avaliSvilma: reduT-kala – soxum-kala – feodosia (Savi

zRvis porti yirimis naxevarkunZulze) – ieniqo (stambolTan).23

1819 wlis seqtemberSi, ieniqoSi24 didmowame wm. giorgis monasterSi,

saqarTvelos jvaris mamad-yofilTan, arqimandrit aTanasesTan (Sem-

dgomSi ierusalimis patriarqi)25 misuli giorgi avaliSvili kvlav Sex-

vedria jvarismama-yofil, arqimandrit benediqtes da wm. daviT gare-

jis lavris bers, diakon iostoss, romlebic monasterSi sacxovreblad

monastrebis mamulebis marTvis sakiTxebis mosagvareblad ierusalimis da kon-

stantinopolis patriarqebTan Sexvedra.

21 `reduT-kala ars cixe rossiis mÃedrobisa pirsa zeda Savi zRÂsa da xorga mdi-

nareÁsa kidurisa Tana, romelsaca Sina ipovnebian raodennime duqanni. adgili ese

ars Tu iTqvims momwamlvel-momakvdinebeli aq ukrZalvelad mcxovrebTa, vinaÁ-

Tgan mdinareÁ xorga ars dampal, haeri friad cxel-xorSak, garda dila-saRamoTa,

romelTaca dros civa sagrZnobelad. miwa anu Waobiani da havaÁca zRÂsa ufro

yovelTa maT mvnebel-winaaRmdegi kacTa simrTeleÁsa~; mdebareobs 150 verstis

daSorebiT soxum-kalidan. avaliSvili, mgzavroba Tbilisidan ierusalimamde,

24, Sen. ; 28. reduT-kalas Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix. Jak fransua gamba, mogzauroba

amierkavkasiaSi, frangulidan Targmna, komentarebi daurTo m. mgalobliSvilma

(Tbilisi, 1987), 97-100.

22 avaliSvili, mgzavroba Tbilisidan ierusalimamde, 12, 14.

23 giorgi avaliSvilma konstantinopolamde zRviT ganvlo Semdegi punqtebi:

reduT-kala – soxum-kala – sevastopoli – baxCasarai – simferopoli – evpatoria

– konstantinopoli. igi dawvrilebiT aRwers qariTa da grigaliT gamowveul mgza-

vrobis siZneleebze, karantinze, ciebaze (malariaze), romelic mas reduT-kalaSi

unda Seyroda. avaliSvili, mgzavroba Tbilisidan ierusalimamde, 24-36.

24 ieniqo – konstantinopolTan àxali daba anu sofeli Savi zRvis kidursa zeda~.

avaliSvili, mgzavroba Tbilisidan ierusalimamde, 55-6.

25 saqarTveloSi patriarqis rwmunebuli da saierusalimo mamulebis yofili

gamgebeli, jvaris mama aTanase stambolis maxloblad ieniqoSi wm. giorgis monas-

trisa winamZRvari gaxda 1804 wlidan, mogvianebiT, 1827-1845 wlebSi, is ukve ieru-

salimis patriarqia. saqarTveloSi moRvaweobis periodSi aTanase cnobili iyo,

rogorc ruseTis mflobelobaSi saqarTvelos Sesvlis mowinaaRmdege. xuciSvili,

ierusalimis jvris monastris miwaTmflobeloba saqarTveloSi, 108-9.


110

yofilan gaCerebulebi. rogorc irkveva, maT feodosiidan ieniqomde

mgzavroba sakmaod mZimed gadautaniaT. avaliSvilis gadmocemiT, mg-

zavrobiT gawamebuli iostosi `msgavsebda ufros aCrdilsa cxovelisa

kacisasa, vidreRa cocxalsa~. misive monayoliT, cxrameti wlis unax-

avi jvaris mamad-yofili aTanase monasterSi stumrad myofT, tradi-

ciisamebr, murabiT, wyaros wyliT, yaviTa da CibuxiT gamaspinZlebia.

saubris dasasruls giorgi avaliSvils arqimandrit benediqtesaT-

vis gadaucia daviT garejis arqimandrit ilarionisagan Tbilisidan

gatanebuli werili (es werili, rogorc qvemoT gavarkvevT, exeboda

ruseTis saxelmwifo xazinis mmarTvelobaSi saeklesio mamulebis

gadasvlasTan dakavSirebiT Seqmnil problemebs). avaliSvili orive

arqimandritisagan kurTxevis miRebis Semdgom konstantinopolSi

gamgzavrebula.26konstantinopolSi avaliSvili kidev erTxel Sex-

vedria benediqtesa da iostoss. konstantinopolis erT-erT ubanSi,

galaTaSi27 gaCerebul giorgi avaliSvilTan 13 seqtembers ieniqo-

dan Casula berZeni arqimandriti benediqte da iostosi. am Sexvedris

dros maT dawvrilebiT mouyoliaT im gansacdelis Sesaxeb, romelic

SeemTxvaT uamindobis gamo zRviT mgzavrobisas `reduT kalaT feodo-

sia qalaqadmde~. mipatiJebis miuxedavad, isini ukan gabrunebulan ie-

niqoSi, sadac sadilad yofilan miwveulni arqimandrit aTanasesTan.28

giorgi avaliSvilTan maTi vizitis mizani, savaraudod, unda yofilyo

iostosisaTvis ierusalimSi gasamgzavrebeli pasportisa da firmanis

miReba.29 xelnawerTa erovnuli centris muslimur fondSi inaxeba 1819

wlis seqtember-oqtombriT daTariRebuli ierodiakon iustis (sic) sax-

elze gacemuli ¡ol huqmi (samgzavro brZanebuleba), romelic mas miu-

Ria ruseTis sagangebo elCis baron stroganovis SuamdgomlobiT. br-

Zanebuleba avaldebulebda yadiebs da naibebs, raTa ierusalimisaken

mimaval piligrims gzaSi ar Sexvedroda dabrkoleba. sabuTis verso-ze

mxedruliT miwerilia: èse wigni is aris iostosi kaxeTeli ierusa-

26 avaliSvili, mgzavroba Tbilisidan ierusalimamde, 55-6.

27 `galaTa – xristianeni uwodeben esreT, xolo mahmadianni –kalaTa~. avaliSvi-

li, mgzavroba Tbilisidan ierusalimamde, 57.

28 iqve, 59.

29 konstantinopolSi giorgi avaliSvilma miiRo egvipteSi da ierusalimSi gas-

amgzavrebeli firmani sulTan mahmudisagan, rac daujda 26 yuruSi; amas garda,

mas hqonia ori pasporti – ucxo qveyanaTa saxelmwifo kolegiisagan Tbilisidan

gamogzavnili da stambolSi ruseTis elCis baron grigol stroganovisagan miRe-

buli. avaliSvili, mgzavroba Tbilisidan ierusalimamde, 65.


111

lims rom wavida, xvanTqrisTvis farvani gameerTva, qarTuli beleTi~.30

ramdenadac, XVII saukunis bolo meoTxedidan mokidebuli, ieru-

salimSi valebis gadauxdelobis gamo miTvisebul-gayiduli qarTu-

li eklesia-monastrebis da saqarTveloSi arsebuli ierusalimuri

mamulebis ZiriTad mesakuTres da gamgebels berZnuli sapatriarqo

warmoadgenda, unda vivaraudoT, rom am Sexvedrisas gansjis ZiriTad

sagans aseve warmoadgenda konstantinopolSi myof ierusalimis pa-

triarqTan im sakiTxebis mogvareba, rac saqarTvelos ierusalimuri

mamulebis marTvas da amasTan dakavSirebiT berZen sasuliero pirebT-

an gamwvavebul urTierTobis mogvarebas ukavSirdeboda.31 rogorc

irkveva, iostosi konstantinopolSi aRar gaCerebula, igi 1819 wlis

seqtemberSive unda gamgzavrebuliyo ieniqodan ierusalimSi.

1819 wlis oqtomberSi giorgi avaliSvils, konstantinopolis

patriarqTan stumrad myof ierusalimis patriarq polikarpes da

saqarTveloSi patriarqis veqilisa da arqimandritis, benediqtes So-

ris Semdgari saubridan irkveva, rom ierusalimis patriarqi didad

yofila SeSfoTebuli ruseTis ganaTlebis ministris a. golicinis

werilis gamo, saidanac Seutyvia ruseTis imperatoris brZanebis da

saqarTvelos egzarqosis Teofilaqtes mier wm. saflavis yma-mamu-

lis da saqarTvelos mefe-mTavarTagan miRebuli Sewirulebisa da Se-

mosavlis saxelmwifo xazinisTvis gadacemis ambavi.32 vfiqrobT, amave

30 xec, Tur d-82; iostosis saxelze gacemuli am huqmis Taobaze cnoba mogvawoda

qalbatonma cisana abulaZem, risTvisac mas did madlobas movaxsenebT.

31 rusuli mmarTvelobis xanaSi SewirulebaTa gziT SeZenil uZrav-moZrav qonebas

ierusalimis berZnuli sapatriarqo Semdgom xanebSic flobda, saidanac miRebul

Semosavals srulad da Seuferxeblad ibarebda. 1885 wels berZnulma sapatriarqom

ierusalimis qarTuli monastrebisaTvis saqarTveloSi Sewiruli yma-mamuli day-

ida, ris Sedegadac dasrulda saqarTveloSi ierusalimuri uZrav-moZravi qonebis

mflobeloba. imavdroulad, am RonisZiebiT, faqtobrivad, safuZveli gamoecala

saqarTvelos kanonier pretenziebs ierusalimis kuTvnil savaneebze. n. mSvido-

baZe, `saqarTvelos urTierToba ierusalimis berZnul sapatriarqosTan patriarq

Teofane III (1608-1644) dros qarTuli saistorio sabuTebis mixedviT~, macne, enisa

da literaturis seria, 1-4 (1999), 177-91.

32 avaliSvili, mgzavroba Tbilisidan ierusalimamde, 81. rogorc Cans, amis gamo

berZnebis damokidebuleba ierusalimSi Casuli rusi piligrimebis mimarT arcTu

keTilganwyobili gaxda. amis miniSnebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos fskoveli nadeJda iva-

novna CexaCovas Civili ierusalimSi cudi mopyrobisa da uwmindesis sinodis kre-

bulis mier misi gaZevebis Taobaze. amis gamo mas TxovniTac ki miumarTavs giorgi

avaliSvilisaTvis, raTa daxmareboda konstantinopolSi droulad gamgzavrebaSi.

g. avaliSvili, mgzavroba Tbilisidan ierusalimamde, 258.


112

sakiTxebs exeboda daviT garejis lavris arqimandritis ilarionis

mier giorgi avaliSvilisaTvis jvarismama-yofili berZeni benediqte-

saTvis gatanebuli werilic. saqme exeboda 1819 wels saqarTvelos

egzarqosis Teofilaqtes mier wamoWril im sakiTxebs, rac ukavSird-

eboda saqarTveloSi sazRvargareTis monastrebisaTvis Sewiruli yma-

mamulis marTvis saxelmwifo salaros uflebamosilebaSi gadasvlas

da berZeni arqimandritebis uRirsi saqcielis sababiT saqarTvelodan

gaZevebas. am mizniT 1819 wels Catarda saqarTveloSi berZnuli sapa-

triarqos mmarTvelobaSi arsebuli yma-mamulebis aRwera, ramac, bune-

brivia, berZeni sasuliero pirebis ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. ruseTis

imperatorma aleqsandre I-ma, berZnebTan urTierTobis gamwvavebis Ta-

vidan asarideblad, mTavarsardal a. ermolovs daavala ierusalimis

da konstantinopolis patriarqebTan sakiTxis mogvareba.33 am garemoe-

bebis gaTvaliswineba, vfiqrobT, sxva kuTxiT warmoaCens ruseTis sax-

elmwifos namdvili mrCevlis, giorgi avaliSvilisa da dirbis berZeni

arqimandrit-yofilis, benediqtes, maTTan erTad ki garejeli iosto-

sis mogzaurobis realur mizans. rogorc qvemoT gavarkvevT, giorgi

avaliSvilis qristianul aRmosavleTSi 1819-20 wlebSi mogzaurobis

erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizani dasaxelebuli problemebis mogvareba unda

yofiliyo da ara mis mier dasaxelebuli oficialuri motivi wminda

adgilebis moxilvis da samemkvidreo saqmeebis mogvarebis Sesaxeb.

rac Seexeba wminda miwas, iq ruseTma 1810-iani wlebis miwurulidan

aqtiurad daiwyo moqmedeba poziciebis gasamyareblad – es exeboda

rogorc iq arsebul qristianul siwmindeebs, aseve qristianul Temebs

Soris arsebuli im winaaRmdegobebis mogvarebas, rac wminda adgile-

bis flobasTan da Tayvaniscemaze kontrolTan iyo dakavSirebuli. am

sakiTxebis mogvarebisas, ruseTi, bunebrivia, Seecdeboda wminda miwaze

im mravalsaukunovani mflobelobis uflebisa da adgilis gamoyenebas,

romelic qarTvelebs istoriulad hqondaT mopovebuli. ruseTi aseve

dainteresebuli yofila im dokumentaciis moZiebiT, rac am mflob-

elobas ukavSirdeboda, Tumca am uflebebis Sesaxeb oficialuri do-

kumenturi masala ierusalimis sapatriarqo biblioTekaSi ukve aRar

inaxeboda. es dokumentacia ukve didi xnis win iyo gagzavnili konstan-

tinopolSi.

CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxebis gasarkvevad gansakuTrebiT sain-

33 xuciSvili, ierusalimis jvris monastris miwaTmflobeloba saqarTveloSi, 77-8.


113

tereso informaciis Semcveli aRmoCnda 1817-22 wlebSi stambolSi le-

vantis sakiTxebSi diplomatiuri mrCevlis, dimitri daSkovis dRiure-

bi. daSkovi ruseTis elCis, baron grigol stroganovis (1770-1857) dava-

lebiT, inpeqtirebas uwevda sakonsuloebs levantSi.34 igi palestinaSi

iZiebda sakiTxebs, romelic exeboda aRmosavleT orTodoqsebs (mar-

Tlmadideblebs), kaTolikebs da sxva qristian Temebs Soris davas ieru-

salimis wminda adgilebze, maT Soris aRdgomis eklesiaze anu uflis

saflavze, sadac 1818 wlis dekembris memorandumiT RmrTismsaxure-

baze sameurveo statusi orTodoqs qristianebs hqondaT mopovebuli.

1820 wlis agvisto-seqtemberSi ierusalimSi sami kviris ganmavlobaSi

inspeqtirebis mizniT mogzaurobisas daSkovma detalurad aRwera pal-

estinis wminda adgilebi, agreTve Seiswavla iq arsebuli mdgomareoba.

misi gadmocemiT, aRdgomis eklesiaSi RmrTismsaxurebis yvela adgils

flobdnen berZnebi, kaTolikebi da monofiziti somxebi, maSin roca

koptebs ekavaT mxolod erTi sakurTxeveli salxineblis mimdebared;

rac Seexeba siriel nestorianebs, qarTvelebs, abisinielebs da maroni-

tebs, isini iqidan iZulebiT iyvnen gaZevebulni. misive cnobiT, uflis

saflavis salxinebelis garSemo kolonebi, aseve zeda da qveda galer-

eebi ganawilebuli iyo sxvadasxva qristianul Temebs Soris – samxreTi

epyraT kaTolikebs, xolo berZnebs ekavaT qarTvelebisagan miiRebuli

CrdiloeTi nawili, iq, sadac jvari iyo aRmarTuli. rac Seexeba jvris

aRmoCenis adgils, is sadao yofila im religiur jgufebs Soris, rom-

lebsac iZulebiT an Tavisi nebiT hqondaT daTmobili es uflebebi da

kaTolikebi ar anebebdnen kandelebis dakidebas. ierusalimis sxvadasx-

va qristianuli Temebis uflebebis gadawyveta kandelis da xatebis da-

kidebaze, aseve RmrTismsaxurebaze, Turqebis xelSi iyo da maTze iyo

damokidebuli.35 daSkovi aseve gvawvdis saintereso cnobebs (maT Soris,

statistikurs) piligrimobis Taobazec. XIX saukunis pirvel meoTxed-

Si ierusalimSi Casul piligrimTa Soris, romelTa nawili ojaxebiT

wlobiT iq rCeboda, mniSvnelovnad Warbobdnen berZnebi da somxebi.

1821 wlamde monacemebiT, ierusalimSi Casuli piligrimebis raodeno-

ba sami aTass aRwevda, maTgan rusi mxolod orasamde iyo. mlocvelebi

odesidan miemgzavrebodnen zRviT (umeteswilad adre agvistos) kon-

stantinopolisaken, sadac pasportis garda, iRebdnen firmans (sulT-

34 T. C. Prousis, “The Holy Places: A Russian Travel Perspective,” St. Vladimir’s Teological Quar-terly, 3 (2005), 271-96.

35 Prousis, “The Holy Places: A Russian Travel Perspective,” 284, 286.


114

nis ediqts), riTac eZleodaT wminda adgilebis da aRdgomis eklesiis

(am ukanasknelSi mxolod SesvlisaTvis danarCeni qristianebi ixdidnen

24 levs) mosaloci ufleba. iafaSi rusi mlocvelebi stumrad Cerde-

bodnen berZnul metoqSi, sadac winamZRvars aZlevdnen mcire Sewir-

ulebas. rac Seexeba ierusalims, mlocvelebi iq binavdebodnen ber-

Znul sapatriarqoSi da pirvel xanebSi salaroSi ixdidnen garkveul

gadasaxads. amas garda, mosaxsenebel wignSi Tavis da axloblebis sax-

elze mosaxseneblebis Sesatanad calke unda gadaexadaT sulze 50

levi an meti. mosaloc adgilebSi Sedioda beTlemi, beTania, nazareTi

da sxva adgilebi (maT Soris – sionis mTa, Raza, ieriqo, md. iordanis

napirebi).36 daSkovis cnobiT, qarTvelebi, umeteswilad, aRmosavle-

Tis sazRvrebidan misul somxebTan, aziel berZnebTan da maTTan erTad

myof yaramanielebTan, sirielebTan da egviptelebTan erTad dadiod-

nen mosalocad. daSkovis gamoangariSebiT ruseTidan Casul mlocv-

els palestinis wminda adgilebis molocva daaxloebiT xuTasi rubli

ujdeboda. amis gamo, mlocvelTa nawili saerTod usaxsrod rCeboda

da iZulebuli iyo berebisagan sakvebis misaRebad SemweobisaTvis sa-

patriarqo karisTvis miekiTxa. maTze daxmarebisa da meTvalyureobis

ganxorcielebis mizniT ruseTis saelCos vice-konsulis rangSi iafaSi

sagangebo moxelec ki miuvlenia. 1821 wels ganviTarebulma movlenebma

(saberZneTis damoukideblobisaTvis omis dawyebas da vaWrobis Sefer-

xebas Sav zRvasa da levantSi mohyva ruseT-osmaleTis diplomatiuri

urTierTobebis daZabva) es daxmareba daabrkola da SezRuda rusi pil-

igrimebis Sesvla aRdgomis eklesiaSi.37

ruseTi, Seqmnil viTarebaSi, bunebrivia, dainteresebuli iyo ieru-

salimis berZnul sapatriarqosTan im sakiTxebis mogvarebiT, rac wminda

miwis eklesia-monastrebisaTvis saqarTveloSi Sewiruli uZrav-moZravi

qonebis da iqidan miRebuli Semosavalebis sakiTxs ukavSirdeboda. aqedan

gamomdinare, unda vifiqroT, rom garkveul mizans emsaxureboda ruseTis

samsaxurSi myofi giorgi avaliSvilis, jvarismama-yofil arqimandritis

benediqtes da garejeli beris iostosis 1819 wels saqarTvelodan kon-

stantinopolsa da palestinaSi gamgzavrebac da is kontaqtebi da Sex-

vedrebi, romelic maT hqondaT am mogzaurobis dros.38 vfiqroT, aseve

36 iqve, 292-3.

37 iqve, 294.

38 1820 wlis 13-16 Tebervals giorgi avaliSvili kairoSi ramdenjerme Sexvda statski

sovetniks dimitri daSkovs. avaliSvili, mgzavroba Tbilisidan ierusalimamde, 154-5, 169.


115

ruseTis interesebs emsaxureboda g. avaliSvilis mier mogzaurobisas

Sesrulebuli is detaluri da dokumentirebuli aRwerebic, romelic

iq arsebul qarTuli siZveleebs (maT Soris jvris monastrisas), drois

uqonlobis gamo, TiTqmis ar Sexebia. amazeve miuTiTebs avaliSvilis

mWidro urTierToba saqarTvelos jvaris mama-yofilTan, arqimandrit

aTanasesTan, ierusalimis patriarq polikarpesTan, stambolSi ruseTis

elC grigol stroganovTan, statski sovetnik dimitri daSkovTan da iq

akreditirebul evropis konsulebTan da mmarTvel wreebTan.39 igive Sei-

Zleba iTqvas garejeli beris iostosis da rusi ieromonaxis paisis mier

aRdgomis eklesiaSi sazeimo wirvis qarTul da rusul enebze Catarebis

Taobazec, romlis Sesaxeb avaliSvili sagangebod vrclad gviyveba.

egviptidan dabrunebuli giorgi avaliSvilisa da garejeli dia-

konis iostosis gzebi 1820 wlis gazafxulze ierusalimSi gadaikveTa.

ierusalimSi yofnisas iostosi, bunebrivia, jvris monastersac moixi-

lavda da iq garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi gaCerdeboda. iostosma,

1820 wlis 27-28 marts, rogorc mwirvelma, monawileoba miiRo aRdgomis

brwyinvale liturgiaSi. giorgi avaliSvilis gadmocemiT, `SeslvulTa

lodisa gadmogorebulisa Tana, me, ieromonaxosman antimos kamerasman

da erTman Cemman ucnobman berZenman movismineT wirvaÁ SemwiruÀlisa,

ieromonaxisisa Tana iyvnen mwiruÀlad erTi mTavardiakoni da qarTuÀ-

li iostos diakoni. iyo esreTÀ TÂisTÂsTa droTa saRmrToÁsa msxuÀr-

plSemwirvelisa ieromonoxosisa da mTavardiakonisa mier moÃseneba

Tavadisa giorgi avalovisa, Tanaswor viTar didsaca taZarsa da wmidasa

golgoTasa~. yovlad brwyinvale paseqis dResaswaulze sapatriarqoSi

sacxovreblad gaCerebul giorgi avaliSvilTan stumrad misula ìero-

monaxosi paisii da qarTueli diakoni iostos, romelTaca warekiTxaT

didsa taZarsa Sina aRdgomisasa wminda saxareba Semdgomad berZnulisa

da arabulisa; piruÀlsa – rossiisa, xolo meoresa qarTulsa enaTa

zeda~.40 aRdgomis liturgiisas uflis saflavze wirvis qarTulad Cat-

arebis sakiTxi jer kidev konstantinopolSi unda gadawyvetiliyo,

razedac ufleba iostoss iq myofi ierusalimis patriarqis polikarpes

uSualo SuamdgomlobiTa da nebarTviT unda mieRo. ierusalimSi yof-

nisas iostosi daaxloebia riazanel ieromonaxos paisis da masTan er-

Tad aTonis mosalocad wasvla gadauwyvetia. iafaSi inglisis konsulis

39 iqve, 020, 65-6, 154-5, 169 da a.S.

40 iqve, 203.


116

antonia damianes saxlSi gaCerebul giorgi avaliSvilTan 15 aprils

misulma iostos ber-monazonma mas gzis fuli sTxova, raTa riazanel

paisisTan erTad aTonis mTaze gamgzavrebuliyo.41 giorgi avaliSvili

arafers ambobs imis Taobaze, moaxerxa Tu ara iostosma aTonis mTaze

wasvla. cnobilia mxolod, rom ukana gzaze, konstantinopolSi myofi

iostosi aiasofias mosalocad wavida. im droisaTvis aiasofias mimde-

bare teritoria iq misuli ucxoeli mlocvelebisa da mogzaurebisaTvis

gansakuTrebiT saSiS adgilad iTvleboda, gansakuTrebiT im dReebSi,

roca iq xdeboda sikvdiliT dasja da Tavs iyrida sakmaod Wreli xalxis

brbo. 1819 wlis oqtomberSi aiasofias mosaxilavad misuli giorgi aval-

iSvili, romelic Seeswro sulTanis yofili favoritis duz-oRlisa

da misi Zmebis Tavis mokveTas, aRniSnavda, rom amgvari TavSeyris dros

`xSirad iwarmoebis moulodneli SemTxuÀvaÁ aRÂruhsxmelisa erisa amis

mier, gansjisamebr, ucxo quÀynelTasa~.42 marTlac, aiasofiasTan mi-

sul iostoss Turqebi dasxmian Tavs, romelTac sityvieri da fizikuri

Seuracxyofa miuyenebiaT misTvis.43 amis Semdgom iostosma mogzauroba

gaagrZela da zRviT `did rosiad~ odesaSi Cavida, saidanac ruseTis

eklesia-monastrebis mosalocad gaemgzavra. igi ruseTSi giorgi aval-

iSvilisa da riazaneli beris paisis rCeviT unda gamgzavrebuliyo. mas

moulocia moskovis monastrebi da Tayvani ucia iqauri wminda nawilebi-

sTvis. 1821 wels iostosi sankt-peterburgSi Cavida da 13 dekembers ori

dRiT gaCerda arqimandrit tarasi aleqsi-mesxiSvilTan.44 peterburgSi

41 iqve, 258.

42 iqve, 67-9.

43 arqimandriti tarasi, ùdabno Rirsisa mamisa Cvenisa daviT garejelisa~, 39.

44 tarasi aleqsi-mesxiSvils (1797-1874), romelic cnobili iyo rogorc mwerali,

mTargmneli, kaligrafi da bibliofili, sakmaod axlo urTierToba hqonia garej-

el ber iostosTan da garejis saZmosTan. tarasi peterburgSi imyofeboda 1817-

24, 1825-30 wlebSi, sadac gahyolia saqarTvelos pirvel egzarqoss, mitropolit

varlams (erisTavi). moskovSi yofnisas mis xelSi gauvlia g. avaliSvilis mier

ierusalimis jvris monastridan wamoRebul Svidive xelnawers, saidanac amou-

weria anderZ-minawerebi. i. gaCeCilaZe, qarTul xelnawerTa amagdarni (Tbilisi,

2011), 94. samSobloSi dabrunebuli, 1832 wlis SeTqmulebaSi monawileobisaTvis,

is policiis meTvalyureobis qveS TbilisSi imyofeboda. miuxedavad amisa, tarasi

agrZelebda intensiur kavSirs garejis saZmosTan, sargeblobda ra monastris mdi-

dari biblioTekiT. moRweulia 1835 wliT daTariRebuli misi minaweri wm. daviTis

lavris biblioTekaSi dacul XVIII saukunis asketikur krebulze: `wigni ese ekuTv-

nis wmidis daviT garejelis udabnos, romelic maqunda me naTxovrad da naculad

aqusT Ãelmowerili baraTi Cemi misve udabnoTa ZmaTa. aw ukanave momiqcevia wigni

ese, ama udabnos naibis mRudel-monazonis TeofanesaTÂs, romeliTaca gauqmdebis


117

yofnisas iostosma aleqsandre nevelis lavraSi Tayvanisca wminda-

nis samarxos.45 peterburgSi igi aseve unda Sexvedroda iona xelaSvils,

romelic aleqsandre nevelis akademiaSi filosofiisa da RvTisme-

tyvelebis umaRlesi kursis dauflebis Semdgom ieromonaxis xarisxSi

ayvanili qarTuli koloniis moZRvrad da mwirvelad iTvleboda. amaze

mianiSnebs iona xelaSvilis mier svimon tabiZisaTvis peterburgis qa-

rTuli koloniis `mosaxsenebel wignSi~ Casawerad gadacemuli pirebis

nusxa, sadac Setanilia mRvdelmonazoni iostosis saxelic. mosaxseneb-

el pirTa sinodikonSi misi xseneba Cawerilia ruseTisa da saqarTvelos

samefo ojaxebiis wevrebTan da im drois qarTvel sasuliero da saero

moRvaweebTan erTad nakveTSi – `mowyaleni Cemni da keTilismyofelni~.46

1822 wlis gazafxulze iostosi jer kidev ruseTSi, moskovSi, imy-

ofeboda. 12 marts garejSi mis mier gamokafuli eklesiis mZime mdgo-

mareobiT Sewuxebuli iostosi moskovidan werda peterburgSi myof

mRvdel iona xelaSvils: `Cems viTarebas iuwyebT, gaxlavar orTa arx-

ierTa Soris, moskovi ra dasayudebelia mere CemTvis, magram gza ara

keTili Seiqmna, vgoneb rom cxovels kviramdin aq davrCe, udabnodan

(garejadan) wigni momivida, da ase mweren, Se cofo bero, qalaqebSi rad

roninebi, da kapilonTa ganscxrebio, Seni ekklesia cremliso, male

SeeSvele, Torem saWirod gagixdebis. es Ãma diaR Cemi Semawuxebeli ars,

ierusalimsac rom Semetyo, iqidamac gamomiyvanda es ara keTili Ãma,

Torem moskovs ra saqme miZs, maram calieri rom mivide, Ãels xom ver

davafareb lirfni unda Zmani WirTa Sina saxmar arian~.47

samSobloSi, garejis mravalmTaSi dabrunebuli iostosi, imave,

1822 wels gardaicvala. iostosi dausaflavebiaT wm. daviTis lavraSi,

mis mier gamokveTili miZinebis eklesiis kars gareT.48

baraTi Cemi, da Tu daikargebis sadme es wigni, me nu momekiTxebis, welsa 1835, maisis

19. mRdel-monazoni tarasi~, xec, A-154, 366r – qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba. yo-

fili saeklesio muzeumis ( koleqciisa, t. I, nak. 2, 219. lavraSi tarasis araerTx-

el unda moenaxulebina iostosis saflavi.

45 xec, A-1532, f. 141-142; arqimandriti tarasi, ùdabno Rirsisa mamisa Cvenisa da-

viT garejelisa~, 18.

46 varlam dondua, `peterburgis qarTuli koloniis saistorio samwignobro memkvi-

dreoba. iona xelaSvilis mosaxsenebeli wigni~, saistorio Ziebani, III (Tbilisi, 1985), 173.

47 iona xelaSvilis epistoluri arqivi (1809-1835ww.), Seadgina, gamosacemad

moamzada, gamokvleva da SeniSvnebi daurTo gulnara dedabriSvilma (Tbilisi,

2000), 23.

48 berZniSvili, masalebi XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris qarTuli sazogadoebrio-

bis istoriisaTvis, 108.


118 darejan kldiaSvili, marina mesxia

avaliSvili giorgi. mgzavroba Tbilisidan ierusalimamde. teqsti

gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva, leqsikoni da saZieblebi daurTo

el. metrevelma. Tbilisi, 1967

arqimandriti tarasi. udabno Rirsisa mamisa Cvenisa daviT gareje-

lisa, mokle aRnusxva qarTl-kaxeTis monasterTa. saqarTuelos sasu-

liero maxarebeli, VIII, 1864

berZniSvili maqsime. masalebi XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris qar-

Tuli sazogadoebriobis istoriisaTvis. II. Tbilisi, 1983

gamba Jak fransua. mogzauroba amierkavkasiaSi. frangulidan

Targmna, komentarebi daurTo m. mgalobliSvilma. Tbilisi, 1987

gaCeCilaZe ia. qarTul xelnawerTa amagdarni. Tbilisi, 2011

dondua varlam. peterburgis qarTuli koloniis saistorio samwi-

gnobro memkvidreoba. iona xelaSvilis `mosaxsenebeli wigni~. saisto-

rio Ziebani, III. Tbilisi, 1985

iona xelaSvilis epistoluri arqivi (1809-1835 ww.). Seadgina, gamo-

sacemad moamzada, gamokvleva da SeniSvnebi daurTo gulnara deda-

briSvilma. Tbilisi, 2000

ioseliani platon. cxovreba giorgi mecametisa. tfilisi, 1936

kalistrate mRvdel-monazoni. wmidis daviT garesjelis udabno.

Tbilisi, 1884

menabde levan. Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis kerebi. w. I, nak.1. Tbilisi, 1962

mSvidobaZe nana. saqarTvelos urTierToba ierusalimis berZnul sa-

patriarqosTan patriarq Teofane III (1608-1644) dros qarTuli saisto-

rio sabuTebis mixedviT. macne, enisa da literaturis seria, 1-4, 1999

qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba. yofili saeklesio muzeumis (A)

koleqciisa. t. I. nak. 2. Seadgines da dasabeWdad moamzades: T. bregaZem,

c. kaxabriSvilma, T. mgalobliSvilma, m. qavTariam, l. quTaTelaZem, da

c. jRamaiam, el. metrevelis redaqciiT. Tbilisi, 1976

qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba. yofili qarTvelTa Soris wera-

kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis (S) koleqciisa. t. II. el. metre-

velis redaqciiT. Tbilisi, 1961.

qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba. yofili qarTvelTa Soris wera-

kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis (S) koleqciisa. t. III. Sedgenili

da dasabeWdad damzadebuli T. enuqiZis, e. metrevelis, m. qavTarias, l.

quTaTelaZis, m. SaniZis da qr. SaraSiZis mier. Tbilisi, 1963

119

xuciSvili niko. ierusalimis jvris monastris miwaTmflobeloba

saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi, 2006

. ..

. - . , 1948Prousis, T. C. The Holy Places: A Russian Travel Perspective. St. Vladimir’s Teo-

logical Quarterly, 3, 2005

Hierodeacon of Gareja Iostos Mrevlishvili

(The Builder and the Pilgrim)

Darejan KldiashviliIn collaboration with Marina Meskhia

Summary

Hierodeacon Iostos (in lay life Mrevlisvili, hailed from Mtskheta) belongs to those unknown monks of David Gareja whose activity was consigned to obligation in the course of time. Fragmentary evidence on the versatile activity of Iostos has been pre-served in the records of pilgrims and lovers of antiquities (Archimandrite Tarasi (Aleksi-Meskhishvili), Hieromonk Kalistrat, Gr. Gordeev, A. Muraviev, G. Avalishvili) and the colophons of manuscripts belonging to the David Gareja monastery.

Iostos was hewing the small churches of the Dormition and of the St. Marina, three

th century in St. Hilarion the Georgian’s so-called “third” part of the Lavra of St. David. Besides, he was engaged in copying books and augmenting the monastic library. Evidence on this is preserved in colophons of manuscripts of the Gareja monastic library (NCM, Ms. A-181; NCM, Ms. S-1191; NCM, Ms. S-1532).

In 1819- 1822 he set out on the pilgrimage of Christian East (Jerusalem, Mount Athos, Constantinople) and Russia (Moscow, St. Petersburg). Returning to the Gareja desert, he died in 1822 and was buried in the Lavra of St. David, onside the door of the church of Dormition.


120

sur. 1 wm. daviTis lavris samxreT kldovani masivi. d. ermakovis foto, 1880-iani wlebi.

sur. 2 wm. daviTis lavra. RmrTismSoblis miZinebis eklesia. interieri. xedi aR-

mosavleTiT. T. kiunes foto, 1913 w.

sur. 3 wm. daviTis lavra. RmrTismSoblis miZinebis eklesia. kari. T. kiunes foto. 1913 w.


1

2 3

mamuka wurwumia

poliorketika saalyo xelovnebaa, ufro zustad ki – simagreTa

aRebisa da maTi dacvis xelovneba.1 mravalricxovan cixe-simagreTa

arsebobis gamo, Sua saukuneebisaTvis metad damaxasiaTebeli iyo

saalyo moqmedebebi.2 filip kontaminis Tanaxmad, òmi Sua saukuneebSi

warmoadgenda uwyvet alyebs, romelTac Tan axlda Setakebebi da

rbeva, didi brZolebi ki iSviaTad xdeboda~.3 amis gamo, Sua saukuneebis

samxedro saqmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo erTgvari `saalyo men-

taliteti~.4 marTlac, am drois samxedro xelovnebaSi cixe-simag-

reTa dauflebas umniSvnelovanesi adgili eWira da alya bevrad uf-

ro xSiri iyo, vidre savele brZolebi.5 es bunebrivicaa, radgan Sua

saukuneebSi miwis dauflebisaTvis ibrZodnen, miwa ki cixis saSualebiT

kontroldeboda.6

Sua saukuneebSi, rodesac brZola mklavis manZilze an mokle

distanciaze warmoebda, mas, vinc flobda simaRleSi upiratesobas

1 qarTul istoriografiaSi saalyo xelovneba ganxiluli aqvT s. margiSvils da

j. samuSias. soso margiSvili, Sua saukuneebis samxedro xelovneba da saqarTvelos

samxedro-politikuri istoria IX-XV saukuneebSi (Tbilisi, 2008), 208-19; jaba

samuSia, `cixe-simagreebis aRebis xelovneba XI-XII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi~,

saistorio Ziebani, t. X-XI (2008), 87-100. Tavisi naSromis furclebze s. margiSvili

agviwers Sua saukuneebSi saalyo moqmedebebis warmoebis principebs, j. samuSia ki

saalyo xelovnebas saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi ganixilavs.

2 antikur xanaSi ZiriTadad qalaqebs garemoicvamdnen, Sua saukuneebSi ki ufro

xSiria cixeTa alya. Jim Bradbury, The Medieval Siege (Woodbridge, 1992), 1.3 Philippe Contamine, War in the Middle Ages (Oxford, 1984), 101.4 iqve, 219.

5 Christopher Gravett, Medieval Siege Warfare (Oxford, 1990), 3; Kelly DeVries, Medieval Military Technology (Peterborough, 1992), 125; Bradbury, The Medieval Siege, 71.

6 Sean McGlynn, “Siege Warfare: Tactics and Technology,” The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology, vol. 3 (New York, 2010), 265.

VII

122

da SedarebiT daculi iyo kedlebis ukan, didi upiratesoba hqonda.7

amitomac, cixe-simagris aReba rTuli da Sromatevadi RonisZieba iyo.

igi moiTxovda mravali adamianis (jariskacebisa da sxvadasxva spe-

cialistis) monawileobas da mravalferovani masalis (xe, rkina, tyavi,

Tokebi banakisa da saalyo manqanebisaTvis, qva filakavanebisaTvis)

xarjs. moalyes mravali faqtori unda gaeTvaliswinebina: mas banaki

sworad unda daeca, uzrunveleyo sakveb-sasmeliT momarageba, daecva

elementaruli sanitaruli normebi epidemiis Tavidan asacileblad,

unda aRekveTa garnizonis gamoxdomebi, moegeriebina garedan cixis

damxmareTa Semotevebi da sxv.

im siZneleebis garda, romlebic saerTod Tan axlda sabrZolo

moqmedebebs, alyis warmoeba specifikuri amocanebis winaSe ayenebda

garemomcvels. rTuli saalyo moqmedebebis Casatareblad aucilebeli

iyo garkveuli maTematikuri gaTvlebi da Teodolitis tipis xelsawyos

gamoyeneba. bizantieli anonimi, romelsac pirobiTad heron bizantiels

uwodeben da romelmac X saukuneSi uaRresad mniSvnelovani naSromebi

dawera poliorketikaSi (Parangelmata Poliorcetica da Geodesia), miiCnevs,

rom moalyes unda scodnoda da Soridan sworad gamoeTvala galavnis

simaRle, radganac Secdoma gamoiwvevda saWiroze didi an patara

mowyobilobebis (kibis, koSkis da sxv.) gamoyenebas, rasac uciloblad

moyveboda msxverpli.8

cixisa da qalaqis aRebis xerxebi ar gansxvavdeboda, magram

garkveuli TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeboda. rogorc wesi, cixe ufro

miuval adgilze iyo aRmarTuli da misi fortifikaciebi ufro Zlieri

iyo, samagierod qalaqis aRebisas damatebiT sirTules misi mosaxleoba

ganapirobebda. ieriSisas qalaqs icavda aramarto garnizoni, aramed

qalaqis milicia da mosaxleobis is nawilic, romelic Cveulebriv ar

ibrZoda. metic, qalaqebis dacvaSi qalebic ki monawileobdnen. qalaqis

mosaxleoba mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda dazianebaTa SekeTebasa da

mebrZolTa momaragebaSi, is monawileobas iRebda galavnis dacvaSic. am

7 John France, “Crusading Warfare and its Adaptation to Eastern Conditions in the Twelfth Century,” Mediterranean Historical Review, 15 (2000), 53.

8 Heron of Byzantium, “Geodesia,” ed. Denis F. Sullivan, in Siegecraft: Two Tenth-Century Instruc-tional Manuals by “Heron of Byzantium” (Washington, 2000), 115. IV-V saukuneebis mijnaze,

vegeciusi kedlebis simaRlis gazomvis or meTods asaxelebs: isarze gamobmuli

bawris saSualebiT da mzisgan dacemuli Crdilis meSveobiT. Vegetius: Epitome of Military Science, translated with notes and introduction by N. P. Milner, 2nd ed. (Liverpool, 1996), IV.30.

mamuka wurwumia

123

TvalsazrisiT, qalaqebis dacva Zveli drois `totaluri omis~ nimuSs

warmoadgenda.

kargad gamagrebuli qalaqis aReba sakmaod rTuli iyo da amisaTvis

yovel xelsayrel SemTxvevas iyenebdnen, miwisZvris CaTvliTac ki. ase

moiqca 1287 wels egviptis mamluqi sulTani kalavuni, rodesac man

miwisZvriT dazianebuli latakia aiRo.9 d. nikolis SefasebiT, ès iseTi

kargi SesaZlebloba iyo, romlis xelidan gaSvebac ar SeiZleboda~.10

ase gamoiyenes 1139 wlis miwisZvrac qarTvelebma, rodesac demetre

I-s mefobaSi, ivane abuleTis Zis sardlobiT Tavs daesxnen miwisZvriT

dangreul ganZas da mravali tyve da simdidre igdes xelT.11

gamoyofen cixe-simagris aRebis ramdenime ZiriTad xerxs, rogo-

ricaa cixis galavanze gadasvla ieriSiT, galavnis Sengreva, kedlebis

qveS miwisqveSa gvirabis gayvana da alyis Sedegad garnizonis dauZ-

lureba.12 es CamonaTvali ar moicavs simagreTa aRebas samxedro cbie-

rebiT, garnizonis mosyidviT an muqariT, moulodnelobis efeqtis an

sabrZolo viTarebis gamoyenebiT (rodesac cixis karibWis daxurvas

ver axerxeben) da sxv. aseTi SemTxvevebi ufro sabrZolo moqmedebaTa

warmoebis zogad sferos ganekuTvneba da klasikuri poliorketikis

sagnad naklebad ganixileba.13

zogadad, cixe-simagreTa aRebis yvela xerxi SeiZleba gavaerTianoT

or ZiriTad meTodSi: cixeTa aReba ieriSiT an alyis saSualebiT. ieri-

9 muslimTa saalyo manqanebma miwisZvriT dangreul qalaqis kedlebs damatebiTi

ziani miayena da aiZula qristianebi danebebuliyvnen. Christopher Marshall, Warfare in the (Cambridge, 1992), 232.

10 David Nicolle, (Oxford, 2005), 15.11 goCa jafariZe, saqarTvelo da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis islamuri samyaro XII-

XIII s-is pirvel mesamedSi (Tbilisi, 1995), 92-3.

12 Terence Wise, Medieval Warfare (New York, 1976), 164.13 j. samuSias calke kategoriad, miseul klasifikaciaSi mexuTe xerxad, aqvs

gamoyofili cixe-simagris aReba àlpinistebis gamoyenebiT anda galavnis qveS

gvirabis gayvaniT~. samuSia, `cixe-simagreebis aRebis xelovneba XI-XII saukuneebis

saqarTveloSi~, 90. aq erTmaneTSia aRreuli meTodi (ieriSi) da misi ganxorcielebis

saSualebebi (gvirabiT an kldeze mcocavebiT). cixeSi SeRweva gvirabiT an kldeze

mcocavebiT ieriSis ganxorcielebis xerxia da ara raime gansxvavebuli qmedeba. ara

aqvs mniSvneloba, kedelze kibis saSualebiT gadavalT Tu mcocavebis SemweobiT;

aseve, ieriSis xerxia cixeSi gvirabiT SeRweva. orive es xerxi simagris ieriSiT

aRebis kategorias ganekuTvneba da maTi calke gamoyofa arasworad migvaCnia.

rogorc j. hindli wers, kedelze, kedlisqveS Tu kedlis gavliT simagreSi SeRweva,

yvela ieriSis saxeobas warmoadgens. Geoffrey Hindley, Medieval Sieges and Siegecraft (New York, 2009), 82.

Sua saukuneebis qarTuli poliorketika

124

Sic da alyac sxvadasxva xerxiT SeiZleba ganxorcieldes; xSiria maTi

erToblivi gamoyenebac.

cixe-simagris aRebis mravalferovan meTodebs qarTvelebi rom

icnobdnen, es X saukunis erT xelnawerSic Cans; `cxovreba iakob

nisibelisa~ mogviTxrobs: daagos mas zeda filakvanTa simravle sasro-

lad qalaqisa da kualad qmna urmebi manqanebiTa ra zRudesa moadgen

da gamouRon safuZveli misi~.14 rogorc vxedavT, aq aRwerilia qalaqis

ieriSi lodsatyorcni artileriiT da cixis galavnis Ziris gamoTxra

moZravi safris qveS. magram erTia xelnawerSi moxseniebuli meTodi da

meore, am codnis praqtikuli gamoyeneba sabrZolo moqmedebebis dros.

amitom, Sua saukuneebis qarTul poliorketikaze msjelobas saalyo

teqnikis ganxilviT daviwyebT, radganac am teqnikis ganviTarebis done

naTlad warmoaCens qarTuli armiis saalyo SesaZleblobebs.

saalyo teqnika

saalyo teqnikis dasamzadeblad umTavresad sami ram iyo saWiro:

xis masala, rkinis detalebi da Tokebi maT SesakavSireblad, da, ra Tqma

unda, ganswavluli inJinrebi da ostatebi.15

heron bizantieli CamoTvlis mravalferovan teqnikas, romelsac

moalyeebi iyenebdnen. esenia: sxvadasxva tipis ku, romelTa safarqveS

moieriSeebi avsebdnen Txrilebs da angrevdnen kedlebs; mTliani

xis an awyobili urnali; moZravi xis koSkebi; sxvadasxvanairi kibeebi,

maT Soris asawyobi, msubuqi da cixis dasazveri; kedlis sangrevi

sxvadasxva xelsawyoebi; Txrilebze gasadebi xidebi da sxv.16 Tuki am

sias davumatebT Sua saukuneebis artilerias, miviRebT ZiriTadi

sabrZolo manqanebis CamonaTvals: urnali, testudo anu ku, saalyo

koSki, saieriSo kibeebi, qvis satyorcni da isris sasroli manqanebi,

agreTve sxvadasxvagvari piroteqnikuli saSualebebi.17

sxvadasxva monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT, Sua saukuneebSi

cixe-simagreTa asaRebad qarTvelebi iyenebdnen Semdeg teqnikur

14 domenti mSvenieraZe, teqnikis leqsikuri masalebi qarTul werilobiT ZeglebSi

(Tbilisi, 1961), 65.

15 Randall Rogers, Latin Siege Warfare in the Twelfth Century (Oxford, 1992), 21.16 Heron of Byzantium, “Parangelmata Poliorcetica,” ed. Denis F. Sullivan, in Siegecraft: Two Tenth-

Century Instructional Manuals by “Heron of Byzantium” (Washington, 2000), 29.17 Ada Bruhn Hoffmeyer, “Military Equipment in the Byzantine Manuscript of Scylitzes,” Gladius,

5 (1966), 128.

mamuka wurwumia

125

saSualebebs: saieriSo kibeebs, urnals da kedlis Sesangrev sxva teq-

nikas, balistas, lodsatyorcn manqanebs da miwisqveSa gvirabebs.

samwuxarod, dRemde am saieriSo saSualebebis araTu naSTs, aramed

raime safuZvlian aRweras an wesier gamosaxulebasac ki ar mouRwevia.

es miT ufro dasanania, rom Jak fransua gambas cnobiT, XIX saukunis

ocian wlebSi saqarTveloSi jer kidev iyo SemorCenili Zveli saalyo

teqnikis nimuSebi: ìlorSi, aris kidev erTi uZvelesi eklesia, sadac

sul ramdenime wlis winaT idga katapultebi, urnalebi da sxva Zveli

saomari iaraRi, romelsac Tofis wamlis gamogonebamde iyenebdnen~.18

lodsatyorcni artileria

cixe-simagreTa winaaRmdeg, misi galavnis, sabrZolo galereebis

da qongurebis dasangrevad, garnizonisaTvis maqsimaluri zianis

misayeneblad moalyeebi iyenebdnen balistikur (lodsatyorcn da

isris sasrol) manqanebs.19 Sua saukuneebSi axali tipis lodsatyorcnma

manqanam – trebuSetma Caanacvla antikuri xanis katapultebi.20

18 Jak fransua gamba, mogzauroba amierkavkasiaSi, frangulidan Targmna,

komentarebi daurTo mzia mgalobliSvilma, t. I (Tbilisi, 1987), 88.

19 antikurobidan moyolebuli, lodsatyorcni manqanebis damzadeba rTuli

amocana gaxldaT da yvelas ar xelewifeboda. g. lorTqifaniZe miuTiTebs, rom

aseTi manqanebs mxolod isini amzadebdnen, visac SeeZlo rTuli maTematikuri

gamoTvlebis Catareba da gaaCnda Sesabamisi materialur-teqnikuri baza,

maRalkvalificiuri ostatebi da zusti teqnologia. g. lorTqifaniZe, `sabrZolo

da sameurneo iaraRi~, vani II: arqeologiuri gaTxrebi, red. oTar lorTqifaniZe

(Tbilisi, 1976), 173.

20 trebuSeti lodsatyorcni manqanebis gviandeli, franguli saxelwodebaa,

romelsac terminologiis simartivisa da klasifikaciis gasaadvileblad iyeneben.

VII saukuneSi arabi istorikosebi axali lodsatyorcni manqanebis aRsawerad

iyeneben sityvas manjaniq, romelic bizantiuri manganikon-idan momdinareobs, is

ki, Tavis mxriv, modis berZnuli sityvidan manganon, romelic amwis magvar manqanas

aRniSnavda. Stephen McCotter, “Byzantines, Avars and the Introduction of the Trebuchet,” [http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/articles/mccotter1.htm]. The Queen’s University of Belfast, 2003. d. nikoli

miiCnevs, rom lodsatyorcni manqanebis bizantiuri (manganon, manganikon, magganika)Tu maTgan nawarmoebi arabul-sparsul-Turquli (manjaniq) saxelwodebebis Ziri

berZnul sityvaSi mangano unda veZeboT, romelic ngrevas niSnavs. David Nicolle, (Oxford, 2003), 10. p.

Cevedenis azriT ki, sityva manganon niSnavs xibls, jados da miuTiTebs trebuSetze,

axali tipis manqanaze, romlis Zlierebac yvelas ajadoebda. Paul E. Chevedden, “The Hybrid Trebuchet: The Halfway Step to the Counterweight Trebuchet,” in On the Social Origins of Medieval Institutions. Essays in Honor of Joseph F. O’Callaghan, ed. by Donald J. Kagay and Theresa M. Vann (Leiden, 1998), 199.


126

trebuSetis moqmedebis principi gansxvavdeboda berZnul-romauli

torsiuli manqanebisagan, romlebic grexili myesebis (Tokebis)

energias iyenebdnen. arsebobs ori tipis – traqciuli da sapirwoniani

trebuSeti. traqciuli trebuSeti, romelic adamianis ZaliT

moqmedebda, ufro adrindeli manqanaa, sapirwoniani trebuSeti ki

mogvianebiT gamoigones.

traqciuli trebuSeti Cinuri gamogonebaa da, SesaZloa, pirvelad

moixsenieba Zv. w. V-III saukuneebis samxedro traqtatSi.21 VI saukunis

bolos igi centraluri aziidan xmelTaSua zRvis regionSi Semodis.

traqciuli trebuSeti avarebma gaacnes bizantielebs da meSvide

saukuneSi igi ukve bizantiuri armiis standartul SeiaraRebas

warmoadgens.22

traqciuli trebuSeti adamianis ZaliT moqmedi qvis satyorcni

manqanaa, romlis damzadeba, awyoba, transportireba da gamoyeneba

ufro advili iyo, vidre manamde arsebuli berZnul-romauli torsiuli

manqanebisa.23 garda amisa, antikur artileriasTan SedarebiT, traq-

ciuli trebuSeti ufro mZlavri manqana iyo.24 is iyo bevrad ufro

usafrTxoc da operatoris Secdomis mimarT ufro `moTmeni~, vidre

21 Carroll Gillmor, “The Introduction of the Traction Trebuchet into the Latin West,” Viator, 12 (1981), 1; Chevedden, “The Hybrid Trebuchet,” 179.

22 McCotter, “Byzantines, Avars and the Introduction of the Trebuchet,” 2003; Timothy Dawson, (Oxford, 2007), 11.

s. margiSvili miiCnevs, rom trebuSeti `gavrcelda CineTidan, saidanac mcire

aziur samyaroSi seljukebma Semoitanes, romelTaganac XI s. meore naxevarSi

Sevida bizantiaSi, xolo pirveli jvarosnuli laSqrobebis dros gavrcelda

evropul armiebSi~. margiSvili, Sua saukuneebis samxedro xelovneba da

saqarTvelos samxedro-politikuri istoria, 98. movlenebis aseT interpretacias

ver gaviziarebT. traqciuli trebuSeti marTlac CineTidan gavrcelda, magram

xmelTaSua zRvis regionSi igi avarebma Seitanes XI saukuneze bevrad adre, VI

saukunis bolos; Turq-selCukebis gamoCenamde, jer kidev VII saukuneSi arabebi

ukve icnobdnen trebuSets; evropaSi trebuSetis gamoyenebis faqtebs vxvdebiT

IX saukuneSi, jvarosnuli omebis dawyebamde. Gillmor, “The Introduction of the Traction Trebuchet,” 2-3, 6. am Secdomaze uTiTebs j. samuSiac. ix. misi, `bagrat III-is laSqroba

ganZis saamiros winaaRmdeg~, Tsu saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi, 4

(2011), 112, Sen. 29.

23 David Nicolle, The Crusades (Oxford, 1988), 45; Attila and the Nomad Hordes (Oxford, 1990), 18.24 Paul E. Chevedden, “Artillery in Late Antiquity: Prelude to the Middle Ages,” in The Medieval

City Under SiegeIntroduction of the Traction Trebuchet,” 4.

mamuka wurwumia

127

antikuri torsiuli manqanebi.25 onagri, romelic saukeTeso romauli

lodsatyorcni iyo, trebuSetze bevrad Zviri, rTuli da saxifaTo

manqana iyo.26

traqciuli trebuSeti CarCoze damagrebul xis grZel Zels

warmoadgenda. mis mokle boloze Tokebi iyo damagrebuli, grZelze

ki giganturi Surduli. Tokebs adamianebi eqaCebodnen da Semdeg

erTbaSad xels uSvebdnen; es mamoZravebel Zalas aniWebda grZel mxars,

romelic Surduls rkaliseburad zemoT gatyorcnida, rac kidev ufro

agrZelebda mxars da qvas didi ZaliT isroda.27 traqciuli trebuSetis

Zala da sizuste didwilad iyo damokidebuli misi operatorebis

gawvrTnilobaze. rac ufro kargad iyo gundi gawvrTnili da misi

qmedeba SeTanxmebuli, miT ufro efeqturi iyo trebuSeti.28 didi

roli eniWeboda e.w. `msrolels~, romelic SurdulSi Cadebul Wurvs

eqaCeboda da mxolod saWiro momentSi uSvebda xels.29 salah ad-

dinisaTvis daweril samxedro-Teoriul traqtatSi at-tarsusi iZleva

rCevas, Tu rogor unda isrolon sworad traqciuli trebuSetidan da

rogor unda areguliros manZili Surdulis memiznem. misi mowmobiT,

aseTi manqana qvas 80-120 metrze isroda. traqciuli trebuSetis

Zeli moqnili unda yofiliyo da misTvis saukeTesod alublis xe

iTvleboda.30

yvelaze did Cinur traqciul trebuSets 250 kaciani gundi mar-

Tav da da is 56 kg qvas 77 metrze isroda.31 aristakes lastivertecis

Tanaxmad, 1054 wels manaskertis alyisas selCukTa sulTani

ToRrul-begi imxela trebuSets iyenebda, rom mis Tokebs 400

25 W. T. S. Tarver, “The Traction Trebuchet: A Reconstruction of an Early Medieval Siege Engine,” Technology and Culture, Vol. 36, No. 1 (1995), 141.

26 Tarver, “The Traction Trebuchet,” 165. trebuSetTan SedarebiT onagri ufro mZime

iyo da mZlavri ukucema hqonda, misi srolis tempi gacilebiT neli iyo da

mravalferovan marag-nawilebs saWiroebda. Peter Purton, A History of the Early Medieval (Woodbridge, 2009), 9.

27 Bradbury, The Medieval Siege, 262.28 DeVries, Medieval Military Technology, 137.29 Hill, “Trebuchets,” 103.30 Tarver, “The Traction Trebuchet,” 148-9; Hill, “Trebuchets,” 103.31 maSin rodesac sapirwoniani trebuSeti 50-300 kg qvas isroda. Paul E. Chevedden,

The Circle of War in the Middle Ages: Essays on Medieval Military and Naval History, ed. by D. J. Kagay and L. J. Andrew Villalon (Woodbridge, 1999), 37-8; “The Hybrid Trebuchet,” 183.


128

adamiani ezideboda.32 magram aseTi manqanebi didi iSviaToba iyo.

traqciuli trebuSetebis umetesoba ufro momcro da martiv manqanas

warmoadgenda. 1044 wels dawerili Cinuri samxedro traqtatis

mixedviT, traqciuli trebuSetebis umravlesoba 15 kg-mde qvebs

maqsimum 92 metrze isroda.33 traqciuli trebuSetebi isris sasrol

manZilze moqmedebdnen da maTi momsaxure personali mecixovneTa

nasrolisagan unda daecvaT. magaliTad, zemoT aRwerili manaskertis

alyis dros, Turq-selCukebma, TavianTi lodsatyorcnis gundis

dasacavad, qsovilis kedeli aRmarTes.34

ufro mZlavr sapirwonian trebuSetTan SedarebiT traqciuli

trebuSeti bevrad advilad asagebi da swrafmsroli iyo.35 igi, upirvelesad,

cocxali Zalis sawinaaRmdego iaraRi iyo, romelic SedarebiT sust

qongurebs angrevda da mcvelebs kedlebze gaCerebis saSualebas ar

aZlevda.36 1147 wels, lisabonis alyis dros, 100 adamianma 2 manqaniT 10

saaTis ganmavlobaSi 5,000 SedarebiT mcire zomis qvis srola moaxerxa.37 es

traqciuli trebuSetis swrafsrolis saukeTeso ilustraciaa. 1032 wels

siriaSi laSqrobisas bizantielTa laSqarma, sanam muslimTa simagres

aiRebda, is trebuSetebiT dabomba. simagreSi Sesulma bizantielebma am

dabombvis Sedegad mokluli 200 (!) mecixovne naxes.38

gamudmebulma omebma bizantiasa da islamur samyaros Soris xeli

Seuwyo iseTi mZlavri saalyo manqanis gamogonebas, rogoric iyo

sapirwoniani trebuSeti.39 cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamogonebamde,

sapirwoniani trebuSeti yvelaze Zlieri sabrZolo manqana iyo.40 igi

32 aristakes lastiverteci, istoria, qarTuli Targmani gamokvleviT,

komentarebiTa da saZieblebiT gamosca e. cagareiSvilma (Tbilisi, 1974), 93. maTeos

urhaecis cnobiT, es manqana Tavis droze imperator basili II-s augia. The Chronicle of Matthew of Edessa, translated from the Original Armenian with a commentary and introduction by Ara Edmond Dostourian (Lanham, 1993), 87.

33 Chevedden, “The Hybrid Trebuchet,” 213.34 aristakes lastiverteci, istoria, 93.

35 Gillmor, “The Introduction of the Traction Trebuchet,” 2.36 ufro Zlieri sapirwoniani trebuSetebis srolis gaZleba ki mxolod uZlieres

simagres SeeZlo. David Nicolle, (Oxford, 2002), 6.37 Rogers, Latin Siege Warfare, 185.38 Nicolle, Medieval Siege Weapons: Byzantium, the Islamic World and India, 11-2.39 Rogers, Latin Siege Warfare, 247.40 cecxlsasrol iaraRsac saukune dasWirda, rom sapirwoniani trebuSetis

simZlavrisaTvis mieRwia. David Nicolle, Crusader Warfare: Muslims, Mongols and the Struggle , vol. II (London, 2007), 226.

mamuka wurwumia

129

Sua saukuneebis teqnikuri azris Sedevria, romliTac mefeebic ki

amayobdnen da did manqanebs sakuTar saxelebs arqmevdnen.41 sapirwo-

niani trebuSeti XII saukuneSi Cndeba.42 misi warmoSobis zusti dro da

adgili cnobili ar aris. d. nikoli Tvlis, rom sapirwoniani trebuSeti

islamur axlo aRmosavleTSia Seqmnili, Tumca bizantielebis SesaZlo

avtorobasac ar gamoricxavs.43 albaT, upiratesoba mainc bizanti-

elebs unda mivaniWoT.44 p. Cevedenis azriT, sapirwoniani trebuSeti

Seqmnes bizantiaSi XII saukunis dasawyisSi, da SesaZloa, cotaTi adrec.

mas mohyavs damajerebeli argumentebi imis sailustraciod, rom

sapirwoniani trebuSeti bizantiuri gamogonebaa.45

sapirwoniani trebuSeti igive principiT moqmedebda, rac traq-

ciuli, im gansxvavebiT, rom adamianis Zalis nacvlad, mZime sapir-

wone yuTs iyenebdnen. mas ufro grZeli Surduli hqonda, rac zrdida

mxris sigrZes da ganapirobebda ufro mZime Wurvis tyorcnas meti

aCqarebiT.46 sapirwoniani trebuSetis Zeli mZlavri unda yofiliyo,

raTa mZime sapirwonisagan gamowveuli didi datvirTvebisaTvis gaeZ-

lo.47 sapirwone ramdenime tonas iwonida da misi simZime trebuSetis

simZlavris pirdapirproporciuli iyo. sapirwoniani trebuSeti wina-

morbedebze ufro Zlieri da zustic iyo, radgan sapirwonis an RerZis

sigrZis regulirebiT SeiZleboda srolis manZilis cvla.48 am sakmaod

zust lodsatyorcn manqanas SedarebiT mcire gundi marTavda.49

41 sapirwoniani trebuSetebis gavrcelebas mohyva cvlilebebi fortifikaciaSi:

man ganapiroba ufro didi zomisa da mkvidri koSkebis mSenebloba, romelTac aseTi

mZlavri manqanebis zemoqmedebisaTvis unda gaeZloT.

Development of Defensive Planning,” 35; Nicolle, Medieval Siege Weapons: Western Europe, 24.42 Donald R. Hill, “Trebuchets,” Viator, 4 (1973), 103-4.43 Nicolle, Medieval Siege Weapons: Byzantium, the Islamic World and India, 4-5. sapirwoniani

trebuSeti muslimur gamogonebad miaCnia p. partonsac. Purton, A History of the Early Medieval Siege, 300.

44 George T. Dennis, “Byzantine Heavy Artillery: The Helepolis,” Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 39, (1998), 110-3.

45 Paul E. Chevedden, “The Invention of the Counterweight Trebuchet: A Study in Cultural Diffusion,” Dumbarton Oaks Papers, vol. 54 (2000), 76-87, 102-11.

46 Paul E. Chevedden et al., “The Trebuchet,” 1995, 69; Tarver, “The Traction Trebuchet,” 164.47 Hill, “Trebuchets,” 109.48 Medieval

Warfare: A History, ed. by Maurice Keen (Oxford, 1999), 174.49 Nicolle, The Crusades, 31. maSin rodesac traqciuli trebuSetis ekipaJi, Cinuri

wyaroebis cnobiT, 40-dan 250-mde kacs moiTvlida. Gravett, Medieval Siege Warfare, 49.


130

sapirwonian trebuSets SeeZlo mZime qvebis 200 metrze met man-

Zilze srola,50 rac imas niSnavs, rom is moqmedebda mecixovneTa

isrebisaTvis miuwvdomeli manZilidan, radgan isris efeqturi

manZili 140 metramdea.51 amas didi mniSvneloba hqonda artileristTa

usafrTxoebisaTvis. 1138 wels, rodesac bizantielebma misi mSobliuri

qalaqis Seizaris kedlebi daangries, usama ibn munkizma yuradReba

miaqcia im garemoebas, rom moalyeTa artileria imaze ufro Soridan

isroda qvebs, vidre qalaqis mcvelTa isari aRwevda.52

lodsatyorcni manqanebis damzadeba sakmaod Zviri jdeboda

(gansakuTrebiT sapirwoniani trebuSetis) da maTTvis aucilebeli

iyo xis masala (grZeli koWebi), Tokebi, tyavi SurdulisTvis, rkinis

detalebi (rkinis kauWi SurdulisaTvis, rkinis manWvlebi da rkinis

RerZi). lodsatyorcni manqanebidan zusti srolisaTvis standartuli

wonisa da formis sagangebod gaTlil qvebs iyenebdnen. aseve arCevdnen

specialuri, ufro mtkice jiSis qvas WurvebisaTvis.53

qarTul enaSi lodsatyorcni manqanis aRsaniSnavad filakavani

gamoiyeneboda. sulxan-saba ase ganmartavs filakavans (filakvans): `JamTa

pirvelTa cixis mebrZolni sasxletsa rasme momarTevden didis lodis

sasrolad cixis Sesamusravad~.54 p. Cevedenma daadgina, rom es termini

sparsuli enidan momdinareobs da ganmarta misi mniSvneloba. somxuri

filikvanis msgavsad, `qarTuli termini filakavani modis sparsuli

50 Purton, A History of the Early Medieval Siege, 384.51 Peter Edbury, “Warfare in the Latin East,” in Medieval Warfare: A History, ed. by Maurice Keen

(Oxford, 1999), 109.52 Usamah Ibn-Munqidh, An Arab-Syrian Gentleman and Warrior in the Period of the Crusades.

, translated from the Original Manuscript by Philip K. Hitti (New York, 2000), 143.

53 Nicolle, Medieval Siege Weapons: Western Europe, 16. mesame jvarosnuli laSqrobis

dros, riCard lomgulma gansakuTrebiT magari qvis Wurvebi siciliidan Caitana

palestinaSi da akras alyis dros gamoiyena. Helen Nicholson, Medieval Warfare: Theory and (New York, 2004), 93. erTma aseTma lodma 12 kaci mokla;

gaocebulma muslimebma is salah ad-dinsac ki aCvenes. Hindley, Medieval Sieges and Siegecraft, 43. gvaqvs cnoba, rom 1244 wels norTumberlendTan, vinme Jerari erTnairi

yalibiT kveTda lodsatyorcnis qvebs. Hill, “Trebuchets,” 104. 1304 wels stirlings

Semowyobil ingliselebs sagangebod gaTlili 784 lodi hqondaT momaragebuli.

Hindley, Medieval Sieges and Siegecraft, 97.54 sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, avtografuli nusxebis mixedviT

moamzada, gamokvleva da ganmartebaTa leqsikis saZiebeli daurTo ilia abulaZem,

t. II (Tbilisi, 1993),192.

mamuka wurwumia

131

sityvidan pilvar-afkan an misi Semoklebuli formidan – . sparsuli

termini niSnavs `spilosxela sagnebis msrolels~.55 es unda yofiliyo

meeqvse saukuneSi iranSi gavrcelebuli traqciuli trebuSetis

originaluri saxelwodeba. arabebis mier iranis dapyrobis Semdeg

originaluri sparsuli termini Seicvala arabuli manjanikiT, Tumca igi

SemorCa somxur da qarTul enebSi.56

unda iTqvas, rom umravles SemTxvevaSi, qarTuli wyaroebi ar gva-

nebivreben lodsatyorcni artileriis gamoyenebis aRweriT, rom aRa-

raferi vTqvaT maT konstruqciul Tu sxva Taviseburebebze. xSirad, me-

matiane mxolod aRniSnavs raime simagris alyas da arc ki axsenebs am dros

gamoyenebul sabrZolo teqnikas. am teqnikis moqmedebis kvali mxolod

arqeologebs SeuZliaT daadginon. magaliTad, `qarTlis cxovreba~

mogviTxrobs brZolebze, rodesac ufliscixeze batonobas erTmaneTs

ecilebodnen afxazeTis, kaxeTis, taosa Tu somxeTis mefeebi. amasTan,

arc erTxel ar aris naxsenebi filakavanebi Tu sxva saalyo teqnika,

maSin rodesac, ufliscixesTan lodsatyorcni manqanebis gamoyeneba

arqeologiuradaa dadasturebuli. d. mindoraSvili, romelmac

sagangebod Seiswavla ufliscixis naqalaqari, wers: „qvis sabrZolo

iaraRebidan kldeSi nakveTi kompleqsis Sua saukuneebis kulturul

fenebSi mravladaa aRmoCenili sagangebod gaTlil-damuSavebuli

Surdulis qvebi da SedarebiT mozrdili „Wurvebi“. ukanaskneli

gankuTvnili iyo satyorcni manqanebisaTvis – filakavnebisaTvis. maTi

umravlesoba qviSaqvisaa, riTac ase mdidaria ufliscixis midamoebi.

masalidan gamomdinare, safiqrebelia, rom „Wurvebis“ umravlesoba

ufliscixelebs ekuTvnodaT. vinaidan, sabrZolo moqmedebebis dros

mters ar eqneboda saSualeba isini ase sagangebod da guldasmiT

emzadebinaT. Tumca, ra Tqma unda, gamoricxuli araa, rom maTi nawili

mtris natyorcnic iyos“.57 SesaZloa, es Wurvebi IX-X saukunisaa, ro-

desac ufliscixis dauflebisaTvis intensiuri sabrZolo moqme-

debebi mimdinareobda. `SedarebiT mozrdili „Wurvebi“ adamianTa sawi-

naaRmdegodaa gamiznuli da traqciul trebuSetze miuTiTebs.58

55 Paul E. Chevedden, “The Hybrid Trebuchet: The Halfway Step to the Counterweight Trebuchet,” in On the Social Origins of Medieval Institutions. Essays in Honor of Joseph F. O’Callaghan, ed. by Donald J. Kagay and Theresa M. Vann (Leiden, 1998), 202-3.

56 iqve, 203.

57 daviT mindoraSvili, ufliscixe Sua saukuneebSi (Tbilisi, 2008), 80.

58 s. margiSvili miiCnevs, rom daviT aRmaSenebelis epoqaSi gavrcelebuli iyo


132

Tavad termini filakavani gviCvenebs, rom saqarTveloSi traqci-

uli trebuSeti sasanuri iranidanaa Semosuli, VI saukunis bolos an

VII-s dasawyisSi. traqciuli trebuSetis gamoyenebis pirveli mowmoba

ki 627 wels, herakle keisris da xazarTa mier Tbilisis garemocvisas

gvaqvs. movses kalankatuaci mogviTxrobs, rom moalyeebs Tan hqondaT

oTxTvliani manqanebi da hromael ostatTa xeliT gakeTebuli sxva

nairnairi saSualebebi, romlebidanac zustad isrodnen da uzarmazari

qvebiT kedlebs angrevdnen~.59 am droisaTvis bizantielebi, sul cota,

30 weli mainc, icnoben traqciul trebuSets, romelic adrindel

saalyo teqnikasTan (onagrTan) SedarebiT, ufro didi zomis lodebs

isroda, rac, gazviadebulad, aisaxa kidevac mematianis monaTxrobSi

(ùzarmazari qvebiT kedlebs angrevdnen~).60

Semdgomi cnoba lodsatyorcni artileriis Sesaxeb mxolod

XI saukunis dasawyisSi gvaqvs. ra Tqma unda, es imas ar niSnavs, rom

am xnis ganmavlobaSi aseT manqanebs saqarTveloSi ar iyenebdnen.

qvemoTmoyvanili cnobis analizi dagvarwmunebs, rom saqme gvaqvs

filakavanis ori tipi: `qvis satyorcni onagrebi (katapultebi) da trebuCetebi~.

misi azriT, `SeuZlebelia filakavanis zogadi tipis gansazRvrac. CvenTvis ucnobi

rCeba Tu saalyo manqanebis romel tips (onagrs, romelic mcire zomis qvebs isroda

Tu trebuCets, romelic ufro `msxvilkalibriani~ iaraRi iyo) miekuTvneboda

qarTuli filakavani~. soso margiSvili, miTebi da realoba daviT aRmaSeneblis

mefobis Sesaxeb: omi seljukTa samyaros winaaRmdeg (Tbilisi, 2006), 333. aseve, j.

samuSiac, romelic marTebulad miiCnevs, rom qarTuli filakavani trebuSetia,

amave dros, adarebs mas onagrs da Tvlis, rom am tipis manqana XI saukunemde

gamoiyeneboda. samuSia, `bagrat III-is laSqroba ganZis saamiros winaaRmdeg~, 110-2.

sakiTxis ase dasma marTebuli ar aris. romauli onagri XI-XII saukuneebSi, da ufro

adrec, ukve aRar arsebobda. r. rojersis azriT, ar arsebobs raime mtkicebuleba,

Sua saukuneebSi romauli torsiuli manqanebis (onagris) arsebobaSi rom

dagvarwmunos. Rogers, Latin Siege Warfare, 265. p. Cevedeni Tvlis, rom onagri VI saukunis

Semdeg aRar gvxvdeba. Chevedden, “Artillery in Late Antiquity,” 164. am azrs iziarebs v.

tarveric. Tarver, “The Traction Trebuchet,” 143n37, 145. p. partoni saerTod miTs uwodebs

onagris arsebobas Sua saukuneebSi. Peter Purton, “The Myth of the Mangonel: Torsion Artillery in the Middle Ages,” Arms and Armour, vol. 3, no. 1 (2006), 80-5. qarTuli filakavanis tipis

gansazRvrisas, arCevani unda gavakeToT ara onagrsa da zogadad trebuSets Soris,

aramed traqciul da sapirwonian trebuSets Soris.

59 movses kalankatuaci, alvanTa qveynis istoria, Zveli somxuridan Targmna,

Sesavali, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo liana davlianiZe-tatiSvilma (Tbilisi,

1985), 71.

60 bizantiuri samxedro saqmis cnobil mkvlevars j. deniss eWvi ar epareba, rom

Tavis samxedro kampaniebSi herakle keisari traqciul trebuSetebs iyenebda.

Dennis, “Byzantine Heavy Artillery,” 104.

mamuka wurwumia

133

ukve kargad ganviTarebul dargTan, romelic cariel adgilze ver

warmoiSoboda. saalyo teqnikis ganviTarebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli

stimuli iqneboda axali qarTuli samefoebis warmoqmna da gamudmebuli

omebi mezoblebTan IX-X saukuneebSi, roca cixe-simagreebis aRebas

upirvelesi mniSvneloba eniWeboda.

`matiane qarTlisas~ anonim avtorTan aris daculi metad

saintereso cnoba qarTuli lodsatyorcni artileriis gamoyenebis

Sesaxeb. 1011/12 wels bagrat III-m somex mokavSireebTan erTad da-

laSqra ganZis amira fadlonis (fadl ibn muhamedis) samflobeloebi

da Samqors Semoewyo: „mefeman bagrat warmotyuena queyana ranisa,

moadga qalaqsa Sanqorsa, daudgna filakavanni, da mciredTa dReTa

dalewnes zRudeni Sanqorisani. xvalisa dRe eguleboda Semusrvad

da wartyuenvad qalaqisa mis. mas Ramesa mouvlina mociquli fadlon,

iTxova Sendoba; aRuTqua dReTa Sina sicocxlisa misisaTa msaxureba,

gaukueTa xaraja da dauwera Tavis-TaviTa laSqroba mterTa misTa

zeda“.61 rogorc vxedavT, sakmaod mZlavri balistikuri manqanebis

qmedebaa aRwerili, romelTac mcire droSi daangries (`dalewnes~)

Samqoris galavani. cnobilia, rom trebuSetebs meti efeqti hqondaT

jgufurad gamoyenebis dros, rodesac simagris erT monakveTze maTi

koncentrireba xdeboda. sayuradReboa, rom bagratic ramdenime

trebuSets iyenebs Samqoris ieriSisas. miuxedavad amisa, galavnis iseTi

ngreva, ramac mowinaaRmdegis kapitulacia gamoiwvia, bevr kiTxvas ba-

debs. XI saukunis dasawyisis lodsatyorcn artilerias (traqciul tre-

buSets) Zlieri kedlebis dangreva ar SeeZlo.62 rogorc zemoT iTqva,

rom sxvadasxva epoqisa da sxvadasxva konstruqciis lodsatyorcnebs

gansxvavebuli SesaZlebloba hqondaT. Sua saukuneebSi mZlavri cixe-

simagris kedlebis dangreva SeeZlo mxolod sapirwonian trebuSets,

romelic, winamorbedebisagan gansxvavebiT, didi wonis Wurvebs Sor

61 matiane qarTlisa, qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi

xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. I (Tbilisi, 1955), 280.

62 X-XI saukuneebis oTxi samxedro traqtatis (heronis da anonimis

poliorketikebi, nikifore uranosis „taqtika“ da kekavmenosis „strategikoni“)

Seswavlis safuZvelze e. makgiri askvnis, rom XII saukunemde bizantielTa yvelaze

sayvareli saalyo xerxi miwisqveSa gvirabebis gayvana iyo. es ki miuTiTebs

bizantiuri, da saerTod, Tanadrouli artileriis SedarebiT sisusteze da mis

nakleb efeqturobaze fortifikaciebis mimarT. Eric McGeer, “Byzantine Siege Warfare in Theory and Practice,” in The Medieval City Under Siege,(Woodbridge, 1995), 123-9.


134

manZilze isroda. XI saukunis dasawyisSi ki sapirwoniani trebuSeti

jer ar iyo gamogonebuli, igi mxolod XII saukuneSi gavrcelda. Znelia,

am Zunwi cnobis mixedviT imsjelo sabrZolo iaraRis nairsaxeobaze

da zedmetad Tamami iqneboda imis varaudi, rom ase adreul xanaSi

qarTvelebi sapirwonian trebuSets iyenebdnen.63 amave dros,

saeWvoa, rom mcire drois ganmavlobaSi qalaqis kedlebi Cveulebriv

traqciul trebuSets daengria. miT umetes, rom Samqors umniSvnelo

fortifikaciebi ar hqonda da mokle droSi maTi ganadgureba sakmaod

sacnauria.64 unda vivaraudoT, rom SamqorTan qarTvelebma gamoiyenes

gardamavali tipis an didi zomis lodsatyorcnebi, romelTac

Cveulebriv traqciul trebuSetze meti Zala hqonda. Tanamedrove

mkvlevrebi jer ver Tanxmdebian, Tu rogori konstruqciis iyo aseTi

artileria.65 arc Cven vflobT im saxis informacias, rom konstruqciul

detalebze vimsjeloT. Tumca, cxadia, rom bagrat III-is armiaSi

imyofebodnen iseTi gamocdili artileristebi, romelTac SeeZloT

mZime sabrZolo manqanebis konstruireba da marTva. es manqanebi

iseT mZime qvebs isroda, rom maT galavnis dangreva SeeZloT. es ki, XI

saukunis dasawyisSi qarTuli lodsatyorcni artileriis uaRresad

dawinaurebul mdgomareobaze metyvelebs.

63 radganac simagris kedlebis ngreva mxolod sapirwonian trebuSets SeuZlia,

zogierTi istorikosi cdilobs aseTi cnoba sapirwoniani manqanebis arsebobis

dasamtkiceblad gamoiyenos. maTgan gansxvavebiT, j. bredberi winaaRmdegia

irwmunos sapirwoniani trebuSetebis adreuli arseboba mxolod im cnobebis

safuZvelze, romlebic lodsatyorcni manqanebis mier kedlebis dangrevaze

mogviTxrobs. Bradbury, The Medieval Siege, 264. bredberis am mosazrebas mec viziareb.

64 iakuTis mixedviT, Samqori Zveli, „yovelTvis dasaxlebuli da ayvavebuli“

qalaqi iyo, romelic 854 wels ganaaxla da aRadgina buRa Turqma. iakuTis cnobebi

saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis Sesaxeb, arabuli teqsti qarTuli TargmaniTa da

SesavaliT gamosca eTer sixaruliZem, nakv. 1 (Tbilisi, 1964), 67.

65 p. Cevedenis azriT, is hibridul trebuSets warmoadgenda. mis Zelze Tokebis

garda tvirTic iyo damagrebuli da adamianis ZalasTan erTad simZimis Zalasac

iyenebda, rac mis gazrdil simZlavres ganapirobebda. Chevedden, “The Hybrid Trebuchet,” 180-1. m. basista ki aseT manqanas gawonasworebul trebuSets uwodebs. misi mokle

mxari, sadac Tokebi emagreboda, damZimebuli iyo, rac owinaris simZimis centrs

awonasworebda da qvis satyorcnad nakleb energias saWiroebda. es ki SedarebiT

mZime qvis tyorcnis SesaZleblobas iZleoda. Michael Basista, “Hybrid or Counterpoise? A Study of Transitional Trebuchets,” JMMH, vol. V (2007), 47-55. yvelaze ufro martiv da, albaT,

swor axsnas p. partoni gvTavazobs, romelic Tvlis, rom aseTi Zlieri manqanebi

didi zomis da, Sesabamisad, mZlavr traqciul trebuSetebs warmoadgendnen. Purton,A History of the Early Medieval Siege, 381.

mamuka wurwumia

135

XI saukunis Sua xanebis qarTuli saartilerio parkis mravalricxo-

vnebaze da Semdgom ganviTarebaze sxva cnobebic miuTiTeben. 1045 wels,

erTi sabrZolo sezonis ganmavlobaSi bagrat IV lodsatyorcnebiT

ebrZvis bizantielebs anakofiis (`moayena anakofias gare quabulel

WaWas Ze oTaRo afxazeTisa laSqriTa~)66 da xufaTis cixeebTan

(„gurielni aznaurni da lomsianni moiyvanna xufaTsa, daudgnes

filakavanni da brZodes“),67 da Tbilisis moqalaqeebs isnis asaRebad

(„daudgnes filakavanni, da brZodes isnsa, da esrodes isarsa“).68 es

imas niSnavs, rom qarTul laSqars kargad hqonda aTvisebuli saomari

manqanebis agebis teqnologia da SeeZlo geografiulad daSorebul sam

punqtSi (anakofia, xufaTi da Tbilisi) ebrZola lodsatyorcnebiT.

cxadia, rom saalyo manqanebis ageba da Semdgomi eqspluatacia

xelewifebodaT ara marto calkeul inJinrebs, aramed aseTebi mravlad

iyvnen. bagrat IV-is droindel saqarTvelos samxedro organizaciaSi

Cven vxedavT specialistTa gunds, romlebic saalyo moqmedebebs

warmarTaven da mravalricxovan balistikur manqanebs emsaxurebian.

aseT specialistebs epoqis `teqnologiur elitas~ uwodeben.69

rac Seexeba sapirwonian trebuSets, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom qar-

66 matiane qarTlisa, 299. mematiane arafers ambobs anakofiasTan filakavanebis

gamoyenebis Sesaxeb, magram berZnuli samSeneblo warwerebis safuZvelze T. yauxCiSvili

Tvlis, rom qarTvelTa saomarma moqmedebebma cixis nagebobebi daaziana. TinaTin

yauxCiSvili, berZnuli warwerebi saqarTveloSi (Tbilisi, 1951), 26-8. am azrs iziarebs j.

samuSiac, romelic dasaSvebad miiCnevs alyis dros qvis sasroli manqanebis gamoyenebas.

samuSia, `cixe-simagreebis aRebis xelovneba XI-XII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi~, 96. am

mosazrebas mec veTanxmebi, dangreuli Senoba-nagebobebi, marTlac, qarTvelTa mxridan

lodsatyorcni artileriis gamoyenebaze unda miuTiTebdes. a. vinogradovi, romelmac

1046 wlis Tebervalsa da martSi anakofiaSi gakeTebuli ori warwera Seiswavla, Tvlis,

rom bizantiam saremonto samuSaoebisaTvis da wylis cisternis SesakeTeblad cixeSi

saswrafod miavlina protospaTariosi evgeni despoti da garnizonis gasaZliereblad

mcire aziidan gagzavna kasis turma taqsiarq Teodore balantis meTaurobiT.

”, 214-8. cxadia, rom saremonto samuSaoebis Catareba qarTvelTa

warumatebeli alyis Semdeg gaxdeboda saWiro. sainteresoa, rom bizantielebis mier

aRdgenili wylis cisterna anakofiis citadelSi mdebareobs, romlis dazianebac

garemomcvelebs mxolod lodsatyorcni artileriiT SeeZloT. rogorc Cans, bagratis

laSqarma pirveli zRude – anakofiis cixis gare kedeli gadalaxa da filakavnebi mTis

wverze mdebare Sida cixes miumarjva.

67 matiane qarTlisa, 299.

68 iqve, 300.

69 Nicolle, Crusader Warfare: Muslims, Mongols and the Struggle against the Crusades, 241.


136

Tvelebi mas jer kidev daviT IV-is mefobaSi (1089-1125) gacnobodnen. me-

matiane gvatyobinebs, rom didgoris omSi gamarjvebulma qarTvelebma

xelT igdes `sxÂTa ucxoTa WurWlebiTa sabrZolelTa TÂTo-saxeTaTa,

qosTa da filakavanTaTa~.70 niSandoblivia, rom mefis istorikosi,

romelsac naklebad ainteresebs samxedro saqme da Cveulebriv,

Tavs ar iwuxebs aseTi detalebis gadmocemiT,71 xazgasmiT aRniSnavs

ucxo saxis filakavanTa xelSi Cagdebas. 1121 wels, qarTvelTaTvis

ucxo saxis filakavani mxolod sapirwoniani trebuSeti SeiZleba

yofiliyo, sxva saxis trebuSets isini ukve icnobdnen. il-Razis

laSqari marTlac SeiZleba yofiliyo aRWurvili aseTi mowinave

artileriiT. alepo, il-Razis sagamgeblo qalaqi, ganTqmuli iyo

Tavisi inJinrebiTa da alyis ostatebiT.72 1119 wels, sisxlian velze

rojer antioqelis ganadgurebis Semdeg, il-Razim aiRo aTaribi da

zardana. orive qalaqi mZime bombardirebis Semdeg daeca. antioqiis

kancleri gotie miuTiTebs, rom aTaribTan warmatebis Semdeg, igive

lodsatyorcni il-Razim zardanasTanac gamoiyena, orivegan sam-

oTxjer dRis ganmavlobaSi.73 srolis aseTi dabali tempi sapirwonian

trebuSetze unda mianiSnebdes, romlis sasrolad momarTvas sakmao

xani sWirdeboda. p. partonic aRniSnavs, rom il-Razis artileria

uCveulod efeqturia.74 amas garda, viciT, rom arTukianis mokavSire

namdvilad flobda aseT artilerias. 1125 wels mosulis gamgebelma

ay-sonyur al-bursukma da damaskos aTabagma tuR-Teginma azazis

kedelebis dasangrevad gamoiyenes sapirwoniani trebuSetebi, ro-

melTac wyaroebSi moixsenieben, rogorc did manjanikebs (manganiqerawrbe).75 tuR-Tegini il-Razis simamri iyo da mas yovelmxriv uWerda

70 daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi, cxovreba mefeT-mefisa daviTisi, qarTlis


mier, t. I (Tbilisi, 1955), 341.

71 amis Taobaze T. Jordania jer kidev XIX saukuneSi Cioda. qronikebi da sxva

masala saqarTvelos istoriisa, Sekrebili, qronologiurad dawyobili, axsnili

da gamocemuli T. Jordanias mier, t. I (tfilisi, 1892), XLIII.72 David Nicolle, (Oxford, 1993), 25; Id., Crusader Warfare:

Muslims, Mongols and the Struggle against the Crusades, 231, 241.73 Walter the Chancellor’s The Antiochene Wars, trans. Thomas S. Asbridge and Susan B. Edgington

(Aldershot, 1999), 145-6, 149.74 Tumca maT axali tipis iaraRad ar miiCnevs. Purton, A History of the Early Medieval

Siege, 223-4.75 Chevedden, “The Invention of the Counterweight Trebuchet,” 92.

mamuka wurwumia

137

mxars. daviTis istorikosi miuTiTebs damaskoelTa yofnas il-Razis

koaliciur armiaSi,76 romelSic Sediodnen molaSqreni `damaskoT da

halabiTgan amoRmarT, yovelsa mÃedrobad SemZlebelsa~.77 amdenad,

SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom saqarTvelosaken daZrul il-Razis aRal-

Si daSlili sapirwoniani trebuSetebi (an misi umTavresi detalebi) da

misi mosamsaxure personalic iqneboda.

SemdgomSi, cnobebi qarTuli lodsatyorcni artileriis Sesaxeb

ufro kanti-kunti xdeba da saerTod qreba.78 gamonakliss warmoadgens

giorgi III-is epoqa, rodesac kidev SeiZleba garkveuli informaciis

moZieba.

1163 wels anisSi myofma da muslimTa koaliciuri laSqris Semotevis

momlodine Torelma „ganamzadna sabrZolvelni da manqanani“.79 unda

vigulisxmoT, rom qarTulma garnizonma moamzada lodsatyorcni man-

qanebi da balistebi, romlebic cixeSi da mis koSkebze iyo ganlagebuli

da mzad iyo muslimTa manjanikTa winaaRmdeg kontrbatereuli cecxli

ewarmoebina. SedarebiT patara zomis gamo, traqciuli trebuSetebis

ganTavseba cixe-simagris koSkebze gansakuTrebiT mosaxerxebeli iyo.

sapirwoniani trebuSetis dateva da misi mZime sapirwonis qmedebis

gaZleba ki mxolod didi baqanis mqone da gansakuTrebiT mkvidr

koSks SeeZlo. am mxriv upiratesoba moalyeebs hqondaT, romelTac

koSkis zoma ar zRudavda da ufro didi zomis da mZlavri manqanebis

ageba SeeZloT. amitom, mecixovneebi lodsatyorcnebs cixis koSkebze

aTavsebdnen, rac maT simaRleSi da, Sesabamisad, manZilSi upiratesobas

aZlevda, radganac maRlidan nasroli ufro Sors midioda.80

76 Tundac es mcirericxovani, specialistTa razmi yofiliyo.

77 daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi, cxovreba mefeT-mefisa daviTisi, 340. g.

jafariZec Tvlis, rom il-Razis laSqarSi imyofebodnen èrTguli mokavSiris

ToR-Teginis qveSevrdomebi damaskodan~. goCa jafariZe, `najm ad-din il-Razi~,

daviT aRmaSenebeli, red. r. metreveli (Tbilisi, 1990), 219.

78 rac ar niSnavs imas, rom qarTvelebma maT gamoyenebaze xeli aiRes. mizezi

wyaroebis simcire da maTi sityvaZunwoba unda iyos. saalyo meTodebis mimarT

qarTuli wyaroebis uyuradRebobis magaliTad daviT aRmaSenebelis epoqac

gamodgeba, rodesac mefis mematiane dums mravalricxovan cixe-qalaqTa aRebis

meTodebze. Tumca, Tavad maTi aRebis faqtic sakmarisia p. partonisaTvis, rom

daviT IV (iseve rogorc, bagrat IV) saalyo xelovnebis mcodned miiCnios. Purton, AHistory of the Early Medieval Siege, 183.

79 istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani, qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili

yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. II (Tbilisi, 1959), 13.

80


138

1177 wels giorgi III-m agarakis cixeSi Semoartya alya ajanyebulebs.

somxuri anderZ-minaweris cnobiT, „garemocva orTvenaxevars gagr-

Zelda. manqanebis meSveobiT mefe Cqarobda zRudeebisa da maT SigniT

mdebare palatTa dangrevas“.81 es manqanebi sapirwoniani trebuSetebi

unda iyos, radganac galavnis SigniT palatebs mxolod mZlavri

lodsatyorcni Tu miwvdeboda da daangrevda.

erTaderTi qarTuli gamosaxuleba, sadac SeiZleba vivaraudoT,

rom trebuSetia gamosaxuli, jruWis II oTxTavis miniaturaa. suraT-

ze qalaqis ieriSia gamosaxuli, mis centralur nawilSi Cans owinaris

tipis mowyobiloba, romlis Tokebs ori adamiani eqaCeba. miuxedavad

imisa, rom Znelia am gamosaxulebaSi trebuSeti davinaxoT, ZiriTadi

konstruqciuli principi traqciuli trebuSetisa mainc aris

warmodgenili: Zeli, romelic sadgamzea damagrebuli da masze Camo-

kidebuli Tokebi, romelTac personali emsaxureba (eqaCeba). SesaZloa,

mxatvars, romelic ikonografiaSi iyo gawafuli, mxolod mouTxres

traqciuli trebuSetis Sesaxeb; manac, monaTxrobisa da sakuTari

warmodgenis kvalobaze daxata es saalyo manqana (sur. 1).

balista

balista iyo xis sadgarze horizontalurad damagrebuli di-

di mSvildi, romelic didi zomis isars isroda. cnobilia, rom an-

tikur xanaSi gavrcelebuli didi, arbaletis tipis isris sasro-

li mowyobilobebis (gastrafeti, palintona da sxv.) analogebi bi-

zantielebis mier Sua saukuneebSic gamoiyeneboda.82 Sua saukuneebis

balista isars didi sawyisi siCqariT da SedarebiT swori traeqtoriiT

isroda.83 es ki mizanSi zustad moxvedras ganapirobebda, risTvisac

mas mtris cocxali Zalis gasanadgureblad iyenebdnen. balistidan

nasrol isars erTdroulad ramdenime adamianis mokvla SeeZlo.84 mas

cecxlgamCeni isrebis sasroladac iyenebdnen.

balistis ageba sakmaod Zviri jdeboda,85 Tumca, ufro naklebi,

81 aleqsandre abdalaZe, somxur xelnawerTa X-XIII saukuneebis anderZ-minawerebis

cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb (Tbilisi, 2005), 38.

82 Hoffmeyer, “Military Equipment in the Byzantine Manuscript of Scylitzes,” 137.83 Rogers, Latin Siege Warfare, 264.84 885-6 wlebis parizis alyisas, mecixovneTa balistidan nasrolma erTma isarma 7

vikingi gangmira. Bradbury, The Medieval Siege, 252.85 Purton, “The Myth of the Mangonel,” 86.

mamuka wurwumia

139

vidre mZlavri trebuSetisa. amave dros, lodsatyorcn manqanebTan

SedarebiT, balistis transportireba bevrad advili iyo.86 gadatenis

sirTulis gamo, balista sakmaod nela isroda. amis gamo, is ar

iyo efeqturi brZolis velze. samagierod, balistas intensiurad

iyenebdnen cixe-simagreTa dasacavad (da sawinaaRmdegodac), radganac

alyisas srolis neli tempi principulad xelisSemSlel garemoebas

ar warmoadgenda. rogorc zemoT vaxseneT, anisTan Torelis mier

gamzadebul `sabrZolvelnSi da manqanebSi“ sagulvebelia balistebic,

romlebic imdroindeli simagreebis dacvaSi aqtiurad gamoiyeneboda.

saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi daculia didi zomis isrispiri,

romlis gasrola Cveulebrivi mSvildidan warmoudgenelia. am

isrispirs Tavis droze yuradReba miaqcia s. margiSvilma, romlis

varaudiT igi `giganturi arbaletis~ isars unda warmoadgendes.87

mkvlevris es mosazreba marTebuli Cans.

me momeca saSualeba, Semeswavla muzeumSi daculi isrispiri.88

is kidev ufro didi zomis aRmoCnda, vidre es erTi SexedviT Canda.

Tavidanve yuradReba miipyro misma ucnaurad blagvma Tavma. axlodan

daTvalierebisas aRmoCnda, rom isris wveri gadatexili iyo da misi

naxevari zedve iyo uknidan mikruli. isrispiris sigrZe yunwidan

gadatexis wertilSi 10.5 sm-ia; wvermotexili ukana nawilis sigrZe – 11.4

sm; (rekonstruirebuli) sigane – daaxl. 9 sm; yunwis sigrZe ki 6 sm. isari

isea korozirebuli, rom awonas azri ar aqvs da aseT SemTxvevaSi, amas

arc mimarTaven.89 isrispiris saerTo zoma daaxl. 22 sm-ia. cxadia, rom

aseTi didi isrispiris gasawonasworeblad sakmaod grZeli isris tani

(zro) iqneboda saWiro. aseTi sididis isari uCveuloa balistisaTvisac

ki da mas didi zomis mowyobiloba dasWirdeboda samoqmedod (sur. 2).90

es isrispiri adrefeodalur xanas (savaraudod VI saukunis

damdegs) miekuTvneba da urbnisSia napovni. iqvea napovni dazianebuli

da formadakarguli iaraRis naSTi, rasac l. WilaSvili `romeliRac

86 Nicolle, Medieval Siege Weapons: Western Europe, 34.87 margiSvili, miTebi da realoba daviT aRmaSeneblis mefobis Sesaxeb, 333.

88 madlobas vuxdi saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis urbnisis fondis mcvels

qalbaton gulnara kiknaZes, romelic yvelanairad gvexmareboda muSaobis

procesSi.

89 Simon James, and other Military Equipment (Oxford, 2010), 209, 214.

90 SedarebisaTvis, iTvleba, rom dura-evroposSi napovni 10.2 sm sigrZis yunwiani

isrispiri (No. 783) didi zomisaa. James, Excavations at Dura-Europos, 220.


140

Rerovani sabrZolo iaraRis natexebad~ Tvlis.91 Cemi azriT, es natexebi

sxva araferia, Tu ara isris tani. sainteresoa, rom es isari momxdurebs

ar gamouyenebiaT; igi oTaxSi inaxeboda da urbnisis mecixovneebs

ekuTvnoda.

galavanze asvla

saieriSo kibeebiT cixeze Seteva teqnikurad yvelaze ioli, magram

yvelaze saxifaTo gza iyo. kibeebs ZiriTadad xisgan amzadebdnen, xan-

daxan rkinis kauWiT Tavze.92 kibeebis garda, galavanze asasvlelad

iyenebdnen kauWian badeebs da Tokebs. es iyo yvelaze sisxliani meTodi,

romlis drosac yvelaze meti adamiani iRupeboda.93 Cveulebriv, moie-

riSe amis uflebas Tavs mxolod didi ricxobrivi upiratesobis dros

aZlevda.

1289 wels iranis ilxans darubandelebi aujanydnen. JamTa-

aRmwereli ase agviwers movlenaTa msvlelobas: „maSin ganudges yaens

darubandelni da warvida yaeni darubands, mouwoda mefesa dimitris,

da warhyva da Sevides darubands da ver winaaRudges darubandelni, da

ivltodes simagresa cixisasa, romelsa aniyad uwoddes, da garemoadges,

da vera avnes ra. maSin yaenman arRun ubrZana mefesa, raTa ebrZolos,

rameTu iyo friad magari. aRiWura mefe da spa misi, da gareSeexÂvnes

da SeuÃdes cixesa, rameTu begas Svili rati upirveles yovelTa

gavida, da waruRes cixe“.94 gasakviri araa, rom arRun yaenma ieriSis

yvelaze saxifaTo nawili – cixis kedlebze asvla, qarTvelebs (da ara

monRolebs) daavala. cixis kedlebis es ieriSi, romelic uaRresad

sisxlismRvreli iqneboda, warmatebiT dasrulda da rati surameli

pirveli avida galavanze.

gansxvavebul taqtikas mimarTa svimon mefem 1599 wels. Turqebis

xelT myofi goris cixis aRebas isic saieriSo kibeebiT apirebda, magram

kargad esmoda Tu ra msxverplTan iqneboda es dakavSirebuli. amitom

mefem farsadan ciciSvils da sulxan TurmaniZes `malviT mravalni

91 levan WilaSvili, naqalaqari urbnisi (Tbilisi, 1964), 94, sur. 41. didi zomis

gamo, man balistis isrispiri maxvilis natexad miiCnia. iqve, 94.

92 Gravett, Medieval Siege Warfare, 30.93 vegeciusi aRniSnavs, rom kedlebis ieriSi metad sisxlismRvreli iyo

moieriSeTaTvis. Vegetius: Epitome of Military Science, IV.12.94 JamTaaRmwereli, aswlovani matiane, teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva,

SeniSvnebi da leqsikoni daurTo revaz kiknaZem (Tbilisi, 1987), 177.

mamuka wurwumia

141

kibeebi~ daamzadebina da Rameuli ieriSiT, kibeebis gamoyenebiT aiRo

goris cixe.95

Tumca, rig SemTxvevebSi, rodesac simagris kedlebi an garnizoni

amis saSualebas iZleoda, moalye mxare pirdapir iwyebda ieriSs

sagangebo momzadebis anu mZime saalyo teqnikis gamarTvis gareSe.

am dros moieriSeebi kibeebiT cdilobdnen cixis kedelze asvlas,

raSic maT mxars uWerdnen isris intensiuri sroliT, rac garnizons

Tavis gamoyofis saSualebas ar aZlevda.96 aseTi swrafi ieriSis

dros umTavresi Semtevi saSualeba kibe iyo.97 Tuki aseTi riskiani

Seteva gaamarTlebda, moieriSe mxare, Tavdapirveli danakargis

fasad, Tavidan aicilebda xangrZliv alyas misTvis damaxasiaTebeli

sirTuleebiT, romelic, sabolood, ufro mZime da sisxliani SeiZleba

yofiliyo.98 eWvi ar aris, rom aseT taqtikas qarTvelebic flobdnen.

XII saukunis jruWis meore oTxTavis 186v miniaturaze asaxulia

qarTvelebis mier am teqnikis gamoyenebiT simagris aReba. suraTze

vxedavT alyaSemortymul qalaqs, mSvildosnebi moieriSeTa dafarvas

da mecixovneTa daTrgunvas cdiloben, mebrZolTa nawils ki galavanze

kibe aqvs midgmuli da farebis safarqveS zeviT miiwevs (sur. 3).

cixis galavanis gadalaxva xandaxan improvizebuli saSualebebiTac

xdeboda. IX-X saukuneebis mijnaze, rodesac afxazTa da somexTa mefeebi

qarTlisaTvis ibrZodnen, `gamovida konstanti, afxazTa mefe, daipyra

qarTli, da emtera somexTa mefe sumbat tiezerakali; gamoilaSqra

spiTa didiTa, da moadga ufliscixesa, da moiRes palan-kurdani,

aRmoages zemo-kerZo da wariRes cixe ÃerÃiTa~.99 palan-kurdani

95 farsadan gorgijaniZe, istoria (tfilisi, 1926), 12-3. msxverplis Sesamcireblad

Ramis ieriSiT, kibeebis gamoyenebiT aiRo perti robert briusma 1312 wels. SeanMcGlynn, By Sword and Fire: Cruelty and Atrocity in Medieval Warfare (London, 2009), 145.

96 Denis Sullivan, “Tenth Century Byzantine Offensive Siege Warfare: Instructional Prescriptions and Historical Practice,” in Byzantium at (Athens, 1997), 200. leon diakvanis

mowmobiT, 964 wlis kampaniis dros nikifore II fokam am xerxiT 20-ze meti simagre

waarTva muslimebs. The History of Leo the Deacon: Byzantine Military Expansion in the Tenth Century, introduction, translation, and annotations by Alice-Mary Talbot and Denis F. Sullivan with the assistance of George T. Dennis and Stamatina McGrath (Washington, 2005), 101-2.

97 vegeciusi SeniSnavs, rom Tuki damcvelebi SeuSindebodnen isris setyvas,

moieriSeebs kibeebis saSualebiT swrafad SeeZloT kedlebis dakaveba. Vegetius: Epitome of Military Science, IV.6.

98 McGlynn, “Siege Warfare: Tactics and Technology,” 266.99 matiane qarTlisa, 262.


142

sabargo pirutyvTa (joris, cxenis, aqlemis) unagiria.100 rogorc Cans,

somxebma ufliscixis kedlebTan isini erTmaneTze daalages, zed aZvr-

nen da amgvarad gadavidnen zRudeze. g. anCabaZes eWvi Seaqvs cixis

aseTi xerxiT aRebaSi. mas ver warmoudgenia cixis ieriSi erTmaneTze

dawyobili sabargo pirutyvebis unagirebiT da Tvlis, rom teqsti

gadamwerelTa mier aris damaxinjebuli, mematianis „palan-kurdani“

ki „gardanis“ tipis qvismtyorcnels gulisxmobs.101 Tu asea, maS rad

aRniSnavs xazgasmiT mematiane, rom cixe xerxiT aiRes? g. anCabaZes

verc imaSi daveTanxmebiT, rom aseTi ram `samxedro TvalsazrisiT

Znelad warmosadgenia~.102 zustad aseTi faqti moxda 896 wels romis

ieriSis dros, rodesac germanelebma bargi daagroves kedelTan da ase

aZvrnen masze.103 ase moxdeboda ufliscixesTanac, moalyeebma albaT

moulodnelobiT isargebles, SedarebiT dabal kedelTan swrafad

daaxroves unagirebi bargiTurT da galavanze gadavidnen.

galavnis Sengreva (Sexvreta)

cixe-simagris kedlis Sengreva (an Sexvreta) saieriSo urnalis

an burRis saSualebiT xdeboda. urnali (verZi, tarani) masiuri xe

iyo, romelsac boloSi rkinis Tavi hqonda. burRi warmoadgenda

wvetiani rkiniT daboloebul xes, romelsac saxelurebis meSveobiT

abrunebdnen. urnals aTeulobiT adamiani emsaxureboda, burRs ki

ramdenimec hyofnida. Cveulebriv, urnalic da burRic, xis fardulis

qveS iyo Sefarebuli.104 cixis kedlebs angrevdnen weraqviT da

ZalayiniTac, romelTac safars Sefarebuli moalyeebi iyenebdnen.

1122 wels, daviT aRmaSenebelma Tbilisi galavnis Sengrevis Semdeg

aiRo. didgorTan gamarjvebis Semdeg, man alya Semoartya Tbiliss da

bolos ieriSiT aiRo igi: gaemarTa mefe afxazTa nadavliTa da tyveebiT,

dabanakda TbilisTan da erTxans alyaSi hyavda. Semdeg gaangria misi

kedeli dasavleTis mxridan, Sevida qalaqSi maxviliT, gadawva igi da

100 sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, avtografuli nusxebis mixedviT

moamzada, gamokvleva da ganmartebaTa leqsikis saZiebeli daurTo ilia abulaZem,

t. I (Tbilisi, 1991), 399, 613.

101

, 65.102 iqve, 65.

103 Gravett, Medieval Siege Warfare, 31.104 Gravett, Mediev al Siege Warfare, 47; Bradbury, The Medieval Siege, 274.

mamuka wurwumia

143

gaZarcva~.105 al-farikis mixedviT, qarTvelebma Tbilisis dasavleTis

kedeli Seangries, rac, albaT, urnalis gamoyenebiT moxda.

1209 wels, iranSi laSqrobisas, zenjanis aReba gviCvenebs, Tu

ra mravalferovan teqnikas flobda imdroindeli qarTuli armia:

„miiwivnes mciresa qalaqsa zangans, alizis zRudiT ganmagrebulsa.

xolo qalaqi Zlierad gaamagres da iwyes ficxla brZola. viTar

gagrZelda omi, ganyves TemTa da TemTa zRude qalaqisa, raTa

SesTxaron. da iwyes Txrad zRudeTa: uwinares marjuenasa mÃarsa

mesxTa SeÃurites zRude – aliziT iyo –, da uwin Sevides qalaqsa Sina

da iwyes Ãocad da srvad vinca meomari iyo“.106 mematianis gadmocemiT,

qarTvelebma Sexvrites gamouwvavi aguriT (aliziT) agebuli qalaqis

kedeli. gamouwvavi aguriT agebuli kedeli ukeT uZlebs qvis Wurvebs,

vidre qviT nagebi: qva imsxvreva, maSin rodesac ufro rbili alizi

nawilobriv STanTqavs dartymis Zalas.107 aseve kargad uZlebs aguris

kedeli urnalis dartymebs.108 faqtia, rom qarTvelebma mocemul vi-

TarebaSi yvelaze efeqturi taqtika airCies da kedlebis xvretas

Seudgnen.109 kedlis Sexvretis aseTi masStaburi, erTdroulad ramde-

nime monakveTze, operacia Catardeboda mravalricxovani xis an

mownuli safrebis TanxlebiT, romelTa qveS moieriSeni SedarebiT

uxifaTod igrZnobdnen Tavs.110

sainteresoa, rom zenjanis alyis dros qarTvelTa qmedeba,

TiTqosda, bizantiuri samxedro traqtatis instruqciebis mixedviT

mimdinareobs, rac am saxis literaturis codnas mowmobs. heron

bizantielis mixedviT, Tu moieriSes aguris kedlebis swrafad dangreva

105 e. sixaruliZe, àl-fariki saqarTveloSi~, semitologiuri Ziebani, t. II

(Tbilisi, 1985), 89.

106 istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani, 106.

107 Dennis, “Byzantine Heavy Artillery,” 104.108 Heron of Byzantium, Parangelmata Poliorcetica, 57, 63.109 s. margiSvili miiCnevs, rom zenjani miwisqveSa gvirabis gamoyenebiT aiRes.

igi wers: àq aSkarad saubaria cixis kedlebis qveS gayvanil gvirabze, ramac maTi

Camoqceva gamoiwvia~. margiSvili, miTebi da realoba daviT aRmaSeneblis mefobis

Sesaxeb, 333; Sua saukuneebis samxedro xelovneba da saqarTvelos samxedro-

politikuri istoria, 214. es daskvna simarTles ar Seesabameba, radganac zenjani

kedlebis SexvretiT aiRes.

110 moieriSeTa, gansakuTrebiT kedlebis mxvretelTa da gvirabebis gamyvanTa

dacvas xelovnuri safariT didi yuradReba eqceoda bizantiur samxedro

traqtatebSi. Eric McGeer, “Tradition and Reality in the “Taktika” of Nikephoros Ouranos,” Dumbarton Oaks Papers, vol. 45 (1991), 135-8.


144

surs, amisaTvis man burRiT kedlis Sexvreta unda scados. aseTi

burRebis sigrZe 1.5 metria da maTi swori gamoyeneba moalyeTa mxridan

poliorketikis sakmao codnas moiTxovs. mburRavebs unda daecvaT

naxvretebs Soris distancia da Tanmimdevruloba, miecaT naxvre-

tebisaTvis saTanado forma da mimarTuleba da Tan gaemagrebinaT, rom

kedeli droze adre ar Camoqceuliyo.111 eWvs gareSea, rom qarTul laS-

qars es codna hqonda, razec, burRebis masobrivi gamoyenebis garda,

zenjanis swrafi aRebac metyvelebs.

miwisqveSa gvirabebi

galavnis qveS miwis gamoTxra cixis aRebis erT-erTi yvelaze Zveli

xerxi iyo.112 iq sadac niadagi amis saSualebas iZleoda, miwisqveSa

gvirabi cixe-simagreTa sawinaaRmdego mZlavri iaraRi iyo. Cveulebriv,

xvrelis Txras cixis kedlisagan moSorebiT SeniRbulad iwyebdnen

da cdilobdnen garnizons amis Sesaxeb araferi gaego. gvirabis

gayvanisas mis kedlebs da Wers xiT amagrebdnen. rodesac gvirabi

galavnis fundaments miaRwevda, mas afarTovebdnen, aalebadi masaliT

avsebdnen da cecxls ukidebdnen, ris Sedegadac kedlis nawili Zirs

CamoiSleboda. xandaxan gvirabs cixeSi SesaRwevadac iyenebdnen,113

rogorc es baRdadis ieriSisas moimoqmedes qarTvelebma.114

miwisqveSa gvirabebs ufro xSirad mimarTavdnen koSkebis

sawinaaRmdegod; Cans, koSkis kuTxeebis CamoSla ufro advili iyo,

vidre kedlis grZivi monakveTis.115 gvirabi rac SeiZleba Rrmad unda

gaeyvanaT, mowinaaRmdeges rom ver aRmoeCina da Semxvedri gvirabi ar

gaeTxara, saidanac SeeZlo kvamliT an wyliT daexoca moieriSeebi.116

nikifore uranosi, X-XI saukuneebis warmatebuli bizantieli

sardali da samxedro Teoretikosi, miwisqveSa gvirabebs simagreTa

111 Heron of Byzantium, Parangelmata Poliorcetica, 51-7.112 miwisqveSa gvirabis saSualebiT cixis ieriSis uZvelesi suraTi gamosaxulia

asureTis mefis asurnasirfal II-is (Zv. w. 883-859) sasaxleSi nimrudSi. KennethWiggins, Siege Mines and Underground Warfare (Buckinghamshire, 2003), 9.

113 gvirabis saSualebiT kedlebis CamongrevasTan SedarebiT, aseTi SemTxvevebi

Zalian iSviaTi iyo. Peter Purton, (Woodbridge, 2010), 25.

114 p. partoni ratomRac Tvlis, rom baRdadis alyisas qarTvelebma gvirabiT

kedlebi CamoSales. Purton, A History of the Late Medieval Siege, 20.115 Nicolle, Crusader Warfare: Muslims, Mongols and the Struggle against the Crusades, 239.116 Heron of Byzantium, Parangelmata Poliorcetica, 43-5.

mamuka wurwumia

145

aRebis yvelaze efeqtur saSualebad Tvlida. Tavis naSromSi is werda:

`ZvelTaganve, alyis dros mraval manqanas agebdnen, rogoricaa ur-

nali, xis koSkebi, saieriSo kibeebi, aseve ku da mravali sxva, romlebic

Cvens Taobas arc unaxia. amave dros, yvela maTganis gamocdis Semdeg

aRmoCnda, rom yvelaze ufro efeqturi, rasac mteri ver umklavdeba,

aris kedlebisaTvis Ziris gamoTxra~.117 Tumca, mTel rig SemTxvevebSi,

gvirabis gayvana ubralod SeuZlebeli iyo: kldovani niadagi, Rrma da

ramdenime wyliT savse Txrilis (fliskinis)118 arseboba gvirabisaTvis

gadaulaxav winaaRmdegobas warmoadgenda.

umetesi Semtevi saSualebebisagan gansxvavebiT, gvirabis gaTxrisas

moalyeni daculni iyvnen garnizonis sasroli da cecxlgamCeni

iaraRisagan.119 amave dros, gvirabebis gayvana mZime, xangrZlivi da

saxifaTo samuSao iyo, romelsac specifikuri teqnikuri codna da

SeTanxmebuli muSaoba esaWiroeboda.120 1099 wels siriis erTi qalaqis

alyisas jvarosnebma warumateblad scades miwisqveSa gvirabebis

gamoyeneba; albert aaxeneli aRniSnavs, rom armias araqaTi gamoecala

Txrisas.121 miuxedavad amisa, qarTvelebs miwisqveSa gvirabebis gaTxra

da gayvana ar unda gaZnelebodaT. maT hqondaT saamiso codna da

hyavdaT teqnikuri personalic (inJinrebi, mTxrelebi). arqeologiuri

kvlevebiT irkveva, rom Sua saukuneebSi rkinis madnis mosapoveblad

qarTvelebs Rrma maRaroebis Txra uxdebodaT, magaliTad, foladauris

rkinis madnis Saxtebi 80 metris siRrmis iyo.122 qarTvelma maRaroelebma

117 Nicephoros Ouranos, Taktika, ed. Eric McGeer, in Sowing the Dragon’s Teeth: Byzantine Warfare in the Tenth Century (Washington, 1995), 161. e. makgiris mixedviT, meTormete saukunemde

bizantielebis cixe-simagreTa asaRebad yvelaze xSirad miwisqveSa gvirabebs

iyenebdnen. McGeer, “Byzantine Siege Warfare in Theory and Practice,” 123-9.118 fliskina sabas mixedviT simagreTa dasacavi Txrilia: `cixesa da qalaqsa

gareSemo aRuSeneben simagrisaTvis, romelime wyalTa Seayeneben, raTa mterTa

brZoliT advilad ver aiRon~. sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, II, 195.

119 David Ayalon, “Hisar: The Mamluk Sultanate,” Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed., vol. III (1971), 474.120 cnobili medievisti b. beqreqi Sua saukuneebis mesangreebs wyalqveSa navis

ekipaJsac ki adarebs. Bernard S. Bachrach, “Medieval Siege Warfare: A Reconnaissance,” Journalof Military History, 58 (1994), 132-3.

121 Albert of Aachen, Historia Ierosolimitana: History of the Journey to Jerusalem, Edited and Translated by Susan B. Edgington (Oxford, 2007), 379, 385; John France, Victory in the East: A Military History of the First Crusade (Cambridge, 1994), 321.

122 i. gZeliSvili, `samTo saqme da rkinis metalurgia Suafeodalur xanaSi

(saqarTvelo da evraziis sxva qveynebi)~, feodaluri saqarTvelos arqeologiuri

Zeglebi, I (1969), 92.


146

kargad icodnen Saxtebis „Weris marTvis“ xelovneba, rasac didi

mniSvneloba hqonda usafrTxoebisaTvis, ventilacia ki iseTi kargi

iyo, rom mZlavri cecxlis danTebac iyo SesaZlebeli.123 am codnas didi

mniSvneloba hqonda, rogorc gvirabis gayvanis procesSi, aseve bolo

etapze, rodesac koSkis an zRudis CamosaSlelad mas qvemodan cecxls

unTebdnen.

qarTvelTa mier sabrZolo moqmedebebSi miwisqveSa gvirabebis

gamoyenebis magaliTebs wyaroebSic vpoulobT. 1258 wels qarTvelTa

laSqari Tan axlda monRolebs baRdadis garemocvis dros. JamTa-

aRmwerelis versiiT, qarTvelebma sakmaod swrafad gaTxares miwisqveSa

gvirabi124 qalaqis galavnis qveS, SeaRwies baRdadSi da qalaqis karebi

gaaRes: „mefeman daviT ubrZana laSqarTa misTa, raTa SeTxaron zRu-

deTa queSe. da SeTxares, zRudesa Sigan Sevides qarTvelni da iqmna

Zlieri brZola, da mosrvides spaTa baRdadelTa da SiSi friadi

aqunda baRdadelTa. da esreT ganuxunes karni qalaqisani qarTvelTa

da TaTarni Sevides“.125 SesaZloa, mematiane azviadebdes qarTvelTa

rols baRdadis aRebis saqmeSi, magram gvirabis gayvanis epizodi

garkveulwilad simarTles unda Seesabamebodes.

1281 wels egviptel mamluqTa winaaRmdeg daZrul monRolTa

laSqars samcxis mTavari beqac axlavs. siriaSi saalyo moqmedebebis dros

qarTvelebma kvlav gamoiyenes miwisqveSa gvirabi: „da esreT warvides

misreTs, da vles mravali dRe da miiwivnes erTsa qalaqsa, romelsa erqua

darbuzaki. gamovides moqalaqeni kariT da iqmna omi, sada-igi beqaman

da misTa myolTa mesxTa Zlierad iRuawes, ufros sxuaTa. TaTarTa da

qarTvelTa Sigan qalaqsa SesTxines, da mesxni upirates mietevnes“.126

saalyo koSki

saalyo koSki, cixis kedlebze da koSkebze ufro maRali,127 ramde-

nime sarTuliani, cecxlisagan Tavdasacavad nedli tyaviT dafaruli

123 i. gZeliSvili, `samTo warmoeba da rkinis metalurgia XII saukunis saqarT-

veloSi~, mecniereba da teqnika, 4 (1964), 31.

124 risTvisac Tormetiode dRec sakmarisi aRmoCnda: `da brZodes Zlierad

ara mravalTa dReTa, aramed aTormet dRe, aRiRes baRdadi~. JamTaaRmwereli,

aswlovani matiane, 113.

125 iqve, 113.

126 iqve, 169-70.

127 1099 wels, ierusalimis ieriSisas, qalaqis kedlebis simaRle 12-15 m iyo,

jvarosanTa saalyo koSkis ki – 15-17 metri. France, Victory in the East, 350.

mamuka wurwumia

147

xis konstruqcia iyo, romelic moalyeebs maRlidan srolis da

cixis kedelze gadasvlis saSualebas aZlevda. mas maRlidan unda

embrZanebla damcvelebze da moalyeTaTvis sxvadasxva saxis SeteviTi

operaciebis warmoebis saSualeba mieca.128 saalyo koSki warmoadgenda

sabrZolo platformas, romlis simaRlidanac isrodnen isrebs Tu

sxva iaraRs da zed aTavsebdnen balistikur manqanebs. misi damzadeba

Zalian rTuli iyo, gamoyenebisas ki mTavar problemas gadaadgileba da

mowinaaRmdegis cecxlis qveS cixis kedlebTan mitana warmoadgenda.129

d. berZeniSvilis azriT, „gviani Sua saukuneebis qarTul wyaroebSi,

SetevisaTvis damzadebul xis koSkebs mongoluri sityviT, „siba“-d

ixseniebdnen“. Tavdapirvelad siba TavdacviT nagebobas, – RobiT

gamagrebul Txrils, – ewodeboda. `mogvianebiT saqarTveloSi si-

bam gadasatani, Semtevi koSkis mniSvneloba miiRo~.130 mkvlevari

sailustraciod imowmebs àxal qarTlis cxovrebas~, sadac 1556 wels

Sah-Tamazis mier atenis cixis garemocvaa aRwerili: `cixis aReba

gaZnelda, amisaTÂs rome arc siba miitaneboda, da arc SeeTxreboda~.131

128 iqve, 352-3.129 aqve erT gavrcelebul Secdomaze gvinda mivuTiToT: Sua saukuneebis

brZolebis aRwerisas, saalyo koSkebs xSirad helepolisis saxeliT moixsenieben,

rac anaqronizmia. ix. margiSvili, Sua saukuneebis samxedro xelovneba da

saqarTvelos samxedro-politikuri istoria, 99, 213. antikur xanaSi, rodesac

daiwyo saalyo koSkebis gamoyeneba, maT marTlac helepolisi (berZnulad

`qalaqebis amRebi~) erqvaT. droTa ganmavlobaSi am terminma mniSvneloba icvala

da Sua saukuneebSi helepolisi saalyo koSks aRar niSnavda. bizantielebi am

terminiT lodsatyorcn da sxva saieriSo manqanebs moixseniebdnen. helepolisi

ewodeboda Tavisi drois yvelaze Zlier saieriSo saSualebas, romelic xan saalyo

koSki iyo, xan urnali, xan ki lodsatyorcni manqana. Dennis, “Byzantine Heavy Artillery: The Helepolis,” 101-4; Chevedden, “The Invention of the Counterweight Trebuchet,” 78-9; Purton, AHistory of the Early Medieval Siege, 116.

130 devi berZeniSvili, `Zveli saqarTvelos cixesimagreTa zogierTi saxeoba

werilobiTi wyaroebis mixedviT~, analebi, 1 (2007), 182. siba saalyo koSkad miaCnia

p. zaqaraisac. parmen zaqaraia, qarTul cixesimagreTa istoria uZvelesi droidan

XVIII s. bolomde (Tbilisi, 2002), 231-2. l. WilaSvilic Tvlis, rom terminis

mniSvnelobam mogvianebiT azri Seicvala, magram miaCnia, rom siba àlyis dros

safaris da maRali Robis mowyobasac aRniSnavda~. levan WilaSvili, toponomikuri

SeniSvnebi (Tbilisi, 2001), 76. SesaZloa, sibas safaris mniSvnelobac hqonda, magram

Znelia daveTanxmoT mosazrebas, rom is maRali Robec iyo. gviandel wyaroebSi

garkveviTaa aRniSnuli, rom siba maRalic iyo da misi cixis kedlebTan `mitanac~

SeiZleboda. es ki sxva araferia, Tu ara – saalyo koSki.




148

SeiZleba davamatoT, rom farsadan gorgijaniZec aseTive konteqstSi

moixseniebs sibas: `yaeni yandahrzed wavida da mravlis brZoliTa

da omiTa da laSqris amowyvetiTa da sibis mitaniTa da SeTxra

cixeSi SesvliT uwin yalai bisti aiRes~; ìndoeTis xemwifis Svili

didis laSqriT yandars Semoadga da yovelgniT sibebi win waiRes da

Signidamen da garedamen banaks isrodes da sibebi xandags miawia da

zogi kidec gascilda~.132 igive gorgijaniZe miuTiTebs, rom siba maRali

unda yofiliyo: `Temur xemwife im cixes Semoadga da yvelgniT maRali

sibebi gaukeTes~.133 wyaroebidan Cans, rom qarTvelebi icnobdnen sibas,

Tvlidnen mas cixis aRebis erT-erT ZiriTad saSualebad,134 magram

uSualod qarTvelTa mier maT gamoyeneba ar dasturdeba. es arcaa

gasakviri, adgilmdebareobis xasiaTis gamo saalyo koSkebis gamoyeneba

saqarTveloSi sakmaod SezRuduli iqneboda.135

alya

alyis saSualebiT cixis blokireba yvelaze usisxlo meTodi iyo,

samagierod, xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi abandebda armias cixis

garSemo da ekonomikurad Zalian araxelsayreli iyo. alyis warmoeba

sakmaod Zviri jdeboda, radganac garemomcveli armia srulfasovan

uzrunvelyofas saWiroebda.

Sua saukuneebis qarTul armias SeeZlo xangrZlivi saalyo

moqmedebebi ewarmoebina, rac misi organizebisa da disciplinis

maRal doneze miuTiTebs. amas garda, xangrZlivi (ramdenimewliani)

alyisaTvis uzarmazari resursebi iyo saWiro. samwuxarod, Cvens xelT

arsebuli monacemebi ar iZleva aseTi alyis, Tundac miaxloebiTi,

Rirebulebis dadgenis saSualebas. garkveuli warmodgenis misaRebad

SedarebiTi meTodis gamoyenebaRa gvrCeba. cnobilia, rom 1173 wels

lui VII-m, verniulis alyis dasawyebad, Tavis samflobeloSi damatebiTi

gadasaxadi SemoiRo; 1224 wels bedfordis alyis sawarmoeblad henri

III-m eklesias daado damatebiTi gadasaxadi; 1215 wels ki roCesteris

132 farsadan gorgijaniZe, istoria, 51.

133 iqve, 95.


135 saalyo koSks TavisTavad bevri naklic hqonda: mis agebas xangrZlivi dro da

didi raodenobiT xis masala sWirdeboda, amave dros, Zneli gadasaadgilebeli da

advili dasawvavi iyo. Purton, A History of the Early Medieval Siege, 248.

mamuka wurwumia

149

orTviani alya 60,000 girvanqa sterlingi dajda.136 1346-47 wlebSi

kales TerTmetTviani alya inglisis mefe eduard III-s 150,000 girvanqa

sterlingi daujda, maSin rodesac mefis wliuri Semosavali 80,000-

s mcired Tu aRemateboda.137 es magaliTebi naTlad gviCvenebs, Tu ra

Zalisxmeva sWirdeboda xangrZliv alyas da ra datvirTvas ganicdida

am dros saxelmwifo aparati. amave dros, cxadia, rom xangrZlivi

saalyo moqmedebebis warmoebis unari, romelic imdroindel qarTul

armiebs gaaCndaT, miuTiTebs kargad awyobil samxedro da saxelmwifo

struqturaze, romelsac xangrZlivi omi xelewifeboda. XI saukunidan

dawyebuli, qarTuli samefoebi aseT alyebs ukve Tavisuflad

awarmoeben.

XI saukunis dasawyisSi bagrat III-is armia erTi wlis garemocvis

Semdeg iRebs cixes kaxeTSi: „Seawyudia kÂrike boWormas, da dauyenna

cixesa gareSemo mcvelni weliwdamdi, wariRo boWormaca“.138 1037/8

wels, kaxel mokavSireebTan erTad, bagrat IV-m Tbiliss alya

Semoartya, romelic ori wlis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeboda: da brZodes

or wel tfilissa~.139 SimSilisagan da alyisagan dauZlurebulma

(`verRara daudgmides SimSilTa da brZolaTa ZlierTa~) Tbiliselebma

`ganizraxes mocema tfilisisa~.140 kidev ufro xangrZlivi iyo karis

(yarsis) alya, romelic 1202 wels daiwyo, rodesac qalaqis aRebis

Semdeg qarTvelebma alya Semoartyes karis citadels. citadelis

alya 5 welze met xans gagrZelda da garnizoni mxolod 1206-7 wlebis

mijnaze danebda.141

alyaSemortymuli garnizonisaTvis upirveles mniSvnelobas

wyliT momarageba iZenda. cixisaTvis wylis miwodebis Sewyveta mis

swraf kapitulacias iwvevda. basili ezosmoZRvris mixedviT, karis

mravalwliani alya mxolod maSin dasrulda, rodesac garemomcvelma

qarTulma laSqarma muslimur garnizons wylis miwodeba gadauWra:

èbrZoles ukue Sekrulsa mas Robesa wylisaTÂs da mravalTa Sina

136 Matthew Strickland, War and Chivalry: The Conduct and Perception of War in England and (Cambridge, 1996), 207.

137 Hindley, Medieval Sieges and Siegecraft, 143.138 matiane qarTlisa, 279.

139 iqve, 297.

140 iqve, 297.

141 vrclad karis alyis Sesaxeb ix. jafariZe, saqarTvelo da maxlobeli aRmosavle-

Tis islamuri samyaro, 121-2, 161-2.


150

dReTa gantexes adgili igi. da gamoicala wyali da mis Tana umravlesni

moqalaqenica~.142

wylis momaragebis gadaWris gamo danebda giorgi III-s agarakis

cixes Sefarebuli ajanyebulebic: `cixeSi myofni, kacni brZolebSi

saxelmoxveWilni, Sewuxdnen adamianebisa da pirutyvebis gvamTa

simyralis suniT da wyurviliT, radgan wyalic gadauketes maT~.143

xSirad mravalTviani alya, garnizonis gamofitvis da Sesustebis

Semdeg, warmatebiT gvirgvindeboda ieriSiT. ase, ieriSiT aiRo daviT

aRmaSenebelma Tbilisi eqvsTviani alyis Semdeg, romlis drosac

Tbilisis garnizons da qalaqis kedlebs balistikuri artileriiT da

sxva saSualebebiT daasustebdnen.

Suris cixe

rodesac, rigi mizezebis gamo, cixis aReba ar xerxdeboda da

sruli alya ar iyo SesaZlebeli an mizanSewonili, mis siaxloves

agebdnen safortifikacio nagebobas, cixe-koSks, romelsac Suris cixe

ewodeboda. mas alyaSemotymuli simagris karibWesTan axlos aRmar-

Tavdnen, raTa yvelanairi mimosvla aRekveTaT.144 i. SaiSmelaSvilis

mixedviT, Suris cixes sul cota, sami funqcia mainc hqonda: gare-

moculi cixis blokireba (rom aravis gamoeRwia an SeeRwia masSi),

garnizonis gamoxdomebis aRkveTa da xelsayrel sasrol platformad

gamoyeneba.145 raRa Tqma unda, masve iyenebdnen alyaSemortymuli cixis

saTvalTvalodac. sruli blokadisagan gansxvavebiT, Suris cixe

SedarebiT patara razms saWiroebda da moalyeTa ZiriTad Zalebs

Tavisufals tovebda. saalyo cixiT simagris blokirebis meTodi far-

Tod iyo gavrcelebuli XI saukunis evropaSi.146 am meTods icnobdnen da

iyenebdnen saqarTveloSic.

X saukuneSi afxazeTis mefes giorgi II-s kaxeTSi ar danebda

lowobnis cixe, romlis winaaRmdegac man Suris cixe aago da moaxdina

misi blokireba: lowobanni hqondes ivane arSis Zesa, da gamagrda Sigan...

142 basili ezosmoZRuari, cxovreba mefeT-mefisa Tamarisi, qarTlis cxovreba,

teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. II

(Tbilisi, 1959), 143.

143 abdalaZe, somxur xelnawerTa X-XIII saukuneebis anderZ-minawerebis cnobebi, 38.

144 Gravett, Medieval Siege Warfare, 23-4.145 ivane SaiSmelaSvili, Cauqrobeli didebis qalaqi (Tbilisi, 1987), 46.

146 Rogers, Latin Siege Warfare, 39; Purton, A History of the Early Medieval Siege, 162.

mamuka wurwumia

151

auges Suris-cixe da daayennes Sigan laSqarni~.147 rodesac kvirike

qorepiskoposma Zala moica da xelaxla daeufla kaxeTs, iZulebuli

gaxda Suris cixesTan erTad lowobanic daengria: `dauwyes brZolad

cixeTa, da mciredTa dReTa warixunes cixeni yovelni; daarRÂvnes

Suris-cixe da lowobanTa~.148

saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, ramdenime Suris cixesac ki iyenebdnen.149

beri egnataSvilis cnobiT, birTvisis cixis blokirebisaTvis Temur-

lengma sami Suris cixe aago: `brZana orisave kuTxis cixis ageba. da TÂT

miadga karsa cixisasa da munca brZana ageba cixisa~.150

winamdebare werilSi ar ganvixilavT cixe-simagreebis aRebis iseT

meTodebs, rogoricaa motyuebiT cixeSi SeRweva Tu uecrad Sevardna

an ukuqceuli garnizonis kvaldakval simagreSi SeWra, radganac es

meTodebi poliorketikis sferos iribad Tu miekuTvnebian. TumcaRa,

Sua saukuneebSi maT xSirad iyenebdnen cixeTa dasaufleblad.

simagreebs xSirad igdebdnen xelSi fsiqologiuri zewolis

meTodebiTac, rodesac erTmaneTs uxamebdnen sisastikes da muqaras

da lmobierebas kapitulaciis SemTxvevaSi.151 isinic, simagreTa aRebis

irib meTods warmoadgenen.152

aseTive meTods miekuTvneba cixis garnizonis daSineba misive

mflobelis sicocxlis xelyofiT, romelsac, umravles SemTxvevebSi,

Sedegad mecixovneTa kapitulacia mosdevda. klod kaeni, savsebiT

marTebulad, mas arc ki akuTvnebs `namdvil~ samxedro operaciebs.153

Tumca, Cveni warsulis gaTvaliswinebiT, am xerxze mainc Rirs

yuradRebis SeCereba.

Sua saukuneebSi metad iyo gavrcelebuli tyved Cavardnili

mflobelis (an cixisTavis) sicocxlis xelyofis muqariT misdami

daqvemdebarebuli simagris xelSi Cagdeba. am meTodiT ZviradRi-

rebuli da problemuri alyis gareSe xelSi igdebdnen mniSvnelovan


148 iqve, 269.

149 1097-8 wlebSi antioqiis alyisas jvarosnebma sami Suris cixe gamoiyenes. Rogers,Latin Siege Warfare, 25-39.



151 Contamine, War in the Middle Ages, 101-2.152 iqve, 102.

153 Claude Cahen, “Hisar: General Remarks,” Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed., vol. III (1971), 470.


152

cixeebs.154 aseTi SemTxvevebi gansakuTrebiT mravalricxovani iyo

feodaluri Sinaomebis dros.

Tvali rom gadavavloT meTiu striklendis mier Tavmoyril msgavs

SemTxvevebs XI-XII saukuneebis inglisisa da normandiis istoriidan,

davrwmundebiT, rom aseTi ram marTlac xSirad xdeboda. magaliTad,

1143 wels robert gloCesterma datyvevebul giiom martels sastiki

mopyrobiT Serburnis cixe daaTmobina.155 am xerxiT gamorCeulad sar-

geblobda inglisis mefe stiveni: 1143 wels man xelSi Caigdo 3 cixe (maT

Soris londonis taueri) Jofrei de mandevilis CamoxrCobis muqariT.

manve, ufro adre, xelT igdo linkolni, niuarki, salsberi, malmsberi

da kidev mravali cixe, salsberis da linkolnis episkoposebis damSeviT

da rojer salsberis Svilis CamoxrCobis muqariT.156 xandaxan, aseTi

praqtika gamosasyidis saxes iRebda: 1044 wels anJus grafma Jofrei

martelma brZolaSi daatyveva Teobald de blua da, Tavisuflebis

sanacvlod, aiZula daeTmo qalaqi turi.157 iSviaTad, am meTods Sedegi

ar mohqonda: 1146 wels rojer de berkli xelSi Cauvarda sakuTar Zmas,

valters, romelmac samjer Camohkida is berklis cixis win. miuxedavad

amisa, garnizoni ar danebda da naxevradmkvdari rojeri isev dilegSi

daabrunes.158

cixe-simagreTa aRebis aseTi xerxi qarTul istoriografiaSi

vrclad j. samuSiam ganixila.159 masve moxmobili aqvs ramdenime faqti

XI saukunis saqarTvelos istoriidan: 1046 wels liparit baRvaSma

datyvevebul grigol abuseris Zes `sikudilisa qadebiTa~ artanuji

daaTmobina; 1055 wels bagrat IV-m lipariti da misi vaJi ivane gasva Zelze

da ase aiRo kldekari; ase danebda bagrat IV-s samSvildec, rodesac

154 Matthew Strickland, War and Chivalry: The Conduct and Perception of War in England and (Cambridge, 1996), 198.

155 iqve, 199.

156 iqve, 199.

157 iqve, 198.

158 iqve, 198. ase gauZalianda liparits kalmaxis erisTavi sula, romelsac

`mravliTa tanjviTa da Zelsa gasumiTa sTxoves kalmaxi, da ara misca~. matiane

qarTlisa, 302.

159 samuSia, `cixe-simagreebis aRebis xelovneba XI-XII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi~,

90, 98. manamde, es xerxi, bagrat IV-is magaliTze, naxsenebi aqvs s. margiSvilsac. ix.

misi, Sua saukuneebis samxedro xelovneba da saqarTvelos samxedro-politikuri

istoria, 202.

mamuka wurwumia

153

man somexTa mefe kvirike gasva Zelze.160 j. samuSias azriT, am xerxs

saTanado yuradReba imitom ar eqceva, rom àm meTodiT gamagrebuli

adgilebis dakavebis erTeuli SemTxvevebia~.161 am mosazrebas ver

daveTanxmebiT, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, simagreTa aReba mflobelis

sicocxlis xelyofis muqariT sakmaod gavrcelebuli praqtika iyo

Sua saukuneebSi. amasve mowmobs rogorc j. samuSias mier CamoTvlili,

agreTve sxva magaliTebic saqarTvelos istoriidan.

914 wels abul kasimis Semosevisas, arabebma igive meTodi gamoiyenes

cixis xelSi Casagdebad: `movida da moadga cixesa kapoetisasa; da

cixovanTa deda-wuli romeli pova garegniT, daipyra ÃelTa. amisaTvis

gamosces cixe~.162 1032 wels qarTvelebma birTvisi Tbilisis amira

jafaris Tavisuflebis sanacvlod Caigdes xelT: `liparit liparitis

Zeman da ivane abazas-Zeman, qarTlis erisTavman, muxaTguerdsa

gamoityues tfileli amira jafar, da Seipyres, da didi xani dayves

patimrobasa Sina, da waruRes birTÂsi~.163 XI saukunis 30-ian wlebSi

bagrat IV kaxeTis dapyrobas cdilobda. `gailaSqra afxazTa mefeman

kaxeTs, Seeba da SeuÃda mTasa zeda miqel-gabrielTasa. da wyobasa Sina

Seipyrna: stefanoz varjanis-Ze, pankisisa erisTavi; da vaCe, Ze gurgen

berisa, xornabujis erisTavi; da jedi, diswuli goderZisa, Storis

erisTavi da maWelisa... da ese erisTavni qenebiT aZlevdes cixeTa maTTa;

da verRara Cavides kaxeTs da Semoiqca, rameTu liparit iwyo sauravTa

guerdqceulTa~.164 rogorc vxedavT, datyvevebuli erisTavebi

ukve mzad iyvnen sakuTari cixeebi CaebarebinaT bagratisaTvis

(rasakvirvelia, saTanado zemoqmedebis Sedegad), romelsac liparitis

gandgomam xeli SeuSala warmatebis realizaciaSi.

gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa am mxriv ganZis amiras magaliTi. 1068

wels ganZis amira fadlon II (fadl ibn Savuri) xelT Cauvarda aRsarTan

kaxTa mefes, romelic misi SemweobiT~ xornabujs da aradeTs daeufla:

`miupyres xornabujs fadlon, da misca xornabuji. wariyvanes ara-

160 samuSia, `cixe-simagreebis aRebis xelovneba XI-XII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi~,

98; matiane qarTlisa, 302, 305, 307.

161 samuSia, `cixe-simagreebis aRebis xelovneba XI-XII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi~, 90.


163 iqve, 296-7.

164 iqve, 298. am brZolis konteqstisaTvis da erisTavTa saxelebis dazustebisaTvis

ix. daviT musxeliSvili, `Sinaklasobrivi brZolis erTi momentis istoriul-

geografiuli safuZveli~, Zeglis megobari, 21 (1970), 23-33.


154

deTad da misca aradeTi aRsarTansve~.165 aq unda igulisxmebodes

fadlonis Zelze gasma cixis karibWis win, misi erTgvari `mipyroba~

cixeze, romelic Semdgom nebdeba. fadloni SemdgomSi aRsarTanma

bagrat IV-s gadasca boWormisa da ujarmis nacvlad; samagierod bagrat

IV-m fadlonis saSualebiT Tbilisi aiRo: `gasues Zelsa da miupyres

tfilissa; da aiRes Wirveulad tfilisi~.166

cixe-simagreTa dauflebis es meTodi naTlad metyvelebs

moalyeTa survilze brZolisa da alyis gareSe xelT igdon simagre da

amiT Tavidan aecilon msxverplic da xarjic, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT

SesaZlo warumateblobaze.

antipoliorketika

cixis aRebasTan SedarebiT, qarTul wyaroebSi kidev ufro

naklebad gvxvdeba monacemebi misi Tavdacvis Taviseburebebis Sesa-

xeb. am monacemebis SefasebisaTvis imdroindeli sinamdvilea gasa-

Tvaliswinebeli. berZnul-bizantiur samyaroSi arsebobda mra-

valricxovani Teoriuli naSromebi, romlebSic ganxilulia simagreTa

dacvis saSualebebi. aseT naSroms xandaxan antipoliorketikasac uwo-

debdnen. X saukunis pirveli naxevris bizantiuri De obsidione toleranda aris

alyaSemortymuli simagris meTaurisaTvis dawerili saxelmZRvanelo,

romelic mravalgvar da detalur instruqciebs Seicavs.167

De obsidione toleranda-s mixedviT, cixisTavma, romlis simagresac

garemocva emuqreba, unda moimaragos sul cota 6 Tvis an erTi

wlis samyofi sursaT-sanovage da aavsos wyliT yvela rezervuari

da WurWeli;168 unda hyavdes mzad meiaraReebi, inJinrebi, sabrZolo

manqanaTa operatorebi, eqimebi, Tokis mkeTeblebi, qvis mkveTelebi,

mSeneblebi, arqiteqtorebi da sxvadasxva xelosnebi; unda moimaragos

da daamzados farebi, isrebi, xmlebi, muzaradebi da sxva iaraRi;169


166 iqve, 312.

167 De obsidione toleranda agrZelebs im tradicias, romelic jer kidev eneas

taqtikosma Cauyara safuZveli Zv. w. IV saukunis naSromiT – rogor gadavurCeT

alyas. A Byzantine Instructional Manual on Siege Defense: The De obsidione toleranda, introduction,English translation and annotations by Denis F. Sullivan, in Byzantine Authors: Literary Activities and Preoccupations. Texts and Translations Dedicated to the Memory of Nicolas Oikonomides, ed. by John W. Nesbitt (Leiden, 2003), 140, 144.

168 De obsidione toleranda, 151-3, 159.169 iqve, 155.

mamuka wurwumia

155

SeakeTos galavani da zed ganalagos sabrZolo manqanebi.170 Tuki

SesaZlebelia, simagres unda Semoavlos Rrma Txrili (an Txrilebi)

da wyliT aavsos isini; amasTanave, unda hqondes Txrilze gasadebi

saimedo xidi, romlis saSualebiTac SesaZlebeli iqneba moulodneli

gamoxdomebi.171 aucilebelia mecixovneTa kargad gawvrTna, rom mom-

xdurisaTvis isris zustad srola da qvis xeliT daSena SeeZloT;

momaragebuli unda hqondeT patara, xeliT sasroli da ufro mZime,

dasagorebeli qvebic.172 sasurvelia, rac SeiZleba mravalricxovani

garnizonis da bevri sabrZolo manqanis yola.173 dasasrul, Tuki

moieriSe kedels mainc Semoangrevs, unda aSendes axali kedeli,

romelic simagreSi ar SeuSvebs mters.174

axla, am Teoriuli wiaRsvlis Semdeg, fragmentuli cnobebis

analizis safuZvelzec ki, Cven SegviZlia gavarkvioT, Tu rogor

icavdnen Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi simagreebs da ras aqcevdnen

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas.

`matiane qarTlisas~ erTi monakveTidan Cans, rom im droSi kargad

esmodaT Zlieri garnizoniT cixe-simagris gamagrebis aucilebloba.

927 wels giorgi II afxazTa mefe taoeli da kaxeli mokavSireebiT

`moadges ufliscixes. da brZodes mravalTa dReTa da veraras avnebdes

cixesa, romel mravlad dges SigniT~.175 swored mecixovneTa simravlem

(`mravlad dges SigniT~) ganapiroba ufliscixis Seuvaloba (`veraras

avnebdes cixesa~).176

qarTvelebi saTanado yuradRebas aqcevdnen cixe-simagris

aRWurvas balistikuri artileriiT da sxva teqnikuri saSualebebiT.

amis magaliTad zemoT naxsenebi SemTxveva gamodgeba, rodesac mtris

momlodine Torelma sabrZolo saSualebebi da manqanebi moimaraga

anisSi („ganamzadna sabrZolvelni da manqanani“).

werilobiT wyaroebSi ver vxvdebiT cnobebs cixis dacvisas zemodan

nasroli qvebis Sesaxeb. samagierod, Tavdacvis es xerxi xSiradaa

170 iqve, 161.

171 iqve, 163-5.

172 iqve, 171-3.

173 iqve, 257.

174 iqve, 197.


176 margiSvili, Sua saukuneebis samxedro xelovneba da saqarTvelos samxedro-

politikuri istoria, 217.


156

asaxuli qarTul miniaturebSi. jruWis meore oTxTavis da H1665daviTnis miniaturebze mSvildosnebis garda, yovelTvis gamosaxulia

cixis mcvelebic, romlebic qvas Tavze ayrian momxdurs. sayuradReboa,

rom jruWis 111r miniaturaze mecixovne fars ifarebs da ise isvris qvas,

rac qvis srolis garkveul xerxze miuTiTebs (sur. 4). aseve, sainteresoa,

rom miniaturebze mecixovneebs yovelTvis sagangebod damuSavebuli,

mrgvali formis qvebi uWiravT, rac SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos (sur. 5).177

marTalia, mZime lodis gamoyenebis ilustracia ar mogvepoveba, magram

viciT, rom mZime dasagorebel lods sagoravi ewodeboda.178

qarTvelebs esmodaT cixe-simagreTa misadgomebis gamagrebisa

da winaRobebis Seqmnis mniSvnelobac; iq sadac adgilis reliefi amis

saSualebas iZleoda, Txrilsac Txridnen da wyliTac avsebdnen. XI saukuneSi

axalqalaqs Zalian Rrma, wyliT savse Txrili icavda. masze gadebuli xidi

1064 wels selCukebis Setevis dros aiRo garnizonma.179 javaxeTis ganZis

cixes gars ertya xelovnuri Txrili, romelSic wyali mtkvridan iyo

gadmoyvanili.180 mdinareebidan gadmoyvanili wyliT ivseboda rusTavisa

da urbnisis cixeebis damcavi Txrilebic.181 sami mxridan bunebrivi

winaRobebiT dacul melouris cixes advilad misadgomi mxridan ori Rrma

Txrili icavda.182 ori TxriliT iyo gamagrebuli dmanisis cixec.183

1235 wels monRolebma alya Semoartyes Samqors, romelic maSin

varam gagelis samflobelos warmoadgenda. moieriSeebma Secdoma

177 vegeciusi sagangebod miuTiTebs, rom cixis mcvelebs mdinareTa kalapotidan

wylis mier momrgvalebuli qvebi unda moemaragebinaT, maTi simZimisa da kargi

balistikuri Tvisebebis gamo. Vegetius: Epitome of Military Science, IV.8.178 sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, II, 23.

179

180 niko berZeniSvili, `javaxeTis 1933 wlis eqspediciis dRiuri~, saqarTvelos

istoriis sakiTxebi, w. I (Tbilisi, 1964), 89.

181 g. lomTaTiZe, `saqarTvelos nacixvarTa arqeologiisaTvis~, Zeglis megobari,

14 (1968), 38; misive, `qalaqi rusTavi arqeologiuri Zeglebis mixedviT~, rusTavi:

arqeologiuri gaTxrebi 1946-1965 (Tbilisi, 1988), 27-8.

182 T. beraZe, `vanis raionis istoriuli geografiidan~, vani III: arqeologiuri

gaTxrebi, red. oTar lorTqifaniZe (Tbilisi, 1977), 30.

183 levan WilaSvili, qalaqebi feodalur saqarTveloSi, t. II (Tbilisi, 1970), 112.

simagreTa gasamagreblad Txrilebs ufro gvianac iyenebdnen. 1702 wels imereTSi

Semosuli osmalebis dasaxvedrad abaSiZem Walatyis sami koSki TxrilebiT gaamagra.

vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa (Tbilisi, 1973), 864.

mamuka wurwumia

157

dauSves da xis masaliT amoavses qalaqis Txrili. mcvelebma es garemo-

eba maSinve gamoiyenes da RamiT, cecxlis gamoyenebiT dawves yvelaferi,

rac TxrilSi iyo. qalaqis asaRebad monRolebs mouwiaT ganmeorebiT,

ukve miwiT amoevsoT Txrili.184

garnizonis survils, bolomde gaagrZelos brZola da ar danebdes

pirveli warumateblobisTanave, didi roli eniWeboda cixis dacvisas.

aseT dros winaaRmdegobas agrZelebdnen simagris kedlis dangrevis

Semdegac. amis magaliTia 1485 wels iayub yaenis Setevisas axalcixis

kedlis dangreva da misi aRdgena mecixovneTa mier. fadlalah ibn ruz-

behanis mixedviT, axalcixis ieriSisas TeTrbatknianTa artileriam

galavani daaziana, romlis SekeTeba, ganuwyveteli cecxlis miuxedavad,

qarTvelebma mainc moaxerxes: àrtileria SeuCereblad uSenda

kedlebs, magram Camongrevamde urwmunoebma rkiniT da sxva masaliT

SeakeTes dazianebuli adgilebi~.185

alyis mimdinareobis dros didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda garnizonis

aqtiurobas, romelTa Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili ekava moulodnel

Setevas da gamoxdomebs moalyeTa winaaRmdeg. kargad dagegmil gamox-

domas, mcire ZaliTac ki, SeeZlo arev-dareva gamoewvia mtris banakSi.186

mecixovneTa aqtivoba da gamoxdomebi, upirveles yovlisa, maT maRal

moralur da sabrZolo ganwyobaze miuTiTebs, rac aucilebeli piroba

iyo alyis warmatebiT gaZlebisaTvis.

jvarosnuli omebis mkvlevarTa yuradRebas ipyrobs is garemoeba,

rom jvarosanTa garnizonebi xSirad tovebdnen simagres da

kontrSeteviT pasuxobdnen muslimTa ieriSs. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT

muslimTa Warb ricxobriv upiratesobas, gasaocaria, rom qristianuli

garnizonebi xSirad uars ambobdnen simagris kedlebis usafrTxoebaze

da gareT xvdebodnen muslimur armias.187 rogorc q. marSali

wers, `qristianTa Tavdacvis agresiuli mxare gamoixateboda maT

mzadyofnaSi Sexvedrodnen mters cixis kedlebs gareT da moewyoT

gamoxdomebi~.188

184

185 V. Minorsky, Tarikh-i ‘Alam-ara-yi Amini (London, 1957), 51.

186 Christopher Marshall, (Cambridge, 1992), 237.187 iqve, 236.

188 iqve, 236.


158

sainteresoa, rom aseT epizodebs, mravalricxovani moalyis

winaaRmdeg mecixovneTa Tamam gamoxdomebs, mravlad vipoviT Sua

saukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriaSic. Znelia erTmniSvnelovani

axsna mouZebno qarTvelTa aseT ganwyobas, Tumca, Tavis rols iTa-

maSebda jvarosanTa da qarTvelTa msgavsi rainduli fsiqologia.

isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom jvarosnebs da qarTvelebs mudmiv

garemocvaSi da mravalricxovani mtris winaaRmdeg brZola uwevdaT,

rac jvarosanTa msgavsad, albaT qarTvelebsac karnaxobda brZolis

agresiul stils, romelsac mowinaaRmdege yovelTvis unda ufrTxodes.

1064 wels alf-arslanis Semosevis dros, qarTvelTa garnizon-

ma zRude gausrulebel axalqalaqSi Tavdacvas, mterTan Ria brZola

amjobina: `mesxni aznaurni da zemosa kerZisani Zlierad dges axalqa-

laqs, da brZodes sam dRe, rameTu ara zRudiTa mtkiciTa gansrulebul

iyo axalqalaqi. verRara daudgmides brZolaTa ZlierTa, aRiWurnes

myofni qalaqisani, da ganaxunes karni, da Seebnes Zlierad~.189 muslimTa

msxverpls da qarTvelTa gamoxdomas ibn al-asiric mowmobs.190 sadr ad-

din al-husainis mixedviT, mxolod sulTnis Carevam ixsna selCukebi,

romlebic ukan ixevdnen qarTvelTa Setevis Sedegad.191

amasTanave, qarTveli mecixovneebi sulac ar mimarTavdnen

gamoxdomebs mxolod gaumarTavi fortifikaciebis pirobebSi. 1226

wels jalal ad-dinis Tbilisze Setevis dros `mcvelni qalaqisani

aRiWurnes, da iqmna Zlieri brZola. da brwyinvale Zleva aCuenes

qarTvelTa~.192 qalaqis mcvelTa gamoxdomas an-nasavic aRniSnavs.193

1386 wels ukve Temur-lengma Semoartya alya Tbiliss. bagrat

V-m mobilizaciis Catareba ver moaswro, mas Tan mxolod sakuTari

piradi razmi axlda. miuxedavad amisa, qarTvelebi simagreSi yrud ar


190 ,translated and annotated by D. S. Richards (London, 2002), 154.

191 - , - - , 50. aseTi magaliTi jvarosnebTanac

SegviZlia vipovoT. 1278 wels antioqiis mmarTvelma boemundma alya Semoartya

gibelets (biblosi). qalaqis fortifikaciebi wesrigSi ar iyo da embriakom pasiur

Tavis dacvas cixis kedlebs gareT brZola amjobina. Marshall, Warfare in the Latin East,138.

192 JamTaaRmwereli, aswlovani matiane, 59.

193 - ,

mamuka wurwumia

159

Caketilan da mters agresiuli taqtika daupirispires: `mietevnes

banaksa maTsa mefe bagrat da spani qarTvelTani... da iqmna brZola

Zlieri imier da amier, da moisra or-kerZove simravleni spaTani, da

ufrosRa umravlesni moswydes spani lang-Temurisani~.194

1403 wels, birTvisis alyisas, qarTvelni mecixovneni isev

gamouxdnen Temuris laSqars: `maSin miadges mas cixesa simravleni

spaTani, da gamovides cixosannica igi Wabukni rCeulni, mietevnes da...

mravalni sulni mosres piriTa maxÂlisaTa~.195 birTvisis garnizonis

gamoxdomebs cixis karibWidan muin ad-din naTanzic adasturebs.196

rogorc vxedavT, miuxedavad masalis simwirisa da im uyuradRe-

bobisa, rasac Cveni matianeebi iCenen cixe-simagreTa aRebisa da dacvis

mimarT, zogadi suraTis warmoCena mainc SesaZlebelia. arsebuli

monacemebiT ar Cans, rom qarTvelebi yvela im xerxs an iaraRs

iyenebdnen, rasac Sua saukuneebis samyaro icnobda, magram imis Tqma

ki gadaWriT SeiZleba, rom qarTvelebi icnobdnen da warmatebiT

iyenebdnen poliorketikis ZiriTad meTodebs.

abdalaZe aleqsandre. somxur xelnawerTa X-XIII saukuneebis anderZ-

minawerebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Tbilisi, 2005

aristakes lastiverteci. istoria. qarTuli Targmani gamokvleviT,

komentarebiTa da saZieblebiT gamosca e. cagareiSvilma. Tbilisi, 1974

basili ezosmoZRuari. cxovreba mefeT-mefisa Tamarisi. qarTlis


yauxCiSvilis mier. t. II. Tbilisi, 1959

beraZe T. vanis raionis istoriuli geografiidan. vani III: arqe-

ologiuri gaTxrebi. red. oTar lorTqifaniZe. Tbilisi, 1977

berZeniSvili devi. Zveli saqarTvelos cixesimagreTa zogierTi

saxeoba werilobiTi wyaroebis mixedviT. analebi, 1, 2007

berZeniSvili niko. javaxeTis 1933 wlis eqspediciis dRiuri.

saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi. w. I. Tbilisi, 1964



195 iqve, 470.

196 daviT kacitaZe, saqarTvelo XIV-XV saukuneTa mijnaze (sparsuli da

sparsulenovani wyaroebis mixedviT) (Tbilisi, 1975), 156.


160

Jak fransua gamba. mogzauroba amierkavkasiaSi. frangulidan

Targmna, komentarebi daurTo mzia mgalobliSvilma. t. I. Tbilisi, 1987

gZeliSvili i. samTo warmoeba da rkinis metalurgia XII saukunis

saqarTveloSi. mecniereba da teqnika, 4, 1964

gZeliSvili i. samTo saqme da rkinis metalurgia Suafeodalur

xanaSi (saqarTvelo da evraziis sxva qveynebi). feodaluri saqarTvelos

arqeologiuri Zeglebi, I, 1969

daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi. cxovreba mefeT-mefisa daviTisi.


mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. t. I. Tbilisi, 1955

vaxuSti batoniSvili. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa. teqsti

dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier.

Tbilisi, 1973

zaqaraia parmen. qarTul cixesimagreTa istoria uZvelesi droidan

XVIII s. bolomde. Tbilisi, 2002

iakuTis cnobebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis Sesaxeb. arabuli

teqsti qarTuli TargmaniTa da SesavaliT gamosca eTer sixaruliZem.

nakv. 1. Tbilisi, 1964

istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani. qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti

dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier.

t. II. Tbilisi, 1959

kacitaZe daviT. saqarTvelo XIV-XV saukuneTa mijnaze (sparsuli

da sparsulenovani wyaroebis mixedviT). Tbilisi, 1975

lomTaTiZe g. saqarTvelos nacixvarTa arqeologiisaTvis. Zeglis

megobari, 14, 1968

lomTaTiZe g. qalaqi rusTavi arqeologiuri Zeglebis mixedviT.

rusTavi: arqeologiuri gaTxrebi 1946-1965. Tbilisi, 1988

lorTqifaniZe g. sabrZolo da sameurneo iaraRi. vani II:

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matiane qarTlisa. qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvela

ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. t. I. Tbilisi, 1955

margiSvili soso. miTebi da realoba daviT aRmaSeneblis mefobis

Sesaxeb: omi seljukTa samyaros winaaRmdeg. Tbilisi, 2006

margiSvili soso. Sua saukuneebis samxedro xelovneba da saqarTve-

los samxedro-politikuri istoria IX-XV saukuneebSi. naw. I. Tbilisi,

2008

mindoraSvili daviT. ufliscixe Sua saukuneebSi. Tbilisi, 2008

movses kalankatuaci. alvanTa qveynis istoria. Zveli somxuridan

Targmna, Sesavali, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo liana davlianiZe-

tatiSvilma. Tbilisi, 1985

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musxeliSvili daviT. Sinaklasobrivi brZolis erTi momentis

istoriul-geografiuli safuZveli. Zeglis megobari, 21, 1970

mSvenieraZe domenti. teqnikis leqsikuri masalebi qarTul

werilobiT ZeglebSi. Tbilisi, 1961

JamTaaRmwereli. aswlovani matiane. teqsti gamosacemad moamzada,

gamokvleva, SeniSvnebi da leqsikoni daurTo revaz kiknaZem. Tbilisi,

1987

qronikebi da sxva masala saqarTvelos istoriisa. Sekrebili,

qronologiurad dawyobili, axsnili da gamocemuli T. Jordanias mier.

t. I. tfilisi, 1892

samuSia jaba. cixe-simagreebis aRebis xelovneba XI-XII saukuneebis

saqarTveloSi. saistorio Ziebani, t. X-XI, 2008

samuSia jaba. bagrat III-is laSqroba ganZis saamiros winaaRmdeg.

Tsu saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi, 4, 2011

sixaruliZe, e. al-fariki saqarTveloSi. semitologiuri Ziebani. t.

II. Tbilisi, 1985

sulxan-saba orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli. avtografuli nusxebis

mixedviT moamzada, gamokvleva da ganmartebaTa leqsikis saZiebeli

daurTo ilia abulaZem. t. I-II. Tbilisi, 1991-3

farsadan gorgijaniZe. istoria. amonabeWdi „saistorio moambidan“,

w. II, 1925. tfilisi, 1926



yauxCiSvili TinaTin. berZnuli warwerebi saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi,

1951

SaiSmelaSvili ivane. Cauqrobeli didebis qalaqi. Tbilisi, 1987

WilaSvili levan. naqalaqari urbnisi. Tbilisi, 1964

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1970

WilaSvili levan. toponomikuri SeniSvnebi. Tbilisi, 2001

jafariZe goCa. najm ad-din il-Razi. kr. daviT aRmaSenebeli.

Tbilisi, 1990

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VIII-XI


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165Sua saukuneebis qarTuli poliorketika

sur. 1 miniaturis centrSi (savaraudod) mouxeSavad gamosaxuli traqciuli

trebuSetia. jruWis meore oTxTavi (xelnaweri H1667), gv. 111r, xelnawerTa

erovnuli centri.

sur. 2 balistis isari: a) wina da b) ukana mxare, g) isris tani.

1

2

a b

g

166

3

4

sur. 3 mSvildosanTa safarqveS kibeebiT Se-

teva cixeze. jruWis meore oTxTavi,

gv. 186v-s fragmenti, xelnawerTa erov-

nuli centri.

sur. 4 qvis srola faris safarqveS. jruWis II

oTxTavi, gv. 111r-is fragmenti, xelna-

werTa erovnuli centri.

mamuka wurwumia

167

5

sur. 5 mecixovne sagangebod momrgvalebul qvas esvris moieriSeebs. H1665daviTni, gv. 212v-s fragmenti, xelnawerTa erovnuli centri.


168

Medieval Georgian Poliorcetics

Mamuka Tsurtsumia

Summary

Several basic techniques were used in taking a stronghold, such as assaulting the walls of the fortress, breaching the wall, digging a subterranean tunnel under the wall and enfeeblement of the garrison by lengthy siege.

Bearing in mind various data, in the Middle Ages Georgians used the following technical means to capture fortresses: assault ladders, battering rams and other engines for breaching walls, ballistas, stone throwing engines and subterranean tunnels. Against the background of a discussion of medieval siege engineering, light is shed in the article on the siege potentialities of the Georgian army of the period. Extensively discussed are the Georgian army’s stone throwing artillery, various types of stone hurling engines and the time of their spread in Georgia; the origin and the meaning of the Georgian term pilakavani is determined. The term itself shows that traction trebuchets came from

use of traction trebuchet occurs in the siege of Tbilisi in 627 by the Emperor Heraclius and the Khazars. As to a counterweight trebuchet, it must have become known in Georgia in the reign of David IV (1089-1125). In the Didgori battle the victorious Georgians seized new types of trebuchets; these were, conjecturally, counterweight trebuchets in Il-Ghazi’s siege train.

The large-sized arrowhead – probably a ballista arrow – preserved in the National Museum of Georgia is described in the paper.

Various techniques of capturing fortresses, applied by the Georgians are described. These include mounting the walls with ladder or various improvised means. The hazardous technique of directly assaulting the fortress without preliminary preparation or bringing up heavy siege engines is shown. The attackers tried to mount the wall by ladders, being supported by intensive shooting of arrows, which prevented the garrison from counterattacking. If such a risky assault proved successful, the attacking side – at

12th century miniature is presented depicting the taking of a stronghold by the Georgians using this technique.

mamuka wurwumia

169

The capturing of fortresses by means of underground tunnels is discussed separately.

engineering and coordinated work. The Georgians had engineers and knowledge of building tunnels. Archaeological studies show that Georgian miners were well-versed in the art of management of the ceilings of mines, which was of major importance for safety.

of major importance both in the process of building a tunnel and at the last stage when a

Blocking a fortress through siege was a bloodless method but it tied down the army for a long period of time around the fortress and economically was highly disadvantageous. Siege was a rather costly undertaking, for the besieging army needed full-valued supplies. Medieval Georgian army was capable of carrying on long-term siege, pointing to the high level of its organization and discipline. Besides, long-term siege required enormous resources; and the capacity of carrying on a long siege points to well-organized military and state structure. Beginning with the 11th century, Georgian armies conducted such sieges fairly often.

Some space is devoted in the article to the capture of fortresses by indirect methods, e.g. intimidating the garrison by encroaching on the life of its master which was widely practised in Georgia.

Theoretical premises of defending fortresses and relevant practical measures are discussed separately.

By the available evidence it is not apparent that Georgians made use of all the siege techniques known in the medieval world; however, it can be said that they were familiar with and used successfully the basic methods of poliorcetic.


giorgi kalandia

qeTevan asaTiani

qarTul epigrafikul wyaroebs Soris gamorCeuli adgili ukavia

Tanamedrove somxeTis teritoriaze ganTavsebuli qoberis monastris

warwerebs. es epigrafikuli Zeglebi qarTvel da somex mecnierTa didi

yuradRebis sagani yovelTvis iyo, Tumca erTi mxriv istoriuli Zeglis

ganTavsebis geografiuli areali da meore mxriv taZris teritoriaze

Camoyrili samSeneblo qvebi Tu lodebi arTulebda saflavebis ucnobi

qarTuli epitafiebis gamovlenas.

mimdinare wlis 9 da 17 ivliss turistuli kompania Good Travel-is

daxmarebiT 2 samecniero eqspedicia moewyo. Catarebulma samuSaom

molodini gaamarTla. am etapze gadaRebulia 19 saflavis qva, gake-

Tebulia TiToeuli maTganis paleografiuli asli da gaSifrulia

dRemde ucnobi uaRresad saintereso 9 epitafia.

sanam uSualod eqspediciis Sedegebze visubrebT, mokled mimovi-

xilavT qoberis epigrafikuli Zeglebis Seswavlis istorias. namo-

nastralis qarTuli warwerebi marTalia fragmentulad, magram jer

kidev XIX saukuneSi gamosca akademikosma mari brosem.1 igive warwerebi,

SeZlebisdagvarad aRdgenili saxiT gamoaqveyna Tedo Jordaniam.2 1926

wels leon meliqseT-begma qobersa da mis somxur-qarTul warwerebs

sagangebo naSromi miuZRvna, Tumca publikaciaSi mxolod ori qarTuli

epitafia Seitana.3 mniSvnelovani wvlili dasdo qoberis Seswavlas

1 M. Brosset, Rapports sur un voyage archéologique dans la Géorgie et dans l’Armenie, Livr. 3 (St-Pétersbourg, 1851), VI rapp., Appendice, 40-2.

2 Tedo Jordania, qronikebi, w. II (tfilisi, 1897), 168.

3 leon meliqseT-begi, `qoberi da misi somxuri da qarTuli warwerebi~, tfilisis

universitetis moambe, VIII (1926), 60-73.

VIII

171

profesorma paruir muradianma, mis mier somxur enaze gamoqveynebul

wignSi somxeTis qarTuli warwerebi. wyaroTmcodneobiTi gamokvleva~

warwerebis gaSifvrasTan erTad mecnierma moxseniebul istoriul

pirTa identifikacia moaxdina, magram naSromSi mxolod 11 epitafia

Sevida da isic paleografiuli aslebis gareSe.4

qoberis saflavis warwerebs sayuradRebo naSromi uZRvna profe-

sorma valeri silogavam,5 man saintereso analiziTa da paleo-

grafiuli aslebis TanxlebiT ori warweris gamoqveyneba SeZlo, Tumca

iqve dasZina: `qoberis monastris ezoSi, an mis mimdebare teritoriaze,

sadac es warwerebi aRmoCnda, kidev aris mosalodneli sxva dRemde

ucnobi saflavis qvebis qarTuli warwerebis gamovlena~.6

Cvens mier mikvleuli da gadmoRebuli warwerebidan pirvel rigSi

im epitafiebs SemogTavazebT romlebic dRemde ucnobi iyo da XIII-

XIV saukuneebis saqarTvelos xelisuflebisa Tu maRali samxedro

aristokratiis warmomadgenlebs ekuTvnis.

maS ase, kompleqsis aRmosavleTiT mdgari patara samlocvelos mar-

jvena mxares, xelovnurad movakebul terasis SuaSi moTavsebulia er-

Ti samaris lodi, zomiT 126X77 sm. masze warmodgenilia samstriqoniani

lamazi xeliT Sesrulebuli Semdegi Sinaarsis asomTavruli warwera:

ese sflvi SnSes mwign

bTuxcesisa: maTesi da m

isisa: meRlesi: Tnisi: Sn Rn

gaSifvris Semdeg warwera aseT saxes miiRebs

ese saflavi SanSes mwign-

obarTuxucesisa maTesi da misisa

meuRlisa Teonasi. Seundven RmerTman

asoebis zoma daaxloebiT 6 santimetria. Sesrulebulia lamazi,

4 paruir muradiani, somxeTis qarTuli warwerebi. wyaroTmcodneobiTi

gamokvleva, somxur enaze (erevani, 1977), 160-89.

5 valeri silogava, `somxeTis qarTuli epigrafikuli Zeglebis gamocemis

Sesaxeb~, macne, enisa da literaturis seria, 2 (1980), 142-75.

6 valeri silogava, `zogierTi axali masala qoberis qarTuli epitafiebis

Sesaxeb~, epigrafikuli etiudebi da SeniSvnebi, 4 (1990), 111-7.

qoberis I da II samecniero eqspedicia

172

kaligrafiuli, kargad gamokveTili asomTavruliT. asoebs Soris

proporciebi mkacrad aris daculi. teqsts uWiravs saflavis

qvis mxolod zeda nawili. xSirad teqstis nawili ligaturebiTaa

warmodgenili. aqvs gamyofi wertilebi. paleografiuli monacemebiT

saflavis qva XIV saukunes ar aRemateba.

mTavari eklesiis CrdiloeT kedelTan aw ukve dangreul ekvderSi

moTavsebulia saSualo zomis (96X60 sm) lamazad gaformebuli saflavis

qva 6 striqoniani lamazi asmoTavruli warweriT:

ese saflavi: Cem codvili

sa ivane mndaturTxuc

esisa Zisa da aTabaqisa:. S

anSes Zmisa berisa pime

niÁsi locvsa: mm

ixsenebdeT

gaSifvris Semdeg warwera ase waikiTxeba:

ese saflavi: Cem codvilisa

ivane mandaturTuxucesisa

Zisa da aTabaqisa

SanSes Zmisa berisa

pimeniÁsi locvasa momixsenebdeT

eqspediciis wevrebma qoberis ekvderebisa da sxva nagebobebis

epitafiebis gadaRebis Semdeg, mimdebare teritoriis Seswavla

daviwyeT, swored am dros xevis piras Cveni jgufis wevrma – noe

elizbaraSvilma sruliad SemTxveviT saflavis qvis did fragments

miagno, (54X43) romelzec Semdegi saxis sam striqoniani asomTavruli

warwera iyo Sesrulebuli:

flvi dd aT

isa SenSes: Zes

amispl Sl

am TiTqos Zalian fragmentuli warweridan Semdegi Sinaarsis

aRdgena SeiZleba:


173

[ese sa]flavi didisa

[aTabaqisa] SenSes Zes

amirspasalars Salvas

[Seundos RmerTman]

mkiTxvelisTvis cxadia, rom es yvela ucnobi warwera

mandaturTuxuces ivanes da misi Zis SanSes axlo garemocvis

wevrebs ekuTvniT. vecdebiT SeZlebisdagvarad warmovadginoT maTi

identifikacia.

suraTis sicxadisTvis aqve warmovadgenT im or epitafiasac rom-

lebic samecniero literaturaSi ukve cnobili iyo da zemoxsenebul

ivanesa da SanSes ukavSirdeba.

pirveli maTgani Svid striqoniania da ase ikiTxeba:

ese safl(a)vi iv(a)ne

m(a)ndaturTuc(u)cesisa

Zisa da aT(a)b(a)gisa

S(a)nS(es) Zmisa aT(a)b(a)-

gisa v(a)h-

r(a)misi. S(eundve)n

R(merTma)n.7

saflavis qvis zomaa 201X85. nawilobriv miwaSia CaTxrili da

danestianebuli. bolo nawili – gadatexili. qva sakmaod didi

zomisaa. asoebis saSualo zomaa 10 sm. saocrad koxtad Sesrulebuli

asomTavruli warwera sagangebo, ornamentirebul CarCoSia Casmuli.

meore cnobili warwera oTxi stiqonisagan Sedgeba:

ese s(a)fl(a)vi iv(a)ne m(a)nd-

at(u)rT(u)x(u)c(e)sisa as(u)lisa da gurkene-

lisa s(u)las meuRlisa

Tam(a)risi. S(eundve)n R(merTma)n.8

es saflavi vahramis saflavis gverdzea. qvis mTliani zomaa 183X76.

7 muradiani, somxeTis qarTuli warwerebi, 178.

8 iqve, 178.


174

isic aris miwaSi nawilobriv Cafluli da danestianebuli. asoebis

aSualo zoma 8 sm-s warmoadgens. warwera, romelic asomTavruliTaa

Sesrulebuli aqac ornamentirebul CarCoSia Casmuli.

yvela warweraSi sadac ivane ixsenieba, sagangebod xazgasmulia rom

igi mandaturTuxucesia. erTaderTi ivane, visac es saxelo XIII saukuneSi

ekava zaqaria mxargrZelis SviliSvili da SanSe mandaturTuxucesis

(+1261) vaJia.9

Cvens mier gamovlenili epitafiebi fasdaudebel informacias

gvaZleven mandaturTuxuces ivane II-is ojaxis Sesaxeb. kerZod, dRemde

cnobili iyo rom demetre II-is saxelganTqmul TanamebrZols xuTi vaJi:

SahanSe II, vahrami, artaSiri, aRbuRa da zaza hyavda.10 saflavis qvebis

warwerebi ki mxargrZelis kidev erTi vaJs ber pimens da asuls, sula

gurknelis meuRles Tamar mxargrZels asaxeleben. axladmikvleuli

epitafiiT ivanes SviliSvilis, SanSe meoris vaJis Salvas vinaobas

vgebulobT, aqve isic cxadi xdeba rom Salva amirspasalari yofila.

amdenad ivane II mxargrZelis genealogia icvleba da Semdeg saxes miiRebs:

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs saflavis qvis or warweraSi

moxseniebul pirTa warmomavlobis formulireba. magaliTisaTvis beri

pimeni moixseniebulia ara rogorc ivane mandaturTuxucesis Svili,

aramed ivanes Zis SanSes Zma, igivenairad ixsenieba aTabagi vahramic,

arada orive SemTxvevaSi warmodgenili formulireba ivane manda-

turTuxucesis Zeobas niSnavs, radgan Tu SanSe ivanes Svilia, SanSes

Zmebic ivanes memkvidreebi iqnebian. aseTive garemoebasa aqvs adgili

koSis eklesiis warweraSi, sadac naTqvamia: `saxeliTa RmrTisaÁTa,

meoxebiTa wmidisa RmrTisSoblisaÁTa, Cuen mandaturTuxucesman ivane

SahanSes da misTa ZmaTa dedaman xoSaman~.11

9 silogava, `somxeTis qarTuli epigrafikuli Zeglebis gamocemis Sesaxeb~, 159.

10 silogava, `zogierTi axali masala qoberis qarTuli epitafiebis Sesaxeb~, 117.



175

aseTma ucnaurma formulirebam akaki SaniZes, SoTa mesxiasa da

paruir muradians afiqrebina, rom adgili gvqonda pluralis majestatis-

Tan anu `misTa ZmaTa~ `misisa Zmisas~ mniSvnelobiT gagebasTan, magram

ratom ixseniebian ivanes sxva Zeebi rogorc SanSes Zmebi da ara rogorc

mandaturTuxucesis Svilebi? maSin, roca sula gurknelis meuRle

rusudanze pirdapir naTqvamia, rom igi ivane mandaturTuxucesis

asulia. valeri silogavas azriT aseTi SemTxveva koSis warweris garda

arc qarTul da arc somxur epigrafikaSi manamde cnobili ar iyo.12

ramdenime sityviT gvinda SevCerdeT epitafiebSi moxseniebuli

ivanes ufrosi vaJis saxelis formaze. erTgan igi SanSed, meore

SemTxvevaSi ki SenSed moixsenieba.

sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom roca Tamar mefem anisi mahmadian

Sedadidebs waarTva, istorikosi sagangebod aRniSnavs: `waruRo

sparsTa mravalJam maTgan qonebuli `SanSeobisa Tana~.13

amdenad cxadia rom anisis mflobelebs, qalaqTan erTad, mikuT-

vnebuli hqondaT Zveli sparsuli tituli `SahanSisa~, rac qarTul

wyaroebSi `Sahan-Sad~, `SahanSed~, `SanSad~ an `SanSed~ iTargmneboda.

mogvianebiT es Tanamdeboba, rogorc Cans, mxargrZelebSi sagvareulo

saxelad iqca. qoberis saflavis epitafiebis SemTxvevaSi ki SanSeoba

mxolod sakuTar saxels warmoadgenda Tu anisis mflobelobasac niS-

navda, momavalma kvleva-Ziebam unda ganmartos.

vfiqrobT, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba dRemde gamo-

uqveynebel da Cvens mier mikvleul im warweras, sadac SanSes mwigno-

barTuxucesi maTe da misi meuRle Teona moixseniebian. am warweriT

mwignobarTuxucesis saxelos arseboba pirvelad fiqsirdeba mxarg-

rZelTa feodalur samflobeloSi.

mxargrZelebs, rogorc saqarTvelos sxva msxvil didebulebs,

hyavdaT TavianTi moxeleebi. mxargrZelTa karze yofila ufrosi mwig-

nobris~ Tanamdeboba, romelic stefanos orbelianis mier aris dadas-

turebuli. misi cnobiT, ivane mxargrZelma ùbrZana Tavis samdivnos

ufros mwignobars saxelad onofres wasuliyo ufal sargisTan da

mieca misTvis jvari hdanZahanqis savanes~.14 amdenad, cxadia, rom ivanes

12 iqve, 159.

13 basili ezosmoZRvari, `cxovreba mefeT-mefisa Tamarisi~, qarTlis cxovreba,

red. simon yauxCiSvili, t. II (Tbilisi, 1959), 10.

14 SoTa mesxia, saSinao politikuri viTareba da samoxeleo wyoba XII saukunis

saqarTveloSi (Tbilisi, 1979), 206.


176

hqonia samdivno, romelsac saTaveSi edga ùfrosi mwignobari~. isic

udaoa, rom `mwignobari~ qarTuli terminiTaa aRniSnuli, rac aSkarad

miuTiTebs am institutis qarTulobaze. Cveni epitafiis Sinaarsidan

gamomdinare, SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom mogvianebiT mxargrZelTa

feodalur samflobeloSi ùfrosi mwignobari~ aseve qarTuli gavle-

niT `mwignobarTuxucesad~ iqca.

Tumca gansakuTrebiT xazgasmis Rirsia is garemoeba, rom es Tanam-

deboba aRniSnulia ara rogorc romelime regionis, samflobelos an

mxaris saxelo, aramed rogorc erTi feodalis, am SemTxvevaSi `SanSes~

piradi mwignobarTuxucesoba. amasTanave SanSes mwignobarTuxucesis

sakuTari saxelidan (maTe) (igive SeiZleba iTqvas meuRlis `Teonas~

saxelze) Cans, rom misi samwignobros saTaveSi qarTveli moxele idga,

da, amdenad saqmis warmoebac qarTul enaze mimdinareobda. amasve

calsaxad adasturebs epitafiis enobrivi kuTvnileba.

yovelive zemoTqmuli kidev erTxel amyarebs SoTa mesxias

Semdeg mosazrebas: `safeodalo saxlis samoxeleo aparatis mowyoba

saqarTvelos samefo karis aparatis analogiurad Cveulebrivi

movlena iyo feodaluri saqarTvelos sxva msxvili feodaluri

sagvareuloebisaTvis da erTxel kidev usvams xazs, rom mxargrZelTa

feodaluri saxli Tavisi organizaciiT arafriT gansxvavdeboda sxva

qarTuli sagvareulo saxlebisagan~.15

saqarTvelos samefo karis msgavsad mxargrZelTa samoxeleo

aparatis mowyobaze miuTiTebs kidev ramdenime ucnobi epitafia.

erT-erT qvaze sami striqonia SemorCenili:

ese sflvi msxrTux

ssa o Sn

Rn

warwera gaSifvris Semdeg aseT saxes miiRebs:

ese saflavi msaxurTuxucessa

o Seundos RmerTman

marTalia warwera sul sami striqonisagan Sedgeboda da samive

15 iqve.


177

mTlianadaa SemorCenili, magram gansakuTrebiTaa Seryvnili swored is

adgili, sadac msaxurTuxucesis saxeli unda yofiliyo miniSnebuli.

asomTavruli, romelic naklebad daxvewilia, vidre sxva qvebisa, Znelad

ikiTxeba imis gamo, rom qva Zlier aris dazianebuli, TiTqmis mTlianad

miwaSia Camarxuli da mxolod warweris nawili Cans. amis gamo mTliani

qvis zomis aReba SeuZlebeli iyo. asoebis zoma ki saSualod 6 sm-ia.

miuxedavad imisa, rom sruli amokiTxva am etapze SeuZlebelia

mTavari ram cxadia, rom qoberSi mxargrZelTa qarTuli samoxeleo

aparatis kidev erTi warmomadgeneli msaxurTuxucesi yofila

dakrZaluli.

am saxelos arseboba mxargrZelTa sasaxleSi sxva cnobebiTac

dasturdeba. kerZod bagnairis bibliis 1243 wlis monacemebiT

vgebulobT, rom iSxani, patroni xavrasi zaqariasa da ivanes winaSe

erTguli msaxurebisaTvis gamxdara Rirsi pativisa `qarTulad

msaxurTuxucesad wodebulisa, Cveneburad ìSxanTa Tavisa~.16

amdenad rogorc warweridan Cans, es Tanamdeboba qarTuli

samoxeleo wyobidan yofila aRebuli da misi zusti Sesatyvisi

somxurSi arc arsebula: ìSxanTa Tavi~, cxadia, ar Seesatyviseba

msaxurTuxucesis Sinaarss.17

samoxeleo aparatis mowyobis TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT

sainteresoa Semdegi epitafia:

ese sflvi meR

ÂnTuxcssa

ivs: muRlsa grj

ixTnisi Sn Rn

warwera Semdegnairad gaiSifreba:

ese saflavi meRÂneTuxucesisa

ivanes: meuRlisa gurji xaTunisi

Seundven RmerTman

saflavis qvis saerTo zomebia 174X74. asoebis saSualo zoma

16

17 mesxia, saSinao politikuri viTareba da samoxeleo wyoba XII saukunis

saqarTveloSi, 205.


178

daaxloebi 12 sm-s warmoadgens. qva taZris SesasvlelTan SedarebiT

gare nawilSia moTavsebuli. asomTavruliT Sesrulebuli asoebis

simetria odnav darRveulia. asoebi – wagrZelebuli. qva mciredaa

dazianebuli. epitafia – Zalian kargad SemorCenili. sityva meuRlisa~

orive mxridan orwertiliT aris gamoyofili.

warweraSi naxsenebi meRvineTuxucesobac cxadia rom qarTuli

saxeloa. saRvinis uwyebis meTauri – meRvineTuxucesi, marTalia ar

ekuTvnoda sasaxlis moxeleTa umaRles fenas, magram sakmaod sapatio

xelis mflobeli iyo. rogorc karis moxele da warCinebuli, igi

zogjer asrulebda samxedro funqciebs da davalebebsac.18 cxadia

rom, es saxelo mxargrZelTa sagvareulo saxlma, iseve, rogorc wina

SemTxvevebSi, pirdapir saqarTvelos uwyebrivi struqturidan gad-

moiRo da Tavis safeodalo aparatSi danerga.

calke ganxilvis sakiTxia epitafiaSi moxseniebuli istoriuli

pirebi. am mxriv Cvens gansakuTrebul interess meRvineTuxuces ivanes

meuRlis vinaoba iwvevs. vin unda iyos gurji xaTuni~? rogorc cnobilia

qalbatoni am saxeliT saqarTvelosa da selCukeTis politikur arenaze

XIII saukunis II naxevarSi gamoCnda. es iyo Tamar mefis SviliSvili da

rusudan dedoflis qaliSvili Tamari, romelic 1237 wlisaTvis selCuk

sulTan yias ad-din qeihusrev II (1236-1246) miaTxoves.19

qeihusrev II-s Tamaris mimarT gansakuTrebulad faqizi grZnoba

hqonia da sxva colebs Soris gamorCeulad hyvarebia. axalgazrda

sulTani Tamars gurji-xaTuns eZaxda.20

mcire Tamaris, igive gurji-xaTunis moRvaweobidan gamomdinare.21

rogorc Cans, es saxeli saqarTvelosa da mis mezobel qveynebSi

popularuli gaxda. TviT sulTanma qeihusrev II-m Tavis erT-erT

qaliSvilsac gurji-xaTuni Searqva Tamaris gavleniT.22

18 ilia anTelava, saqarTvelos centraluri da adgilobrivi mmarTveloba XI-XIII

ss (Tbilisi, 1983), 96.

19 nodar Sengelia, mcire aziis selCukebi da saqarTvelo (XI saukunis ukanaskneli

meoTxedi - XIII saukune) (Tbilisi, 2003), 225.

20 lado mirianaSvili, `qarTvelTa saqtitoro moRvaweoba kapadokiaSi~, Academia,

1 (2010), 120.

21 akaki gawerelia, `dedofali Tamari (`gurji-xaTuni~) da poeti jelal ed-din

rumi~, literaturuli gazeTi, 41-42 (1960), 3-4; elizbar javeliZe, „gurji xaTunis

(dedofali Tamaris) da jelaled-din rumis urTierTobis istoriidan~, ciskari, 1

(1970), 106-17.

22 Sengelia, mcire aziis selCukebi da saqarTvelo, 225.


179

mogvianebiT, es saxeli araqarTvelebSic gavrcelebula. g. beraZis

cnobiT, XIV saukunis Sua xanebSi gurji-xaTuni dasavleT anatoliaSi

aidinis cnobili sagvareulos warmomadgenlis, umar beis qaliSvilsac

rqmevia.23

Tu zemoTqmul garemoebebs gaviTvaliswinebT, advili SesaZlebelia

gvefiqra, rom Cvens SemTxvevaSic imave movlenas hqonda adgili,

anu XIII saukunis II naxevridan popularulad qceuli saxeli `gurji-

xaTuni~ mxargrZelTa qarTuli samoxeleo aparatis warmomadgenelis,

meRvineTuxucesis ojaxis wevrs erqva.

vfiqrobT, XIII-XIV saukuneebSi qoberis taZari saqarTvelos

mandaturTuxucesTa saxelosTan mWidro kontaqtSi iyo (ganurCevlad

imisa Tu romeli sagvareulo flobda am saxelos). amaze miuTiTebs

qoberSi dRemde SemorCenili kidev erTi ucnobi saflavis epitafia.

warweraSi naTqvamia:

rdlisa jylisa a

sulsa rsdns: Sn

Rn

gaSifvris Semdeg warwera Semdegnairad SegviZlia aRvadginoT:

[sa]rdlisa jayelisa

asulsa rusudans Seundos

RmerTman

sanam moxseniebuli istoriuli piris identificirebas SevecdebiT,

xazgasasmelia Semdegi garemoeba: XIII saukunis ukanasknel mesamedsa

da XIV saukunis pirvel naxevarSi saqarTvelos meWurWleTuxucesoba,

mandaturTuxucesoba, aTabagoba da samcxis spasalaroba jayelTa

feodaluri sagvareulos xelT aRmoCnda.24 swored am faqtoriT

xom ar aris gamowveuli, rom jayelis asuli qoberSi ikrZaleba? anu

xom ar niSnavs es imas, rom taZari mocemul periodSi saqarTvelos

23 goCa jafariZe, `qarTvelebisa da saqarTvelos arabuli saxelwodebebi~,

saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli ucxouri da qarTuli terminologia

(Tbilisi, 1993), 142.

24 mesxia, saSinao politikuri viTareba da samoxeleo wyoba XII saukunis saqarT-

veloSi, 54.


180

mandaturTuxucesTa saZvale iyo? jer mxargrZelebisa, Semdeg ki

jayelebis (jayelebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa es tradicia mxolod

inerciiT gagrZelda da isic mxolod XIII saukunis II naxevarSi, swored

maSin, roca beqa I jayelma saqarTvelos mandaturTuxucesoba miiRo.

radgan mogvianebiT, kerZod ki XIII-XIV saukuneTa mijnaze igive beqa I-ma,

jayelTa rezidenciad da saZvaled safaris eklesia aqcia.25

qoberSi sardal jayelis asulis rusudanis saflavis arseboba

arc imas gamoricxavs, rom igi mxargrZelTa sagvareulos romelime

warmomadgenilis ojaxis wevri iyo. Tumca romeli jayelis asulTan

gvaqvs saqme, es jer Zalian pirobiTi varaudis sagani SeiZleba iyos.

CvenTvis saintereso epoqaSi moRvawobda sargis jayeli (-1285).

Tavidan igi samcxis mmarTveli da spasalari iyo. mogvianebiT ki

meWurWleTuxucesoba miiRo. JamTaRmwerlis sityviT, sargis jayelma

da misma Zem beqam `daipyra qveyana tasiskariTgan karnu qalaqamdis,

samcxe, aWara, SavSeTi, klarjeTi da umravlesi tao, vaSlovani, nigalis

xevi, artanuji, aTormetni udabnoni, kola, karnifori da ornive

artaani da mravalni sofelni javaxeTs~.26 daviT VII-m (1247-1270) sargisi

monRolTa laSqris winaaRmdeg mebrZoli qarTuli jaris sardlad

daniSna, is warmatebiT ibrZoda oqros urdos yaenis berqas winaaRmdeg

da a.S. amdenad, advili mosalodnelia, Cvens mier mikvleul warweraSi

moxseniebuli `sardlis~ qveS, sargis I jayeli igulisxmebodes.

didia cduneba, rom epitafiaSi naxsenebi `sardali~ beqa I sargisis

Zed (1285-1306) CavTvaloT. cnobilia, rom misi asulebidan erTi dimitri

Tavdadebulis meuRle iyo, meore ki `berZenTa mefes kir mixails~ hyavda

Tanamecxedred. samcxis mTavars araerTi brZola gadaxda, maT Soris

yazan yaenTan da bayaTarTan. misi feodaluri saxlis kavSiri qoberis

monasterTan moulodneli ar unda iyos, `rameTu iyo beqa monasterTa

da eklesiaTa maSenebeli, da monazonTa da xucesTa da moweseTa kacTa

pativismcemeli, da ara daakldis eklesiasa missa wesi locvisa ciskrad,

samxr da mimwuxri. da laSqarni misni ver daakldebodian samsa amas

locvasa. da amisTÂs umarjuebda RmerTi~.27 sayuradReboa is garemoebac,

rom JamTaRmwereli beqa I jayels somxiTis mflobeladac asaxelebs.28

25 vaxtang beriZe, samcxis xuroTmoZRvreba (Tbilisi, 1957), 21-2.

26 JamTaaRmwereli, qarTlis cxovreba, red. simon yauxCiSvili, t. II (Tbilisi,

1959), 273.

27 iqve, 315.

28 iqve, 322.


181

arc isaa gamoricxuli, rom warweraSi moxseniebul sardal jayelad

sargis II beqas Ze (1306-1334) miviCnioT. is abjrismtvirTvelad iyo

aRzrdili da Turqebis winaaRmdeg brZolebSic monawileobda.29

Cvens mier am etapze mikvleuli ramdenime ucnobi epitafia TvalnaTliv

miuTiTebs imas, rom qoberis warwerebis kompleqsuri Seswavla da kvleva

momavalSi bevr saintereso faqtsa Tu movlenas mohfens naTels. aqve

mizanSewonilad migvaCnia suraTis sicxadisaTvis gamovaqveynoT taZris

ezoSi daculi yvela im qarTuli warweris Sinaarsi da paleografiuli

aslebi, romelTa amokiTxva da gadmoReba Cveni eqspediciis wevrebma SesZles:

ese sflvi sa

nnoisZisa mR

delmonznisa

ggisi Sn Rn

warwera gaSifvris Semdeg aseT saxes miiRebs:

ese saflavi

sananoisZisa mRvdelmonazonisa giorgisi

Seundos RmerTman

sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom qoberSi dakrZaluli mRvdel-

monazoni giorgi im sagvareulos miekuTvneba, romelmac X saukunis

II naxevarSi saqarTvelos didi himnografi misca. stefane sananoisZe

miqael modrekilis cnobil krebulsa da ruis-urbnisis krebis

dadgenilebaSi moixsenieba. mas originaluri himnebi SeuTxzavs:

dauweria naTlisRebis, abo Tbilelis da stefane pirvelmowamis

dasdeblebi.30 stefane sananoisZe Wyondidis eparqiaSi moRvaweobda

da am kaTedris meTauric iyo, mRvdelmonazoni giorgi ki, rogorc

Cans, XIII saukuneSi mxargrZelTa sagvareulo saxlTan daaxloebuli

piri iyo.

qarTuli sagvareulos kidev erT wevrs moixseniebs eklesiis ezoSi

dRemde SemorCenili samstriqoniani warwera:

29 iqve, 314-5.

30 levan menabde, Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis kerebi, t. I, nak. II (Tbilisi, 1962), 551-2.


182

q ese saflvi Cana

Svilisa ivnesi Sn

Rn

epitafia gaSifvris Semdeg aseT saxes miiRebs:

q. ese saflavi CanaSvilisa ivanesi

Seundven RmerTman

aRniSnuli warwera pirvelad 1926 wels leon meliqseT-begma

gamoaqveyna.31 Tumca, mecnierma ivanes saxeli ara `CanaSvilad~, aramed

`CaCaSvilad~ waikiTxa. igive azrisaa profesori paruir muradiani,32

Tumca wakiTxvis es forma arasworia, radgan, rogorc adgilze

dakvirvebisas, ise Cvens mier gadmoRebul paleografiul aslSi kargad

Cans, rom epitafiis I striqonis me-12 asoze gadmocemulia zemoT aweuli

ori rkali, rac aSkarad miuTiTebs rom aq ara `C~, aramed `n~ weria.

miuxedavad imisa, rom saflavis qvis zedapiri dazianebulia, warwera

kargadaa Semonaxuli. qvis zomaa 176X72. asoebis saSualo zoma ki

daaxloebiT 8 sm. kargad gairCeva TiToeuli aso. asoebs Soris Tanabrad

aris daculi manZili. paleografiuli TvalsazrisiT es warwera

organulad jdeba arsebuli panTeonis warwerebis qronologiur CarCoSi.

gansxvavebas uCvenebs mxolod qvis mciredi gaformebis saSualeba

ornamentis saxiT, romelSic CarTulia bolo sityva `RmerTman~.

Semdegi CvenTvis saintereso warwera TiTqmis ganadgurebulia,

mis fragments, ufro sworad saflavis qvis marcxena zeda kuTxes

uwesrigod dayril lodebs Soris SemTxveviT mivakvlieT. aq Semdegi

saxis warweraa SemorCenili:

q es[e]: sa

CCa[s]

am fragmentis (fragmentis zomaa 57X29, asoebis saSualo zoma

8 sm) mixedviT Sinaarsis amokiTxva TiTqmis SeuZlebelia, Tumca mis

31 meliqseT-begi, `qoberi da misi somxuri da qarTuli warwerebi~, 72.



183

nawilobriv gaxsnaSi Cvens mier mikvleuli Semdegi warwera gvexmareba.

oTxstriqonian asomTavrul epitafiaSi weria:

q: ese:. saflvi:

CCalaSvilsa

pitasi Sn: Rn

amn

Tu warweras gavSifravT, Semdeg teqsts miviRebT:

qriste ese saflavi

CaCalaSvil[i]sa pitasi

Seundven RmerTman. amin

amdenad vfiqrobT, rom wina SemorCenili fragmentic CaCanaSvilTa

sagvareulos CvenTvis ucnob warmomadgenels ekuTvnoda (mTliani

saflavis zomaa 148X64). xazgasasmelia is garemoeba, rom paleografiuli

niSnebisa da teqnikuri Sesrulebis zogierTi monacemi erTmaneTs

emTxveva, zogierTi ki gansxvavdeba. magaliTad orive warweraSi sityva

„ese“ erTi maneriTaa dawerili: „e“-s qveda RerZi „s~-s uerTdeba, orive

SemTxvevaSi gadabmulia asoebis zeda nawili, TiTqmis erTnairadaa

dawerili gvaris pirveli bgerebi „CC“, Tumca pirvel SemTxvevaSi

gamoyenebulia qaragmis niSani, „a“-s zemoT, meoregan ki ara. orivegan

gvxvdeba gankveTilobis niSani „:“. ase rom radgan es warwerebi sxvadasxva

adamianebis epitafiebia, logikuria, rom isini sxvadasxva adamianebis

mieraa Sesrulebuli. magram isic savaraudoa, rom epitafiebi qronolo-

giurad erTmaneTisagan didad daSorebuli arc iyos. aRvniSnavT imasac,

rom aqamde Cvens mier motanil epitafiaTagan es pirvelia, romelsac

boloSi axlavs sityva àmin~. saflavis erTgvar Taviseburebas isic

warmoadgens, rom epitafia mkveTrad qvis qveda nawilSia amokveTili.

paleografiuli TvalsazrisiTac naklebad kaligrafiulia. asoebi od-

nav kuTxovanebisken aris midrekili. Cans rogorc qaragmis, ise gamyofi

niSnebi. asoebi sxvadasxva zomiTaa motanili.

Semdegi warwera amJamad dangreuli samreklos qvemoT ganTavsebuli

mcire samlocvelos SigniTaa SemorCenili. samlocvelo, romelsac

adgilobrivi mosaxleoba dResac mosalocad iyenebs saocrad bnelia da

iSviaTad naTdeba, isic mxolod sanTlis SuqiT. aq CrdiloeT kedelTan


184

aris didi saflavis lodi, romelzec epitafiis fragmenti ikiTxeba:

mmlodo

iTa: m[o]

medeo

am warweris amokiTxva faqtiurad SeuZlebeli iqneboda, rom ara

paruir muradianis gamokvleva somxeTis qarTuli warwerebis Sesaxeb.33

rogorc Cans 1977 wels mecnierma epitafia marTalia fragmentulad

SemorCenili, magram mainc ukeTesad garCevadi ixila.

... cca m(o)m(e)lodeo

... Ze qviTa mo-

m(e)lodeo34

vfiqrobT es epitafia SairiT, e.i. Teqvsmetmarcvliani striqonebiT

gamarTuli unda yofiliyo. es movlena qoberis monastrisaTvis

moulodneli araa, ufro metic profesor valeri silogavas azriT

„vefxistyaosnis“ epoqis werilobiT ZeglebSi SairiT gamarTuli

poeturi formebis dadastureba Tu Cveulebriv movlenad ara, gansa-

kuTrebul gamonaklisad ar iTvleba.35 qoberis monasterSi XX saukunis

70-ian wlebSi qarTvel mecnierTa jgufma (z. aleqsiZe, g. gafrindaSvili,

i. gagoSiZe) ivane II mandaturTuxucesis meuRlis xuaSas saucxoo

epitafias miakvlies, romelic srulad 1977 wels paruir muradianma

gamoaqveyna.36 epitafiis teqsti aseTnairad ikiTxeba:

g(a)mov(e)diT soflis(a)g(a)n cud-qmn(i)[lni da

gam(o)mkrT(a)lni;/

gulsa c(e)cxli m(o)mdebian,/ am(o)mdian piriT alni;/

didTa C(e)mTa SuebaT(a)g(a)n dam/rCes coxis naferT(a)lni

da k(u)rTx(eu)l x(a)r, qris(t)e R(mer)To, S(e)n da S(e)n/ni

samarTalni/

[...]da xuaS(a)sa / S(eundve)n R(merTman)n!37

33 iqve, 182.

34 iqve.

35 silogava, `zogierTi axali masala qoberis qarTuli epitafiebis Sesaxeb~, 115.




185

samwuxarod, arc erT mecniers ara aqvs miTiTebuli aRniSnuli

epitafiis ganTavsebis adgili. ramdenime saaTiani Ziebis miuxedavad

Cveni eqspediciis wevrebma misi povna da Sesabamisi paleografiuli

aslis gakeTeba ver SeZles. friad samwuxaro iqneba, rom dRes es

saucxoo epigrafikuli Zegli dakarguli an dazianebuli aRmoCndes.

Semdegi, CvenTvis saintereso epitafia mTavari eklesiis

aRmosavleTiT, zed kldis qanobzea moTavsebuli. 4 striqoniani

lamazad Sesrulebuli asomTavruli warwera Semdegi saxiTaa

warmodgenili:

q ese smarxoi Cm

codvlisa mwiri

sa inesi lcvsa

mmÃsneT

anu

qriste ese samarxoi Cemi

codvilisa mwiri/sa

ioanesi locvasa

momiÃseneT

qva nawilobriv dazianebulia, Tumca warweram unaklod moaRwia

Cvenamde. erTiani zoma aris 104X52. asoebi sakmaod didia. saSualo zoma

11 sm. gansakuTrebiT lamazi kaligrafiuli asomTavruli Sesrulebuli

epitafia gansakuTrebuli sikoxtaviTa da simetriulobiT gamoirCeva.

kargad ganirCeva yvelaze CaxlarTuli ligaturebic ki. gamoyenebulia

qaragmebi texili xazebis saxiT da gamyofi wertilebi.

am epitafiaSi yuradRebas iqcevs ioanes statusi – mwiri~. es termini

sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikonSi Semdegnairadaa ganmartebuli:

èse ars ucxo vinme ucxoTa adgilTa iyofebodes da gamoizardebodes,

gina sulsa zrdides da wmidaTa adgilsa moilocevdes~.38

amdenad cxadia, rom ioanesaTvis qoberi ucxo, anu misi samkvidrodan

Soreuli adgili iyo, misi mwiroba xom swored amas iTvaliswinebda. es

38 sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, red. ilia abulaZe (Tbilisi, 1991),

546.


186

ki kargad miuTiTebs erT garemoebaze, XIII saukunis II naxevaridan qoberi

Tavisebur sulier-kulturul centrad iqca rogorc adgilobrivi

qalkedoniti somxebisaTvis, ise feodaluri saqarTvelos danarCeni

mosaxleobisaTvis. amaze `codvili ioanes~ epitafiis garda, aSkarad

metyvelebs namonastralis teritoriaze sananoisZeTa, CanaSvilTa da

jayelTa saflavebis arseboba.

mdidruladaa gaformebuli saflavis qva, romelic mTavari eklesiis

Sesasvlelis marjvnivaa moTavsebuli. epitafia kedlidan Camocvenili

qvebiTa da samSeneblo nagviT iyo dafaruli, mis gawmendas didi xani

movandomeT. rogorc Cans epitafia ukve 1977 wels dazianebuli iyo,

paruir muradianma misi pirveli striqoni ver amoikiTxa, amjerad ki

meore da mesame striqonis wakiTxva sul ufro Wirs. II striqonSi mxolod

asoebi `tur~ moCans, mesame striqonSi ki bolo nawilia waSlili.

miuxedavad amisa teqstis Sinaarsis amokiTxva adviladaa SesaZlebeli

[c(o)dv(i)lisa S(a)hn-]

[Sa m(a)nd]tur[T(u)x(u)c-]

[esisa Z]is[a] beri[sa]

[giorgisa R]mrT(i)s(a)T(v)s l(o)cv-

[a]sa m(o)mix-

seneT39

beri giorgi araerTxel ixsenieba qoberis warwerebSi, SanSe

mandaturTuxucesis Zes didi aRmSenebloba Cautarebia qarTul

monasterSi da amas garda ùcxo Teslisagan~ `mimZlavrebiT wanaRebi

zuari~ Tavisi mezvriTurT, isev qoberis taZrisaTvis `mouxenebia~.40

kidev erTi epitafia moTavsebulia mTavari eklesiis SesasvlelSi,

oRond amjerad ezoSi. masze weria

q ese saflv

[i]lokelisa

davTsi Sn

Rn

39 warwera aRdgenilia p. muradianis publikaciis mixedviT: muradiani, somxeTis

qarTuli warwerebi, 179.

40 mesxia, saSinao politikuri viTareba da samoxeleo wyoba XII saukunis

saqarTveloSi, 270.


187

anu

qriste ese saflavi

lokelisa

daviTisi Seundven

RmerTman41

qva 187X67 sm-ia. asoebis saSualo sigrZe 8 sm-ia. paleografiuli

TvalsazrisiT, es epitafia sxvebisgan ar gamoirCeva. warwera mTlianad

aris moTvasebuli qvis mxolod zeda nawilze.

warweraSi miTiTebuli „lokeli“ am SemTxvevaSi gansvenebulis

gvaria Tu geografiuli warmomavlobis aRmniSvneli zedwodeba Zneli

saTqmelia. Tumca daaxloebiT msgavsi SemTxvevebia tbeTis XIV-XV

saukuneebis sulTa matianeSi. magaliTad aq „el-ze“ daboloebuli

iseTi gvarebi gvxvdeba rogorebicaa: akrieli, afxazeli, ergeli,

kibeli, sindaeli, quabeli, Crdilaeli da sxva. rogorc mocemuli

magaliTebidan Cans aq gvarebi xan geografiuli terminidan (akrieli),

xan ki warmomavlobis (afxazeli), mixedviTaa nawarmoebi. am SemTxvevaSi

ki „lokeli“-s ganmarteba CvenTvis sakmaod rTuli aRmoCnda da

vfiqrobT, sakiTxi momaval kvleva Ziebas moiTxovs.

daviT lokelis saflavis gverdiTaa moTavsebuli Semdegi epitafia,

sadac aRniSnulia:

q ese sa

flvi m[i]

ri[a]nis a

[s]ulisa

egan[T}

... [si]. [S]...

... e ...

warweris dakarguli nawilebis aRdgena pariur muradianiseuli

publikaciis mixedviT Semdegnairad moxdeba:



188

q ese sa

flvi m[i]

ri[a]nis a

[s]ulisa

egan[T}

[asi] [S(eundven]

[R(merTma)n]42

saflavis qva SedarebiT viwro zomisaa 160X49, asoebi 6-8 sm. warwera

dazianebulia da Zalian Zneli amosakiTxi.

vin aris miriani da misi asuli eganTa, Zneli saTqmelia. erTi cxadia,

dakrZaluli piri mxargrZelTa sagvareulosTan an qoberis monaster-

Tan mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli.

aseve ucnobia Semdegi saflavis epitafiaSi moxseniebuli istori-

uli pirebi, aq weria:

q. ese sflvi

Salvas Sv

ilsa dTisi

Sn:. Rn

anu

qriste ese saflavi

Salvas Svilisa

daviTisi

Seundven RmerTman

iqidan gamomdinare, rom qoberis epitafiebi xSirad mxargrZelTa

sagvareulo saxlis warmomadgenlebs ukavSirdeba, didi iyo alba-

Toba imisa, rom warweraSi moxseniebuli daviTis mama Salva, ivane II

mandaturTuxucesis SviliSvilad (SahanSe II-is Zed) Salva mxargrZelad

migveCnia. is rom daviTi yovelgvari titulis gareSea moxseniebuli

gasakviri ar unda iyos, radgan XIII saukunis miwuruls mxargrZelTa

saxls mxolod mandaturTuxucesoba SemorCa da manac male jayelTa

42 iqve, 179.


189

sagvareuloSi gadainacvla. erTi sityviT XIII saukunis 80-iani wlebidan

saqarTvelos samefo karze mxargrZelTa moxeleoba arsebiTad

mxolod am sagvareulos samkaulad iqca.43 amdenad Salvas utituloba

moulodneli araa, Tumca am versiis xelaRebiT mtkiceba sakmaod

Znelia, Tundac imitom, rom danamdvilebiT cnobilia daviTis mamis

Salvas amirspasalaroba (ix. zemoT Salva amirspasalaris warwera)

da aqedan gamomdinare, cxadia, CvenTvis saintereso epitafiaSi es

garemoeba asaxuli unda yofiliyo.

am saflavis qvis sruli zomebis aReba SeuZlebeli iyo, asoebis zoma

ki 9 sm iyo. bolo warwera, romelic qoberSi gadmoviReT Semdegnairad

ikiTxeba:

q ese sflvi

egegomelisa

SalvaÁsi: Sn

Rn

anu

qriste ese saflavi

egegomelisa

Salvaisi: Seundven

RmerTman44

vin aris Salva egegomeli CvenTvis ucnobia, Tumca araa gamoricx-

uli, rom wina epitafiaSi moxseniebuli daviTi swored am `Salva

egegomelis~ vaJi iyo, amaze miuTiTebs rogorc epitafiebis weris

manera da teqnika ise maTi adgilmdebareoba, Tumca, iseve rogorc wina

SemTxvevaSi, mosazrebis daJinebiT mtkiceba safuZvels moklebuli iq-

neba.

warmodgenil publikaciaSi Cven ar Segvitania qoberis monastris

ramdenime gamoqveynebuli warwera (gamonaklisi mxolod xuaSas epi-

tafiaa misi literaturuli mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare), maT Soris

makarisa da misi Svilis grigolis, monastris ikonomosis petres da

43 mesxia, saSiano politikuri viTareba da samoxeleo wyoba XII saukunis

saqarTveloSi, 317-9.

44 iqve, 180.


190

maneos gorgaisZis epitafiebi, es garemoeba ganpirobebulia imiT,

rom aRniSnul saflavis qvebs Cven ver mivakvlieT da Sesabamisad verc

saTanado paleografiuli aslebi davamzadeT.

aRniSnuli problema da warmodgenili masalis istoriuli Rirebu-

leba kargad cxadyofs imas, rom qoberis monastris safuZvliani kvleva

qarTvel mecnierTagan met yuradRebas moiTxovs.

anTelava, ilia. saqarTvelos centraluri da adgilobrivi

mmarTveloba XI-XIII ss. Tbilisi, 1983

basili ezosmoZRvari. cxovreba mefeT-mefisa Tamarisi. qarTlis

cxovreba. red. simon yauxCiSvili. tomi II. Tbilisi, 1959

beriZe, vaxtang. samcxis xuroTmoZRvreba. Tbilisi, 1957

gawerelia, akaki. dedofali Tamari (`gurji-xaTuni~) da poeti

jelal ed-din rumi. literaturuli gazeTi, 41-42, 1960

meliqseT-begi. leon. qoberi da misi somxuri da qarTuli warwerebi.

tfilisis universitetis moambe, VIII, 1926

menabde, levan. Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis kerebi. t. I, nakveTi II.

Tbilisi, 1962

mesxia, SoTa. saSinao politikuri viTareba da samoxeleo wyoba XII

saukunis saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi, 1979

mirianaSvili, lado. qarTvelTa saqtitoro moRvaweoba kapadoki-

aSi. Academia, 1, 2010

muradiani, paruir. somxeTis qarTuli warwerebi. wyaroTmcodneo-

biTi gamokvleva, somxur enaze. erevani, 1977

orbeliani, sulxan-saba. leqsikoni qarTuli. red. ilia abulaZe.

Tbilisi, 1991

JamTaaRmwereli. qarTlis cxovreba. red. simon yauxCiSvili. tomi

II. (Tbilisi, 1959

Jordania, Tedo. qronikebi. wigni II. tfilisi, 1897

silogava, valeri. somxeTis qarTuli epigrafikuli Zeglebis

gamocemis Sesaxeb. macne, enisa da literaturis seria, 2, 1980

silogava, valeri. zogierTi axali masala qoberis qarTuli

epitafiebis Sesaxeb. epigrafikuli etiudebi da SeniSvnebi, 4, 1990

Sengelia, nodar. mcire aziis selCukebi da saqarTvelo (XI saukunis

ukanaskneli meoTxedi - XIII saukune. Tbilisi, 2003


191

jafariZe, goCa. qarTvelebisa da saqarTvelos arabuli saxel-

wodebebi. saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli ucxouri da

qarTuli terminologia. Tbilisi, 1993

javeliZe, elizbar. gurji xaTunis (dedofali Tamaris) da

jelaled-din rumis urTierTobis istoriidan. ciskari, 1, 1970

Brosset, M. Rapports sur un voyage archéologique dans la Géorgie et dans l’Armenie. Livr. 3, St-Pétersbourg, 1851

Preliminary Results of First and Second Expedition in Koberi

George KalandiaKetevan Asatiani

Summary

In Georgian epigraphic sources one of the most important place is held by the inscriptions of Koberi monastery, which is located on the territory of modern Armenia. Georgian and Armenian scholars always gave considerable attention to these epigraphic monuments, but on the one hand the geographic area of the monument and on the other building stones and boulders scattered on the ground of the church’s territory, complicated

On 9 and 17 July 2012, two scholarly expeditions were organized, with the help of

this stage, we recorded 19 gravestones and made paleographic copies of all of them. Also we decoded interesting unknown 9 epitaphs.

These epitaphs decoded by us contain invaluable information about the family of the minister at court Ivane II. Until now, it was known that the companion-in-arms of Demetre II had 5 children: Shahanshe II, Vahram, Artashir, Aghbugha and Zaza. But the graves give information about one more son of Ivane II, Monk Pimen and the daughter Tamar Mkhargrdzeli, wife of Sula Gurkneli. We also ascertained the personality of Shalva, grandson of Ivane and son of Shanshe II. Shalva was a Commander-in-chief.


Arm 23

dali CitunaSvili

XVI saukunis dasawyisSi amierkavkasia iranisa da osmaleTis

brZolebis avanscenas warmoadgenda. qarTveli didebulebi xSirad

sargeblobdnen am dapirispirebiTa da sakuTari problemebis

gadasaWrelad an erTi da an meore mxaris daxmarebas iRebdnen.

swored ase moxda samcxe-saaTabagoSi, rodesac 1515 wels yvaryvare

III-s aujanyda misive biZa manuCari. es ukanaskneli, ZmisSvilisagan

gansxvavebiT, romelic sefianTa keTilganwyobiT sargeblobda,

aSkarad osmaluri orientaciisa iyo. manuCarma gaimarjva, samcxidan

gaZevebuli yvaryvare ki TavrizSi Cavida da daxmareba Sah-ismail I-s

(1501-1524) Txova. Sah ismailma, yvaryvares dasaxmareblad, 1516 wels

jari gagzavna div-sulTan rumlus meTaurobiT, romelmac daamarcxa

manuCari da mmarTveloba yvaryvares daubruna.1

cnoba iranelTa am laSqrobis Sesaxeb mxolod hasan rumlus `hasan

aT-TavarixSia~ daculi. rumlu mogviTxrobs:

àm wels brZola moxda yvaryvaresa da manuCars Soris

saqarTveloSi. yvaryvare gaiqca da TavrizSi gabednierda

xelmwifesTan xlebiT... didebulma mzem wyalobis sxivebi mohfina

yvaryvares da brZaneba gasca, rom div-sulTan rumlu, Carqina

hasan Taqalu... wasuliyvnen da ecadnaT, egeb RvTis daxmarebiT

saqarTvelos are gaiwmindos im uwmindurTagano... manuCari gaiqca

da rums wavida... amirebi Tmogvis cixis midamoebSi dadgnen. 14

dRe grZeldeboda brZola cudmaqcevar qarTvelTa da Raziebs

1 saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. IV, saqarTvelo XVI saukunis dasawyisidan

XIX saukunis 30-ian wlebamde (Tbilisi, 1973), 96-7; literaturisaTvis ix. samxreT

saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi (XV-XVI ss), teqstebis publikacia, gamokvlevebi

da saZieblebi qr. SaraSiZisa (Tbilisi, 1961); nana gelaSvili, iran-saqarTvelos

urTierTobis istoriidan (Tbilisi, 1995).

IX

193

Soris. bolos islamis laSqarma gaxvrita cixis wyalsacavebi da

urwmunoebs Zala waarTva. maT mimarTes div-sulTans da arbarniri,

romelic manuCaris rwmunebuli iyo, Sesaferisi saCuqrebiT cixidan

gamovida. div-sulTanma saqarTvelos gamgebloba yvaryvares misca

da dabrunda~.2

hasan rumlus cnobebis gamomcemlis miTiTebiT cnoba am laSqrobis

Sesaxeb pirvelad iyo gamoyenebuli Cvens istoriografiaSi da sxva

damatebiTi wyaroebi am cnobis dasazusteblad aqamde qarTuli

istoriografiisaTvis ucnobi iyo.3

sul axlaxan, xelnawerTa erovnuli centris somxur xelnawerTa

fondis N23 xelnaweris Seswavlisas gamovlinda anderZ-minaweri,

romelic adasturebs da garkveulwilad azustebs informacias am

laSqrobis Sesaxeb. somxuri xelnaweri saxarebaa, romelic 1423 wels

Toma beris mieraa gadawerili aRTamarSi. saxarebas, gadamweriseuli

anderZis garda, kidev erTi kolofoni axlavs, romelic xelnaweris

Seqmnidan TiTqmis 100 wlis Semdegaa Sesrulebuli da mis erT-erT

ukanasknel mflobels ekuTvnis. mogvaqvs anderZi da misi qarTuli

Targmani:

[..]

[..]

2 hasan rumlus cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, sparsuli teqsti TargmaniTa da

SesavliT gamosca vladimer fuTuriZem, SeniSvnebi daurTo r. kiknaZem (Tbilisi,

1966), 20.

3 hasan rumlus cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, 53.

Arm 23-is anderZ-minaweris cnoba

194

`me, SaJadesma4, ukanasknelma mflobelma am wmida saxarebisa,

viyide 100 Takad,5 Cemi sulisaTvis davitove, mosaxseneblad [sulisa

Cemisa] da mSobelTa CemTa: mamisa Cemisa sargis mRvdlisa da dedisa

Cemisa narixaTunisa da meuRlisa Cemisa astuawaturisa da Zmisa

Cemisa tiraÁtur mRvdlisa, Svilebisa CemTa Rabarisa da mirianisa

da mirijanisa, rom SeviZine es [Znelbedobis] da gaWirvebis dros,

rodesac movida devaÁ ali da aiRo Tmogvi da mravali amowyvita

xmliT da mravali tyved Caigdo da mravali aaoxra samcxeSi. am

gaWirvebis dros Sevisyide RvTiuri saxareba, vinc waikiTxoT

an gadaweroT cocxalTaTvis [cxoneba] da [mSvidoba] iTxoveT,

xolo gardacvalebulTaTvis gansveneba da Sewyaleba qristesgan.

da momxsenebelic da mosaxsenebelic erTad Sewyalebul iqnas

qristes mier Jamsa meored mosvlisa misisa. vinc waikiTxoT erTxmad

wyaloba TqviT ufali SaJadisa da mSobelTa misTaTvis. somxuri

welTaRricxvis /j k e wels daiwera mosaxsenebeli. amen, amen, amen!~

rogorc vxedavT, xelnaweris kolofoni adasturebs div sulTanis

(somxurad devaÁ ali) laSqrobas, amasTanave akonkretebs, rom iranelebs

Tmogvi auRiaT (hasan rumlusTan mis Cabarebazea laparaki), mravali

dauxocavT da dautyvevebiaT da mTlianad mouoxrebiaT mTeli samcxe. rac

Seexeba laSqrobis TariRs, somxuri welTaRricxvis / j k e weli (965 + 551/2

=1516/7) 1516/17 wlebs emTxveva da amiT ar ewinaaRmdegeba rumlus cnobas.

interesmoklebuli ar aris is faqti, rom CvenTvis saintereso

kolofons boloSi kidev erTi minaweri aqvs. minaweri, romelic Tavisi

SinaarsiT pirvels emTxveva (Secvlilia mxolod anderZis wyoba da

damaxinjebiT aris motanili xelnaweris momgeblis sakuTari saxeli),

Sesrulebulia lurji melniT da paleografiulad ufro gviani

periodis aris. minaweri Semdegi saxisaa:

4 sakuTari saxeli `SaJadesi” (da misi variant SaJadi) ar gvxvdeba h. aWarianis mier

somxuri saistorio wyaroebis monacemTa safuZvelze Sedgenil sakuTar saxelTa

leqsikonSi, amdenad am pirovnebis identifikacia dResReobiT SeuZleblad migvaC-

nia.

5 Taka, Tanka (tanga) – osmaluri fulis erTeuli, vercxlis moneta ix.

II 1944, gv. 82.

dali CitunaSvili

195

`weli /j k d (964 + 551/2 =1515/6) iyo, movida devaÁ ali

da aiRo Tmogvi da mravali xmliT mosra da mravali daatyveva da

mravali aaoxra. RvTiuri es saxareba datyvevebul iqna. me Safadma6

SeviZine, 100 Tanka miveci, sulisa CemisaTvis davtove da Cemi

vaJebisaTvis cxoneba iTxoveT qristesgan~.

miuxedavad imisa, rom gviandeli minaweri cvlis ZiriTad anderZSi

motanil TariRs – minaweris mixedviT Tmogvis aReba 1515/16 wlebSi

momxdara (964+551/2 =1515/16), rac erTi wliT gansxvavdeba hasan

rumlusa da pirveli kolofonis Cvenebisagan, vfiqrobT, is xelnaweris

romelime gviandeli mflobelis mier aris Sedgenili pirveli

kolofonis safuZvelze da damoukidebeli Rirebuleba ar gaaCnia.

amgvarad, xelnawerTa erovnuli centris somxur xelnawerebSi

daculi Arm 23-is anderZi kidev erTi damatebiTi wyaroa samcxeSi div

sulTanis laSqrobis Sesaxeb.

gelaSvili n. saqarTveloSi yizilbaSTa pirveli laSqrobis

sakiTxisaTvis. kr. axloaRmosavleTi da saqarTvelo. Tbilisi, 1991

gelaSvili n. iran-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriidan.

Tbilisi, 1995

kacitaZe d. iranis istoria, III-XVIII ss. Tbilisi, 2003

samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi (XV-XVI ss). teqstebis

publikacia, gamokvlevebi da saZieblebi qr. SaraSiZisa. Tbilisi, 1961

saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. t. IV. saqarTvelo XVI saukunis

dasawyisidan XIX saukunis 30-ian wlebamde. Tbilisi, 1973

hasan rumlus cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. sparsuli teqsti

TargmaniTa da SesavliT gamosca vladimer fuTuriZem, SeniSvnebi

daurTo r. kiknaZem. Tbilisi, 1966

II. 1944

6 xelnaweris momgeblis saxeli `Safadi“ kolofonis `SaJdis~ damaxinjebuli

formaa.

Arm 23-is anderZ-minaweris cnoba

196

The Colophon of Ms. Armenian 23 on the Capturing of

Tmogvi Fortress

Dali Chitunashvili

Summary

National Centre of Manuscripts in Tbilisi boasts an Armenian manuscript 23 dating to the 15th century; but the colophon of this manuscript was written in the 16th century. The colophon refers the conquering of Samtskhe region in Georgia and capturing Tmogvi fortress by Div Sultan Rumlu in 1516. The colophon along with the history of Hasan Rumlu is a primary source for the question related to Div Sultan Rumlu’s invasions of Georgia.

dali CitunaSvili

goCa jafariZe

abasianTa dirhemebis qarTuli minabaZebi

qarTul numizmatikaSi uaRresad saintereso da sayuradReboa

arabuli dirhemebis qarTuli minabaZebis problema. minabaZebi

garegnulad abasianTa xanis dirhemebis msgavsia, atareben maTTvis

damaxasiaTebel arabul, magram damaxinjebul zedwerilebs. maT

adgilobriv warmomavlobaze, mkvlevarTa azriT, metyvelebs is,

rom minabaZebi aRmoCenilia mxolod saqarTvelos teritoriaze.

garda amisa, isini zogierT monetaze SesaZleblad miiCneven dainaxon

qarTuli asoebic (asomTavruliT). miuxedavad imisa, rom minabaZebis

garSemo ukve sakmao literatura arsebobs, gvaqvs safuZveli erTxel

kidev davubrundeT maT da warmovadginoT zogierTi dakvirveba, rac,

vfiqrob, xels Seuwyobs am monetebis Semdgom Seswavlas.

minabaZebs pirvelad 1910 w. Seexo e. paxomovi. man gamoaqveyna ori

aseTi monetis foto da aRwera erTi maTgani.1 mis Sublze, centraluri

zedwerilis (muslimuri rwmenis simbolos pirveli nawili) pirveli stri-

qonis Tavze da mesame striqonis qvemoT, moTavsebulia damaxinjebuli,

sruliad gaurkveveli sityvebi, xolo irgvliv – aseve damaxinjebuli

muslimuri legenda, garSemortymuli ormagi wertilovani anda xazovani

rkaliT. zurgze, samstriqoniani centraluri zedwerilis (muslimuri

rwmenis simbolos meore nawili) garSemo, wertilovani rkalis gareT,

damaxinjebuli zedwerilia da kvlav rkali.

e. paxomovi aRniSnavda, rom minabaZebze muslimuri (resp. arabuli – g.j.)

1 E.A E.AIII, #38-39.

X

198

wera-kiTxvis ucodinari xelosnebis mier amokveTil warwerebSi gvxvdeba

mravali niSani, romlebic maT gadaakeTes qarTul asoebad ( , da sxv.),

rasac xelosanTa erovnebis maCveneblad Tvlida.2

minabaZebis qarTuli warmomavlobis sxva damamtkicebel sabuTad

paxomovs miaCnda is, rom maTi didi nawili aRmoCnda saqarTveloSi.

misi azriT, minabaZebis gaCena ganapiroba X s-is bolos muslimuri

dirhemebis Zlierma dinebam CrdiloeTSi amierkavkasiidan, sadac

isini umniSvnelo raodenobiT gvxvdeba. mimoqcevaSi fulis niSnebis

naklebobam gamoiwvia saqarTveloSi muslimuri monetebis minabaZebis

moWra3. Cans, paxomovi minabaZebs X s-iT aTariRebda.

paxomovma aRniSna, rom es arabuli minabaZebi daculi iyo

sankt-peterburgSi – saimperatoro ermitaJsa da s. a. Cumakovis

koleqciebSi, agreTve moskovSi – p. m. zubovis koleqciaSi,4 magram

ar daukonkretebia, Tu sad inaxeboda mis mier gamoqveynebuli

minabaZebi.

1955 w. d. langma gamosca amerikis numizmatTa sazogadoebis muzeumis

(Semdeg: ans) koleqciaSi daculi sami minabaZidan oris foto da aRwera

erTi maTgani, romlis zurgze, centraluri zedwerilis qvemoT, waikiTxa

`Tiflis~ (Tbilisi).5 moneta, romelic atarebda Tbilisis zarafxanis

damaxinjebul saxels zurgis centraluri zedwerilis qvemoT, iyo

unikaluri6 lengisTvis. im dros ucnobi darCa, rom msgavsi egzemplari

inaxeboda peterburgis ermitaJSic (ix. qvemoT).

lengma es moneta miakuTvna bagrat III-s. man, cxadia, icoda, rom

bagrat III ar axorcielebda kontrols Tbilisze. meore mxriv, Tu

minabaZebi moWres jafarianma amirebma, mosalodneli unda yofiliyo

maT warwerebSi wignierebis (arabulis codnis) ufro maRali done.

mkvlevars mxedvelobaSi hqonda Secdomebi monetis zedwerilebSi.

2 (1970), 57. 3 iqve.

4 iqve.

5 D. M. Lang, Studies in the Numismatic History of Georgia in Transcaucasia (New York, 1955), 18-19, pl. I, 11-12. maT d. lengma uwoda ùbralo monuri qarTuli imitaciebi abasianTa

dirhemisa~, romelic iSviaTi gaxda amierkavkasiaSi axlo aRmosavleTidan

ruseTsa da skandinaviaSi vercxlis monetis dinebis gamo. am SemTxvevaSi lengis

Tvalsazrisi paxomovis msgavsia.6 iqve, 19.

goCa jafariZe

199

sabolood, lengi mainc Tvlida, rom minabaZebi saqarTveloSi mimoq-

cevaSi iyo ueWvelad bagrat III-is dros, romlis mmarTvelobisTvis maTi

mikuTvneba yvelaze Sesaferisad miaCnda.7

lengis publikacias gamoexmaura S. mesxia. is Tvlida, rom

minabaZebi moiWra TbilisSi jafarianTa xelisuflebis gadaSenebisa

da aq damoukidebeli saqalaqo TviTmmarTvelobis damyarebis

Semdeg, XI s-is 80-iani wlebidan – XII s. 20-ian wlebamde. misi

azriT, am dros monetis moWra SeeZlo ara romelime amiras, an sxva

mmarTvels, aramed mxolod saqalaqo sabWos, qalaqis komunalur

mmarTvelobas.8

minabaZebs ramdenjerme Seexo d. kapanaZe. is werda, rom TavianTi

garegnuli saxiT da warwerebis ganlagebiT, minabaZebi Zalze

mogvagoneben sayovelTaod cnobil arabul dirhemebs, magram,

yuradRebiT Seswavlis Semdeg, isini amJRavnebdnen TavianT aSkara

qarTul warmomavlobas9. is iziarebda paxomovisa da lengis

Tvalsazriss da Tvlida, rom arabuli `gauxeSebeli zedwerilebis

zogierTi niSani Secvlilia qarTuli asomTavruliT~.10 kapanaZes

saeWvod miaCnda, rom isini iWreboda TbilisSi da fiqrobda, rom

es xdeboda sadRac, sxva qarTul samflobeloebSi.11kapanaZe aseve

gamoexmaura lengis publikacias da mesxias zemoxsenebul mosazrebas,

romelsac ar daeTanxma. minabaZebis dabali wonis analogias is xedavda

XI s-is mcirewonian qarTul monetebSi;12 rac Seexeba sinjadobas,

kapanaZe werda, rom `sadavo monetebi … jer SedarebiT maRali

xarisxis vercxlisaa~13 (X s-is miwurulis ali ibn jafaris dirhemebis

msgavsad).

kapanaZis argumentebidan yvelaze mniSvnelovania is, rom

`komunisdamagvari wyobilebis~ droindel TbilisSi muslimuri

mosaxleoba Warbobda da aq moWrili monetebis zedwerilebs,

gansakuTrebiT ki alahisa da mahmadis saxelebs, ra Tqma unda, ar

7 Lang, Studies, 19. 8 S. mesxia, saqalaqo komuna Sua saukuneebis TbilisSi (Tbilisi, 1962), 77-9.

9

10 d. kapanaZe, qarTuli numizmatika (Tbilisi, 1969), 58.

11 , a, 51.12 kapanaZe, qarTuli numizmatika, 58.

13 iqve.


200

daamaxinjebdnen~;14 kapanaZe, lengis msgavsad, ans-is minabaZs X-XI ss-is

mijniT (e.i. bagrat III-is epoqiT – g.j.) aTariRebda.15

kapanaZis mosazrebas ar daeTanxma i. jalaRania, romelmac, mesxias

kvaldakval, minabaZebis moWris TariRad miiCnia XI s-is 80-iani – XII

s-is 20-iani wlebi, daviT IV-is mier Tbilisis aRebamde.16 mogvianebiT,

rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, man daTariRebaSi koreqtivi Seitana.

minabaZebis SeswavlisaTvis mniSvnelovani gaxda 1977 wels afxaze-

Tis teritoriaze – webeldaSi aRmoCenili arabuli dirhemebis qarTuli

minabaZebis didi ganZi, romelic Sevida soxumis saxelmwifo muzeumSi

da is 1982 w. gamosces ir. jalaRaniam, o. bRaJbam da i. voronovma.17 ganZSi

(sul 106 moneta), minabaZebTan erTad, iyo 163/779-80 w. xalifa al-mahdis

namdvili dirhemic. aman safuZveli misca avtorebs, saeWvod mieCniaT

`minabaZebis gamoSvebis TariRis gadatana XI s-is bolosa da XII s-is

pirvel meoTxedSi~. maTi azriT, minabaZebi moiWra X-XI ss-is mijnaze.18

es daTariReba 1992 w. saeWvod CaTvala T. dunduam. imis gamo, rom ganZSi

aris xalifa al-mahdis xsenebuli dirhemi, misi azriT, ès saSualebas

iZleva qarTuli minabaZebis ufro adreuli epoqiT daTariRebisa~.19

2006 w. T. dundua, imave dirhemis safuZvelze, ukve Tvlida, rom al-

mahdis dirhemi àse Tu ise aTariRebs ganZis daflobas... es SeiZleba

momxdariyo bagrat III-is epoqaze adre, IX saukunis meore da X saukunis

pirvel naxevarSi~.20

ukanasknelad, g. dunduas da i. jalaRanias avtorobiT gamocemul

qarTul numizmatikur leqsikonSi aRniSnulia, rom `savaraudod ganZi

IX-X saukuneebis mijnas SeiZleba miekuTvnos~.21

14 kapanaZe, qarTuli numizmatika, 58.

15 iqve.

16 V- XIII1979), 69-70.

17 a

.

18 iqve, 25; avtorebma dasves kiTxva: `xom ar iyo es minabaZebi produqti

araoficialuri, arasaxelmwifoebrivi emisiisa, romelic win uswrebda monetebis

gamoSvebas qarTveli mefis bagrat III-is saxeliT?~ iqve, 26.

19 T. dundua, `X–XII ss. qarTuli monetebi da saqarTvelos istoriis zogierTi

sakiTxi~, Tbilisis universitetis Sromebi, t. 310 (1992), 22-3.

20 T. dundua, g. dundua, qarTuli numizmatika, naw. I (Tbilisi, 2006), 180.

21 g. dundua, i. jalaRania, qarTuli numizmatikuri leqsikoni (Tbilisi, 2009), 177.

goCa jafariZe

201

miuxedavad motanili mosazrebebisa, ganZis dagrovebisa da

dafvlis dro dazustebas saWiroebs. ganZis yvelaze adreuli moneta

gvaZlevs ganZis dagrovebis mxolod sawyis TariRs, xolo dafvlis

miaxloebiTi TariRi ganisazRvreba ganZis yvelaze gviandeli monetiT.

al-mahdis dirhemi webeldis ganZSi gviCvenebs mxolod imas, rom

misi dagroveba daiwyo arauadres 163/779-80 wlisa, magram ara imas, Tu

rodis moxda, daaxloebiT mainc, misi dafvla. amis gasarkvevad saWiroa

minabaZTa prototipebis, maTi zarafxanebis, moWris TariRisa da sxva

maxasiaTeblebis Seswavla, rac ar Catarebula da ris gakeTebasac

qvemoT Sevecdebi.

am istoriografiuli Sesavlis Semdeg davubrundebi uSualod

minabaZebs. 1986 wels leningradSi ermitaJSi mivlinebis dros

saSualeba momeca gavcnobodi ermitaJis numizmatikis ganyofilebaSi

dacul arabuli dirhemebis minabaZebs. isini sul 11 calia: 1364,

11614, 11615, 11616, 14210, 14211, 14212, 14213, 14214, 14215 da 14216. Svid

maTgans ixseniebs i. jalaRania.22 ermitaJis minabaZebs, romelTa msgavsi

monetebi gvxvdeba webeldis ganZSic, aseve Sevexebi qvemoT. pirvelad

qveyndeba maTi fotoebic (ix. tabulebi).

rogorc zemoT iTqva, e. paxomovma ar miuTiTa, Tu sad iyo daculi mis

mier gamocemuli ori minabaZi. fotoebis mixedviT SeiZleba vTqva, rom

isini ar aris ermitaJis egzemplarebi, vinaidan maTgan gansxvavebuli

siqiT arian moWrilni.23

webeldis ganZis wyalobiT, minabaZTa raodenoba mniSvnelovnad

gaizarda. ermitaJSi dacul minabaZebTan erTad Seiqmna ukeTesi pirobebi

maTi saTanado SeswavlisaTvis. magram, samwuxarod, es ar moxda.

webeldis ganZis gamocemaSi arabuli zedwerilebi arcTu iSviaTad

SecdomiTaa wakiTxuli. ar iqna amokiTxuli zogierTi prototipis

zarafxana da moWris weli. ar iqna gaTvaliswinebuli adreuli arabuli

dirhemebis maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic, miaxloebiT mainc, iZleoda

ganZis dafvlis daTariRebis saSualebas da, saerTod, gaugebaria, ra

argumentebis safuZvelze moxda ganZis daTariReba X-XI ss-is mijniT.

webeldis ganZis foto-tabulebi warmodgenas gviqmnis minabaZTa

22 esenia: 14210, 14211, 14212, 14213, 14214, 14215 da 14216.

, 70.23 ix. III, #38-39.


202

Taviseburebebze, magram isini dabali xarisxisaa. maTi saSualebiT

SesaZlebelia vimsjeloT mxolod ganZis monetebis nawilze.

webeldis ganZis publikaciis (1982 w.) dros me xangrZliv mivlinebaSi

viyavi sazRvargareT da mas gavecani mxolod mogvianebiT, 1986 wels. am

dros soxumSi viTareba sakmaod daZabuli iyo. afxazeTis saxelmwifo

muzeumis direqtorma upasuxod datova Cemi werili, romelSic

vTxovdi, moeca ganZis xelaxali Seswavlis SesaZlebloba.24

uSedego aRmoCnda Cemi cda, momepovebina ganZis monetebis

fotoebis negativebi, anda ukeTesi fotoreproduqciebi TbilisSi.

isini ar aRmoaCnda arc fotograf n. arCvaZes, romelmac gadaiRo es

monetebi da arc or avtors samidan, romlebmac gamosces ganZi – i.

jalaRaniasa da i. voronovs.

imis molodinma, rom raime axali aRmoCena saSualebas momcemda

ufro guldasmiT Semeswavla minabaZebi, maTze muSaoba sakmaod

gamixangrZliva da axla, sakmaod mogvianebiT, minda warmovadgino

minabaZebis kvlevis zogierTi Sedegi. imedia, rom maT safuZvelze

da maTi gaTvaliswinebiT, momavalSi axali minabaZebis aRmoCenis

SemTxvevaSi, sxva mkvlevrebs saSualeba miecemaT, meti sinaTle

mohfinon maTi emisiisa da mimoqcevis problemebs.

minabaZTa arabuli zedwerilebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli zogi-

erTi Secdoma. minabaZebze arabuli zedwerilebis didi nawili

damaxinjebulia, naklulia da SecdomebiTaa. arabul (mociquli) رسول

xSirad weria bolo asos ”ل”-s (`lam~-is) gareSe: رسو (webeldis ganZi,

## 3-9, 11-12, 14-17, 28-29, 44, 85 da ermitaJi, ## 11616, 14210, 14211da

14215 tab.). sityvaSi pirvel asos `Sin~-s (Tavze sami wertilisشريك

gareSe, rasac ganapirobebs qufuri Sriftis Tavisebureba), sami fexis

nacvlad, xSirad aqvs ori (## 30, 35, 39 40, ....), anda dakargulia asoebi

.(~Á`) ”ي“ da (~ra`) “ر“

minabaZebis nawilis Sublze zedwerilebi amokveTilia ukuRma,

sarkiseburad (webeldis ganZi, ## 36, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 70,

ermitaJi, #14216, tab.). iSviaTad es orive mxarezea (webeldis ganZi,

## 46, 47; ermitaJi, #14214 tab. ). aseve iSviaTad, Sublisa da zurgis

centraluri zedwerilebi erTi da igivea (webeldis ganZi, #34, sadac

Sublis zedwerili ukuRmaa da # 79).

24 afxazeTSi momxdari cnobili movlenebis Semdeg, am ganZis bedi CemTvis

ucnobia.

goCa jafariZe

203

qarTuli asoebi minabaZebze? rogorc aRiniSna, zogierT minabaZze

mkvlevrebi (paxomovi, lengi, jalaRania) xedaven qarTul asoebs.

Tu asea, qarTuli asoebi, saboloo jamSi, raRac sityvas, an sityvis

fragments mainc unda gvaZlevdes, magram ase ar aris da, vfiqrob,

rom saqme gvaqvs ara qarTul, aramed damaxinjebul arabul asoebTan,

qufuri SriftiT. faqtobrivad, minabaZebis qarTuli warmomavlobis

erTaderTi da gadamwyveti sabuTia maTi aRmoCenebi saqarTvelos

teritoriaze. analogiuri minabaZebi me ar meguleba ruseTisa da aRm.

evropis teritoriebze, sadac, saerTod, iSviaTi ar aris arabuli

dirhemebis minabaZTa aRmoCenebi.

minabaZebis metrologia. dRemde cnobili 120 minabaZis (ans-is,

ermitaJis, webeldis ganZisa da Weremis egzemplarebi) monetis woniTi

maCveneblebi meryeobs 1.2-dan – 2.31 gramebs Soris. gamonaklisia

WeremSi aRmoCenili egzemplari – 2.78 g.25 ZiriTadi masivis erTi jgufi

modis 1.41-1.50 (20 egz.) da 1.51-1.60 (19 egz.) gramebze; meore jgufi –

1.61-1.70 (15 egz.) da 1.71-1.80 (17 egz.) gramebze.

srulwoniani dirhemebi (2.97 g) ganZSi ar aris. TviT xalifa al-

mahdis aRniSnuli dirhemis wonaa 2.25 g. minabaZebis woniT maCveneblebs

saerTo ara aqvT XI s. dabalwonian qarTul monetebTan. ganZis nawili

mainc, faqtobrivad, naxevardirhemiani monetebia. magram, saerTod,

fiqsirebuli woniTi standarti maT ara aqvT. am minabaZebs, Cans, iRebdnen

woniT da ara calobiT.

sinjadoba. miuxedavad imisa, rom kapanaZe aRniSnavda minabaZebis

maRal sinjadobas, es iyo zepiri gancxadeba da maTi analizi arc mas da

arc sxvas ar Cautarebia.

pirvelad, 1987 w., ermitaJis minabaZTa sinjadoba rentgenul-

fluorescentuli meTodiT, Cemi TxovniT, Cemi megobrisa da kolegis, aw

gansvenebuli igor dobrovolskis daxmarebiT, gamoikvlies ermitaJis

fizikur laboratoriaSi da mravali wlis dagvianebiT mxolod axla

qveyndeba:26

25 WeremSi napovni es moneta (d. 25-26 mm), eqvTime TayaiSvilis mier parizidan

dabrunebuli saganZuridanaa. is Semowiruli yofila iv. axmetelaSvilis mier.

informacia momawoda maia patariZem.

26 am meTodis Sesaxeb ix.

,I


204

##

ermitaJis minabaZebis liTonis Semadgenloba1

Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Au As Pb Ag Sb

1364 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.01 1.77 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.24 97.72 0.04

11614 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.01 9.23 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.46 90.19 0.00

11615 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 22.03 0.00 0.10 0.07 0.22 77.54 0.00

11616 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 4.06 0.00 0.04 0.09 0.24 95.53 0.02

14210 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.01 5.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.53 93.87 0.03

14211 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.03 15.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.16 84.52 0.00

14212 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.02 4.11 0.00 0.18 0.00 0.41 95.16 0.00

14213 0.00 0.03 0.08 0.00 0.01 2.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.49 96.82 0.03

14214 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.00 5.48 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.20 94.25 0.00

14215 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.00 6.26 0.00 0.04 0.02 0.07 93.55 0.00

14216 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 4.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13 95.50 0.00

27

motanili cxrilidan Cans, rom vercxlis Semcveloba monetebSi

maRalia. 11 minabaZidan mxolod oris sinjadobaa 90-ze naklebi: 11615

– 77. 54 da 14211 – 84.52. am monacemebiT ver vityvi, rom isini moiWra

vercxlis krizisis dros, X–XI ss. mijnaze.

zarafxanebi da moWris TariRi minabaZTa prototipebze. webeldis

ganZis 106 monetidan, rogorc aRniSnavdnen ganZis gamomcemlebi,

mxolod erTia namdvili arabuli dirhemi – xalifa al-mahdisa. amasTan,

ganZis minabaZebis ramdenime calze: 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53 da

54, lengis mier gamocemuli ans-is minabaZis analogiiT,28 maT moWris

adgilad waikiTxes Tbilisi:

27 Cr – qromi, Mn – marganeci, Fe – rkina, Co – kobalti, Ni – nikeli, Cu – spilenZi,Zn – TuTia, Au – oqro, As – dariSxani, Pb – tyvia, Ag – vercxli, Sb – surma.

28 Lang, Studies, pl. I, 12.

##

goCa jafariZe

205

webeldis ganZis da ans-is dasaxelebuli egzemplarebis msgavsia

ermitaJis minabaZebi 11616, 14214 da 14216 (tab.).

lengs ar aRuniSnavs, rom ans-is minabaZis zurgis centraluri

zedwerilis Tavze iyo kidev erTi warwera, romelic gauSifravi darCa.

igive warwera gvxvdeba ermitaJisa da webeldis ganZis zemodasaxelebul

minabaZebze:

rogorc amerikis numizmatTa sazogadoebis muzeumis, ise ermitaJis

xsenebul egzemplarebze, warwera, romelsac Tbilisad miiCneven,

sarkiseburad, ukuRmaa amokveTili. swori iqneba:

es sityva amgvarad da, zogjer, bolo asos moxazulobis mcire

cvlilebiT, sworadaa amokveTili ermitaJis ## 11614, 11615 tab. da

webeldis ganZis ## 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73,

74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80-81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96,

97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106 minabaZebze.

yuradRebas mivaqcevT im garemoebas, rom am tipis (mxedvelobaSi

gvaqvs monetebi sworad amokveTili warweriT) minabaZis mcire saxe-

sxvaobas warmoadgenen ermitaJis #1364 (tab.) da webeldis ganZis ##

66, 67 da 69 egzemplarebi. es sityva ukeT Cans zurgis samstriqoniani

zedwerilis qvemoT:

aseve, ukeT Cans warwerac zurgis centraluri zedwerilis Tavzec:

msgavsi minabaZebi aris webeldis ganZSic (## 66, 67, 69).

lengis wakiTxvas, romelic gaiziares sxva numizmatebmac (kapanaZe,

jalaRania), ver daveTanxmebi. abasianTa dirhemebze zarafxana mo-

Tavsebulia mxolod Sublis centralur zedwerilSi da minabaZebi


206

arsebiTad imeoreben prototipebs. ermitaJis # 1364 (tab.), da webeldis

ganZis ## 66, 67 da 69 egzemplarebze (romelTa zurgze cdiloben

waikiTxon Tiflis/Tbilisi), Sublis wriul zedwerilSi aSkarad

ikiTxeba moWris adgili madinaT as-salami (baRdadi) da moWris TariRic

– 157/773-74 w. abasianTa adreuli dirhemebis zurgis centraluri

zedwerilis Tavze da boloSi, Cveulebriv, Tavsdeboda mmarTvelis

– provinciis gamgeblis saxelebi. samwuxarod, madinaT as-salamis

aRniSnul da momdevno wlebis dirhemebze, rogorc sxvadasxva samoneto

katalogis gacnobam miCvena, msgavsi saxeli ar gvxvdeba.

man, vinc moWra es minabaZi, marTalia, prototipad aiRo saxalifos

sataxto qalaqSi moWrili dirhemebi, magram masze daamata iseTi

saxelic, romelic ara gvxvdeba madinaT as-salamis zarafxanis arcerT

vercxlis monetaze.

minabaZze centraluri zedwerilis bolo striqonSi TiTqos

pirveli ori asoa بن – `bn~/Ze. Tu asea, maSin es pirovneba aris Ze

centraluri zedwerilis pirvel striqonSi dasaxelebuli pirisa.

magram, mTlianobaSi, warweris wakiTxva, miuxedavad egviptis, siriisa da

dasavleTis numizmatebTan araerTi konsultaciisa, ar moxerxda.29 imedi

maqvs, rom amas SeZleben sxvebi, Tundac axalgazrda qarTveli arabistebi.30

rogorc zemoT iTqva, kapanaZis Tanaxmad, lengis mier gamocemuli

minabaZi `tipologiuri, stilisturi da faqturuli niSnebiT ... enaTe-

saveba X s. miwurulis arabul dirhemebs~. es Tvalsazrisi ar Seesabameba

sinamdviles. rogorc d. lengis mier gamocemuli, ise yvela sxva cnobili

minabaZi, TavianTi maxasiaTebelebiT Sors dganan X s-is arabuli

vercxlis monetebisgan.

jalaRania aRniSnavda, rom minabaZebis moWris daTariRebis dros

`gadamwyveti sityva ekuTvnis, ra Tqma unda, minabaZis daTariRebul

egzemplars~.31

daTariRebuli minabaZis gamovlena ararealuria. vinc Wrida

29 1999 w. 6 agvistos cnobilma amerikelma numizmatma, amerikis numizmatTa

sazogadoebis islamuri monetebis kuratorma m. beitsma pirad werilSi momwera:

`centraluri zedwerilis Tavze warwera SeiZleba iyos àl-hasan~, an àl-...~ rac

Seexeba bolo striqons, romelsac miiCnevdnen Tbilisad, `me vekiTxebi sakuTar

Tavs, xom ar aris is ìbn ishaki~?

30 lengis mier gamocemuli meore minabaZi (tab. I, 11), fotoebis mixedviT,

SesaZloa, paxomovis mier gamocemuli minabaZis (tab. III, 39) msgavsia. is ar aris

ermitaJis minabaZTa Soris. ermitaJis #1364 egzemplarze igive zedwerili

ramdenadme gansxvavebuli saxiT aris dawerili.

31 , 70.

goCa jafariZe

207

minabaZs, ar fiqrobda aReniSna moWris axali TariRi. sxva saqmea,

rom minabaZze is meqanikurad imeorebda rogorc moWris TariRs, ise

– zarafxanas. swored prototipis TariRi da sxva maxasiaTeblebi,

miaxloebiT mainc, gansazRvraven minabaZebis moWris dros.

webeldis ganZis gamomcemlebi weren, rom es monetebi qufuri

dirhemebis minabaZebia32 – dakonkretebis gareSe. qufuri SeiZleba

iyos rogorc omaianTa, ise abasianTa monetebic. webeldis ganZis, ans-

is da ermitaJis absoluturad yvela minabaZis zurgis centraluri

samstriqoniani zedwerili (محمد/رسول/الله – muhamadi/mociqulia/

alahisa) monetebze pirvelad Semoitanes abasianebma. amdenad, webeldis

ganZis minabaZebis prototipebi ueWvelad abasianTa dirhemebia.

abasianTa adreuli monetebi 750 wlidan agrZelebdnen wminda

aRwerilobiTi tipis omaianTa monetebis tradicias, yuranis aiebiT

da xalifas, anda mmarTvelis saxelis mouxsenieblad. es praqtika

grZeldeboda xalifa al-mansuris (754-775) dromde. al-mansurma

pirvelad Semoitana dirhemebis zurgze Tavisi vaJisa da memkvidris

– al-mahdis saxeli aRmosavlur provinciebSi, sadac is mmarTvelad

dainiSna. mogvianebiT, al-mahdi iyo pirveli, romelic dirhemebze

(basra da ar-rai/ muhammadia) ixsenieba xalifad.

rodis daiwyo webeldis ganZis Segroveba? ganZis erTaderTi

namdvili monetis, 163/779-80 wlis xalifa al-mahdis (775-785) dirhemis

mixedviT, es SeiZleba momxdariyo mxolod 779-80 wlis Semdeg, magram

SeiZleba am TariRis ramdenadme dazusteba.

ganZis #24-e minabaZze, romelzedac TariRs ver vkiTxulob,

Sublis centralur zedwerilSi aRniSnulia, rom minabaZis prototipi

moiWra marTlmorwmuneTa amiras (xalifas) vaJis, al-mahdis brZa-

nebiT (mimma amara bihi al-mahdi muhammad ibn amir al-mu’minin). es moxda

am ukanasknelis gaxalifebamde (775 w.). cnobilia, rom man al-mahdis

tituli (lakab) miiRo mas Semdeg, rac mamam, xalifa al-mansurma daniSna

xorasnis gamgeblad 141/758-59 w., magram am tituliT is pirvelad

ixsenieba mxolod 145/762 wlidan, ar-rais zarafxanaSi moWril

dirhemebze, 155/771-72 wlamde.33 amrigad, webeldis ganZis #24 minabaZis

yvelaze adreuli prototipis gaTvaliswinebiT, ganZis Segroveba

SeiZleba daewyoT ara uadres 762 wlisa da momdevno xanebSi.

32

33 Culture and Memory in Medieval Islam: Essays in Honour on Wilfred Madelung, ed. by Farhad Dafrary and Josef W. Meri (London, 2003), 219-73, 286-92.


208

uxarisxo fotoreproduqciebmac ki saSualeba mogvca, wagvekiTxa

zarafxana da moWris TariRi webeldis ganZis 10 monetaze. esenia: madinaT

as-salamis 157/773-74 w. Svidi (## 21-22, 65-69), basras (#23) da vasitis

156/772-73 w. (#17) dirhemebis TiTo-TiTo minabaZi. amave wlisa da madinaT as-

salamis zarafxanisaa ermitaJis koleqciis #1364 minabaZic. dasaxelebul

minabaZebze wakiTxuli TariRebi saSualebas iZleva davaskvna, rom maTi

prototipebi iyo VIII s-is 70-iani wlebis abasianTa dirhemebi.

webeldis ganZSi me ver vnaxe vercerTi minabaZi, romlis prototipic

daTariRebuli iqneboda VIII saukunis bolo wlebiT, an IX s. damdegiT.

SesaZloa amis mizezi isaa, rom minabaZebis umravlesobaze zarafxanebi,

da, rac mTavaria, wlebi imdenadaa damaxinjebuli, rom SeuZlebelia

maTi prototipebis identifikacia. magram gvaqvs abasianTa adreuli

dirhemebis mniSvnelovani da gadamwyveti maxasiaTeblebi: wriuli

zedwerilebis raodenoba monetebis Sublze da paleografiuli

Taviseburebebi, romlebic miaxloebiT daTariRebis saSualebas

iZleva.

cnobilia, rom xalifa al-mamunis zeobis (813–833) dros, 206/821-

22 wlisTvis saxalifoSi ganxorcielda samoneto reforma, roca

Seicvala vercxlisa da oqros monetebis garegnuli saxe.34

1. reformis Sedegad moxda dirhemebisa da dinarebis zedwerilebis

unificireba. am monetebze erTnairad dalagda zedwerilebi.

abasianTa adreuli dirhemebis (da dinarebis) Sublis centraluri

zedwerilis (muslimuri rwmenis simbolos pirveli nawilis) garSemo

iyo erTi wriuli zedwerili, romelSic aRiniSnebida moWris adgili

da weli. 198/813 w., mas Semdeg, rac al-aminTan taxtisTvis brZolaSi

gamarjvebuli al-mamuni xalifad gamocxadda, q. mervSi, sadac iyo misi

rezidencia, pirvelad moiWra dirhemebi, romelTa Sublze am erTi

wriuli warweris garSemo gaCnda meore zedwerili yuranidan (XXX, 3(4)-4(5)

):

لله الامر من قبل و من بعد و يومئذ يفرح المؤمنون بنصر اللهalahisaa brZaneba amaze uwin da amis Semdgomac

da im dRes ixareben morwmuneni allahis SewevniT

am zedwerilma, romelsac gamarjvebis aias uwodeben da romelsac un-

da ukvdaveyo al-aminze al-mamunis gamarjveba, Secvala abd al-maliqis

(685–705) reformis Semdeg islamuri monetebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli

34 Tayeb El-Hibri, “Coinage Reform Under the Abbasid Chaliph al-Ma’mun,” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, vol. XXXVI (1993), 59-83.

goCa jafariZe

209

wertilovani rkalebi centraluri zedwerilis garSemo. amieridan, es

meore zedwerili abasianTa monetebis dirhemebisa da dinarebis Sublze

aRiniSneboda monRolTa mier baRdadis aRebamde (1258 w.).35

meore wriuli zedwerili Cndeba 201/816-17 w. isfahanis, 203/818-19

w. samarkandis, 208/823-24 w. heraTis da 210/825-26 w. zaranjis monetebis

Sublze.36 baRdadSi monetebi meore wriuli warweriT moiWra 204/819-20

w. sataxto qalaqSi al-mamunis dabrunebisas.37 igive gaimeores basras

da qufas, xolo Semdeg, TandaTan, sxva provinciulma zarafxanebmac.38

samxreT kavkasiaSi madinaT arranis zarafxanaSi moWrili am tipis

cnobili moneta, ramdenadme gvian, 217/832 wliT TariRdeba.39

dirhemebis zurgze, centrSi ucvlelad darCa rwmenis simbolos

meore nawili (muhamadi/mociqulia/alahisa), romlis Tavze aRiniSneba

xolme sityva لله – allahs. garSemo aseve darCa erTi wriuli zedwerili

(yurani IX33

), romelic garSemovlebulia xazovani da ara wertilovani

rkaliT.

2. egviptidan Sua aziamde absoluturad erTferovani gaxda axali

monetebis epigrafikuli stilic. 206/821-22 w. kuTxovani qufuri

Srifti monetebis Sublze da zurgze am wels moulodnelad Secvala

ufro moxdenilma mrudxazovanma arabulma Sriftma.40

amgvarad, Tu IX s-is 20-ian wlebamde abasianTa dirhemebis Sublze

gvqonda mxolod erTi wriuli zedwerili, amieridan maTze Cndeba

meore wriuli zedwerilic. webeldis ganZis, ans-is da ermitaJis

numizmatikuri koleqciis yvela minabaZis Sublze aris mxolod

erTi wriuli zedwerili. es ki imas niSnavs, rom maTi prototipebi,

miuxedavad imisa, ikiTxeba Tu ara minabaZze moWris weli, iyo

abasianTa adreuli dirhemebi VIII s-is bolo oTxi aTwleulisa

da ara ugvianes IX s-is 20-iani wlebisa. sayuradReboa isic, rom

paleografiulad zedwerilebi im minabaZebisa, romlebmac Semogvinaxes

prototipebis moWris wlebi, im periodisaa, romelic win uswrebda al-

mamunis samoneto reformas.

minabaZTa moWris da mimoqcevis dro da adgili. webeldis ganZis

35 iqve, 65.

36 iqve.

37 iqve.

38 iqve.39 Aram R. Vardanyan, Islamic Coins Struck in Historic Armenia, I, Early ‘Abbasid Period

(Yerevan, 2011), 82, #178-179.40 Tayeb El-Hibri, “Coinage Reform,” 62.


210

minabaZebis emisia IX-X ss-ebis mijnaze axlosaa realobasTan, magram

ar iyo saTanadod dasabuTebuli, xolo X-XI ss-is mijna miuRebelia.

am droisTvis maTi momWrelebisTvis ufro mosaxerxebeli da advili

iyo gamoeyenebinaT ara abasianTa adreuli dirhemebi, aramed sxva,

mogviano xanis prototipebi, Tundac TbilisSi moWrili dirhemebi.

da Tu es ar moxda, mxolod im mizezis gamo, rom minabaZebis erTi

nawilis emisia, arabuli prototipebisa da, Sesabamisad, minabaZebis

maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT, ZiriTadad ganxorcielda gacilebiT

adre, saxeldobr, uwinares IX s-is 20-iani wlebisa.

momdevno xanebSi, IX s-is manZilze, safiqrebelia, mimdinareobda

minabaZTa minabaZebis emisiac. maTze damaxinjebulia prototipebis

zarafxanebis saxelebi da moWris TariRi, xolo centraluri zedwerilis

Tavze, anda boloSi, gvxvdeba amoukiTxavi sityvebi, albaT, pirTa saxelebi.

magram, saerTod, zustad ramden xans grZeldeboda maTi gamoSveba, amis

Tqma SeuZlebelia. ufro mosalodnelia, rom is grZeldeboda IX s-Si da

webeldis ganZi dafles ara ugvianes am saukunisa.

webeldis ganZi maZlevs uflebas vifiqro, rom minabaZebis

emisia, miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTi aRmoCenilia aRmosavleT

saqarTveloSic (WeremSi), xorcieldeboda afxazTa samefoSi.

minabaZebi mowodebuli iyo, daekmayofilebinaT moTxovnebi vercxlis

monetaze, gansakuTrebiT – dasavleT saqarTveloSi, sadac am mxriv,

ganZebis monacemebiT, am safasis nakleboba SeiniSneba.

arabuli dirhemebis minabaZebi da bagrat III-is

vercxlis safasis xelaxali atribucia

(sakiTxis dasmis wesiT)

bagrat III-is vercxlis moneta (drama? dirhemi?), arabuli da qarTuli

zedwerilebiT, didi xania cnobilia mkvlevarTaTvis. is 1863 w. aRmoCnda

TbilisSi da ermitaJisTvis SeiZina generalma barTolomeim. moneta 1864

w. aRwera v. langluam.41 Semdeg is araerT numizmatikur naSromSi Sevida.

monetis (ermitaJis numizmatikis ganyofileba, # 14209, d. 23 mm,

masa – 1.78 g) garegnuli saxe aseTia:

41 Victor Langlois, “Lettre à M.R.Chalon sur une monnaie d’argent inédite de Bagrat III, Roi des Apkhazes,” Revue de numismatique Belge, 4-e série, t. II (Bruxelles, 1864), 202-5. ermitaJSi

daculi bagrat III-is moneta didi xnis manZilze unikumad iTvleboda. bolo

xanebSi aRmoCnda misi sxva egzemplari, romelsac gamosacemad amzadebs germaneli

numizmati st. heidemani.

goCa jafariZe

211

Subli. centrSi samstriqoniani arabuli zedwerilia, muslimuri

rwmenis simbolos pirveli nawili:

ara ars RvTaeba –لا اله الا

,garda allahisa erTisa –الله وحده

لا شـ[ريـ]ك له – ara hyavs mas monawile

zedwerilis mesame striqonis sityva شريك (monawile, moziare)

damaxinjebulia. pirvel asos – arab `Sin~-s (شـ) aqvs ori da ara sami

fexi. dakargulia `ra~/“ر” da `Á~/“ي”. wriul zedwerilSi SeiZleba

wavikiTxoT mxolod الله Ta allahisa. mas unda mosdevdes[saxeli] –[بسـ]م

arabuli dirhemebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli moWris adgili da weli. maT

nacvlad gvaqvs damaxinjebuli arabuli asoebi qufuri SriftiT da ara

qarTuli asomTavruliT.

garSemo ori rkalia, Sida – wertilovani da gare – xazovani.

zurgi. centrSi samstriqonian arabul zedwerilSi ikiTxeba

rwmenis simbolos meore nawili:

محمد – muhamadi

mociqul[ia] –رســو[ل]

alahisa –الله

zurgis meore striqonis sityvas رســول (mociquli) – aklia bolo

aso `lam~/ل.

or wriul xazs Soris moTavsebulia daqaragmebuli zedwerili

(asomTavruliT):

qriste, adide bagrat, afxazTa mefe.


212

numizmatebi aRniSnavdnen siaxloves arabul dirhemebs, minabaZebsa

da bagratis monetas Soris.

paxomovis azriT, bagrat III-is samoneto tipi albaT, erTbaSad ar iqna

SemuSavebuli. gardamaval safexurs wminda muslimuri dirhemebidan

warmoadgenda arabuli dirhemebis qarTuli minabaZebi.42

lengs bagratis es moneta miaCnda abasianTa adreuli dirhemebis

monur imitaciad.43

kapanaZe Tvlida, rom bagratis moneta iyo arsebiTad, an erTgvarad,

lengis mier gamoqveynebuli minabaZis saxesxvaoba.44 amave dros,

es minabaZi `tipologiuri, stilisturi da faqturuli niSnebiT~

ènaTesaveba X s-is miwurulis arabul dirhemebs~ da `rac mTavaria,

bagrat III monetis TiTqmis sruli aslia~. 45

T. dunduas Tanaxmadac, bagratis es moneta àrsebiTad arabuli

dirhemebis qarTuli minabaZebis saxesxvaobaa~.46

langlua werda, rom barTolomeim, romelmac Seamowma bagratis

moneta, is miakuTvna aSot kurapalatis Zes, adarnases Zmas bagrat I-s

(826-876).47 magram bagrat I-s arasdros eWira afxazTa samefos taxti.

langlua ar daeTanxma barTolomeis da monetaze dasaxelebuli

bagrati miiCnia bagrat III-d (975–1014).48

langluas atribucia marTebulad CaTvala paxomovma.49 misi

argumentebi iyo Semdegi: ramdenime mefidan bagratis saxeliT bagrat

IV gamoiricxa, radganac misi monetebi iyo sruliad sxva tipis, zomisa

da wonis. bagrat II regvens ar SeeZlo pretenzia hqonoda afxazTa mefis

titulze, xolo bagrat I afxazTa mefe (887–906), Tu is gadawyvetda

moeWra moneta, nimuSad aiRebda ara muslimur dirhems, aramed

bizantiur tips.

kapanaZis azriT, moneta bagratis mefobis sul ukanasknel periods

ekuTvnis; e.i. es moneta ukve XI saukunis dasawyisSi unda moWriliyo,

42 , (1970), 56.43 Lang, Studies, 18.44 , a, 51; kapanaZe, qarTuli numizmatika, 58.


46 dundua, dundua, qarTuli numizmatika, 181.

47 Langlois, “Lettre à M.R.Chalon,” 203-4. langlua ar asaxelebs da CemTvisac ucnobia,dabeWda Tu ara barTolomeim Tavisi mosazreba.

48 Langlois, “Lettre à M.R.Chalon,”, 204-5.49 , (1970), 56.

goCa jafariZe

213

rodesac... vercxlis qarTuli monetis wonam katastrofulad daik-

lo~.50 T. dunduam ar gaiziara es Tvalsazrisi: `bagrati monetaze

mxolod àfxazTa mefis~ tituliTaa moxseniebuli. misi daTariReba XI

s-iT SeuZlebelia, radgan am xanebSi igi ukve àfxazTa~, `qarTvelTa~,

`kaxTa~ da `ranTa~ mefecaa~. mkvlevari Tvlis, rom monetis emisia

moxda mas Semdeg, rac bagrati qarTlSi gamefda (978 w.), mere dasavleT

saqarTveloSi gadavida da bolos iaraRis ZaliT mouxda qarTlSi

Tavisi uflebebis aRdgena.51 monetis moWris savaraudo lokalizacia

d. kapanaZisa da T. dunduas azriT, aris ufliscixe.52

amrigad, qarTuli numizmatikis mkvlevarTa eWvs ar iwvevs, rom

CvenTvis saintereso monetaze aRniSnuli àfxazTa mefe~ aris bagrat III.

TvalsazrisTa garkveuli gansxvavebaa imis Taobaze, Tu ras warmoadgenda

bagratis vercxlis safase: abasianTa dirhemebis minabaZs (maT Soris monur

minabaZs~), Tu arabuli dirhemebis qarTuli minabaZebis saxesxvaobas.

Cemi azriT, bagratis vercxlis monetis atribucia unda moxdes

zemoganxiluli arabuli minabaZebis Suqze. bagratis moneta baZavs

arabul dirhemebs, magram ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos maT ubralo saxesxvaobad,

im mizeziT, rom mis zurgze aris wriuli qarTuli zedwerilic. bagratis

monetis prototipi, cxadia, zogadad iyo abasianTa dirhemebi. magram

abasianTa dirhemebis garegnuli saxe droTa manZilze icvleboda axali

zedwerilebis damatebiT. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, IX s. 20-iani wlebidan

maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia meore wriuli zedwerili Sublze. swored erTi,

magram damaxinjebuli wriuli arabuli zedwerilia bagratis monetis

Sublzec. bagratis monetis prototipebi aSkarad iyo zemoganxiluli

arabuli minabaZebi da am minabaZebis minabaZebic, romlebic iWreboda

da mimoqcevaSi iyo IX s-is manZilze.

bagratis moneta aris ara ubralod abasianTa adreuli dirhemebis

minabaZi. is arabuli dirhemebis qarTuli minabaZebis jgufs miekuTvneba

da SemiZlia daveTanxmo T. dunduas, rom maTi saxesxvaobaa. magram vin

aris es bagrati?

Tu moneta bagrat III-s ekuTvnis, maSin Cndeba kiTxva, ratom iqna

aRebuli mis prototipad X–XI ss-is mijnaze maincadamainc abasianTa

adreuli dirhemebi. amis axsna advili ar aris. ufro metic, SeuZlebelia.

bagratis monetis arabul zedwerilebSi qarTuli minabaZebis


51 dundua, `X–XII ss. qarTuli monetebi~, 21.

52 iqve.


214

analogiuri Secdomebia. kerZod, es exeba sityvebs شريك (monawile) da

رســول (mociquli) monetis Sublze da zurgze, rac zemoT ukve aRiniSna.

paleografiuli TvalsazrisiT, bagratis monetebis arabuli warwerebi

sakmaod axlosaa im arabul minabaZebTan, romlebic zemoT iyo ganxiluli.

msgavsebaa metrologiaSi. bagratis monetis wona (1.78 g) arabuli

monetebis qarTuli minabaZebis woniTi maCveneblebis jgufSi jdeba. rac

Seexeba sinjs, ermitaJis fizikur laboratoriaSi Catarebuli analiziT,

is 97.18-ia, xolo sxva liTonebis Semadgenloba am monetaSi aseTi saxisaa:

# Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Au As Pb Ag Sb

14209 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 2.04 0.17 0.06 0.00 0.50 97.18 0.01

bagratis monetisa da ermitaJis minabaZebis liTonis Semadgenlis

uaRresi siaxlove da identurobac ki, eWvs ar iwvevs. amis gamo, maTi

moWris TariRebs Soris SeuZlebelia arsebobdes orsaukunovani Sualedi.

yovelive zemoTqmulis gamo, arabuli minabaZebis safuZvelze

moWrili bagratis monetis gadatana bagrat III-is epoqaSi Cems did

eWvs iwvevs. sakiTxis dasmis wesiT, me dasaSvebad mimaCnia, rom es `mefe

afxazTa~ IX saukuneSi veZioT. aseTia bagrat I – afxazTa mefe, romlis

zeobis wlebi, wyaroTa gansxvavebuli monacemebis gamo, sxvadasxvagvarad

aris gansazRvruli: 887-906 ww. (m. brose),53 861-873 ww. (e. TayaiSvili),54

887-899 ww. (k. Tumanovi),55 881-893 ww. (p. ingoroyva),56 m. lorTqifaniZe,57 a.

bogveraZe58 da sxv.), 80-iani wlebis bolo – 893 ww. (z. anCabaZe)59.

amgvar SesaZleblobas gamoricxavda paxomovi. is, rogorc aRiniSna,

53 M. Brosset, Additions et éclaircissements a l’histoire de la Géorgie depuis l’antiquité jusqu’en (St.-Pét., 1851), 175.

54 e. TayaiSvili, Zveli saqarTvelo, II (Tbilisi, 1911), 53.

55 C. Toumanoff, “Chronology of the Kings of Abazgia and other Problems,” Le Museon, LXIX, 1-2, (1956), 82.

56 p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule (Tbilisi, 1954), 193.57 m. lorTqifaniZe, àxali feodaluri samTavroebis warmoqmna (egris-

afxazeTi)~, saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. II (saqarTvelo IV-X saukuneebSi),

(Tbilisi,1973), 429-31; . , “ , ( - ),” , . II ( IV-X ),

( , 1988), 293-4.58 a. bogveraZe, bagrat I, afxazTa samefos mefe~, qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia,

II, (Tbilisi, 1977), 128.

59 VI-XVII

goCa jafariZe

215

werda, rom `bagrat I afxazTa mefe (887-906), Tu is gadawyvetda moeWra

moneta, nimuSad aiRebda ara muslimur dirhems, aramed bizantiur tips~.60

paxomovi albaT iTvaliswinebda bagrat I-is kavSirs bizantiasTan, sadac

is erTxans Tavs afarebda kidec. magram saqarTveloSi dabrunebuli

bagrati, rogorc mefe, ukve sxva politikur realobaSi cxovrobda. im

periodis saqarTvelos teritoriis didi nawili CarTuli iyo arabuli

vercxlis monetis mimoqcevis sferoSi da afxazTa samefoSi vercxlis

safasis nakleboba, Cans, ubiZgebda mefes, mis samflobeloSi mimoqcevaSi

arsebuli arabuli monetebis minabaZebis safuZvelze, moeWra axali

safase, rogorc im dros miRebuli arabuli (magram damaxinjebuli), ise

– qarTuli warwerebiT, im enaze, romelzedac is metyvelebda, werda

da romelic iyo oficialuri samwerlobo ena mis samflobeloSi.61

tabulebi

ermitaJis minabaZebi

Subli zurgi

60 (1970), 56.61 Tu Cemi Tvalsazrisi sworia, maSin bagrat I da ara bagrat III, iqneba pirveli mefe,

romelic atarebda tituls `mefe afxazTa~. Cveulebriv, l. axalaZis dakvirvebiT,

bagrat III-mde afxazTa mefeebi mxolod `mefis~ tituls atarebdnen. lia axalaZe,

afxazeTis epigrafika rogorc saistorio wyaro, I (Tbilisi, 2005), 149-53.

#1364

#11614


216

#11615

#11616

#14210

#14211

goCa jafariZe

217

#14212

#14213

#14214

#14215

#14216


218

bogveraZe a. bagrat I, afxazTa samefos mefe. qarTuli sabWoTa

enciklopedia. t. II. Tbilisi, 1977

dundua T. X-XII ss. qarTuli monetebi da saqarTvelos istoriis

zogierTi sakiTxi. Tbilisis universitetis Sromebi, t. 310, 1992

dundua g., dundua T. qarTuli numizmatika. Tbilisi, 2006

TayaiSvili e. Zveli saqarTvelo. II. Tbilisi, 1911

kapanaZe d. qarTuli numizmatika. Tbilisi, 1969

ingoroyva p. giorgi merCule. Tbilisi, 1954

lorTqifaniZe m. axali feodaluri samTavroebis warmoqmna (egris-

afxazeTi). saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. t. II (saqarTvelo IV-X

saukuneebSi). Tbilisi,1973

mesxia S. saqalaqo komuna Sua saukuneebis TbilisSi. Tbilisi, 1962

VI-XVIIV- XIII

a

I

II IV-X

E.AE.A . 1-2. , 1970

Brosset M. Additions et éclaircissements a l’histoire de la Géorgie depuis l’antiquité jusqu’en 1469 de J.-G., St.-Pét., 1851

El-Hibri, Tayeb. Coinage Reform Under the Abbasid Chaliph al-Ma’mun. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, vol. XXXVI, 1993

Lang D. M. Studies in the Numismatic History of Georgia in Transcaucasia. New York, 1955

Langlois, Victor. Lettre à M.R.Chalon sur une monnaie d’argent inédite de Bagrat III, Roi des Apkhazes. Revue de numismatique Belge, 4-e série, t. II. Bruxelles, 1864

Toumanoff C. Chronology of the Kings of Abazgia and other Problems. Le Museon, LXIX, 1-2, 1956

goCa jafariZe

219

Georgian Imitations of Abbasid Dirhams and Reattribution

of the Silver Coin of Bagrat III

Gotcha Djaparidze

Summary

dirhams” considers the local imitations of Abbasid dirhams about whose minting, belonging and the time of circulation various views have been expressed by researchers (E. Pakhomov, D. Kapanadze, D. Lang, Sh. Meskhia, I. Jalaghania, D. Dundua, T, Dundua and others). The Tsebelda hoard of imitations (I. Djalagania, O. Kh. Bghazhba, Yu.Voronov, ‘A hoard of imitations of Arabic dirhams from Tsebelda”, Archaeological Studies in Tsebelda (results

) (Tbilisi, 1983, 10-26), pls. 1-106 and the 11 imitations preserved at the Numismatic Department of the Hermitage (Nos. 1364, 11614-11616, 14210-14216) have been studied and analyzed, on the basis of which the author concludes that their

of the 9th c., earlier than the AH/821-22AD monetary reform, carried out by the caliph Al-Mamun. The imitations were in circulation throughout the 9th c.

The second part of the paper “The imitations of Abbasid dirhams and the reattribution of Bagrat III’s silver coin” discusses the so-called Bagrat III (978-1014) silver coin. Its

– with spelling errors, and round it an illiterately written, illegible legend in Arabic. In the the centre of the reverse is the second part of the symbol of Islamic faith, in three lines, in faulty Arabic; around it runs a legend in Georgian asomtavruli: “O Christ, exalt Bagrat, king of the Abkhazians. According to D.Lang, this coin is simply a slavish imitation of early Abbasid dirhams. Actually it is a variety of Georgian imitations of Abbasid dirhams. A resemblance was found between the paleography of the Arabic legends of Bagrat’s coin and the imitations, and the same mistakes (e. g. Arabic “rasu” (messenger) on the reverse, instead of “rasul”).

The analysis of metal composition of Bagrat’s coin made it clear that its silver content is high (97.18), which is not characteristic of dirhams of the late 10th or the early 11th c. when there was a silver famine in the vast region of the Middle East. On the other hand, similarity is observable between it and some Hermitage imitations (94.25% – 97.54%). The author points

which raises doubts about the coin belonging to Bagrat III. By way of posing the problem, he suggests that the Bagrat under discussion is Bagrat I, Abkhazian king, who presumably reigned in the last decades of the 9th c. and even till the beginning of the 10th c.


irakli faRava

Sesavali

gaerTianebuli qarTl-kaxeTis samefos (1744-1801) spilenZis safa-

se sakmaod kargad aris Seswavlili – imdenad, ramdenadac es monetebis

tipologiasa da metrologias exeba.1 amasTanave, sul bolo dromde

gaurkveveli rCeboda xsenebuli qarTuli monetebis sakredito buneb-

is zogierTi aspeqti, kerZod ki – monetis TviTRirebulebasa da nomi-

nalur Rirebulebas Soris sxvaobis masStabi; anu, ra mogebis momtani

iyo saxelmwifosTvis, spilenZis safasis gamoSvebis saxiT, samoneto

regaliis ganxorcieleba. Cven ukve SevexeT am sakiTxs 2008 wels gamo-

qveynebul naSromSi, romelic ZiriTadad qarTl-kaxeTSi qarTuli Tu

ucxouri, imdroindeli Tu ufro Zveli monetebis dadamRvas exeboda.2

am mimarTulebiT kvleva Semdegac gavagrZeleT; miRebuli Sedegebis

safuZvelze amJamad SesaZleblad miviCnevT erTgvarad SevavsoT ze-

moaRniSnul statiaSi am sakiTxis irgvliv gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi.

mizani

winamdebare naSromis amocanaa axali monacemebis safuZvelze ganvix-

iloT qarTl-kaxeTis spilenZis safasis TviTRirebulebis Semadgeneli

erT-erTi ZiriTadi komponentis – Tavad liTonis Rirebuleba; Seviswav-

1

XVII-XVIII III

2 Irakli Paghava, Giorgi Lobzhanidze, Severiane Turkia, “Countermarking of Copper Coins in Late 18th Century Georgia,” Caucasian Numismatics, Papers on the Coinage of Kartl-Kakheti (Eastern

, 197 (2008), 38-46.

XI

221spilenZis Rirebuleba qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi

loT am epoqaSi sakredito spilenZis fulis gamoSvebis momgebianoba;

davadginoT Tanafardoba sxvadasxva samoneto liTonis Rirebulebas

Soris; SevexoT am sakiTxebis mniSvnelobas epoqisa da regionis numizma-

tikuri, iseve rogorc, sazogadod, ekonomikuri istoriis Sesaswavlad.

masalebi

dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad SeviswavleT qarTl-kaxeTis samefos

arsebobis bolo wlebis droindeli werilobiTi pirvelwyaroebi; ker-

Zod, Semdegi ori oficialuri sabuTi:

1. 1799 w. spilenZis xarjis nusxa;3

2. 1800 w. `maisis gasvlamdin~ spilenZis madnis Semosavlisa da xar-

jis nusxa.4

orive cnoba n. berZeniSvilma jer kidev 1955 wels gamosca, magram

maTi numizmatikuri mniSvneloba, rogorc Cans, Seufasebeli rCeboda5.

garda amisa, CvenTvis xelmisawvdomia agreTve n. berZeniSvilis mier

1938 wels gamoqveynebuli erTi,

3. 1800 wlis axlo droiT daTariRebuli sabuTi (#3723),6 romel-

ic, safiqrebelia, kerZo piris xarjebs asaxavs. is Semdegnairad iwyeba

– `Cems qvisls, iovane mdivans Cemis angariSis nusxa rom gamoegzavna,

es imisi piria gardmoRebuli~.7 sabuTi 1800 wlis Semdgomi periodiT

qaRaldis WvirniSnis mixedviT TariRdeba, romlis mxolod ori uka-

naskneli cifria Semonaxuli (`00~);8 magram, vinaidan saubari angariSis

nusxis pirzea, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom sabuTis dedani 1800 wlamdec

(davuSvaT, 1790-iani wlebis bolos?) daweriliyo.

3 masalebi saqarTvelos ekonomiuri istoriisaTvis: aRmSenebloba, saxelmwifo

ekonomika, qoneba, masalebi SearCia da gamosacemad moamzada n. berZeniSvilma, w. III

(Tbilisi, 1955), 130-1.

4 iqve, 132-4.

5 Tumca ki, es cnobebi gamoyenebulia qarTuli metrologiis Seswavlisas, Sead.

goCa jafariZe, narkvevi qarTuli metrologiis istoriidan (Tbilisi, 1973), 69, Sen.

204; 74, Sen. 237. sazogadod, n. berZeniSvilis mier gamocemul sabuTebs qarTveli

numizmatebic iyenebdnen. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia m. anTaZis naSromi, saqarTvelosa

da TurqeTis urTierToba XV-XVIII saukuneebSi numizmatikuri masalis mixedviT

(Tbilisi, 1982), 128, 130-1, 136.

6 masalebi saqarTvelos ekonomiuri istoriisaTvis: xelfasi, qira, fasebi, masalebi

SearCia da gamosacemad moamzada n. berZeniSvilma, w. I (Tbilisi, 1938), 172-3.

7 iqve, 172.

8 iqve.

222 irakli faRava

samive pirvelwyaros teqsti Seicavs iseT fragmentebs, sadac

spilenZis garkveuli odenoba konkretul TanxasTan (an oqros, anda

vercxlis osmaluri monetebis garkveul raodenobasTan) aris Se-

fardebuli. aqedan gamomdinare, SesaZlebeli xdeba spilenZis Rire-

bulebis gamoTvlac.

moviyvanT am cnobebs. zogjer, saxelmwifo xasiaTis orive sabuTis

fragmentebi erTsa da imave informacias Seicavs; erTi da igive infor-

macia mocemulia kerZo sabuTSic; aseT SemTxvevebSi mizanSewonilad

CavTvaleT gameorebuli cnobebis Sejereba – met-naklebad erTnairi

Sinaarsis fragmentebi erTad aris moyvanili.

saxelmwifo sabuTebi Seicavs Semdeg cnobebs:

cnoba 1. `q. kaTaTvis g. amas wina TveebSi lekis jarebis misacemaT

madnidam cq Tilani baTmani spilenZi qalaqs moutaniaT. amis qiraSi bo-

ZebiaT i¯v (16 Tumani). iqneba amis spilenZi2 nz, hoya a.

2 – aq gamotovebulia: `baTmani~.9

cnoba 2. `q. la. batons begTabegiSvili iovane mdivnisagan ¯n (50

Tumani) amdeni dauxarjavs. amaSi uboZebia spilenZi baTmani rp~.10

`q. batons mdivnis iovane beqTabegis-Svilisgan ¯n (ormocdaaTi

Tumani) amdeni dauxarjavs. amisTvis uboZebia spilenZi baTmani rp~.11

cnoba 3. `q. mariamobis ia. batonis oqmiT madnis aTi yaraulisaTvis

e yarauli momatebia. am ie yarauls miscemia naxevari jamagiri madanji

berZnebidan da naxevari sarqridam. e TveSi gavlili TveebiT iqna i¯b

c (12 Tumani da 2 minalTuni). iqneba amis spilenZi baTmani mb0, hoya b~.12

cnoba 4. `q. enkenisTvis e. berZen iovakim deli-balTas boZebia az-

rumidan qarxanajis moyvanis fexis qiraT yuruSi le. erTi iqneba.13 ama-

Si miscemia baTmani v0~.14

q. berZen iovakim deli-balTas azrumidan qarxanajis moyvanis fex-

is qiraT boZebia yuruSi le. amis spilenZi iqneba baTmani v0~.15

9 1799 w. spilenZis xarjis nusxa. masalebi saqarTvelos ekonomiuri istoriisaTvis,

w. III, 130.

10 iqve.

11 1800 w. `maisis gasvlamdin~ spilenZis madnis Semosavlisa da xarjis nusxa.

iqve,133.

12 1799 w. spilenZis xarjis nusxa. iqve, 130.

13 am orsityviani CanarTis mniSvneloba CvenTvis gaugebaria. safiqrebelia, rom

raRac sityva/sityvebi gamotovebulia.

14 iqve.

15 1800 w. `maisis gasvlamdin~ spilenZis madnis Semosavlisa da xarjis nusxa. iqve, 133.

223

cnoba 5. `q. z Tvis xarji purisa da xoragisa aris dReSi q (3

abazi), iqneba i¯b ju (12 Tumani, 8 minalTuni da 2 abazi), iqneba baT-

mani mv~.16

cnoba 6. `q. lekebisaTvis farCaze misacemaT erevnelebisagan as

ori Tumnis bamba syidula, amaSi baraTi boZebiaT sne amdeni spilenZi-

sa. amaSi zogi arRuTaSvili solomon minbaSis aman(a)Tqrobis xumsidan

mibarebiaT da danarComi ioridam miscemiaT, baTmani rib~.17

`q. erevnel vaWrebs batonis baraTi hqoniaT. im baraTSi zogi solo-

mon minbaSs miucia da imis angariS(S)i sweria, da aqedamac miuceminebia

spilenZi baTmani rib~.18

cnoba 7. `q. bazazebs farCis TanxaT asormoci Tumnis spilenZis

baraTi boZebiaT. amaSi mibarebia daviTa kvezerels baTmani o~.19

cnoba 8. `q. kavalerincks miscemia k¯a (ocdaerTi Tumani) amdeni.

amis spilenZi mosula da qiraSi miscemia x (eqvsi minalTuni). amis

spilenZi iqneba, baTmani Cvidmet abazobaze, baTmani ¡g, hoya e~.20

cnoba 9. `q. batons mirTmevia, soloman minbaSisa da daviTa kvezer-

elis xeliT, bajaRlis fluri J, amisTvis gasyidula baTmani J~.21

qvemoT moyvanili cnobebi amoRebulia kerZo xasiaTis sabuTidan:

cnoba 10. `w (oTxi minalTuni) q. a: baTmani spilenZi~.22

`w (oTxi minalTuni) q. a: baTmani spilenZi~.23

cnoba 11. `j (rva minalTuni) q. b: baTmani spilenZi~.24

cnoba 12. ¯b j (ori Tumani da rva minalTuni) q. b: baTmani spilenZi~.25

rogorc vxedavT, am sam sabuTSi moipoveba 12 cnoba, romelSic spilen-

Zis garkveuli odenoba, garkveuli fuladi TanxiT aris gamoxatuli.

fuladi sistema

fuladi Tanxebi, ZiriTadad, mocemulia im drois qarTl-kaxeTSi


17 1800 w. `maisis gasvlamdin~ spilenZis madnis Semosavlisa da xarjis nusxa. iqve,

133.


19 1800 w. `maisis gasvlamdin~ spilenZis madnis Semosavlisa da xarjis nusxa. iqve, 133.

20 iqve, 134.

21 iqve.

22 sabuTi No3723. masalebi saqarTvelos ekonomiuri istoriisaTvis, w. III, 172.

23 iqve, 173.

24 iqve, 172.

25 iqve, 173.

spilenZis Rirebuleba qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi

224

miRebuli fuladi sistemis mixedviT. am dros, saxelmwifoSi, praqti-

kulad, vercxlis monometalizmi iyo gabatonebuli. Sesabamisad,

rodesac Tanxebi monetis saxeobis miuTiTeblad aris moyvanili, ig-

ulisxmeba qarTl-kaxeTis e.w. vercxlis sirma-abazebi.

aucilebelia miRebuli fuladi sistemis mokled ganmarteba:

gavrcelebuli iyo Semdegi saangariSo26 fuladi erTeulebi: Tumani

(maqsimaluri fuladi erTeuli) da minalTuni; da monetaruli fuladi

erTeuli abazi (e.w. sirma abazi, nominalurad 3.07 grami wonis maRali

sinjis/sufTa vercxlis moneta – gviandeli qarTl-kaxeTis vercxlis

emisiebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli nominali). ukninesi fuladi erTeuli

iyo dinari/alTuni, romelsac agreTve ar gaaCnda monetaruli Sesaty-

visi – yvelaze mcire realur nominalebs Seadgenda fuli da naxevari

fuli (iWreboda spilenZSi; spilenZis ufro xSiri nominalebi iyo bisti

da naxevari bisti – igive ori fuli). Tanafardoba maT Soris mogvyavs

cxrilis saxiT:

garda amisa, erT-erT cnobaSi (9) gvxvdeba kidev erTi qarTuli

samoneto termini fluri. sityva `fluri~ florenciis oqros mon-

etis florinis saxelwodebidan modis, magram saqarTveloSi, rogorc

Cans, veneciur dukats aRniSnavda; mogvianebiT terminma dakarga Ta-

visi specifikuri mniSvneloba da mxolod metrologiuri (woniTi) Si-

naarsi SeinarCuna.27 Tu flurs daaxloebiT 3.5-gramian maRali sinjis

(`sufTa~) oqros monetad miviCnevT, xolo oqrosa da vercxlis Ri-

rebulebis Sefardebad aviRebT 1:15-Tan,28 maSin gamova rom 3.5 grami

26 romelsac ar qonda Sesatyvisi realurad arsebuli monetis saxiT.

27 revaz qebulaZe, evropuli monetebis mimoqceva saqarTveloSi XV-XVIII

saukuneebSi (Tbilisi, 1971), 13-7.

28 irakli faRava, ioseb biWikaSvili, raul Caganava, qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi oqros monetis

(Sauris) gamoSveba (istoriuli sabuTebisa da faqtobrivi masalis mixedviT)~, xelnaweri.

minalTuni abazi bisti1/2

bistifuli

naxevari

fuli dinari

Tumani 10 50 500 1,000 2,000 4,000 10,000

minalTuni 5 50 100 200 400 1,000

abazi 10 20 40 80 200

bisti 2 4 8 20

1/2 bisti 2 4 10

fuli 2 5

naxevari

fuli2.5

irakli faRava

225

oqros Semcveli fluris Rirebuleba iyo 17.1 sirma abazis (3.07 grami

maRali sinjis, e.w. `sufTa~ vercxli) toli29 (3.5 º 15 º 3.07 = 17.10).

garda qarTuli (ufro swored, gaqarTulebuli – naturalize-

buli) fuladi terminologiisa, zemoT moyvanil erT-erT cnobaSi

(4) naxmaria osmaluri fuladi erTeulic – yuruSi. samwuxarod,

SeuZlebelia imis Tqma, Tu ra yuruSzea saubari – XVIII saukunis me-

ore naxevris osmalo sulTnebis (osman III, mustafa III, abdul-hamid

I, selim III) yuruSis nominalis monetebis wona mudmivad icvleboda

(mcirdeboda);30 meryeobda, rogorc Cans, am monetebis sinjic. ase,

magaliTad, abdul-hamid I-is yuruSis wona 18.20 grams Seadgenda, ma-

Sin rodesac Semdegi sulTnis, selim III-is yuruSi ukve mxolod 12.44

grams iwonida.31 mosalodnelia, rom qarTl-kaxeTSi mimoiqceoda ara

marto ganxiluri sami dokumentis Sedgenis Tanamedrovis – selim III-

is yuruSebi,32 aramed winamorbedi sulTnis (abdul-hamid I-is)33 igive

nominalis safasec.

wonis erTeulebi

spilenZis odenobis gadmosacemad or saxelmwifo sabuTSi naxmaria

terminebi Tilani baTmani, baTmani, hoya, stili, litra. eseni wonis er-

Teulebia da XVIII saukunis aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi maT Semdegi mniS-

vneloba qonda:34

Tilani baTmani (SemoklebiT Tilani) = 6 oyas = 48 Tuxts (= 7.34 kg)

oya (igive hoya an oka) = 8 Tuxts (stils) (= 1.224 kg)

litra = 20 stils

29 XVIII saukuneSi saqarTveloSi flurisa da abazis kursis meryeobisTvis ix.

qebulaZe, evropuli monetebis mimoqceva saqarTveloSi XV-XVIII saukuneebSi, 35-

9. moyvanili cnobebi kritikul ganxilvas saWiroebs.

30 Anton Schaendlinger, Osmanische Numismatik (Braunschweig, 1973), 73-4.31 iqve, 74.

32 Tumca maTi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi povnis faqtebi CvenTvis cnobili ar

aris.

33 am osmalo sulTnis yuruSebi napovnia uwindeli qarTl-kaxeTis samefos

teritoriaze: manglissa (anTaZe, saqarTvelosa da TurqeTis urTierToba XV-XVIII

saukuneebSi numizmatikuri masalis mixedviT, 81, #41) da kaspSi (iqve, 121, #4); goris

raionis sof. tyviavSi napovnia abdul-hamid I-is kidev erTi 21.6 grami wonis moneta

(yuruSi?) (iqve, 78, #18;IV #1213).

34 jafariZe, narkvevi qarTuli metrologiis istoriidan, 68-9, 73-4.


226

oyis woniTi mniSvneloba, rogorc Cans, arsebiT cvlilebas ar

ganicdida, da igivenairi iyo rogorc XVII-XVIII, aseve XIX saukuneebis

monacemebiT,35 rodesac saqarTvelos umetesi nawili ukve ruseTis imperi-

is mier dapyrobil-aneqsirebuli iyo. aqedan gamomdinare, oyiT gamoxatu-

li woniTi erTeulis absoluturi mniSvneloba eWvs ar unda iwvevdes.

magram, aucilebelia ganisazRvros, Tu rogori baTmani igulisxme-

ba (Tilani, didi Tu mcire) im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac teqstSi miTiTebu-

lia ara `Tilani baTmani~, aramed ubralod `baTmani~ – es `baTmani~ ig-

ive Tilani baTmania (6-oyiani), didi baTmania (8-oyiani), Tu mcire baT-

mania (2-oyiani).36 sabednierod, amis dadgena xerxdeba Tavad sabuTebSi

moyvanili Sefardebebis safuZvelze; moviyvanT Sesabamis cnobebs:

cnoba 13. `q. qristeSobis k. batoniSvil bagrats mirTmevia spilen-

Zi litra m. iqneba baTmani iv0, hoya a~.37 e.i. 40 litra = 16.5 baTmansa da 1

oyas;

`q. batoniSvil bagrats mirTmevia spilenZi litra m, iqneba baTmani

iv, hoya d~.38 e.i. 40 litra = 16 baTmansa da 4 oyas;

cnoba 14. `q. ColoyaSvil giorgis boZebia litra m, iqneba baTmani

iv, hoya d~.39 e.i. 40 litra = 16 baTmansa da 4 oyas;

cnoba 15. `q. erTi siiT anwuxel lekebs boZebia litra iz, iqneba

baTmani z, stili d~.40 e.i. 17 litra = 7 baTmansa da 4 stils (0.5 oyas);

cnoba 16. `q. anwuxel qeranaSvils g cxenisaTvis litra ib, iqneba

baTmani e~.41 e.i. 12 litra = 5 baTmans.

cnoba 13 faqtobrivad, orjer meordeba 1799 da 1800 ww. dokumen-

tebSi. orive SemTxvevaSi saubaria batoniSvil bagratisadmi spilenZis

mirTmevaze, 40 litras odenobiT. oRond baTmanis sistemaSi es 40 li-

tra sxvadasxvanairad aris gadayvanili. erT SemTxvevaSi is gatolebu-

lia 16.5 baTmansa da 1 oyasTan, meoreSi ki – 16 baTmansa da 4 oyasTan.

gasagebia, rom naxevari baTmani gatolebulia 3 oyasTan, anu saubaria

6-oyian baTmanze.

35 iqve, 74.

36 iqve, 69.

371799w.spilenZisxarjisnusxa.masalebisaqarTvelosekonomiuriistoriisaTvis,

w. III, 131.

38 1800 w. `maisis gasvlamdin~ spilenZis madnis Semosavlisa da xarjis nusxa.

masalebi saqarTvelos ekonomiuri istoriisaTvis, w. III, 133.

39 iqve.

40 iqve.

41 iqve, 134.

irakli faRava

227

am mosazrebis sasargeblod metyvelebs isic, rom cnoba 13-sa da

14-Si 8-oyiani baTmani rom egulisxmaT, albaT ufro miuTiTebdnen 16.5

baTmans, da ara 16 baTmansa da 4 oyas. amave cnobebSi mcire, 2-oyiani baT-

mani rom egulisxmaT, sabuTebSi miTiTebuli iqneboda ara 16 baTmani da

4 oya, aramed 18 baTmani.

am ori cnobidan (13 da 14) isic gamomdinareobs, rom erTi oya udris

0.4 litras, erTi 6-oyiani baTmani ki 2.4 litras.

igive Tanafardoba dasturdeba cnobebSi 15 (17 litra = 7 baTman-

sa da 0.5 oyas) da 16 (12 litra = 5 baTmans); ase rom, am cnobebSic ig-

ulisxmeba 6-oyiani anu Tilani baTmani.

maSasadame, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom am or sabuTSi baTmanis xsen-

ebisas yovelTvis igulisxmeba 6-oyiani Tilani baTmani – sabuTis sxva-

dasxva fragmentSi gamoyenebuli terminis (`baTmanis~) mniSvneloba ar

icvleba, rac bunebrivicaa.

Cveni azriT, 6-oyian Tilan baTmans unda gulisxmobdes praqtiku-

lad igive drois kerZo sabuTSi naxmari terminic `baTmani~.

spilenZis Rirebuleba – ganxilva

ganvixiloT cnobebi ama Tu im odenobis spilenZis Rirebulebis

Sesaxeb:

cnoba 1-is Tanaxmad 57 Tilani baTmani da 1 oya = 800 abazs; anu, 1

Tilani baTmani = 13.99 abazs;

cnoba 2-is Tanaxmad 180 [Tilani] baTmani = 2500 abazs; 1 [Tilani]

baTmani = 13.89 abazs;

cnoba 3-is Tanaxmad 42.5 [Tilani] baTmani da 2 oya = 610 abazs; 1

[Tilani] baTmani = 14.24 abazs;

cnoba 5-is Tanaxmad 46 [Tilani] baTmani = 642 abazs; 1 [Tilani] baT-

mani = 13.96 abazs;

cnoba 6-is Tanaxmad 255 [Tilani] baTmani = 5100 abazi; 1 [Tilani]

baTmani = 20 abazs. wina cnobebTan SedarebiT baTmani spilenZis amgvari

gaZvireba yuradRebas ipyrobs. SesaZleblad migvaCnia – amas sami sxva-

dasxvanairi ganmarteba moeZebnos (SesaZloa, mizezi samive, an erTze

meti garemoeba mainc yofiliyo, an amas kidev raime sxva mizezi qonoda):

1. saqme gvaqvs barterul gacvlasTan – spilenZi miebaraT baraTis

mixedviT, bambis sanacvlod; naRdi angariSsworebisgan gansxvavebiT,

barteruli gacvlisas saqonlisTvis SeiZleba ufro maRali fasi daew-

esebinaT;


228

2. spilenZi am SemTxvevaSi saeqsportod (erevnelebisTvis) iyo gan-

kuTvnili – anu, iseTi bazrisTvis (erevnis saxano?) sadac spilenZis

qarTl-kaxeTTan (TbilisTan?) SedarebiT iqneb ufro Zvirad gayidva

iyo SesaZlebeli;

3. moxda spilenZis ZaldatanebiT gasaReba ara-ekonomikuri wesiT,

ara-sabazro fasad, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mxridan Zaldatanebis

Sedegad – erevneli vaWrebis mier spilenZis am fasad miReba maTi mT-

lad nebayoflobiTi gadawyvetileba ar iyo.

cnoba 8-is teqstSi naxsenebia `kavalerincks~ (Tu kavaleri-

nckisTvis?)42 micemuli 1050 abazi da, rogorc Cans, damatebiT `micemu-

li~ 30 abazi; rac `spilenZi iqneba~ 63 baTmani da 5 oya. amasTanave, cnoba

Seicavs pirdapir miTiTebas baTmanis Rirebulebaze: `baTmani Cvidmet

abazobaze~; 1 [Tilani] baTmani = 17 abazs. [Tilani] baTmanis Rirebule-

ba am SemTxvevaSi sagrZnoblad aRemateba sxva cnobebis umravlesobis

(1-3 da 5) mixedviT gamoTvlil Rirebulebas (iqneb swored amis gamo es

maRali Rirebuleba dokumentis teqstSi sagangebod miuTiTes). `Cvid-

met abazobaze~ gaTvlili 63 baTmani da 5 oya spilenZi iZleva 1085.17

abazs, rac 5.17 abaziT aRemateba cnobis teqstSi miTiTebuli Tanxebis

jams (savaraudod, gaTvlebSi Secdoma aris daSvebuli).

cnoba 7-is Tanaxmad 70 [Tilani] baTmani = 7000 abazi; TiTqosda,

gamodis, rom 1 baTmani = 100 abazs; spilenZis aseTi siZvire (miT ufro

imave dokumentebis sxva cnobebis gaTvaliswinebiT) yovlad warmoudg-

enelia. cnobis teqsti (`bazazebs farCis TanxaT asormoci Tumnis

spilenZis baraTi boZebiaT. amaSi mibarebia daviTa kvezerels baT-

mani o~) ar gamoricxavs imas, rom daviTa kvezerelisTvis mibarebuli

spilenZis raodenoba gamiznuli iyo am liTonSi nominirebuli valis

mxolod nawilobriv gasastumreblad.

cnoba 4-is mixedviT 6.5 [Tilani] baTmani = 35 yuruSs; 1 [Tilani]

baTmani = 5.38 yuruSs. samwuxarod, rogorc zemoT ukve aRiniSna, am

etapze ver xerxdeba imis Tqma, Tu romel da ra Rirebulebis yuruSzea

saubari. aqedan gamomdinare es cnoba CvenTvis gamousadegaria.

cnoba 9-s mixedviT 90 [Tilani] baTmani = 90 flurs; 1 [Tilani] baT-

mani = 1 flurs. zemoT moyvanili gamoTvlebis mixedviT 1 fluri = 17.1

abazs, e.i. 1 [Tilani] baTmani = 17.1 abazs. aRsaniSnavia TiTqmis sruli

Sesabamisoba cnoba 8-sTan.

42 am sityvis mniSvneloba CvenTvis gaugebaria.

irakli faRava

229

rac Seexeba kerZo sabuTs,

cnoba 10-is mixedviT 1 [Tilani] baTmani = 20 abazs;

cnoba 11-is mixedviT 2 [Tilani] baTmani = 40 abazs; 1 [Tilani] baT-

mani = 20 abazs;

cnoba 12-is mixedviT 2 [Tilani] baTmani = 140 abazs; TiTqosda,

gamodis, rom 1 [Tilani] baTmani = 70 abazs; es Rirebuleba aSkarad gada-

Warbebuli gamodis da realobas ar unda Seesabamebodes. savaraudod,

an sabuTis Semdegenels (ìovane mdivans~) an mis gamomcemels raRac

Secdoma aqvs daSvebuli; sabuTic garkveulwilad gaugebaria; aRsaniS-

navia, rom furclis meore mxares moTavsebuli informacia metwilad

imeorebs wina mxares moyvanil monacemebs – iqneb ubralod Secdomaa

daSvebuli da meore mxares 2 spilenZis baTmanis Rirebulebad unda

iyos miTiTebuli `j~, rogorc wina mxares, da ara ` b j~? maSin cnoba 12

cnoba 11-is identuri iqneboda (cnoba 10-Sic xom realurad ori iden-

turi cnobaa gaerTianebuli).

spilenZis Rirebuleba – Sedegebi

xsenebuli sabuTebis Seswavlis Sedegad dgindeba qarTl-kaxeTis

mTavrobis gankargulebaSi myofi da Semdeg gasxvisebuli, da spilenZis

am gasxvisebis procesSi gamovlenili Rirebuleba.

1799-1800 ww. ori saxelmwifo sabuTis mixedviT 1 [Tilani] baTmani

(7.34 kg) spilenZis Rirebuleba meryeobda 13.89-14.24 abazis farglebSi

(cnobebi 1-3, 5) da zogierT, Cveni azriT ufro albaT gansakuTrebul

SemTxvevaSi daaxloebiT 17 (cnobebi 8-9) da 20 abazsac ki aRwevda (cnoba

6). mesame (kerZo) sabuTis mixedviT, spilenZSi igive Tanxis (20 abazi Ti-

lan baTmanSi) gadaxda mouwia kerZo pirsac (cnobebi 10-12).

Tu [Tilan] baTmans gramebSi (= 7,340 g) gadaviyvanT, abazs ki din-

arebSi43 (1 abazi = 200 dinars), gamova rom 1 grami spilenZis Rirebuleba

xSirad Seadgenda 0.38-0.39 dinars (cnobebi 1-3, 5) da zogjer 0.46 (cnoba

8) da 0.54 dinarsac (cnobebi 6, 10-11) ki aRwevda.

zemoT ganxiluli ori dokumenti (1799 w. spilenZis xarjis nusxa;

1800 w. `maisis gasvlamdin~ spilenZis madnis Semosavlisa da xarjis

nusxa) saxelmwifo sabuTs warmoadgenda, qarTl-kaxeTis saxelmwifo/

mefe ki uSualod iyo CarTuli aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi dambluRis,

43 `dinarSi~ Cven e.w. qarTul dinars vgulisxmobT, vinaidan amierkavkasiis sxva

saxelmwifoebSi (saxanoebSi) vercxlis abazis (anu 200 dinaris) wona mudmivad

meryeobda.


230

alaverdisa da SambluRis spilenZis madnebis (fiskalur) eqspluataci-

aSi – magaliTad alaverdis qarxnidan is iRebda gamodnobili spilenZis

10-12%-s;44 amasTanave, es cifri aSkarad miuTiTebs, rom xelisufleba

ar warmoadgenda monopolists spilenZis bazarze. es garemoeba ki,

Cveni azriT, metyvelebs imaze, rom oficialur dokumentebSi asaxu-

li cifrebi met-naklebi sizustiT asaxavs spilenZis imdroindel sa-

bazro Rirebulebas – xelisuflebas gauWirdeboda Tavisi spilenZis

mTeli maragis gadaWarbebul fasSi gasaReba (imaze ukve aRarafers vam-

bobT, rom spilenZis nawili mainc – meti nawili? – xmardeboda iseTi

produqciis warmoebas, rogoric iyo zarbaznebi, yumbarebi, WurWeli);45

piriqiT, sazogadod, saxelmwifo biurokratiuli aparatisTvis damax-

asiaTebeli mouqnelobis gaTvaliswinebiT, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom

spilenZis gasxvisebas igive memadne xelosnebi ufro maRal fasadac ax-

erxebdnen. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia spilenZis maRali Rirebuleba mesame

dokumentSi, romelic ukve kerZo piris angariSis nusxas warmoadgens

(ix. qveviT). Cveni azriT, miRebuli daskvnebi sarwmunoa.

spilenZis Tanafardoba vercxlsa da oqrosTan

spilenZisa da vercxlis RirebulebaTa Tanafardobis dasadgenad,

jer abazis wona (3.07 g) masSi dinarebis raodenobaze (200) unda gavyoT;

gamoangariSeba cxadyofs, rom vercxlis 1 dinari Seesabameba 0.015 g

vercxls. 1 grami spilenZis Rirebuleba ki Sesabamisad meryeobda 0.006-

0.008 g vercxlis farglebSi. Tanafardoba vercxlsa da spilenZs Soris

Cveni masalis Tanaxmad meryeobda Semdeg farglebSi – 1:125-167.

rac Seexeba spilenZisa da oqros RirebulebaTa Tanafardobas, cno-

ba 9-Si pirdapir aris miTiTebuli: `bajaRlis fluri J, amisTvis gasyid-

ula baTmani J~. e.i., am SemTxvevaSi, [Tilani] baTmanis, anu 7.340 g spilen-

Zis Rirebuleba utoldeboda 3.50 grami [met-naklebad sufTa] oqros;

Sesabamisad, Tanafardoba oqrosa da spilenZs Soris gamodis Semdegi:

1:2097. garda amisa, rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, oqrosTan vercxlis

Tanafardoba sakvlev epoqaSi SeiZleba miviCnioT daaxloebiT Semdegis

tolad – 1:15 (bunebrivia, oqros Rirebuleba drodadro meryeobda kide-

vac). wina gamoTlis Sedegsac Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, gamodis rom oqros

Tanafardoba spilenZTan meryeobda Semdeg farglebSi: 1:1875-2505.

44 dermiSa gogolaZe, samTamadno, samTo-saqarxno mrewveloba saqarTveloSi da

kapitalizmis genezisis zogierTi sakiTxi (XVIII-XIX ss) (Tbilisi, 1966), 11.

45 iqve, 18.

irakli faRava

231

qarTl-kaxeTis spilenZis safasis TviTRirebuleba

garda zogadi istoriul-ekonomikuri mniSvnelobisa, spilenZis

Rirebulebis dadgenas aqvs friad sagulisxmo numizmatikuri mniS-

vnelobac – spilenZi gaerTianebuli qarTl-kaxeTis saxelmwifos erT-

erT wamyvan samoneto liTons warmoadgenda. qarTl-kaxeTis spilenZis

safasis woniTi standarti drodadro icvleboda,46 amitom, saukunis

dasasrulis droindeli sabuTebis mixedviT gamoTvlili spilenZis

Rirebuleba koreqtuli iqneboda Segvefarda, pirvel yovlisa, swored

Tanadroul spilenZis safasesTan.

1799 da 1800 wlebiT, iseve rogorc 1800 wlis axlo droiT daTari-

Rebul dokumentebTan qronologiurad yvelaze axlos dgas qarTl-

kaxeTis is safase, romelic giorgi XII-sa da daviT batoniSvilis mier

iWreboda: giorgi XII-is yvela spilenZis moneta h. 1213 wliT (1798/9)

aris daTariRebuli,47 xolo, daviT batoniSvilis mmarTvelobis peri-

odSi gamoSvebul unikalur monetaze ki TariRad miTiTebulia h. 1215 w.

(1800/1).48 am ukanasknelis woniT standartze ver vimsjelebT, vinaidan

cnobaSi moyvanilia erTaderTi cali (woniT 14.98 g),49 da SeuZlebelia

imis Tqma, Tu ramdenad damaxasiaTebelia is miRebuli woniTi standar-

tisTvis. giorgi XII-is spilenZis safase ki sam nominalad aris cnobili:

bisti (20 dinari), naxevari-bisti (10 dinari) da fuli (5 dinari);50 nomi-

nalebis wonebi erTmaneTs unda Seefardebodes rogorc 4:2:1;51 paxomov-

isTvis xelmisawvdomi egzemplarebis mixedviT (romelTagan zogi, sava-

raudod, met-naklebad gacveTili iqneboda)52 am nominalebis saSualo

wona Seadgenda 18.44, 9.23 da 4.12 grams, amasTanave, zemoT moyvanili Se-

fardeba sakmaod mkacrad aris daculi.53

46 XVII-XVIII ., 101, 104, 107.47 , 268.48 iqve, 269;

IV II, #13.49 informacia am unikaluri monetis wonis Sesaxeb miRebulia berlinidan: Staatliche

Museen zu Berlin, Münzkabinett.50 XVII-XVIII ., 104, 107-9.51 iqve, 104.

52 sazogadod, qarTl-kaxeTis spilenZis safasis TiTqmis yvela nimuSi sakmaod

gacveTili saxiT aris Semonaxuli.

53 ramdenadac es saSualo maCveneblebs exeba. calkeul individualur

SemTxvevebSi bunebrivia, saSualosgan sakmaod gamoxatuli gadaxrebi

aRiniSneba (iqve, 104, 109), rac ara marto monetebis sxvadasxvanairi xarisxiT


232

maSasadame, davuSvaT, qarTl-kaxeTis saSualod 9.23-gramiani naxe-

var-bistiani moneta (Cveni dakvirvebebiT, giorgi XII-is yvelaze maso-

brivi spilenZis nominali)54 Seicavda saSualod 3.51-3.60 (ix. cnobebi

1-3, 5), anda 4.25 (ix. cnoba 8) Tu 4.98 dinaris (ix. cnobebi 6, 10-12) Ri-

rebulebis spilenZs, magram hqonda nominaluri Rirebuleba 10 dinari.

maSasadame, spilenZis TviTRirebuleba Seadgenda spilenZis safasis

Rirebulebis Sesabamisad 35.1-36.0 (ix. cnobebi 1-3, 5), anda 42.5 (ix. cno-

ba 8) Tu 49.8% (ix. cnobebi 6, 10-12). wina periodis, erekle II-is zeobis

droindeli spilenZis nominalebis wonebi ramdenadme gansxvavebulia

(da cvalebadicaa),55 magram samoneto liTonis TviTRirebulebis xve-

driTi wili didad gansxvavebuli ar iqneboda, yovel SemTxvevaSi, mas

Semdeg, rac amuSavda dambluRis, alaverdisa da SambluRis spilen-

Zsadnobi sawarmoebi.

miTiTebulidan Tu romeli cifria realobasTan yvelaze axlos,

Zneli saTqmelia. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tbilisis zarafxana ijariT gaicemo-

da.56 Cven ar gagvaCnia pirdapiri dokumenturi cnobebi imaze, Tu ra fas-

ad, da, rac mTavaria, ra wesiT – ramdenad SeRavaTianad SeeZlo samoneto

liTonis SeZena zarafxanis de facto administracias giorgi XII-is zeobaSi.

ar aris gamoricxuli, rom saxelmwifo damatebiTi mogebis mizniT moi-

jaradreebs avaldebulebda xelisuflebisgan spilenZi gazrdil fas-

ad CaebarebinaT. meores mxriv ki, gaurkvevelia, warmoadgenda Tu ara

zarafxana pirwminda komerciul sawarmos damatebiTi saxelmwifo sub-

sidirebis gareSe, romelsac spilenZi mosaWrelad sabazro fasad unda

SeeZina (davuSvaT, erevnelebsaviT – 20 abazad baTmani, anu 0.54 dinarad

grami?). ar aris gamoricxuli, rom zarafxanis sawarmos saxelmwifosgan/

mefisgan ijariT aReba imasac gulisxmobda, rom moijaradreebs piriqiT,

spilenZi SeiZleba SeRavaTian fasad mieRoT. iqidan gamomdinare, rom me-

fis xelSi gadadioda mopovebuli spilenZis mxolod 10-12%,57 danarCens

ki madanCebi damoukideblad yididnen, bazarze spilenZi iSviaTobas ar

gacveTiT, aramed moWris SedarebiT mdare teqnikiTac unda aixsnebodes.

54 sayuradReboa, rom Cveni gamocdilebiT, misi winamorbedis – erekle II-is bolo

drois spilenZis safasedan (rusuli arwivis gamosaxulebiT) ufro xSirad bistis

nominalis monetebi gvxvdeba.

55 , 273-4, 276.56 nikoloz qoiava, fulis mimoqceva, krediti da finansebi XVIII saukunis qarTl-

kaxeTSi (Tbilisi, 1963), 39-40.

57gogolaZe,samTamadno, samTo-saqarxno mrewveloba saqarTveloSi da kapitaliz-

mis genezisis zogierTi sakiTxi (XVIII-XIX ss), 11.

irakli faRava

233

warmoadgenda (es liToni qarTl-kaxeTidan xom mraval mezobel saxelm-

wifoSic gaqondaT).58

nebismier SemTxvevaSi, Cveni azriT, ar iqneba Secdoma vifiqroT,

rom zarafxanisTvisac spilenZis Rirebuleba zemoT moyvanil farg-

lebSi meryeobda, anu, liTonis TviTRirebuleba Seadgenda spilenZis

safasis nominaluri Rirebulebis daaxloebiT 35-50%-s. amasTanave,

safiqrebelia rom es maCvenebeli ar iyo stabiluri, da spilenZis TviT-

RirebulebasTan erTad meryeobas ganicdida, Tumca, safiqrebelia,

arcTu farTo farglebSi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom Cvens wina naSromSi sxva pirvelwyaroebis monace-

mebiT gamoTvlilma spilenZis TviTRirebulebam Seadgina spilenZis

safasis nominaluri Rirebulebis daaxloebiT 53%;59 Cven maSinve gam-

ovTqviT varaudi, rom spilenZis safasis nominalur Rirebulebas

ganzrax aormagebdnen mis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali liTonis sabazro

RirebulebasTan SedarebiT.60 axla ukve SegviZlia davazustoT, rom

nominalur Rirebulebas SesaZloa araTu aormagebdnen, iqneb TiTqmis

asammagebdnen kidevac.

rasakvirvelia, rogorc es ukve aRvniSneT,61 safasis TviTRirebule-

baSi Sedioda ara marto samoneto liTonis Rirebuleba; mas emateboda

administraciis, muSa-xelis, xelsawyoebis xarjebic. amasTanave, Cveni

azriT, wamyvani xarji mainc liTonisa iyo. xeliT naWedi monetebis (e.w.

hammered coins) gamosaSvebad saWiro xelsawyoebi sakmaod primitiuli

iyo,62 administraciuli aparati ki – minimaluri;63 rac Seexeba muSa-xelis

anazRaurebas, saintereso iqneboda (alternatiuli, zusti monacemebis

ararsebobis pirobebSi), gagvevlo paraleli buxaris saxanosTan, sadac

moWrili 576 monetidan muSebi gasamrjelos saxiT iRebdnen mxolod

58 Paghava, Lobzhanidze, Turkia, “Countermarking of Copper Coins in Late 18th Century Georgia”, 41.59 iqve, 41-2.

60 iqve, 42.

61 iqve.

62 irakli faRava, `Tbilisuri monetebis woniTi standarti, nominalTa sistema

da moWris teqnika (avSarianTa dinastiis periodi)~, axali da uaxlesi istoriis

sakiTxebi, No1(7) (2010), 520-6.

63 Sead. mdgomareobas buxaris zarafxanaSi, romelic XIX saukuneSi monetas

agreTve, ase vTqvaT, kustaruli meTodebiT uSvebda.

XVIIIXX , VI (1966), 260-2.


234

4-s, anu saerTo ricxvis 0.69%-s;64 amasTanave, am SemTxvevaSi es 4 moneta

vercxlis iyo, anu, spilenZTan SedarebiT mainc, garkveul faseulobas

warmoadgenda. meores mxriv, xeliT Wedvac ki, zogierTi mkvlevris az-

riT, iZleoda wuTSi 6 monetamde damzadebis saSualebas;65 Sesabamisad,

samuSao dRis ganmavlobaSi (10 sT?) 2-3 kacisgan Semdgar gunds SeeZlo

3600 monetamde moeWra. amgvari warmadobis SeemTxvevaSi, muSa-xelze da-

naxarjebi procentulad SedarebiT mcire iqneboda. ar aris gamoricx-

uli, rom rusi damkvirveblis 1893 wliT daTariRebuli SeeniSvna bux-

aris zarafxanaSi miRebul teqnikur meTodebTan dakavSirebiT iqneb XVIII

saukunis bolos qarTl-kaxeTsac udgebodes – ès yvelaferi Zalian did

drosa da Sromas moiTxovs. magram buxaraSi pirveli arafrad fasobs, me-

ore ki arc ise Zviria~.66 am sakiTxis, anu zarafxanis muSakTa anazRaure-

bis miaxloebiT mainc gasarkvevad, damatebiTi kvlevaa saWiro.67

monacemebis retrospeqtuli da geografiuli ganzogadeba

Cveni azriT, dasaSvebia, garkveuli sifrTxiliT, ganvazogadoT

miRebuli Sedegebi.

vgulisxmobT, pirvel rigSi, retrospeqtul ganzogadebas. Cven

ar gvaqvs monacemebi wina aTwleulebSi qarTl-kaxeTSi (da, sazoga-

dod, amierkavkasiaSi) spilenZis Rirebulebis meryeobis farglebis

Sesaxeb. magram 1763-70 ww. spilenZis regionalur bazarze am liTonis

metad msxvili da axali mimwodeblis – dambluRis, alaverdisa da Sam-

bluRis spilenZsadnobi qarxnebis~ gaCenis68 Semdeg igive mniSvnelobis

faqtoris amoqmedeba, romelic spilenZis fasze moaxdenda zegavlenas

– CvenTvis ucnobia; ibadeba azri, rom 1763-70 ww. cvlilebis Semdeg

spilenZis Rirebuleba met-naklebad stabiluri darCeboda.

aqve mokled SevexebiT de facto da Semdeg ukve de jure gaerTianebuli

qarTl-kaxeTis arsebobis periodSi am saxelmwifos spilenZis safa-

sis woniTi standartis cvalebadobis69 mokle istorias. es cvlilebe-

64 iqve, 261, 273.

65

XXVI66 iqve, 271.

67 dagegmilia am mimarTulebiT Cveni muSaobis Sedegebis calke naSromis saxiT

gamoqveyneba.

68 gogolaZe, samTamadno, samTo-saqarxno mrewveloba saqarTveloSi da

kapitalizmis genezisis zogierTi sakiTxi (XVIII-XIX ss), 10.

69 , 273-4, 276.

irakli faRava

235

bi, Cveni azriT, uSualo kavSirSi iyo monetebis Semadgeneli liTonis

– spilenZis, Tundac ucvlel RirebulebasTan. TiToeul SemTxveva-

Si woniTi standartis Secvlas SeiZleba orgvari axsna moeZebnos –

fiskaluri datvirTvis gazrda (nominalis ucvlelad ufro msubuqi

monetebis gamoSvebisas; es movlena, Teoriulad, spilenZis gaZvirebasac

SeeZlo gamoewvia, magram qarTl-kaxeTSi spilenZis warmoebis ganviTare-

bis gaTvaliswinebiT es nakleb mosalodnelia); an, piriqiT, Teoriulad

mainc, spilenZis warmoebis amuSavebis Sedegad bazarze spilenZis didi

raodenobiT gamoCenis Semdeg masze fasebis klebis Semdeg – nominalis

Seucvlelad monetebis wonis gazrda, rom spilenZis safase naklebad

sakredito gamxdariyo (masSi Semavali liTonis TviTRirebuleba nakle-

bad CamorCenoda monetaze saxelmwifos mier dawesebul iZulebiT fass

– monetis nominals). Tu gadavxedavT qarTl-kaxeTis spilenZis safasis

woniTi standartis cvlilebebs, SesaZlebeli xdeba Semdegi etapebis

gamoyofa (simartivisTvis erTmaneTs vadarebT ZiriTadad naxevarbis-

tiani nominalis wonas, romelic yvela periodSi iWreboda):

h. 1190 wels (1776/7) ufro adre, h. 1179 wels (1765/6) gamoSvebu-

li naxevarbistianis (8.0-8.75), fulisa (4.0-4.15) da naxevari fulis (2.0-

2.25) Canacvleba70 uCveulo wonis mqone, Sesabamisad 11.0-12.5, 5.5-6.25

da daaxloebiT 3 g-iani nominalebiT. am SemTxvevaSi, rogorc es ukve e.

paxomovma aRniSna,71 ar gvaqvs safuZveli vamtkicoT, zemoT moyvanili

ori variantidan romels mimarTa xelisuflebam am SemTxvevaSi;

amasTanave, ukve h. 1201 wlisTvis (1786/7) Tu 1781 wlisTvis miz-

anSewonilad CaiTvala woniTi standartis xelaxali Secvla – naxevarb-

istianis wona isev gautolda 8.5-9.0 g-s;72

woniTi standartis Semdgomi cvlileba – woniTi standartis

gazrda 10-12%-iT moxda 1796 wels (naxevarbistianis wona gaizarda

10.5-11.5 g-mde);73 Tbilisis 1795 wels aoxrebis Semdgom mosalodneli

70 Cveni azriT, adgili qonda swored rom wina periodis monetebis Canacvlebas da

ara sxvadasxva woniTi standartis mqone monetebis Tanadroul trials. marTalia

Cven ar gagvaCnia gaerTianebuli qarTl-kaxeTis spilenZis fulebis ganZebi,

romelsac SeeZlo daedasturebina es mosazreba, magram erTdroulad sxvadasxva

wonis mqone monetebis paraleluri brunva, Teoriulad, ufro mZime calebis

brunvidan amoRebisa da gadadnobis mizezi iqneboda (kopernik-greSemis kanoni), da,

amgvarad, naklebad mosalodneli unda iyos.

71 iqve, 274.

72 iqve, 276.

73 iqve.


236

iyo xelisuflebis mier, sakuTari fiskaluri interesebis gaTval-

iswinebiT, monetis wonis Semcireba,74 magram is, rogorc amas monetaru-

li faqtebi adasturebs, piriqiT, gaizarda;

da bolos, woniTi standartis kidev erTxel Secvla ukve daviT

batoniSvilis mier – misi unikaluri moneta, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,

14.98 g-s iwonis, rac ar Seesabameba aqamde miRebuli nominalebis woniT

standarts.

amas isic unda daematos, rom, Cveni azriT, h. 1179 wels (1765/6) winan-

deli 2 nominalis (naxevari bisti da fuli) magier erTbaSad 5 nominalis

gamoSveba (Sauri, bisti, naxevari bisti, fuli, naxevari fuli), swored

1763 wels dambluRis spilenZsadnobi sawarmos amuSavebas75 unda davu-

kavSiroT. ufro metic, iseTi aSkarad sakredito monetis gamoSveba, ro-

goric iyo spilenZis Sauri (woniT 45 g-mde), da pirvelad qarTul numiz-

matikur istoriaSi naxevarbistianze ufro mZime bisti (wona ucnobia)76,

safiqrebelia, swored nedli liTonis siuxvis pirobebSi xazinis mogeb-

is maqsimalurad gazrdis surviliT unda yofiliyo gamowveuli – rac

ufro msxvili sakredito nominali moiWreboda, miT ufro maRali iqne-

boda xazinis mogeba. amasTanave, msxvili nominalebis ukiduresi iSvia-

Toba (cnobilia Sauris 2 egzemplari da bistis 1 egzemplari) imaze unda

miuTiTebdes, rom xelisuflebam an bolos mainc ver gabeda esoden mkve-

Trad gamoxatuli sakredito bunebis mqone safasis gamoSveba (da Cve-

namde moRweuli calebi iqneb marTlac sacdelia, rogorc es paxomovma

ivarauda),77 an isini mainc gavida mimoqcevaSi, ufro mcire nominalebTan

erTad, magram bazarma ar miiRo da maTi gamoSveba maleve Sewyda (am mxriv

sayuradReboa, rom d. kapanaZis mier gamoqveynebul unikalur bists78

TiTqosda mimoqcevis cveTis kvali etyoba).

74 cnobilia, rom 1795 w. aRa-mahmad xanma TbilisTan erTad alaverdis qarxanac

moaoxra, magram Zneli saTqmelia, am wlis movlenebi gazrdida spilenZis

Rirebulebas (misi warmoebis moSlisa da bazarze misi gaiSviaTebis gamo), Tu

gaiafebda mas (Tbilisis aoxrebis gamo masze moTxovnilebis Semcirebis Sedegad),

anda sulac ucvlelad datovebda (am ori faqtoris mier erTmaneTis dabalansebis

Sedegad).

75 gogolaZe, samTamadno, samTo-saqarxno mrewveloba saqarTveloSi da kapi-

talizmis genezisis zogierTi sakiTxi (XVIII-XIX ss), 10.

76 , , 261; , , , ( , 1970), 344; daviT kapanaZe, qarTuli numizmatika (Tbilisi, 1969), 152.

77 , , 262.78 kapanaZe, qarTuli numizmatika, fototabula XVII, #212.

irakli faRava

237

Cveni azriT, dasaSvebia miRebuli monacemebis geografiuli ganzo-

gadebac. CvenTvis ucnobia qarTl-kaxeTSi mdebare dambluRis, SambluRi-

sa da alaverdis qarxnebis garda spilenZis sxva mimwodebeli, romelic

amierkavkasiis bazarze konkurencias gauwevda aRniSnul sawarmebSi miRe-

bul SedarebiT iaf qarTul spilenZs. Sesabamisad, qarTl-kaxeTis mezo-

beli mahmadianuri saxanoebis spilenZis safasisTvis79 nedleuli swored

qarTl-kaxeTidan Sedioda. Sesabamisad, saxanoebis spilenZis monetebSi

Semavali liTonis TviTRirebulebis dadgenisas amosaval wertilad

swored aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi (vercxlSi gamosaxuli) spilenZis

Rirebuleba unda aviRoT. saxanoebSi spilenZi, bunebrivia ramdenadme

ufro Zviri iqneboda, transportirebis xarjebisa da savaWro zednadebis

gaTvaliswinebiT (Sead. zemoT moyvanil erevnis saxanosTvis gankuTvni-

li spilenZis Rirebulebas). magram spilenZis Rirebulebis dazusteba,

mainc, safiqrebelia, dagvexmareba saxanoebis spilenZis safasis woniTi

standartis, nominalTa sistemisa da Rirebulebis garkvevaSi.

daskvnebi

XVIII saukunis dasasrulis dokumenturi wyaroebis (2 saxelmwifo

daniSnulebisa da 1 kerZo sabuTis) ganxilvis Sedegad dadginda, rom am

droisTvis qarTl-kaxeTSi spilenZis Rirebuleba Seadgenda daaxloebiT

13.89-14.24-dan 20 (Tbilisis zarafxanis e.w. sirma) abazamde 1 (Tilan) baT-

man (7.34 kg) liTonSi, anu 0.38-0.39-dan 0.54 dinaramde 1 gram spilenZSi.

aqedan gamomdinare, monetaSi Semavali liTonis – spilenZis TviT-

Rirebuleba warmoadgenda spilenZis safasis nominaluri Rirebulebis

35.1-36.0-dan 49.8%-mde, anu, miaxloebiT, mesamedidan naxevramde.

miRebuli monacemebi azustebs, Tu ramdenad momgebiani iyo

xazinisTvis samoneto regaliis ganxorcieleba spilenZis safasis ga-

moSvebis saxiT.

spilenZis Rirebuleba Zvirfas liTonebSic gamovsaxeT – 1 grami

spilenZis Rirebuleba meryeobda 0.006-0.008 g vercxlis farglebSi;

e.i Tanafardoba vercxlsa da spilenZs Soris Seadgenda 1:125-167. Tan-

afardobam oqrosa da spilenZs Soris ki Seadgina1:2097; vercxlTan

oqros Tanafardobis (1:15) gaTvaliswinebiT ki is meryeobda Semdeg

farglebSi: 1:1875-2505.

79 romelTa Seswavlis saqme damakmayofilebel mdgomareobaSi namdvilad ar

imyofeba.


238

miRebuli monacemebis ganzogadeba SesaZlebelia retrospeq-

tulad: 1763-70 ww. dambluRis, alaverdisa da SambluRis qarxnebis

amuSavebis Semdeg am regionSi spilenZis sabazro Rirebuleba, Cveni az-

riT, arsebiT cvlilebebs aRar ganicdida. Sesabamisad, SesaZlebelia

ganvazogadoT miRebuli monacemebi wina aTwleulebzedac. SesaZlebe-

lia miRebuli monacemebis geografiuli ganzogadebac – qarTl-kaxe-

Tis mezobel mahmadianur saxanoebze, romelTa spilenZis safasec qar-

Tuli spilenZidan iWreboda; Sesabamisad, am ukanasknelis Rirebuleb-

is codnam SeiZleba arsebiTi daxmareba gagviwios saxanoebis spilenZis

nominalebis, woniTi standartisa da sakredito bunebis kvlevaSi.

SedarebiT viwro numizmatikuri mniSvnelobis garda, spilenZis

Rirebulebisa da oqro-vercxlTan spilenZTan Sefardebis dadgena ar

unda iyos interess moklebuli rogorc XVIII saukunis meore naxevris

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos, aseve mTeli regionis ekonomikuri istoriis

Seswavlis kuTxiTac.

anTaZe meri. saqarTvelosa da TurqeTis urTierToba XV-XVIII sauku-

neebSi numizmatikuri masalis mixedviT. Tbilisi, 1982

gogolaZe dermiSa. samTamadno, samTo-saqarxno mrewveloba saqar-

TveloSi da kapitalizmis genezisis zogierTi sakiTxi (XVIII-XIX ss).

Tbilisi, 1966

kapanaZe daviT. qarTuli numizmatika. Tbilisi, 1969

masalebi saqarTvelos ekonomiuri istoriisaTvis: xelfasi, qira,

fasebi. masalebi SearCia da gamosacemad moamzada n. berZeniSvilma.

wigni I. Tbilisi, 1938

masalebi saqarTvelos ekonomiuri istoriisaTvis: aRmSenebloba,

saxelmwifo ekonomika, qoneba. masalebi SearCia da gamosacemad moamza-

da n. berZeniSvilma. wigni III. Tbilisi, 1955

faRava irakli, biWikaSvili iosebi, Caganava rauli. qarTl-kaxeTis

samefoSi oqros monetis (Sauris) gamoSveba (istoriuli sabuTebisa da

faqtobrivi masalis mixedviT). xelnaweri.

faRava irakli. Tbilisuri monetebis woniTi standarti, nominal-

irakli faRava

239

Ta sistema da moWris teqnika (avSarianTa dinastiis periodi). axali da

uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi, 1 (7), 2010

qebulaZe revaz. evropuli monetebis mimoqceva saqarTveloSi XV-

XVIII saukuneebSi. Tbilisi, 1971

qoiava nikoloz. fulis mimoqceva, krediti da finansebi XVIII sauku-

nis qarTl-kaxeTSi. Tbilisi, 1963

jafariZe goCa. narkvevi qarTuli metrologiis istoriidan. Tbi-

lisi, 1973

-XVIII XX -

VI, 1966-

XVII-XVIIIIII -

-XXVI

Paghava Irakli, Lobzhanidze Giorgi, Turkia Severiane. Countermarking of Copper Coins in Late 18th Century Georgia. Caucasian Numismatics, Papers on the Coinage of Kartl-Kakheti (Eastern Georgia), 1744-1801. Supplement to Journal of Oriental Numis-matic Society, 197, 2008

Schaendlinger Anton. Osmanische Numismatik. Braunschweig, 1973


240

Copper Price in the Kingdom of Kartl-Kakheti by the End

of the 18th C. According to Historical Documents

(On the Issue of the Self-Cost of the Contemporary Copper Currency)

Irakli Paghava

Summary

The typology and metrology of the copper currency issued by united Kingdom of Kartl-Kakheti (1744-1801) has thoroughly been researched. However, certain aspects of

By means of this work we aspired to research one of the primary constituents of the contemporary copper currency self-cost, namely the value of the coin metal employed, i.e. the copper. We also attempted to establish the silver-copper and gold-copper ratios in this epoch, as well as analyze the historical implications of the attained results.

Our research was based on the analysis of the contemporary written sources: Two

1. 1799 record of copper expenditure;2. 1800 (through may) record of the copper mine receipts and expenditure;also,3. Private document dating back to about 1800 (No3723).All three sources comprise the fragments (12 in total) confronting certain amount of

copper (in 6-oqa tilani batmanis) with certain sums (presumably in contemporary Geor-gian silver abazis) or certain number of gold coins or Ottoman silver money.

According to the documents, the price of 1 tilani batmani (7.34 kg) was equal to 13.89-14.24 abazis, in some rare cases being as high as 17 or 20 abazis. Substituting [Georgian] dinars for abazis (1 abazi = 200 dinars) and grams for tilani batmanis, we ar-rive to the ratio of 0.38-0.39 or 0.46 or 0.54 dinars to one gram of copper.

Since the value of 1 dinar constituted 0.015 g of silver (1/200 of 3.07 g silver abazi), the value of 1 gram of copper was equal to roughly 0.006-0.008 g of silver, the silver-copper ratio constituted 1:125-167. According to one of the sources, the price of 1 tilani batmani (7,340 g) was equal to that of 1 pluri (3.50 g gold coin), hence the gold-copper ra-tio was 1:2097; taking into account the general contemporary gold-silver ration of 1:15, the

irakli faRava

241

alternatively calculated gold-copper ratio varied within the following range: 1:1745-2505. Confronting the established price for 1 g of copper with the contemporary Georgian

currency (AH 1213 / 1798/9 coins of Giorgi XII), we arrived to a conclusion that for in-stance the copper content of the 10-dinari copper coin (half-bisti, with the average weight of 9.23 g) could be valued at as 3.51-3.60, 4.25 or 4.98 dinaris. That means that the metal self-cost constituted correspondingly 35.1-36.0, 42.5 or 49.8% of the face value of the contemporary Georgian copper currency (roughly 35-50%).

Certainly, the expenditures on labour force, fuel and instruments increased the self-

two- to three-fold increase in copper value after minting it into coinage.

copper smelteries of Shamblughi, Damblughi and Alaverdi entered the South Caucasus market.

Correspondingly there is some ground for retrospective generalization of our results with regard to the earlier Georgian copper issues (since 1763-70 time period and till 1800). The weight standard for the latter used to be shifted from time to time, and the awareness of the copper self-cost favours our understanding of these alterations.

Moreover, since the Georgian copper dominated the local market, we may generalize our results geographically as well: We may attempt to derive the metal self-cost of the copper issues of the contemporary Muslim Khanates of the South Caucasus from the cop-per value established for Kartl-Kakheti. Our data would help to clarify the token nature, weight standards and denomination systems of the contemporary copper coinage of these political entities.

In addition to the numismatic implications, the ascertainment of the gold-copper and silver-copper ratio may facilitate the research of the general contemporary economical history of Georgia and the region.


Ven.4

Temo jojua

avstriaSi, venis erovnuli biblioTekis qarTuli xelnaweri wignebis

koleqciaSi me-4 nomriT mxatvar-kaligrafis nikoloz nikrais mier 1160

wels, garejis mravalmTaSi gadawerili didi zomis xelnaweri krebuli

`sanatreli~, igive Ven.4-ia daculi.1 am xelnaweris calkeul furclebsa

da arSiebze XII-XIX saukuneebis asze meti anderZ-minaweria (kolofoni)

Sesrulebuli, romelTa erTi nawili 2002-10 wlebSi istoriul-

wyaroTmcodneobiTi TvalsazrisiT Seviswavle da akademiuri saxiT

1 garejuli krebulis Sav-TeTri fotopiri xelnawerTa erovnuli centris foto-

pirebis koleqciaSi inaxeba (RT XXV-3, I-II). venis erovnuli biblioTekis qarTuli xel-

naweri wignebis koleqciis Sesaxeb ix. Gregor Peradze, “Über die georgischen Handschriften in Österreich”, Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes, XLVII, Band 3 und 4, Heft (Wien, 1940);vaxtang imnaiSvili, sinas mTidan gracamdis (gracis xelnawerebis istoria) (Tbilisi,

2001), 24; misive, uZvelesi qarTuli xelnawerebi avstriaSi. xanmeti leqcionari, fsal-

muni, svimeon silosis cxovreba, iovane oqropirisa da iakob mociqulis Jamiswirvebi...

(Tbilisi, 2004), 22; misive, ùZvelesi qarTuli xelnawerebi ucxoeTis wignTsacavebSi~,

SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis stipendiantTa Sromebi, I (Tbilisi, 2008), gv. 10-2; grigol

feraZe, qarTuli xelnawerebis Sesaxeb avstriaSi~, werili germanulidan Targmna cis-

ia kilaZem, Targmanis redaqtori – prof. dimitri TumaniSvili, gamosacemad moamzada

da komentarebi daurTo Temo jojuam, mwignobari, `04 (Tbilisi, 2004), 160-81. Ven.4-isa

da masSi warmodgenili sxvadasxva Janris Tormeti teqstis Sesaxeb ix. Peradze, “Über die georgischen Handschriften”, 220, 222, 226-32; Zveli aRTqmis qarTul xelnawerTa aRwerilo-

ba, wignni Zuelisa aRTqumisani, 1, SesaqmisaÁ, gamoslvaTaÁ, yvela arsebuli xelnaweris

mixedviT gamosacemad moamzades baqar gigineiSvilma da cotne kikviZem, gamokvleva

baqar gigineiSvilisa (Tbilisi, 1989), 593; Temo jojua, `wmida mRvdelmowame grigol

feraZe da 1160 wels garejSi gadawerili erTi ucnobi xelnaweri~, istoriul-eTno-

grafiuli Studiebi, V, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa da eTnologiis insti-

tutSi Catarebuli institutis 60 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili axalgazrda mecnierTa da

aspirantTa dargTaSorisi konferenciis masalebi (Tbilisi, 2002), 91-147, 379-82; fera-

Ze, `qarTuli xelnawerebis Sesaxeb avstriaSi~, 160-1, 164-9, 172-4, 176-81; imnaiSvili,

ùZvelesi qarTuli xelnawerebi ucxoeTis~, 10-2; da sxv.

XII

243

gamovaqveyne.2 xsenebuli kolofonebis garda, garejuli krebulis

furclebze, ufro zustad ki, 56r-sa da 105r-s arSiebze, xuT adgilas

dasmuli mrgvali beWdis anabeWdebic aris warmodgenili, romelTa

Sesaxebac qarTulma istoriografiam Zalzed cota ram icis.

samecniero sazogadoebas Ven.4-is arSiebze dasmuli beWdis ana-

beW debis Sesaxeb pirveli cnoba emigraciaSi moRvawe qarTvelma

mwignobarma, arqimandritma grigol feraZem miawoda. mkvlevarma 1940

wels avstriaSi gamomavali samecniero krebulis “Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes” XLVII tomis me-3-4 nakveTSi venis erovnuli

biblioTekis qarTuli xelnaweri wignebis koleqciisadmi miZRvnili

germanulenovani naSromi “Über die georgischen Handschriften in Österreich”gamoaqveyna da am naSromis 228-e gverdze gakvriT aRniSna, rom garejuli

2 jojua, wmida mRvdelmowame grigol feraZe~, 91-147, 379-82; misive, saqarTvelos

mefis giorgi III-is aRsaydrebis TariRi 1160 wels gadawerili xelnaweris (Ven.4-is)

anderZis mixedviT~, oCxari, julieta ruxaZisadmi miZRvnili eTnologiuri, isto-

riuli da filologiuri Ziebani (Tbilisi, 2002), 508-21; misive, `XII saukunis gareju-

li krebulis (Ven.4-is) erTi minaweri da afxazeTis ucnobi kaTolikosi barTlome

(daaxl. 1488-1519 ww.)~, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 1, (2002), 117-32; misive, moqvis ucnobi

episkoposi luka oZrxeli (1360-iani ww.) da misi xuTi minaweri XII saukunis garejuli

krebulis (Ven.4-is) aSiebidan~, istoriul-eTnografiuli Studiebi, VI, ivane java-

xiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutSi 2002 wlis 24-26 seqtem-

bers Catarebuli mari broses dabadebidan 200 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili axalgazr-

da mecnierTa da aspirantTa konferenciis masalebi (2003), 33-52; misive, `ramdenime

axali cnoba moqveli episkoposis luka oZrxelis (1360-iani ww.) biografiisaTvis~,

axalgazrda mecnierTa asociaciis II respublikuri konferenciis Sromebis krebu-

li, quTaisis akaki wereTlis saxelobis saxelmwifo universiteti, 2004 weli, 8-10

oqtomberi (Tbilisi, 2004), 260-4; feraZe, `qarTuli xelnawerebis Sesaxeb avstriaSi~,

164-9, 176-81; Temo jojua, àrtanujeli piligrimis giorgi lomas-Zis savedrebeli

(XV s.) ierusalimSi gadatanili 1160 wlis garejuli krebulis (Ven.4-is) aSiebidan~,

qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba, XI, eZRvneba istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtorebs mamisa

berZniSvils da liana davlianiZes (2006), 121-34; misive, gelaTeli monazonis – levan

IV dadianis colyofilis nino bagrationisa da monazon febronia xevariZis savedre-

blebi (XVIII s-is I nax.) ierusalimSi gadatanili erTi garejuli xelnaweris (Ven.4-is)

aSiebidan~, istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis Sromebi, VIII, eZRvneba gelaTis mo-

nastris daarsebis 900 wlisTavs (2008), 153-73; misive, `mRvdelmonazoni ioane munjis

bibliografiuli minaweri (1772 w.) ierusalimSi gadatanili XII saukunis garejuli

krebulis (Ven.4-is) aSiebidan~, saqarTvelos istoriis problemuri sakiTxebi, II, aka-

ki wereTlis saxelmwifo universiteti, II respublikuri samecniero konferenciis

Sromebi (quTaisi, 2009), 201-12; misive, `guriis erisTvisSvilis, monazon qristefo-

re SarvaSiZis savedrebeli minaweri (1760-iani ww.) ierusalimSi gadatanili XII sau-

kunis garejuli krebulis (Ven.4-is) aSiidan~, istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis

Sromebi, IX (2009), 148-94; misive, ùcnobi urbneli episkoposis svimon CxeiZis sami

minaweri (1700 w.) ierusalimSi gadatanili XII saukunis garejuli krebulis (Ven.4-is)

aSiebidan~, Academia, 1 (2010), 131-48.

mefe giorgis xuTjvriani beWedi

244

krebulis 56r-sa da 105r-ze ierusalimis jvris qarTvelTa monastris be -

Wedia dasmuli: `xelnawerSi gvxvdeba ramdenime grafikuli Canaxati...

agreTve, 56r da 105r – jvris monastris beWedi~.3

grigol feraZis naSromis gamoqveynebidan naxevar saukuneze

meti xnis Semdeg, 2002-03 wlebSi, saSualeba momeca, saerTaSoriso

organizacia INTAS-is samecniero stipendiis daxmarebiT, avstriaSi

ramdenime TviT Cavsuliyavi da venis erovnul biblioTekaSi daculi

garejuli krebuli adgilze Semeswavla. Ven.4-ze muSaobis dros, pirvel

rigSi, grigol feraZis mier garejuli krebulis Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli

mosazrebebis gadamowmeba vcade da Sesabamisad, xelnaweris 56r-sa da

105r-ze dasmuli beWdis anabeWdebsac mivaqcie yuradReba. anabeWdebze

dakvirvebam aCvena, rom grigol feraZis mier mowodebuli cnoba

marTebuli ar iyo da Ven.4-is arSiebze dasmuli beWdis legendaSi ara

ierusalimis jvris qarTvelTa monasteri, aramed vinme `mefeTa mefe

giorgi~ ixsenieboda. avstriidan saqarTveloSi dabrunebis Semdeg

almanaxis `mwignobaris~ 2004 wlis nomerSi grigol feraZis zemoT

naxsenebi germanulenovani naSromis komentirebuli qarTuli Targmani

gamovaqveyne. naSromi germanulidan xelovnebaTmcodne cisia kilaZem

Targmna, Targmanis redaqtireba profesorma dimitri TumaniSvilma

itvirTa, komentarebi ki publikacias me davurTe. am komentarebidan

erT-erT, rigiT ocdameerTe komentarSi swored garejuli krebulis

56r-sa da 105r-ze dasmuli beWdis anabeWdebis sakiTxs Sevexe da grigol

feraZis mier mowodebuli Sesabamisi cnoba Semdegi saxiT davazuste:

`wriuli formis beWedi 56r-ze dasmulia orgzis, 105r-ze ki – samgzis.

masze amotvifrulia asomTavruli legenda, saidanac naTlad Cans,

rom igi ara jvris monasters, aramed – mefeT-mefe giorgis ekuTvnoda:

`monaÁ R{mr}TisaÁ mefeTa-mefe g{iorg}i~.4

es aris da es. grigol feraZis naSromis qarTuli Targmanis

gamoqveynebis Semdeg, anu 2004 wlidan dRemde, Ven.4-is 56r-sa da 105r-ze

dasmuli beWdis anabeWdebiT arc erTi sxva mkvlevari ar dainteresebula

da Sesabamisad, arc am anabeWdebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi gamxdara

samecniero Seswavlis sagani.

winamdebare naSromSi sagangebod vubrundebi am uaRresad

saintereso beWeds da dawvrilebiT ganvixilav mis anabeWdebTan

dakavSirebul sxvadasxva sakiTxebs.

Tavdapirvelad movitan anabeWdebis detalur aRwerilobas,

3 feraZe, qarTuli xelnawerebis Sesaxeb avstriaSi~, 165-166. Sdr. Peradze, “Über die georgischen Handschriften”, 228.

4 feraZe, `qarTuli xelnawerebis Sesaxeb avstriaSi~, 177.

Temo jojua

245

beWdis warwerisa da legendis gadmonawerebs dednis Sriftis dacviT,

am warwerisa da legendis teqstebis Cemeul wakiTxvebs, ori anabeWdis

grafikul monaxazsa da xuTive anabeWdis Sav-TeTr fotoebs.

garejuli krebulis arSiebze gansaxilveli beWdis sul xuTi

anabeWdi ganirCeva: I anabeWdi – 56r-s marjvena arSiis qveda naxevarze,

II anabeWdi – 56r-s marjvena arSiis qveda kidesTan, III anabeWdi – 105r-s

marjvena arSiis zeda naxevarze, IV anabeWdi – 105r-s marjvena arSiis qveda

naxevarze, xolo V anabeWdi – 105r-s marjvena arSiis qveda kidesTan (sur.

1 da sur. 2). I da III anabeWdebi zomierad mkveTria da metnaklebad kargad

ganirCeva. II anabeWdi sakmaod mkrTali, IV anabeWdi ki sakmaod muqia,

rac maT garCevas Zalze arTulebs. V anabeWdi metismetad mkrTalia

da TiTqmis ar ganirCeva. anabeWdebze dakvirveba aCvenebs, rom isini

garejuli krebulis arSiebze erTi da imave beWdis ramdenimegzis dasmis

Sedegad aris miRebuli. garda amisa, anabeWdebis melnis simkveTreze

dakvirveba cxadyofs, rom gansaxilveli beWedi garejuli krebulis

arSiebze Semdegi TanamimdevrobiT iyo dasmuli: 56r – jer I, xolo Semdeg

II anabeWdi; 105r – jer II, Semdeg I, xolo bolos III anabeWdi.

garejuli krebulis arSiebze warmodgenili anabeWdebi mrgvalia.

maTi diametri 3.6 sm-ia. anabeWdebis gare wrewiris SigniT, misgan 0.1 sm-

is daSorebiT, meore wrewiria. am wrewiris SigniT ki, misgan 0.5 sm-is

daSorebiT, mesame wrewiria. am, koncentrulad ganlagebul meore da mesa-

me wrewirebs Soris asomTavruliT Sesrulebuli legendis xuTsityviani

teqstia, romelic anabeWdebs garSemo Semouyveba. legendis grafemaTa

simaRle, saSualod, 0.4 sm-ia. anabeWdis Sida, mesame wris diametri 2.2 sm-

ia. am Sida, mesame wreSi tolmklava jvaria gamosaxuli. jvris mklavebi

boloebisaken TandaTanobiT ganierdeba. mklavebis boloebi kuTxeebSi

gamoyvanili or-ori patara burTuliTaa gamSvenebuli. jvris TiToeuli

mklavis bolosaken gaganierebul areze TiTo patara tolmklava jvaria

gamosaxuli. am patara jvrebis mklavebic boloebisaken TandaTanobiT

ganierdeba. patara jvrebis simaRle, saSualod, 0.2 sm-ia. didi jvris

mklavTaSoris areebSi asomTavruliT Sesrulebuli oTxi orgrafemiani

daqargmebuli sityvaa Cawerili. am asomTavrul grafemaTa simaRle,

saSualod, 0.6 sm-ia.

I anabeWdi (sur. 3 da 8).

a) jvris Tanmxlebi warwera:


246

`j[(uar)i || [q(ristÀs)i . | j(uar)i || [q(ristÀs)i ~.

b) beWdis legenda:

Á ] Á

`monaÁ [R {mr}Tis[a Á, m[e feT[a mef[e g{ior}gi~.

II anabeWdi (sur. 4).


`[j(uar)i || [q(ristÀs)i . | [j(uar)i || [q(ristÀs)i ~.

b) beWdis legenda:

[-]

`mon[aÁ [R{mr}TisaÁ [m ef[eTa [m ef[e [g{ior}gi ~.

III anabeWdi (sur. 5 da 9).


`j (uar) i || [q (ristÀs)[i . | j(uar)i || [q (ristÀs)[i ~.

b) beWdis legenda:

Á Á

`monaÁ R{mr}T[isa [Á [mefeTa mefe [g {ior}g[i ~.

IV anabeWdi (sur. 6).

Temo jojua

247



b) beWdis legenda:

[----]

`mona[Á R{mr}[TisaÁ [mefeTa [mefe g{ior}g[i ~.

V anabeWdi (sur. 7).



b) beWdis legenda:

[---

`[monaÁ [R{mr}TisaÁ [mefeTa me[fe [g{ior}gi ~.

ganvixiloT am anabeWdebTan dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva sakiTxebi.

Tavdapirvelad xazgasmiT aRvniSnav im faqts, rom gansaxilveli

anabeWdebis SuaSi didi zomis tolmklava jvaria gamosaxuli,

romlis mklavTaSoris areebSic asomTavruliT Sesrulebuli oTxi

daqaragmebuli sityva: `juari qristÀsi. juari qristÀsi~ aris

Cawerili. anu, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, gansaxilvel anabeWdebze e. w.

xuTjvriani kompoziciis metad originaluri variantia warmodgenili,

romelSic didi jvris mklavTaSoris areebze gamosaxuli tradiciuli

simboloebi – patara jvrebi amave areebSi Cawerili Sesabamisi

mniSvnelobis mqone sityvebiT aris Canacvlebuli. sxvaTa Soris,

xsenebuli oTxi sityvis jvrebad gaazrebas, am sityvebis Sinaarsis

garda, maTi asomTavruli grafemebis moxazulobac uwyobs xels:


248

am oTxi, or-orgrafemiani daqaragmebuli sityvis dawerilobaSi,

gamomsaxvelobiTi TvalsazrisiT, wamyvan, dominantur rols, pirveli

grafemebi – (j) da (q) asrulebs, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, swored

jvarTan miaxloebuli moxazulobiTaa gadmocemuli. am Taviseburebis

gamo, mnaxvelis mier es sityvebi, vizualuradac ki, maTi wakiTxvis

gareSe, didi jvris mklavTaSoris areebze gamosaxul jvrebad aRiqmeba.

didi jvari da misi Tanmxlebi oTxi sityva, anabeWdebis Sav fonze,

TeTri feris laqebad gamoiyofa, rac calsaxad migviTiTebs imaze, rom

jvari da sityvebi beWedis zedapirSi CakveTiT iyo amotvifruli.

didi jvris boloebisaken gaganierebul mklavebze oTxi patara

tolmklava jvaria gamosaxuli (TiTo mklavze – TiTo jvari),

romlebic, savaraudod, golgoTis jvris oTxi samsWvalis simbolur

gamosaxulebebs warmoadgens. es jvrebi didi jvris mklavebis TeTr

fonze Savi feris laqebad gamoiyofa. Sesabamisad, irkveva, rom patara

jvrebi didi jvris mklavebis CakveTiT dadablebuli areebidan beWdis

zedapiris donemde iyo amoziduli. miuxedavad imisa, rom es patara,

Savi feris jvrebi anabeWdebis saerTo fonze vizualurad sakmaod

aqcentirebulia, isini am anabeWdebze warmodgenili xuTjvriani

kompoziciis formirebaSi, did jvarsa da jvris Tanmxleb sityvebTan

SedarebiT, umniSvnelo rols asrulebs da ufro morTulobis

elementebad aRiqmeba (ix. anabeWdis rekonstruqcia, sur. 10).

amrigad, garejuli krebulis arSiebze warmodgenil anabeWdebze

dakvirveba aCvenebs, rom gansaxilvel xelnawerze xuTjvriani beWedi

iyo dasmuli.

garejuli krebulis arSiebze warmodgenil anabeWdebze xuTjvriani

kompoziciis garda, asomTavruliT Sesrulebuli legendis teqstic

ganirCeva. Tavad legendis grafemebi, anabeWdebis Sav fonze, TeTri

feris laqebad gamoiyofa, saidanac vigebT, rom legendis teqsti

beWedis zedapirSi CakveTiT iyo amotvifruli. legendis teqsti

pirdapir gvauwyebs, rom xuTjvriani beWdis mflobeli vinme mefe

(`mefeTmefe~) giorgi iyo: `monaÁ RmrTisaÁ, mefeTa mefe giorgi~.

Sesabamisad, dgindeba isic, rom garejuli krebulis arSiebze dasmuli

xuTjvriani beWedi ara romelime rigiTi feodalisa Tu saeklesio

ierarqis beWeds, aramed Sua saukuneebis qarTuli saxelmwifos pirveli

piris – mefis beWeds, ufro zustad ki, vinme mefe giorgis kuTvnil

samefo beWeds warmoadgenda.

dReisaTvis qarTul istoriografias Sua saukuneebis qarTuli

samefo beWdebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis Sesaswavlad, ZiriTadad,

sami saxis werilobiTi da nivTieri masala moepoveba. es masalaa: 1. we-

rilobiT ZeglebSi daculi cnobebi qarTuli samefo beWdebis Sesaxeb;

Temo jojua

249

2. XX saukunemde moRweuli qarTuli samefo beWdebi; da 3. istoriul

dokumentebsa da oficialur werilebze dasmuli qarTuli samefo

beWdebis anabeWdebi. Sesabamisad, imisaTvis, raTa garejuli krebulis

arSiebze dasmul mefe giorgis xuTjvrian beWedTan dakavSirebuli

sakiTxebi maqsimaluri siRrmiTa da sisruliT gavaanalizoT, saWiroa

Sua saukuneebis qarTul samefo beWdebTan dakavSirebuli samive saxis

werilobiTi da nivTieri masala mimovixiloT.

Cvenamde moRweul werilobiT Zeglebs Soris qarTuli samefo beW-

debis Sesaxeb uZveles cnobas 1290-ian wlebSi Sedgenili `xelmwifis ka-

ris garigeba~ gvawvdis.5 am metad saintereso werilobiTi Zeglis me-14

5 `xelmwifis karis garigebis~ teqstma Cvenamde erTaderTi xelnaweris saxiT mo-

aRwia. amJamad es erTaderTi nusxa, romelic, paleografiuli niSnebis mixedviT,

XVII saukuneSia gadawerili, xelnawerTa erovnuli centris qarTuli xelnaweri

wignebis H koleqciaSi 3094-e nomriT aris daculi. eqvTime TayaiSvili, Ãelmwifis

karis garigeba (tfilisi, 1920), I-III; saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis qarTul

xelnawerTa aRweriloba, saqarTvelos saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoebis

yofili muzeumis xelnawerebi (H koleqcia), VI, Sedgenilia da dasabeWdad damz-

adebuli nadia kasraZis, elene metrevelis, luba mefariSvilis, lili quTaTela-

Zisa da qristine SaraSiZis mier, aleqsandre baramiZis redaqciiT (Tbilisi, 1953),

380-1. dReisaTvis `xelmwifis karis garigeba~, uSualod xelnawerze dayrdnobiT,

samjer aris gamocemuli: pirvelad – 1920 wels, eqvTime TayaiSvilis mier. TayaiS-

vili, Ãelmwifis karis garigeba, 1-20; meored – 1965 wels, isidore doliZis mier.

qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. II, saero sakanonmdeblo Zeglebi (X-XIX saukuneebi),

teqstebi gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo isidore doliZem (Tbilisi,

1965), 80-97; xolo, mesamed – 1970 wels, ivane surgulaZis mier. qarTuli samarTlis

Zeglebi, 1, Ãelmwifis karis garigeba, 2, dasturlamali, teqstebi gamosacemad mo-

amzada, gamokvlevebi, leqsikonebi da saZiebelebi daurTo ivane surgulaZem (Tbi-

lisi, 1970), 32-50. garda amisa, arsebobs `xelmwifis karis garigebis~ kidev erTi,

1953 wlis publikacia, romelic, nawilobriv, eqvTime TayaiSvilis 1920 wlis pub-

likaciaze, nawilobriv ki, uSualod xelnawerzea damyarebuli. aq mxedvelobaSi ma-

qvs `xelmwifis karis garigebis~ is teqsti, romelsac ivane javaxiSvili amzadebda

gamosacemad. masze muSaobis dasruleba mkvlevarma veRar moaswro da is mxolod

misi gardacvalebis Semdeg gamoqveynda. ivane javaxiSvili, `xelmwifis karis gan-

rigeba~, qarTveli eris istoria, wigni mexuTe (Tbilisi, 1953), 204-24. aRsaniSnavia,

rom `xelmwifis karis garigeba~ qarTuli enidan ucxo enebzec aris naTargmni da

gamocemuli: pirvelad – 1970 wels, eqvTime TayaiSvilis mier Sesrulebuli da niko

maris mier redaqtirebuli rusuli Targmanis saxiT. qarTuli samarTlis Zegle-

bi, 1, 51-80; meored – imave 1970 wels, ivane surgulaZis mier Sesrulebuli rusuli

Targmanis saxiT. iqve, 51-80. Sdr. xelmwifis karis garigeba, teqstebi gamosacemad

moamzada, inglisurad Targmna, winasityvaoba, leqsikoni, SeniSvnebi da komentare-

bi daurTo qeTevan surgulaZem (Tbilisi, 1993), 45-66; xolo, mesamed – 1993 wels,

qeTevan surgulaZis mier Sesrulebuli inglisuri Targmanis saxiT. iqve, 79-103.

`xelmwifis karis garigebis~ teqstSi misi Sedgenis TariRi miTiTebuli ar aris.

misma aRmomCenma da pirvelmkvlevarma eqvTime TayaiSvilma 1920 wlis gamocemaSi

Zegli, masSi asaxuli istoriuli realiebis gaTvaliswinebiT, saqarTvelos mefis


250

paragrafSi vkiTxulobT: àw vTqvaT, msaxurTuxucesi veziria da misis

Ãelisa aris: salaro, sawoli, mesawoleTuxucesi, molareTuxucesi,

fareSTuxucesi, cicxvTuxucesi, mexileTuxucesi. sawolisa da sala-

ros, mefis Sekmazmamdis, amaTi[a] sauravi da zRveni – msaxurTuxuce-

sisa, mesawoleTuxucesisa, molareTuxucissa. ra iTayvanos [msaxur-

Tuxucesi] beWedi marTebs, rom uboZos mefeman, Tvaledi. da zedamd-

gomeli mesawoleTuxucessac marTebs. beWedi esreT sxenn: didi beWedi

s[a sigle, sagasaxsniTe rom beWedi aris, miT dabeWdula: da misi Tasi

oqrosa gverdsa uTqs da tuiriTa dabeWduli molareTuxucessa ÃelT

acvia; molareTuxucesi [...] megodres, salaros molare aixvams da mo-

lareTuxucesi gaxsnis, Tassa Sigan wyals STaasxams; joris nali uÃvre-

teli orni aq, unda, rom qve dasxnes. da ra dabeWdven, salaros molares

– dukati ori, megodres – dukati erTi; es misces, visic sigeli iyos.

da dabeWdavs mwignobari, Tan gamoitans da wamova. da micema siglisa

zemoT damiweria~ (xazgasma aqac da SemdgomSic Cemia – T. j.).6

`xelmwifis karis garigebis~ citirebuli me-14 paragrafi eqvTime

TayaiSvilis, ivane javaxiSvilis, sara barnavelis, isidore doliZis,

ivane surgulaZisa da ilia anTelavas mier safuZvlianad aris Seswa-

vlili. dasaxelebul mkvlevarTa mier dadgenilia, rom ZeglSi `didi

sasigele beWdis~ saxeliT didi samefo beWedia moxseniebuli. amave

mkvlevarTa dakvirvebiT, `didi sasigele beWedi~ sagangebod misaTvis

gankuTvnil oqros TasSi iyo Cadebuli da samefo karTan arsebul spe-

cialur dawesebulebaSi – salaroSi inaxeboda, Tavad salaro ki qvey-

nis erT-erT didmoxeles, samefo karis rangiT mexuTe vazirs – msaxur-

Tuxucess eqvemdebareboda. didi samefo beWdis Sesanaxi oqros Tasi,

beWdis gamoyenebamde da gamoyenebis Semdeg, Sesabamisi beWdiT iyo

dabeWdili. oqros Tasis dasabeWd beWeds `sagaxsniTe beWedi~ ewode-

boda da is msaxurTuxucesis uwyebis maRali rangis moxeles, salaros

gamges – molareTuxucess TiTze gakeTebuli an kidev xelze dakidebu-

giorgi V brwyinvalis (1299, 1318-46) mmarTvelobis droiT daaTariRa. TayaiSvili,

Ãelmwifis karis garigeba, III-IX. aRniSnuli TariRi qarTul istoriografiaSi didi

xnis ganmavlobaSi upirobod iyo gaziarebuli. mogvianebiT ilia anTelavam 1982

wels gamoqveynebul statiaSi argumentirebulad daasabuTa, rom Zegli, masSi asa-

xuli istoriuli realiebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ara XIV saukunis I naxevriT, aramed

SedarebiT ufro adreuli periodiT, dasavleT saqarTvelis mefis daviT VI nari-

nis (1259-93) sicocxlis bolo wlebiTa da misi vaJis, dasavleT saqarTvelos mefis

konstantines (1293-1327) mmarTvelobis pirveli xanebiT anu, daaxloebiT, 1290-iani

wlebiT TariRdeba. ilia anTelava, `xelmwifis karis garigebis~ daTariRebisa da

avtoris Sesaxeb~, macne, istoriis, arqeologiis, eTnografiisa da xelovnebis is-

toriis seria, 4 (1982), 184-9.

6 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, 1, 36-7.

Temo jojua

251

li hqonda. didi samefo beWdis gamoyenebis wesi Semdegi saxisa iyo: me-

fis saxeliT gacemuli konkretuli dokumentis (sigelis) damweri mwi-

gnobari am dokuments didi samefo beWdis anu `didi sasigele beWdis~

dasasmelad salaroSi Seitanda. molareTuxucesi `sagaxsniTe beWdiT~

dabeWdil oqros Tass gaxsnida da iqidan did samefo beWeds amoiReb-

da. dasabeWd dokumentze didi samefo beWedis dasmis Semdeg molare-

Tuxucesi beWeds isev oqros TasSi Cadebda da Tass sagaxsniTe beWdiT~

dabeWdavda. mwignobari salarodan gareT gamovidoda da dabeWdil

dokuments mis mimRebs gadascemda. dokumentis dabeWdvis ceremoniaSi,

molareTuxucesisa da dokumentis damweri mwignobris garda, salaros

molare da megodrec iRebdnen monawileobas. am ori moxelidan erT-er-

Ti moxele – salaros molare molareTuxucess dokumentis dabeWdvaSi

exmareboda, meore moxele – megodre ki salaroSi dabeWdili dokumen-

tis pirs godorSi debda da mas samefo arqivisaTvis inaxavda. salaros

molaresa da megodres dokumentis dabeWdvaSi monawileobis sazRaurs

dokumentis mimRebi uxdida. igi molares or dukats, xolo megodres

erT dukats aZlevda.7

`xelmwifis karis garigebis~ Semdeg qarTuli samefo beWdebis

Sesaxeb 1650-70-iani wlebis cxra werilobiTi Zegli gvawvdis cno-

bebs. es Zeglebia: 1. ruseTis mefis aleqsi mixeilis Zis mier (1645-76)

imereTis samefoSi gamogzavnili 1650-52 wlebis elCobis erT-erTi

xelmZRvanelis, sufraj ( ) nikifore toloCanovis mier Sedge-

nili “. 1651 . 10 - 1651 . 10 ” (`muxlobrivi aRweriloba

imereTSi yofnisa da mefe aleqsandre III-sTan molaparakebisa. 1651 w.

10 ivnisi – 1651 w. 30 noemberi~). 2. ruseTis mefis aleqsi mixeilis Zis

mier imereTis samefoSi gamogzavnili 1650-52 wlebis elCobis erT-

erTi xelmZRvanelis, mdivan ( ) aleqsi ievlevis mier Sedgenili

“ . 1650 . 22 - 1651 .26 ” (`muxlobrivi aRweriloba elCebis imereTSi yofnisa. 1650 w.

7 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, 1, 36-7, 57-8, 97-100, 115-6; ilia anTelava, saqar-

Tvelos centraluri da adgilobrivi mmarTveloba XI-XIII saukuneebSi (Tbilisi,

1983), 35-8. Sdr.: TayaiSvili, Ãelmwifis karis garigeba, gv. XXXVII, 6; ivane javaxiSvi-

li, istoriis mizani, wyaroebi da meTodebi winaT da exla, III, nakveTi meore, qarTu-

li sigelTa-mcodneoba anu diplomatika (tfilisi, 1926), 69-76; ivane javaxiSvili,

qarTuli samarTlis istoria, wigni meore, nakveTi pirveli (tfilisi, 1928), 183-5;

javaxiSvili, `xelmwifis karis ganrigeba~, 209; sara barnaveli, saqarTvelos sabe-

Wdavebi da sxva gliptikuri masalebi (narkvevebi) (Tbilisi, 1965), 74; qarTuli sa-

marTlis Zeglebi, t. II, 84; qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, 1, 36-7, 57-8, 97-100, 115-6;

xelmwifis karis garigeba, 18, 36, 49-50, 70, 85, 107; da sxv.


252

22 maisi – 1651 w. 26 ivlisi~). 3. imereTis mefis aleqsandre III-is (1639-

60) mier ruseTis mefis aleqsi mixeilis ZisaTvis gagzavnili 1651 wlis

werilis rusulenovani amonaweri.8 4. ruseTis mefis aleqsi mixeilis

Zis mier imereTis mefe aleqsandre III-saTvis gamogzavnili 1652 wlis

19 maisis wyalobis wigni.9 5. imereTis mefis bagrat IV-is (1660, 1663-67,

1668-78, 1679-81)10 mier ruseTis mefe aleqsi mixeilis ZisaTvis gagzavni-

li 1667 wlis werilis rusulenovani amonaweris (?) Tamar tivaZiseuli

qarTuli Targmani.11 6. imereTis mefis bagrat IV-is mier ruseTis mefis

8 àmonawerSi~ werilis Sedgenis TariRi miTiTebuli ar aris. miuxedavad amisa, misi

daTariReba sakmaod iolia. rogorc cnobilia, mefe aleqsandre III-is mier ruseTis

samefo karze gagzavnili 1651-53 wlebis elCoba (xelmZRvanelebi: molareTuxucesi

lomkac jafariZe da arqimandriti evdemoni), romelmac aRniSnuli werili ruseTis

samefo karze Caitana, mefe aleqsi mixeilis Zis mier imereTis samefo karze gamog-

zavnil 1650-52 wlebis elCobasTan erTad, imereTis samefos sataxto qalaq quTaisi-

dan 1651 wlis 10 oqtombers gaemgzavra. stolniki toloCanovisa da diaki ievlevis

elCoba imereTSi, 1650-1652, sabuTebi gamosca da Sesavali daurTo mixeil polievq-

tovma (tfilisi, 1926), 104, 188. Sesabamisad, srulebiT cxadia isic, mefe aleqsandre

III-is gansaxilveli werili imereTis mefis 1650-52 wlebis elCobis quTaisidan gamg-

zavrebis winare xanebSi anu imave 1651 wlis oqtomberSi iyo Sedgenili.

9 wyalobis wigni TariRiania:

(7161-5508=1653 w. – T. j.) giorgi paiWaZe,

`masalebi ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriisaTvis (1652-1658)~, saistorio

moambe, 19-20 (1965), 442. dokumenti saqarTveloSi mefe aleqsandre III-is mier rus-

eTis samefo karze gagzavnilma 1651-53 wlebis elCobam 1653 wlis bolos Camoitana.

10 dReisaTvis qarTul istoriografiaSi mefe bagrat IV-is mmarTvelobis qronolo-

gia 1660-61, 1663-68, 1669-78, 1679-81 wlebiT aris gansazRvruli. qveli CxataraiSvili,

`bagrat IV~, qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. 2 (Tbilisi, 1977), 129; qveli CxataraiS-

vili, `bagrat IV~, saqarTvelo, enciklopedia, t. 1 (Tbilisi, 1997), 317; kaxa buaCiZe,

ìmereTis mefeebi~, saqarTvelos mefeebi (Tbilisi, 2007), 246-8; da sxv. sakiTxis Seswav-

la aCvenebs, rom aRniSnuli qronologia bolomde marTebuli ar aris da mefe bagrat

IV imereTis samefo taxts, realurad, 1660, 1663-67, 1668-78, 1679-81 wlebSi flobda.

11 werils Sedgenis TariRi ar uzis. miuxedavad amisa, misi daTariReba SesaZle-

bulia. dReisaTvis dadgenilia, rom mefe bagrat IV-is mier ruseTis samefo karze

gagzavnili I, 1667-68 wlebis elCoba (xelmZRvaneli: Tavadi demetre ezekieli ari-

SiZe), romelmac gansaxilveli werili qalaq moskovSi 1667 wlis oqtomberSi Cai-

tana (werili mefe aleqsi mixeilis Zes 1667 wlis 30 oqtombers gadaeca), ruseTis

samefos sasazRvro cixe-qalaq TergSi 1667 wlis 13 marts Cavida. Tamar tivaZe,

ìmereTis samefos ruseTTan urTierTobis istoriidan (XVII s-is 60-iani ww.)~, ivane

javaxiSvilis dabadebis 100 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saiubileo krebuli (Tbili-

si, 1976), 363-4, 366. aqedan, irkveva, rom mefe bagrat IV-is mier mefe aleqsi mixeilis

ZesTan gagzavnili I elCoba imereTis samefodan 1667 wlis TebervalSi an martis da-

sawyisSi gaemgzavra, Sesabamisad ki, sabolood dgindeba isic, rom am elCobis mier

ruseTis samefo karze Catanili gansaxilveli werili elCobis imereTis samefodan

gamgzavrebis winare xanebSi anu 1667 wlis Teberval-martSi iyo Sedgenili. rac Se-

exeba mefe bagrat IV-is mier mefe aleqsi mixeilis ZesTan gagzavnili I elCobis ukan

Temo jojua

253

aleqsi mixeilis ZisaTvis gagzavnili 1668 wlis werili.12 7. imereTis

mefis bagrat IV-is mier ruseTis samefo karze gagzavnili meore, 1668-

72 wlebis elCobis13 saqmianobis amsaxveli saarqivo masalis amonaweri.

dabrunebis TariRs, amasTan dakavSirebiT, ori garemoebaa gasaTvaliswinebeli: 1.

mefe aleqsi mixeilis Zem am elCobis xelmZRvanels demetre ariSiZes mefe bagrat IV-

isaTvis gankuTvnili werili 1668 wlis 10 marts gadasca (Tavad werili 1668 wlis 22

Tebervals iyo Sedgenili). iqve, 364; da 2. xsenebuli demetre ariSiZe, mitropolit

evdemonTan erTad, mefe bagrat IV-is mier mefe aleqsi mixeilis ZesTan gagzavnil

II elCobas edga saTaveSi, romelic imereTis samefodan 1668 wlis oqtomberSi ga-

emgzavra. maSasadame, aRniSnuli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, irkveva, rom mefe

bagrat IV-is mier ruseTis samefo karze gagzavnili I elCoba qalaq moskovidan 1668

wlis 10 martis Semdeg, savaraudod, martis Sua ricxvebSi gamobrunda, mgzavrobas,

maqsimum, rva Tve moandoma da imereTis samefoSi, sul gvian, 1668 wlis oqtombris

Sua ricxvebSi Camovida.

12 werils Sedgenis TariRi ar uzis, Tumca am sakiTxis garkveva rTuli ar aris.

dRisaTvis dadgenilia, rom mefe bagrat IV-is mier mefe aleqsi mixeilis ZesTan gag-

zavnilma II elCobam (xelmZRvanelebi: samefo karis winamZRvari (`karisa winamdgo-

mi~), mitropoliti evdemoni da demetre ariSiZe), romelmac gansaxilveli werili

qalaq moskovSi 1669 wlis 23 noembers Caitana (werili mefe aleqsi mixeilis Zes 1669

wlis 6 dekembers gadaeca), imereTidan ruseTis samefos sataxto qalaqamde mg-

zavrobas cameti Tve moandoma. giorgi paiWaZe, `masalebi ruseT-saqarTvelos ur-

TierTobis istoriisaTvis (1660-1685 ww.)~, saistorio moambe, 23-4 (Tbilisi, 1970),

161. aqedan irkveva, rom mefe bagrat IV-is mier mefe aleqsi mixeilis ZesTan gagzav-

nili II elCoba imereTis samefodan 1668 wlis oqtomberSi gaemgzavra, Sesabamisad

ki, sabolood dgindeba isic, rom am elCobis mier ruseTis samefo karze Catanili

gansaxilveli werili elCobis imereTis samefodan gamgzavrebis winare xanebSi anu

imave 1668 wlis oqtomberSi iyo Sedgenili. aqve, aRvniSnav, rom mefe bagrat IV-is

mier mefe aleqsi mixeilis ZisaTvis gagzavnili gansaxilveli werilis 1668 wlis

oqtombriT daTariRebas imereTis samefos 1660-iani wlebis istoriaSi garkveuli

qronologiuri koreqtivi Seaqvs. dReisaTvis qarTul istoriografiaSi damkvid-

rebulia mosazreba, rom mefe bagrat IV-is samefo taxtidan meored Camogdebasa da

mis nacvlad, samefo taxtze dedofal nestan-darejanisa da misi Tanamecxedris,

usinaTlo vaxtang bagrationis (WuWunaisSvilis) meored asvlas 1668 wels hqonda

adgili. CxataraiSvili, `bagrat IV~, qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, 129; rexviaS-

vili, imereTis samefo (1462-1810 ww.), 128-9; CxataraiSvili, `bagrat IV~, saqarTve-

lo, enciklopedia, 317; buaCiZe, ìmereTis mefeebi~, 246-8; da sxv. mefe bagrat IV-is

mier ruseTis mefis aleqsi mixeilis ZisaTvis gagzavnili werilis 1668 wlis oqtom-

briT daTariReba, agreTve, ramdenime iseTi cnobis analizi, romlebic aRniSnuli

sakiTxis Seswavlisas aqamde gamoyenebuli ar yofila, aCvenebs, rom zemoT naxseneb

istoriul ambebs ara 1668 wels, aramed, erTi wliT adre, 1667 wels hqonda adgili

(am sakiTxis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT Cems sxva naSromSi meqneba saubari).

13 mefe bagrat IV-is mier ruseTis samefo karze gagzavnili II elCobis diploma-

tiuri saqmianobis qronologiuri CarCoebis 1668-72 wlebiT gansazRvrisas or Zi-

riTad arguments vemyarebi: 1. imereTis mefis II elCoba saqarTvelodan 1668 wlis

oqtomberSi gaemgzavra (ix. zemoT); da 2. mefe bagrat IV-is es elCoba realur saq-

mianobas mxolod 1672 wlamde axorcielebda, am wlis maisSi ki, man, rogorc diplo-


254

8. imereTis mefis bagrat IV-is mier mefe aleqsi mixeilis ZisaTvis gag-

zavnili 1676 wlis werili.14 9. imereTis mefis bagrat IV-is mier ruseTis

samefo karis moxelis –`dumnas~, igive “ ”-isa (mdivanmwigno-

barTuxucesis) Tu `mestumrisaTvis~ ( ) gagzavnili

1676 wlis werili.15

matiurma misiam, arseboba, faqtobrivad Sewyvita: ruseTis samefo karma, mefe Tei-

muraz I-is SviliSvilis, imxanad ruseTSi myofi batoniSvili erekles, SemdgomSi

qarTlis mefis erekle I nazar-ali-xanis (1688-1703) 1670 wlis saCivris wignis sa-

fuZvelze, elCobis erT-erTi xelmZRvaneli – mitropoliti evdemoni 1672 wlis 15

maiss, batoniSvili erekles mamidis, dedofal nestan-darejanis mkvlelobaSi mo-

nawileobis braldebiT, daapatimra da kirilo-belozeris monasterSi gadaasaxla

(mitropoliti evdemoni patimrobidan sami wlis Semdeg gaaTavisufles. 1675 wlis

24 ivliss igi qalaq moskovSi Cavida, amave wlis seqtemberSi ki samSobloSi gamoemg-

zavra), xolo meore xelmZRvaneli – demetre ariSiZe, savaraudod, imave 1672 wlis

maisSi misi Zveli patronis – batoniSvili erekles Ralati braldebiT Seipyres da

imave batoniSvil erekles gadasces (demetre ariSiZe momdevno ori wlis ganmavlo-

baSi moskovSi imyofeboda, 1674 wels ki, batoniSvil ereklesTan erTad, ruseTis

samefos sataxto qalaqi datova). paiWaZe, `masalebi ruseT-saqarTvelos urTier-

Tobis istoriisaTvis (1660-1685 ww.)~, 165. Sdr.

LXV-LXVI; tivaZe, ìmereTis

samefos ruseTTan urTierTobis~, 368.

14 werils Sedgenis TariRi ar uzis, Tumca am sakiTxis garkveva SesaZlebelia. we-

rilisa da misi rusuli Targmanis gamomcemlis mari broses cnobiT, werili ruse-

Tis samefo karze (?) 1677 wlis 25 ivniss miiRes. , 94.rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, mefe bagrat IV-is mier mefe aleqsi mixeilis ZesTan gagza-

vnil I, 1667-68 wlebis elCobas ruseTis samefos sataxto qalaq moskovidan imereTis

samefoSi dasabruneblad, maqsimum, rva Tve (1668 wlis Tebervali-marti – 1668 wlis

oqtomberi), xolo imave mefe bagrat IV-is mier ruseTis samefo karze gagzavnil II,

1668-72 wlebis elCobas imereTis samefodan qalaq moskovSi Casasvlelad cameti Tve

(1668 wlis oqtomberi – 1669 wlis 23 noemberi) dasWirda. aqedan irkveva, rom mefe

bagrat IV-is mier mefe aleqsi mixeilis ZesTan gagzavnili III elCoba (xelmZRvaneli:

Tavadi daviT malaqias Ze wereTeli (?), romelmac ruseTis mefisaTvis gagzavnili

werili qalaq moskovSi 1677 wlis 25 ivniss Caitana, imereTis samefodan, daaxloebiT,

rva-cameti TviT adre anu 1676 wels gaemgzavra, Sesabamisad ki, sabolood dgindeba

isic, rom am elCobis mier ruseTis samefo karze Catanili, qvemoT citirebuli weri-

li elCobis imereTis samefodan gamgzavrebis winare xanebSi anu 1676 wels iyo Sedge-

nili. aqve, xazgasmiT aRvniSnav im faqts, rom mefe bagrat IV-is werilis adresati

mefe aleqsi mixeilis Ze romanovi (1645-76) 1676 wlis 29 ianvars gardaicvala, samefo

taxti ki misma vaJma, Teodore aleqsis Ze romanovma (1676-82) daikava. Sesabamisad,

irkveva, rom mefe bagrat IV-is werilis Sedgenis dros (1676) mefe aleqsi mixeilis

Ze ramdenime Tvis gardacvlili iyo, imereTis samefoSi ki am ambis Sesaxeb araferi

icodnen da amitom ruseTis mefisaTvis gasagzavn werils ara mefe Teodore aleqsis

Zis, aramed gardacvlili mefis aleqsi mixeilis Zis saxelze adgendnen.

15 werils Sedgenis TariRi ar uzis. misi daTariRebis sakiTxs pirvelad mari brose

Temo jojua

255

CamoTvlili werilobiTi Zeglebi, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli samefo

beWdebis istoriis TvalsazrisiT, aqamde Seswavlili ar yofila. winam-

debare naSromze muSaobisas es Zeglebi sagangebod Seviswavle da Sede-

gebs samecniero naSromis saxiT uaxloes xanebSi gamovaqveyneb, amje-

rad ki mxolod ZiriTadi daskvnebis motaniT Semovifarglebi.

imereTis mefe aleqsandre III-es sami beWedi hqonda:

1. nuSiseburi beWedi (3X2 sm), SuaSi jvris gamosaxulebiT, garSemo

mxedruli legendiT: `mefe aleqsandre~. beWedi mefe aleqsandre III-is

aRsaydrebisTanave, 1639 wels iyo damzadebuli. am beWdiT mefe aleq-

sandre III mis mier gacemul dokumentebsa da zogierT, gansakuTrebuli

mniSvnelobis mqone Senoba-nagebobas beWdavda.16

2. ovaluri oqros beWedi (sigrZe – 4.4/4.5 sm), SuaSi ori jvris gamo-

Seexo da werilis qronologia, raime argumentaciis gareSe, `1677 (?)~ wliT gansa-

zRvra. , 96. am sakiTxis Taobaze odnav gansxvavebuli

mosazreba maqvs. Cemi dakvirvebiT, mefe bagrat IV-is mier ruseTis samefo karis

`dumnasaTvis~ gagzavnili werili da amave mefe bagrat IV-is mier ruseTis mefis

aleqsi mixeilis ZisaTvis gagzavnili 1676 wlis, zemoT citirebuli werili ueWve-

lad Tanadroulad iyo Sedgenili da ruseTSi gagzavnili. amgvari daskvnisaken

ori ZiriTadi garemoeba gvibiZgebs: 1. orive werilSi imereTis samefoSi momxdari,

praqtikulad, erTi da igive ambebia aRwerili; da 2. orive werili qalaq moskovSi

erTi da imave pirma – imereTis mefis mier mefe aleqsi mixeilis ZesTan gagzavnili

III, 1676-78(?) wlebis elCobis xelmZRvanelma, daviT malaqias Ze wereTelma (?) Cai-

tana. iqve, 94-8. Sesabamisad, Tu es dakvirveba sworia, maSin mefe bagrat IV-is mier

ruseTis samefo karis `dumnasaTvis~ gagzavnili werili ara `1677 (?)~ wliT, aramed

1676 wliT unda daTariRdes. aqve, SevniSnav, rom citirebuli werili Sua sauku-

neebis qarTul samefo beWdebTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze msjelobisas, qarTvel

mkvlevarTa Soris, pirvelad sara barnavelma gamoiyena, Tumca mkvlevars werilSi

daculi cnobebi ar ganuxilavs da mxolod misi erTi fragmentis citirebiT Semoi-

fargla. barnaveli, saqarTvelos sabeWdavebi, 73-4.

16 mefe aleqsandre III-is mier nuSiseburi beWdiT damtkicebuli dokumentebidan

Cvenamde mxolod erTma sabuTma moaRwia. es aris mefe aleqsandre III-is mier beJan

wereTlisaTvis micemuli 1639 wlis wyalobis wigni, romelic amJamad xelnawerTa

erovnuli centris qarTuli xelnaweri dokumentebis Sd koleqciaSi 519-e nomriT

aris daculi. xec Sd-519; ana baqraZe, masalebi qarTuli sfragistikis istorii-

saTvis, katalogi, I (Tbilisi, 1978), 46, tab. VI, sur. 3. mefe aleqsandre III-is mier

dabeWdili Senobebidan dReisaTvis mxolod sami aseTi nagebobaa cnobili: 1. qu-

Taisis cixeSi ganaTavsebuli samefo rezidenciis farglebSi moqceuli wm. gior-

gis taZari, romelic, misi adgilmdebareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, ueWvelad samefo

karis eklesias warmoadgenda; 2. quTaisis cixis galavnis erT-erTi kidura, mdinare

rionis xeobisaken momzirali, daaxloebiT, 20-25 metri simaRlis koSki, saidanac

weliwadSi erTxel, mefis uSualo zedamxedvelobiT, samas ormocdaxuTi Cafi bu-

nebrivad daleqili gvarjila gamohqondaT; dabolos, 3. amave koSkis Tavze daSe-

nebuli oTkuTxa darbazi, romelSic imereTis samefo xazina inaxeboda. stolniki

toloCanovisa da diaki ievlevis, 80, 156-7.


256

saxulebiT, garSemo ormag wred Semoyolebuli mxedruli legendiT:

`†. mona RTisa, mefe al{e}qsandre giorgis Svili, yma didis moskovis [Ã]elmwifis mixe{i}lis Svilis~ (wakiTxva Cemia – T. j.). beWedi 1651 wlis

14-23 seqtembridan 7-8 oqtombramde, sagangebod mefe aleqsandre III-is

mier mefe aleqsi mixeilis ZisaTvis micemuli 1651 wlis `ficis wignze~

dasasmelad, ruseTis mefis elCebis – nikifore toloCanovisa da ale-

qsi ievlevis moTxovnis Sesabamisad iyo damzadebuli.17 Cems xelT arse-

buli masalis mixedviT, mefe aleqsandre III-es ovaluri beWedi `ficis

wignis~ damtkicebis Semdeg aRarasodes gamouyenebia.18

3. oqros beWedi orTaviani arwivis gamosaxulebiT. beWedi 1652-53

wlebSi ruseTis samefoSi, mefe aleqsi mixeilis Zis brZanebiT, sagan-

gebod mefe aleqsandre III-isaTvis gamosagzavnad iyo damzadebuli.

1653-60 wlebSi imereTis mefe am beWdiT mezobeli qveynebis mmarTvele-

bTan gagzavnil werilebs beWdavda, riTac maT auwyebda, rom imereTis

samefo ruseTis Zlieri saxelmwifos mfarvelobis qveS imyofeboda da

amiT, sakuTari qveynis sagareo safrTxeebisagan dacvas cdilobda.19

imereTis mefe bagrat IV-es, mamis, mefe aleqsandre III-isagan gansxva-

vebiT, ori beWedi hqonda.

1. nuSiseburi beWedi (3.2X2 sm), SuaSi jvris gamosaxulebiT, garSemo

mxedruli legendiT: `mona RTisa mefe bagrat~. beWedi mefe bagrat IV-

is aRsaydrebisTanave, 1660 wels an misi samefo taxtze meored asvlis

dros, 1663 wels iyo damzadebuli. am beWdiT imereTis mefe mis mier

gacemul dokumentebsa da ucxo qveynis mmarTvelebisaTvis gagzavnil

werilebs amtkicebda.20

17

, saistorio moambe, I (tfilisi, 1925), 157, 160; stolniki toloCano-

visa da diaki ievlevis, 09, 101-4, 180-1.

18 rac Seexeba Tavad ficis wigns~, misi dedani (arsebuli ori egzemplaridan erT-

erTi cali) amJamad qalaq moskovis yofili sagareo saqmeTa saministros mTavari

arqivis qarTuli dokumentebis ganyofilebaSi me-7 nomriTaa daculi.

, 157, 160; stolniki toloCanovisa da

diaki ievlevis, 09.

19 paiWaZe, `masalebi ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriisaTvis (1652-

1658)~, 442; paiWaZe, `masalebi ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriisaTvis

(1660-1685 ww.)~, 162.

20 mefe bagrat IV-is mier nuSiseburi beWdiT damtkicebuli dokumentebidan Cve-

namde mxolod orma sabuTma moaRwia. esenia: 1. mefe bagrat IV-is mier qaixosro we-

reTlisaTvis micemuli 1666 wlis wyalobis wigni; da 2. mefe bagrat IV-is mier imave

qaixosro wereTlisaTvis micemuli 1680 wlis wyalobis wigni. amJamad orive doku-

menti xelnawerTa erovnul centrSia daculi: 1660 wlis wyalobis wigni – qarTuli

xelnaweri dokumentebis Hd koleqciaSi 2246-e nomriT (xec Hd-2246), xolo 1680

wlis sabuTi – qarTuli xelnaweri dokumentebis Sd koleqciaSi 509-e nomriT (xec

Temo jojua

257

2. eqvskuTxa beWedi (3.2X2 sm-ze didi zomis), SuaSi jvris gamosaxu-

lebiT, jvris irgvliv mxedruli warweriT: `vadideb xelmwifobasa

aleqsis~, garSemo mxedruli legendiT: `mona RvTisa da mosavi jvarisa

mefe bagrat~. beWedi 1668 wlis seqtember-oqtomberSi, sagangebod mefe

bagrat IV-is mier mefe aleqsi mixeilis ZisaTvis gagzavnil 1668 wlis

oqtombris werilze dasasmelad iyo damzadebuli.21 Cems xelT arsebu-

li masalis mixedviT, imereTis mefes eqvskuTxa beWedi 1668 wlis weri-

lis damtkicebis Semdeg aRarasodes gamouyenebia.

Sua saukuneebis qarTuli samefo beWdebi, XIII saukunis miwurulis

da XVII saukunis II naxevris qarTuli da rusuli werilobiTi Zeglebis

garda, XVIII saukunis oTx qarTul werilobiT ZeglSic aris moxsenie-

buli. es Zeglebia: 1. qarTlis janiSinis vaxtangis (1703-14), SemdgomSi,

qarTlis mefis vaxtang VI-is (1716-24) mier 1707-09 wlebSi Sedgenili

saxelmwifo samarTlis Zegli `samefo dasturlamali~. 2. imereTis me-

fis solomon I-is (1752-84) mier xonis saepiskoposo sadrisaTvis mice-

muli 1782 wlis Sewirulebis wigni. 3. amave mefe solomon I-is mier ge-

laTis monastris soxastris eklesiisaTvis micemuli 1783 wlis Sewiru-

lebis wigni. 4. qarTl-kaxeTis mefis erekle II-is (1762-98) mier ambro-

sasSvilebisaTvis micemuli 1785 wlis Sewirulebis wigni.22 movitan am

Zeglebis Sesabamis fragmentebs.

Sd-509). baqraZe, masalebi qarTuli sfragistikis istoriisaTvis, 47, tab. VI, sur. 8.

rac Seexeba mefe bagrat IV-is nuSiseburi beWdiT damtkicebul, ucxoeTSi gagza-

vnil werilebs, Cvenamde mxolod orma aseTma werilma moaRwia. esenia: 1. mefe ba-

grat IV-is mier mefe aleqsi mixeilis ZisaTvis gagzavnili 1676 wlis werili; da 2.

mefe bagrat IV-is mier ruseTis samefo karis `dumnasaTvis~ gagzavnili, imave 1676

wlis werili. amJamad orive es dokumenti qalaq moskovSi, yofili sagareo saqmeTa

saministros mTavar arqivSia daculi. , 94-8. beWedi

1666-80 wlebis or dokumentsa da 1678 wlis or werilzea dasmuli (xec Hd-2256; xec

Sd-509; qalaq moskovis yofili sagareo saqmeTa saministros mTavari arqivi). ba-

qraZe, masalebi qarTuli sfragistikis istoriisaTvis, 47;

, 96, 98.21 mefe bagrat IV, erTi mxriv, Tavisi 1668 wlis weriliT mefe aleqsi mixeilis Zes

mfarvelobaSi miRebas sTxovda, xolo, meore mxriv, amave werils iseTi beWdiT amt-

kicebda, romlis legendaSic sakuTar Tavs àleqsis xelmwifobis mmadideblad~

anu mefe aleqsi mixeilis Zis qveSevrdomad moixseniebda. vfiqrob, srulebiT aSka-

raa, rom mefe bagrat IV-is mier 1668 wlis werilze maincadamainc aseTi legendis

mqone beWdis dasma erTgvari diplomatiuri xerxi iyo, romlis daxmarebiTac ime-

reTis mefe ruseTis mefis keTilganwyobis mopovebas isaxavda miznad. 1668 wlis we-

rili amJamad qalaq moskovis yofili sagareo saqmeTa saministros mTavar arqivSia

daculi. , 86.22 dasaxelebuli oTxi werilobiTi Zegli Sua saukuneebis qarTul samefo beWdeb-

Tan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze msjelobisas, qarTvel mkvlevarTa Soris, pirvelad

sara barnavelma gamoiyena. barnaveli, saqarTvelos sabeWdavebi, 73-4.


258

1. mefe vaxtang VI-is `samefo dasturlamalis~ me-40 karis $130: `rac

an batonis beWdiT an mdivanbegis beWdiT garigdes, mesamedi samefos

kacisa, – mefis mdivansa da sadedoflosi – dedoflis mdivansa~.23

2. mefe solomon I-is 1782 wlis Sewirulebis wigni: èsenic xel-

Seualad mogviZRvnia da davbeWde samefoTa beWdiTa~.24

3. mefe solomon I-is 1783 wlis Sewirulebis wigni: `da sigeli mamisa

Cemisa davbeWde samefoTa beWdiTa~.25

4. mefe erekle II-is 1785 wlis Sewirulebis wigni: `dabeWdul same-

foÁTa beWdiTa CuÀniTa~.26

rogorc vxedavT, citirebuli XVIII saukunis werilobiTi Zeglebi

am periodis qarTuli samefo beWdis raobasa Tu Senaxva-gamoyenebas-

Tan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb raime sayuradRebo cnobebs ar

gvawvdis da mxolod imas gvauwyebs, rom XVIII saukuneSi qarTvel mefe-

Ta kuTvnili beWdebi `batonis beWdis~ an `samefo beWdis~ saxeliT iyo

cnobili.

amiT Sua saukuneebis qarTuli samefo beWdebis Sesaxeb werilobiT

ZeglebSi daculi cnobebis mimoxilvis vasruleb. Tumca, manamde qar-

Tul samefo beWdebTan dakavSirebul kidev erT sakiTxze gavamaxvi-

leb yuradRebas. ivane javaxiSvilma sam nakveTad Cafiqrebuli wignis

ìstoriis mizani, wyaroebi da meTodebi winaT da axla~ 1926 wels ga-

moqveynebul meore nakveTSi `qarTuli sigelTmcodneoba anu diploma-

tika~, `xelmwifis karis garigebaze~ dayrdnobiT, gamoTqva mosazreba,

rom vinaidan Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi namdvilad arsebobda didi

samefo beWedi (`didi sasigele beWedi~), maSin, mis paralelurad, auci-

leblad iarsebebda patara samefo beWedic (`mcire samefo beWedi~), ro-

melic, didi samefo beWdisagan gansxvavebiT, `saniadagod~ anu yovel-

dRiur yofaSi unda yofiliyo gamoyenebuli.27

mogvianebiT sara barnavelma ivane javaxiSvilis am mosazrebis ga-

myareba konkretul werilobiT Zeglze dayrdnobiT scada da 1965 wels

gamoqveynebul wignSi saqarTvelos sabeWdavebi da sxva gliptikuri ma-

salebi~ mogviano xanis erTi werilobiTi Zegli – 1804 wliT daTariRe-

buli werili moixmo, romelSic termini patara beWedi~ dokumenturad

aris dadasturebuli.28 werilSi, romelic ruseTis saimperio xelisu-

23 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, 1, 638.

24 sargis kakabaZe, dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi, II (tfilisi, 1921), 75.

25 iqve, 78.

26 ana baqraZe, `qarTuli beWdebi, 1 samefo beWdebi~, paleografiuli Ziebani, II

(1969), 9.

27 javaxiSvili, istoriis mizani, wyaroebi da meTodebi, 72.

28 werils TariRi ar uzis. misi teqsti kavkasiis arqeografiuli komisiis aqtebSi

Temo jojua

259

flebis winaaRmdeg ajanyebuli qarTveli (?) mTielebis – vinme baramisa

(?) da gedevanis (?) mier ruseTis saimperio xelisuflebis samsaxurSi

mdgomi mirmanoz qsnis erisTavisaTvis aris gagzavnili, vkiTxulobT:

`ra vqna Cemo Ãelmwifev, Tu farnaoz daiWires, – aleqsandre, Teimu-

raz da levan29 xom isev arian da Tu farnaoz am gansacdels SemTxvevia,

CvenTÂs sikvdili sanatrelia. Cven mogaxsenebT pir aqeT gardmoxedoT,

sul agre ar iqneba, Sen nu momikvdebi. viTxovT ar ugulebel gvyoT da

Tu marTalia, batonis-Svilis30 naweri baraTi gveboZos Tavisis pata-

ra beWdiT dabeWdili: wamodiTo, qalaqs vimyofebio da Cvenc yelzed

xmals davikidebT da ise Sen giaxlebiT, Tunda Sen dagvxoce da Tunda

cicianovma, – neba Tqveni asruldes da am xeobasac SemogirigebT, ro-

gorc Tqveni neba aris~.31

miuxedavad imisa, rom citirebul werilSi moxseniebuli patara

beWedi, amave werilis Tanxmad, qarTl-kaxeTis mefis erekle II-is erT-

-erT vaJs – batoniSvil farnaozs ekuTvnoda, vfiqrob, ivane javaxiS-

vilis mier gamoTqmuli mosazreba marTebulia da Sua saukuneebis sa-

qarTveloSi patara beWedi, ufliswulebisa Tu batoniSvilebis garda,

sakuTriv mefeebsac eqnebodaT.

samwuxarod, patara samefo beWdis raobasa da mis Senaxva-gamo-

yenebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb raime detaluri xasi-

aTis cnobebi, jerjerobiT, ar mogvepoveba, amitom am mniSvnelovani

iranis Sahis faT-alis (1797-1834) 1804 wlis firmanis Semdeg da saqarTvelos mTa-

varmmarTeblis pavle cicianovis 1805 wlis 28 Tebervlis raportis win aris war-

modgenili, riTac, dokumenti, iribad, 1804-05 wlebiT aris daTariRebuli.

barnaveli, saqarTvelos sabeWdavebi, 74.

aRniSnuli TariRi, arsebiTad, misaRebia. Tumca ki, vfiqrob, rom am TariRis kidev

ufro dazustebac SeiZleba. gansaxilveli werilidan irkveva, rom misi Sedgenis

dros qarTl-kaxeTis mefis erekle II-is vaJi, ruseTis saimperio xelisuflebis

winaaRmdeg ajanyebuli batoniSvili farnaozi ruseTis saimperio xelisuflebis

mier sul axali dapatimrebuli iyo. imavdroulad, cnobilia, rom batoniSvili

farnaozi rusi generlis pavle cicianovis brZanebiT, 1804 wlis 30 oqtombers

daapatimres. , 142-3. Sesabamisad, sab-

olood irkveva isic, rom gansaxilveli werili batoniSvili farnaozis dapatim-

rebidan sul mcire xnis Semdeg anu 1804 wlis noember-dekemberSi iyo Sedgenili.

29 aq dasaxelebuli arian ruseTis saimperio xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg ajanye-

buli qarTveli batoniSvilebi: qarTl-kaxeTis mefis erekle II-is (1762-98) vaJi, ba-

toniSvili farnaozi; am ukanasknelis Zma, batoniSvili aleqsandre; qarTl-kaxeTis

mefis giorgi XII-is (1798-1800) vaJi, batoniSvili Teimurazi; dabolos, batoniSvili

farnaozis Zmiswuli, batoniSvili levan iulonis Ze.

30 igulisxmeba batoniSvili farnaozi.

31 iqve, 145; barnaveli, saqarTvelos sabeWdavebi, 74.


260

sakiTxebis Taobaze, problemis Seswavlis am etapze, verafers vityvi.

qarTuli samefo beWdebis Sesaxeb werilobiT ZeglebSi daculi

cnobebis mimoxilvis Semdeg Cvenamde moRweuli samefo beWdebis mimox-

ilvaze gadavideT.

qarTul istoriografiaSi damkvidrebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad,

qarTuli samefo beWdebidan XX saukunemde mxolod samad samma beWedma

moaRwia. ganvixiloT samive beWedi cal-calke.

XX saukunemde moRweuli pirveli beWedi 1820-42 wlebidan gela-

Tis monastris yovladwmida RmrTismSoblis Sobis mTavar eklesiaSi

iyo daculi.32 es beWedi ucxoelma da qarTvelma siZveleTmcodnee-

bma – andrei muraviovma, mari brosem, nikodime kondakovma, dimitri

baqraZem, giorgi wereTelma, fotografma dimitri ermakovma, mxat-

varma vasilevma da dekanozma daviT RambaSiZem sakuTari TvaliT nax-

es, aRweres, fotoze aRbeWdes, Caixates da Seiswavles.33 samwuxarod,

1904 wlis 19 ivliss aTamde pirisagan Semdgarma yaCaRTa razmma ge-

laTis monasteri gaZarcva da sxva siZveleebTan erTad, xsenebuli

32 1842 wlis 15 ianvars Sedgenil gelaTis monastris saeklesio nivTebis àRweraSi~

gansaxilveli beWedi im saeklesio nivTebis CamonaTvalSia Setanili, romlebic ge-

laTis monastris sakuTrebaSi 1820 wlis Semdeg aRmoCnda: àm zemo aRwerils siebs

garda Cyk-is wlis (1820 w.) Semdgomad Sematebulni da Sewirulni qristianeTa kacTa

mier nivTni... 15. daviT aRmaSenebelis sacere oqrosi, romelsa zeda aris w-dis gior-

gis saxe~ (beWedi XIX-XXI saukuneebis werilobiT Zeglebsa da publikaciebSi `daviT

aRmaSeneblis sacere beWdis~ saxeliT aris cnobili (amis Sesaxeb vrclad ix. qvemoT)

– T. j.). merab kezevaZe, gelaTis monasteri egzarqosobis dros (quTaisi, 2006), 239.

samwuxarod, 1842 wlis aRweraSi~ dakonkretebuli ar aris, Tu rogor moxvda beWedi

gelaTis monastrSi an sad inaxeboda is gelaTis monasterSi moxvedramde.

33 [ ], 198-9; Rapports sur un VoyageArcheologique dans la Georgie et dans lÀrmenie, Execute en 1847-1848, par Marie-Felicite Brosset, membre de lÀcademie Imperiale des Sciences, Avec un Atlas de 45 planches lithographiees (Sankt-Petersbourg, 1851), Onzieme rapport, 14; , “ ”,

XXV, 2; “La bijouterie au Caucase”, Le Caucase illustre, #1, 1889), 13; giorgi wereTeli, `gelaTis monasteri~, jejili, V (tfilisi, 1890), 56;

-, “

”, III

1959), 621.

Temo jojua

261

beWedic gaitaca.34 beWdis amJamindeli adgilmdebareoba ucnobia.35

34 àxali ambavi~, cnobis furceli, #2563, 24 ivlisi (tfilisi, 1904), 3; r. k-i., `gelaTis

monastris gaZarcva~, iveria, #172, 27 ivlisi (tfilisi, 1904), 2; k. d., `gelaTis monastris

gaZarcvisgamo~,cnobisfurceli,#2568, 29 ivlisi (tfilisi, 1904), 3; gelaTismonastris

gaZarcvis gamo~, cnobis furceli~, suraTebiani damateba,#240, 29 ivlisi (tfilisi, 1904),

1; s. k-Ze. [sargis kakabaZe], `gelaTis monasterSi~, iveria, #174, 29 ivlisi (tfilisi, 1904),

2-3; àxali ambavi~, cnobis furceli, #2569, 30 ivlisi (tfilisi, 1904), 3; `saqarTvelos

ambebi~, iveria,#176, 31 ivlisi (tfilisi, 1904), 2; episkoposi imereTisa leonidi [leonide

oqropiriZe], werili redaqciis mimarT~, iveria,#179, 4 agvisto (tfilisi, 1904), 2-3; akaki

[akaki wereTeli], `samZimari~, iveria, #182, 8 agvisto (tfilisi, 1904), 2; jibila [rafiel

jiblaZe], ìmerelis werilebi, werili mexuTe~, cnobis furceli,#2593, 25 agvisto (tfi-

lisi, 1904), 2; àxali ambavi~, cnobis furceli, #2618, 22 seqtemberi (tfilisi, 1904), 2-3;

iveria,#219, 23 seqtemberi (tfilisi, 1904), 2; ani, samtredia (imereTi)~, cnobis furceli,

#2649, 24 oqtemberi (tfilisi, 1904), 3; kezevaZe, gelaTis monasteri egzarqosobis dros,

195-203. beWdis gatacebis faqti, 1904 wlis qarTuli perioduli gamocemebis – `cnobis

furclis~, cnobis furclis~ suraTebiani damatebisa da iveriis~ garda, gelaTis monas-

tris arqimandritis serapion axvledianis (1875-1904) mier imereTis episkopos leonide

oqropiriZisaTvis (1900-08) gagzavnil 1904 wlis 19 ivlisis pataksa da 1906 wlis 27 dekem-

bers Sedgenili gelaTis monastris saeklesio nivTebis aRwerisaTvis~ darTul erT-erT

SeniSvnaSic aris aRniSnuli: arqimandrit serapionis pataki: dRes, mwuxris locvis dros,

eqvs saaTzed, roca vloculobT, monasters daecen Svidi SeiaraRebuli avazaki, romleb-

mac waiRes daviT aRmaSeneblis beWedi, erTi oqros barZimi, ori vercxlis barZimi da fu-

lic~. iqve, 293; 1906 wlis aRweris~ SeniSvna: aRwerilni siaSid awerilis komisiidgan 1878

welsa 16 agvistosa naCvenebi qveSe 44, 52, 102, 108 da 130. barZimi, feSxumi, kamara, kovzi, ver-

cxlisa ori wyvili, samRvdelmTavro panaRia, samRvdelmTavro sartyeli, oqros barZimi

da daviT aRmaSeneblis oqros beWedi iqnen gatacebulni avazakebisagan monasterzed

Tavsdasxmis dros 19 ivliss 1904 welsa~. iqve, 293. aqve, SevniSnav, rom beWdis gatacebidan

arcTu didi xnis Semdeg, 1909 wels gamoqveynda dekanoz daviT RambaSiZis wigni

romelSic avtori beWdis

gatacebis faqts saerTod ar axsenebs da sapirispirod amisa, aRniSnavs, rom beWedi gela-

Tis monasterSia daculi. , 6, 11. dekanoz daviT RambaSi-

Zis es cnoba aSkarad mcdaria. rogorc Cans, mis mier 1909 wels gamocemuli wigni bevrad

ufro adre, 1904 wlis winare xanebSia Sedgenili da Sesabamisad, 1904 wlamde arsebul vi-

Tarebas asaxavs. marTlac, merab kezevaZis mier argumentirebulad aris dadgenili, rom

gelaTis monastridan 1904 wels gatacebuli siZveleebi dRemde ukvalodaa dakarguli.

mkvlevris dakvirvebiT, marTalia, imave 1904 wels policiam gatacebaSi eWvmitanili oTxi

piri: vinme balanCivaZe, aleqsi CxeiZe, silibistro svaniZe da giorgi kandelaki daakava,

magram maTi sasamarTlo ar Sedga da Sesabamisad, verc gatacebuli nivTebis adgilmde-

bareobis dadgena moxerxda. kezevaZe, gelaTis monasteri egzarqosobis dros, 200-3. Sdr.

irakli iakobaSvili, `gelaTSi 100 wlis win. samarcxvino yaCaRobis qronikebi~, 24 saaTi,

170 (719), 20 ivlisi (2004), B3.35 1904 wels gelaTis monastridan gatacebuli beWedi mogvianebiT ruseTSi ga-

moCnda. 1916 wlis martSi iakob kostavam qalaq yazanis kavkasiis pedagogiuri

muzeumis did darbazSi, kedelze dakidul mogrZo CarCoSi Casmul TeTr tiloze

mimagrebuli didi zomis oqros beWedi naxa, romelsac Semdegi warwera hqonda:


262

dReisaTvis, dasaxelebul avtorTa publikaciebze, fotoebsa da

Canaxatebze dayrdnobiT, dadgenilia, rom gansaxilveli beWdis dia-

metri `3/4 verSoki~ anu 3.3 santimetri iyo da mis rgolSi Cveulebrivi

adamianis ori TiTi Tavisuflad Cadioda. beWedi mTlianad oqrosa-

gan iyo damzadebuli da sxvadasxva saxis ornamentuli motivebiT

iyo Semkuli. beWedi ori nawilisagan – Rerosa (rgolis) da budisagan

Sedgeboda. Rero Signidan brtyeli, garedan ki amoburculi iyo. misi

qveda, budis mopirdapire fragmenti orad iyo gayofili (aq Reros

gverdiTa fragmentebi erTmaneTs cerad ebjineboda). Rero qvemodan

zemoT TandaTanobiT ganivrdeboda, Semdeg ki erTbaSad farTovde-

boda da budesTan TiTqmis sworkuTxa moyvanilobis mxrebs ikeTebda.

beWdis budes, gegmaSi, ovaluri moyvaniloba hqonda. bude sakmaod

maRali iyo. masSi mcire zomis sanawile iyo mowyobili, romelic wmi-

da nawilebis CasabrZaneblad gamoiyeneboda. budis zeda, dokumen-

tze dasasmeli ovaluri moyvanilobis zedapiris sigrZe, beWdis rgo-

lis diametris gaTvaliswinebiT, daaxloebiT, 3,3 santimetri iyo. am,

dokumentze dasasmel zedapirs Tanabrad amoburculi fariseburi

moyvaniloba hqonda da sanawiles sarqveliviT exureboda. amobur-

cul farisebur zedapirze romaeli didebulis samosSi gamowyobili

fexze mdgomi wm. giorgis sarkiseburad Sebrunebuli gamosaxuleba

iyo CakveTili. wmidans erTi xeliT grZeli Subi epyra, meore xeliT

ki miwaze dabjenil fars eyrdnoboda. wmidanis Saravandiani Tavis

orsave mxares sarkiseburad Sebrunebuli ganmartebiTi asomTavru-

li warwera iyo CakveTili: `w(mida)i | g(iorg)[i]~. budis maRal kedels

irgvliv sevadiT Sesrulebuli, oTx nawilad gayofili, mogrZo,

sworkuTxa CarCoebSi Casmuli asomTavruli warwera Semouyveboda:

“”. iakob kostava maSinve mixvda, rom yazanis pedagogiuri muzeumis mier qalaq

niJegorodis bazrobaze SeZenili `mefe daviT aRmaSeneblis beWedi~ igive 1904

wels gelaTis monastridan gatacebuli beWedi iyo da misi gamosyidva ganizraxa,

Tumca saWiro raodenobis Tanxis moZieba ver SeZlo da beWedi veRar gamoisyida.

barnaveli, saqarTvelos sabeWdavebi, 48. am ambidan didi xnis Semdeg, 1958 wels,

babilana lominaZem qarTuli xelovnebis istoriis instituts iakob kostavas mier

gamogzavnili werili gadasca, romelSic avtori beWdis naxvis ambavs dawvrilebiT

aRwerda. iakob kotavas werilis miRebisTanave qarTuli xelovnebis istoriis in-

stitutma TaTreTis avtonomiuri sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis (dedaqa-

laqi – yazani) muzeums werili gaugzavna da sTxova, rom xsenebuli beWedi moeZe-

bna. werilis gagzavnidan ramdenime Tvis Semdeg TaTreTis avtonomiuri sabWoTa

socialisturi respublikis muzeumma qarTuli xelovnebis istoriis instituts

sapasuxo werili gamougzavna da acnoba, rom aRniSnuli beWedi muzeumis fondebSi

ar aRmoCnda. iqve.

Temo jojua

263

`w(mida)o g(iorg)i, m(mo)s(a)v(i) | S(e)ni g(iorg)i Z(a)l(i)T(a) | S{eni}Ta

vZl{e}v | mt{e}rTa C{em}Ta~.36

gansaxilveli beWedi Zveli zepiri tradiciis Tanaxmad, romelic

werilobiTi saxiT pirvelad XIX saukunis SuaxanebSi iqna fiqsirebu-

li, saqarTvelos mefis daviT IV aRmaSeneblis (1089-1125) sakuTrebas

warmoadgenda.37 erT-erTi gadmocemis mixedviT, beWedi mefe daviT IV

aRmaSenebels cera TiTze ekeTa da mas brZolebSi yovelTvis Tan at-

arebda.38 sxva gadmocemis Tanaxmad, gelaTis monastris yovladwmida

RmrTismSoblis Sobis mTavari eklesiis CrdiloeT kedelze gamo-

saxul mefe daviT IV aRmaSenebels marjvena xelis cera TiTze swored

es beWedi ukeTia. amave gadmocemis mixedviT, mefe beWeds saxelmwifo

beWdis (sabeWdavis) daniSnulebiT iyenebda. amasTan, igi romelime do-

kumentis xelmowerisa Tu raime saqmis gadawyvetis win beWedSi mowyo-

bil sanawiles xsnida da iq dabrZanebul wmida nawilebs marTebuli

gadawyvetilebis misaRebad daxmarebas SesTxovda.39 dasasrul, aRvniS-

nav imasac, rom XIX-XXI saukuneebis zogierT avtors beWedi, mefe daviT

IV aRmaSeneblis mier misi cera TiTze tarebis gamo, `daviT aRmaSene-

blis sacere beWdisa~ Tu `daviT aRmaSeneblis ceris beWdis~ saxeliT

aqvs moxseniebuli.40

36 iqve, 39-48.

37 es zepiri tradicia werilobiTi saxiT pirvelad 1842 wlis 15 ianvars Sedgenil

gelaTis monastris saeklesio nivTebis àRweraSi~, andrei muraviovis mier 1848

wels gamocemuli wignis “ ” III nakveTsa da mari broses mier 1851

wels gamoqveynebul wignSi “Rapports sur un Voyage Archeologique dans la Georgie et dans lÀrmenie” aris dafiqsirebuli. kezevaZe, gelaTis monasteri egzarqosobis dros,

239; [ ], Rapports sur un Voyage Archeologique, Onzieme rap-port, 14. miuxedavad imisa, rom aRniSnuli zepiri tradicia beWdis legendasTan aS-

kara winaaRmdegobaSi modis (teqstSi ara saxeli `daviTi~, aramed saxeli `giorgi~

ixsenieba), XIX-XXI saukuneebis calkeuli avtorebi – gelaTis monastris saeklesio

nivTebis 1878 wlis 16 agvistos àRweris~ Semdgenlebi, gelaTis monastris arqi-

mandriti serapion axvlediani, imereTis episkoposi leonide oqropiriZe, sargis

kakabaZe, akaki wereTeli, dekanozi daviT RambaSiZe, merab kezevaZe da sxv. mainc am

zepir tradicias ucxadeben ndoba da Sesabamis werilobiT Zeglebsa Tu publika-

ciebSi uyoymanod aRniSnaven, rom beWedi mefe daviT IV aRmaSenebels ekuTvnoda.

àxali ambavi~, cnobis furceli, #2563, 3; r. k-i, `gelaTis monastris gaZarcva~,

2; s. k-Ze, `gelaTis monasterSi~, 3; k. d., `gelaTis monastris gaZarcvis gamo~, 3;

`gelaTis monastris gaZarcvis gamo~, 1; àxali ambavi~, cnobis furceli, #2569, 3;

`saqarTvelos ambebi~, 2; akaki, `samZimari~, 2;

11; kezevaZe, gelaTis monasteri egzarqosobis dros, 157, 198, 200, 293.

38 Rapports sur un Voyage Archeologique, 14.39 Sdr. [ ], 40 wereTeli, `gelaTis monasteri~, 56; kezevaZe, gelaTis monasteri egzarqosobis

dros, 157, 239.


264

ganxiluli zepiri tradiciisa da misi sxvadasxva variaciebis mar-

Tebulobis sakiTxi kritikuli kuTxiT pirvelad giorgi wereTelma

ganixila. mkvlevarma 1882 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi “” yuradReba miaqcia im faqts, rom beWdis

legendaSi ara saxeli `daviTi~, aramed saxeli `giorgi~ iyo moxseniebu-

li da daaskvna, rom beWedi ara mefe daviT IV aRmaSenebels, aramed mefe

giorgis~ ekuTvnoda.41

XIX saukunis bolo mexuTedis mkvlevarTa umravlesobam giorgi

wereTlis es daskvna aramxolod gaiziara, aramed am daskvnaze dayrd-

nobiT, beWdis mflobeli `mefe giorgis~ vinaobis Sesaxeb ori gansx-

vavebuli mosazrebac gamoTqva: vinme anonimma avtorma Jurnalis “LeCaucase Illustre” 1889 wels gamoqveynebul pirvel nomerSi dabeWdil sta-

tiaSi “La bijouterie au Caucase” raime argumentaciis gareSe daaskvna, rom

beWedi mefe daviT IV aRmaSeneblis mamis, saqarTvelos mefis giorgi

II-is (1072-89) sakuTrebas warmoadgenda,42 xolo nikodime kondakovma

da dimitri baqraZem 1890 wels gamocemul wignSi “”, agreTve, raime dasab-

uTebis gareSe, gamoTqves mosazreba, rom beWedi saqarTvelos mefis

Tamaris (1184-1207/1210/1212) mamas, saqarTvelos mefes giorgi III-es

(1157-84) ekuTvnoda.43

anonimi avtorisa da nikodime kondakovi – dimitri baqraZis dasax-

elebuli naSromebis gamoqveynebis Semdeg maT mier gamoTqmul mo-

sazrebebs Tavisi momxreebi da mowinaaRmdegeebi gamouCnda. ase, mag-

aliTad, zemoT ukve naxsenebma giorgi wereTelma 1890 wels, Jurnal

`jejilis~ mexuTe nomerSi gamoaqveyna statia `gelaTis monasteri~,

romelSic, anonimi avtoris msgavsad, daaskvna, rom beWdis legenda-

Si moxseniebuli `giorgi~ igive mefe giorgi II iyo da iqve, damatebiT,

dasZina isic, rom beWedi mefe daviT IV aRmaSenebels mamisagan memkvi-

dreobiT hqonda miRebuli.44 ivane javaxiSvilma da giorgi CubinaSvil-

41 “ ”, . XXV, 2.42 “La bijouterie au Caucase”, 13.43

44 wereTeli, `gelaTis monasteri~, 56. sxvaTa Soris, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom

Jurnalis “Le Caucase illustre” pirvel nomerSi gamoqveynebuli statiis anonimi av-

tori Tavad giorgi wereTeli iyo. Tu es varaudi sworia, maSin gamodis, rom giorgi

wereTelma Tavis 1882 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi “ -” beWdis mflobelis vinaobasTan dakavSirebiT dawyebuli msjeloba

Jurnalis “Le Caucase illustre” pirvel nomerSi gamoqveynebul statiaSi ganagrZo da

beWdis legendaSi moxseniebuli `giorgic~ mefe giorgi II-sTan pirvelad swored

man da ara vinme ànonimma avtorma~ gaaigiva.

Temo jojua

265

ma ki, 1926-59 wlebSi gamoqveynebul naSromebSi, nikodime kondakovisa

da dimitri baqraZis mier gamoTqmul mosazrebas misces upiratesoba

da beWdis legendaSi moxseniebuli `giorgi~ mefe giorgi III-d miiCnies.45

gelaTis monastridan 1904 wels dakarguli beWdis mflobelis vi-

naobasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs sul bolos sara barnaveli Seexo.

mkvlevarma safuZvlianad Seiswavla beWedi da aramxolod mTlianad

gaiziara nikodime kondakovisa da dimitri baqraZis mier gamoTqmuli

mosazreba, rom beWedi mefe giorgi III-is sakuTrebas warmoadgenda, ar-

amed am mosazrebis Sesamagreblad ramdenime konkretuli argumenti

da dakvirvebac moitana: a) beWedi, Tavisi àRnagobiT~, dmanisis arqe-

ologiuri gaTxrebis dros gamovlenili XII-XIII saukunebis brinjaosa

da cisferi faiansis beWdebTan da amave XII-XIII saukuneebis iranul be-

WdebTan avlens msgavsebas; b) beWdis budis simaRle XII-XIII saukuneebis

iranuli beWdebis budeebis simaRles Seesatyviseba; g) beWdis ornamen-

tul saxeebs XII-XIII saukunis Weduri nimuSebis – tbeTis oTxTavis ydis,

wyarosTavis oTxTavis ydisa da gelaTis monastris macxovris xatis

ornamentul saxeebTan eZebneba paraleli; d) beWdis legendis gra-

femaTa moxazuloba XII saukunisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, am grafemebis

`SigniT wertilebiT Semkoba~ saorbisis eklesiis 1152 wlis warweras

mogvagonebs, xolo legendis sworkuTxa CarCoebSi moqceva – berTis

oTxTavis ydis Sesabamis fragmentebs; e) beWdis budis zeda, amobur-

culi fariseburi aris marcvliseburi ornamentiT Semkobis tradi-

cia saqarTveloSi gansakuTrebiT XII-XIII saukuneebSia gavrcelebuli;

v) beWdis budis zeda, amoburcul farisebur areze warmodgenili wm.

giorgis gamosaxuleba jumaTis wm. giorgis xatsa da XII saukunis sxva

Wedur xatebze warmodgenili wm. giorgis gamosaxulebaTa msgavsia; z)

beWedi, mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT, XII saukunis qarTuli oqromWed-

lobis nimuSs warmoadgens, romelsac misi mdidruli morTuloba gan-

sakuTrebul sazeimo xasiaTs aniWebs; T) marTalia, beWdis legendaSi

mefe moxseniebuli ar aris, magram legendis teqstidan da beWdis gansa-

kuTrebul sazeimo xasiaTidan aSkarad Cans, rom beWedi mefe-sardals

ekuTvnoda da saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvneloba hqonda; i) im daskvnis sa-

sargeblod, rom beWedi namdvilad samefo beWedi iyo, isic metyvelebs,

rom masze wm. giorgia gamosaxuli: vaxuStis bagrationis mier Sedgenil

erT-erT rukaze datanil saqarTvelos saxelmwifo gerbsa da qarTl-

45 javaxiSvili, istoriis mizani, wyaroebi da meTodebi, 69; javaxiSvili, qarTuli

samarTlis istoria, 211-2; giorgi CubinaSvili, qarTuli oqromWedloba VIII-XVIII

saukuneebisa, albomi, istoriuli mimoxilva da anotaciebi (Tbilisi, 1957), 22, tab.

57


266

kaxeTis mefis giorgi XII-is erT-erT beWedze swored wm. giorgis gamo-

saxulebaa warmodgenili.46

nikodime kondakovisa da dimitri baqraZis mier gamoTqmuli da sara

barnavelis mier argumentirebuli mosazreba, rom gelaTis monastri-

dan 1904 wels dakarguli beWedi mefe giorgi III-is kuTvnilebas war-

moadgenda, dReisaTvis qarTul istoriografiaSi srulad aris gazi-

arebuli. gansaxilveli sakiTxisadmi me gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba

maqvs da vfiqrob, rom arsebobs erTi metad mniSvnelovani garemoeba,

romelic gansaxilveli beWdis araTu mefe giorgi III-sadmi mikuTvnebis,

aramed misi samefo beWdad miCnevis SesaZleblobasac ki safuZvliani

eWvis qveS ayenebs.

sara barnavelma beWedze saubrisas xazgasmiT aRniSna is faqti, rom

beWdis legendaSi moxseniebuli `giorgi~ teqstSi `mefed~ ar iwode-

boda. me kidev ufro ganvavrcob am azrs da vityvi, rom beWdis etrat-

sa Tu qaRaldze dasmis Sedegad miRebul anabeWdze araTu `giorgis~

tituli, romelic teqstSi isedac ar iyo miTiTebuli, aramed Tavad

saxeli `giorgic~ ki ar gamoCndeboda. marTlac, Cven ukve vnaxeT ze-

moT, rom beWdis vrceli legenda, romlis teqstSic misi mflobelis

saxeli `giorgi~ iyo miTiTebuli, beWdis budis zeda, farisebur areze

ki ar iyo warmodgenili, romelic beWdis dasmis Semdeg etratsa Tu qa-

Raldze aRibeWdeboda, aramed budis maRali kedlis Semoyolebaze iyo

Sesrulebuli, romelic beWdis dasmis dros etratisa Tu qaRaldis

zedapirs ubralod ar exeboda.

aq, Teoriulad, SeiZleba gaCndes azri, rom gansaxilvel beWeds ara

etratsa Tu qaRaldze, aramed gamdnar cvilsa Tu liTonze dasasmelad

gamoiyeneboda: am dros gamdnar masaSi aramxolod beWdis budis zeda

nawili anu fariseburad amoburculi are, aramed mTeli bude Cadioda

da am gziT, cvilsa Tu liTonze, maTi gaciebis Semdeg, dabali siRrmis

cilindruli moyvanilobis anabeWdi rCeboda, romlis vertikalur

kedlebzec beWdis legendis teqsti da am teqstSi moxseniebuli saxeli

`giorgi~ ikiTxeboda. sakiTxis Seswavla aCvenebs, rom am Teoriuli daS-

vebis gaziareba, ori detalis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeuZlebelia: a) beWdis

budeSi sanawile iyo mowyobili, romelSic ueWvelad wmida nawilebi,

savaraudod ki, sakuTriv wm. giorgis Zvlis, Tmisa Tu Sesamoslis frag-

menti iyo CabrZanebuli. Sesabamisad, beWdis budis gamdnar cvilsa Tu,

miT ufro, liTonSi mTlianad CaSvebis SemTxvevaSi, es wmida nawili,

maRali temperaturis areSi moxvedris gamo, usaTuod ganadgurde-

boda, amas ki beWdis mflobeli, arc Sua saukuneebSi da romelime sxva

46 barnaveli, saqarTvelos sabeWdavebi, 41-7.

Temo jojua

267

dros, cxadia, ar dauSvebda; da b) Cvenamde moaRwia gansaxilveli be-

Wdis orad orma fotom, romlebic dimitri ermakovis mieraa gadaRe-

buli. am fotoebze aSkarad Cans, rom beWdis vrceli legendis teqs-

ti, amave beWedze amokveTili, ukuRma, sarkiseburad Sebrunebuli wm.

giorgis gamosaxulebisa da misi ganmartebiTi warwerisagan gansxvave-

biT, waRma Semobrunebuli saxiT iyo Sesrulebuli da Cveulebrivad

ikiTxeboda. Sesabamisad, Tu Cven marTebulad miviCnevT im varauds,

rom beWdis gamdnar cvilsa Tu liTonze dasmis Semdeg anabeWdze aramx-

olod wm. giorgis gamosaxuleba da misi ganmartebiTi warwera, aramed

vrceli legendis teqstis gamoCndeboda, maSin avtomaturad mivalT im

daskvnamdec, rom am anabeWdze wm. giorgis gamosaxulebis ganmartebiTi

warwera waRma Semobrunebuli, xolo vrceli legendis teqsti ukuRma

Sebrunebuli saxiT iqneboda warmodgenili, risi daSvebac, cxadia, nak-

lebad damajerebelia.

maSasadame, irkveva, rom gansaxilveli beWedi mxolod etratsa Tu

qaRaldze dasasmelad gamoiyeneboda da misi dasmis Semdeg amave etrat-

sa Tu qaRaldze darCenil anabeWdze mxolod wm. giorgis gamosaxuleba

da am gamosaxulebis ganmartebiTi warwera ganirCeoda.

miRebuli daskvnis Semdeg bunebrivad ibadeba kiTxva – ramdenad

sarwmunoa nikodime kondakovis, dimitri baqraZisa da sara barnavelis

gansaxilveli mosazreba, romlis gaziarebis SemTxvevaSic avtomatu-

rad mivalT im daskvnamde, rom Sua saukuneebis qarTuli saxelmwifos

pirveli piri, am SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelos mefe giorgi III, mis mier

gacemul dokuments, simtkicis niSnad, iseT beWeds usvamda, romlis

anabeWdzec araTu misi samefo titulatura, aramed misi saxelic ki ar

iyo miTiTebuli?

Cemi dakvirvebiT, es daskvna, Sesabamisad ki, nikodime kondakovis,

dimitri baqraZisa da sara barnavelis mosazreba, sarwmuno ar aris da

amaze, pirvel rigSi, qarTuli samefo beWdebis Cvenamde moRweuli ana-

beWdebi miuTiTebs, romelTa legendebSic Sesabamisi mefis tituli da

saxeli an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, mxolod saxeli mainc aris miTiTebu-

li (am nabeWdebis Sesaxeb ix. qvemoT).

maSasadame, sakiTxis detaluri Seswavla aCvenebs, rom gelaTis mon-

astridan 1904 wels dakarguli im oqros beWdis mflobelis vinaoba,

romelsac XIX-XXI saukuneebis avtorebi saqarTvelos mefeebs – giorgi

II-s, daviT IV aRmaSenebels an giorgi III-s miakuTvnebdnen, jerjerobiT,

daudgenelia. ufro metic, Cveni codnis am etapze, dabejiTebiT imis

Tqmac ki SeuZlebelia, beWedi namdvilad samefo beWeds warmoadgenda

Tu ara.

zemoT ganxiluli beWdisagan gansxvavebiT, Cvenamde moRweul da-


268

narCen or beWedTan dakavSirebiT aranairi eWvi ar arsebobs: orive

beWedi qarTl-kaxeTis mefes giorgi XII-es ekuTvnoda da Sesabamisad,

orive beWedi namdvilad samefo beWedi iyo.

am ori beWdidan erT-erTi – mefe giorgi XII-is orzedapiriani

sagerbo beWedi sara barnavelis mier aris Seswavlili. mkvlevris

Tanaxmad, beWdis korpusis ZiriTad, Sua nawils cilindruli formis

saxeluri qmnis, romelic momwvano feris nefritisaganaa damzadebu-

li da oqroTi Sesrulebuli mcenareuli motivebiTaa gamSvenebuli.

cilindris erT-erT kideze, romelsac irgvliv oqros salte Semouyve-

ba, oTxkuTxa beWedia damagrebuli. beWdis zedapirze erTstriqoniani

mxedruli legendaa amotvifruli: `giorgi~. cilindris meore kides,

romelsac, pirveli kidis msgavsad, irgvliv oqros salte Semouyveba,

orkapa, wveriT cilindrisaken mimarTuli Rero agrZelebs, romelzec

mrgvali beWdia damagrebuli. am beWdis zedapirze qarTl-kaxeTis sax-

emwifo gerbia warmodgenili. sara barnavelis dakvirvebiT, mefe gior-

gi XII-is beWedi èvropul yaidaze Seqmnil, tlanq da primitiul xelos-

nur nawarmoebs warmoadgens~.47

mefe giorgi XII-is Cvenamde moRweuli meore samefo beWedi amJamad

saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis simon janaSias saxelobis saxelmwifo

muzeumis gliptikis fondSi 683-e nomriTaa daculi da praqtikulad,

Seuswavlelia. ana baqraZis cnobiT, es beWedi, romliTac mefe giorgi

XII, ZiriTadad, oqmebsa da brZanebebs amtkicebda, 1799-1800 wlebis or

dokumentzea dasmuli48. am dokumentebze SemorCenili anabeWdebis

mixedviT, beWdis zedapiri rvakuTxa formisa da 2.1X1.8 sm zomisaa. be-

Wedze qanwiliT dawyebuli orstriqoniani mxedruli legendaa amotvi-

fruli: `†. mefe | giorgi~.49

qarTul samefo beWdebTan dakavSirebuli, zemoT ganxiluli weri-

lobiTi da nivTieri masalis garda, Cvenamde XV-XVIII saukuneebis ram-

denime aTeulma istoriulma dokumentma da oficialurma werilma

moaRwia, romlebzec Sesabamis periodSi moRvawe ocdarva qarTveli me-

fis ormocdaCvidmeti samefo beWedia dasmuli.50 swored am istoriul

47 iqve, 82-3, 95, tab. XVI, sur. 1, 2, 3 da 4. aqve, aRvniSnav, rom iseTi dokumenti,

romelzec mefe giorgi XII-is sagerbo beWdis anabeWdia warmodgenili, jerjero-

biT, cnobili ar aris. baqraZe, `qarTuli beWdebi~, 16-31; misive, masalebi qarTuli

sfragistikis istoriisaTvis, 35-46.

48 xec Ad-190; xec Hd-588; baqraZe, masalebi qarTuli sfragistikis istoriisa-

Tvis, 37.

49 baqraZe, masalebi qarTuli sfragistikis istoriisaTvis, 25, 37, tab. II, sur. 7.

50 aq mxolod da mxolod is dokumentebi da werilebi maqvs mxedvelobaSi, romle-

bze dasmuli beWdebis legendebSic beWdis mflobeli piri mefis tituliT aris

Temo jojua

269

dokumentebsa da oficialur werilebze dasmuli beWdebis anabeWdebia

is ZiriTadi istoriul-wyaroTmcodneobiTi baza, romelze dayrd-

nobiTac SegviZlia, metnaklebad argumentirebulad vimsjeloT XV-

XVIII saukuneebis qarTul samefo beWdebTan dakavSirebul sxvadasxva

sakiTxebze.

qarTul istoriul dokumentebze anabeWdebis saxiT SemorCenili

samefo beWdebis yvelaze ufro adreuli jgufi XV-XVI saukuneebiT

TariRdeba (kidev ufro adreuli periodis samefo beWdebis anabeWdebi

istoriul dokumentebze ar gvxvdeba). am adreul jgufSi mxolod ori

beWedi erTiandeba. esenia: 1. qarTl-imereTis mefis bagrat VI-is (1466-

78) oTxkuTxa beWedi (1.3X1.3 sm),51 orstriqoniani mxedruli legendiT:

`bagrat~;52 da 2. kaxeTis mefeebis – aleqsandre I-is (1476-1511) an ale-

qsandre II-is (1574-1605) oTxkuTxa beWedi (2X1.7 sm), zemo nawilSi gvir-

gvinis gamosaxulebiT, qvemo nawilSi orstriqoniani mxedruli legen-

diT: `mona RTisa aleqsandre~.53

XVII saukuneSi qarTul istoriul dokumentebsa da oficialur wer-

ilebze dasmuli samefo beWdebis anabeWdebis raodenoba mniSvnelovnad

izrdeba. am drois samefo beWdebSi, pirobiTad, sami jgufi gamoiyofa.

XVII saukunis qarTuli samefo beWdebis pirvel jgufSi Svidi

beWedi Sedis, romlebic imereTis mefeebs ekuTvnoda. es beWdebia: 1.

imereTis mefis giorgi III-is (1604-39) nuSiseburi beWedi (5X3 sm) SuaSi

Turquli teqstiT, garSemo mxedruli legendiT: `mona RTisa, yma

moxseniebuli an mefis tituliT ar aris moxseniebuli, Tumca sxva werilobiTi

Zeglebidan danamdvilebiTaa cnobilia, rom dokumentis Sedgenisa da misi beWdiT

damtkicebis dros igi samefo taxts namdvilad flobda. aqve, xazgasmiT aRvniSnav im

faqts, rom Sua saukuneebis qarTuli samefo beWdebis Cvenamde moRweul anabeWde-

bze msjelobisas, ZiriTadad, ana baqraZis mier Sedgenil Sua saukuneebis qarTuli

samefo beWdebis `katalogs~ vemyarebi, romelic, Tavis mxriv, mkvlevris mier 1978

wels gamocemuli wignis `masalebi qarTuli sfragistikis istoriisaTvis~ I nawil-

Sia Setanili. dasasrul, vityvi imasac, rom Sua saukuneebis im qarTuli samefo

beWdebis raodenoba (ormocdaCvidmeti erTeuli), romelTa anabeWdebmac Cvenamde

moaRwia, momavalSi, aqamde ucnobi werilobiTi Zeglebis gamovlenisa da dReisa-

Tvis cnobili werilobiTi Zeglebis ukeT Seswavlis Sedegad, usaTuod gaizrdeba.

51 aqve, SevniSnav, rom qarTul istoriul dokumentebze dasmuli samefo beWdebis

moyvanilobasa da zomebze saubrisas ara Tavad am beWdebis, aramed maTi anabeWd-

ebis moyvaniloba da zomebi meqneba motanili.

52 baqraZe, masalebi qarTuli sfragistikis istoriisaTvis, 36, tab. I, sur. 17. be-

Wedi 1470 wlis dokumentzea dasmuli (xec Hd-1352).

53 baqraZe, masalebi qarTuli sfragistikis istoriisaTvis, 17-8, 35, tab. I, sur. 2.

beWedi 1419, 1479, 1501, 1559, 1562 da 1579 wlebis eqvs dokumentzea dasmuli (xec Ad-6, Ad-614, Ad-1572, Ad-1839; xec Sd-464; xec Qd-6995).


270

xonTqrisa, mefe giorgi~;54 2. imereTis mefis aleqsandre III-is (1639-

60) nuSiseburi beWedi (3X2 sm), SuaSi jvris gamosaxulebiT, garSemo

mxedruli legendiT: `mefe aleqsandre~;55 3. mefis aleqsandre III-is

ovaluri beWedi (sigrZe – 4.4/4.5 sm), SuaSi ori jvris gamosaxulebiT,

garSemo ormag wred Semoyolebuli mxedruli legendiT: `†. mona

RTisa, mefe al{e}qsandre giorgis Svili, yma didis moskovis [Ã]elmwifis mixe{i}lis Svilis~ (wakiTxva Cemia – T. j.);56 4. imereTis mefis

bagrat IV-is (1660, 1663-67, 1668-78, 1679-81) nuSiseburi beWedi (3.2X2

sm), SuaSi jvris gamosaxulebiT, garSemo mxedruli legendiT: `mona

RTisa mefe bagrat~;57 5. mefe bagrat IV-is II, eqvskuTxa beWedi (3.2X2 sm-

ze didi zomis), SuaSi jvris gamosaxulebiT, jvris irgvliv mxedruli

warweriT: `vadideb xelmwifobasa aleqsis~, garSemo mxedruli

legendiT: `mona RvTisa da mosavi jvarisa mefe bagrat~;58 6. imereTis

mefis arCil II-is (1661-63, 1678-79, 1690-91, 1695-96, 1698) nuSiseburi

beWedi (3.2X2.3 sm), SuaSi jvris gamosaxulebiT, garSemo mxedruli

legendiT: `SewevniTa RT(i)s(a)T(a) mefe arCil vamtkiceb~;59 dabolos, 7.

imereTis mefis mamukas nuSiseburi beWedi (3.2X2 sm.) SuaSi dazianebuli

54 baqraZe, masalebi qarTuli sfragistikis istoriisaTvis, 47, tab. VI, sur. 15. be-

Wedi sam dokumentzea dasmuli (xec Hd-11465 da Hd-15014; xec Qd-1488). marTalia, ana

baqraZes arc am sami dokumentis TariRi aqvs miTiTebuli da arc am dokumentebze

dasmuli beWdis legendaSi moxseniebuli `mefe giorgis~ vinaoba aqvs dakonkreteb-

uli, Tumca specialuri literaturidan cnobilia, rom gansaxilveli dokumentebi

imereTis mefis giorgi III-is mier iyo gacemuli. istoriuli dokumentebi imereTis

samefosa da guria-odiSis samTavroebisa (1466-1777 ww.), I, teqsti gamosca, winas-

ityvaoba da saZiebelebi daurTo SoTa burjanaZem (Tbilisi, 1958), 21, 24-5. Sesabam-

isad, didi albaTobiT SeiZleba iTqvas isic, rom am dokumentebze dasmuli beWedi,

agreTve, mefe giorgi III-es ekuTvnoda. Sdr. pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni, XI-XVII

saukuneebis qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis mixedviT, I (Tbilisi, 1991), 252-3.

55 baqraZe, masalebi qarTuli sfragistikis istoriisaTvis, 46, tab. VI, sur. 3. beWe-

di 1639 wlis dokumentzea dasmuli (xec Sd-519).

56 stolniki tolo-

Canovisa da diaki ievlevis, 09. beWedi 1651 wlis ficis wignzea~ dasmuli (qalaq mos-

kovis yofili sagareo saqmeTa saministros mTavari arqivis qarTuli dokumente-

bis ganyofileba, dokumenti #7).stolniki toloCanovisa da diaki ievlevis, 09.

57 baqraZe, masalebi qarTuli sfragistikis istoriisaTvis, 47, tab. VI, sur. 8;

, 96, 98. beWedi 1666-80 wlebis or dokumentsa da 1678

wlis or werilzea dasmuli (xec Hd-2256; xec Sd-509; qalaq moskovis yofili saga-

reo saqmeTa saministros mTavari arqivi).

58 , 86. beWedi 1668 wlis werilzea dasmuli (qalaq

moskovis yofili sagareo saqmeTa saministros mTavari arqivi).

59 baqraZe, masalebi qarTuli sfragistikis istoriisaTvis, 47, tab. VI, sur. 11.

beWedi 1691 wlis dokumentzea dasmuli (xec Sd-515).

Temo jojua

271

gamosaxulebiTa Tu warweriT, garSemo mxedruli TariRiani legendiT:

`mona RTisa mefe mamuka toa (1683)~.60

XVII saukunis qarTuli samefo beWdebis meore jgufSi sul ori

beWedi Sedis, romlebic qarTl-kaxeTis mefes Teimuraz I-s (1625-32)

ekuTvnoda. es beWdebia: 1. mefe Teimuraz I-is I, mrgvali beWedi, SuaSi

jvris gamosaxulebiT, jvris zemoT jvriani gvirgviniT, didi jvris

mklavebs Soris asomTavruli warweriT: ì(e)s(Â) | [q(rist)e], | ni|k[a]~

(wakiTxva Cemia – T. j.), garSemo asomTavruli legendiT: †. m[efe] Teim{u}

raz, [qa]r[Tli]s simtkic[iT] mpyr[obi]~ (wakiTxva Cemia – T. j.);61 da 2.

mefe Teimuraz I-is II, msxliseburi beWedi, SuaSi jvris gamosaxulebiT,

jvris mklavebs Soris asomTavruli warweriT: ì{e}s{Â} | q{rist}[e], |

Zl|eva~ (wakiTxva Cemia – T. j.), garSemo mxedruli legendiT: wyalobiT

[R{mr}Tisa], [Tei]muraz, mefe y{ov}lisa saqarTvelosi~ (wakiTxva Cemia

– T. j.).62

XVII saukunis qarTuli samefo beWdebis mesame jgufSi aTi beWedi

erTiandeba, romlebic qarTlis mefeebis kuTvnileba iyo. es beWdebia: 1.

qarTlis mefis rostomis (1632-58) I, mrgvali beWedi (diametri – 2.2 sm.),

xveuli mxedruli legendiT: `rostom~;63 2. mefe rostomis II, msxlise-

buri beWedi (3.4X3.1 sm), garSemo ormag wred Semoyolebuli mxedruli

60 baqraZe, masalebi qarTuli sfragistikis istoriisaTvis, 49, tab. VII, sur. 20.

beWedi 1683-85 wlebis dokumentzea dasmuli (saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis cen-

traluri saistorio arqivi, fondi #1448, saqme #2444). aqve, aRvniSnav, rom 1680-

90-ian wlebSi moRvawe mefe mamuka, naklebad cnobili istoriuli piria da misi me-

fobis sakiTxi safuZvlian Seswavlas saWiroebs.

61 ilia tabaRua, saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi (XIII – XX s-is

pirveli meoTxedi) (1600-1628 ww.), II (Tbilisi, 1986), 285. beWedi 1626 wlis werilzea

dasmuli (vatikani, Archivio della SCPF, Lettere in diverse Lingue dell’Anno 1622 al 1629 vol. 181, ff. 159-163). iqve, 186-8, 232-3, 285. aqve, xazgasmiT aRvniSnav im faqts, rom beWdis

warwerebis wakiTxvisas am beWdis metad uxarisxo Sav-TeTr fotopirs vemyare-

bodi, romelic, Tavis mxriv, ilia tabaRuas mier 1986 wels gamoqveynebuli wignis

`saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi~ II tomSia dabeWdili. iqve, 285.

Sesabamisad, ar gamovricxav, rom warwerebis wakiTxvaSi, fotos dabali xarisxis

gamo, mcire uzustobebi mqondes daSvebuli. dasasrul, aucileblad unda aRiniS-

nos isic, rom mefe Teimuraz I-is mrgvali beWdis warwerebi Cemamde didi xniT adre,

ilia tabaRuas TxovniT, Tina enuqiZem waikiTxa. movitan am warwerebis Tina enuqi-

Ziseul wakiTxvebs: 1. golgoTis jvris mklavebs Soris Sesrulebuli warwera: ì-s,

n-i, k-a, i-?~; beWdis garSemo Semoyolebuli warwera: `q. mefe Teim(u)raz qarTlissa

mtkiced mpyrobeli~. iqve, 188, 233.

62 barnaveli, saqarTvelos sabeWdavebi, 36, tab. VIII, sur. 3. beWedi 1639-59 (?) wle-

bis xuT werilzea dasmuli (qalaq moskovis yofili sagareo saqmeTa saministros

mTavari arqivi). , 48, 73, 77, 79, 80.63 baqraZe, masalebi qarTuli sfragistikis istoriisaTvis, 44, tab. IV, sur. 26.

beWedi 1634-58 wlebis or dokumentzea dasmuli (xec Ad-1700 da Hd-1350).


272

legendiT: `yaenis feÃTa mtueri, rostom mefe vamtkiceb~;64 3. qarT-

lis mefis vaxtang V-is (Sah-navazis) (1658-75) I, oTxkuTxa beWedi (1.3X1.1

sm), orstriqoniani mxedruli legendiT: `Sahnavaz~;65 4. mefe vaxtang

V-is II, msxliseburi beWedi (3.4X2.8 sm), garSemo ormag wred Semoyole-

buli mxedruli legendiT: `q. nebiT(a) RTis(a)T(a), bWiTa Sa(ha)bazisTa,

vamtkiceb mefe Sanavaz~;66 5. mefe vaxtang V-is III, msxliseburi beWedi

(4.1X3.3 sm), garSemo ormag wred Semoyolebuli mxedruli legendiT:

`yaenis feÃTa mtueri, Sahnavaz mefe vamtkiceb~;67 6. qarTlis mefis

giorgi XI-is (1676-88, 1703-09) oTxkuTxa beWedi (1.3X1.2 sm), samstriqo-

niani mxedruli legendiT: `mona RTisa, Ze daviTisa giorgi~;68 7. qarT-

lis mefis erekle I-is (nazar-ali-xanis) (1688-1703) I, oTxkuTxa beWedi

(1.7X1.5 sm), orstriqoniani mxedruli legendiT: `mefe nazaralixan~;69

8. mefe erekle I-is II, msxliseburi beWedi (3.5X3.1 sm), garSemo ormag

wred Semoyolebuli mxedruli legendiT: `y(a)enis feÃTa mtueri, mefe

nazaralixan vamtkiceb~;70 9. mefe erekle I-is III, rvakuTxa beWedi (4X3.5

sm), oTxstriqoniani mxedruli legendiT: `q. y(a)enis banda yularaRasi,

mefe n(a)zar(a)l(i)xan vamtkiceb~;71 dabolos, 10. mefe erekle I-is IV, msx-

liseburi beWedi (3.4X3.1 sm.), garSemo da SuaSi mxedruli legendiT: `q.

bednieris yaenis banda, mefe naz(a)r(a)lix(a)n vamtkiceb~.72

XVIII saukuneSi qarTul istoriul dokumentebze dasmuli samefo

beWdebis anabeWdebis raodenoba kidev ufro matulobs. am drois be-

WdebSi, XVII saukunis samefo beWdebisagan gansxvavebiT, ukve ara sami,

aramed, oTxi pirobiTi jgufi gamoiyofa.

64 baqraZe, masalebi qarTuli sfragistikis istoriisaTvis, 44, tab. V, sur. 3. beWe-

di 1633-57 wlebis or dokumentzea dasmuli (xec Hd-2125 da Hd-1350).

65 baqraZe, masalebi qarTuli sfragistikis istoriisaTvis, gv. 46, tab. V, sur. 24.

beWedi 1660 wlis dokumentzea dasmuli (xec Hd-2457).

66 baqraZe, masalebi qarTuli sfragistikis istoriisaTvis, 46, tab. V, sur. 22.


67 baqraZe, masalebi qarTuli sfragistikis istoriisaTvis, 46, tab. V, sur. 23.

beWedi 1665-67 wlebis or dokumentzea dasmuli (xec Sd-634 da Hd-9292).

68 baqraZe, masalebi qarTuli sfragistikis istoriisaTvis, 37, tab. I, sur. 29. beWe-

di 1681 wlis dokumentzea dasmuli (saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis centraluri

saistorio arqivi (qvemoT, yvelgan – seacsa), fondi #1448, saqme #2283).

69 baqraZe, masalebi qarTuli sfragistikis istoriisaTvis, 44, tab. V, sur. 1. beWe-

di 1689-1703 wlebis sam dokumentzea dasmuli (xec Hd-1913, Hd-37 da Ad-69).

70 baqraZe, masalebi qarTuli sfragistikis istoriisaTvis, 44, tab. IV, sur. 27.

beWedi 1691 wlis dokumentzea dasmuli (seacsa, fondi #1448, saqme #3268).


beWedi 1703 wlis dokumentzea dasmuli (seacsa, fondi #1448, saqme #58).


beWedi erTaderT dokumentzea dasmuli (xec Hd-14940).

Temo jojua

273

XVIII saukunis qarTuli samefo beWdebis pirvel jgufSi aTi beWedi

Sedis, romlebic imereTis mefeebs ekuTvnoda. es beWdebia: 1. imereTis

mefis giorgi VI-is (1703-11, 1713, 1714-16, 1719-20) I, nuSiseburi beWedi

(4X2.5 sm), SuaSi jvris gamosaxulebiT, garSemo mxedruli legendiT:

`mona RTisa, yma xvanTqrisa, mefe giorgi~;73 2. mefe giorgi VI-is II, nu-

Siseburi beWedi (3.5X2.3 sm), SuaSi jvris gamosaxulebiT, garSemo mx-

edruli legendiT: `mona RTisa mefe giorgi~;74 3. imereTis mefis ale-

qsandre V-is (1720-41, 1741-46, 1749-52) I, ovaluri beWedi (3.8X2.9 sm),

xuTstriqoniani, TariRiani mxedruli legendiT: `RTiT viqmen mefed

me m(o)na saxelad aleqsandre 1720~;75 4. mefe aleqsandre V-is II, gumba-

Tiseburi Tavis mqone oTxkuTxa beWedi (3.3X3.1 sm), garSemo mxedruli,

SuaSi ki asomTavruli legendiT: `tomad aRmracxven daviTis solom(o)

ns hgavso sveobiT, TvisebiT y(ovla)d w(mid)isa ieses n(o)rC(a)d xeobiT,

mefe aleqsandre~;76 5. imereTis mefis solomon I-is (1752-84) I, oTxkuTxa

beWedi (2.3X2 sm), samstriqoniani mxedruli legendiT: `mona mRTisa,

yma xonTqris(a) mefe solomon~;77 6. mefe solomon I-is II, amozneqili

zeda nawilis mqone oTxkuTxa beWedi (2.3X2.3 sm), garSemo mxedruli,

SuaSi ki asomTavruli legendiT: `daviTis norCi jvriT mters movrCi,

73 baqraZe, masalebi qarTuli sfragistikis istoriisaTvis, 44, 47, tab. VI, sur.

14. beWedi sam dokumentzea dasmuli (xec Hd-1832, Hd-2086 da Hd-7667). marTalia, ana

baqraZes arc am sami dokumentis TariRi aqvs miTiTebuli da arc am dokumentebze

dasmuli beWdis legendaSi moxseniebuli `mefe giorgis~ vinaoba aqvs dakonkre-

tebuli, Tumca specialuri literaturidan cnobilia, rom gansaxilveli doku-

mentebi imereTis mefis giorgi VI-es mier iyo gacemuli. istoriuli dokumentebi

imereTis samefosa, 50-1, 53. Sesabamisad, didi albTobiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am

dokumentebze dasmuli beWedi, agreTve, mefe giorgi VI-es ekuTvnoda. aqve, vsar-

geblob SemTxveviT da mefe giorgi VI-is I da II beWdebTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze

muSaobisas gaweuli teqnikuri xasiaTis daxmarebisaTvis madlobas movaxseneb Cems

axalgazrda kolegas Tamaz gogolaZes.

74 baqraZe, masalebi qarTuli sfragistikis istoriisaTvis, 44, 47, tab. VI, sur. 16.

beWedi erTaderT dokumentzea dasmuli (xec Hd-14042). marTalia, ana baqraZes am

beWdis legendaSi moxseniebuli `mefe giorgis~ vinaoba, mefe giorgi VI-is I beWdis

legendaSi moxseniebuli `mefe giorgis~ vinaobis msgavsad, dakonkretebuli ar

aqvs, Tumca specialuri literaturidan cnobilia, rom gansaxilveli dokumenti

(Hd-14042) mefe giorgi VI-is mier iyo gacemuli (istoriuli dokumentebi imereTis

samefosa, 52) da Sesabamisad, safiqrebelia, rom am dokumentze dasmuli beWedic

amave giorgi VI-is kuTvnileba iyo.


di 1720 da 1734-37 wlebis or dokumentzea dasmuli (xec Qd-9371 da Hd-2202).

76 baqraZe, masalebi qarTuli sfragistikis istoriisaTvis, 46-7, tab. VI, sur. 7.

beWedi 1736-44 wlebis sam dokumentzea dasmuli (xec Hd-1910, Hd-6161 da Ad-648).


beWedi 1753-58 wlebis or dokumentzea dasmuli (xec Ad-98 (?) da Hd-2257).


274

mefe solomon~;78 7. mefe solomon I-is III, oTxkuTxa beWedi (2.2X1.8 sm),

garSemo mxedruli, SuaSi ki asomTavruli legendiT: `keTil ZirTagan

rtoani, mefed var bagratoani solomon~;79 8. mefe solomon I-is IV, rva-

kuTxa beWedi (1.4X1.3 sm), samstriqoniani asomTavruli legendiT: `mefe

imereTisa solomon~;80 9. imereTis mefis daviT II-is (1784-89) oTxkuTxa

beWedi (1.4X1.2 sm), orstriqoniani mxedruli legendiT: `mefe imereTi-

sa daviT~;81 dabolos, 10. imereTis mefis solomon II-is (1789-1810) rva-

kuTxa beWedi (1.4X1.4 sm), samstriqoniani asomTavruli legendiT: `mefe

imerTa solomon~.82

XVIII saukunis qarTuli samefo beWdebis meore jgufSi cxra be-

Wedi Sedis, romlebic qarTlis mefeebis kuTvnileba iyo. es beWdebia:

1. qarTlis mefis vaxtang VI-is (Sah-navazis) oTxkuTxa beWedi (1.8X1.7

sm.), garSemo da SuaSi mxedruli legendiT: `daviTis tom(a)d mefed vzi

spas(a)l(a)rad saxeldebuli, vaxtang~;83 2. qarTlis mefis ieses (ali-

yuli-xanis) (1714-16, 1724-27) I, ovaluri beWedi (2.5X2.2 sm), garSemo

ormag wred Semoyolebuli mxedruli legendiT: `q. mRTiT mefe cxe-

biT iese, Tesl-tomad daviTiani~;84 3. mefe ieses II, gumbaTiseburi be-

Wedi (4.4X4.1 sm), TerTmetstriqoniani TariRiani mxedruli legendiT:

`RmerTo sasjeli Seni mefesa miec da simarTle Seni Zesa mefisasa. q ks

ub (1714), indiktions mefobisa Cvenisasa a (1), mefed aRmoved iese, xe

norCad daviTiani aliyulixan saxelmZesa vam[t]kiceb do[v]laTiani~;85

4. qarTlis mefis baqaris (1717-19) oTxkuTxa beWedi (1.4X1.3 sm), or-

striqoniani xveuli mxedruli legendiT: mefe baqar~;86 5. mefe arCilis


beWedi 1766-81 wlebis or dokumentzea dasmuli (xec Qd-6691 da Hd-1387).


beWedi 1762-79 wlebis or dokumentzea dasmuli (xec Qd-9281 da Sd-506).


beWedi 1761-97 wlebis sam dokumentzea dasmuli (xec Hd-1276, Ad-651 da Ad-585).




beWedi 1795-1810 wlebis or dokumentzea dasmuli (xec Ad-584 da Sd-1140).


di erTaderT dokumentzea dasmuli (xec Hd-6602).

84 baqraZe, masalebi qarTuli sfragistikis istoriisaTvis, 41, tab. III, sur. 24.

beWedi 1714-16 wlebis or dokumentzea dasmuli (xec Hd-14102 da Hd-1376).


beWedi 1714 wlis sam dokumentzea dasmuli (xec Sd-466, Ad-698 da Hd-9951).


di 1718-31 wlebis or dokumentzea dasmuli (xec Ad-1041 da Hd-5704).

Temo jojua

275

oTxkuTxa beWedi (1.8X1.8 sm) orstriqoniani mxedruli legendiT: `mefe

arCil~;87 6. qarTlis mefis Teimuraz II-is (1744-62) I, oTxkuTxa beWedi

(2X1.6 sm), garSemo mxedruli, SuaSi asomTavruli TariRiani legendiT:

`me qristes mona, queynad SahanSasi, mefe cxebuli saqarTvelosi, 1744,

Teimuraz~;88 7. mefe Teimuraz II-is II, oTxkuTxa beWedi (2X1.6 sm), garSe-

mo mxedruli, SuaSi asomTavruli legendiT: `q. daviTis tomad, mku(i)

dr taxtzed mjdomad, myo saqarTvelos R(mer)T(ma)n cxebulad, mefe

Teimuraz~;89 8. mefe Teimuraz II-is III, oTxkuTxa beWedi (1.8X1.5 sm), sam-

striqoniani mxedruli legendiT ù(flisa)Á m(ie)r m(e)f(e)d cx(e)b(u)

li Teim(u)r(a)zis d(a)mtkic(e)b(u)li~;90 dabolos, 9. mefe Teimuraz II-is

IV, oTxkuTxa beWedi (1.6X1.4 sm), oTxstriqoniani mxedruli legendiT

ù(flisa)Á m(ie)r m(e)f(e)d cx(e)b(u)li Teim(u)r(a)zis d(a)mtkic(e)b(u)

li~.91

XVIII saukunis qarTuli samefo beWdebis mesame jgufSi Svidi beWedi

Sedis, romlebic kaxeTis mefeebs ekuTvnoda. es beWdebia: 1. kaxeTis me-

fis daviT II-is (imam-yuli-xanis) (1709-22) I, oTxkuTxa beWedi (1.6X1.4 sm),

orstriqoniani mxedruli legendiT: mefe imamyulixan~;92 2. mefe daviT

II-is II, oTxkuTxa beWedi (2.1X1.8 sm), garSemo da SuaSi mxedruli legend-

iT: `mefed vzi daviT, Zirad midgs daviT, var Ãemwifisa gazrdili daviT,

imamyulixan~;93 3. mefe daviT II-is III, oTxkuTxa beWedi (1.8X1.5 sm), garSe-

mo da SuaSi mxedruli legendiT: mona RTisa mefe daviT imamyulixan~;94

4. kaxeTis mefis konstantine II-is (1722-32) oTxkuTxa beWedi (1.8X1.4 sm),


di 1736-42 wlebis or dokumentzea dasmuli (xec Hd-9392 da Hd-13102). aqve, aRvniS-

nav, rom 1730-40-ian wlebSi moRvawe mefe arCili, 1680-90-ian wlebSi moRvawe mefe

mamukas msgavsad, naklebad cnobili istoriuli piria da misi mefobis sakiTxic

safuZvlian Seswavlas saWiroebs.


beWedi 1744-47(?) wlebis sam dokumentzea dasmuli (xec Qd-337, Qd-8707 da Hd-2366).


beWedi 1746-54 wlebis sam dokumentzea dasmuli (xec Hd-404, Hd-1998 da Qd-827).





92 baqraZe, masalebi qarTuli sfragistikis istoriisaTvis, 42, tab. IV, sur. 4. beWe-

di 1704-16 wlebis or dokumentzea dasmuli (xec Qd-586 da Ad-210).


di 1708-16 wlebis sam dokumentzea dasmuli (xec Ad-89, Qd-1820 da Qd- 7012).


di 1711-21 wlebis or dokumentzea dasmuli (xec Ad-328 da Sd-114).


276

orstriqoniani mxedruli legendiT: mefe kostantile~;95 5. kaxeTis me-

fis Teimuraz II-is (1733-44) I, oTxkuTxa beWedi (1.6X1.4 sm), xveuli mxe-

druli legendiT: `Teimuraz~;96 6. kaxeTis mefis Teimuraz II-is (1733-44)

II, oTxkuTxa beWedi (2.2X1.8 sm), garSemo da SuaSi mxedruli legendiT:

`RmerTo sasjeli Seni mefesa miec da simarTle Seni Zesa mefisasa gan-

Sjad erisa Senisa simarTliT, Teimuraz~;97 dabolos, 7. kaxeTis mefis

aleqsandres oTxkuTxa beWedi (2.2X1.8 sm), oTxstriqoniani mxedruli

legendiT: `ZirmodgmiT daviTiani, aleqsandre var sviani~.98

XVIII saukunis qarTuli samefo beWdebis bolo, meoTxe jgufSi aTi

beWedi Sedis, romlebic qarTl-kaxeTis is mefeebis kuTvnileba iyo. es

beWdebia: 1. kaxeTisa (1744-62) da qarTl-kaxeTis (1762-98) mefis erekle

II-is I, oTxkuTxa beWedi (1.1/1.0X0.8/0.9 sm), xveuli mxedruli legendiT:

èrekle~;99 2. mefe erekle II-is II, rvakuTxa beWedi (2.3/2.4X2.2 sm), gar-

Semo da SuaSi mxedruli legendiT: `qnars micems daviT miÃmobs Zed

kaxeTis mefed cxebuls erekle~;100 3. mefe erekle II-is III, rvakuTxa beWe-

di (2X1.6/1.8 sm), garSemo mxedruli, SuaSi asomTavruli legendiT: `me

fexT ganbanilTa mier eklesia vadide, erekle~;101 4. mefe erekle II-is IV,

rvakuTxa beWedi (1.5X1.3/1.7 sm), garSemo berZnuli, somxuri, sparsuli


beWedi 1722-29 wlebis or dokumentzea dasmuli (xec Ad-646 da Hd-2191).


beWedi 1722-39 wlebis sam dokumentzea dasmuli (xec Hd-3033, Hd-2190 da Qd-2795).


beWedi 1740-43 wlebis or dokumentzea dasmuli (xec Ad-492 da Ad-603).


di 1735-38 wlebis or dokumentzea dasmuli (xec Ad-1035 da Ad-678).

99 nino TarxniSvili, `masalebi qarTuli sfragistikis istoriisaTvis, 1, mefe

erekle II-is beWdebi~, [saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis ministr-

Ta sabWosTan arsebuli saarqivo sammarTvelos] samecniero-sainformacio biule-

teni, 13-14 (1966), 13-4; baqraZe, masalebi qarTuli sfragistikis istoriisaTvis,

39, tab. II, sur. 22. beWedi 1738-98 wlebis aTeulobiT dokumentzea dasmuli (xec Ad-1842, Ad-369 da Hd-9678; seacsa, fondi #1448, saqme ## 1346, 199, 31777, 2132, 2414,

2455, 2524, 2332, 2350, 2414 da sxv.).

100 TarxniSvili, `masalebi qarTuli sfragistikis istoriisaTvis~, 15-6; baqraZe,

masalebi qarTuli sfragistikis istoriisaTvis, 39, tab. II, sur. 19. beWedi 1744-97

wlebis aTeulobiT dokumentzea dasmuli (xec Hd-5331, Hd-247 da Ad-645; seacsa,

fondi #1448, saqme ## 583, 5532, 512, 3233, 1507, 478, 1470, 2066, 3044, 3637 da sxv.).

101 TarxniSvili, `masalebi qarTuli sfragistikis istoriisaTvis~, 16-7; baqraZe.

masalebi qarTuli sfragistikis istoriisaTvis, 39, tab. II, sur. 21. beWedi 1750-97

wlebis aTeulobiT dokumentzea dasmuli (xec Hd-9432, Hd-2180 da Ad-117; seacsa,

fondi #1448, saqme ## 169, 587, 125, 9208, 570, 2949, 504, 5627, 5550, 165 da sxv.).

Temo jojua

277

da laTinuri, SuaSi asomTavruli legendiT: ìrakli~;102 5. mefe erekle

II-is V, ovaluri beWedi (3.4X2.7 sm), SuaSi gvirgviniani sagerbo (?) gamo-

saxulebiT, garSemo mxedruli legendiT: `Ze cxebulisa uflisa mefis

Teimurazisa [mef]e erekle~;103 6. mefe erekle II-is VI, oTxkuTxa beWedi

(1.8X1.5 sm), garSemo da SuaSi mxedruli legendiT: `suli Seni mombere

klebuls ieso erekle~;104 7. qarTl-kaxeTis mefis giorgi XII-is (1799-

1800) I, oTxkuTxa beWedi (1.5X1.3 sm), mxedruli legendiT: `giorgi~;105

8. qarTl-kaxeTis mefis giorgi XII-is (1799-1800) II, rvakuTxa beWedi

(2.1X1.8 sm), qanwiliT dawyebuli orstriqoniani mxedruli legendiT:

`mefe giorgi~;106 9. mefe giorgi XII-is III, rvakuTxa beWedi (2.1X1.8 sm),

jvris gamosaxulebiT dawyebuli oTxstriqoniani mxedruli legend-

iT: `mefe sruliad qarTlisa, kaxeTisa da sxvaTa giorgi~;107 dabolos,

10. mefe giorgi XII-is IV, oTxkuTxa beWedi (1.3X1.1 sm), asomTavruli leg-

endiT: `giorgi~.108

amiT Sua saukuneebis qarTul samefo beWdebTan dakavSirebuli

werilobiTi da nivTieri masalis mimoxilvas sabolood vasruleb da

garejuli krebulis arSiebze dasmul mefe giorgis samefo beWedTan

dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis Seswavlas vubrundebi.

zemoT ukve aRvniSne, rom dReisaTvis qarTuli istoriografia Cve-

namde moRweul or samefo beWedsa da istoriul dokumentebze dasmuli

ormocdaCvidmeti samefo beWdis anabeWds icnobs. XV-XVIII saukuneebiT

daTariRebuli am samefo beWdebis mefe giorgis xuTjvrian beWedTan

Sedareba aCvenebs, rom es ukanaskneli garkveul msgavsebas erTaderT

beWedTan – mefe Teimuraz I-is mrgval beWdTan amJRavnebs.

102 TarxniSvili, `masalebi qarTuli sfragistikis istoriisaTvis~, 17; baqraZe,

masalebi qarTuli sfragistikis istoriisaTvis, 24, 39. beWedi 1781 wlis or doku-

mentzea dasmuli (xec Hd-13168; seacsa, fondi #1448, saqme #189).

103 TarxniSvili, `masalebi qarTuli sfragistikis istoriisaTvis~, 16; baqraZe,

masalebi qarTuli sfragistikis istoriisaTvis, gv. 39, tab. II, sur. 26. beWedi 1746

wlis or dokumentzea dasmuli (seacsa, fondi #1448, saqme ## 162 da 1317).

104 TarxniSvili, `masalebi qarTuli sfragistikis istoriisaTvis~, 14. beWedi

1740, 1743 da 1781 wlis oTx dokumentzea dasmuli (saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis

centraluri saistorio arqivi, fondi #1448, saqme ## 189, 507, 511 da 2924).

105 baqraZe, masalebi qarTuli sfragistikis istoriisaTvis, 37, tab. II, sur. 8. beWe-

di 1785-99 wlebis or dokumentzea dasmuli (xec Hd-182; xec Ad-123).


di 1799-1800 wlebis or dokumentzea dasmuli (xec Ad-190; xec Hd-588).


di 1798-1800 wlebis or dokumentzea dasmuli (xec Ad-710; xec Hd-7546).


di 1786-1800 wlebis or dokumentzea dasmuli (xec Hd-10188 da Hd-4597).


278

aRniSnuli msgavseba, ZiriTadad, oTx detalSi vlindeba: 1. mefe

Teimuraz I-is beWedi, mefe giorgis beWdis msgavsad, mrgvalia; 2. mefe

Teimuraz I-is beWdis SuaSi, mefe giorgis beWdis msgavsad, jvris gamosax-

ulebaa; 3. mefe Teimuraz I-is beWdis SuaSi gamosaxuli jvris mklavebs So-

ris, mefe giorgis beWdis SuaSi warmodgenili jvris mklavebis msgavsad,

asomTavruli warweraa; dabolos, 4. mefe Teimuraz I-is beWeds, mefe gior-

gis beWdis msgavsad, garSemo asomTavruli legenda Semouyveba.

meore mxriv, mefe Teimuraz I-isa da mefe giorgis beWdebs Soris

ori arsebiTi xasiaTis ganmasxvavebeli detali dasturdeba.

1. mefe Teimuraz I-is beWdis SuaSi golgoTis jvaria wamodgenili,

romelic golgoTis mTis simbolur gamosaxulebaze – samkuTxa seg-

mentzea aRmarTuli. Tavad es samkuTxa segmenti beWdis kidesTanaa

gamosaxuli da masSi adamis Tavis qala (Txemi) da ori gadajvaredineb-

uli Zvalia Caxatuli. jvris oTxive mklavi sworxazovani da sworia.

amasTan, ganivi mklavebi, Sveul mklavebTan SedarebiT, TvalSisacemad

grZelia. jvris zeda mklavze TavTa ficari, xolo qveda mklavze ferx-

Ta ficaria gamosaxuli. jvris zeda mklavis zeda kides samefo gvirgvi-

ani eyrdnoba, romelzec, Tavis mxriv, patara jvaria aRmarTuli. rac

Seexeba mefe giorgis beWdis SuaSi gamosaxul jvars, is, rogorc ukve

aRvniSne zemoT, tolmklavaa. mklavebi boloebisaken TandaTanobiT

ganivrdeba. yoveli mklavis bolo kuTxeebSi gamoyvanili ori patara

burTuliTaa gamSvenebuli. jvris TiToeuli mklavis bolosaken gaga-

nierebul areze TiTo patara tolmklava jvaria gamosaxuli. am patara

jvrebis mklavebic boloebisaken TandaTanobiT ganivrdeba.

2. mefe Teimuraz I-is beWdis SuaSi gamosaxuli jvris mklavebs Soris

Semdegi teqstia Cawerili: ì(e)s(Â) | [q(rist)e], | ni|k[a]~, xolo beWeds

garSemo Semdegi legenda Semouyveba: `†. m[efe] Teim{u}raz, [qa]r[Tli]

s simtkic[iT] mpyr[obi]~. srulebiT gansxvavebuli suraTi gvaqvs mefe

giorgis xuTjvrian beWedTan dakavSirebiT. am beWdis SuSi gamosaxuli

jvris mklavebs Soris Semdegi teqstia Cawerili: `j(uar)i q(ristÀs)i.

j(uar)i q(ristÀs)i~, xolo beWeds garSemo Semdegi legenda Semouyveba:

`monaÁ R{mr}TisaÁ, mefeTa mefe g{ior}gi~.

rogorc vxedavT, mefe Teimuraz I-is mrgval beWedsa da mefe gior-

gis xuTjvrian beWeds Soris gamovlenil msgavseba-gansxvavebebze

dakvirveba calsaxad migviTiTebs imaze, rom es beWdebi srulebiT sx-

vadasxva sfragistikuli nimuSebia da maT Soris mxolod is msgavsebaa,

rom am beWdebze amotvifruli jvris gamosaxulebebi da warwera-leg-

endebi, daaxloebiT, identur kompozicias qmnis.

maSasadame, sakiTxis detaluri Seswavlis Sedegad, irkveva, rom

garejuli krebulis arSiebze dasmuli mefe giorgis xuTjvriani be-

Temo jojua

279

Wedi qarTuli istoriografiisaTvis aqamde ucnob sfragistikul ni-

muSs warmoadgens, romelsac dReisaTvis cnobil qarTul samefo beWd-

ebs Soris zusti analogi ar eZebneba.

mas Semdeg, rac davadgineT, rom garejuli krebulis arSiebze das-

muli mefe giorgis xuTjvriani beWedi aqamde ucnob qarTul sfrag-

istikul nimuSs warmoadgens, saWiroa, gavarkvioT, saxeldobr romel

mefe giorgis ekuTvnoda es beWedi da saqarTvelos istoriis konkre-

tulad romel monakveTSi gamoiyeneboda is.

dReisaTvis qarTuli istoriografia saxeli giorgis matarebel

sul oc qarTvel mefes icnobs. eseni arian: afxazTa mefeebi – giorgi

I (861-68) da giorgi II (922-57); gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefebi –

giorgi I (1014-27), giorgi II (1072-89), giorgi III (1157-84), giorgi IV laSa

(1207/1210/1213-23), giorgi V brwyinvale (1299, 1318-46), giorgi VII (1393-

1407) da giorgi VIII (1446-66); aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mefe giorgi VI

mcire (1308, 1314-18); dasavleT saqarTvelos mefe giorgi I (1398-92);

qarTlis mefeebi – giorgi IX (1525-27), giorgi X (1600-06) da giorgi XI

(1676-88, 1703-09); kaxeTis mefe giorgi II (1511-13); imereTis mefeebi –

giorgi II (1565-83), giorgi III (1604-39), giorgi VI (1703-11, 1713, 1714-16,

1719-20) da giorgi VII (1741); qarTl-kaxeTis mefe giorgi XII (1798-1800).109

Cemi dakvirvebiT, am oci mefe giorgidan oTxi piri amTaviTve unda

gamoiricxos. eseni arian: afxazTa mefeebi – giorgi I da giorgi II da

gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefeebi – giorgi I da giorgi II. rogorc

cnobilia, es pirebi IX-XI saukuneebSi moRvaweobdnen. amitom, naklebad

mosalodnelia, rom am mefeTa kuTvnili beWdebi maTi gardacvalebidan

aswleulebisa Tu aTwleulebis Semdeg gadawerili garejuli krebu-

lis arSiebze daesvaT.

rac Seexeba danarCen Teqvsmet mefe giorgis, maTgan kidev ramden-

ime piris gamoricxvaa SesaZlebeli, Tumca amisaTvis saWiroa, rom sam

kiTxvas Tanmimdevrulad gaeces pasuxi.

109 andro gogolaZe, àfxazTa~ (dasavleT saqarTvelos) mefeebi~, saqarTvelos

mefeebi (Tbilisi, 2007), 67-8, 72-3; qeTevan nadiraZe, èrTiani saqarTvelos mefee-

bi~, saqarTvelos mefeebi (Tbilisi, 2007), 113-6; Tamar modebaZe, èrTiani saqarTve-

los mefeebi~, saqarTvelos mefeebi (Tbilisi, 2007), 120-1, 160-1, 166-7; Tamar qo-

riZe, èrTiani saqarTvelos mefeebi~, saqarTvelos mefeebi (Tbilisi, 2007), 134-7;

andro gogolaZe, èrTiani saqarTvelos mefeebi~, saqarTvelos mefeebi (Tbilisi,

2007), 144-8; mixeil baxtaZe, èrTiani saqarTvelos mefeebi~, saqarTvelos mefee-

bi (Tbilisi, 2007), 161-5; 169-70; guram kutalaZe, `lixT-imereTis mefeebi XIII-XIV

saukuneebSi~, saqarTvelos mefeebi (Tbilisi, 2007), 174; Tamar qoriZe, `qarTlis

mefeebi~, saqarTvelos mefeebi (Tbilisi, 2007), 178-9; 185-6, 195-6; mixeil baxtaZe,

`kaxeTis mefeebi~, saqarTvelos mefeebi (Tbilisi, 2007), 211-2, 230-1; buaCiZe, ìme-

reTis mefeebi~, 239-40, 243-4, 253-5, 258-9.


280

1. ra mizniT aris dasmuli mefe giorgis xuTjvriani beWedi gare-

juli krebulis arSiebze?

qarTul istoriografiaSi damkvidrebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad,

Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi beWeds, rogorc simtkicis simbolos,

ori daniSnulebiT iyenebdnen: 1. amowmebdnen sxvadasxva saxis doku-

mentebsa da konkretuli adresatisaTvis gagzavnil werilebs, raTa

daedasturebinaT am dokumentebisa Tu werilebis namdviloba; da 2.

beWdavdnen ama Tu im konkretul sagans, magaliTad, Tass, qisas, to-

maras, kars da a. S., raTa SemdgomSi SeemowmebinaT am sagnis xeluxle-

bloba.110

rogorc vxedavT, qarTul istoriografiaSi damkvidrebuli mo-

sazreba Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi beWdis ori daniSnulebiT gam-

oyenebis Sesaxeb garejuli krebulis arSiebze mefe giorgis beWdis

dasmis mizezis asaxsnelad veranairad ver gamodgeba: garejuli kreb-

uli xelnaweri wignia da is, dokumentis, werilis, Tasis, qisis, tomris,

karisa da sxva msgavsi werilobiTi Tu nivTieri Zeglebisagan gansxvave-

biT, damowmebasa Tu dabeWdvas ar saWiroebs.

Sesabamisad, srulebiT cxadia isic, rom garejuli krebulis ar-

Siebze mefe giorgis xuTjvriani beWedi sul sxva mizeziTaa dasmuli da

es mizezi, Cemi dakvirvebiT, sxva araferi SeiZleba iyos, Tu ara mefe

giorgis, rogorc garejuli krebulis kanonieri mesakuTris, uflebis

dadastureba. Tu es dakvirveba sworia, maSin gamodis, rom garejuli

krebuli gansaxilveli beWdis legendaSi moxseniebuli mefe giorgis

sakuTrebas warmoadgenda da mis arSiebze aRniSnuli samefo beWedi

swored mefe giorgis, rogorc wignis kanonieri mepatronis, uflebis

dasadastureblad iyo dasmuli.

samwuxarod, Cemi am dakvirvebis Sesamagreblad Sua saukuneebis

romelime sxva qarTuli xelnaweri wignis paralelis saxiT moxmoba,

jerjerobiT, ar SemiZlia, vinaidan qarTuli xelnaweri wignebi, am

TvalsazrisiT, srulebiT Seuswavlelia.111

meore mxriv, am msjelobis sapirispirod, SeiZleba gaCndes azri,

rom mefe giorgis xuTjvriani beWedi garejuli krebulis arSiebze

110 barnaveli, saqarTvelos sabeWdavebi, 75-8; olRa soselia, ivane surgulaZe,

`beWedi~, qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. 2 (Tbilisi, 1977), 350-1; ivane surgu-

laZe, olRa soselia, `beWedi~, saqarTvelo, enciklopedia, t. 1 (Tbilisi, 1997), 420;

da sxv.

111 sxvaTa Soris, am Temaze 2001 wels qarTuli sfragistikis SesaniSnav mkvlevars,

aw gardacvlil ana baqraZes sagangebod vesaubre. qalbatonma anam damidastura,

rom qarTuli xelnaweri wignebis arSiebze dasmuli beWdebis sakiTxi qarTvel mkv-

levarTa mier arasodes yofila Seswavlili.

Temo jojua

281

ara raime qonebriv-samarTlebrivi daniSnulebiT, aramed yovelgvari

iuridiuli mizandasaxulobis gareSe, vTqvaT, beWdis gamoyenebaSi

xelis gavarjiSebisa Tu anabeWdis melnis tonalobaze (simkrTale-

simuqeze) dakvirvebis mizniT aris dasmuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom

es mosazreba, erTi SexedviT, naklebad sarwmuno Cans, misi xelaR-

ebiT uaryofa, Sesabamisi masalis uqonlobis gamo, jerjerobiT, ar

SemiZlia. amitom aRniSnul mosazrebas garejuli krebulis arSiebze

mefe giorgis beWdis dasmis mizezebis axsnis erT-erT SesaZlo varian-

tad ganvixilav.

maSasadame, sakiTxis Seswavlis Sedegad, irkveva, rom mefe gior-

gis xuTjvriani beWedi garejuli krebulis arSiebze, savaraudod,

ori SesaZlo mizniT iyo dasmuli: 1. garejuli krebuli gansaxilveli

samefo beWdis legendaSi moxseniebuli mefe giorgis sakuTrebas war-

moadgenda da mis arSiebze aRniSnuli beWedi swored mefe giorgis,

rogorc wignis kanonieri mepatronis, uflebis dasadastureblad iyo

dasmuli; da 2. mefe giorgis xuTjvriani beWedi garejuli krebulis

arSiebze ara raime qonebriv-samarTlebrivi daniSnulebiT, aramed

yovelgvari iuridiuli mizandasaxulobis gareSe, vTqvaT, beWdis gam-

oyenebaSi xelis gavarjiSebisa Tu anabeWdis melnis tonalobaze dak-

virvebis mizniT iyo dasmuli.

2. sad inaxeboda garejuli krebuli mis arSiebze mefe giorgis beW-

dis dasmis dros?

mas Semdeg, rac garejuli krebulis arSiebze mefe giorgis beWdis

dasmis SesaZlo miznebi metnaklebad gavarkvieT, aRniSnul kiTxvaze pa-

suxis gacema sakmaod iol saqmes warmoadgens.

marTlac, Tuki Cven im mosazrebisaken gadavixrebiT, rom garejuli

krebuli gansaxilveli beWdis legendaSi moxseniebuli mefe giorgis sa-

kuTrebas warmoadgenda da mis arSiebze aRniSnuli beWedi swored mefe

giorgis, rogorc wignis kanonieri mepatronis, uflebis dasadasture-

blad iyo dasmuli, maSin avtomaturad mivalT im daskvnamde, rom gareju-

li krebuli mis arSiebze mefe giorgis beWdis dasmis dros samefo karis

sakuTrebas warmoadgenda da mefeTa kuTvnili sxva xelnaweri wignebis ms-

gavsad, samefo karze, savaraudod, samefo wignTsacavSi inaxeboda.

zustad analogiur daskvnamde mivalT im SemTxvevaSic, Tuki meo-

re mosazrebas mivcemT upiratesobas da davaskvniT, rom mefe giorgis

xuTjvriani beWedi garejuli krebulis arSiebze raime qonebriv-samar-

Tlebrivi daniSnulebis gareSe, vTqvaT, beWdis gamoyenebaSi xelis ga-

varjiSebisa Tu anabeWdis melnis tonalobaze dakvirvebis mizniT iyo

dasmuli. qarTul istoriografiaSi damkvidrebuli mosazrebis Tanax-

mad, Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi samefo beWdebi qveynis pirveli piris


282

uzenaesi Zalauflebis niSans da mefis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebis

iuridiuli simtkicis simbolos warmoadgenda, ris gamoc am beWdebis

Senaxvisa da gamoyenebis wesebi mkacrad iyo reglamentirebuli. Cven ukve

vnaxeT zemoT, rom 1290-ian wlebSi Sedgenil `xelmwifis karis garigeba-

Si~ moxseniebuli `didi sasigele beWedi~, romelic mefis mier gacemuli

sigelebis dasabeWdad gamoiyeneboda, samefo karTan arsebul specialur

dawesebulebaSi – salaroSi inaxeboda da masze xeli mxolod molareTux-

ucess miuwvdeboda. rac Seexeba Cvens mier zemoT naxseneb XVII-XVIII sauku-

neebis sxva samefo beWdebs, srulebiT aSkaraa, rom es beWdebic, agreTve,

samefo karze inaxeboda: isini, saWiroebidan gamomdinare, an samefo kar-

Tan arsebul specialur dawesebulebaSi iyo daculi an kidev, sakuTriv

mefesTan Tu mudmivad mis amalaSi myof moxelesTan inaxeboda. aRniSnu-

lis gaTvaliswinebiT, vfiqrob, savsebiT aSkaraa, rom mefe giorgis beWdis

garejuli krebulis arSiebze dasmis aqts, rogori araqonebriv-arasamar-

Tlebrivi daniSnulebiTac ar unda ganxorcielebuliyo es aqti, ueWve-

lad mefe giorgis beWdis Senaxvis adgilze anu samefo karze – romelime

konkretul geografiul punqtSi ganTavsebul samefo rezidenciasa Tu

erTi geografiuli punqtidan meore geografiul punqtSi gadaadgile-

bad samefo `sawol-salaroSi~ hqonda adgili. Sesabamisad, srulebiT cxa-

dia isic, rom mefe giorgis beWdis garejuli krebulis arSiebze dasmis

dros garejuli krebuli, samefo beWdis msgavsad, agreTve, samefo karze

inaxeboda, es ki, Tavis mxriv, mxolod erTi mizeziT SeiZleba yofiliyo

ganpirobebuli: rogorc Cans, garejuli krebuli mefis sakuTrebas war-

moadgenda da mefeTa kuTvnili sxva xelnaweri wignebis msgavsad, agreTve,

samefo karze, savaraudod, samefo wignTsacavSi iyo daculi.

maSasadame, sakiTxis Seswavlis Sedegad, irkveva, rom garejuli

krebuli mis arSiebze mefe giorgis beWdis dasmis dros samefo karis

sakuTrebas warmoadgenda da mefeTa kuTvnili sxva xelnaweri wignebis

msgavsad, samefo karze, savaraudod, samefo wignTsacavSi inaxeboda.

3. rodis gadavida da rodemde darCa garejuli krebuli samefo

karis sakuTrebaSi?

dReisaTvis garejuli krebulis istoriis ZiriTadi etapebi, misi

anderZ-minawerebis kodikologiuri da istoriul-wyaroTmcodneobi-

Ti analizis safuZvelze, grigol feraZis, vaxtang imnaiSvilisa da Cems

mier Semdegi saxiT aris dadgenili:

– 1160 wels xelnaweri mxatvar-kaligrafma nikoloz nikraim gare-

jis mravalmTaSi, wm. daviTis lavris maxloblad mdebare berTis sava-

neSi gadawera.112

112 Peradze, “Über die georgischen Handschriften in Österreich”, 226-7; feraZe, `qarTuli xel-

Temo jojua

283

– 1363 wels, moqveli episkoposis luka oZrxelis ierusalimSi pi-

ligrimobis dros, garejuli krebuli ukve wmida miwaze iyo gadatani-

li da ierusalimis erT-erT qarTul eklesiasa Tu monasterSi (ierusa-

limis jvris qarTvelTa monasterSi?) inaxeboda.113

– 1363 wlidan 1813-14 wlebamde garejuli krebuli kvlav wmida mi-

waze (ierusalimis jvris qarTvelTa monasterSi?) iyo daculi da ad-

gilobrivi qarTveli moweseebi Tu saqarTvelodan Casuli piligrimebi

– aRdgomis moZRvari ioane-yofili ioseb xuntusZe (XV s.), artanuje-

li giorgi lomas-Ze (XV s.), afxazeTis kaTolikosi barTlome (daaxl.

1488-1519), samcxis aTabagis qaixosro I-is gazrdili ambrose (1501 w-is

axlos), Tbileli mTavarepiskoposi da jvaris mama barnaba favlenisS-

vili (1570), urbneli mTavarepiskoposi vlase sahakasZe (1570), urbneli

episkoposi svimeon CxeiZe (1700), monazoni febronia xevariZe (XVIII s-is

I nax.), diakoni esaia (XVIII s.), guriis erisTvisSvili, monazoni qriste-

fore SarvaSiZe (1760-iani ww.), mRvdelmonazoni ioane munji (1772), ar-

qimandriti antonios diasamiZe (1778), mRvdelmonazoni lavrenti goge-

liZe (1806), mRvdelmonazoni besarion qiotiSvili (1813-14) da sxvebi am

xelnaweri wignis arSiebze sxvadasxva saxis minawerebs asrulebdnen.114

– 1845 wels, qarTveli leqsikografis niko CubinaSvilis ierusa-

limSi mogzaurobis dros, garejuli krebuli jer kidev wmida miwaze

inaxeboda da ierusalimis jvris qarTvelTa monastris wignTsacavSi

iyo daculi.115

– 1845-83 wlebSi, qarTveli mecnieris aleqsandre cagarelis ieru-

salimSi mogzaurobis (1883) winare xanebSi, garejuli krebuli ierusa-

limis jvris qarTvelTa monastris wignTsacavidan gaurkvevel viTa-

rebaSi daikarga.116

nawerebis Sesaxeb avstriaSi~, 160-81; jojua, `wmida mRvdelmowame grigol feraZe~,

93-100, 118-21.

113 jojua, `moqvis ucnobi episkoposi luka oZrxeli~, 41-2.

114 Peradze, “Über die georgischen Handschriften in Österreich”, 226-7, 231-2; feraZe, `qarTu-

li xelnawerebis Sesaxeb avstriaSi~, 164-6, 168-9, 172; jojua, `wmida mRvdelmowame

grigol feraZe~, 94-5, 100-5, 109-15, 121-9, 136-41; misive, XII saukunis garejuli kre-

bulis~, 117-32; misive, àrtanujeli piligrimis giorgi lomas-Zis savedrebeli~,

121-34; misive, `gelaTeli monazonis – levan IV dadianis~, 153-73; misive, `mRvdel-

monazoni ioane munjis bibliografiuli minaweri~, 201-12; misive, `guriis erisT-

visSvilis, monazon qristefore SarvaSiZis~, 148-94; misive, ùcnobi urbneli epis-

koposis svimon CxeiZis~, 131-48.

115 jojua, `wmida mRvdelmowame grigol feraZe~, 104, 129.

116 Peradze, “Über die georgischen Handschriften in Österreich”, 227; feraZe, qarTuli xelna-

werebis Sesaxeb avstriaSi~, 161, 165; jojua, `wmida mRvdelmowame grigol feraZe~,

104, 129.


284

– 1831 wels garejuli krebuli profesorma turkerma egvipte-

Si, qalaq aleqsandriaSi, vinme adgilobrivi antikvarisagan SeiZina da

avstriaSi, venis erovnul biblioTekaSi gadagzavna.117

– 1831 wlidan dRemde garejuli krebuli avstriaSi, venis erovnu-

li biblioTekis qarTuli xelnaweri wignebis fondSi inaxeba.118

rogorc vxedavT, garejuli krebulis xangrZliv istoriaSi mxo-

lod erTi iseTi qronologiuri monakveTi gamoiyofa, romlis drosac

SeiZleboda, rom xelnaweri samefo karis mflobelobaSi moxvedrili-

yo. es qronologiuri monakveTi 1160 wlidan 1363 wlamde periods moi-

cavs. rac Seexeba 1363 wlis Semdgom, ufro zustad ki, 1845-83 wlebamde

periods, am qronologiur monakveTSi, garejuli krebuli ueWvelad

wmida miwaze iyo gadatanili, ierusalimis erT-erT qarTul eklesiasa

Tu monasterSi inaxeboda da am konkretuli savanis (ierusalimis jvris

qarTvelTa monastris?) sakuTrebas warmoadgenda.

aRniSnuli garemoebidan gamomdinare, vfiqrob, ar Sevcdebi, Tuki

davaskvni, rom garejuli krebuli saqarTvelos samefo karis mflo-

belobaSi mxolod 1160-1363 wlebSi SeiZleba moxvedriliyo. Sesabam-

isad, sabolood dgindeba isic, rom mefe giorgis beWedi garejuli

krebulis arSiebze swored aRniSnul periodSi anu 1160-1363 wlebSi

iyo dasmuli.

mas Semdeg, rac zemoT dasmul sam kiTxvas pasuxi gaveci, kvlav gare-

juli krebulis arSiebze dasmuli samefo beWdis legendaSi moxseniebuli

mefe giorgis vinaobis sakiTxs vubrundebi da XII-XVIII saukuneebSi moRvawe

Teqvsmeti mefe giorgidan kidev Tormet pirs gamovricxav. eseni arian:

gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefeebi – giorgi VII da giorgi VIII; dasavleT

saqarTvelos mefe giorgi I; qarTlis mefeebi – giorgi IX, giorgi X da gior-

gi XI; kaxeTis mefe giorgi II; imereTis mefeebi – giorgi II, giorgi III, giorgi VI

da giorgi VII; dabolos, qarTl-kaxeTis mefe giorgi XII. dasaxelebuli Tor-

meti mefe giorgi 1393 wlidan 1800 wlamde periodSi moRvaweobda da amitom

maT kuTvnil samefo beWeds 1363 wlidan 1845-83 wlebamde ierusalimis erT-

erT qarTul eklesiasa Tu monasterSi daculi da amave savanis kuTvnili

garejuli krebulis arSiebze, cxadia, veranairad ver dasvamdnen.

117 Peradze, “Über die georgischen Handschriften in Österreich”, 227; imnaiSvili, sinas mTidan

gracamdis, 24; misive, uZvelesi qarTuli xelnawerebi avstriaSi, 22; feraZe, `qar-

Tuli xelnawerebis Sesaxeb avstriaSi~, 161, 165; imnaiSvili, ùZvelesi qarTuli

xelnawerebi ucxoeTis~, 10.

118 Peradze, “Über die georgischen Handschriften in Österreich”, 220, 226-32; imnaiSvili, sinas

mTidan gracamdis, 24; misive, uZvelesi qarTuli xelnawerebi avstriaSi, 22; fera-

Ze, `qarTuli xelnawerebis Sesaxeb avstriaSi~, 160-1, 164-9, 170, 172-3; imnaiSvili,

ùZvelesi qarTuli xelnawerebi ucxoeTis~, 10-2.

Temo jojua

285

maSasadame, sakiTxis Seswavlis Sedegad, dgindeba, rom garejuli

krebulis arSiebze 1160 wlidan 1363 wlamde periodSi dasmuli mefe

giorgis beWdis mflobeli mxolod is oTxi mefe giorgi SeiZleba yo-

filiyo, romlebic qveynis samefo taxts 1160 wlidan 1346 wlamde peri-

odSi flobdnen. eseni arian: gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefe giorgi

III, gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefe giorgi IV laSa, gaerTianebuli

saqarTvelos mefe giorgi V brwyinvale da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

mefe giorgi VI mcire.

samwuxarod, Cems xelT arsebuli masala, jerjerobiT, saSualebas

ar maZlevs, kidev ufro metad davakonkreto garejuli krebulis ar-

Siebze dasmuli samefo beWdis legendaSi moxseniebuli mefe giorgis

vinaoba, amitom, sakiTxis Seswavlis am etapze, samecniero sazogadoe-

bas mxolod im daskvnas vTavazob, rom gansaxilveli samefo beWedi ze-

moT dasaxelebuli oTxi mefe giorgidan erT-erTs – an giorgi III-es,

an giorgi IV laSas, an giorgi V brwyinvales, an kidev, giorgi VI mcires

ekuTvnoda da is garejuli krebulis arSiebze am oTxi mefis mmarTv-

elobis periodSi anu 1160-1346 wlebSi iyo dasmuli.119

amgvarad, irkveva, rom garejuli krebulis arSiebze dasmuli mefe

giorgis xuTjvriani beWdis saxiT xelT gvaqvs aqamde srulebiT uc-

nobi, unikaluri sfragistikuli nimuSi – 1160-1346 wlebSi moRvawe

qarTveli mefis giorgis kuTvnili samefo beWedi, romelic dReisaT-

vis cnobil uZveles qarTul samefo beWeds – qarTl-imereTis mefis

bagrat VI-is oTkuTxa beWeds, qronologiuri TvalsazrisiT, maqsimum,

samasi, xolo, minimum, as ocdaxuTi wliT uswrebs win.

yovelive zemoTqmulis Semdeg bunebrivad ibadeba kidev erTi

saintereso kiTxva: rodis an ra mizeziT aRmoCnda 1160 wels garejis

mravalmTaSi gadawerili xelnaweri wigni jer qveynis samefo karis sa-

kuTrebaSi, xolo Semdeg ukve ierusalimis erT-erTi qarTuli eklesii-

sa Tu monastris mflobelobaSi?

Sesabamisi masalebis uqonlobis gamo, jerjerobiT, ar SemiZlia,

dasmuli kiTxvis pirvel nawils raime pasuxi gavce anu avxsna, 1160 wels

garejis mravalmTaSi gadawerili xelnaweri wigni rodis an ra mizeziT

aRmoCnda samefo karis sakuTrebaSi. rac Seexeba gansaxilveli kiTxvis

meore nawils, amasTan dakavSirebiT, SedarebiT ufro Camoyalibebuli

pozicia maqvs da vfiqrob, rom samefo karis kuTvnili garejuli kre-

119 aq miTiTebuli qronologiuri monakveTis – 1160-1346 wlebis qveda qrono-

logiuri zRvari – 1160 weli garejuli krebulis gadaweris TariRia, xolo zeda

qronologiuri zRvari – 1346 weli dasaxelebul oTx mefe giorgis Soris yvelaze

ufro mogviano periodSi moRvawe piris – mefe giorgi V brwyinvalis gardacvale-

bis TariRs warmoadgens.


286

buli wmida miwaze 1363 wlis winare xanebSi anu XIV saukunis I naxevarSi,

mefe giorgi V brwyinvalis mier iyo gagzavnili. amgvari daskvnisaken

ori konkretuli garemoeba mibiZgebs:

a) garejuli krebulis arSiebze 1363-1845/83 wlebiT daTariRe-

buli asze meti minaweria daculia, romlebic ierusalimis qarTul

eklesia-monastrebSi moRvawe qarTveli moweseebisa da saqarTvelodan

wmida miwaze Casuli piligrimebis mier aris Sesrulebuli. vfiqrob,

am kolofonebis uCveulod didi raodenoba (asze meti erTeuli) da

maTi Sesrulebis qveda qronologiuri zRvari (1363 weli) logikurad

miuTiTebs imaze, rom garejuli krebuli wmida miwaze 1363 wlamde arc-

Tu didi xnis win anu XIV saukunis I naxevarSi iyo gadatanili, radgan

am xelnaweri wignis wmida miwaze kidev ufro adre, vTqvaT, XII saukunis

II naxevarsa Tu XIII saukunis I meoTxedSi, gadatanis SemTxvevaSi, gare-

juli krebulis arSiebze zemoxsenebuli minawerebis Sesrulebas ara

1363 wlidan, aramed bevrad ufro adreuli periodidan, sul gvian, XIII

saukunis II naxevridan mainc daiwyebdnen.

b) dReisaTvis qarTvel mkvlevarTa mier argumentirebulad aris

dadgenili, rom mefe giorgi V brwyinvalem Tavisi mmarTvelobis dros

anu XIV saukunis I naxevarSi didi daxmareba gauwia ierusalimis qar-

Tul kolonias da udidesi wvlili Seitana wmida miwis qarTuli ekle-

sia-monastrebis qonebriv-samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis mowesrigeba-

gaumjobesebis saqmeSi, romlebic 1270-iani wlebidan moyolebuli XIV

saukunis dasawyisamde, egviptis mamluqTa saxelmwifos mxridan maT

mimarT gatarebuli represiuli politikis gamo, umZimes mdgomareo-

baSi imyofeboda.120

Cemi dakvirvebiT, saqarTvelos samefo karis kuTvnili garejuli

krebulis wmida miwaze gadatanis faqti swored mefe giorgi V brwyin-

valis mier ierusalimis qarTuli koloniis mimarT gatarebuli poli-

tikis konteqstSia gansaxilveli. rogorc Cans, mefe giorgi V brwyin-

vale mxolod wmida miwis qarTuli savaneebis qonebriv-samarTlebrivi

mdgomareobis mowesrigeba-gaumjobesebisaTvis ki ar iRvwoda, aramed

adgilobrivi qarTuli eklesia-monastrebis wignTsacavebis Sevseba-

gamdidrebazec zrunavda da am mizniT, ierusalimis qarTul kolonias

samefo karis wignTsacavSi dacul xelnawer wignebsac ugzavnida.

maSasadame, sakiTxis Seswavlis Sedegad, irkveva, rom saqarTvelos

120 elene metreveli, masalebi ierusalimis qarTuli koloniis istoriisaTvis (XI-

XVII ss.) (Tbilisi, 1962), 41-8; vaJa kiknaZe, (Tbilisi, 1989), 63-5; daviT niniZe, `saqa-

rTvelos saxelmwifos sagareo politika da diplomatia XIV saukunis bolosa da

XV saukunis damdegs~, qarTuli diplomatiis istoriis narkvevebi, I (Tbilisi, 1998),

492-9; da sxv.

Temo jojua

287

samefo karis kuTvnili garejuli krebuli wmida miwaze XIV saukunis

I naxevarSi, mefe giorgi V brwyinvales mier, ierusalimis qarTuli

koloniis kuTvnili erT-erTi monastris (ierusalimis jvris qarT-

velTa monastris?) wignTsacavis Sevseba-gamdidrebis mizniT iyo gag-

zavnili.

miRebuli daskvnis Semdeg, Cvens winaSe morigi axali kiTxva dgeba:

Tu garejuli krebuli wmida miwaze namdvilad mefe giorgi V brwyin-

vales mier iyo gagzavnili, maSin am xelnaweri wignis arSiebze dasmuli

mefe giorgis xuTjvriani beWedic swored am mefes xom ar ekuTvnoda?

Cemi varaudiT, garejuli krebulis arSiebze dasmuli samefo be-

Wedi marTlac mefe giorgi V brwyinvalis sakuTreba unda iyos, Tumca,

aRniSnuli varaudis raime argumentaciiT Semagreba, jerjerobiT, ar

SemiZlia. arada, am argumentaciis motanis gareSe gansaxilveli samefo

beWdis legendaSi moxseniebuli mefe giorgis maincadamainc mefe gior-

gi V brwyinvalesTan gaigiveba xelovnuri da naklebad damajerebeli

iqneba. samwuxarod, am sakiTxis sabolood garkvevis saqmeSi verc is

faqti gviwevs raime qmediT daxmarebas, rom garejuli krebuli wmida

miwaze mefe giorgi V brwyinvalis mier iyo gagzavnili. marTlac, sulac

ar aris gamoricxuli, rom 1160 wels garejis mravalmTaSi gadawerili

xelnaweri krebuli saqarTvelos samefo karis mflobelobaSi XII sau-

kunis III meoTxedSi an XIII saukunis I meoTxedSi moxvedriliyo, Sesabam-

isad, mis arSiebze mefe giorgi III-is an mefe giorgi IV laSas kuTvnili

beWedi daesvaT, XIV saukunis I naxevarSi ki mefe giorgi V brwyinvales

wmida miwaze ukve misi winaprebis beWeddasmuli xelnaweri wigni gaeg-

zavna. ase, rom dasmul kiTxvaze argumentirebuli pasuxis gacema, jer-

jerobiT, marTlac SeuZlebelia.

amiT mefe giorgis xuTjvrian beWedTan dakavSirebuli istoriuli-

wyaroTmcodneobiTi sakiTxebis Seswavlas sabolood vasruleb,

Tumca ki, manamde, msurs, qarTuli istoriografiis winaSe mdgom erT-

erT yvelaze aqtualur problemas Sevexo, romlis gadaWris saqmeSi

garkveuli roli, SesaZloa, mefe giorgis xuTjvrianma beWedmac

Seasrulos. mxedvelobaSi maqvs Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos

saxelmwifo droSis, ufro zustad ki, e. w. xuTjvriani droSis

sakiTxi, romelTan dakavSirebiTac qarTul istoriografiaSi ori

gansxvavebuli mosazrebaa gamoTqmuli. qarTvel mkvlevrebi: ioseb

biWikaSvili, daviT musxeliSvili, daviT kldiaSvili aleqsandre

TvaraZe da sxvebi, Sesabamisi argumentaciis safuZvelze, fiqroben,

rom Sua saukuneebis saxelmwifo droSa TeTri ferisa iyo, romelzec

xuTi wiTeli jvari iyo gamosaxuli: didi jvari – droSis SuaSi, xolo


288

oTxi patara jvari – didi jvris mklavTaSoris areebze.121 sxva qarTveli

mkvlevrebi: parmen zaqaraia, mariam lorTqifaniZe, roin metreveli,

nodar SoSiaSvili, givi jamburia, oTar jafariZe, apolon silagaZe,

goCa jafariZe da sxvebi aRniSnul mosazrebas ar iziareben da sapasuxo

argumentaciaze dayrdnobiT, miiCneven, rom xuTjvriani droSis Sua

saukuneebis qarTul saxelmwifo droSad gamocxadebisaTvis raime

safuZveli ar arsebobs.122

dasaxelebul mkvlevarTa mier moxmobili argumentaciis

ganxilvasa da am argumentaciis mimarT Cemi poziciis dafiqsirebisagan,

rigi mizezebis gamo, jerjerobiT, Tavs Sevikaveb, Tumca ki, xazgasmiT

aRvniSnav im faqts, rom garejuli krebulis arSiebze dasmul mefe

giorgis xuTjvrian beWedTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis istoriul-

wyaroTmcodneobiTi analizis Sedegebi im mkvlevarTa mosazrebas

uWers mxars, romlebic fiqroben, rom Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos

saxelmwifo droSaze xuTjvriani kompozicia iyo gamosaxuli. marTlac,

Tuki Cven marTebulad miviCnevT zemoT miRebul daskvnas, rom 1160-

1346 wlebSi moRvawe mefe giorgis kuTvnil beWedze xuTjvriani

kompozicia iyo warmodgenili, maSin kidev ufro safuZvliani gaxdeba

is mosazreba, rom amave XII-XIV saukuneebis saxelmwifo droSaze,

Sesabamisi periodis samefo beWdis msgavsad, agreTve, xuTjvriani

kompozicia iyo gamosaxuli.

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, samecniero sazogadoebas

Semdeg ZiriTad daskvnebs vTavazob:

1. avstriaSi, venis erovnul biblioTekaSi daculi 1160 wlis gare-

juli xelnaweri krebulis (Ven.4) 56r-sa da 105r-ze aqamde ucnobi qar-

Tuli sfragistikuli nimuSis – mrgvali, 3.6 sm diametris mqone beWdis

xuTi anabeWdia warmodgenili. anabeWdebi sakmaod cudad ganirCeva,

rac maT Seswavlas mniSvnelovnad arTulebs.

121 ioseb biWikaSvili, `saqarTvelos saxelmwifo istoriuli droSisa da gerbis

Sesaxeb~, saqarTvelos respublika, 134 (2507), 12 ivnisi (1997), 7; daviT musxeliS-

vili, èrTiani saqarTvelos saxelmwifo droSa Sua saukuneebSi~, literaturuli

saqarTvelo~, 11 (3164), 13-20 marti (1998), 5;

daviT kldiaSvili, qarTuli heraldikis istoria, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrio-

bis simboloebi, wigni I, droSa svianad moxmarebuli (Tbilisi, 2002), 33-68; aleqsan-

dre TvaraZe, saqarTvelo da kavkasia evropul wyaroebSi, XII-XVI saukuneTa isto-

riografiuli da kartografiuli masalis safuZvelze (Tbilisi, 2004), 73-123.

122 parmen zaqaraia, mariam lorTqifaniZe, roin metreveli, nukri SoSiaSvili, givi

jamburia, oTar jafariZe, `saqarTvelos saxelmwifo simbolikis Sesaxeb~, saqarT-

velos respublika, 56 (2756), 10 marti (1998), 1, 9; apolon silagaZe, goCa jafariZe,

avmarTe droSa mefisa, almiTa wiTel-SaviTa (Tbilisi, 1999); da sxv.

Temo jojua

289

2. anabeWdebze dakvirveba cxadyofs, rom Sesabamis beWedze xuTj-

vriani kompoziciis metad originaluri varianti iyo warmodgenili:

beWdis SuaSi didi zomis tolmklava jvari iyo gamosaxuli, romlis

mklavTaSoris areebSic, oTxi patara jvris gamosaxvis nacvlad, zus-

tad imave mniSvnelobis mqone oTxi daqargmebuli, or-or grafemiani

asomTavruli sityva: `juari qristÀsi. juari qristÀsi~ iyo Cawerili.

am sityvebis dawerilobaSi, gamomsaxvelobiTi TvalsazrisiT, wamy-

van, dominantur rols, pirveli grafemebi – (j) da (q) asrulebda,

romlebic, Tavis mxriv, swored jvarTan miaxloebuli moxazulobiT

iyo gadmocemuli. am Taviseburebis gamo mnaxvelis mier es sityvebi,

vizualuradac ki, maTi wakiTxvis gareSe, didi jvris mklavTaSoris

areebze gamosaxul jvrebad aRiqmeboda.

3. anabeWdebze dakvirveba aCvenebs, rom Sesabamis xuTjvrian beWeds

garSemo asomTavruli legenda Semouyveboda, romelic Semdegi saxiT

ikiTxeboda: `monaÁ RmrTisaÁ, mefeTa mefe giorgi~. rogorc legendi-

dan irkveva, garejuli krebulis arSiebze dasmuli xuTjvriani beWedi

samefo beWedi iyo da is vinme mefe giorgis ekuTvnoda.

4. naSromSi dawvrilebiT Seviswavle Cvenamde moRweul werilobiT

ZeglebSi daculi cnobebi qarTuli samefo beWdebis Sesaxeb, XX sauku-

nemde moRweuli qarTuli samefo beWdebi da istoriul dokumentebsa

Tu oficialur werilebze dasmuli qarTuli samefo beWdebis anabeW-

debi. kvleva aCvenebs, rom mefe giorgis xuTjvrian beWeds, jerjero-

biT, analogi ar eZebneba.

5. dgindeba, rom 1160-1346 wlebs Soris periodSi garejuli kre-

buli xuTjvriani beWdis legendaSi moxseniebuli mefe giorgis saku-

Trebas warmoadgenda da samefo wignTsacavSi inaxeboda. garda amisa,

irkveva isic, rom xuTjvriani beWedi garejuli krebulis arSiebze am

beWdis legendaSi moxseniebuli mefe giorgis, rogorc wignis kanonie-

ri mepatronis, uflebis dasadastureblad an raime iuridiuli mizan-

dasaxulobis gareSe, vTqvaT, beWdis gamoyenebaSi xelis gavarjiSebisa

Tu anabeWdis melnis tonalobaze dakvirvebis mizniT iyo dasmuli.

6. irkveva, rom xuTjvriani beWdis legendaSi moxseniebuli mefe

giorgi mxolod 1160-1346 wlebSi moRvawe oTx istoriul pirTan SeiZ-

leba gaigivdes. eseni arian: gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefe giorgi

III, gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefe giorgi IV laSa, gaerTianebuli

saqarTvelos mefe giorgi V brwyinvale da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

mefe giorgi VI mcire. Sesabamisad, dgindeba isic rom mefe giorgi xuTj-

vriani beWedi dReisTvis cnobili uZvelesi qarTuli samefo beWedia.

7. dgindeba, rom XIV saukunis I naxevarSi mefe giorgi V brwyinvalem

samefo wignTsacavSi daculi garejuli krebuli wmida miwaze gagzavna


290

da ierusalimis erT-erT qarTul monasters (ierusalimis jvris qar-

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bamisi monastris wignTsacavis Sevseba-gamdidrebas isaxavda mizanad.

8. garejuli krebulis arSiebze warmodgenili anabeWdebis Seswav-

las Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos saxelmwifo droSis sakiTxis

gadawyvetisaTvisac aqvs garkveuli mniSvneloba: mefe giorgis 1160-

1346 wlebiT daTariRebul samefo beWedze xuTjvriani kompoziciis

arsebobis faqti erTgvarad amyarebs im mkvlevarTa mosazrebas,

romlebic fiqroben, rom Sua saukuneebis qarTul saxelmwifo droSaze

xuTjvriani kompozicia iyo gamosaxuli.

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gogolaZe andro. àfxazTa~ (dasavleT saqarTvelos) mefeebi.

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jojua Temo. ucnobi urbneli episkoposis svimon CxeiZis sami mina-

weri (1700 w.) ierusalimSi gadatanili XII saukunis garejuli krebulis

(Ven.4-is) aSiebidan. Academia, 1, 2010

jojua Temo. wmida mRvdelmowame grigol feraZe da 1160 wels

garejSi gadawerili erTi ucnobi xelnaweri. istoriul-eTnografiuli

Studiebi. V. ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa da eTnologiis

institutSi Catarebuli institutis 60 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili

Temo jojua

295

axalgazrda mecnierTa da aspirantTa dargTaSorisi konferenciis

masalebi. Tbilisi, 2002

III, 1909

, 1848

, , 1998

, 1890

. saistorio moambe. wigni I. tfilisi, 1925

1882

La bijouterie au Caucase. Le Caucase illustre. #Peradze, Gregor. Über die georgischen Handschriften in Österreich. Wiener

Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes. XLVII. Band 3 und 4, Heft. Ahnenerbe-Stiftung Verlag. Wien, 1940

Rapports sur un Voyage Archeologique dans la Georgie et dans lÀrmenie. Execute en 1847-1848, par Marie-Felicite Brosset, membre de lÀcademie Imperiale des Sciences. Avec un Atlas de 45 planches lithographiees. Sankt-Petersbourg, 1851


296 Temo jojua

sur. 1 garejuli krebuli (Ven.4), fotopiri, xelnawerTa erovnuli centri,

RT XXV-3, I, 55v-56r.

sur. 2 garejuli krebuli (Ven.4), fotopiri, xelnawerTa erovnuli centri,

RT XXV-3, I, 104v-105r.

1

5

2

297mefe giorgis xuTjvriani beWedi

3

5

7

4

6

sur. 3 I anabeWdi, garejuli krebuli (Ven.4), fotopiri, xelnawerTa erovnuli

centri, RT XXV-3, I, 56r.sur. 4 II anabeWdi, garejuli krebuli (Ven.4), fotopiri, xelnawerTa erovnuli

centri, RT XXV-3, I, 56r.sur. 5 III anabeWdi, garejuli krebuli (Ven.4), fotopiri, xelnawerTa erovnuli

centri, RT XXV-3, I, 105r.sur. 6 IV anabeWdi, garejuli krebuli (Ven.4), fotopiri, xelnawerTa erovnuli

centri, RT XXV-3, I, 105r.sur. 7 V anabeWdi, garejuli krebuli (Ven.4), fotopiri, xelnawerTa erovnuli

centri, RT XXV-3, I, 105r.

298 Temo jojua

sur. 8 I anabeWdis grafikuli monaxazi, Sesrulebuli fotopiris safuZvelze

(avtori: Temo jojua)

sur. 9 III anabeWdis grafikuli monaxazi, Sesrulebuli fotopiris safuZvelze

(avtori: Temo jojua)

sur. 10 anabeWdis sruli rekonstruqcia, Sesrulebuli I da III anabeWdebis grafi-

kuli monaxazebis safuZvelze (avtori: kaxaber demuraZe)

8 9

10

299

Impressions of a Five-Cross Seal (1160-1346) of King Giorgi from the Fields of the Gareji Manuscript (Ven.4, 1160)

Temo Jojua

Summary

1. Five impressions of a round seal, 3.6 cm in diameter, are found on the folios 56r and 105r of the Gareji manuscript (Ven.4, 1160) preserved at the Vienna National Library. Images of the seal’s impressions cannot be clearly made out, that complicates their study.

on the seal: an equal-arm large cross stood in the middle, and four words in abbreviated asomtavruli writing were placed in each corner of the larger cross instead of four smaller crosses, though exactly with the same meaning. The sigla stand for the words: “The Cross of Christ. The Cross of Christ”. The initial graphemes J and Q were shaped like a cross and were of dominant importance in the pictorial form of these words. Due to this peculiarity, the words were visually perceived by a viewer as crosses depicted in the corners of the large cross.

3. The following text in asomtavruli script wraps around the seal: “A slave of God, King of Kings Giorgi.” According to the text, we deal with the royal seal that belonged to a certain King Giorgi.

4. I have analysed accounts concerning the Georgian royal seals found in the written sources, and have thoroughly studied the royal stamps which came down to the 20th century,

5. Study of the issue has shown that sometime between 1160 and 1346 the Gareji manuscript belonged to the certain King Giorgi, being kept in the royal library. Folios were probably stamped in order to claim possession of the manuscript by King Giorgi. Other options are also possible, e.g. hand training in stamping or checking of the ink’s shade.

6. The analysis has shown that King Giorgi mentioned in the text of the seal is to be

King Giorgi V the Brilliant donated the Gareji manuscript from his royal library to a Georgian monastery in Jerusalem (to the Georgian Holy Cross Monastery?). The king probably intended to enrich the library of the monastery.

8. Impressions of the seal found on folios of the Gareji manuscript are of special

cross composition for engraving a royal seal of King Giorgi, which dates to the period from 1160 to 1346, supports the view of those scholars who suppose that the medieval


Tamar abulaZe

elene giunaSvili

qarTuli siZveleTsacavebis koleqciebSi (xelnawerTa erovnuli

centri, iusticiis saministros erovnuli arqivi) daculia avSarTa xanis

(1736-96) ocdaaTze meti sparsuli da qarTul-sparsuli dokumenti,1

romelTagan zogierTi dRemde gamoucemelia. maTi gamcemebi arian

dinastiis meTauri nadir-Sahi (1736-47),2 qarTlis sardali sefi-xani,

kaxeTisa da SemdgomSi qarTlis mefe Teimuraz II (1700-62; kaxeTis mefe

– 1733-44, qarTlis mefe – 1744-62), kaxeTis mefe erekle II (kaxeTis mefe

- 1744-62, qarTl-kaxeTis mefe - 1762-98). dokumentebis adresatebi

arian qarTlis da erevnis valiebi, ganjis haqimi, Sahis administraciis

sxva adgilobrivi warmomadgenlebi, saTavado saxlebis wevrebi,

eklesiis mesveurebi. sabuTebi exeba miwisa da glexebis wyaloba/

damtkicebas da ganmeorebiT damtkicebas, siTarxnis miniWebas, Tanam-

debobaze daniSnvasa da sargos dawesebas, gadasaxdebis gadaxdasTan

da dabegvrasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs – TalaRa-gankargulebebs,

sxvadasxva valdebulebis (maT Soris, samxedro valdebulebis) Sesru-

lebas, qarTvel didgvarovanTa arzebs Sahis rezoluciiT.

1 aRnusxulia qarTul wyaroebSi dadasturebuli sparsuli istoriuli sabuTebic,

romlebic dReisaTvis dakargulia. maT Sorisaa avSarTa periodis (1736-1747 ww.)

dokumentebic (94 erT.). nusxa mocemulia magali Toduas publikaciaSi: . ..K. , , . 2 ( , 1989), 1022-29.2 nadir-Sahis mier gacemuli zogierTi sabuTi (saqarTvelos iusticiis

saministros erovnuli arqivis koleqcia, f.1452–234 /1738 w./, f.1452-235 /1747 w.)

uaRresad sainteresoa moxatulobis TvalsazrisiTac. ix. Tamar abulaZe, irina

koSoriZe, `sparsuli moxatuli sabuTebi~, moxatuli istoriuli dokumentebi

saqarTvelos siZveleTsacavebidan, darejan kldiaSvilis redaqciiT (Tbilisi,

2011), 203-5.

XIII

301

aRniSnuli masala, zogadad, asaxavs nadiris, `meore aleqsandres~,

samxedro da socialur politikas saqarTvelos da kavkasiis mimarT,

mis swrafvas – gamoeyenebina qarTveli didebulebi Tavisi miznebisTvis

osmalebis, lekebis da sxvaTa winaaRmdeg, miemxro is qristiani

didgvarovnebi, romlebic xsnas erTmorwmune ruseTis mfarvelobaSi

xedavdnen.

`yizilbaSobis~ damyarebis Semdeg qarTl-kaxeTi damoukideb-

lobisaTvis brZolaSi Zlier mezoblebs iyenebda – irans osmalTa

winaaRmdeg, ruseTs – iranis winaaRmdeg, zogjer – Tavad irans sakuTari

qveyanaSi stabilurobis SenarCunebisa da garkveuli garantiebisaTvis.

Tavis mxriv, nadir-Sahic iyenebda qarTvelebs osmalebisa da

lekebis winaaRmdeg; Tumca, rogorc ki osmalebma saqarTvelo

datoves, man qarTl-kaxeTis Tavadebs dauwyo devna. misTvis cnobili

iyo qarTvelTa kavSiris Sesaxeb ruseTTan, iq myof vaxtang VI-Tan,

romlis gamefebasac apirebdnen qarTlSi. nadirma kargad icoda,

rom qarTvelebis èrTguleba~ mxolod taqtikuri svla iyo da isini

arasodes Sewyvetdnen damoukideblobisaTvis brZolas. nadir-Sahma

isev Sah-abas I-is (1587-1629) gegmas mimarTa, rac qarTl-kaxeTis ayrasa

da iq yizilbaSi tomebis Casaxlebas gulisxmobda.3

amasTan, nadiris politika ar iyo erTgvarovani; igi icvleboda

qarTvelTa mimarT imis mixedviT, Tu rogori iyo misi poziciebi

saerTaSoriso asparezze, ramdenad myarad iyo Sahi fexmokidebuli

qarTvel didebulTa Soris, ramdenad Zlieri iyo misi mmarTvelobis

winaaRmdeg mimarTuli mRelvareba xalxSi.

1736 wels nadiri iranis Sahi gaxda. qarTlis mmarTvel aleqsandre

batoniSvils – ali-mirzas (qarTlis vali 1735-37) man muRanidan

sefi-xan sardali gamoayola yizilbaSTa jariT. sefi-xani qarTlSi

1737-38 wlebSi asrulebda Tavis movaleobas.4 zogadad, yizilbaSTa

mmarTvelobis dros aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sardlis funqciebi

uaRresad farTo iyo: yizilbaSuri da adgilobrivi jarebis sabrZolo

3 amis Sesaxeb vrclad ix. niko berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, w. VI

(Tbilisi, 1973), 319-35.

4 dokumenturi masalis garda sefi-xanis Sesaxeb cnobebs gvawvdis Tanadrouli

naratiuli wyaroebi: sexnia CxeiZe, mefeTa cxovreba, zaqaria WiWinaZis gamocema

(Tbilisi, 1913), 49-51; papuna orbeliani, ambavni qarTlisani, teqsti daadgina,

Sesavali, leqsikoni da saZieblebi daurTo elene cagareiSvilma (Tbilisi, 1981),

36, 43-4, 75.

avSarTa periodis dokumentebi

302

mzadyofnisa da sazRvrebis uSiSroebis uzrunvelyofa, saWiroebis

SemTxvevaSi, jaris gamoyvana da meTauroba,5 agreTve Sahis samsaxuri

da mosaxleobidan gadasaxdebis akrefa (am TvalsazrisiT igi valis

TanaSemwe iyo). 6

saqarTvelos siZveleTsacavebSi daculia sefi-xanis mier

gacemuli ramdenime sparsuli da qarTul-sparsuli sabuTi, romlebic

exeba zogierTi soflis aRweras qarTlSi, sakaTalikosos gafantuli

glexebis Tavis sacxovrebel adgilebze dabrunebas, saeklesio

Seuvalobis damtkicebas, cnobili saTavado saxlebis wevrebisaTvis

mamulis damtkicebas (an ganmeorebiT damtkicebas).

qarTli da kaxeTi swored am periodidan CaerTo iranis

sagadasaxado sistemaSi.7 rogorc cnobilia, mmarTvelobis pirvel

wlebSi nadiri gansakuTrebiT zrunavda qveynis ekonomikuri da

samxedro mdgomareobis gaumjobesebaze, qalaqebisa da sairigacio

nagebobebis aRdgenaze, vaWrobis gamococxlebasa da dacarielebuli

adgilebis dasaxlebaze. es, Tavis mxriv, arasakmarisi nabijebi,

romlebic umTavresad mainc samxedro da politikur miznebs isaxavda,

xorcieldeboda iranis zogierTi raionis sruli ganadgurebis,

arairanuli, dapyrobili teritoriebis gaCanagebisa da umkacresi

sagadasaxado zomebis gatarebis gziT. amasTanave, Sahi jariskacebsa

da administraciul Tanamdebobaze daniSnul pirebs uniSnavda

fiqsirebul jamagirs, nacvlad wina periodis miwis Semosavlebidan

miRebuli xelfasisa, rac aseve zrdida mosaxleobis begaras.8

Sahis warmomadgenelTa xelmZRvanelobiT imperiaSi Semavali

qveynebis miwebis registraciis mizniT xdeboda dapyrobili qveynebis

savargulebis, baRebisa da venaxebis, yvela xis, wisqvilebis, saqonlis

5 am Sinaarsis sabuTebs nadiri gascemda manamdec, vidre iranis Sahi gaxdeboda,

kerZod, 1734-35 wlebSi.amdokumentebisadresatebiarianaRmosavleTsaqarTvelos

sardloba da mosaxleoba, qarTl-kaxeTis didgvarovnebi. sabuTebi exeba uSualod

samxedro valdebulebis Sesrulebas (xelnawerTa erovnuli centris koleqcia,

Pd-108 da Pd-109). ix. , 48-9; makar

xubua, saqarTvelos muzeumis sparsuli firmanebi da hoqmebi (Tbilisi, 1949), 58-60.

6 dodo lomiZe, aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo 1735-49 wlebSi (`yizilbaSoba~)

(Tbilisi, 2007), 61, 86-7.

7 ix. karlo kucia, nadir-Sahi da saqarTvelo~, axlo aRmosavleTi da saqarTvelo,

III (Tbilisi, 2002), 127-8.

8 John Perry, “Forced Migration in Iran during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,” IranianStudies, 8 (1975), 199-215.


303avSarTa periodis dokumentebi

da sxvaTa aRwera da monacemebis saTanado kadastrSi Setana – cnobili

rayabaT-e naderi.9 mosaxleoba umowyalod ibegreboda. marTalia, am

qveynebSi dawesebuli gadasaxadebi ar aRemateboda uSualod iranis

mxareebSi arsebul gadasaxadebs, magram es emateboda tradiciul,

magaliTad, qarTuli feodaluri kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebul

gadasaxadebs. amdenad, qaTvel glexebs, vaWar-xelosnebs ormagi xarkis

gadaxda uwevdaT. qarTvelebs ekisrebodaT yizilbaSTa jaris Sesanaxi

gadasaxadebic; magaliTad, qarTlis mmarTvelis ali-mirzas mier

Sewerili gadasaxadiT da Tavad nadir-Sahis mier 1736 wels Tbilisis

mosaxleobisadmi gacemuli brZanebiT – qarTls xarkad daedo 3300

Tumani, qalaqi Tbilisi mzad unda yofiliyo saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi

gamoeyvana srulad SeiaraRebuli laSqari.10 uaRresad mZime iyo

puris gadasaxadi. papuna orbelianis TqmiT, qveynis mosaxleobis

mdgomareobisa da Sahis mier dakisrebuli gausaZlisi xarkis dasturad

SeiZleba moviyvanoT nadir-Sahis mier 1742 wels gacemuli firmani

Pd-25, sadac igi brZanebs: `miuxedavad qveynis mesveurTa mtkicebisa,

rom saqarTvelo dacarielebulia, raiaTebi ki gabneuli, moxeleebs

evalebaT akrifon gadasaxadebi imave odenobiT~.11

sainteresoa, agreTve, sefi-xanis mier 1737 wels gacemuli erTi

qarTul-sparsuli sigelic erovnuli centris yofili saqarTvelos sa-

istorio da saeTnografio sazogadoebis koleqciidan – Hd-2608. sabuTi

ex e ba qarTlis samefo moxelis, sefianTa da avSarTa periodis iranisa

da qarTl-kaxeTis istoriuli realiebis amsaxveli Txzulebis avtoris,

sexnia CxeiZis kuTvnili soflebis aRweras, saidan miRebuli mosavalic

`sul malujaTisa aris~. sabuTSi naTqvamia, rom Tavad sexnia `gaiqca /

dasavleT saqarTveloSi/ da imisi mamulisa ar vicodiT, vin sWamda, vin

uvlida~. am soflebs gankargulebiT zaza-begs gadascemen; mamasaxlisebma

9 Ann K. S. Lambton, Landlord and Peasant in Persia: A Study of Land Tenure and Land Revenue Administration (London, 1953), 129-33, 164.

10 nadir-Sahis sagadasaxado politikis Sesaxeb saubaria sparsul, qarTul,

somxur da sxva wyaroebSi; amis Sesaxeb ix. kucia, `nadir Sahi da saqarTvelo~, 127-8;

saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. IV, redaqtori mamia dumbaZe (Tbilisi, 1974),

451-2; The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 7, From Nadir Shah to Islamic Republic, ed. by Peter Avery, Bayne Fisher, Gavin Hambly, Charles Melville (Cambridge, 1991), ix. iqve:

and the Afsharid Legacy”, 3-63; ix. Encyclopaedia Iranica eleqtronuli versia: http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nader-shah da sxv.

11 , 56-8.

304

da qeTxodebma ki aRweris Semdeg unda uzrunvelyon gadasaxadebis akrefa.12

aseTi mkacri sagadasaxado politika xalxSi bunebriv mRelvarebas

iwvevda, risi naTeli magaliTicaa XVIII s.-is I naxevris xangrZlivi

ajanyeba qarTlSi, romelis CaxSobaSic aqtiurad monawileobda Sahis

sardali sefi-xanic.

xanma daibara ajanyebis winamZRolebi – Teimuraz II da givi amilax-

vari, Seipyro isini da ispahans gaagzavna, Tumca nadirma SemdgomSi

Teimurazi gaaTavisufla erTguli samsaxurisTvis. ajanyebis talRa ar

cxreboda, magram man droTa ganmavlobaSi simwvave dakarga, rac Semdegma

faqtorebma ganapiroba: irani da osmaleTi dazavda da aRmosavleTi

amierkavkasia daubrunda irans; rusebs ar surdaT nadirTan

urTierTobis gafuWeba da ar gamoxatavdnen saqarTvelos daxmarebis

survils; amasTanave, izrdeboda dapirispireba qarTvel TavadTa

Soris, rasac ostaturad iyenebda yizilbaSi mmarTveli. zemoTqmuls

naTlad asaxavs erovnuli arqivis erTi dokumenti (f. 1452, #94, 1742

w.), romlis mixedviT nadir-Sahi awynarebs da dakisrebuli movaleobis

Sesrulebisken mouwodebs givi amilaxvaris damsmen qvemo da zemo

sacicianos Tavadebs, qalanTars, aznaurebs da glexebs.13 mZime xarkis

pirobebSi Sahma erTgul saero pirebs, eklesiis mesveurT ganuaxla

jamagiri, uwyaloba mamulebi, riTac, garkveulad, miimxro kidec isini.

sefi-xanis mier 1736-37 wlebSi gacemuli dokumenti xelnawerTa

erovnuli centris koleqciidan – Pd-52 – swored am politikis

amsaxvelia. es aris hoqmi/brZanebuleba, romlis mixedviTac sefi-xani

saqarTvelos veqilebis14 ali-yuli begisa da qaixosro baraTaSvilis

daskvnis safuZvelze zaza ciciSvils ganmeorebiT umtkicebs xuT

sofels, romelTa mosaxleobas patroni unda moepyras samarTlianad;

maT ki, Tavis mxriv, wesierad unda ixadon gadasaxadebi. 15

12 vladimer fuTuriZe, qarTul-sparsuli istoriuli sabuTebi (Tbilisi, 1955),

442-5.

13 , 59-60.14 1735-1749 wlebSi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi veqili iyo yizilbaSuri

administraciuli aparatis erT-erTi wamyvani moxele, romelic ganagebda

saxelmwifo gadasaxadebis gawera-Segrovebas, jarisaTvis xelfasis micemas da

darCenili Semosavlis saxelmwifo xazinaSi gadaricxvas. misi TanaSemweebi iyvnen

veziri da mustofi, ix. fuTuriZe, qarTul-sparsuli istoriuli sabuTebi, 460;

nugzar dundua, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mefeebis, batoniSvilebisa da xanebis

mier gacemuli sparsuli sigelebi (Tbilisi, 2010), 63.

15 am sabuTis Sesaxeb ix. xubua, saqarTvelos muzeumis sparsuli firmanebi, 62-


305

sefi-xanis mier gacemul kidev erT sabuTSi amave koleqciidan

(Pd-53) sardali qarTlis divanbegs qaixosro baraTaSvils16 miuTiTebs

cnobili saTavado saxlis wevris zaza ciciSvilis kuTvnili soflebis

misi vaJis mflobelobaSi darCenis Taobaze, romlebic ar eqvemdebareba

aRweras, radgan es ukanaskneli daTanxmda gadasaxadis gazrdas. es

dokumenti ar aris gamoqveynebuli.

zogierTi sparsuli dokumentiT xdeba cnobili saTavado saxlebis

warmomadgenlebis Txovnis dakmayofileba kuTvnili mamulebisa da

gabneuli glexebis dabrunebis Sesaxeb Sahis an adgilobrivi mmarTvelis

rezoluciiT. aseTi dokumentia xelnawerTa erovnuli centris koleqciis

sabuTi – Pd-98, romlis mixedviTac mzeWabuk javaxiSvili TxovniT

mimarTavs sefi-xans qarTl-kaxeTSi gabneuli misi kuTvnili glexebis

dabrunebis Taobaze. xani sagangebo rezoluciiT ubrZanebs yuli-begs

Txovnis aRsrulebas. sabuTs erTvis gaqceul glexTa siac sparsul enaze.17

amave periods genekuTvneba sefi-xanis mier gacemuli sabuTebi,

romlebic asaxavs Sahis politikas qarTuli eklesiis mimarT, misTvis

kuTvnili miwebisa da glexebis dabrunebas da Seuvalobis damtkicebas.

1737 wels gacemuli brZanebulebiT (xelnawerTa erovnuli centri,

Pd-54)18 sefi-xani avalebs mcxeTis saxlTuxuces gurgensa da solomon

mdivans xeli Seuwyon, `Sekribon da daamkvidron~ kaTalikosis

soflebisa da mxareebis glexebi, raTa maT mihyon xeli xvna-TesviT

saqmianobas. orenovani dokumentis mixedviT (xelnawerTa erovnuli

centri, yofili saeklesio muzeumis fondi, Ad-1779)19 ki, romelic

zemoT aRniSnul sabuTze erTi TviT adrea gacemuli, xani saxlTuxuces

giorgisa da mdivan solomons miabarebs samcxeTo soflebs zemo da

qvemo qarTlSi, somxiTSi, sabaraTianosa da TrialeTze. am adgilebze

dasaxlebul glexTagan sursaTi unda `gamoiRon~ da isini xelmwifis

samsaxurSi Caayenon.

4; dundua, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mefeebis, batoniSvilebisa da xanebis mier

gacemuli sparsuli sigelebi, 35-7.

16 xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi daculia nadir-Sahis mier gacemuli erTi

sabuTi Pd-26, romliTac igi `msgavsTa da TanatolTa Soris rCeuls~, qaixosro

baraTaSvils, umtkicebs mdivanbegis Tanamdebobas, gansazRvravs mis movaleobebs

da ganuwesebs jamagirs. am sabuTis Sesaxeb ix. xubua, saqarTvelos muzeumis

sparsuli firmanebi, 66-70.

17 aRniSnuli sabuTi ar aris gamocemuli.

18 xubua, saqarTvelos muzeumis sparsuli firmanebi, 66.

19 fuTuriZe, qarTul-sparsuli istoriuli sabuTebi, 445-7.


306

avSarTa periodis warmodgenili dokumenturi masala – nadir-

Sahisa da sefi-xanis mier gacemuli sabuTebi – Seicavs mravalmxriv

sayuradRebo informacias da asaxavs iranis politikas qarTveli

didgvarovnebis, mosaxleobis, eklesiis mimarT; qarTvelTa samxedro

da sagadasaxado valdebulebebs; zogadad, yizilbaSTa~ mmarTvelobis

socialur da politikur realiebs.

ganxiluli dokumentebi, rogorc funqciuri teqstebis tipuri

magaliTebi, warmogvidgens suraTs, ganpirobebuls am sabuTebis saxeobiTa

da socialuri funqciiT, Tematuri komponentebiT, gamcemis statusiT

da sxv. Sesabamisad, Sahis mier gacemuli humaion firmanebi, romlebsac

dasawyisSi emateba uzenaesi mmarTvelis, `RmerTis mier ganmtkicebuli

nadiris~ titulatura, sxvaobs am TvalsazrisiT administraciuli

moxelis mier gacemuli `maRali brZanebis~ stilisgan. sxvaoba vlindeba

enobriv-semantikur da arqiteqtonikis doneze. ierarqiuli suraTi

leqsikuri saSualebebiT, sparsuli diplomatikuri enis Taviseburebebis

sruli dacviTaa warmodgenili, im epiTetebiT, romlebiTac arian Semkuli

Sahi, sardali, qarTveli didgvarovnebi Tu moxeleebi. sxvaoba naklebad

sagrZnobia sabuTebis Sua da daskvniT nawilebSi, saqmiani, sada stiliT

gamosaxul komponentSi, sadac sabuTis ZiriTadi Temaa gaSlili.

zogadad, sparsuli da qarTul-sparsuli iuridiuli aqtebi iZleva

uaRresad saintereso masalas sparsuli da qarTuli diplomatikuri

enis, socialuri terminologiis, leqsikuri interferenciis, enobriv

urTierTobaTa TvalsazrisiT. aRniSnuli sakiTxebi ganixileba

dokumentebis zemoT dasaxelebul da sxva publikaciebSi, sabuTebis

gamocemebze darTul specialur leqsikonebSi, istoriis zogadi

sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnil SromebSi, Tumca sparsuli istoriuli

sabuTebis, rogorc garkveuli struqturuli, kodirebuli enobrivi

modelis sistemuri analizi ar aris warmodgenili. am mimarTulebiT

muSaoba dawyebulia.20

20 Tamar abulaZe, elene giunaSvili, `sparsuli da qarTul-sparsuli istoriuli

sabuTebi: kvlevis istoria da perspeqtivebi~, aRmosavleTi da kavkasia, 7 (2011),

5-10; Tamar abulaZe, elene giunaSvili, `saqarTvelos sparsuli da qarTul-

sparsuli istoriuli sabuTebi: lingvistur-filologiuri kvlevis aspeqtebi~,

enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi (Tbilisi, 2012), 9-15; Helen Giunashvili and Tamar Abuladze, “Persian Historical Documents of Georgia (Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries): Aspects of Linguistic Analysis,” Journal of Persianate Studies, 5 (2012), 35-42; Tamar abulaZe, elene giunaSvili,

`sparsuli da qarTul-sparsuli istoriuli sabuTebis kvlevisaTvis saqarTveloSi~

(sparsul enaze), o. akimuSkinisadmi miZRvnili krebuli, Teirani (ibeWdeba).


307

abulaZe Tamar, giunaSvili elene. sparsuli da qarTul-sparsuli

istoriuli sabuTebi: kvlevis istoria da perspeqtivebi. aRmosavleTi da

kavkasia, 7, 2011

abulaZe Tamar, giunaSvili elene. saqarTvelos sparsuli da

qarTul-sparsuli istoriuli sabuTebi: lingvistur-filologiuri

kvlevis aspeqtebi. enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi. Tbilisi, 2012

abulaZe Tamar, koSoriZe irina. sparsuli moxatuli sabuTebi.

moxatuli istoriuli dokumentebi saqarTvelos siZveleTsacavebidan.

darejan kldiaSvilis redaqciiT. Tbilisi, 2011

berZeniSvili niko. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi. w. VI. Tbilisi, 1973.

dundua nugzar. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mefeebis, batoniSvile-

bisa da xanebis mier gacemuli sparsuli sigelebi. Tbilisi, 2010

kucia karlo. nadir-Sahi da saqarTvelo. axlo aRmosavleTi da

saqarTvelo, III. Tbilisi, 2002

lomiZe dodo. aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo 1735-1749 wlebSi

(`yizilbaSoba~). Tbilisi, 2007

orbeliani papuna. ambavni qarTlisani. teqsti daadgina, Sesavali,

leqsikoni da saZieblebi daurTo elene cagareiSvilma. Tbilisi, 1981

saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. tomi IV. red. mamia dumbaZe.

Tbilisi, 1974

fuTuriZe vladimer. qarTul-sparsuli istoriuli sabuTebi.

Tbilisi, 1955

CxeiZe sexnia. mefeTa cxovreba. zaqaria WiWinaZis gamocema. Tbilisi, 1913

xubua makar. saqarTvelos muzeumis sparsuli firmanebi da hoqmebi.

Tbilisi, 1949

. K. . . 2. , 1989

The Cambridge History of Iran, volume 7, From Nadir Shah to Islamic Republic. Ed. by Peter Avery, Bayne Fisher, Gavin Hambly, Charles Melville. Cambridge, 1991

Giunashvili, Helen, and Tamar Abuladze. Persian Historical Documents of Georgia (Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries): Aspects of Linguistic Analysis. Journal of PersianateStudies, 5, 2012

Lambton, Ann K. S. Landlord and Peasant in Persia: A Study of Land Tenure and Land Revenue Administration. London, 1953

Perry, John. Forced Migration in Iran during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. Iranian Studies, 8, 1975


308

Pd-52gamovida maRali brZanebuleba masze, rom amJamad aRmatebulTa burjma

zaza-beg ciciSvilma, romelsac maRaladgilovani, umaRlesi adgilis mqone,

Cemi patronis, uZlieresi spasalaris (?) maRaladgilovani da ukeTilSobilesi

veqilebis samsaxurSi uricxvi damsaxureba miuZRvis, mogvmarTa TxovniT,

rom xuTi sofeli, romlebic qvemoTaa CamoTvlili, uZvelesi droidan

zemoxsenebulis [mflobelobaSi] iyo da iTxovs, rom amis Tanaxmad [es soflebi]

isev moxsenebuls vuwyaloboT, raTa divanis malujehaTi da moTavajehaTi (am

soflebidan) divanis xelSi wlidan wlamde gadaricxos.

sofeli xaCTaliTi, sofeli ayqandi (romelic mdebareobs Sulavris

olqSi), saufliswulo dirayqandi, sofeli zemo weraqvi, adgilebi: zemo da

qvemo weraqvs Soris.

da maRali brZanebulebiT vavalebT saqarTvelos veqils, aRmatebul

ali-yuli begsa da rCeulTa burjs qaixosro-beg baraTaSvils, rom simarTle

sabolood sisruleSi iqnas moyvanili da rom yovelTvis, uZvelesi droidan

moyolebuli, zemoCamoTvlili soflebi rCeulTa Soris gamorCeulis,

xsenebulis (zaza ciciSvilis) iyo, da aravin modave da moqiSpe ar hyavs.

amitom maT daevalos, rom zemoCamoTvlili soflebis divanis malujehaTi

da moTavajehaTi sasaxlis maRal divans gadascen. amJamad moxsenebulTa

rCeulTa burjma Txovna xelmowerili gvaaxla. amitom maRaladgilovanma

aliyuli-beg veqilma da sworupovarma qaixosro-begma am saqmeSi maRali

brZanebis Sesabamisad imoqmedon da am maRali brZanebis Sesrulebisas

raime Secdoma an zedmetoba ar dauSvan. mas Semdeg, roca nebas darTaven

saqarTvelos olqis mustofi da maRali samdivnos veziri, xsenebulma

qaixosro-beg veqilma zemoTCamoTvlili xuTi sofeli moxsenebuli

maRaladgilovanis mflobelobaSi scnos. davTarSi aRricxon da divanis

malujehaTi da moTavajehaTis havale (baraTi) gamouweron. daiwera 1150 w.

al-moharamis Tvis 12.

(aSiaze): is (RmerTi). dadgenili aris, rom raiaTsa da sxva mosaxleobas

saukeTesod moepyras da didi yuradReba gamoiCinos maT mimarT da zedmeti

uSri, bahra an suladobrivi gadasaxadi, an erTi dinaric ki ar mosTxovos maT.

imnairad moiqces, rom yvela misi mopyrobiT kmayofili iyos.

da Tuki gamoCndeba, rom raiaTisadmi garkveuli Zaladoba gamoiCina,

amisaTvis mas didi pasuxismgebloba daekisreba. zemoTCamoTvlili xuTi

soflis raiebis mimarT yovelTvis yuradRebiani iyos da raiebma zaza-begs

erTi dinariT da erTi marcvliT meti ar miscen.

magram Tu odesme meti mosTxovos (zaza-begma) maT, xeli ar SeuSalon mas

da momaxsenon me, raTa pasuxi vagebino. da (maT) TavianT movaleobad CaTvalon

am brZanebis Sesruleba.*21

* teqstis bolo abzacis Targmanis Cveni versia ramdenadme gansxvavdeba n. dunduas

Targmanisgan, Sdr. dundua, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mefeebis, batoniSvilebisa

da xanebis mier gacemuli sparsuli sigelebi, 37.


309

Pd-53gamoica maRali brZanebuleba masze, rom am gvelis wlis dasawyisSi zaza-

beg ciciSvilma maRaladgilovan friad pativcemul veqilebs, Cems patron

spasalars, dRegrZelni iyvnen misi axloblebi, moaxsena, rom qvemoCamoTvlili

adgil-mamulebi Zveli droidan mas ekuTvnoda, xolo ramdenime xania, rac misi

mflobelobidan gasulia da sxvebis mflobelobaSia:

sofeli ayqandi, sofeli xajTaliTi, sofeli zemo weraqvi, sofeli? man

mimarTa TxovniT, raTa aRniSnuli adgil-mamulebi gadaecaT mis mflobelobaSi,

rom SeZlos divanis yovelwliuri valdebulebebis Sesruleba. Tanaxmad misi

udidebulesobis brZanebisa, gadawyda, rom moxsenebuli adgil-mamulebi

gadaeces mis mflobelobaSi da daekisros divanSi Sesatani gadasaxadebi.

amJamad, roca karis mneoba dakisrebuli aqvT mis udidebulesobasTan

daaxloebul pirebs, veqil aliyuli-begsa da mirza abdul-jabar vezirs,

rom maT qvemo saqarTveloSi (gadasaxadebis dadgenis mizniT) ganaaxlon

kadastri,*22msgavsTa Soris gamorCeuli farsadan-begi, xsenebuli zaza-begis

vaJi, daTanxmda aRniSnuli soflebis gadasaxadebis 10-15 erTeuliT gazrdaze,

raTa (maTi) aRwera da Sefaseba aRar moxdes. aRniSnuli soflebi winandel

sabuTSi Setanili iyo qristian didgvarovanTa Soris umTavresis, qaixosro-

beg baraTaSvilis saxelze Tavrizuli ocdaaTi Tumnis da oTxas ormocdaaTi

dinaris odenobiT...

ama wlis garigebis safuZvelze da TxuTmeti Tumnisa da oras ocdaaTi

dinaris danamatiT sofeli ayqandi, sofeli xajTaliTi, sofeli zeda weraq-

vi, sofeli?; Semosavalma, misi TanxmobiT, Seadgina ormocdaxuTi Tavrizuli

Tumnis da eqvsas samocdaTxuTmeti dinaris odenoba.

amitom umaRlesi davTari... gadasaxadebis amkrefebma sofel ayqandis

mimarTulebis zemoxsenebuli soflebi, romlebic sabatono da mesakuTrulia,

amis safuZvelze mis ganakveTSi Seitanon da aikrZalos (axali) kadastris Sedgena,

xolo misgan xsenebuli yovelwliuri mosakrebeli da gzis Tanxa kancelariis

baraTebiTa da ganmartebebiTurT...

saWiro... Seasrulon.**23

(juma)di al-aula 1150 (1737)

sefi xanis beWedi (orjer)

* adgil-mamulebis azomva, aRwera da Sefaseba.

** am sabuTis teqstis qarTuli Targmani ibeWdeba pirvelad.


310 Tamar abulaZe, elene giunaSvili

311avSarTa periodis dokumentebi

312

Persian and Georgian-Persian Bilingual Historical

Documents from Afshar

Period at Georgian Depositories

Tamar AbuladzeHelen Giunashvili

Summary

Collections of Georgian Depositories (the National Center of Manuscripts, the National Archive of the Ministry of Justice) preserve more over than 30 units of Persian and Geor-gian-Persian historical documents, belonging to the Afshar period (1736-96). Some of them have not been published up to the present. They were issued by 1) the head of the

Khan; 3) the ruler of Kakheti (a province of Eastern Georgia) during 1733-44, later the king of the whole Kartli (1744-62) Teimuraz II (1700-62); and 4) the king Erekle II, the king of Kakheti in 1744-62 and of the whole Kartli-Kakheti during 1762-98. Addressees of these deeds were valis of Kartli and Erevan, hakims of Ganja (Azerbaijan), represen-tatives of the royal and local administration, members of the Georgian princely houses,

equally concern issues of paying taxes and rates such as, orders and accomplishment of various duties (including military obligation), petitions of Georgian nobles with the Shah’s resolution.

Shah and Sepi-Khan from the collections of the National Center of Manuscripts and the

Iranian policy toward Georgian aristocracy, ordinary people, the Church; these deeds are also dealing with military and tax duties of Georgians and generally, social and political realities of Kizilbashs’ rule in Georgia.

At the same time, these documents as far as being typical examples of functional texts, offer the most interesting data on Persian and Georgian diplomatic languages, social terminology, lexical interference, different aspects of linguistic interrelations.


sofio daviTaSvili

aTonis iverTa monastris mTavari taZris samxreT-dasavleT

kuTxeSi miSenebul koSkSi, sadac iveronis saganZuria daculi,1 sxva

siZveleebTan erTad inaxeba iveriis yovladwmida RvTismSoblis xatis

saCrdilobeli qolga – Zveli qarTuli naqargobis erT-erTi gamor-

Ceuli Zegli wminda mTaze. amgvari uCveulo daniSnulebis mqone naqa-

rgi qolgis Tanafardi saqarTvelos siZvelTsacavebSi ar moipoveba.2

swored amitom, saCrdilobeli mkvlevarTa gansakuTrebul yuradRe-

bas imsaxurebs; miT ufro, rom igi TariRiania da saqtitoro warweras-

Tan erTad qtitorTa gamosaxulebebic axlavs.

samonastro garemoSi saswaulTmoqmedi xatebisa da sxva siw-

mideebisaTis pativis misagebad saCrdiloblis gamoyenebis tradi-

cia amJamad ukve Zalze iSviaTia. amasTanave, XVIII-XIX saukuneebis

vizualuri wyaroebi – kerZod graviurebi – mowmobs am tradiciis

xangrZliv arsebobas aTonis mTaze, iseve rogorc serenisa da su-

melas monasterSi.3 am tipis qolgebi aseve gvxvdeba im regionebSi,

romlebic didi xnis ganmavlobaSi veneciis mmarTvelobis qveS iyo,

saxeldobr (1401-1797 wlebSi) korfuSi, sadac wm. spiridonTan da-

kavSirebuli, gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmo oqroqarguli saCrdilo-

beli Semoinaxa.4

1 a. aleqsiZe, aToni aTaswlovani (Tbilisi, 1982), 48.

2 erTi naqargi qolgis Sesaxeb sayuradRebo cnobas gvawvdis eqvTime TayaiSvili

svaneTSi daculi saganZuris aRricxvisas: Cukulis eklesiaSi winad daculi yofila

qolgis piri abreSumis materiisa, gamSvenebuli sxva da sxva saxeebiT, maT Soris oTxi

mzis saxea. amas Tamaris qolgas uwodebden Turme. exla es qolga Cukulis eklesiaSi

aRar moipoveba, magram misi suraTi wineT gadauRia ermakovs (#184)~. eqvTime TayaiS-

vili, arqeologiuri eqspedicia leCxum-svaneTSi 1910 wels (parizi, 1937), 119-20.

3 E. Vlachopoulou-Karabina, Holy Monastery of Iveron, Gold Embroideries (Mount Athos, 1998), 126.4 Vlachopoulou-Karabina, Holy Monastery of Iveron, 149, n. 224.

XIV

314

am praqtikis arsebobasT an dakavSirebiT gansakuTrebiT niSneulia

aTonis wminda mTa, sadac, mravalaswlovan samoweseo garemoSi, sxva

tradiciebTan erTad, dRemdea SenarCunebuli saCrdilobelTan daka-

vSirebuli Zveli liturgikuli praqtika.

Tanamedrove aTonze litaniisas xatis saCrdiloblis qveS tarebis

tradicia arsebobs vatopedis da iverTa monastrebSi.5

iveronSi, sazeimo msvleloba, romlis drosac saCrdilobeli

gamoiyeneba, amJamad weliwadSi erTxel, Tomas kviris samSabaT dRes,

anu brwyinvale samSabaTs aResruleba, iveriis RvTismSoblis xatis

zRvaze saswaulebrivi gamoCenis aRsaniSnav dResaswaulze. am dRes,

RamisTevis locvis gasrulebis Semdeg, adgilobrivi moweseebi, ivero-

nis da aTonis erT-erT udides siwmindes – karis RvTismSoblis xats

monastridan gareT gamoabrZaneben da aRasruleben mcire dalocvas.

amis Semdeg iwyeba sazeimo msvleloba, romelsac win miuZRvis olariTa

da filoniT mosili mRvdelmonazoni. mas mihyvebian mefsalmuneebi,

mRvdlebi da mRvdelmTavari, Semdeg xatis mtvirTvelni moabrZane-

ben pativdebul wminda xats, romelsac monazonTa simravle mihyveba

(sur. 1); mTeli litaniis ganmavlobaSi igalobeba aRdgomis kanoni;

masSi CaerTvis karis RvTismSoblis xatis kanonic, sadac moTxrobilia

zRviT misi saswaulebrivi gamoCineba. monastris garSemo arsebul si-

wmindeebTan gaCerebis, xatis dabrZanebisa da msaxurebis gasrulebis

Semdeg procesia brundeba monasterSi, sadac sruldeba akoluTia da

mTliani msaxureba.6 am sazeimo msvlelobis dros xats, gansakuTrebu-

li pativis niSnad, viTarca dedofals, saCrdiloblis qveS atareben.

saCrdiloblis gamoyenebis praqtika uZvelesi droidan arsebobs

rogorc aRmosavleTis, ise dasavleTis yoveldRiurobaSi. igi warmoad-

genda fufunebis sagans, romliTac mxolod didebulebi sargeblobdnen

mwveli mzis an wvimisagan Tavdasacavad. zog SemTxvevaSi saCrdilobels

salxineblis forma hqonda, zogjer ki cal fexze aRmarTuli qolgisa.

saCrdilobeli qolga, rogorc praqtikuli daniSnulebis nivTi,

5 iveriis RvTismSoblis xatis amJamindeli saCrdilobeli erTmaneTze mikere-

buli wiTeli qsovilis cxra naWrisagan Semdgari qolgaa, romelzec datanilia

oqrosferi tolmklava jvrebi, kideebze ki oqrosferi foCebi dauyveba (sur. 1).

vatopedis savanis mfarvel xats, misi saxelobis dResaswaulze, aTonis mTis mon-

astrebs saCrdilobeli qolgiT dafaruls Semoatareben. es saCrdilobeli dRes

gacilebiT sazeimoa, vidre iveriis RvTismSoblis xatisa. igi naTeli oqrosferi,

mZime qsovilisaa da aseve mZime da xSiri foCebi amkobs.

6

sofio daviTaSvili

315

qristianul saRvTismsaxuro praqtikaSi imave daniSnulebiT damkvi-

drda – bunebrivi movlenebisagan xatis damcvelis funqciiT, agreTve

xatisadmi mokrZalebisa da pativis migebis fizikuri gamoxatulebiTac.

salxinebels, eklesiis sakurTxevlis trapezis – gamorCeuli da

sakraluri adgilis – safarvels, adreuli droidan iyenebdnen, Tumca

qristianul tradiciaSi moZravi salxineblebisa da saCrdilobeli

qolgebis arsebobis aucilebloba IX saukunis meore naxevridan, xat-

Tayvanismcemlobis aRdgenis Semdeg, saxeldobr xatTa Tayvaniscemis

kvirisa da masTan dakavSirebuli sazeimo msvlelobebis praqtikis dam-

kvidrebisas unda gaCeniliyo. am tradicias ar hqonia kanonis saxe – aseT

SemTxvevaSi xom igi mTels qristianul samyaroSi iqneboda gavrceleb-

uli; amasTanave, wminda xatebis amgvari pativmigeba gamonaklisis saxiT

ar unda arsebuliyo – rogorc Cans swored amitomaa, rom igi dRemde

SemorCa ramdenime samonastro gaerTianebaSi.

iveriis RvTismSoblis xatTan dakavSirebuli msaxurebebis da

xatebis saCrdiloblebis liturgiaSi gamoyenebis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva

cnobebi arsebobs: werilobiTi – momlocvelTa, mogzaurTa, siZvelee-

bis moyvarulTa da mecnierTa aRwerebi da SeniSvnebi; vizualuri –

grafikuli gamosaxulebebi da fotoebi.

vasili barski, romelic iveronSi 1744 wels imyofeboda, axsenebs

karis RmrTismSoblis xatis sazeimo msvlelobasac, romelic imxanad

weliwadSi samjer, uZrav dResaswaulTa dros aResruleboda (avtorTan

es dResaswaulebi dasaxelebuli ar aris). misi SeniSvniT, am dros, sas-

waulTmoqmed portaitis xats, salxinebliT dafaruls, zarebis rekviT,

mcire eklesiidan mTavar taZarSi gadaasvenebdnen, saidanac diliT, saRv-

To liturgiis damTavrebisTanave monastridan gareT gaasvenebdnen da

litanias aRasrulebdnen. monasterSi dabrunebisas, xats kvlav did ta-

ZarSi daasvenebdnen, sadac igi aTi an oci dRe imyofeboda. am drois gan-

mavlobaSi xatis winaSe uwyvetad msaxurebda mantiiTa da bartyuliT mo-

sili, sagangebod dadgenili prosmonari. Semdeg – vasili barskis miTiTe-

biT, Zveli tradiciis Sesabamisad – orSabaT dRes xats zarebis rekviT

kvlav karis RmrTismSoblis xatis mcire eklesiaSi abrunebdnen.7 proce-

siis aRwerisas avtori mokled SeniSnavs salxinebelzec: `zarebis rekvis

7 -

II

aTonis iveriis RvTismSoblis xatis saCrdilobeli

316

TanxlebiT moabrZaneben iveriis RvTismSoblis saswaulmoqmed xats did

eklesiaSi, oqrosa da abreSumis naqargiT dafaruli salxinebliT~.8

1755-1759 wlebSi, aTonsa da wminda miwaze mosalocad myofi qarTlis

mTavarepiskoposi timoTe gabaSvili Tavis `mimosvlaSi~ ramdenimejer ax-

senebs xatTa saCrdilobel qolgebs.9 am masalebis mixedviT cxadi xdeba,

rom Tu ufro adre ara, gviani Sua saukuneebisaTvis mainc, saCrdiloblis

gamoyenebis tradicia namdvilad damkvidrebuli unda yofiliyo qris-

tianuli aRmosavleTis sxvadasxva samwysos saRvTismsaxuro praqtikaSi.

aTonze, iverTa monasterSi yofnisas, naTlisRebis dResaswaulTan

dakavSirebiT qarTveli mRvdelmTavari gamowvlilviT aRwers karis

RvTismSoblis qolgas: `...da iyo RamisTeva mwuxriT ciskramde, da gan-

Tiad hkres didTa zarTa da Seimosnen winamZRvarni da mamani, da gamoas-

venes xati porta¡tisa lamprebiTa mravliTa droSebiTa da farnebiTa

TiTosaxiTa. da ganvediT zRvad, Relesa mun wylisasa, da moitanes sa-

iazmo didi badia Zvirfasi, Semowiruli qarTvelTa da kaxTa mefisa

leonisa mier, da zedan qolga mZimed nakeri, aSoTan muxranis batoni-

sa mier Semowiruli...“10 `mimosvlis~ teqstidan isic Cans, rom mTavar-

episkopos timoTes aTonze yofnisas (1755-1756) iveriis RvTismSoblis

xatisTvis Sewirul qolgas ara sakuTriv xatis, aramed aiazmis safa-

reblad iyeneben. garda amisa, teqsti aseve mowmobs, rom yovladwminda

RvTismSoblis xatis litania naTlisRebis dResaswaulze aResrule-

boda da ara Tomas kviris samSabaTs, rogorc es dResaa miRebuli.

timoTe gabaSvili aRdgomis dResaswaulisTvis taZris mosarTav

nivTTa Soris moixseniebs mZime qolgebs~. didi SabaTis RvTismsaxurebis

aRwerisas igi aRniSnavs; `...da morTes saydari fardebiTa da serabin-

qerobinebiTa da oqronamkcurvebuliTa jvrebiTa da xatebiTa ras alme-

biTa da mZimes qolgebiTa Sinagan taZarisa da garegan...~11

mRvdelmTavari ierusalimSi mogzaurobis aRwerisasac axsenebs

qolgebs: ...saflavsa mas garemoT qolgani da alamni das-dasad moedgaT

oqrosa ganazidisa, £omlni oqrosni da vercxlisani...~12

8 ( - iqve, 191.

9 timoTe gabaSvili, mimosvla, teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva, leq-

sikoni da saZieblebi daurTo el. metrevelma (Tbilisi, 1956), 032.

10 iqve, 23.

11 iqve, 49.

12 iqve, 91.

sofio daviTaSvili

317

qolgebis daniSnuleba mxolod erT SemTxvevaSi ganimarteba.

naTlisRebis dResaswaulze igi aiazmis jams ifaravs, sxva SemTxvevebSi

ki qolga taZris samkaulis nawilad Cans.

mTavarepiskoposi gamowvlilviT aRwers iverTa monasterSi aR-

srulebul sxvadasxva msaxurebas da CamoTlis Sewirul nivTebs, Tumca

ki arafers ambobs iveriis RmrTismSoblis xatis dResaswaulTan daka-

vSirebiT arsebul tradiciaze (Tomas kvira masTan mxolod gakvriTaa

naxsenebi – `Semdgomad Tomas kvirisa...~).13

karis RvTismSoblis eklesiasTan da karis RvTismSoblis xatTan

dakavSirebuli msaxurebis Sesaxeb uadresi cnoba aTonis iverTa mon-

astris XII saukunis aRapSi moipoveba: eklesiisa Stosa dauvsebeli kan-

deli d da mTavarangelozTa eklesiasa kandeli xuTi, dauvsebelad a

portisa yovlad wmidisa eklesiasa – kandeli z. trapezs dila-mimwuxr

panagisa ayvana¡ zedgomiT da Runisa Sesumai zedgomiTve, gina wylisai;

portisa yovlad wmindasa winaSe misula yovelTai erTobiT, ravden-

Taca Zal-edvas; xuces memxreTai da yovelTai. da yovelTa oTxSabaT-

Ta galobaTa gardaxdai... me, pavles damiweria qronikons tJ (=1170)~.14

el. metrevelis SeniSvniT, es msaxureba pavles winamZRvrobamde

Camoyalibebuli ar unda yofiliyo – `yovel SemTxvevaSi, aTonis aRa-

pebSi portis RvTismSoblis xsenebis sxva faqtebi ar dasturdeba~.15

XII saukuneSi arsebuli es wesgangeba aswleulebis manZilze unda yo-

filiyo SenarCunebuli – amis Taobaze XVIII saukunis SuaxanebisaTvis

v. grigoroviC-barski wers, rom xats hyavs kandelebis mudmivi meT-

valyure da mlocveli, romelic did dros atarebs xatTan; galobs

kanons da parakliss mTeli dRe da Rame, sruli kviris ganmavlobaSi;

aseve kviraSi orjer modian xatTan da RvTismSoblis sadideblad

aRasruleben liturgias.16 erTi saukunis Semdeg, 1845 wels, aTonze

myofi episkoposi porfiri uspenskic iverTa monastris aRwerisas,

barskis teqstis am nawilis ucvlel citirebas axdens, moixseniebs

ra karis RmrTismSoblis xatis winaSe mudmivad myof bers, romelsac

13 iqve, 49.

14 elene metreveli, aTonis qarTvelTa monastris saaRape wigni (Tbilisi, 1998),

190.

15 iqve, 267.

16

-I II


318

Cauqrobeli kandelebis meTvalyureoba da xatis winaSe mudmivi ga-

loba evaleboda.

iveriis RvTismSoblis xatTan dakavSirebuli saxviTi wyaroebi –

graviurebi – litaniis msaxurebas aRbeWdavs. niSneulia, rom am msax-

urebisas qolga aucilebel atributs warmoadgens (sur. 2, 3, 4).17 ma-

Tze asaxulia karibWis RvTismSoblis xatis litanioba, sadac kargad

Cans procesiaSi monawile moweseTa msvleloba sanapiroze, amasTan –

garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT. msvlelobas win uZRvis beri xis sarekel-

ze rekviT; mas mihyvebian berebi bairaRebiTa da lamprebiT; Semdgom

kmeviT midian Semosili mRvdelmsaxurebi da diakvnebi; Tavad xatis win

ki – mantiamosili iRumeni kverTxiT xelSi.18 erT-erT graviuraze wir-

vis aRsasruleblad ganmzadebuli trapezicaa asaxuli da wm. gabriel

qarTvelis mier zRvidan xatis gamosvenebis siuJetic (sur. 3). sayur-

adReboa, rom samive graviuraze naCvenebia saCrdilobeli qolga, rac

imas mowmobs, rom igi procesiis ganuyofel, gansakuTrebul atributs

warmoadgenda – rogorc Cans, berebi monastris mfarvel xats gansa-

kuTrebuli pativiT ifaravdnen, rogorc zeciuri dedoflis amqveyn-

iur gansaxierebas.

graviurebze qolga sxvadasxva formisa da saxisaa; es garemoeba

mowmobs, rom monastris Zmoba yovelTvis zrunavda saCrdiloblis,

rogorc sakralur xatTan dakavSirebuli, sruliad gamorCeuli dan-

iSnulebis mqone sagnis ganaxlebasa da gamSvenebaze.

dReisaTvis cnobil sam graviuraTagan erTze (sur. 3) saCrdilo-

bels oTx sayrden fexze aRmarTuli, Sekruli kamaris msgavsi formis

salxineblis saxe aqvs da kideebze funjebi Semouyveba. danarCen or

graviuraze (sur. 2, 4) igi warmodgenilia, rogorc erT fexze dayrdno-

bili, konusis formis qolga.

arsebobs Zveli fotomasalebic.19 maTze aseve sxvadasxvagvari qol-

gebia aRbeWdili. maTgan erTze (sur. 5) warmodgenili qolga erTi-meo-

ris monacvle Ria da muqi feris didi samkuTxa naWrebisganaa Seqmnili,

17 – am wignSi arsebul arcerT graviuras ar

aqvs miTiTebuli Seqmnis dro da avtoris vinaoba.

18 v. barski wers:

, 191.19 32. suraTebSi karis RmrTismSoblis xatis

qarTul oqros perangs 1819 wels, ruseTSi gamoWedili perangi faravs, romelic

XIX saukunis Sua xanidan vidre 1993 wlamde, araregularulad, Tumca mniSvnelovan

dResaswaulebze ki, aucileblad emosa xats.

sofio daviTaSvili

319

meoreze ki qolgas kvadratuli fuZis mqone piramiduli forma aqvs.

Sav-TeTri fotos mixedviT SeiZleba mxolod vivaraudoT, rom es

saCrdilobeli wiTeli ferisa unda yofiliyo, kideebs movlebuli

oqrosferi foCebiT (sur. 6).

amrigad, dReisTvis cnobili vizualuri masalebi saCrdilobeli

qolgebis sxvadasxvagvarobas mowmobs. aqedan gamomdinare, savarau-

doa, rom xatis saCrdilobels raime gansazRvruli forma ar unda

hqonoda. umetes SemTxvevaSi isini uqargavi da sadaa. amis fonze, kidev

ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba XVII ss-is iverTa monastris saCrdilobeli,

romelic datvirTulia naqargi saxeebiT. qolgis formis msgavsad al-

baT, arc misi moqargvis konkretuli programa iqneboda gansazRvruli,

amitom misi Semqmnelebi gansakuTrebuli saxismetyvelebiTi SinaarsiT

misi datvirTvisas SeuzRudavni unda yofiliyvnen.

qolgis zomebia – 116X113 sm.20 igi erTmaneTze mikerebuli ori tra-

peciuli formis, xorcisferi abreSumis naWrisaganaa Sekerili. qolgis

farTod gaSlil, momrgvalebul qveda kides foCebi amSvenebs; zeda,

mkveTrad daviwrovebul, moxsnil yelTan ki oTxi samagri yulfi aqvs;

safiqrebelia, rom swored maTi meSveobiT magrdeboda mZimed naqargi

qsovilis saCrdilobeli xis an liTonis ConCxze.

saCrdiloblis erT gverdze (sur. 7) gamosaxulia zeciur ZalTa

dasiT garemoculi wminda sameba; iqve gamousaxavT vazis ornamen-

tSi CarTuli wmindanTa figurebi, romelTac erTmaneTisgan erT

striqonad ganawilebuli teqsti acalkevebs. meore gverdze (sur.

8), centrSi mocemulia Sobis kompozicia. mis qvemoT, medalionSi

moqceuli macxovris figuraa, romlis erT mxares nawildeba aseve

medalionebSi Casmuli winaswarmetyvelTa figurebi, sapirispiro

mxares ki – meudabnoe mamebi. macxovris qvemoT gamosaxulni arian

qtitorebi, romlebic mimarTulni arian maT Soris gamosaxul tra-

peciis formis sagnisken – es saCrdilobeli qolgis modeli unda

iyos.

saCrdiloblis qveda kides, lurji abreSumis fonze, saqtitoro

warwerebi gasdevs. qolgis im gverdze, sadac wmida samebaa warmodgeni-

li, teqsti berZnuladaa Sesrulebuli, meoreze ki qarTulad, mxedru-

liT; qarTul teqsts axlavs TariRic –1686 weli.

iveriis RvTismSoblis xatis saCrdilobelze qtitorTa figurebi,

20 Vlachopoulou-Karabina, Holy Monastery of Iveron, 126-7.


320

tradiciuli ierarqiis Sesabamisad, qveda arezea ganTavsebuli. maT

centrSi gamosaxuli trapeciuli formis qolga Ria lurji ferisaa.

qolgas qveda, Tarazul kideze viwro, xorcisferi arSia Semouyveba,

zeda kide ki rakursiT aris mocemuli – moCans krateris msgavsi, oval-

uri, moxsnili Tavi21, aseve xorcisferi arSiiT. gamosaxulebas wablis-

feri Zafis wvrili konturi Semosdevs (sur. 9).

qolgis qvemoT, centrSi, oqromkediT naqargi da yavisfer kon-

turmovlebuli asoebiT Sesrulebuli berZnuli warweraa:

– gamoxsnidan 1600.

qolgis marcxniv mocemuli wverosani mamakaci, mis zemoT gamo-

saxuli macxovriskenaa saxiT mimarTuli. igi marcxena xeliT qolgis

gamosaxulebisken miuTiTebs, marjvena ki vedrebad mkerdTan aqvs mi-

tanili. aRmosavlur samosSi gamowyobili qtitoris Tavis gaswvriv,

oqromkediT Sesrulebuli, wablisfer konturSemovlebuli berZnuli

warweraa – aSoTani.

aSoTanis macxovrisken apyrobili saxe xorcisferi abreSumis

ZafiT aris amovsebuli. misi saxis nakvTebi, gamosaxulebis miniatu-

ruli zomebis gamo, mxolod konturebiT aRiniSneba, Suq-Crdilis

miniSnebis gareSe. Savi ZafiT gamoyvanili warbebi moklea da morkal-

uli. nuSisebri Tvalebis sruli Wrili minimaluri siwvrilis wablis-

feri konturuli xaziT isazRvreba. Tvalis gugebi TiTo wertiliT

imgvarad aris moniSnuli, rom isini arc macxovrisken da arc mnax-

velisken araa mimarTuli. cxviri, saxis Sesabamisad, sami meoTxediT

aris gamosaxuli da warbs ebmis. aSoTanis grZeli, aprexili ulvaSe-

bi Zafis TiTo xaziT aRiniSneba; amJamad dazianebuli wveri ki, Cans,

mTlianad yavisfriT iyo naqargi. saxis konturSi isazRvreba yuric.

qtitors hxuravs dabali, gverdebSi gaganierebuli, ovaluri for-

mis qudi, romelic Subls mrudi xaziT Semouyveba. quds qveda kideze

gasdevs gadanakecis wablisferi zoli, romelic centrSi oTxkuTxe-

dad aris CaWrili; danarCeni nawili ki xorcisferiT ifareba.

aSoTanis aRmosavluri, welSi gamoyvanili, win Caxsnili kaba

oqrosferi ZafiT aris amovsebuli da garSemo uwvrilesi yavisferi

konturi Semosdevs. samosis maRali sayelo, figuris uproporcio,

sqel kiserTan farTovdeba da wvetian boloebs ikeTebs. mkerdze

21 rac imas mowmobs, rom saCrdilobeli Tavidanve amgvari formis iyo da am drois

ganmavlobaSi igi ar gadaukeTebiaT.

sofio daviTaSvili

321

Sveulad CaWril samoss aqvs saolveli, romelic mxolod konturiT

gamoiyofa samosis faqturisagan. grZel mklavebze cerad daxrili

samkuTxa yoSebia aRniSnuli. mokle welze Semortymuli Waobisferi

mwvane qamris qveviT, kalTis gadanakecic imave feriT ifereba. aSo-

Tanis kaba TeZoebTan sakmaod Seberilia. kalTas napirebTan dauyveba

kabis formis Sesabamisi TiTo Sveuli, wablisferi xazi; qobas ori wab-

lisferi zoli gasdevs.

qtitoris orive fexi marjvniv, centriskenaa mimarTuli. xorcis-

feri ZafiT daferili, mkveTrad gamoyofil qusliani fexsacmeli, sa-

gangebod, wertilebiT SemoisazRvreba – amgvari xerxis wyalobiT kon-

turuli xazi sqeli ar Cans mis miniaturul formasTan. Ria mwvane abre-

SumiT ivseba qtitoris windebi, romelic moxsnili fexsacmlidan Cans.

Znelad aRiqmeba aSoTanis win, qolgisken gapyrobili marjvena xe-

lis mtevanze Camokidebuli, jvriT daboloebuli skvnili. igi mTli-

anad oqrosferia da konturis uqonlobis gamo ar gamoiyofa imave

feris fonidan.

aSoTanis pirdapir, qolgis gamosaxulebis marjvniv, odnav ufro

tanmorCili qtitoria gamosaxuli; isic centriskenaa mimarTuli, amas-

Tan qolgisken ki ar uTiTebs, aramed xelebi vedrebad aqvs SemarTuli.

Tavi sami-meoTxediT centrisken aqvs mibrunebuli, Tumca mayureb-

lisken imzireba. Tavis gaswvriv arsebuli warweris mixedviT, esaa qaix-

osro – . igi wvergaparsulia, odnav daxrili ulvaSebiTa

da saxis nakvTTa gamosaxvis igive formebiT.

qaixosros qudi aSoTanisaze TiTqos ufro dabalia, xolo kaba –

TeZoebTan gacilebiT ufro damjdari. kisers movlebuli dabali say-

elos saolveli mkerdze Sveulad CaWril samoss Camouyveba. yoSebic

samkuTxa formiT aRiniSneba; isini am SemTxvevaSic oqrosferi samo-

sisgan mxolod konturuli xaziTaa gamoyofili. qamris nakecebic mx-

olod wablisferi ZafiT isazRvreba, kalTis gadanakeci ki mTlianad

Ria lurji ferisaa, zed xorcisferi wertilebiT, saxiani qsovilis

imitaciisTvis. kabis kalTis kideze, or-ori Sveuli xazia mocemuli,

albaT naoWebis aRsaniSnavad.

qobis qvemodan moCans moxsnili, qusliani fexsacmeli, romelsac

aseve wertilebi sazRvravs, Tavad ki odnav moyviTalo-xorcisferi

ZafiTaa amovsebuli.

qtitorTa figurebs qvemoT lurj zolze datanili, mxedruli

Sesrulebuli saqtitoro warweraa:


322

Cuen :. bagrationman :. R~Tv :. gvirgvinosanT :. qarTvelT :. mefis :.

giorgis :. biZaSvilman :. batoniSvilman :. aSoTan :. Semogwire :. karavi

:. ese :. mTa :. wmidas :. portaatisa :. R~Ts:. mSobelsa :. sulisa :. Cvenisa :.

sa£srad :.da :. codvaTa :. Sesandobrad :. da :. ZeTa :. CuenTa :. warsamarTe-

blad :. vinc :. warikiTxoT :. SendobiT :. mogvi£senebdeT :. qks :. tod.22

XVII saukunisTvis, aSoTani da qaixosro didebulTa Soris gavrcele-

buli saxelebia, Tumca saqtitoro warweraSi miTiTebuli TariRisa da

`RvTivgvirgvinosanT qarTvel mefis~ naTesaobis xazgasmis gaTval-

iswinebiT, cxadi xdeba, rom masSi moxseniebuli Semwirveli aSoTani

unda iyos qarTlis mefis, giorgi XI-is biZaSvili, romelic 1688-1692

wlebSi samuxranbatonos ganagebda; masTan erTad gamousaxavT misi

ufrosi vaJi, qaixosro.23 sagulisxmoa, rom t. gabaSvili saCrdilobels

aSoTan muxranbatonisgan Sewirulad moixseniebs.24

aSoTani, rogorc qtitori, dokumentebSi sakmaod xSirad Cndeba –

swored muxranbatonobamde, radgan misi mmarTvelobis periods daem-

Txva qveynis gaerTianebisa da gaZlierebisTvis mebrZoli giorgi XI-s

gadayeneba iranis Sahis mier da kaxeTis bagrationTa STamomavlis,

gamahmadianebuli erekle I-is gamefeba. erekle I-s daumdablebia mefe

giorgi XI-s erTguli muxranelebi.25 1688 wlidan, saxeloCamorTmeul

aSoTans Zvirfas SewirulobaTa gaReba albaT aRar SeeZlo, miTumetes

iseT pirobebSi, roca `kualad uvlinebdnen mravalsa saganZursa~

devnisagan Seviwroebuli da damcrobili àSoTan muxran-batoni, givi

amilaxori da nikolaoz maRalaSvili, raTa miT dauyos piri mefeman

22 am TariRs ar Seesabameba saCrdilobelis gamosaxulebis qvemoT mocemuli

berZnuli warwera, romelSic TariRad miTiTebulia 1600 w. amgvari qronologi-

uri acdena xSiria orgvari welTaRricxviT aRniSnul Zeglebze. radgan qtitoris

moRvaweobis periodi swored 1686 wels ufro miesadageba, sarwmunod qronikonis

TariRi miviCnieT.

23 daviT gvritiSvili, gvianfeodaluri saqarTvelos socialuri urTierTo-

bis istoriidan, sadoqtoro disertacia (Tbilisi, 1952), 667-70; daviT niniZe,

`samuxranbatono da muxranbatonTa ganStoeba~, bagratovanTa samefo saxlis gan-

StoebaTa istoria XIII-XVIII ss-Si (Tbilisi, 2004), 184-5; . , ? ( , 1885), 27-9; , -

, 190-201.24 gabaSvili, mimosvla, 23.

25 niniZe, `samuxranbatono da muxranbatonTa ganStoeba~, 184; Sdr. qarTlis


mier, t. II (Tbilisi, 1959), 465.

sofio daviTaSvili

323

(giorgi XI – s. d.) osmalTa angarTa~.26 albaT swored amitomaa, rom aSo-

Tani aTonisaTvis safasis gaRebas mxolod 1688 wlamde periodSi, sax-

eldobr 1672-1687 wlebSi axerxebs, kerZod ki maSin, roca misi gvari,

giorgi XI-is wyalobiT, jer kidev Zlieria.

saCrdilobeli karvis Semwirveli aSoTan muxranbatoni didad dax-

marebia osmalTa mZlavrobis pirobebSi didi sirTuleebis winaSe mdgar

iverTa monasters. t. gabaSvilis `mimosvlis~ sxvadasxva redaqciebSi,

iveronisadmi qarTvelTa Rvawlis aRwerisas dasaxelebulia:

A. `...palati didi, xomliTa aRvsili, saZmo trapez, aRSenebuli

aSoTanisa mier muxranis batonisa TviT da ZiT da asuliT iq xatian. iq

micvalebula kaTalikozi nikoloz, mgonies batoniSvili iyos~.

B. `...saZmo, palati, trapezi Tavis xomlebiT gawyobili aris,

aSenebuli aSoTan muxranis batonisagan (axla rom aSoTan yofila),

Tavisis SvilebiT Sin xatian da qarTveleb moxseneba uweria. iq xa-

tia kaTalikozi nikoloz da iqave micvalebula, mgonia batoniSvili

nikoloz iyos~.

C. `...sazogadcxovrebo trapezi Tavisis xomliTa da ganwyobi-

lobiT aRuSenebia aSoTans muxranis batons... iq xatia kaTalikozi

nikoloz, mgonies, batoniSvili iyos~.27

am cnobas amyarebs XVII saukunis qronika, sadac aSoTanis Rvawli

Semdegnairadaa asaxuli: `S¢daTas as oTxmeocesa welsa [qristesiT] Cqob

(=1672 w.), gavakeTeT kamarebi trapezsa Sina da daxatulica iyo sruliad

winamZRvrobasa damaskelisa mRdelmonazonis skurtisasa, xolo warsage-

beli iyo saqarTveloiTgan uganaTlebulesisa batonisa aSoTanisa¡~.28

1680 wels aSoTanis safasiT auSenebiaT mcire eklesia monas-

tris CrdiloeT karibWesTan – swored masSi dausvenebiaT iveriis

26 niniZe, `samuxranbatono da muxranbatonTa ganStoeba~, 184; Sdr. qarTlis

cxovreba, II, 466.

27 gabaSvili, mimosvla, 21 (A, B, C literebiT aRniSnulia t. gabaSvilis `mimosv-

lis~ sami redaqcia); Txzulebis sxvadasxva redaqciidan Cans, rom satrapezoSi aSo-

Tani Tavis ZesTan da asulTan erTad aris gamosaxuli, Tumca arcerTi sabuTiT ar

dasturdeba, rom mas asulic hyavda.

28 korneli kekeliZe, `mitaceba berZenTa mier qarTuli literaturis kerisa

aTonze da misi mdgomareoba XVI-XVII ss-Si~, etiudebi Zveli qarTuli literatu-

ris istoriidan, III (Tbilisi, 1971), 79, 86; Sdr.

, IIIlevan menabde, Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis kerebi,

II (Tbilisi, 1980), 230.


324

RvTismSoblis xati.29 amaze t. gabaSvili monastris taZarTa zogadad

CamoTvlisas dasZens: sxva gumbaTiani taZari portaitisa – aRSenebuli

aSoTanis mier muxranis batonisa~,30 Semdgom ki ufro vrclad ganmar-

tavs:

A. `da zed gumbaTiani mcire eklesia aRuSenebia aSoTans, TiTonac mas

Sina saxia da Ze misi ezekieli. ara uwyodi, Tu romeli ezekielis ma-

mam aRaSena aSoTan~.

B. `zed saydari aRuSenebia xatisaTvis aSoTans muxranis batonsa,

TviTonac Sig xatia da Ze misi ezekiel gverdiT uxatia. me egre

vgoneb qeTevan dedoflis mama aSoTan iyos~.

C. `da karzed xatisaTvis gumbaTiani mcire taZari aRugia aSoTans

muxranis batonsa, TviTonac Sig xatia da Ze misi iese Tan uxatia~.31

`mimosvlis~ saboloo redaqciaSi mRvdelmTavari azustebs aSo-

Tanis Zis saxels. B – redaqciaSi gamoTqmuli varaudi, rom es aSo-

Tani qeTevan dedoflis mama SeiZleba iyos, aramarTebulia, radgan

qeTevan wamebulis mamas, romelic 1561 wels gardaicvala,32 vaJi ar

hyolia33. swored amitom gadavida muxranbatonoba memkvidreobiT mis

ZmiSvilze.

karis RmrTismSoblis mcire eklesia 1683 wels moixata ungro-

vlaxeTis mmarTvelis, serban kantakuzelis safasiT, patriarq dionis-

es da qarTlis kaTolikos nikolozis amilaxvaris mwyemsmTavrobisas.34

p. ioselianis cnobiT, eklesia 1849 daingra,35 taZris narTeqsis dasav-

29 kekeliZe, `mitaceba~, 80;

, 193; misi TqmiT, Tavad taZ-

ris fasadze arsebuli ori warweriT irkveva, rom igi auSenebia mowyale mmarTvel

aSoTans da stefanes (?); Sdr. menabde, Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis kerebi, 230.

30 gabaSvili, mimosvla, 18.

31 iqve, 19.

32 qronikebi da sxva masalebi saqarTvelos istoriisa da mwerlobisa, qronolo-

giurad dawyobili da axsnili Tedo Jordanias mier, II (tfilisi, 1897), 402.

33 qarTlis cxovreba, II, 433.

34 , , 202; , , 194,sadac amatebs, rom taZari moixata eqvTimes iRumenobisas.

35 menabde, Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis kerebi, 230; timoTe (mTavar-episkoposi),

moxilua wmindaTa da sxuaTa aRmosavleTisa adgilTa, timoTesgan qarTlisa mTa-

var-episkoposisa, (tfilisi,1852), 43, Sen. 20. `palati ese siZuelisagan daaqcies

Cems misulis drosa aTonis mTaze (1849). aSoTisagan iyo ara aRSenebuli, aramed

daxuli Ziridgan Tavadmde. queSe missa didronni sardafni sakuWnaod. naculad

missa proiRumenman prokopi moxucebulma TvisiTa xarjiTa iwyo aRSenebad erTi

sofio daviTaSvili

325

leT kedelze axlac aris SemorCenili aSoTanisa da ieses gamosaxule-

bebi. a. natroSvili da p. uspenski ki aSoTanis gamosaxulebasTan erTad,

asaxeleben qaixosro da mzeWabuk jayelebis gamosaxulebebs, Tumca

arafers amboben ieses gamosaxulebaze.36

1680 wels unda iyos Seqmnili aSoTanis mier Sewiruli da aTonze dac-

uli xatebic. maTgan erTze, macxovris xatze gamosaxulia TavSiSveli,

muxlebze damxobili, mlocveli aSoTani, meoreze, RvTismSoblis xa-

tze ki gamosaxulia aSoTanis imxanad axalgazrda vaJi, iese.37

1687 wels, aSoTans monastrisTvis Seuwiravs zemo qarTlis sofe-

li – xviTi, Tavisi glexebiTa da miwebiT. swored am sabuTSi ixseniebian

misi vaJebi – qaixosro da iese.38

aSoTans 1678 wels, qarTlis mefe giorgi XI-sTan da imereTis mefe

arCilTan erTad, gumbaTebis da palatebis aRdgenisTvis, xarji gauRia

karakalus monastrisTvisac.39

saCrdiloblis xorcisfer abreSumze gamosaxulebebi Sesru-

lebulia vercxlisa da oqros kargad dagrexili ZafiT da sx-

vadasxva feris abreSumiT. qolgis farTo, momrgvalebul qveda

kides Semoyolebuli lurji abreSumis naWris viwro zols gayole-

buli orenovani saqtitoro warwera ki oqromkediT sruldeba. kidis

SemomsazRvrelad Semovlebul wiTeli Zafis `CaliCze~ damagrebulia

sxvadasxva mkveTri feris didi funjebi (sul ocdaeqvsi), romlebic

imeoreben naqargobaSi gamoyenebul ferebs.

saCrdiloblis erT gverdze berZnuli saqtitoro warweraa:

– es ZRveni, romelic Sen mogiZRvnes mokvdavT,

zrunviTa da xarjiT gakeTda didebuli batonis da sruliad iberiis

mefis, giorgis biZaSvilis mier; wamkiTxvelman ilocos misTvis.

orad didisa trapezisa. vhgoneb aw Sesrulebul iyos. karis Sesavlisa marcxniv,

exata sruli-tanad TviT aSoTan muxranbatoni. srulsa ambavsa movixseneb calked

aRwerasa Cemsa monastrisa Cuenisa, romelsaca male davbeWdav rusulad~.

36 , 190.37 ,

200-1.38 , 26-8.39 menabde, Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis kerebi, 230, Sen. 307.


326

qolgis am gverds zeda da qveda registrebad hyofs erTstriqoni-

ani, mwyobri berZnuli warwera:

– usxeulo bunebani, qerubimebi daucxromeli xmiT Sen gadide-

ben, xolo angelozTa mTeli mxedroba samwmindaarsiT Sen gigalobs.

am striqons zeviT, qolgis viwro yelze, TiTqos zeciuri samyaroa

gamosaxuli, xolo dabla – miwieri eklesiis mier zecas SeZenili wmindanebi.

zeciuri zona moicavs (sur. 10) wm. samebis gamosaxulebas

`Tanamosaydreobis~ ikonografiiT, agreTve zeciur ZalTa calkeul

figurebs. grZel saydarze mjdom mamasa da Ze RmerTs Soris jvari da

wamebis iaraRebia ganTavsebuli; yvela es gamosaxuleba moqceulia

ganier, rvaqimian varskvlavSi; maT zemoT, aseve rvasxivian, patara,

`kvadratul~ varskvlavSi Caqargulia mesame hipostasi, jvrulSara-

vandiani mtredis saxiT.

varskvlavis oTxive mxares maxarebelTa simboloebia. `Tanamosay-

dreobis~ gverdiT arsebul Tavisufal areebze xalvaTad nawildeba

zeciur ZalTa figurebi. centridan marcxniv, erTmaneTs zemoT gamo-

saxulia TiTo-TiTo eqvsfrTiani angelozi, marjvniv ki miqael da ga-

briel mTavarangelozebi.

kompozicia zemoT moyvanili berZnuli warweris xatovani gacxade-

baa; jer qerubimebi isaxebian, Semdeg maTi gansadidebeli – wm. sameba,

bolos ki mTavarangelozebi, romlebic Tavis TavSi aerTianeben ange-

lozTa mTel mxedrobas.

dausabamo Ze RmerTi, romelic `marjveniT mamisa~ zis, marjvena

xeliT mama RmerTisken miuTiTebs, marcxena xeliT ki exeba saxare-

bas, romelSic igi mowmobs momavlinebel mamaze. Tavad mama RmerTi

macxovris ikonografiuli saxiT gamoisaxeba, mxolod Saravandi

aqvs sxivebiT Sevsili da marcxena xelSi uWiravs ormxriv daxuruli

gragnili, rogorc Zvel aRqmaSi gamocxadebul RmerTs. igi marjve-

niT akurTxebs Zes, romlis Sesaxebac wminda werilSi sweria: `dideba¡

misi, dideba¡ viTarca mxolodSobilisa mamisa mier~, `mamasa uyvars Ze

da yovelive mosca xelTa misTa~ (ioane, III:35). maTi Jestikulacia unda

ganacxadebdes samebis hipostasTa erTmaneTisadmi mimarTebas; albaT

mrwamsis dacvas emsaxureba mesame hipostasis calke, varskvlavSi gamo-

saxvac, raTa misi Tviseba – `gamomavloba~ Zesac ar rgeboda. mtredis

jvruli Saravandi, Ze RmerTTan erTad, samebis erTobaze miuTiTebs.

sofio daviTaSvili

327

zeciuri zona – hetimasiasTan da maxarebelTa simboloebTan erTad

– merve dRes, maradisobas gulisxmobs, sadac uwyvetliv aResruleba

zeciuri msaxureba angelozTagan samwmindaarsobis galobiT da sadac

Seismineba miwidan aRvlenili locva.

samebis gamosaxulebis zemoT, qolgis viwro yelze ganTavsebulia

samstriqoniani, mWidro, mwyobri, berZnuli warwera, romelic RmerTs

miemarTeba:

rameTu yovelTa uwinares hgie Sen, romelic xar mama da

Tanadausabamod gyavs Seni Ze da Tanamopatived matarebeli samebis si-

cocxlis suli.

qolgaze datanili TiToeuli es locva nawilia didi serobis

Jamnisa, romelic erTianad ase JRers:

ùxorcoTa buneba qerubimTa, daudumebeliTa qebiTa didebis gme-

tyveleben. equs-equs frTeni cxovelni serafimni, daucxromliTa xmi-

Ta aRgamaRleben Sen. xolo angelozTa yovelni mxedrobani, sam-wminda

arsobisa galobiTa gaqeben Sen.

rameTu upirates yovelTa xar Sen, romeli ege xar mama, da dausa-

bamo¡ gaqus Ze¡ Seni. da sworad gaqus suli cxovrebisa, da samebisasa

aCueneb ganuyofelobasa.

yovlad wmindao qalwulo RvTisa dedao, sityvisa TvaliT mxilve-

lo da xeliT msaxuro. mociqulTa da winaswarmetyvelTa, da mowameTa

yovelTa mwyobrno, romelTa gaqusT ukudavi cxovreba¡. Cuen yovel-

TaTvis evedreniT maradis lxinebad, rameTu Cuen, yovelni varT ZvirTa

Sina. raTa sacTurisagan borotisa xsnilni, angelosTasa vRaRadebdeT

galobasa: `wmindao, wmindao, wmindao, sam-wmindao ufalo, Segviwyalen

da gvacxovnen Cuen. amin~.40

am locvis meore nawilidan gamomdinare, savsebiT bunebrivi Cans, rom

zeciuri zonis qvemoT gamosaxulni arian swored RvTismSobeli, moci-

qulebi da wmindanebi, romlebic centridan aRmocenebuli vazis rtoebiT

Seqmnil medalionebSi naxevarfigurebad ganuTavsebiaT (sur. 11).

centrSi amoqargul did sferoSi RvTismSobelia gamosaxuli, wi-

aRTan sameufo kurTxeviT xelgapyrobili yrmiT. dedaRvTisas medali-

40 Jamni, Jamni didi serobisa, gv. r¡e.


328

onis marcxniv, zevidan, medalionSi moqceuli TerTmeti wmindania: wm.

Teodore ( ), wm. ioane oqropiri (

), wm. mociquli filipe ( ), wm. moci-

quli da maxarebeli ioane ( ); meore xazze: wm. deme-

tre ( ), wm. giorgi ( ), wm. mociquli

barTlome ( ), wm. maxarebeli luka (

); mesame xazze: wm. basili didi ( ), wm. maxarebe-

li markoz ( ) da wm. mociquli petre ( ).

RvTismSoblis medalionis marjvniv, sami araregularuli horizon-

taliT nawildeba aTi medalioni, Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT: wm. maTe maxare-

beli ( ), wm. kirile aleqsandrieli ( ),

wm. aTanase aleqsandrieli ( ), wm. nikolozi (

); meore xazidan: wm. mociquli andria ( ), wm.

mociquli iakobi ( ), wm. stefane pirveldiakoni (

); mesame xazze: wm. mociquli pavle ( ), wm. moci-

quli svimeoni ( ) da wm. mociquli Toma ( ).

RvTismSoblis didi medalioni TiTqos vazis Zlier, Sveul Reros eyrd-

noba. am Reros tanze ki datanilia wmindanTa medalionebis zomisve sfero,

romelSic gamosaxulia wm. ioane damaskeli,41 gaSlili gragniliTa da zeaR-

pyrobili xeliT. RvTismSoblis, mociqulebis, maTi memkvidre eklesiis mam-

ebis da wmindanebis SemomsazRvreli sferoebi erTmaneTs vazis Reroebis

amsaxveli mrudi xazebis meSveobiT ebmis da maT Soris CarTul yurZnis mte-

vnebTan da foTlebTan erTad qmnis erTian venaxs. RvTismSobels eZRvneba

am kompoziciis ZirSi, marcxniv datanili berZnuli warwera:

– RmrTismSobelo, Sen xar venaxi WeSmariti.

venaxis ylortebiT Seqmnil kompoziciaSi RvTismSoblis medalio-

nis garSemo Tavs iyris Tormeti mociquli, sxva wmindanebi ki venaxis

gareTa kideebisken imkvidreben adgils. Tavad mociqulTa ganawile-

basa da TanmimdevrobaSi ramdenime kanonzomiereba mJRavndeba:

centridan aRmomavali Reroebisgan Seqmnili pirvelive sferoebi

wm. petresa da pavles eTmobaT; isini erTmaneTis pirispir isaxebian da

warmodgebian, rogorc Tavni mociqulTa (ix. sqema). sagulisxmo ganzrax-

va ikveTeba RvTismSoblis da ori mociqulis – wm. ioane maxareblis (mar-

cxniv) da wm. andria pirvelwodebulis (marjvniv) medalionTa erTmaneT-

41 amgvarad aigivebs gamosaxulebas z. sxirtlaZe. ganmartebiTi warwera fotoze

mkafiod ar ikiTxeba.

sofio daviTaSvili

329

Tan, vazis ylortebis meSveobiT, dakavSirebaSi;42 am gziT RvTismSobels

ideurad ukavSirdeba, agreTve, wm. kirile aleqsandrieli.

macxovarma mowafeTagan yvelaze mosiyvarule da erTguli mo-

ciquli – wm. ioane RvTismetyveli gamoarCia, raTa jvarcmis Semdeg

RvTismSobelze amqveyniuri zrunva da mudmivad Tanamyofoba miendo

misTvis.43 isic niSandoblivia, rom stefane aTonelis cnobiT, wm. laz-

ares TxovniT kviprosisaken gemiT mimavali ioane RvTismetyveli da mar-

adis qalwuli mariami, amovardnili qariSxlis gamo, RvTis nebiT aTonze

moxvdnen da aq, erToblivi qadagebiT ganamtkices qristes rjuli44;

42 venaxis es kompozicia mqargvels albaT gamoyenebuli aqvs im epoqis saqarT-

veloSi arsebuli erTi problebis gadasaWreladac. igi sagangebod akavSirebs

RvTismSoblis medalions andria pirvelwodebulTan, radgan amiT warmoaCinos

sruliad saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis wm. andria mociqulis mier daarseba

da sveticxovlis (Sesabamisad mcxeTis), rogorc samociqulo saydris mniSvnelo-

ba. es xazgasma, muxraneli Tavadis dakveTiT Sesrulebul Sesawirze saWiro unda

gamxdariyo im problemis sapasuxod, romelic samefo-samTavroebad daSlil saqa-

rTveloSi eklesiis erTianobis sakiTxSi warmoiSva. XV saukuneSi iyo cda, mcxeTis

samociqulo saydars CamoSoreboda samxreT da dasavleT saqarTvelos mxareTa

eklesiebi (jer samcxe da Semdeg afxazeTis samefo), rogorc uSualod wm. andriasa-

gan moqceulni, xolo aRmosavleT saqarTvelos eklesia warmoeCinaT wm. ninos

RvawliT daarsebulad. mTavarepiskoposi anania jafariZe, `saqarTvelos samoci-

qulo eklesiis istoria~, saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendari 1998 (Tbilisi, 1997),

287-8. es problema periodulad ufro mwvavdeboda; SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom

saCrdiloblis naqargobis kompoziciaSi swored am sakiTxis gamo iqna xazgasmuli

`wm. ninos RvawliTa da locviT sauflo kvarTze dafuZnebul wm. andrias samoci-

qulo saydris~ (iqve, 288) erTianoba.

43 ioane, 19:26-27.

44 eldar bubulaSvili, `wminda mociqulTa moRvaweoba saqarTveloSi da maT sax-

venaxis kompoziciis sqema


330

arc wm. andria mociqulis kavSiria gasakviri, radgan RmerTma àn-

drea... ganaCina qadagebad naTesavTa aRmosavalisa da CrdiloisaTa...~45

da maT Soris RvTismSoblis wilxvedri46 qveynisaTvis macxovnebeli

rjulis maxareblad.47

wm. kirile aleqsandrieli ki efesos III msoflio saeklesio kre-

baze nestoris araswori swavlebis mamxilebeli da qalwuli mariamis

`RmrTismSoblobis~ Sesaxeb marTlmadidebluri swavlebis upirvelesi

damcvelia.48

danarCen SemTxvevebSi vazis ylortebi mxolod kompoziciis mxat-

vrulad gamarTvas emsaxureba da ar itvirTavs raime gansakuTrebul

funqcias. niSneulia Tavad wmindanTa SerCevis da maTi saxeebis ga-

nawilebis principi. am mxriv, isini garkveulwilad miemarTeba erTma-

neTs rogorc droiT, ise moRvaweobis xasiaTiT.

centraluri RerZidan marcxniv arsebuli danarCeni xuTi med-

alioni eTmoba sam mowame mxedars: wm. giorgis, wm. Teodores da wm. dim-

itris da liturgiis or avtors: wm. basili didsa da wm. ioane oqropirs.

urTierTmimarTeba bevrad ufro TvalsaCinoa marjvniv gamo-

saxul wm. kirile aleqsandriels, wm. aTanase didsa da wm. nikoloz

miron-lukiels Soris: samive mRvdelmTavari msoflio saeklesio

krebaTa monawilea – kargadaa cnobili maTi Rvawli marTlmadide-

blur swavlebaTa dacvasa da sityvier CamoyalibebaSi: wm. aTanase didi

da wm. nikolozi pirvel msoflio saeklesio krebaze erTad icavdnen

macxovris RvTaebrivi bunebis Sesaxeb swavlebas, wm. kirile aleqsan-

drielis Rvawli ki, rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, ukavSirdeba yovladwmi-

da qalwulis Sesaxeb `RvTismSoblis~ dogmats.

sam mRvdelmTavars Soris Tavsdeba mociqulTagan dadgenili erT-er-

Ti pirveldiakoni da qristianobisTvis upirvelesi mowame – wm. stefane.

mociqulTa, mRvdelmTavrebisa da mowame mxedarTa gverdiT gansa-

elTan dakavSirebuli siwmindeebi~, saqarTvelos eklesiis siwmindeebi (Tbilisi,

2007), 130; cxovreba yovlad-wmida RuTis-mSoblisa da maradis qalwulisa mari-

amisa, Targmnili rusuliTgan qarTulad mRvdlis Tadeoz kandelakis mier, gamo-

cemuli `saqarTvelos sasuliero maxareblis~ redaqciisagan (Tbilisi, 1865), 70-1.

45 mimosvla andria mociqulisa, Zveli qarTuli teqsti gamosacemad moamzada da

gamokvleva daurTo malxaz kobiaSvilma (Tbilisi, 2008), 165.

46 bubulaSvili, `wminda mociqulTa moRvaweoba saqarTveloSi~, 127-31.

47 iqve, 170-98;

48 saeklesio siwmindeni, 1, ianvari, 2001, `wm. kirile aleqsandrielis epistole

ioane antioqielisadmi (èfesos simbolo~), 4.

sofio daviTaSvili

331

kuTrebul Sinaarsobriv datvirTvas iZens wm. ioane damaskelis figura,

romelic gansxvavebuli samosiT, TavsaburaviTa da gaSlili gragniliT

xelSi, RvTismSoblis medalionis qvemoT, centrSia ganTavsebuli. wm.

ioanes gamorCeuli, centraluri adgili saCrdiloblis Semkulobis

ikonografiul programaSi garkveul winapirobebTan Cans dakavSire-

buli. wminda mamis gamosaxuleba moqceulia medalionSi, romlidanac

amoizrdeba vazis rtoebi wmindanTa sxva medalionebiT – savaraudod,

miniSneba masze, rogorc marTlmadidebluri swavlebebis Semkrebze49.

garda amisa, xatTa Tayvaniscemis erT-erTi umTavresi damcvelis

gamorCeul adgilze gamosaxva ar unda iyos uCveulo im xatis saCrdi-

lobelze, romelic xatmebrZoleobis dros dawyebuli devnis Sedegad

gamoCnda aTonis mTaze.50 am mxriv arsebiTi Cans wm. ioanes TxzulebaTa

mniSvneloba xatTa TayvaniscemisaTvis.51

wm. ioane damaskeli Tavisi zeaRpyrobili mzeriT, SemarTuli xe-

liTa da gaSlili gragniliT, RvTismSoblis gandidebas da misdami

Sesxmas unda gamoxatavdes. safiqrebelia, rom wm. ioanes figurasTan,

Tavisufal areze amoqarguli RvTismSoblisadmi gankuTvnili sityve-

bi: `RvTismSobelo Sen xar venaxi WeSmariti~ – mas ekuTvnis. es locva

Sobis wina dResaswaulze sagalobebeli erTi `RvTismSoblisanis~

nawilia: `RvTismSobelo qalwulo, Sen xar venaxi WeSmariti, romelman

gamoiRe tevani cxovrebisa, Sen gevedrebiT mimadlebulo, mociqulTa

Tana, meox-gveyav cxovrebisaTvis sulTa CuenTasa~ (Jamni). saCrdi-

lobelze wm. ioane damaskeli ganadidebs RvTismSobels, romelmac

gamoiRo `tevani cxovrebisa~, xolo RvTismSoblis gars Semokrebili

mociqulebi, rogorc eklesiis wiaRSi gaerTianebuli pirvelnayofni

uflisgan `dasxmuli~ venaxisa, meoxni arian `cxovrebisaTvis sulTa

CvenTasa~. wm. ioanesagan aRvlenili locva da Sesxma, venaxis Sveuli

ReroTi, WeSmariti mtevnis gamomRebeli RvTismSoblisken miemarTe-

ba, mociqulebisadmi meoxebisTvis Txovnas ki wm. ioanes medalion-

isagan gamomavali vazis ReroTa dineba warmarTavs.52 venaxis wiaRSi

49 wm. ioane damaskeli, marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis zedmiwevniTi gadmocema

(Tbilisi, 2000), 5.

50 , I51 wmidaTa cxovreba, oqtomberi, noemberi, dekemberi,t. IV (Tbilisi, 2001), 246-9.

52 wm. ioane damaskelis mier RvTismSoblisadmi miZRvnil locvaTagan, qolgis

am mxares arsebul kompozicias Seesabameba es sagalobelic: `Sendami ixarebs mi-

madlebulo yoveli dabadebuli, angelozTa krebuli da kacTa naTesavi, taZaro

siwmidisao, samoTxeo pirmetyvelo, romlisagan sityva ganxorcielda, da yrma


332

mociqulebTan erTad gamosaxuli wmindanebi, liturgiis Seqmnasa da

swavlebaTa CamoyalibebaSi maTi Rvawlis gamo, sakurTxevelSi gamois-

axebian.53 niSneulia, rom saCrdilobelze warmodgenili venaxi, masSi

CarTuli wminda saxeebiT, taZris sakurTxevlis moxatulobis sqemas

Seesabameba. marTlac, did medalionSi Casmuli Cviledi RvTismSobeli,

iseve rogorc sakurTxevlis konqSi, naqargobazec centralur adg-

ils ikavebs. mis gars Semokrebili mociqulebi sakurTxevlis moxatu-

lobaSi konqs qvemoT gamoisaxebian. mociqulTa qvemoT warmodgenil

mRvdelmTavrebs sakurTxevlis qveda monakveTi mieCineba. maTTan er-

Tad gamoisaxebian pirveldiakonebi sioniTa da sacecxluriT xelSi;

maT Soris upirvelesi wm. stefane pirveldiakonia.

sakurTxevlis moxatulobisaTvis uCveulo Cans qolgaze gamosaxu-

li wminda mowameebi. amasTanave, rogorc sasufevlis mkvidrni, isinic

sxvebTan erTad venaxSi arian CarTulni, rogorc zeciuri eklesiis

maradiuli wevrebi.

saCrdiloblis meore gverdze Sobis didi mwuxris erT-erTi saga-

loblis (sur. 12), scenis centrSi gamosaxulia medalionSi moqceuli

platiteras tipis RvTismSobeli, wiaRTan sameufo kurTxeviT xele-

bgapyrobili yrmiT. mis zemoT ganTavsebuli sfero, masze datanili

berZnuli warweris mixedviT zeciuri varskvlavia (

), romlidanac gamomavali sxivi RvTismSoblis medalionisken

miemarTeba. mis marcxniv, calke jgufad gamoiyofa zeciur ZalTa dasi

sami mgalobeli angelozis saxiT, romlebic zemoT arsebuli warweris

mixedviT, mgalobeli angelozebi ( ) arian. marjvniv

gamousaxavT angelozTagan xarebis mimRebi, muxlmorTxmuli mwyemsebi

warweriT: gakvirvebuli mwyemsebi ( ). mwyemsebis

pirispir, marcxena mxares, odnav qvemoT, muxlmoyrili, macxovrisadmi

iSva – pirvelsaukuneTa RmerTi Cveni, romelman saSo Seni – saydrad gamoaCina, da

muceli Seni – caTa uvrceles-hyo, Sendami ixarebs mimadlebulo, yoveli dabade-

buli, dideba Senda~ (Rirs-arsis nacvlad sakiTxavi, winadacueTasa (1 ianvari Zv.

stiliT). RvTismSobeli WeSmaritad taZaria siwmidisa, romelmac daitia dautevne-

li da misi wiaRi `caTa uvrceles hyo~. misgan ganxorcielda `yrma~ romelic, amave

dros aris `pirvel saukuneTa RmerTic~ da dedis wiaRi saydrad warmoaCina. ami-

tom RvTismSoblisadmi ìxarebs yoveli dabadebuli, angelozTa krebuli da kacTa

naTesavi~. venaxis kompoziciaSi igi WeSmarit pirmetyvel samoTxed warmoCindeba,

romelmac Semoikriba yoveli misdami Tayvanismcemeli da maTTan erTad meox arian

`pirvelsaukuneTa~ RmerTis winaSe.

53 Ch. Walter, “La place des évéques dans le décor des absides Byzantines,” Revue de l’art, 24 (1976), 81-9.

sofio daviTaSvili

333

ZRvenis mimrTmevi mogvebi arian gamosaxulebi, warweriT mogvTa ZRveni

( ). odnav qvemoT mocemul muxlmoyril qals, win gawvdil

marcxena xelze udevs oTxkuTxa sagani, romelic, warweris mixedviT,

udabnos bagaa ( ). mis pirispir ki gamosaxulia aseve

qalis figura, romelsac win gawvdil marjvena xelze mTis formis sagani

udevs; warweris mixedviT, es dedamiwis gamoqvabulia ( ).

am kompoziciis qvemoT, RvTismSoblis medalionis zomisave mandor-

laSi moqceuli, Calisferwveriani macxovaria sameufo kurTxeviT. am

feriT qolgis naqargobaSi WaRara Tma-wveri gamoisaxeba. Sesabamisad,

medalionSi mocemuli unda iyos macxovari `Zueli dReTas~ saxiT. mis

marjvniv da marcxniv TiTo-TiTo eqvsfrTiani angelozebi gamousax-

avT. macxovris medalionis qvemoT sam striqonad iSleba berZnuli

warwera:

– romeli zis marjveniT mamisa, ismens Cvens

locvas da Segviwyalebs Cven.

swored am warweris qvemoT, Sua RerZzea gamosaxuli iveriis

RmrTismSoblis xatis saCrdilobeli qolga, orsave mxares mdgomi qti-

torebiT.

saCrdiloblis Sveul RerZze urTierTs monacvle am gamosax-

ulebaTa gverdiT, marcxniv gamosaxulni arian Zveli aRTqmis mamam-

Tavrebi (sur. 13) da winaswarmetyvelebi, xolo marjvniv – samonastro

cxovrebis damfuZnebeli wminda mamebi (sur. 14). xalvaTad ganTavsebul

medalionTa Soris darCenil areebze mixakis yvavilebia mimobneuli.

marcxena areze: solomoni ( ) da davi-

Ti ( ), winaswarmetyvelTagan ki ambakumi (

), danieli ( ), ieremia (

) da esaia ( ). marjvena

areze: wm. pafnuti ( ), wm. ioasafi ( ), wm. antoni

didi ( ), wm. efrem asuri ( ), wm. saba (

) da wm. efTvime didi ( ).

SemTxveviTi ver iqneba is garemoeba, rom qarTuli saqtitoro

warwera saCrdiloblis swored am mxarezea Sesrulebuli. qtitorebis

JestiT kidev ufro saCinovdeba misi sazrisi. Sewirulebis Temasve ex-

mianeba Sobis kompoziciac da misi Sesabamisi didi mwuxris sagalobeli:

`ra¡me SevswiroT Senda qriste, rameTu moxued queyanad viTarca kaci

Cuen-T¢s, T¢Toeulni Sengan qmnilni da dabadebulni, esreT madlobasa

Senda Seswirven, angelosni qebasa, cani varskvlavT-mTavarsa, moguni


334

saRmrTosa Zrvensa, mwyemsni sakuirvelebasa, queyana quabsa, udabno

bagasa, xolo Cuen dedasa da qalwulsa, saukuneTa RmerTo Segviwyalen

Cuen~ (sadResaswaulo, Sobis didi mwuxris sagalobeli, anatolis loc-

va, xma b; uZvelesi iadgari, 1980, Soba, gv. 12, siwmidisai xmai b). es loc-

va macxovars miemarTeba da masSi uflisadmi gaRebul im Sesawiravzea

miTiTeba, romelic gamoxsnisaTvis xorcieldeba.

qolgaze gamosaxuli Sobis msgavsi kompozicia (sur. 15) arqiman-

drit porfiris unaxavs Tavad iverTa monastris mTavari taZris moxat-

ulobaSic – beTlemis wiaRs qvemoT warmodgenili mefeebi, mRvdelT-

mTavrebi da eriskacebi asaxiereben maT Tavs zemoT darTuli locvis

sityvebs: `Cven ki dedasa qalwulsa~.54

swored amgvaradve gaiazreba ierarqiis Sesabamisad qolgis qveda

monakveTze gamosaxul qtitorTa, agreTve maT gverdiT warmodgenil

Zveli da axali aRTqmis moRvaweTa saxeebi.55

Zveli da axali aRTqmis mamaTa Soris gamosaxuli saukuneTa RmerTi~

54 , , 188; Vlachopoulou-Karabina, Holy Monastery of Iveron, 149.Sobis amgvari scena doxiaris monastris narTeqsis XVI saukunis moxatulobaSi-

caa warmodgenili.

).55 iveriis RvTismSoblis xatis saCrdilobeli, saqtitoro warweraSi `karvad~

moixsenieba (sagulisxmoa, rom v. barski, portaitis xatis saCrdiloblis mokle

aRwerisas, mas `zecad~ moixseniebs (ix. zemoT). Tavad aSoTanisagan daaxloebiT 60

wliT daSorebuli timoTe gabaSvili ki – saCrdilobels ubralod `qolgas” uwo-

debs). Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikonSi `karavi~ – talavars (saCrdilobels) niS-

navs. il. abulaZe, Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni (Tbilisi, 1973), 192. Tumca igi am

pirdapiri gagebis garda, simbolurad, Tavad RvTismSoblis simbolodac SeiZleba

gaviazroT. Zveli aRTqmiseuli moses karavi, `karavi siwmindisa~, `karavi sawame-

beli~, xom swored RvTismSoblis winasaxe iyo, romlis wiaRSic daivanebda sauku-

neTa RmerTi. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, qtitorTa miniSneba saCrdiloblis maketze,

aseve gadataniTi mniSvelobiT SesaZloa ganasaxierebdes amave sityvebs: `Cven

ki dedasa qalwulsa~. am gagebis mixedviT, litaniobiT taZridan gabrZanebuli

RvTismSoblis xatis Tavze aRmarTuli `karavi~, simbolurad mcire eklesiad war-

moCindeba da gvevlineba moses moZravi karvis simbolod, romlis qveSac, iveriis

RvTismSoblis xati, rogorc Zveli aRTqmis kidobani, taZris wiaRSi daiareba. ima-

sac, Tu gaviTvaliswineb, rom saCrdilobelze arsebuli kompoziciebi XVI-XVII ss-

is taZarTa moxatulobis programis elementebs Seicavs,SesaZloa gavamarTloT

Cvens mier gamoTqmuli azri karavis simboluri gagebis Sesaxeb. karavi sawamebeli,

iseve, rogorc RvTismSobeli ganwmendilia uflis didebiT (gam. 29,43; 40,34; ricxv.

9,15); Zvel aRTqmaSi karavi gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT aseve zecadac moiazreboda

(es. X:22) da eklesiis farTod gavrcelebasac ganasaxierebda. el. giunaSvili, z.

kalandaZe, bibliis leqsikoni (masalebi), I (2000), 240-1.

sofio daviTaSvili

335

romelic flankirebulia eqvsfrTiani serafimebiT, warmoCenilia ro-

gorc RmerTi Zveli da axali aRTqmisa: èse ars romlisa-Tvis RaRadebs

daviT mamaTmTavari da RvTis-metyvelebs, ese ars winaswarmetyvelTagan

qadagebuli, amas Tayvanis-vhscemdeT da vadidebdeT~ (sadResaswaulo,

migebebai, ufalo RaRadvyavsa dasdebeli, TviT-xmovani, gerasime patri-

arxisa). es aris RmerTi, ZvelTaganve qadagebuli: `...ieso qriste guSin

da dRes da igi Tavadi ars ukunisamde~ (ebr. 13,8), romelic, qolgaze ar-

sebuli warweris mixedviT: zis marjveniT mamisa, ismens Cvens locvas

da Segviwyalebs Cven ().

marcxniv gamosaxul Zveli aRTqmis mamebs daxuruli gragnilebi

uWiravT – maTTvis jer kidev dafaruli iyo is WeSmariteba, rasac isi-

ni suliwmindisagan winaswarmetyvelebdnen momaval mxsnelze. axali

aRTqmis mamebi ki ukve gaSlil gragnilebs floben, radgan macxovris

amqveynad movlinebiT ganecxadaT yovelive ZvelTagan uwyebuli.

qolgaze gamosaxul Zveli aRTqmis mamaTagan gvirgvinosani da-

viTi da solomoni isaxebian, rogorc macxovris xorcieli winaprebi,

romelTa Teslidanac ganxorcielda ufali, zeciuri da miwieri war-

moSobiTac WeSmariti mefe, ùfliswuli~. daviTi fsalmunebiT, xolo

solomoni, igavebiT iuwyeboda momaval mxsnelze. amaze Tavad sakiTx-

avebSic vkiTxulobT: `saukuneTa pirvelSobili, aRsrulebad igavTa

moxved, da wyalobisaTvis Cvenisa, Seimose buneba Cveni~ (sadResaswau-

lo, migebebai, galoba 5, sZlis-piri).

winaswarmetyvelebi erTiandebian macxovris maradiul meufebaze

winaswarmetyvelebiT. isini macxovars Wvretdnen ìgavTa da saxeTa

mier gamosaxuls~, zogni ki – visac eguleboda ganxorcieleba bolo

Jams – gamocxadebiT xedavdnen mas. winaswarmetyvelTagan, yvelaze

metad ieremia cxovrobda macxovarisamebr. danielma moaswava mxsne-

lis qalwulisagan Soba da Tavadve aRasrula mesame dRes sikvdilze

Zlevisa da aRdgomis winaswaruwyeba. esaiam qveynad qalwulisagan mov-

lenili macxovris mier naTlis gamoCineba da simSvide iqadaga. amba-

kumma ixila RmerTis sufevis Sveniereba da RaRad-hyo: `dafarna cani

Svenierebaman misman da qebiTa misiTa aRivso queyanai~ (amb. 3.3).

Zveli aRTqmisas winaswaruwyebuls ganavrcobs marjvniv gamo-

saxuli samonastro cxovrebis fuZemdebeli meudabnoe mamebi. isini

uflisadmi madlierebas gamoxataven, misTvis patiosani cxovrebis

SewirviT. wm. pafnuti egviptelis, wm. efremis, wm. efTvime didis, wm.


336

saba ganwmendilis da wm. antoni didis garemocvaSi, centrSi gamosaxu-

li wm. ioasafi, am dass kidev ufro Rrma Sinaarss sZens. macxovrisaken

momzirali gvirgvinosani ioasafi orive xeliT meudabnoe mamebisken

miuTiTebs. `sibrZne balavaridan~ cnobili es ufliswuli, macxovris

msgavsad, mamis mxolodSobili Ze iyo da Tavisi ufliswuloba daT-

mo RvTisadmi madlierebis gamo – man meudabnoe mamaTa mibaZviT Tavi

Seswira misTvis aRsrulebul da aRmdgar, ganxorcielebul mxolod-

Sobil Zes RvTisas. sruliad bunebrivi Cans aTonis mTis monastrisT-

vis gankuTvnili Sewirulobis ikonografiul programaSi meudabnoe

mamebis gamosaxva da maT Soris – wminda ioasafisac: aTonis mTa xom

monazvnobis didi keraa, xolo Tavad iveronis monasterSi wm. ioasafis

sagangebo warmoCena wm. efTvime aTonelis RvawlTanaa dakavSirebuli.56

figuraTa Soris gabneul mixakTa gamosaxulebebic msxverplis

Temas exmianeba.57 am msxverpliT moniWebuli xsna ki miefina yvelas, Zvel

da axal aRTqmaSi mkvidrT.

rogorc davinaxeT, saCrdilobelis am mxares msxverplis Temaa xaz-

gasmuli. kacobriobis siyvaruliT macxovrisagan gaRebuli udidesi msx-

verplis sanacvlod, TiToeuli misi qmnileba, zeciuri da miwieri samyaro,

xsnis momlodine kacobrioba, madlierebis niSnad `Zalisaebr maTisa~, gan-

wmendil guls da RvTivsaTno cxovrebas uZRvnis mowyale macxovars, raTa

kurTxeva da RmerTis wiaRSi davanebis pativi miiRon. maT Soris mokrZaleb-

uli Sesawiris gamRebi qtitorebic iTxoven mxsnelisgan codvaTa Sendobas,

xolo saqtitoro warweris wamkiTvelT, locviT Sewevnas Seaxseneben.

amrigad, saCrdiloblis pirvel gverdze warmodgenil saxeTa er-

Toba miwieri eklesiidan zecad aRvlenili locvisa da wminda samebis

didebis gansaxierebaa, sadac xazgasmulia RvTismSoblis meoxebis upi-

ratesoba misdami msasoebeli xalxisaTvis, xolo meore gverdze msx-

verplSewirvis Temaa gaSlili, romelic RvTisgan Seqmnilma samyarom

gaiRo macxovrisadmi madlierebis niSnad, maT Soris qtitorebmac

56 `sibrZne balavarisa~ wm. efTvime mTawmindelma Targmna qarTulidan berZnul

enaze – k. kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, I (Tbilisi, 1980), 187;

saCrdilobelze wmida iodasafi, berZnuli saxeliT – ioasafiTaa moxseniebuli.

kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, 188.

57 mixakis Tesli lursmnis formisaa, da swored amitom jvarcmasTan da msxver-

plTan asocirdeba da mowameobis simbolod miiCneva.

; gulnaz baraTaSvili, `batoniSvili Tamaris dafarnis

ikonografiuli Taviseburebani~, xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumis narkvevebi, VI

(2000), 118.

sofio daviTaSvili

337

miuZRvnes es mciredi Sesawiri aTonis iverTa monasterSi qarTvelTa

mfarvelad movlenil RvTismSoblis wmida gamosaxulebas.

iveriis RvTismSoblis xatis saCrdilobeli gamorCeulia, rogorc

misi uCveulo funqciis mxriv, aseve masze arsebuli kompoziciebis

SinaarsiTac; saqtitoro warweris wyalobiT, igi garkveulwilad sais-

torio wyarosac warmoadgens. amitom qarguli karavi saintereso iqne-

ba, rogorc xelovnebaTmcodneebisTvis, ise liturgikiTa da gviani

feodaluri xaniT daiteresebulTaTvis. miTumetes, rom naqargobiT

amgvarad datvirTuli siwmindeTa safarveli qolgebi, marTlmadide-

blur samyaros bevri ar unda moepovebodes.

abulaZe ilia. Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni. Tbilisi, 1973

aleqsiZe a. aToni aTaswlovani. Tbilisi, 1982

bubulaSvili eldar. wminda mociqulTa moRvaweoba saqarTveloSi

da maT saxelTan dakavSirebuli siwmindeebi. saqarTvelos eklesiis

siwmindeebi. Tbilisi, 2007

gvritiSvili daviT. gvianfeodaluri saqarTvelos socialuri

urTierTobis istoriidan. sadoqtoro disertacia. Tbilisi, 1952

giunaSvili el., kalandaZe z. bibliis leqsikoni (masalebi). tomi I.

Tbilisi, 2000

TayaiSvili eqvTime. arqeologiuri eqspedicia leCxum-svaneTSi 1910

wels. parizi, 1937

kekeliZe korneli. etiudebi Zveli qarTuli literaturis

istoriidan, tomi III. Tbilisi, 1971

kekeliZe korneli. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. tomi I.

Tbilisi, 1980

menabde levan. Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis kerebi. tomi II. Tbilisi, 1980

metreveli elene. aTonis qarTvelTa monastris saaRape wigni.

Tbilisi, 1998

mimosvla andria mociqulisa. Zveli qarTuli teqsti gamosacemad

moamzada da gamokvleva daurTo malxaz kobiaSvilma. Tbilisi, 2008

niniZe daviT. bagratovanTa samefo saxlis ganStoebaTa istoria XIII-

XVIII ss-Si. Tbilisi, 2004

saeklesio siwmindeni, 1. ianvari, 2001

saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendari 1998. mTavarepiskoposi anania

jafariZe. saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria. Tbilisi 1997


338

timoTe (mTavar-episkoposi). moxilua wmindaTa da sxuaTa aRmo-

savleTisa adgilTa, timoTesgan qarTlisa mTavar-episkoposisa. wina-

sityvaobis avtori platon egnatis-Ze ioseliani. tfilisi,1852

timoTe gabaSvili. mimosvla. teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvle-

va, leqsikoni da saZieblebi daurTo el. metrevelma. Tbilisi, 1956


mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. tomi II. Tbilisi, 1959

qronikebi da sxva masalebi saqarTvelos istoriisa da mwerlobisa,

qronologiurad dawyobili da axsnili Tedo Jordanias mier. wigni II.

tfilisi, 1897

cxovreba yovlad-wmida RuTis-mSoblisa da maradis qalwulisa mari-

amisa, Targmnili rusuliTgan qarTulad mRvdlis Tadeoz kandelakis

mier, gamocemuli `saqarTvelos sauliero maxareblis~ redaqciisagan.

Tbilisi, 1865

wm. ioane damaskeli. marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis zedmiwevniTi

gadmocema. Tbilisi, 2000

wmidaTa cxovreba. oqtomberi, noemberi, dekemberi. tomi IV. Tbilisi,

2001

xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumis narkvevebi. tomi VI. g. baraTaSvili,

batoniSvili Tamaris dafarnis ikonografiuli Taviseburebani. Tbilisi

2000

-II

II. K

Vlachopoulou-Karabina, E. Holy Monastery of Iveron. Gold Embroideries. MountAthos, 1998

Walter, Ch. La place des évéques dans le décor des absides Byzantines. Revue de l’art, 24, 1976

sofio daviTaSvili

339

sur. 1 iveriis RvTismSoblis xatiT litanioba.

sur. 2 naxati graviura samkuTxa qolgis gamosaxulebiT.

1

2


340

3

4

sur. 3 naxati graviura oTx fexze dayrdnobili baldaxinis gamosaxulebiT.

sur. 4 naxati graviura mkveTrad wvetiani qolgis gamosaxulebiT

sofio daviTaSvili

341

6

5

sur. 5 msvleloba zoliani saCrdilobeli qolgis TanxlebiT.

sur. 6 msvleloba piramiduli formis foCebiani saCrdilobliT.


342

sur. 7 aSoTaniseuli saCrdiloblis I gverdi.

sur. 8 aSoTaniseuli saCrdiloblis II gverdi.

7

8

sofio daviTaSvili

343

9

10

11

sur. 9 qtitorTa gamosaxulebebi aSoTan muxranbatonis mier Sewirul qolgaze.

sur. 10 zeciuri zona aSoTaniseul saCrdilobelze.

sur. 11 `RvTismSobelo Sen xar venaxi WeSmariti~-s kompozicia.


344

sur.12 macxovris Sobisadmi miZRvnili sagaloblis amsaxveli ilustracia aSoTa-

niseuli saCrdiloblis II gverdze.

sur. 13 Zveli aRTqmis mamebi aSoTaniseuli saCrdiloblis II gverdze.

12

13

sofio daviTaSvili

345

sur. 14 meudabnoe mamebi aSoTaniseuli saCrdiloblis II gverdze.

sur. 15 Sobisadmi miZRvnili sagaloblis amsaxveli freska.

15

14


346

The shade tent of the Virgin’s icon at the Iviron monastery on

Mount Athos

Sophio Davitashvili

Summary

The essay deals with the shade umbrella of the icon of the all Holy Mother of God pre-served at the Iviron monastery on Mount Athos. It constitutes one of the distinguished monuments of old Georgian embroidery. Georgia’s depositories of antiquities cannot boast of a similar embroidered item of such unusual purpose and adorned with numerous images. This is why the shade deserves special attention of researchers. The more so that it is dated and the dedicatory inscription is attended with images of the donors.

The essay considers the purpose of shading umbrellas of holy objects and just of their use in present-day reality. Attention is focused on an analogous tradition followed in the Iviron monastery as attented to by written and artistic materials left by pilgrims and researchers.

Apart from the monasteries of Mount Athos, shades for protecting holy objects are also used at the Serenji monastery of St. John the Baptist and at the Sumela monastery near Trabzon. Materials are also to be found about such shades in regions that were under the rule of Venice, namely in Corfu, where an especially noteworthy shade has survived connecrted with St Spiridon.

Acording to the present rules at the Iviron monastery litanies are sung under the shade of the portaitissa icon outside the monastery, on Tuesday of the weak after Easter. However,it is clear from written sources that this rule was not the same from the begin-ning. Pilgrims, who came to Mount Athos with an interval of a century, i.e. in 1744-1845, presumably witnessed the same rules. V. Barski (1744) and P.Uspenski (1844-45) state

(however he does not name the holidays). Timote Gabashvili, the Archbishop of Kartli,

In describing the hymn-singing procession involving the icon of the Iviron Virgin, he notes that the umbrella donated by Ashotan Mukhranbatoni was raised above the bowl with the holy water (and to cover the icon of the Virgin, for which it was donated).

Visual material points to the diversity of the forms of umbrellas for the protection of icon: ingravings and photos. The umbrellas are occasionally conical in form; at some places it has the shape of a canopy on four legs, some resemble a pyramid, some are plain,

sofio daviTaSvili

347

some are adorned with fringes and tassels. The umbrella of the icon of the Virgin differs from them. It is of the shape of a truncated cone. It has not suffered remaking, as is at-tested by the representation of the same umbrella, embroidered on its surface, between the donors.

dedicatory inscription done in mkhedruli mentions the cousin of King Giorgi XI of Kartli (1677-88) and a noble depicted next to him is the master of Mukhrani Ashotan, and the youth depicted opposite him is his son Kaikhosro. According to the Kronikon at the end of the inscription, the umbrella is dated to 1686.

Historical documents make it clear that Ashotan gave treasures to Mount Athos. He paid for the building of a chapel for the Iviron icon of the Virgin, the brotherhood’s refectory was adorned with vaults and paintings, icons of the virgin and the Saviour were painted, he also donated Khviti, village of Kartli to the monastery; apart from Iviron, Ashotan’s trace is seen at Karakalu monastery as well.

The iconographic programme of the shading umbrella’s distinguished for it rather unusual choice and interrelationship. The general programme to be chosen for the um-

special metaphorical system in his work.On one side of the umbrella the heavenly world is depicted, involving the Holy

Trinity shown in “coresidence”, in the setting of heavenly forces, the composition of the vineyard beneath it unites the images of apostles, saints and church fathers – all facing the Virgin platitera, placed in the centre.

The mid-axis of the other side of the umbrella presents the composition of the Nativ-ity, with small groups of those bringing gifts, personifying one hymn of the Christmas vespers. Beneath it, to the left of the medallion of the Saviour are represented the proph-ets of the Old Testament and kings, and on the other side the hermits of the New Testa-ment. Below, beneath the medallion of the Saviour, the donors are depicted, facing the model of the tent dedicated to the icon of the Virgin.

to the Saviour as a token of gratitude. The date remains unknown when the shading umbrellas gained ground in Christian

liturgi-cal service, in particular in the Typicon of the Iviron monastery. Part of these ques-


goCa jafariZe

I

1974 wels Tamaz natroSvilTan erTad Tamar mefis gardacvalebis

TariRad 1210 weli (am wlis I naxevari) ganvsazRvreT.1 erTi wlis

Semdeg, somxuri lapidaruli warwerebis safuZvelze, imave azramde

mivida SanSe darCiaSvili.2 amis Semdeg qarTveli istorikosebi sam

banakad gaiyvnen. erTma nawilma miiRo es TariRi, meore erTguli darCa

tradiciuli 1212-13 wlisa, mesame ki – miiCnevs, rom Tamari aResrula

1207 wels.3 didi xnis manZilze am sakiTxze sagangebo naSromi ar

dawerila. viTareba Seicvala 2004-12 wlebSi. jer gvanca abdalaZem or

statiaSi4 da Semdeg mixeil baxtaZem5 daaskvnes, rom Tamari gardaicvala

1210 wels. SanSe darCiaSvilma 2010 wels xelaxla daadastura Tavisi

Tvalsazrisi am TariRis Sesaxeb.6 magram, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, aseve

1 Tamaz natroSvili, goCa jafariZe, `cda erTi TariRis dadgenisa~, macne, enisa

da literaturis seria, 1 (1974), 151-165; 2 (1974), 168-89.

2 SanSe darCiaSvili, `XIII saukunis dasawyisis saqarTvelos qronologiis

sakiTxisaTvis~, mnaTobi, 2 (1975), 151-8.

3 goCa jafariZe, `vaxuSti da XII-XIII saukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriis

qronologiis zogierTi sakiTxi~, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis Sromebi, t. 205 (1979), 125-6. damatebiT, ix. mixeil baxtaZe, `kidev

erTxel Tamar mefis gardacvalebis TariRis Sesaxeb~, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi,

II (2011), 215-27.

4 gvanca abdalaZe, `kidev erTxel Tamar mefis gardacvalebis TariRze~, iv.

javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis siRnaRis (kaxeTis)

filialis samecniero SromaTa krebuli, V (siRnaRi, 2004), 7-15; misive, `XIII saukunis

dasawyisis saqarTvelos istoriis qronologiidan~, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, t. 359 (2005), 106-7.

5 baxtaZe, `kidev erTxel Tamar mefis gardacvalebis TariRis Sesaxeb~, 215-27.

6 SanSe darCiaSvili, `Tamar mefis, daviT soslanis gardacvalebisa da laSa-

giorgis gamefebis sakiTxisaTvis~, kr. Ziebani qarTul-somxuri urTierTobebis

istoriidan (Tbilisi, 2010), 55-69.

XV

349

ukanasknel xanebSi, ciala RvaberiZem mxari dauWira 1207 wels, xolo

Temur kenkebaSvili darwmunebulia, rom Tamari aResrula 1215 wels.

g. abdalaZisa da T. baxtaZis naSromebis garCevas aq ar Sevudgebi.

daviwyeb T. kenkebaSvilis mier SemoTavazebuli TariRiT – 1215 wliT.

II

T. kenkebaSvilma Tavisi Tvalsazrisi 2010 wlidan dRemde samjer

mainc gaacno sazogadoebas.7 Tu wina wlebSi axalgazrda mkvlevris aseT

aqtivobas seriozulad ar viRebdi, misma ukanasknelma publikaciam am

Temaze – statiebis mozrdil krebulSi qronologiuri paradigmebi, azri

Semacvlevina. kenkebaSvili, Cans, Tvlis, rom aseTi sixSiriT beWvda sxva

istorikosebze gavlenas moaxdens da daarwmunebs maT sakuTar simarTleSi.

cnobili qarTveli arqeologi, batoni iulon gagoSiZe, romelic

aRniSnuli wignis erT-erTi redaqtoria (prof. sergo vardosaniZesTan

erTad) da mkiTxvels warudgina T. kenkebaSvili, wers, rom ar moiTxovs

mkiTxvelisgan Semwynareblobas avtoris asakis gamo. amas namdvilad

ar vapireb. rodesac naSromi ibeWdeba, Tanac ramdenjerme da aseTi

sixSiriT, asakze saubari zedmetia. avtori unda acnobierebdes Tavis

pasuxismgeblobas samecniero sazogadoebis winaSe. istorikosoba

Zneli da mZime Sromaa, romelic moiTxovs farTo wyaroTmcodneobiT

da istoriografiul bazas. aseTi baza nebismierma mkvlevarma Tavad

unda Seiqmnas xangrZlivi, dauRalavi SromiT da amasTan, ucxo enebis

codniT, rac mas vurCie kidec erT-erTi Sexvedris dros. samwuxarod,

kenkebaSvils aseTi baza, rogorc qvemoT davrwmundebiT, jer-jerobiT

ar gaaCnia.

T. kenkebaSvilis statia Tamaris gardacvalebis Sesaxeb (`sad da

rodis gardaicvala Tamar mefe? Tamar mefis gardacvalebis TariRis

sakiTxisaTvis~) pirobiTad or nawilad SeiZleba daiyos. pirvel nawilSi

(gv.17-41) avtori uaryofs imis SesaZlebloba, rom Tamari gardaicvala

1207 anda 1210 wlebSi. aq is ganixilavs qarTul da ucxour wyaroebs,

romlebic didi xania cnobilia mkvlevarTaTvis8 da numizmatikur

7 Temur kenkebaSvili, gardacvaleba da dakrZalva Tamar mefisa (Tbilisi, 2010),

4-12; misive, `sad da rodis gardaicvala Tamar mefe?~ qronologiuri paradigmebi

(Tbilisi, 2011), 5-42; misive, `sad da rodis gardaicvala Tamar mefe?~, saistorio

paradigmebi, t. I (Tbilisi, 2012), 17-42.

8 kenkebaSvili imowmebs vaxuStisac, romelic Tamaris gardacvalebis TariRad

asaxelebs 1201 w. da iqve msjelobs imis Taobaze, rom `saerTod, vaxuStis

ìstoriaSi~ XV saukuneze adrindeli periodis istoriuli fatebisa da movlenebis

Tamar mefis gardacvalebis TariRis Sesaxeb

350

faqtebsac, c. RvaberiZis mixedviT. statiis meore nawilSi is cdilobs

daasabuTos, rom Tamari gardaicvala 1210 wlis Semdeg (gv. 41-52). misi

mTavari argumentia is, rom Tamari `1212 wlis Semdegac cocxalia,

radganac 1212 wels gardaicvala zaqaria spasalari da amis Semdegac

Tamari kvlavac cocxlad Cans~ (gv. 41).

somxuri naratiuli wyaroebis mixedviT, zaqaria gardaicvala

sparseTis laSqrobidan dabrunebis Semdeg, vardanisa da stefanos

orbelianis Tanaxmad 1212 wels.9 am dros somxuri epigrafikuli

warwerebiT, Tamari cocxali aRar aris.10 es yvelaze kargad Cans

1210 wlis haRbatis warweridan, romelic àmoikveTa RmrTisa [mier]

mefeTa mefis giorgis, didi mefis Tamaris Zis kurTxevis wels~.

warwera mravalgzis aris gamocemuli da misi daTariReba eWvs ar

iwvevs. es TariRi, rogorc aRniSnavs S. darCiaSvili, kargad ikiTxeba

im paleografiul pirSi, romelic k. Rafadarianis mier gamocemul am

warweras aqvs darTuli.11

roca zaqaria gardaicvala, mgloviareTa Soris kirakoz ganZakeli

Tamars ar asaxelebs.12 i. lolaSvilma am faqts Taviseburi axsna

mouZebna: `raki kirakoz ganZakeli Tamars laSa-giorgisa da ivane

aTabagis gverdiT ar axsenebs, es imiT unda avxsnaT, rom istorikosma

ar icis, zaqarias gardacvalebam Tamarze ra reagireba moaxdina da

amitomac masze erT sityvasac ar ambobs~.13

TariRebi gadaweulia win daaxloebiT aTi wliT~ (gv. 38). mkvlevari ukritikod

misdevs i. lolaSvils (`Tamaris aRsrulebis TariRisaTvis~, 32-33) da ar icnobs am

sakiTxSi sxva Tvalsazrisebs. Tamaris epoqisTvis r. kiknaZe Tvlida, rom vaxuStis

qronologiaSi iyo 6-wliani Secdoma, xolo me dasabuTebuli maqvs, rom arc 6 da arc

10-wliani koreqtivi ar iZleva realur TariRs. r. kiknaZe, farsadan gorgijaniZe

da istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~ (Tbilisi, 1975), 129-32; jafariZe, vaxuSti

da XII-XIII saukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriis qronologiis zogierTi sakiTxi~, 127.

9 , . . ( , 1861), 172; vardan

arevelci, msoflio istoria, Zveli somxuridan Targmnes nodar SoSiaSvilma da

eka kvaWantiraZem, Sesavali, komentarebi da saZieblebi daurTo eka kvaWantiraZem

(Tbilisi, 2004), 158; stefanos orbelianis `cxovreba orbelianTa~-s Zveli

qarTuli Targmanebi, qarTul-somxuri teqstebi gamosacemad moamzada, Sesavali

da saZieblebi daurTo e. cagareiSvilma (Tbilisi, 1978), 45.

10 darCiaSvili, Ziebani, 56, 150-1.

11 iqve, 56.

12

13 ivane lolaSvili, Tamaris aRsrulebis TariRisaTvis~, mravalkaredi (Tbilisi,

1984), 111.

goCa jafariZe

351

lolaSvilis Tvalsazrisi, romelsac ukritikod imeorebs

kenkebaSvili (gv. 47), aradamajerebelia. ubralod warmoudgenelia,

rom mefeT mefe Tamars ar gamoexata Tavisi damokidebuleba, wuxili

–saqarTvelos amirspasalaris gardacvalebis Sesaxeb da is ucnobi

darCeniliyo qveSevrdomTaTvis. kirakos ganZakeci daibada 1200-

1202 wlebSi, werda zaqarias gardacvalebidan mravali wlis Semdeg

da gardaicvala 1271 w.14 mas hqonda sakmao dro, rom mieRo saTanado

informacia Tamaris epoqaSi momxdari ambebis Sesaxeb da Tu Tamaris

reagirebaze somexi mematiane arafers wers, mxolod imitom, rom

zaqaria mxargrZelis aRsrulebis Jams is cocxali aRar iyo.

`mefeT mefis~ giorgis mefed kurTxeva 1210 wlis haRbatis

warweraSi niSnavs cvlilebas saqarTvelos samefo taxtze. es

ki SeiZleboda momxdariyo Tamaris gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi.

lolaSvilis skepticizmi am daTariRebisadmi ar aris dasabuTebuli.

xolo kenkebaSvili ki mas saerTod gverds uvlis.

kenkebaSvili upiratesobas aniWebs Tamaris pirvel istorikoss,

romelic TariRebs Cveulebriv ar asaxelebs da movlenebsac

yovelTvis saWiro TanamimdevrobiT ar iZleva.15 zaqaria mxargrZelis

gardacvalebis Semdeg is mogviTxrobs mTiulTa ajanyebis Sesaxeb.

kenkebaSvili varaudobs, rom ajanyeba (romlis TariRi qarTul wyaroSi

ar saxeldeba) moxda 1213 an 1214 wlis ivnis-ivlis-agvistos TveebSi

(gv. 47-48), roca Tamari, misi azriT, jer kidev cocxalia da sabolood

Tvlis, rom mefe aResrula 1215 w. 27 ianvars (gv. 48).

kenkebaSvili, Tavisi Tvalsazrisis Camoyalibebis dros, eyrdnoba

ukve kargad cnobil wyaroebs, romlebic garCeulia qarTveli

mkvlevrebis mier. amasTan, is ar iTvaliswinebs SedarebiT axal, sakvlevi

sakiTxisTvis mniSvnelovan publikacias, kerZod, somexi avtoris smbat

sparapetis (1208-76) `matianes~. ar aris aucilebeli, vicodeT somxuri,

magram misi gacnoba SeiZleba rusul da inglisur enebze. am Txzulebis

rusuli Targmani 1975 w. gamoica erevanSi16 da is devs internetSic,

14 kirakos ganZakecis biografiuli monacemebi ix. l. xanlarianis Sesaval werilSi

am mematianis Sesaxeb: , , 24-5. 15 kiknaZe, farsadan gorgijaniZe da ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~, 108;

jafariZe, `vaxuSti da XII-XIII saukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriis qronologiis

zogierTi sakiTxi~, 107-8. iqve (Sen. 13 da 14) dasaxelebulia sxva literaturac am

sakiTxze.

16


352

aRmosavluri literaturis saitze.17 `matianis~ inglisuri Targmani,

Sesrulebuli aSS-Si mcxovrebi somexi mkvlevris robert bedrosianis

mier, ganTavsebulia mis vebgverdze.18

smbat sparapeti, somexi saxelmwifo moRvawe, kilikiis somxeTis mefis

Zma, diplomati, mxedarTmTavari da istorikosi, Tavis matianes~ iwyebs 951

wlidan (somexi mefis gagik bagratunis gamefebis droidan) da mohyavs 1272

wlamde. mematiane iyenebda winamorbedi istorikosebis: maTeos urhaecis,

samuel anecis, mixeil sirielisa da sxv. Txzulebebs, saarqio masalebs,

TanamedroveTa informacias da asaxelebda im movlenebs, romelTa

TviTmxilvelic iyo. mas bevri cnoba aqvs XIII s-is axlo aRmosavleTis

istoriis Sesaxeb, agviwers manaskertis brZolas 1071 w., sakmaod

dawvrilebiT exeba somxebisa da jvarosnebis, somxebisa da monRolebis

urTierTobebs da sxv. originalurad iTvleba misi Txzulebis is nawili,

romelic moicavs periods 1163 wlidan – 1271 wlis CaTvliT. 19

smbat sparapetis saxeli ucxo ar aris qarTuli istoriog-

rafiisTvis.20 amas ganapirobebs is, rom somex mematianes aqvs cnobebi

saqarTvelos Sesaxebac. 21 swored smbat sparapetis TxzulebaSi

erTdroulad, oriode winadadebaSi, dasaxelebulia, rogorc zaqaria

mxargrZelis, ise Tamaris gardacvalebis TariRebi, rac ucnobi

darCa, rogorc kenkebaSvilisTvis, ise am sakiTxis sxva qarTvel

mkvlevarTaTvis, romlebisTvisac miuRebelia 1210 w.

17

http://www.vostlit.info/haupt-Dateien/index-Dateien/I.phtml).18 Smbat Sparapet’s Chronicle (http://rbedrosian.com/css15.htm). Txzulebis inglisur Targmans

win uZRvis r. bedrosianis Sesavali werili, romelSic ganxilulia `matianis~ somxuri

gamocemebi da misi sxvadasxva nawilis Targmanebi v. langluas mier.

19 smbat sparapetis cxovrebis da moRvaweobis da misi `matianis~ mniSvnelobis

Sesaxeb ix. , “ ,” wignSi , , IX-XL. 20 a. abdalaZe, `somxuri wyaroebi~, saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, tomi III,

saqarTvelo XI-XV saukuneebSi (Tbilisi, 1979), 37 (dasaxelebulia galstianis mier

Sesrulebuli smbat sparapetis Txzulebis rusuli Targmani);

21 ix. e. cagareiSvili, `somxuri wyaroebi saqarTvelo-bizantiis urTierTobis

Sesaxeb X-XI saukuneebSi~, mravalTavi, II (1973), 200-4; m. gabaSvili, `daviT

kurapalatis gardacvalebis saidumloeba da misi politikuri motivi~, nodar

Sengelia 75 (Tbilisi, 2008), 97-118, 100 da sxv. g. jafariZem daimowma `matianis~

erTi pasaJi basianis brZolasTan dakavSirebiT s. der nersesianis statiis (Sirarpieder Nersessian, “The Armenian Chronicle of the Constable Smpad or of the “Royal Historian,” Dumbarton Oaks Papers, vol. 13 (1959), 141-68) safuZvelze: goCa jafariZe. saqarTvelo

da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis islamuri samyaro XII – XIII s-is I mesamedSi (Tbilisi,

1995), 153.

goCa jafariZe

353

smbat sparapeti 1211 wlis ambebSi mogviTxrobs:

àm wels mokvda didi mTavari zaqare, anisis mflobeli, ivanes

Zma, sparapeti qarTveli dedoflis – Tamaris, mefe giorgis asulisa,

romelic levonis22 dros iyo saqarTvelos dedofali. is [Tamari]

mokvda erTi wliT adre da am dros ukve mefobda misi vaJi laSa~.23

smbat sparapetis mier dasaxelebuli TariRi zaqaria mxargrZelis

gardacvalebisa – 1211 w., marTalia, gansxvavdeba vardanis TariRisgan,

magram Zalian axlosaa masTan. mTavaria is, rom mematianis Tanaxmad,

zaqaria Tamaris Semdeg gardaicvala. rac Seexeba Tamaris gardacvalebis

sumbatiseul TariRs – 1210 w., is emTxveva haRbatis warweris informacias,

romelSic saubaria 1210 w. giorgi laSas mefed kurTxevaze.

sabolood, smbat sparapetis Tanaxmad, zaqaria mxargrZeli

gardaicvala 1211 w ls, xolo Tamari – erTi wliT adre. es moxda

1210 wels da ara gvaqvs safuZveli eWvi SevitanoT am informaciis

WeSmaritebaSi.

1215 weli, rogorc Tamaris gardacvalebis weli, ararsebuli

TariRia, romelic ar gvxvdeba arcerT wyaroSi. miuxedavad kenkeba-

Svilis didi mcdelobisa, misi miReba SeuZlebelia.

III

qarTul istoriografiaSi marTebulad aris aRniSnuli, rom

`Tamaris Tanamedrove `qarTlis cxovrebis~ samive Txzuleba arazust

qronologiur monacemebs gvawvdis, ara marto gardacvalebisa,

aramed sxva TariRebis SemTxvevaSic. amdenad, ufro meti upiratesoba

unda mieces sxva dokumentur da nivTier wyaroebs, romelTac,

gadamweris da sxva mizezTa gamo, ar ganucdiaT raime cvlileba~.24

aseT nivTier wyaroebs miekuTvneba Tamaris epoqis numizmatikuri

Zeglebi. isini gaxda mniSvnelovani damaTariRebeli wyaro, roca

Tamaris gardacvaleba 1210 wliT ganvsazRvreT. magram igive masalebi

safuZvels aZlevs ciala RvaberiZes, Tamaris gardacvalebis TariRad

miiCnios 1207 weli.25 rogoria misi Tvalsazrisi?

1. Tamaris epoqis numizmatikur masalaze dakvirvebam saSualeba

22 levon I (1198/99-1218) rubeniani, kilikiis somxuri samefos pirveli mefe.

23 , 122; Smbat Sparapet’s Chronicle, 101. 24 abdalaZe, `kidev erTxel Tamar mefis gardacvalebis TariRze~, 10.

25 ciala RvaberiZe, `rodis gardaicvala mefe Tamari~, istoriisa da eTnologiis

institutis Sromebi, IX (2009), 97-104.


354

misca RvaberiZes daeskvna, rom giorgi III-is droidan damkvidrda wesi,

rodesac monetaze moTavsebuli TariRi moWris dros ki ar asaxavs,

aramed samoneto tipis damtkicebis TariRs, yovelgvari SesamCnevi

cvlilebis gareSe.26

2. damtkicebuli samoneto tipi ama Tu im qarTveli mefis

mmarTvelobis mTel manZilze iWreba erTi TariRiT. asea giorgi III-

is, Tamaris, giorgi laSas da rusudanis dros. rogorc Cans, es iyo

saqarTvelos samefo karis dadgenili wesi. udavoa, igi ZalaSia mefe

Tamaris 407 qoronikonis – 1187 wlis samoneto emisiis drosac.27

3. marTalia, arsebobs Tamaris monetebi, romlebzedac TariRia qoroni-

konis 430/1210 weli, magram es TariRi Secdomis Sedegia. qoronikonis

430/1210 weli, romelsac zogierTi mkvlevari Tamaris am samoneto tipze kiT-

xulobs, siqaze `meqanikurad daSvebuli Secdomaa~.28 kerZod, es TariRi 407

qoronikonis Semadgeneli asoebis ` ~ -`zeni~-sa da ` ~-`las~-is grafikuli

moxazulobis msgavsebis niadagze warmoiSva. cnobilia, rom asomTavrul

anbanSi am or asoniSans mxolod marcxena mxares CamoSvebuli mcire verti-

kaluri xazi ganasxvavebs ( ~-`zeni~ da ~-`lasi~).29 amrigad, c. RvaberiZis Ta-

naxmad, mefe Tamarma pirveli sakuTari samoneto emisia ganaxorciela qoro-

nikoniT 407/1187 w. moiWra araswori formis spilenZis moneta, romelic, misi

mmarTvelobis dasrulebamde, am erTi TariRiT iWreboda.30

RvaberiZe Tavis sasargeblod imowmebs e. paxomovs, romelic gaocebiT

aRniSnavda, rom 1210 da 1187 wlis monetebi erTnairad xSiri iyo. garda amisa,

1210 wels ukve iwyeba giorgi laSas monetebis Wra da da amdenad Tamaris

1210 wlis monetebis gamoSvebisTvis Zalian cota dro rCeboda, araumetes

wlisa.31 amave dros, paxomovi imasac werda, rom ~ -s da ~-s aRrevis daSveba

Znelad Tu SeiZleba, vinaidan orive forma Zalze naTlad da garkveviT

aris SemuSavebuli da Cans, graviors esmoda, ras kveTda~.32 paxomovis am

citatas RvaberiZe aRar imowmebs, vinaidan ar awyobs, ewinaaRmdegeba mis

Tvalsazriss da es erTaderTi SemTxveva ar aris mis naSromSi.

26 iqve, 99.

27 iqve.

28 iqve

29 iqve.

30 iqve.

31 . , ( , 1970), 94; RvaberiZe, `rodis gardaicvala mefe

Tamari~, 98.

32 p k

, 94.

goCa jafariZe

355

RvaberiZis Tvalsazriss Tu miviRebT, mxolod Tamaris epoqis

numizmatikuri ZeglebiT ver ganvsazRvravT verc Tamaris gardacva-

lebisa da verc giorgi laSas gamefebis TariRebs. Tamarisa da giorgi

laSas monetebi Tavad saWiroeben axsna-ganmartebas. amas mkvlevari

grZnobs da amitom mimarTavs werilobiT wyaroebs. qarTuli wyaroebi

mas aZlevs uflebas daaskvnas, rom Tamari aResrula 1207 wels da is

namdvilad aRar aris cocxali 1210 wlamde.

romelia es qarTuli wyaroebi?

esenia Tamaris pirveli da meore istorikosebi da laSa-

giorgisdroindeli mematiane. magram, Tamaris pirveli istorikosi

asaxelebs mxolod mefis gardacvalebis Tvesa da ricxvs. meore

istorikosis – basili ezosmoZRvaris cnobebi urTierTsawinaaRmdegoa

da maTi axsna motanilia g. abdalaZis da m. baxtaZis SromebSi, romelTac

RvaberiZe, imedia, gaecnoba. amave dros, c. RvaberiZe mimarTavs Cveul

xerxs da gverds uvlis JamTaaRmwerls, romlis damowmebac ar awyobs:

àmas sanatrelsa sicocxlesa Sina T¢ssa daedga g¢rg¢ni Zisa

misisa giorgisda, romelsac laSobiTca uwoda. iyo wlisa

aTcametisa, raJams daidga g¢rg¢ni mefobisa da mefeman Tamar

miuloca mefoba, xolo raJams miicvala Tamar, iyo laSa

aTvrametisa wlisa~.33

giorgi laSas dabadebis TariRis (1192) gaTvaliswinebiT, JamTa-

aRmwerelis cnoba gvaZlevs (1192+18) 1210 wels.

RvaberiZe imowmebs arabuli da somxuri naratiuli wyaroebis mo-

na cemebs, romlebic, iseve rogorc yvela sxva, kargad iyo cnobili

natroSvilisa da jafariZisTvis. samwuxarod, didi moculobis gamo, maT

naSromSi (`cda..~) sakiTxis wyaroTmcodneobiTi da istoriografiuli

mimoxilva minimumze iqna dayvanili da masSi yvelaferi ver aisaxa. Sefaseba

miveciT arabi istorikosis ibn al-asiris cnobasac da mas aRar gavimeoreb.

RvaberiZe Tavis Tvalsazriss amagrebs somxuri wyaroebis (vardani,

samuel aneci) cnobebiT. somxuri wyaroebis motana mec SemiZlia. ufro

metic, iseTis, romelic sawinaaRmdegos iuwyeba. esaa zemoxsenebuli

smbat sparapetis `matiane~. am wyaros arcodnis gamo me SeRavaTi ar

gavuwie axalgazrda T. kenkebaSvils da miTumetes, ar gavuwev SeRavaTs

iseT gamocdil mkvlevars, rogoric RvaberiZea. is valdebuli iyo




356

gaeTvaliswinebina smbat sparapetis Txzuleba. valdebuli iyo, magram ar

gaakeTa da dakmayofilda (rogorc kenkebaSvili) im wyaroebiT, romlebic

ukve mravalgzis iyo gamoyenebuli.

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, smbat sparapeti, romelic 1211 wliT

aTariRebs zaqaria mxargrZelis gardacvalebas, wers, rom Tamari

mokvda manamde, erTi wliT adre (e.i. 1210 wels) da am dros ukve mefobda

misi vaJi laSa.

skeptikosebi ar daileva. magram, imisda miuxedavad, daveTanxmebiT

Tu ara smbat sparapets, erTi ram aSkaraa. arc somxuri wyaroebia

erTgvarovani Tamaris gardacvalebasTan dakavSirebiT, da arc

qarTul da ucxour wyaroebSi ar aris iseTi erTsulovneba, rogorc

es RvaberiZes aqvs warmodgenili.34

davubrundeT isev numizmatikur masalas. RvaberiZe, rogorc

iTqva, qoronikonis 1210 wels Tamaris monetebze, gravioris meqanikur

Secdomad miiCnevs. zemoT isic aRiniSna, rom amas gamoricxavda paxomovi,

rac marTebulad mimaCnia. aseTi Secdoma uaRresad saeWvoa imis gamo, rom

gvxvdeba sxvadasxva siqiT moWril Tamaris monetebze. garda amisa, aris

erTi mniSvnelovani mizezic: zarafxanis pasuxismgebloba dadgenili

tipis (mefis saxeli, titulatura, moWris weli) gamoSvebaze.

zarafxana iyo ara saqvelmoqmedo, aramed saxelmwifo dawesebuleba.

cnobilia, rom monetis moWra samefo xelisuflebis erT-erT prerogativas

warmoadgenda. moneta iWreboda mxolod saxelmwifo zarafxanaSi, xolo mis

gareT, yvela qveyanaSi, isjeboda kanoniT. zarafxanas hqonda Tavisi Stati:

muSebi da is xelosnebi, romlebic adnobdnen samoneto liTons, amzadebdnen

firfitebs monetebisTvis, siqebs qarTuli da arabuli warwerebiT da sxva

gamosaxulebebiT, qveda siqaze debdnen liTonis gavarvarebul firfitas

da urtyamdnen zeda siqiT. specialuri moxele amowmebda sinjs, magram

Tamaris epoqaSi, roca iWreboda mxolod spilenZis safase, is saWiro ar

iqneboda. Tumca, im pirobebSi, roca ucxouri oqros da vercxlis safase

daiSveboda mxolod samoneto bazarze, mas SeeZlo, zarafxanaSi Semosuli

am Zvirfasi liTonebisgan damzadebuli monetebis gadadnobisas, maTi

sinjis Semowmebac.

akontrolebda Tu ara vinme monetebis zedwerilebs zarafxanaSi?

ueWvelia, aseTi moxele iqneboda. is Seamowmebda siqebze sarkiseburad

amoWril zedwerilebs, rom ar gaparuliyo Secdoma mmarTvelis

34 RvaberiZe, `rodis gardaicvala mefe Tamari~, 102.

goCa jafariZe

357

saxelsa da titulaturaSi da isic ueWvelia, rom masobriv emisiamde

gadaamowmebda sakontrolod moWril egzemplars.

zarafxanas islamur aRmosavleTSi xelmZRvanelobda nazir as-

siqqa an nazir dar ad-darb (monetis Wris an zarafxanis zedamxedveli).

aseTi moxele iqneboda Tamaris epoqis qarTul zarafxanaSic. ase,

rom zarafxanaSi zedwerilebis sisworis kontrolis arsebobaSi me

eWvi ar mepareba da mmarTvelis zeobis welSi meqanikuri Secdoma da

aseTi xarveziT mimoqcevaSi monetis gaSveba sruliadac ar iqneboda

advili. es dRes, Cveni sazogadoebis didma nawilma marTlac ar icis

asomTavruli da SeiZleba ver gaarCios ` ~-s ` ~-sagan, magram im dros,

mosaxleobis zeda da, ueWvelia, saSualo fenebmac, iseve rogorc

zarafxanis graviorma, es anbani ueWvelad icodnen.

qvemomotanili sami nimuSi kerZo koleqciidan da saqarTvelos

saxelmwifo muzeumis ganZebis fondidan,35 gviCvenebs, Tu rogor iyo

gamosaxuli aso ` ~ Tamaris monetebze:

ssm gf, #25784 kerZo koleqcia kerZo koleqcia

1210 wliT daTariRebul sxvadasxva siqiT moWril Tamaris

monetebze aso ` ~ jer erTi, paleografiulad ar aris erTgvarovani

da meore - advilad gansxvavdeba ` ~-sgan. magaliTad:

ssm, niCbisis ganZi ssm gf, #25916 ssm gf, #10670

aseTi SemTxvevebi cota ar aris da Zneli dasajerebelia, rom

graviorebi, TiTqosda erTmaneTTan SeTanxmebiT, erTnairad

uSvebdnen `meqanikur~ Secdomas siqebze ` ~-s amokveTis dros.

35 miTiTebuli Semoklebebi ase ixsneba: ssm - saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumi,

gf – ganZebis fondi, qZ – qarTuli monetebis ZiriTadi fondi.


358

uaRresad sayuradReboa is, rom rom ~-s ~-sagan~ marto am asoniSnis

ze mo horizontalis marcxena mxares CamoSvebuli mcire vertikaluri xazi

ar ganasxvavebs. is zemo horizontalis Sua nawilSic gvxvdeba. magaliTad:

ssm gf, #10649 ssm gf, #10666

ssm qZ, #4179 ssm qZ, #149 ssm qZ, #157

am saxiT aso ` ~, magram ufro daxvewili formiT, giorgi laSas

1210 w. monetaze gvaqvs:

ssm gf, #7788

rogorc zemoT Cans, Tamaris epoqis monetebze ~-sa da ~-s Soris

gansxvaveba sakmaod TvalsaCinoa. es garemoeba imaze migvaniSnebs, rom

graviorma kargad icoda, ras kveTda siqaze. amrigad, mniSvnelovani

argumenti `meqanikuri Secdoma~ Tamaris 1210 wlis monetebis

daTariRebaSi, romelic moyavs RvaberiZes, miuRebelia.

rodidan da rodemde iWreboda `meqanikuri SecdomiT~ 1210 wliT

daTariRebuli es monetebi? RvaberiZes es sakiTxi ar dauyenebia. arada

is sakmaod mniSvnelovania. Tu es xdeboda 1207 wlamde, maSin zarafxanas

qarTuli safasis momxmarebeli SecdomaSi Sehyavda, radganac awvdida

iseT monetebs, romlebzedac iyo araswori TariRi – 1210 weli. Tu

aseTi monetebi iWreboda 1208-09 wlebSi, miT umetes, zarafxana Cadioda

siyalbes, Tamars cxaddeboda cocxlad maSin, roca is cocxali aRar iyo.

CemTvis gaugebaria, romeli monetebi avsebda fulis mimoqcevas

saqarTveloSi 1208-09 wlebSi, roca giorgi laSa, RvaberiZis Tval-

sazrisiT, ukve mefe iyo. gamoricxulia zarafxanis muSaobis SeCereba,

goCa jafariZe

359

radganac islamuri aRmosavleTis analogiiT, monetis Wra saqarTveloSi

iqneboda arablokirebuli. nebismier pirs SeeZlo zarafxanaSi mietana

samoneto liToni da moeWra dakanonebuli tipis moneta. romel monetebs

mouWridnen mas? anda romeli safasiT uxdidnen xelfass samefo karis

moxeleebs da samxedro mosamsaxureebs, romel monetebs gascemdnen da

iRebdnen yoveldRiurad vaWar-xelosnebi da mosaxleoba? monetebze

aRniSnuli ararsebuli mefis saxeliT? ara mgonia, rom imdroindeli

sazogadoeba imdenad gulubryvilo da umecari yofiliyo, rom amis

Taobaze reagireba ar moexdina.

yovelive zemoTqmulis smbat sparapetis `matianisa~ da monetebze

aRniSnuli qoronikonuli TariRebis paleografiuli analizis (e.w.

`meqanikuri~ Secdomis, kerZod, asoebis ` ~-s ` ~-s aRrevis uaryofa)

safuZvelze, me ver miviReb ciala RvaberiZis Tvalsazriss Tamaris

gardacvalebis TariRis (1207 w.) Sesaxeb. am sakiTxze SeiZleba momavalSic

gagrZeldes kamaTi, magram mkvlevrebma, jer erTi, obieqturad unda

ganixilon werilobiTi wyaroebis mocemebi da meore – Rrmad unda gaana-

lizon numizmatikuri masalebi.

IV

dasasrul, vfiqrob, dadga dro momzaddes da gamoices Tamaris, da ara

marto Tamaris, epoqis monetebis (ZiriTadi fondi da ganZebi) katalogebi

beWduri, anda eleqtronuli saxiT, da daidos internetSic. saqarTvelos

saxelmwifo muzeumis numizmatikis ganyofilebam adre mis fondebSi daculi

araerTi, umTavresad, ucxouri monetebis katalogebi gamosca. SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom erTaderTi gamonaklisia kirmaneuli, romelic dasavleT saqarTveloSi

iWreboda.36 amdenad, saWiroa qarTuli, maT Soris Tamaris epoqis, monetebis

katalogebis gamoqveynebac. moneta wyaroa da is iseve unda iyos xelmisawvdomi

yvelasTvis, rogorc qarTuli da ucxouri naratiuli wyaroebi, romlebsac

didi rudunebiT Targmnidnen da Targmnian qarTveli mkvlevrebi.

muzeumSi, numizmatikuri masalebis gacnobisas, piradad me arasdros

36 Tamar abramiSvili, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis trapizonis asprebisa

da dasavlur qarTuli fulis (kirmaneulis) katalogi (Tbilisi, 1984). garda amisa,

davasaxeleb saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis mier gamocemul wignebs: i. gagoSiZe,

m. anTaZe, c. RvaberiZe, m. wowelia, T. quTelia da m. Serozia, fuli saqarTveloSi

(Tbilisi, 2000) da T. dundua, g. dundua, n. javaxiSvili da a. erisTavi, fuli

saqarTveloSi, meore, gadamuSavebuli gamocema (Tbilisi, 2003). am gamocemebSi

Sesulia saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumSi daculi saqarTveloSi moWrili

monetebi.


360

mqonia problemebi. piriqiT, mudam vgrZnobdi numizmatikis ganyofilebis

TanamSromelTa mxardaWeras da vsargeblob SemTxveviT, madloba vuT-

xra maT. magram yovelTvis ioli rodia, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, muzeumis

TanamSromlebis Sewuxeba. roca katalogSi didi sizustiT iqneba aRwerili

monetebi, maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli TaviseburebebiT, ganmasxvavebeli

niuansebiT37 (saamisod aucilebelia aRmosavluri enebis codna, aramarto

zedwerilebis wakiTxvis doneze) da metrologiuri maxasiaTeblebiT,

roca katalogSi daibeWdeba monetebis fotoebic, nebismier istorikoss

gauadvildeba maTi Seswavla. saqmeSi SeiZleba CaerTon ekonomistebic,

romlebmac SeiZleba SeniSnon is, rac istorikosisTvis dafarulia.

magaliTisTvis davasaxeleb paata guguSvilis,38 vasil CantlaZisa39 da

gansakuTrebiT, nikoloz qoiavas SesaniSnav naSromebs saqarTvelos samo-

neto sistemisa da fulis mimoqcevis istoriis sferoSi.40 darwmunebuli

var, rom amiT qarTuli numizmatika mxolod moigebs.

37 3magaliTad, 1187 da 1210 wlebiT daTariRebuli monetebis qveda siqebze mo-

Tavsebuli Sinaarsobrivad erTi da igive arabuli warwerebi, arcTu iSviaTad,

paleografiulad gansxvavebulia. es gansxvaveba, erTi SexedviT, araarsebiTia,

magram monetebze mcire gansxvavebul niuanssac ki mniSvneloba eniWeba. zurgis

centralur legendaSi, `Tamari asuli giorgisa~ arabulad weria ,

xolo zogjer – . sityva àsuli~ arabulad gadmocemulia sxvadasx-

va dawerilobiT: (binT) da (ibnaT), ris Taobaze werda jer kidev paxomovi:

(1970), 93. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis numizmatikis

fondebSi daculi Tamaris monetebis arasrulma Seswavlam miCvena, rom 1187 wlis

monetebis nawilzea: , xolo 1210 wlis monetebis did nawilze – . ukanasknel

SemTxvevaSi aris mcire gamonaklisebic, rac saerTo suraTs ar cvlis. es faqti,

arabuli zedwerilebis sxva paleografiuli niuansebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba

damaTariRebeli gaxdes 1187 da 1210 ww. Tamaris yvela im monetisTvis, romlebze-

dac TariRi CamoWrili da waSlilia. am garemoebaze sakiTxis dasmis wesiT vamax-

vileb yuradRebas. saboloo daskvnisTvis saWiroa muzeumis fondebSi daculi

Tamaris mravalricxovani monetis gadamowmeba. katalogi, romlis momzadebis

saWiroebis Sesaxeb zemoT gvqonda saubari, amis karg SesaZleblobas mogvcems.

38 paata guguSvili, `fulis niSnebi da triali saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiaSi

me-19 saukuneSi~, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

Sromebi, t. VI (1937).

39 vasil CantlaZe, `XVII-XVIII ss. qarTuli fulis erTeulis sakiTxisaTvis~, macne,

istoriis, arqeologiis, eTnografiisa da xelovnebis istoriis seria, 1 (1983), 170-

84.40 nikoloz qoiava, fulis mimoqceva, krediti da finansebi XVIII saukunis qarTl-

kaxeTSi (Tbilisi, 1963).

37 magaliTad, 1187 da 1210 wlebiT daTariRebuli monetebis qveda siqebze

moTavsebuli Sinaarsobrivad erTi da igive arabuli warwerebi, arcTu iSviaTad,

paleografiulad gansxvavebulia. es gansxvaveba, erTi SexedviT, araarsebiTia,

magram monetebze mcire gansxvavebul niuanssac ki mniSvneloba eniWeba. zurgis

centralur legendaSi, `Tamari asuli giorgisa~ arabulad weria ,

xolo zogjer – . sityva àsuli~ arabulad gadmocemulia sxvadasxva

dawerilobiT: (binT) da (ibnaT), ris Taobaze werda jer kidev paxomovi:

, 93. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis numizmatikis

fondebSi daculi Tamaris monetebis arasrulma Seswavlam miCvena, rom 1187 wlis

monetebis nawilzea: , xolo 1210 wlis monetebis did nawilze – ابنة ukanasknel

SemTxvevaSi aris mcire gamonaklisebic, rac saerTo suraTs ar cvlis. es faqti,

arabuli zedwerilebis sxva paleografiuli niuansebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba

damaTariRebeli gaxdes 1187 da 1210 ww. Tamaris yvela im monetisTvis, romlebzedac

TariRi CamoWrili da waSlilia. am garemoebaze sakiTxis dasmis wesiT vamaxvileb

yuradRebas. saboloo daskvnisTvis saWiroa muzeumis fondebSi daculi Tamaris

mravalricxovani monetis gadamowmeba. katalogi, romlis momzadebis saWiroebis

Sesaxeb zemoT gvqonda saubari, amis karg SesaZleblobas mogvcems.

goCa jafariZe

361

abdalaZe aleqsandre, somxuri wyaroebi. saqarTvelos istoriis

narkvevebi, t. III, saqarTvelo XI-XV saukuneebSi. Tbilisi, 1979

abdalaZe gvanca. kidev erTxel Tamar mefis gardacvalebis TariRze.

iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis siRnaRis

(kaxeTis) filialis samecniero SromaTa krebuli, V, siRnaRi, 2004

abdalaZe gvanca. XIII saukunis dasawyisis saqarTvelos istoriis

qronologiidan. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis Sromebi, t. 359, 2005

abramiSvili Tamar. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis trapizonis

asprebisa da dasavlur qarTuli fulis (kirmaneulis) katalogi.

Tbilisi, 1984

baxtaZe mixeil. kidev erTxel Tamar mefis gardacvalebis

TariRis Sesaxeb. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi, II, 2011

gabaSvili m. daviT kurapalatis gardacvalebis saidumloeba da

misi politikuri motivi. kr. nodar Sengelia 75. Tbilisi, 2008

gagoSiZe i., anTaZe m., RvaberiZe c., wowelia m., quTelia T., Serozia

m. fuli saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2000

dundua T., dundua g., javaxiSvili n., erisTavi a. fuli saqarTveloSi.

meore, gadamuSavebul gamocema. Tbilisi, 2003

guguSvili paata. fulis niSnebi da triali saqarTvelosa da

amierkavkasiaSi me-19 saukuneSi. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, VI, 1937

darCiaSvili SanSe. XIII saukunis dasawyisis saqarTvelos qrono-

logiis sakiTxisaTvis. mnaTobi, 2, 1975

darCiaSvili SanSe. Tamar mefis, daviT soslanis gardacvalebisa

da laSa-giorgis gamefebis sakiTxisaTvis. kr. Ziebani qarTul-somxuri

urTierTobebis istoriidan. Tbilisi, 2010

vardan arevelci. msoflio istoria. Zveli somxuridan Targmnes

nodar SoSiaSvilma da eka kvaWantiraZem, Sesavali, komentarebi da

saZieblebi daurTo eka kvaWantiraZem. Tbilisi, 2004

kenkebaSvili Temur. gardacvaleba da dakrZalva Tamar mefisa.

Tbilisi, 2010

kenkebaSvili Temur. sad da rodis gardaicvala Tamar mefe?

qronologiuri paradigmebi. Tbilisi, 2011

kenkebaSvili Temur. sad da rodis gardaicvala Tamar mefe?

saistorio paradigmebi. t. I. Tbilisi, 2012


362

kiknaZe r. farsadan gorgijaniZe da ìstoriani da azmani Saravan-

dedTani~. Tbilisi, 1975

lolaSvili ivane. Tamaris aRsrulebis TariRisaTvis. mravalkare-

di. Tbilisi, 1984

natroSvili Tamaz, jafariZe goCa. cda erTi TariRis dadgenisa.

macne, enisa da literaturis seria, 1, 1974; 2, 1974

stefanos orbelianis `cxovreba orbelianTa~-s Zveli qarTuli

Targmanebi. qarTul-somxuri teqstebi gamosacemad moamzada, Sesavali

da saZieblebi daurTo e. cagareiSvilma. Tbilisi, 1978



qoiava nikoloz. fulis mimoqceva, krediti da finansebi XVIII

saukunis qarTl-kaxeTSi. Tbilisi, 1963

RvaberiZe ciala. rodis gardaicvala mefe Tamari. istoriisa da

eTnologiis institutis Sromebi, IX, 2009

CantlaZe vasil. XVII-XVIII ss. qarTuli fulis erTeulis sakiTxisa-

T vis. macne, istoriis, arqeologiis, eTnografiisa da xelovnebis

istoriis seria, 1, 1983

cagareiSvili e. somxuri wyaroebi saqarTvelo-bizantiis urTier-

Tobis Sesaxeb X-XI saukuneebSi. mravalTavi, II, 1973

jafariZe goCa. vaxuSti da XII-XIII saukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriis

qronologiis zogierTi sakiTxi. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, t. 205, 1979

jafariZe goCa. saqarTvelo da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis islamuri

samyaro XII – XIII s-is I mesamedSi. Tbilisi, 1995

.

70

http://www.vostlit.info/haupt-Dateien/index-Dateien/I.phtml

Smbat Sparapet’s Chronicle. http://rbedrosian.com/css15.htmNersessian, Sirarpie der. The Armenian Chronicle of the Constable Smpad or of the

“Royal Historian. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, vol. 13, 1959

goCa jafariZe

363

About the Date of the Death of Queen Tamar

Gotcha Djaparidze

Summary

The latest coins of Tamar, the great Queen of Georgia, indicating the date of striking are marked by letters , i.e. 430 of the K’oronikon, or A.D.1210. The same year is engraved on the coins of her son and successor King Giorgi Lasha. In 1974, based on the numismatic (and other) data, the present author, in collaboration with Tamaz Natroshvili, suggested that the change on the throne of the Georgian kingdom took place in 1210 – Tamar passed away and her son became the King. According to Sh. Darchiashvili,

inscription of Haghbat monastery. Some Georgian scholars agree with the mentioned date, but others suggest that Tamar passed away earlier – in 1207, or later – in 1212-1213, or 1215. In recent years, there have been attempts in Georgian historiography to prove that Tamar died in 1207 or in 1215. Tsiala Ghvaberidze thinks that Georgian and foreign sources unanimously indicate 1207 as the date of Tamar’s death. According to Temur Kenkebashvili, Tamar passed away after the death of her commander-in-chief Zakaria Mkhargrdzeli, in 1212; that presumably she was still alive during the rebellion of Georgian mountaineers in July-August 1213, even in 1214 (although the exact date of the rebellion is unknown) and died in 1215.

The present paper discusses and rejects the arguments proposed by Ghvaberidze and Kenkebashvili. It indicates that the mentioned scholars did not consider the “Chronicle” by the Armenian historian Smbat Sparapet (1208-76), which is accessible in Russian and English translations ( , , ,

. . , E , 1974; Smbat Sparapet’s Chronicle.Translated by R. Bedrosian, http://rbedrosian.com/css15.htm). This important work notes that Zakaria Mkhargdzeli died in 1211 and the previous year, i.e. 1210 was the date of Queen Tamar’s demise.

Besides written sources, Ghvaberidze discusses Tamar’s coins, with the letters i.e. 407 of the K’oronikon, or A.D.1187 and i.e. 430 of the K’oronikon, or A.D.1210as the year of their coinage. The scholar suggests that of the K’oronikon, i.e. A.D.1210 is the result of “mechanical error” on the dies and instead they must indicate of theK’oronikon, i.e. A.D.1187. Paleographic analysis of Tamar’s coins, carried out by the present author, rules out the possibility of a “mechanical error” in the date. He believes that the years 1207 and 1215 are similarly unacceptable as the dates of Tamar’s death.


ISBN

sarecenzio naSromi pirveli jvarosnuli laSqrobis dros

fatimianTa da jvarosanTa Soris momxdari konfliqtis samxedro

aspeqtis gaanalizebis cdas warmoadgens. jvarosnuli laSqrobebis

Sesaxeb literatura qarTul enaze praqtikulad ar gagvaCnia, rac

udavod zrdis am Temaze gamosuli nebismieri naSromis Rirebulebas.

wigni iwyeba im epoqis istoriuli mimoxilviT, romelic jvarosnul

laSqrobebs uZRoda win (gv. 3-9); Semdeg avtori ganixilavs saer-

Tod arabuli samyaros da, konkretulad, fatimianTa samxedro

organizacias (gv. 10-24), iseve rogorc, pirveli jvarosnuli laSqrobis

wyaroebsa (gv. 24-5) da jvarosanTa samxedro organizacias (gv. 27-34);

avtori mogviTxrobs diplomatiur urTierTobebze jvarosnebsa

da fatimianebs Soris (gv. 36-9) da mxareTa qmedebebze uSualod

SeiaraRebul konfliqtamde (gv. 41-6); g. narimaniSvili dawvrilebiT

aRwers jvarosanTa mier ierusalimis garemocvasa da aRebas (gv. 47-61),

fatimianTa sapasuxo RonisZiebebs (gv. 62-3) da askalonis brZolas (gv.

64-9); naSromi fatimianTa marcxis mizezebis analiziT mTavrdeba (gv. 70-

2); wigns axlavs inglisuri reziume (gv. 73-9) da bibliografia (gv. 80-2).

Tavidanve unda iTqvas, rom avtoriseuli bibliografia sakmaod

mwiria da mxolod ocdaaTiode naSroms moicavs, rac sruliadac ar

aris sakmarisi ganxiluli sakiTxis amosawurad. arasrulia msjeloba

pirveli jvarosnuli laSqrobis wyaroebze (gv. 24-5). g. narimaniSvili

ar asaxelebs iseT wyaroebs, rogoricaa peter tudebodis,1 gibert

noJenelis,2 raul kanelis Txzulebebi.3

1 Peter Tudebode, Historia de Hierosolymitano Itinere, translated with introduction and notes by John Hugh Hill and Laurita L. Hill (Philadelphia, 1974).

2 Guibert of Nogent, The Deeds of God through the Franks, translated by Robert Levine (Woodbridge, 1997).3 The Gesta Tancredi of Ralph of Caen: A History of the Normans on the First Crusade,

XVI

365

mokle bibliografia xSirad iCens Tavs rigi sakiTxebis ganxil-

visas. ase, pirveli jvarosnuli laSqrobis monawileTa ricxvs g.

narimaniSvili mxolod s. ransimanis mixedviT asaxelebs (gv. 27). aseTi

fundamenturi sakiTxi met msjelobas saWiroebda da mis Sesaxeb

arsebuli vrceli literaturidan avtors aucilebeli minimumi

mainc unda gamoeyenebina; aseTia j. fransis monografia, sadac

pirveli jvarosnuli laSqrobis armiis ricxvis dadgenas calke Tavi,

– `jvarosnuli armiis sidide~, – eZRvneba,4 agreTve b. beqreqisa5 da j.

raili-smitis Sromebi.6

samwuxarod, naSromi Sorsaa originalobisagan, masSi mTeli gverdebi

da pasaJebi ubralod qarTulad naTargmni ucxouri literaturaa

(romlebic xSir SemTxvevaSi, krebsiTi xasiaTis gamo, Tavad arian

meoradni sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi). zog SemTxvevaSi avtori azris sworad

gadmotanasac ver axerxebs. ase magaliTad, 22-e gverdze is gvarwmunebs,

rom 1020 wels fatimianTa jarSi mravaleTnikurobis niadagze momxdari

areulobis dros quTamas tomi da Turqebi daupirispirdnen zangebs

da gadawves fustati, sadac SavkanianTa nawilebi iyo ganTavsebuli. g.

narimaniSvili ar uTiTebs wyaros, saidanac man es cnoba aiRo. ueWvelia,

es informacia mas aRebuli aqvs kembrijis egviptis istoriidan,7 magram

aq es ar aris mTavari. dednismieri cnoba g. narimaniSvils SecdomiT

aqvs moyvanili. fustati Turqebs ki ar gadauwvavT, aramed piriqiT, is

amboxebul zangTa nawilebma daarbia da aq SavkanianTa nawilebi ki ar iyo

ganlagebuli, aramed, piriqiT, berberTa da TurqTa ojaxebi imyofeboda!8

translated and with an introduction by Bernard S. Bachrach and David S. Bachrach (Aldershot, 2005).4 John France, Victory in the East: A Military History of the First Crusade (Cambridge, 1994),

122-42. unda iTqvas, rom g. narimaniSvili am naSroms icnobs, magram, rogorc Cans,

saTanadod ver iyenebs.

5 Bernard Bachrach, “The Siege of Antioch: A Study in Military Demography,” War in History, 6 (1999), 127-46.

6 Jonathan Riley-Smith, “Casualties and the Number of Knights on the First Crusade,” Crusades, 1 (2002), 13-28.7 The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol. I, , edited by Carl F. Petry (Cambridge,

1998), 155. aseTi SemTxvevebi erTeuli ar aris. aseve ar uTiTebs igi wyaros, rodesac

IX saukuneSi abasianTa mier yazarmebis sistemis SemoRebaze msjelobs (gv. 20, Sen.

13). wyaro aqac kembrijis egviptis istoriaa, gv. 155.

8 “A few years later, in 1020, the Turks and the Kutama formed a coalition against the black troops, who rioted to protest against the favors granted to the other groups. The black troops pillaged and burned Fustat, where both Kutama and Turkish soldiers had put down roots, even marrying into the local population.” Paula A. Sanders, “The Fatimid state, 969-1171,” in The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol. I, , ed. by Carl F. Petry (Cambridge, 1998), 155.

recenzia

366

aseTi Secdoma sxvaganac gvxvdeba: g. narimaniSvili aRwers SemTxvevas,

rodesac ierusalimis aRebis dros raimon tuluzelma `bevri

daatyveva. sxvebs ki, vinc fatimianTa garnizonidan gadarCa, neba misces

usafrTxod ecxovraT~ (gv. 60). dedanSi, saidanac man isargebla, sruliad

gansxvavebuli azria mocemuli: raimonma ierusalimis mosaxleobis

garkveul nawils darCenis da cxovrebis ufleba ki ar misca, aramed,

fatimianTa garnizonis narCenebTan erTad, qalaqis datovebis!9

aRsaniSnavia Semdegic: rogorc ki avtori Sordeba ucxour

literaturas da damoukideblad iwyebs samxedro sakiTxebze

msjelobas, is maSinve uSvebs elementarul Secdomebs da, aqedan

gamomdinare, mcdar daskvnebsac akeTebs.

g. narimaniSvili varaudobs, rom fatimianTa jarSi nafatinTa

nawilebi berZnebisagan iyo dakompleqtebuli, radgan `swored maT

icodnen yvelaze kargad `berZnuli cecxlis~ damzadebis teqnologia~

(gv. 22, Sen. 15). am mosazrebas ver gaviziarebT, fatimianTa garda,

nafatinebi farTod iyvnen warmodgenilni sxva islamur armiebSi da

maTi yovelTvis berZnebad miCneva swori ar iqneba. magaliTisaTvis,

abasianTa armiis mSvildosanTa yovel korpuss nafatinTa nawili

unda xleboda. cecxlgamCeni nivTierebis gamoyenebis wesebi asaxulia

imdroindel muslimur samxedro traqtatebSi. udavoa, rom muslimuri

samyaro flobda cecxlgamCeni nivTierebis damzadebis saidumlos da

mas amisTvis berZeni specialistebi ar Wirdeboda.10 isic sakiTxavia,

Tu ramdenad identuri iyo berZnuli cecxli da aRmosavleTSi gav-

rcelebuli cecxlgamCeni saSualebebi. berZnul cecxls specialu-

ri sifonis saSualebiT iyenebdnen, romlis moqmedebis principic

bolomde ucnobi darCa yvelasaTvis.11

g. narimaniSvilis azriT, aRmosavleTSi brZolebisas gaizarda

jvarosanTa mSvildosnebis mniSvneloba da iqve, avtoritetulad

acxadebs, rom Turme evropaSi mSvildi adrec icodnen, magram misi

masobrivi gamoyeneba jvarosnuli laSqrobebis dros-Ra daiwyeso (gv.

33, Sen. 41). jer erTi, evropaSi mSvilds masobrivad adrec iyenebdnen

(Sarlemanis 802-03, 806 da 811 wlis kapitularebi mowmoben, rom mSvildi

9 “Raymond took many captive. Others were permitted to leave under safe conduct with what remained of the Fatimid garrison.” David Nicolle, (Oxford, 2003), 81.

10 J. R. Partington, A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder (Baltimore, 1999), 21-2.11 Peter Purton, (Woodbridge, 2009), 374-5.

mamuka wurwumia

367recenzia

karolinguri armiis aucilebeli iaraRi iyo);12 meorec, aRmosavleTSi

brZolisas jvarosnebi masobrivad mSvilds ki ara, aramed arbalets

iyenebdnen, es ki cotaTi mainc gansxvavebuli iaraRia.

avtoris azriT, evropulma SeiaraRebam aRmosavleTSi cvlileba

ganicada da is ori radikalurad gansxvavebuli gziT, Semsubuqebisa da

damZimebis gziT, warimarTa: Semsubuqebuli raindebi, Turme, moxrili

xmlebiTac ki SeiaraRdnen; meores mxriv, raindebma qoTniseburi muzara-

di daixures, iseTi mZime javSani Caicves, rom cxens maTi tareba uWirda

da `did adgils ikavebda~ (?!), ise mZime Subi aiRes, rom mas sWirdeboda

`samxreze arsebul, specialur Rrmulze mibjena~, da Sedegad, isini

veRar axorcielebdnen ganTqmul raindul Subis Zgerebas (gv. 33-4). am mo-

sazrebebis seriozuli ganxilvisagan Tavs Sevikaveb, mxolod vityvi, rom

raindebs orlesuli maxvili moxril xmalze ar gaucvliaT; qoTniseburi

muzaradi (Great Helm) mxolod XIII saukuneSi Cndeba da gaugebaria ra

rols asrulebda is fatimianebTan dapirispirebaSi; evropuli mZime,

mTlianfirfitovani abjari mxolod XIV saukunidan iwyebs damkvidrebas,

rodesac fatimianebi ki ara, maTi memkvidre aiubianebic karga xania

istorias miekuTvnebodnen, da is sruliadac ar iyo aseTi mZime da ar

uSlida xels cnobili rainduli Setevis ganxorcielebas wagrZelebuli

SubiT (couched lance); rac Seexeba `specialur Rrmuls~, avtori albaT

gulisxmobs kirasis marjvena mxares damagrebul Subis brjens (lance-rest), romelic XIV saukunis bolos gamoCnda.13

gadaWarbebulia imis mtkiceba, rom fatimianTa `TiToeuli mebr-

Zoli~, qveiTic da cxenosanic, grZeli jaWvis perangiT da CaCqaniT iyo

daculi (gv. 15). ase mZimed aRWurvili Sua saukuneebis arcerTi armia

ar iyo.

erTgan teqstSi vkiTxulobT, rom jvarosanTa qveiTi meomrebi

`sxvadasxvagvari iaraRiT iyvnen SeiaraRebulni an saerTod Seuiara-

Rebelni iyvnen~ (gv. 31). saerTod SeuiaraRebeli ukve meomari ar aris,

is damxmarea.

wignSi uxvad SevxvdebiT istoriuli movlenebis zedapirul

ganxilvasa da faqtebis araswor interpretacias. ase, g. narimaniSvilis

mtkicebiT, 1054 wels selCukebma baRdadi aiRes da `garyvnili~ islamuri

sazogadoebis gadaxalisebis~ mizniT, `zogierTi monacemiT milionamde

12 Kelly DeVries, Medieval Military Technology (Peterborough, 1992), 35-6.13 Claude Blair, European Armour, circa 1066 to circa 1700 (London, 1958), 61.

368

adamiani mokles~ (gv. 9). msxverplis aseTi astronomiuli ricxvi metis-

metad gadaWarbebuli Cans. bar hebreusi, romelic dawvrilebiT aRwers

selCukTa sulTnis ToRrul-begis Sesvlas baRdadSi, mxolod mcire

Setakebebze mogviTxrobs adgilobriv TurqebTan da deilamelebTan.

sakmarisia iTqvas, rom rodesac sulTanma Setakebebis wamomwyebebi

dasaja, aseTi mxolod aTi Turqi iyo, rac areulobis arcTu did

masStabze metyvelebs.14 ibn al-asiric mogviTxrobs baRdadis mcxovrebTa

gamosvlaze selCukTa winaaRmdeg, magram arafers ambobs aseT msxverplze

da mxolod qalaqis erTi nawilis Zarcvaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas.15

ar aris swori avtoris mosazreba, TiTqosda `pirvelad istoriis

manZilze bizantiis imperiis arsebobas realuri safrTxe Seeqmna~ 1071

wels manaskertTan damarcxebisa da rumis sasulTnos daarsebis Semdeg

(gv. 9). arabTa eqspansiis dasawyisSi bizantia gacilebiT didi safrTxis

winaSe idga. sakmarisia iTqvas, rom TviT konstantinopoli arabebs

orgzis hqondaT garemoculi (671/4-678, 717-718) da imperia mxolod

Zlierma kedlebma da berZnulma cecxlma ixsna.

gaugebaria g. narimaniSvilis mtkiceba, rom jvarosnuli laSqro-

bebis dros muslimTagan `jvarosnebs pirvel rigSi fatimianTa jari

daupirispirda~ (gv. 13). jvarosnebs pirvelad, fatimianebze ufro

adre, rumis sasulTno da Semdeg selCukTa samyaros sxva erTeulebi

(antioqia, damasko, alepo, mosuli) daupirispirdnen.

g. narimaniSvili cdeba, rodesac Tvlis, rom jvarosnebTan

fatimianTa brZolis `yvela mcdeloba uSedegod dasrulda~, ris

sailustraciodac mohyavs ramlas sami brZola (gv. 70, Sen. 65).

sinamdvileSi, 1102 wels ramlas meore brZola egviptelTa gamarjvebiT

dasrulda.

naSromis susti adgilia Sua saukuneebis islamuri da evropuli

samxedro organizaciebis daxasiaTeba da Sefaseba.

ar aris damakmayofilebeli jvarosnul laSqrobamdeli islamuri

samyaros samxedro organizaciis mimoxilva (gv. 12-3), sadac avtori

mxolod omaianTa periods exeba gakvriT da arafers ambobs im

cvlilebebze, romlebsac adgili hqonda abasianTa epoqaSi (aseTia mZime

14 The Chronography of Gregory Abu’l Faraj, the Son of Aaron, the Hebrew Physician Commonly Known as Bar Hebraeus, translated from the Syriac by Ernest A. Wallis Budge, vol. I (London, 1932), 207-8.

15 ,translated and annotated by D. S. Richards (London, 2002), 99-102.

mamuka wurwumia

369

cxenosanTa mniSvnelobis zrda omaianTa periodis qveiT armiebTan

SedarebiT, Turqi mona-meomrebis gamoCena da maTi wamyvani roli), rom

aRaraferi vTqvaT selCukTa imperiaze.

kritikas ver uZlebs g. narimaniSvilis mier jvarosnuli mxedrobis

Sefaseba. misi azriT, jvarosnuli jari àraorganizebul masas

warmoadgenda~ (gv. 29); `raindebi sruliad aradisciplinirebulebi

iyvnen. SetevisTvis dawyobil raindebs Soris Tu romelime sxva

mimarTulebiT gadawyvetda wasvlas, mas am qmedebas veravin dauSlida~

(gv. 30). raindTa udisciplinobas da araorganizebulobas avtori

SemdgomSic aRniSnavs (gv. 51, 72). jvarosanTa armia marTlac aseTi

àraorganizebuli masa~ rom yofiliyo, is verasodes ver miaRwevda

raime warmatebas. ra Tqma unda, Tanamedrove standartebTan Seda-

rebiT raindTa disciplina moikoWlebda, magram aseTi mkacri

`Sefaseba~ istoriul realobas ar Seesabameba. warmodgena, rom

Sua saukuneebis armiebi Sedgeboda udisciplino, mxolod piradi

didebisaTvis mebrZoli meomrebisagan, karga xania warsuls

Cabarda. Tanamedrove istorikosebisaTvis ukve cxadia, rom Sua

saukuneebSi wvrTnas gadiodnen, rogorc individualurad, aseve

razmis SemadgenlobaSi, da rom razmebi urTierTSeTanxmebulad

moqmedebdnen.16 Son makglini miiCnevs, rom warmodgena impulsuri

raindis Sesaxeb, romelic brZolaSi windauxedavad ebmeba, metad

mcdaria.17 devid nikoli mourideblad sisuleles (nonsense) uwodebs

im azrs, romlis Tanaxmadac Sua saukuneebis meomari mxolod Tavis

Wkuaze ibrZoda da ar urTierTqmedebda TanamebrZolebTan.18 Sua

saukuneebSi raindebi ibrZodnen disciplinirebul formaciebSi,

patara taqtikur erTeulebad (evropaSi mas conroi ewodeboda)

dayofilebi. konrua senioris droSis qveS moqmedi vasalTa razmi

iyo; aseTi razmebi erTian sabrZolo wyobas qmnidnen.19 disciplinis

gareSe SuZlebeli iyo cxenosanTa Sokuri Setevis (mounted shock combat)

16 John Gillingham, “Richard I and the Science of War in the Middle Ages,” in War and Government in the Middle Ages. Essays in Honour of J.O. Prestwich, ed. by John Gillingham and J.C. Holt (Woodbridge, 1984), 78; Sean McGlynn, “The Myths of Medieval Warfare,” History Today, vol. 44, no. 1 (1994), 30-1; David Nicolle, Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare In Western Christendom (London, 1999), 250.

17 McGlynn, “The Myths of Medieval Warfare,” 31.18 Nicolle, Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare In Western Christendom, 250.19 J.F. Verbruggen, The Art of Warfare in Western Europe During the Middle Ages: From the Eighth

(Woodbridge, 1997), 7; Carroll Gillmor, “European Cavalry,” in Dictionary of the Middle Ages., Vol. 3 (New York, 1983), 204.

recenzia

370

warmatebiT ganxorcieleba, rac raindTa upirvelesi taqtikuri xer-

xi iyo.20

avtorma ver warmoaCina dapirispirebul mxareTa taqtika, ver axsna

damajereblad fatimianTa damarcxebisa da jvarosanTa gamarjvebis

mizezebi (mxolod religiuri fanatizmi amisaTvis sakmarisi ar aris),

ver gviCvena gansxvaveba selCukur da arabul armiebs Soris, sxvaoba maT

brZolis stils Soris. is mogviTxrobs mxolod Turq cxenosan moisarTa

brZolis stilze (gv. 33), magram aseTi taqtika ar iyo damaxasiaTebeli

fatimianTa armiisaTvis. mcdaria g. narimaniSvilis Tvalsazrisi, rom

àraorganizebulma da aradisciplinirebulma, magram fanatikurad

ganwyobilma laSqarma SeZlo mravalsaukunovani samxedro tradiciebis

mqone jaris damarcxeba~ (gv. 72). fatimianTa damarcxebis namdvili

mizezi jvarosanTa taqtikuri upiratesoba iyo. egviptelTa armiebs,

romelTa mTavar komponentebs qveiTi mSvildosnebi da xmliT da

SubiT mebrZoli cxenosnebi warmoadgendnen, ar axasiaTebdaT iseTive

mobiluroba, rogorc selCukTa cxenosan moisreebs. fatimianTa armia

brZolis velze uZrav, solidur samiznes warmoadgenda da uZluri

iyo jvarosanTa kavaleriis Sokuri dartymis winaSe.21 jvarosanTa

taqtikisa da brZolis wesis upiratesobas egviptelebTan gamarTuli

brZolebi mowmobs, sadac erTi SemTxvevis garda (ramlas meore brZola,

1102), isini mowinaaRmdeges yovelTvis amarcxebdnen: ramlas pirveli

(1101) da mesame (1105), iafas (1102) da ibelinis (1121) brZolebi.

calke aRniSvnis Rirsia g. narimaniSvilis mier rukebisa da

ilustraciebis gamoyenebis xerxi. is ise sargeblobs sxvaTa mier

Sedgenil-daxatuli masaliT, rom erTxelac ar uTiTebs avtoris

vinaobas. ase, suraTebi 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 saqveynod cnobili angus

makbraidis naxatebia,22 sur. 10 krista huks ekuTvnis,23 sur. 9, 11, 12

ki geri embletonisaa.24 g. narimaniSvili aqac ver gaeqca Secdomebs,

xSir SemTxvevaSi jvarosanTa SeiaraReba wignSi ganxilul periodze

20 am taqtikis Sesaxeb ix. mamuka wurwumia, `wagrZelebuli SubiT brZolis wesi

da cxenosanTa dartymiTi taqtika: qarTuli gamocdileba~, saistorio krebuli, 1

(2011), 186-90, 208-9.

21 fatimianTa da jvarosanTa dapirispirebis samxedro aspeqtis Sesaxeb ix. R. C. Smail, , 2nd ed. (Cambridge, 1995), 83-7.

22 David Nicolle, (Oxford, 1982), pl. A, B, C, D, E, G.23 David Nicolle, (Oxford, 2001), pl. C.24 Terence Wise, Armies of the Crusades (Oxford, 1978), pl. A, B, F.

mamuka wurwumia

371

ufro gviania, meTormete suraTze (gv. 52) ki jvarosnebis nacvlad

bizantielebi arian gamosaxulni.

garkveul koreqtivebs saWiroebs istoriul pirTa Tu eTnikur

jgufTa saxelebic: deilemitebis an dailemitebis nacvlad unda iyos

deilamelebi (gv. 8, 22, da Smd.), fuSe de Sartres nacvlad fulxerius

Sartreli (gv. 24), viliamis nacvlad uiliami (gv. 32), bodvinis nacvlad

balduini an bodueni (gv. 32), da a.S.

teqstSi mravladaa koreqturebic, romelTa CamoTvlac Sors

wagviyvanda.

sakmaod vrceli inglisuri reziume naSromis Rirsebad SeiZleba

CagveTvala, rom ara erTi garemoeba: igi praqtikulad ar ekuTvnis

avtors da sxvadasxva inglisuri literaturidan sityvasityviT

gadmoweril kompilacias warmoadgens. sakmarisia iTqvas, rom 75-e

gverdis mesame abzaci gadmowerilia p. sandersidan,25 76-e gverdis

meore, mesame da meoTxe abzaci imave sandersidan,26 78-e gverdze meore

abzacis bolo nawili j. franss ekuTvnis,27 mesame abzaci d. nikols,28

meoTxe kvlav franss29 da a.S.

wignis dadebiT mxareebs miekuTvneba, TavisTavad sakiTxis dayeneba

da bazisuri informacia fatimianTa saxalifos Sesaxeb; garkveuli Ri-

re bulebis SeiZleba iyos, agreTve, grZeli eqscerptebi qronikebidan,

rac, saerTo jamSi, samwuxarod, srulebiTac ar aris sakmarisi am tipis

naSromisaTvis.

mamuka wurwumia

25 Paula A. Sanders, “The Fatimid state,” 154-5.26 iqve, 155-6.

27 France, Victory in the East, 363.28 Nicolle, , 84.29 France, Victory in the East, 365.

recenzia

ISBN

warmodgenili samecniero monografia, romelic exeba trapizonis

imperiis daarsebis sakiTxs, Sedgeba ori ZiriTadi nawilisgan: Tavi

I. `trapizonis imperiis daarsebamde~ (gv. 12-47); Tavi II. `trapizonis

imperiis daarseba~ (gv. 48-143). `winasityvaobaSi~ saubaria naSromis

aqtualobaze (gv. 7-8), xolo `geografiul garemoSi~ aRwerilia is

bunebrivi pirobebi, sadac arseboba uwevda trapizonis imperiis

mosaxleobas (gv. 9-11).

pirvel TavSi avtori ZiriTadad exeba qalaq trapizonisa da

zogadad CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTis istorias, romelSic mokled

aris ganxiluli 1204 wlamde regionSi mimdinare ZiriTadi movlenebi.

avtori vrclad saubrobs xalibebze, anu im tomebis Sesaxeb,

romlebic mosaxleobdnen qalaq trapizonis sanaxebSi (gv. 12-17). swored

xalibebma misces saxeli provincias, romelic trapizonis imperiis

centralur nawils warmoadgenda – xaldias (qaldea). miuxedavad imisa,

rom qarTul istoriografiaSi mravali gamokvlevaa xalibebis Sesaxeb

(magaliTad, g. meliqiSvilis, g. qavTaraZis Sromebi1 da sxv.), avtori

ZiriTadad Turq mkvlevrebs eyrdnoba.

imave, pirveli Tavis dasawyisSi avtori mimoixilavs qalaq

trapizonis daarsebas da mis istorias elinisturi epoqis dadgomamde

(gv. 18-23). sainteresoa msjeloba, ZiriTadad Turq avtorebze

dayrdnobiT, trapizonis saxelwodebis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb (gv.

18-20). momdevno monakveTSi saubaria pontos samefos Sesaxeb Zv.w.

302-64 wlebSi (gv. 23-27). avtori aqac, umTavresad, Turqi mkvlevrebis

Sromebs iyenebs, Tumca SeiZleboda pirvelwyaroebis moxmobac (mag.

apiane, straboni da a.S.). pontos samefos Sesaxeb avTenturi wyaroebis

1 SemovifarglebiT mxolod zogierTis dasaxelebiT:

giorgi qavTaraZe, anatoliaSi qarTvelur tomTa

gansaxlebis sakiTxisaTvis (Tbilisi, 1985).

XVII

373

garda, sasurveli iyo sxva, SedarebiT ufro avtoritetuli avtorebis

damowmebac.2

SedarebiT vrclad aris aRwerili romisa da bizantiis

mmarTvelobis periodi (gv. 27-47). saorientacio literaturad Turqi

avtorebis SromebTan erTad gamoyenebulia masala internetidan, maTi

didi nawili sruliad uadgiloa akademiuri naSromisTvis (mag. andria

pirvelwodebulis saqarTveloSi Semosvlis Sesaxeb citirebisas avtors

umjobesia daemowmebina `qarTlis cxovrebis~ akademiuri gamocemebi

da ara internet masalebi), aseve qarTuli masalac (specialuri

literatura da `georgika~); iSviaTad, magram mainc moxmobilia, iseTi

avtorebi, rogorebicaa T. uspenski, s. karpovi, e. braieri, s. vrionisi da

sxv. sainteresoa informacia imperator diokletianes (284-305) dros

trapizonis xelaxla mSeneblobis Sesaxeb, roca aigo is nagebobebi,

romlebic III saukunis 50-ian wlebSi guTebis laSqrobebis dros

dazianda (gv. 30-31). miuxedavad amisa, aqac ignorirebulia qarTuli

istoriografiis saintereso kvlevebi uSualod qalaq trapizonis

Sesaxeb. aseTia g. dunduas vrceli gamokvlevebi, romlebSic

numizmatikuri masalebis mixedviT ganxilulia qalaq trapizonis

politikuri, ekonomikuri Tu eTnikuri viTareba romaelTa xanaSi,3

romelTac z. batiaSvili saerTod ar icnobs.

momdevno furclebze avtori mokled mogviTxrobs trapizonis

Sesaxeb IV-XI saukuneebSi (gv. 33-37); SedarebiT ufro dawvrilebiT aqvs

2 pontos samefos Sesaxeb sakmaod vrceli literatura arsebobs, maT Soris

qarTul enazec. vasaxelebT specialuri literaturis mxolod mcire CamonaTvals,

romelic exeba pontos samefos istorias: T. Reinach, Mithradates Eupator, König von Pontos(Leipzig, 1895); C. McGing, The foreign policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus (Leiden, 1986); . , :( , 1996); Mithridates VI and the Pontic Kingdom, ed. by J.M. Højte (Aarhus, 2009). qarTuli

samecniero literaturidan gamovyofdi ramdenimes: giorgi gozaliSvili,

miTridate pontoeli (Tbilisi, 1965); Tedo dundua, kolxeTi, iberia da pontos

samefo numizmatikuri masalebis mixedviT (Tbilisi, 1993). g. gozaliSvilis

dasaxelebuli naSromi mis sxva gamokvlevebTan erTad damowmebuli aqvs zurab

batiaSvilsac.

3 giorgi dundua, `samoneto mimoqceva da savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierTobani

biWvintaSi numizmatikuri masalebis mixedviT Zv.w. II – ax.w. IV ss.~, didi pitiunti:

arqeologiuri gaTxrebi biWvintaSi, t. I (Tbilisi, 1975), 280-429; misive, èrTxel

kidev trapezuntis monetebis ikonografiis Sesaxeb~, didi pitiunti: arqeologiuri

gaTxrebi biWvintaSi, t. II (Tbilisi, 1977), 343-7. aseve, ixileT g. dunduasa da T.

dunduas TanaavtorobiT gamocemuli `qarTuli numizmatikis~ pirveli tomi:

giorgi dundua, Tedo dundua, qarTuli numizmatika, t. I (Tbilisi, 2006), 102-9.

recenzia

374

mimoxiluli gabrasebis moRvaweoba trapizonsa da zogadad, bizantiis

imperiaSi (gv. 38-47), romlebic, avtoris gancxadebiT, 1067-1140 wlebSi

(garkveuli intervalebiT – l. T.) xaldiis duqsis Tanamdebobas

flobdnen (gv. 40). avtori iqve xazs usvams gabrasebis qarTvelur

warmoSobasac, aqcenti keTdeba saqarTvelosTan kavSirzec. saer-

Tod, gabrasebis moRvaweobis sakiTxis win wamoweva aqtualurad

gveCveneba trapizonis imperiis daarsebis kuTxiT, rac avtorma

Sesabamisad asaxa kidec Tavis monografiaSi. aqve, ar iqneba urigo

qarTul istoriografiaSi arsebuli kvlevebis Sexsenebac, romlebic

ZiriTadad numizmatikis kuTxiT aSuqeben saqarTvelosa da trapizonis

urTierTobas. am kuTxiT gamovyofdi T. dunduas naSromebs.4 avtori

aseve ar icnobs n. lomouris mravalricxovan naSromebs aRniSnuli

epoqis (IV-XI ss.) saqarTvelo-bizantiis urTierTobebis Sesaxeb,

romelTagan araerTi exeba trapizonisa da lazeTis sakiTxebsac.5

xaldiis Temsa da gabrebze ramdenime naSromi aqvs i. nodiasac.6

miuxedavad trapizonis mxaris mokle daxasiaTebisa, romelic

mraval saistorio saxis naSromze dayrdnobiT aris wamodgenili,

gvxvdeba garkveuli uzustobebic, arasworad aris miTiTebuli romis

imperatoris adrianes mmarTvelobis wlebi (gv. 28), rac albaT ufro

teqnikuri saxis Secdomaa; gaugebaria ras niSnavs trapizonis mier

`damoukidebeli savaWro centris statusis~ mopoveba (gv. 36); 1021 wels

SirimnTan momxdari brZolis Sesaxeb avtori aRniSnavs, rom `Sirimni

ar aris lokalizebuli~ (gv. 36), Tumca arsebobs S. badriZisa da e.

kopalianis gamokvlevebi Sirimnis lokalizaciasTan dakavSirebiT.7

4 Tedo dundua, sevastosebi da marTlmadidebeli simaxia: daviT aRmaSenebeli

da Teodore gabrasi (Tbilisi, 2003); misive, bizantiuri provinciuli numizmatika:

gabrasebi da maTi samoneto emisiebi (Tbilisi, 2011).

5 nodar lomouri, `lazeTis saxelwodebis sakiTxisaTvis~, saqarTvelos

mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, 5 (1964); misive, egrisis samefos istoria (Tbilisi,

1968); misive, saqarTvelo da bizantiis urTierToba V saukuneSi (Tbilisi, 1989).

amas garda, sul axlaxans gamovida n. lomouris vrceli monografia saqarTvelo-

bizantiis urTierTobebis Sesaxeb IV-IX saukuneebSi, ix. nodar lomouri,

saqarTvelos da bizantiis imperiis urTierToba (IV-IX ss.), naw. I (Tbilisi, 2011).

monografiis darTuli aqvs prof. nodar lomouris naSromebis vrceli nusxa. iqve,

307-6.

6 irine nodia, `qaldiis Temis sazRvarTa dadgenisaTvis~, saqarTvelos

mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, 46, No 3 (1967), 793-6; irine nodia, `qaldiis Temi~,

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis macne, 5 (56) (1970), 103-12.

7 SoTa badriZe, `Sirimnis brZolis lokalizebisa da TariRis Sesaxeb~,

leri TavaZe

375

arasworia p. ingoroyvas naSromebze dayrdnobiT gakeTebuli SeniSvna

daviT aRmaSeneblis araerTgzis gamoCenaze trapizonTan (gv. 44).

daviT IV-is laSqroba trapizonze wyaroebiT ar dasturdeba. ar aris

marTebuli debuleba, TiTqos `mTeli XII saukunis ganmavlobaSi

grZeldeboda metoqeoba bizantiasa da saqarTvelos Soris trapizonis

mxaris gamo~ (gv. 46). Cvens xelT arsebul wyaroebSi ar aris daculi

raime pirdapiri cnoba, romelic XII saukuneSi bizantia-saqarTvelos

samxedro konfliqts daadasturebda, miTumetes ver ganvavrcobT

am mosazrebas mTel XII saukuneze. arc giorgi III-is (1156/7-1184)

dros ulaSqriaT qarTvelebs trapizonamde, rogorc amas avtori

pavle ingoroyvas mixedviT aRniSnavs (gv. 47). iqve, rus mkvlevarze,

d. korobeinikovze dayrdnobiT motanilia arabi istorikosis al-

‘azimis cnoba trapizonelTa da qarTvelTa Setakebis Sesaxeb, sadac

qarTvelebi damarcxebulan (gv. 46). aRsaniSnavia, rom es cnoba

ufro adre gamoaqveyna g. jafariZem,8 rac sasurveli iyo avtorsac

gaeTvaliswinebina. Tumca, rogorc d. korobeinikovi samarTlianad

SeniSnavs, am dros trapizoni bizantiis imperiisgan damoukidebel

politikas atarebs da amdenad, am konfliqts saerTo araferi aqvs

saqarTvelo-bizantiis dapirispirebasTan. korobeinikovis es marTlac

saintereso SeniSvna motanili aqvs z. batiaSvilsac Sesabamis adgilas

(gv. 45-46), magram am faqtis aRniSvnisas, daSvebulia erTi teqnikuri

saxis Secdoma: `X saukunis 20-iani wlebis~ (gv. 45) nacvlad, unda iyos

`XII saukunis 20-iani wlebi~.

meore TavSi avtori uSualod exeba monografiis ZiriTad sakiTxs

– trapizonis imperiis daarsebas, romelsac igi imperiis damaarseblis

aleqsi I didi komnenosis (1204-1222) gardacvalebamde ganixilavs

(gv. 48-143). dasawyisSi farTod aris gaSlili msjeloba trapizonis

imperiis damaarseblebis – komnenosebis eTnikuri warmomavlobis

Sesaxeb (gv. 48-70). vrclad aris mimoxiluli aRniSnul sakiTxis

irgvliv arsebuli literatura. aseve, ganxilulia mravali saistorio

wyaros monacemebic. avtori ZiriTadad iziarebs g. gozaliSvilis

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, 3 (1979), 67-82; vasil kopaliani,

`Sirimnis~ - `SirimTas~ brZolisa da adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb, mnaTobi, 7 (1992),

176-82.

8 goCa jafariZe, `ramdenime epizodi demetre I-is zeobis xanidan~, Ziebani

saqarTvelosa da axlo aRmosavleTis istoriaSi, pirvelad daibeWda 1992 wels

(Tbilisi, 2012), 165.

recenzia

376

mosazrebas komnenosebis qarTuli warmomavlobis Sesaxeb da moyavs

damatebiTi argumentebi mis gasamyareblad. iqve, is ar gamoricxavs

imis SesaZleblobas, rom es gvari warmoSobiT iyos ara kastamonidan

an pontos komanadan, aramed lazeTidan an xaldiidan, sadac

dadasturebulia iseTi toponimebi, rogoricaa komaniTi da sxva.

dasavleT saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba soflebi: komani, komandeli da a.S.

(gv. 69-70). TviT is faqti, rom komnenosebi kapadokielebi iyvnen, eWvs ar

iwvevs, Tumca maTi eTnikuri warmoSobis istoria kvlav sadao sakiTxad

rCeba. am kuTxiT avtoris originaluri msjelobis miuxedavad, aris

ramdenime momenti, romelsac ver gaviziarebT: ar aris marTebuli

gancxadeba, TiTqos ànna (ana komnena – l. T.) mTeli Tavisi Txzulebis

manZilze arafriT migvaniSnebs aleqsis (imperatori aleqsi I

komnenosi – l. T.) raime organul kavSirze berZnul samyarosTan~

(gv. 66). ana komnena Tavis nawarmoebSi araerTxel adarebs aleqsi I

komnenoss aleqsandre makedonels, rac cxadyofs, rom XII saukuneSi

bizantielebi ara marto iCemeben aleqsandres memkvidreobas, aramed

cdiloben Seedaron mis Zlevamosil figuras TavianTi miRwevebiT.9

aseve ver daveTanxmebiT im mosazrebasac, rom àleqsi komnenosi ar

ekuTvnoda tomiT im didgvarovanT (berZnebs), romelTa xelSic iyo

imperiis politikuri cxovrebis sadaveebi~ (gv. 68). al. kaJdanma kargad

uCvena, rom komnenosebis gvari WeSmaritad miekuTvneboda bizantiis

imperiis mmarTvel elitas, gacilebiT adre aleqsi I komnenosis

mmarTvelobamde.10 rac Seexeba eTnikur kuTvnilebas, aq aleqsis

araberZnul eTnikurobaze xazgasma aucileblad moiTxovs garkveul

dakonkretebas.

XI-XII saukuneebSi bizantielebi asxvavebdnen sul mcire ori saxis

identobas:11 1. `genos~, rac Zvel qarTulSi Seesabameba `naTesavs~. is

sisxliT naTesavis aRsaniSnavad ixmareboda xolme. Tumca, rodesac

saubaria formulaze `naTesaviT romaeli~ aq, iSviaTad, magram

adrebizantiur epoqaSi mmarTveli klasis saerTo warsuls esmeboda

xazi, rac garkveulwilad polieTnikurobasac moiazrebda.12 2.

9 VII. 5, XV. 7.

10 ( ,1974), 116.

11 G. Page, Being Byzantine: Greek identity before the Ottomans (Cambridge, 2008), 41-2.12 iqve, 42.

leri TavaZe

377

èTnoss~, rac Zvel qarTulSi udris `tomiT~, anu modgmiT ama Tu im

xalxis warmomadgenels. Tanamedrove qarTulSi umjobesi iqneba, Tu

mas SevusabamebT termin èTnoss~, an sulac èrs~. eTnosi, rogorc

jil peiji ganmartavs, ar moiazrebs mxolod sisxliT naTesavs, aramed

aRniSnavs èrTad mcxovreb jgufs~, kulturul erTobas, raSic erT

enaze mosaubre igulisxmeba.13 bunebrivia, bizantielis SemTxvevaSi,

rodesac erT enaze mosaubre adamianze vsaubrobT, vgulisxmobT

berZnul enas. sxva mxriv, berZnuli enis garda, eTnikurad romaeli

anu bizantieli aucileblad unda yofiliyo marTlmadidebeli

qristianic.14 amdenad, eTnikuri identobis TvalsazrisiT da religiis

kuTxiT, rac konkretuli bizantielisTvis mis kulturul kuTvnilebas

gansazRvravda, romaeli/bizantieli unda yofiliyo berZnul enaze

mosaubre marTlmadidebeli, romelic Tavs berZnul enaze `hromaioss~

uwodebda, xolo TiTqmis yvela ucxoelisTvis es `hromaiosi,~ misi

lingvisturi da kulturuli kuTvnilebidan gamomdinare, ubralod

berZenia. amdenad, rodesac vsaubrobT XI-XII saukunis bizantielze,

romelic sakuTar Tavs `hromaioss~ (bizantiels) uwodebs, masSi

apriori igulisxmeba lingvisturi da kulturuli TvalsazrisiT

berZeni. magaliTad, imave aleqsi komnenosis qaliSvilisTvis, ana

komnenasTvis ioane italosi ucxoelia, vinaidan italosis cudi

berZnuli aqcenti (is siciliidan iyo) konstantinopolSi gazrdil

anas uflebas aZlevda, igi ucxoelad CaeTvala.15 amrigad, aleqsis

da misi ojaxis araberZnobaze saubrisas, sasurvelia ganmarteba, Tu

ras niSnavs berZeni XI-XII saukunis bizantielisTvis, vinaidan aleqsi

lingvisturi da kulturuli TvalsazrisiT, sworedac rom berZenia,

xolo misi TviTidentoba – romauli. aqve aris kidev erTi teqnikuri

saxis Secdoma: `mixeil VII-m Tavis memkvidred sinadenosi daniSna~ (gv.

63), mixeil VII-s nacvlad unda iyos nikifore III.

momdevno nawilSi saubaria komnenosebis saqarTveloSi moRva-

weobaze, kerZod, andronike I komnenosis (1120-1185) saqarTveloSi yo-

fnaze, andronikes STamomaval andronikaSvilebze da mis SviliSvilebze

aleqsi da daviT komnenosebze, romlebic saqarTveloSi cxovrebis gamo,

avtoris azriT, qarTuli kulturis matareblebi iyvnen (gv. 71-76). iqve,

erT-erT internet saitze dayrdnobiT, sarecenzio naSromis avtori

13 iqve, 41-2.

14 iqve, 44.

15 , , V. 8-9; Page, Being Byzantine: Greek identity before the Ottomans, 48.

recenzia

378

wers, rom maT dedas rusudani erqva da is qarTveli unda yofiliyo

(gv. 74-75). es saintereso sakiTxia da mas, vfiqrobT, damoukidebeli

Seswavla sWirdeba. umjobesi iqneboda avtors ufro avtoritetuli

gamocemebi daemowmebina, vidre vikipediaa da am kuTxiT farTod

ganevrco msjeloba. sagulisxmoa aseve imis aRniSvna, rom andronike I

komnenosis moRvaweobas araerTi mecnieri Seexo. erT Tavis statiaSi v.

minorskim andronikes vizitze saqarTvelosa da SarvanSi sagangebod

SeaCera yuradReba, rac avtors gamorCa.16 andronikes moRvaweobas

sxva mravali naSromic mieZRvna, romlebic mniSvnelovan informacias

gvawvdian misi pirovnebisa Tu cxovrebis detalebis Sesaxeb, maT Soris

iseTi avtorebis, rogorebic arian e. maknili,17 o. iureviCi,18 k. varzosi,

h. maguliasi19 da sxv.

z. batiaSvili iZleva samecniero literaturis mimoxilvas

trapizonis imperiis daarsebis Sesaxeb. motanilia iseTi avtorebis

Tvalsazrisebi, rogorebicaa i. falmaieri, j. finlei, a. kuniki, u.

miuleri, T. uspenski, a. vasilevi, m. kurSanskisi, e. braieri, r. Sukurovi,

s. karpovi da sxv. (gv. 76-80). sainteresoa Turqi avtorebis CamonaTvali,

dasaxelebulia qarTveli avtorebic. avtoris Tanaxmad, `trapizonis

imperiis daarsebis sakiTxi naklebadaa Seswavlili qarTuli

istoriuli mecnierebis mier~ (gv. 80), rasac ver daveTanxmebiT. z.

avaliSvilis, g. gozaliSvilis, j. stefnaZis, o. lorTqifaniZis, i.

beraZis, v. kopalianis, r. metrevelis, l. uruSaZis, m. stefnaZis,

g. gamrekelis, s. margiSvilis, m. gabaSvilis statiebi Tu wignebis

calkeuli monakveTebi sawinaaRmdegoSi gvarwmunebs.20 Tumca, vrceli

16

Studies”, Vol. 11, N3 (1945), 550-78; igive statia ix. V. Minorsky, “Iranica: Twenty Articles”, Publications of the University of Tehran, Vol. 775 (1964), 120-50. am statiis meore paragrafi

swored andronike komnenosis saqarTvelosa da SarvanSi vizits exeba.

17 E. H. McNeal, “The Story of Isaac and Andronicus,” Speculum, Vol. 9, N3, (Jul., 1934), 324-9.18 O. Jurewicz, Andronikos I Komnenos (Amsterdam, 1970).19 H. J. Magoulias, “Andronikos I Komnenos: A Greek Tragedy,” Byzantina Symmeikta, 21 (2011),

101-36.20 zurab avaliSvili, jvarosanTa droidan: oTxi saistorio narkvevi, pirvelad

gamoica 1929 wels (Tbilisi, 1989), 52-94; oTar lorTqifaniZe, `trapizonis samefos

warmoSobis sakiTxisaTvis~, Tsu studentTa samecniero Sromebis krebuli, VI

(1953); giorgi gozaliSvili, `jvarosanTa IV laSqroba da bizantia~, Tsu Sromebi, 37

(1960); irakli beraZe, `saqarTvelosTan jvarosnebis urTierTobis sakiTxisaTvis~,

Tsu Sromebi, 87 (1960); misive, trapizonis imperiis daarsebis sakiTxisaTvis

(Tbilisi, 1971); SoTa badriZe, saqarTvelo da jvarosnebi, (Tbilisi, 1973) 30-1; roin

leri TavaZe

379

monografia aRniSnuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb aravis gamoucia. marTalia,

arsebobs i. beraZis SedarebiT mcire formatis naSromi `trapizonis

imperiis daarsebis sakiTxisaTvis~, Tumca misi citirebis indeqsi ar

aris maRali. miuxedavad amisa, vfiqrobT, rom zurab batiaSvils is

mainc unda gaeTvaliswinebina.

Semdgom avtori saubrobs uaRresad mniSvnelovan sakiTxze

– trapizonis imperiis daarsebis mizezebze (gv. 81-95). sruliad

viziarebT avtoris Semdeg daskvnas: àrsebul faqtobriv masalaze

dayrdnobiT SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom qarTvelTa programa

maqsimumi iyo bizantiis saimperatoro taxtze mokavSire da monaTesave

komnenosTa sagvareulos aRdgena da saerTaSoriso arenaze saerTo

poziciiT wardgena~ (gv. 84). Tumca, aqve aRvniSnav rom es mosazreba

gamoTqmuli hqonda ernst-eduard kuniks, vinc erT-erTi pirveli

mivida analogiur daskvnamde,21 risi aRniSvnac zurab batiaSvils

gamorCa. kunikis aRniSnuli mosazreba ganavrces da ganaviTares sxva

mkvlevrebmac.22

metreveli, Tamar mefe: epoqis politikur-kulturuli da socialur-ekonomikuri

mimoxilva (Tbilisi, 1991), 193-9; levan uruSaZe, `trapizonis komnenTa Sto da

saqarTvelos bagrationTa samefo kari~, ciskari, 4 (1991), 144-8; soso margiSvili,

miTebi da realoba daviT aRmaSeneblis Sesaxeb (Tbilisi, 2006), 108-10, 273-9; maia

stefnaZe, `trapizonis imperiis daarsebis mizezisaTvis~, qarTuli diplomatia,

7 (2000), 155-72; givi gamrekeli, `komnenosebi saqarTveloSi~, SoTa mesxia 90 –

saiubileo krebuli miZRvnili SoTa mesxias dabadebis 90 wlisTavisadmi (Tbilisi,

2006), 145-50; manana gabaSvili, `trapizoni qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT~, Tsu

Sromebi, aRmosavleTmcodneobis seria, 327 (Tbilisi, 1998); misive, `trapizonis

saerTaSoriso savaWro ekonomikuri urTierTobani X-XIII saukuneebSi~, axlo

aRmosavleTi da saqarTvelo (Tbilisi, 2002); misive, `Tamar mefis sazRvao

politikis istoriidan~, valerian gabaSvili 90 (Tbilisi, 2003), 163-87; misive,

`zRvaosnoba da gulanSaros sakiTxi `vefxistyaosanSi~, SoTa mesxia 90 – saiubileo

krebuli miZRvnili SoTa mesxias dabadebis 90 wlisTavisadmi (Tbilisi, 2006),

412-43; misive, `trapizonis imperiis daarsebis winapirobebi: daviT kurapalati~,

Tamar gamsaxurdia 70 (Tbilisi, 2007), 117-49. marTalia, zemoxsenebul naSromTa

mecnieruli Rirebuleba gansxvavebulia, magram vfiqrob, rom yovelive es

adasturebs im did interess, romelsac trapizonis imperiis daarsebis sakiTxi

iwvevda qarTul istoriografiaSi.

21

I III22 kukuri liluaSvili, `saqarTvelo da jvarosnebi~, istoria, sazogadoebaT-

mcodneoba da geografia skolaSi, 1, 1983, 53-4; maia stefnaZe, `trapizonis imperiis

daarsebis mizezisaTvis~, 165, 168, 170; soso margiSvili, miTebi da realoba daviT

aRmaSeneblis Sesaxeb, 108, 110, 274-5, 277.

recenzia

380

amasTan, ver gaviziarebT mosazrebas rom basili ezosmoZRvarTan

moxseniebuli aleqsi andronike I komnenosis (1183-85) ukanono Svili

iyo (gv. 84-85). Cvenamde moRweul wyaros teqstSi aleqsi komnenosi

marTlac andronikes Svilad aris dasaxelebuli, Tumca ramdenad iyo

is misi ukanono Svili da ara misi SviliSvili, es calke msjelobis

sakiTxia. sxvaTa Soris es mosazreba Tavis dros gamoTqva maia stefnaZem,

romelmac ivarauda bizantiaSi ganxorcielebuli ori laSqroba,

rac zurab avaliSvilis adre gamoTqmuli mosazrebis ganviTarebaa.23

aRniSnuli mosazreba efuZneba mixeil panaretosis cnobas da Tamaris

meore mematianes informacias, romelTac m. stefnaZe erTmaneTisgan

damoukidebel laSqrobebad miiCnevs. misi azriT, meore win uswrebda

pirvels.24 `cxorebaÁ mefeT-mefisa TamarisaSi~ vkiTxulobT: `da

waruRes lazia, trapizoni, limoni, samisoni, sinopi, kerasundi, kitora,

amastria, araklia da yovelni adgilni feblaRonisa da pontosani; misca

(Tamar mefem – l. T.) naTesavsa TÂssa aleqsis komnianossa, andronikes

Svilsa, romeli iyo maSin TÂT winaSe Tamar mefisa Semoxuewili~.25

aRniSnul cnobas istorikosebis didi nawili ukavSirebs

trapizonis imperiis daarsebaze arsebul mixeil panaretosis

informacias26 da eWvic ar SehqondaT, rom es cnobebi erTsa da imave

faqts gadmocemda. aRsaniSnavia, rom arc erT wyaroSi raime miniSneba

ori laSqrobis Sesaxeb ar aris. xolo qarTul wyaroSi moxseniebuli

`naTesavsa TÂssa aleqsis komnianossa, andronikes Svilsa~ SeiZleba

avtoris (Svilis da SviliSvilis aRreva), anda gadamweris Secdomas

mivaweroT. rogorc cnobilia, Tamaris meore mematianes teqstma

Cvenamde gviandeli redaqciiT moaRwia. amdenad, ar aris gamoricxuli,

rom Tavdapirvel teqstSi `Svili Svilsa~ yofiliyo dafiqsirebuli

`Svilsa~-s nacvlad. Znelad savaraudoa, rom Tamar mefes, romelsac

bizantiis imperiis taxtze andronikes memkvidreebis restavracia

hqonda ganzraxuli, Tavisi miznebisaTvis yofili imperatoris ukanono

23 zurab avaliSvili, jvarosanTa droidan: oTxi saistorio narkvevi, 57-60;

stefnaZe, `trapizonis imperiis daarsebis mizezisaTvis~, 155-72. amave sakiTxze

yuradReba gaamaxvila zurab batiaSvilmac (gv. 97).

24 iqve, 160-62.

25 `cxorebaÁ mefeT-mefisa Tamarisi~, qarTlis cxovreba, red. r. metreveli

(Tbilisi, 2008), 507.

26 miqel panaretosi, georgika – bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos

Sesaxeb, teqstebi qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosca da ganmartebebi daurTo simon

yauxCiSvilma, t. 7 (Tbilisi, 1967), 165-6.

leri TavaZe

381

Svili gamoeyenebina da ara kanonieri, pirdapiri memkvidre andronike

I-isa, aleqsi manuelis Ze komnenosi, romlis mama, manueli, andronikes

ufrosi vaJi da taxtis memkvidre iyo. es ukanaskneli mamasTan erTad

1185 wels mokles konstantinopolSi momxdari amboxebis dros. amdenad,

CvenTvis naklebad Sesawynarebelia Tvalsazrisi ori laSqrobis

Taobaze da sruliad misaRebia r. Sukurovis mosazreba laSqrobis

1204 wels dawyebis Sesaxeb, romelic aprilis bolos aleqsi manuelis

Zis imperatorad kurTxeviT damTavrda.27 es iZulebiTi faqti iyo,

radgan am dros jvarosnebma konstantinopoli aiRes da mniSvnelovnad

gaarTules qalaqis dakavebisa da komnenosebis bizantiis dedaqalaqSi

restavraciis gegma.

trapizonis mmarTveli komnenosebi Tavs bizantiis imperatorebad

miiCnevdnen28 da ara calke aRebuli trapizonis an lazeTisa, rogorc

maT bizantiis oficialuri wreebi moixseniebdnen (ukanasknelTan

dakavSirebiT ix. giorgi paximere, nikifore grigorasi29 da sxv.). rac

Seexeba uSualod galaSqrebis mizezs, qarTuli wyaros mixedviT,

igi dakavSirebulia aleqsi III angelosis (1195-1203) dros momxdari

qarTveli berebis gaZarcvis faqtTan,30 rasac, rogorc Cans, xSiri

xasiaTi hqonda. qarTuli gemebis Zarcvis Sesaxeb miTiTebas nikita xo-

27

28 aRsaniSnavia, rom trapizonis mmarTvelebi TavianTi mmarTvelobis dasawyisidan

bizantiis imperatorebad Tvlian Tavs, xolo mas Semdeg, rac 1282 wels bizantiis

imperatori andronike II da trapizonis imperatori ioane II SeTanxmdnen, bizantiis

imperatorimxolodkonstantinopolismmarTvelebisTvisewodebinaT,trapizonis

imperiis mbrZaneblebi iwodebian `yoveli aRmosavleTis, iberiisa da perateias

(zRvisiqiTi) imperatorebad~, riTic inarCuneben saimperatoro Rirsebas, magram

uars amboben bizantiis memkvidreobaze. trapizonis imperatorebis titulaturis

Sesaxeb ix. N. Oikonomides, “The Chancery of Grand Komnenoi: Imperial Tradition and PoliticalReality”,

,42 (1981), 101-5; misive,

, 2007), 88-98.29 giorgi paximere, georgika – bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos


yauxCiSvilma, 7 (Tbilisi, 1967), 67-73; nikifore grigorasi, georgika – bizantieli

mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, teqstebi qarTuli TargmaniTurT

gamosca da ganmartebebi daurTo simon yauxCiSvilma, 7 (Tbilisi, 1967), 124, 134-7.

30 `cxorebaÁ mefeT-mefisa Tamarisi~, 507.

recenzia

382

niatesTanac vxvdebiT.31 yvelaferi es arTulebda isedac gamwvavebul

politikur urTierTobas. erTgvari Sveba TiTqos aleqsi III-is damxoba

da aleqsi IV-is taxtze asvla unda yofiliyo. Tumca bizantiaSi

mcxovrebi qarTvelebisTvis situacia ar Seicvala, ramac Tamar mefis

samefo kars miaRebina gadawyvetileba, bizantiis xelisuflebaSi

aRedgina komnenosebi.

amdenad, m. stefnaZis mosazreba ori damoukidebeli laSqrobis

Sesaxeb, aradamajereblad migvaCnia, amave azrisaa CvenTvis saintereso

wignis avtoric. or laSqrobas zurab batiaSvilic ararealurad

miiCnevs da wers, rom moxda erTi laSqroba, romlis Sedegadac

ganxorcielda ori daniSvna: pirvelad aleqsis, andronikes ukanono

Svilis, xolo meored ki aleqsi manuelis Zis, romelic 1204 wlis aprilSi

imperatorad akurTxes (gv. 97-98). Tumca, rogorc zemoT mivuTiTeT,

Cven gansxvavebuli xedva gvaqvs da viziarebT istoriografiis farTo

wreebSi gavrcelebul im Tvalsazriss, romlis mixedviTac moxda erTi

laSqroba da Sesabamisad erTi kurTxeva.32 rac Seexeba laSqrobas,

mizezi, savaraudod, komnenosebis restavracia iyo, xolo sababi –

Tamaris istorikosTan moxseniebuli berebis gaZarcvis faqti.

yvelaferi zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, bunebrivia, ar viziarebT

sxva mosazrebebs trapizonis imperiis daarsebis Taobaze, rogorc

amas zurab batiaSvili wers: `trapizonis gamoyofa bizantiis

imperiisgan adreve mzaddeboda da TviT gamoyofis faqtic 1204 wlis

konstantinopolis katastrofas win uswrebda~ (gv. 91). amas avtori

e.w. programa minimumis farglebSi aTavsebs, romelic restavraciis

Cavardnis SemTxvevaSi sarezervo varianti unda yofiliyo (gv. 85). Cveni

azriT, aranairi programa minimumi ar arsebobda, xolo trapizonis

imperiis, rogorc damoukidebeli politikuri subieqtis, daarseba

sruliad SemTxveviT moxda, yovelgvari winaswari gaTvlebis gareSe.

marTalia, trapizonis imperiis daarsebas garkveuli politikuri

bazisi hqonda Semzadebuli gabrasebis dinastiis mmarTvelobis saxiT

da trapizonis sanaxebSi mosaxle qarTveluri xalxis, lazebisa Tu

31 nikita xoniate, georgika – bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos


yauxCiSvilma, 6 (Tbilisi, 1966), 132-3.

32 literaturisa da wyaroebis dawvrilebiTi analizi ixileT trapizonis

imperiis istoriis Sesaxeb gamocemul s. karpovis solidur naSromSi:

leri TavaZe

383

Wanebis eTnikuri elementis arsebobiT. magram specialuri gaTvla,

daarsebuliyo buferuli saxelmwifo, rogorc amas avtori wers pavle

ingoroyvaze dayrdnobiT, da rom mas unda Seesrulebina buferuli

qveynis roli saqarTvelo-rumis selCukebsa da saqarTvelo-bizantias

Soris (gv. 92-93), Cveni azriT Seuwynarebelia. TviT gabrasebs, rom-

lebsac didi komnenosebis erTgvar winamorbedebad Tvlian, araferi

esaqmebodaT xaldiis dasavleTiT mdebare miwebTan, romlebic si-

nopis, paflagoniis, biTiniisa da sxva samflobeloebis CaTvliT dai-

kava qarTulma jarma aleqsi da daviT komnenosebis monawileobiT.

es, bunebrivia, gamoricxavs damoukidebeli politikuri erTeulis

Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb gegmis arsebobis SesaZleblobas. im miwebze,

romlebic, Tamaris mematianes mixedviT, qarTulma jarma daikava,

ar arsebobda precendenti raime damoukidebeli qveynis arsebobisa,

Tu ar CavTvliT pontos samefos, romelic qronologiurad Zalian

moSorebulia 1204 wlis movlenebs, xolo gabrasebis mflobeloba ar

scdeboda xaldiasa da lazeTs.

sarecenzio naSromis avtori aseve iziarebs qarTul isto-

riografiaSi damkvidrebul mosazrebas, TiTqos trapizonis imperiaSi

ori politikuri orientacia, qarTuli da bizantiuri, ebrZoda

erTmaneTs (gv. 94). trapizonis imperiis istoriis amgvari gaazreba,

rogorc CvenTvis cnobilia, ar aris gaziarebuli Tanamedrove

bizantinologiaSi (ix. Sukurovis, karpovisa da sxva mkvlevarTa

Sromebi).

meore Tavis momdevno monakveTSi vrceli msjelobaa gaSlili

1204 wlis samxedro operaciis Sesaxeb (gv. 107). aRniSnul monakveTSi

avtori saistorio wyaroTa monacemebisa da specialuri literaturis

miTiTebiT cdilobs aRadginos 1204 wlis samxedro kampaniis ZiriTadi

konturebi. sainteresoa msjeloba ori amisosis, berZnulis da

Turqulis, Sesaxeb, ramac Sva Tanamedrove qalaqi samsuni (gv. 104-

106). 1204 wlis samxedro kampaniasTan dakavSirebiT moyvanilia aseve

gadmocemebi Tamar mefeze, romlebic daculia lazeTisa da xaldiis

adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi (gv. 106-107). avtori exeba Partitio Romaniae-s

saxeliT cnobil xelSekrulebas, romelic jvarosanTa liderebma dades

erTmaneTTan, amasTan dakavSirebiT motanilia saTanado literaturac

(gv. 100). aq, xazs gavusvam mxolod imas, rom aRniSnuli xelSekruleba da

masTan mimarTebiT laTinTa da qarTvelTa urTierTobis sakiTxi ganxi-

recenzia

384

luli aqvs al. TvaraZesac,33 rac miTiTebuli ar aris z. batiaSvilis

monografiaSi.

Semdeg nawilSi ganxilulia trapizonis imperiis sazRvrebis

maqsimaluri ganvrcoba. avtori askvnis, rom Tavdapirvelad trapizonis

imperiis sazRvrebi daaxloebiT 141 aTas kv. km-s aRwevda (gv. 107-110).

sazRvarze saubrisas avtori ganixilavs saqarTvelo-trapizonis

imperiis sazRvarsac da wers, rom igi qemalfaSas (Zveli saxeli makriali/

noReli) dasavleTiT unda yofiliyo (gv. 110). aRsaniSnavia, rom igive

mosazreba gacilebiT adre gamoTqmuli hqonda iv. javaxiSvilsac, masve

imeorebs d. musxeliSvilis redaqtorobiT Sedgenili saqarTvelos

istoriis atlasic.34 trapizonis imperiis samxreT-dasavleTi sazRvris

Sesaxeb specialuri statia aqvs gamoqveynebuli d. vinfildsac,

romelic z. batiaSvils ar gamouyenebia.35 baiburTisa da speris Sesaxeb

msjelobisas (gv. 109) avtors SeeZlo moexmo g. jafariZis monografiac,

romelSic, saTanado wyaroebis moxmobiT, kargad aris naCvenebi, rom

baiburTi da speri XIII saukunis dasawyisSi muslimTa xelSi iyo.36

momdevno paragrafSi aRwerilia biTinia-paflagoniis mflobelis

daviT komnenosis (1181/3-1212) moRvaweoba, romelic naklebadaa

Seswavlili qarTul istoriografiaSi. aRniSnuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb

msjeloba vrcelia da saintereso (gv. 111-126).

meore Tavis bolo nawilSi avtori ganixilavs trapizonis impe-

ratoris aleqsi I komnenosis (1204-22) moRvaweobas (gv. 126-143). igi

mogviTxrobs aleqsis moRvaweobis mraval mniSvnelovan aspeqtze,

romelTa Soris avtori gamoyofs 1214 wels qalaq sinopTan gancdil

politikur marcxs, rodesac trapizonis imperatori aleqsi I komnenosi

tyved Caigdes rumis selCukma Turqebma. z. batiaSvili ganixilavs am

katastrofis Sedegebs, rasac mohyva didi teritoriuli danakargebi

rumisa da nikeis sasargeblod (gv. 130-135). saerTo jamSi, aleqsi I

didi komnenosi avtors sazrian politikosad da karg mebrZolad hyavs

warmoCenili (gv. 139).

33 aleqsandre TvaraZe, saqarTvelo da kavkasia evropul wyaroebSi (Tbilisi,

2004), 126-7.

34 iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, t. III (Tbilisi, 1966), 276-7; saqarTvelos

istoriis atlasi, mT. red. d. musxeliSvili (Tbilisi, 2003), 28, 30, 32-4.

35

Century,” Anatolian Studies, 12 (1962), 163-72.36 goCa jafariZe, saqarTvelo da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis islamuri samyaro XII-

XIII s-is pirvel mesamedSi (Tbilisi, 1995), 83.

leri TavaZe

385

`daskvnis magier~ aris mTeli ganxiluli masalis erTgvari

Sejameba, romelSic mokled aris gadmocemuli ZiriTad teqstSi

miRebuli mTavari daskvnebi (gv. 144-147). avtori wers da xazs usvams

im garemoebas, rom trapizonis imperia anatoliasa da kavkasias Soris

bunebriv bufers warmoadgenda da didi xniT akavebda saqarTveloSi

anatoliidan momdinare safrTxeebs. amis garda, bizantiasTan

SedarebiT trapizonis imperiis ufro xangrZlivi arseboba avtoris

azriT, kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom `misi Camoyalibeba ar yofila

SemTxveviTi da igi arc bizantiis bunebriv gagrZelebas warmoadgenda~

(gv. 147). yovelive es z. batiaSvilis poziciaa. aRniSnulis Sesaxeb zemoT

mivuTiTeT sakuTari pozicia, rasac aq aRar gavimeorebT.

amgvarad, Cvens winaSea monografiulad Seswavlili, saTanado

wyaroebisa da literaturis moxmobiT Sedgenili vrceli gamokvleva

trapizonis imperiis daarsebis Sesaxeb, romelic zurab batiaSvilma

(darujanaSvili) warmoadgina samecniero sazogadoebisa da aRniSnuli

sakiTxiT dainteresebuli mkiTxvelis winaSe. aRsaniSnavia isic,

rom z. batiaSvili aris kidev ori monografiis avtori, romelic

anatoliisa da saqarTvelos problematikas Seexeba.37 amdenad, avtori

gaTviTcnobierebulia saqarTvelosa da anatoliis urTierTobis

sakiTxebSi. igi icnobs specialur literaturas, rogorc qarTul,

rusul, inglisur da sxva evropul enebze, aseve Turqulenovani

istoriografiis masalebs. miuxedavad mravali wyarosa da

literaturis ganxilvisa, aris rigi sakiTxebi, romelic gansxvavebul

gaazrebas moiTxovs. magaliTisTvis komnenosebis dinastiis

eTnikurobis problema da trapizonis imperiis daarsebis uSualo

peripetiebic sakmarisia, romelTa srulyofili ganxilva dRevandel

etapze saistorio wyaroebis simwiris fonze SeuZlebelia.

miuxedavad specialuri literaturis kargi codnisa, avtori daum-

saxureblad ugulebelyofs qarTuli istoriografiaSi Seqmnil Sromebs,

romlebic uSualod exeba trapizonis imperiis daarsebis sakiTxs.

vfiqrob, monografiis avtors isini aucileblad unda daemowmebina

da gaeTvaliswinebina. ignorirebulia WaneTis Sesaxeb arsebuli qar-

Tuli gamokvlevebic. im mkvlevarTa Soris, romlebic mivuTiTeT,

37 zurab batiaSvili, qarTvelebi osmaluri periodis trapizonSi (Tbilisi, 2008);

misive, kapadokia (Tbilisi, 2010).

recenzia

386

gansakuTrebiT gamovyofdiT i. sixaruliZes,38 i. beraZesa da m. gabaSvils.39

sasurveli iqneboda, avtors meti yuradReba daeTmo trapizonis

imperiis istoriuli geografiisTvis. aseve meti yuradReba

gaemaxvilebina ekonomikuri faqtorebisTvis. trapizonis imperiis

socialuri istoria zogadad Zalian bundovnad aris Seswavlili

Tanamedrove bizantinologiaSi. zurab batiaSvilis (darujanaSvili)

`trapizonis imperiis daarseba~ vrclad aRwers politikuri da

diplomatiuri istoriis sakiTxebs, aseve yuradRebas amaxvilebs qalaq

trapizonisa da misi mmarTvelebis eTnikuri Semadgenlobis sakiTxebze.

yvelaferi es, trapizonis imperiis istoriis konkretuli sakiTxis

specifikuri gaazrebaa, magram ara kompleqsuri.

bunebrivia, dasaxelebul monografiaSi aris sxva araerTi

mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, romelic farTo msjelobasa da gansjas moiTxovs.

miuxedavad amisa, ZiriTadi nawili problemebisa, romelic trapizonis

imperiis daarsebas exeba, monografiaSi dasmulia da SemoTavazebulia

maTi gadaWris avtoriseuli mosazrebebic. Cven SevecadeT sakuTari

azri gamogveTqva rigi sakiTxebisa da saerTod, axali monografiis

Sesaxeb, romlis gacnobac saintereso iqneba, rogorc qarTvel

bizantinologebisaTvis, ise saqarTvelos istoriis mkvlevarTaTvis.

leri TavaZe

38 iuri sixaruliZe, WaneTi (lazeTi): saistorio geografiis masalebi, I-II (baTumi,

1977-9).

39 am ukanasknels z. batiaSvili asaxelebs (gv. 80), magram arsad imowmebs.

manana gabaSvilis Sromebis vrceli CamonaTvali, romelic uSualod exeba Sua

saukuneebis qalaq trapizonsa da trapizonis imperiis daarsebis sakiTxs, ixileT

me-20 sqolioSi.

leri TavaZe

ISBN

1798 wlis zafxulSi daiwyo napoleon bonapartes samxedro eqspedi-

cia egvipteSi, romelic mimarTuli iyo egviptis mamluqTa winaaRmdeg.

pirveli samxedro warmatebebis Semdeg gaCnda siZneleebi. aman aiZula

napoleoni 1798 wlis seqtemberSi frangebis SeTxelebuli aRmosavleTis

armia Seevso axali damxmare SenaerTebiT, egvipteSi mcxovrebi sxvadas-

xva erovnebis warmomadgenlebiT, maT Soris – axalgazrda mamluqebiT.

1799 wlis 23 agvistos napoleonma aRmosavleTis armia general klebers

gadaabara da dabrunda safrangeTSi. kleberis Semcvlelma generalma

menum 1801 wlis 30 agvistos kapitulacia gamoacxada aleqsandriaSi

ingliselebisa da Turqebis samxedro xelisufalTa winaSe. menum miiRo

ufleba, safrangeTSi waeyvana aramarto frangebis armia, aramed – misi

damxmare SenaerTebic. 1801 wlis 13 oqtombers am SenaerTebis wevrTagan

Camoyalibda mamluqTa samxedro eskadroni 240 mxedris SemadgenlobiT

(maT Soris iyo ramdenime qarTveli), romelic 1804 w. Sevida imperatoris

gvardiis SemadgenlobaSi. mamluqTa eskadronis Seqmna metyvelebda

im maRal Sefasebaze, romelic napoleonma misca mamluqTa samxedro

ostatobas. garda eskadronis wevrebisa, araerTma frangma generalma da

oficerma SeiZina da Tan waiyvana sakuTari mamluqebi. erT-erTi aseTi

mamluqi 1799 w. saCuqrad miarTves napoleons da is gaxda misi piradi

mcveli da saWurvelTmtvirTveli.

es mamluqi iyo rustami.

napoleonis mamluqi rustami (1780-83, Tbilisi – 1845, durdani,

safrangeTi) sakmao popularobiT sargeblobda sicocxleSi da

sikvdilis Semdeg, safrangeTSi da mis farglebs gareTac. misi saxeli

moxvda franguli da rusuli romanebis furclebze (magaliTad, l.

tolstois òmi da mSvidoba~, T. dostoevskis ìdioti~, stendalis

XVIII

388

`bneli saqme~ da sxv.). rustamis cxovrebas mieZRvna g. fleiSmanis

wigni `rustami, napoleonis mamluqi~ (1910),1 m. deriberes statia

`rustamis mousvenari axalgazrdoba, an rogor gaxda qarTveli

napoleonis mamluqi~;2 es mkvlevrebi miuTiTebdnen, rom rustami

qarTuli warmomavlobis iyo. magram J. savani wignSi `napoleonis

mamluqebi~ ukve werda, rom `rustams uwodebdnen qarTvels imis gamo,

rom is daibada TbilisSi, radgan axlo aRmosavleTSi miRebuli iyo

ganesazRvraT adamianis erovneba im qveynis mixedviT, sadac is daibada

da ugulebelyofdnen mis erovnul kuTvnilebas. sinamdvileSi mis

ZarRvebSi Cqefda somxuri sisxli~.3 rac mTavaria, amis Sesaxeb werda

Tavad rustami, romlis `memuarebi~ axlaxan iTargmna frangulidan

qarTulad aleqsandre miqaberiZisa da nika xoferias mier.4

saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom `memuarebi~, romlebic qronologiurad

moicavs periods rustamis dabadebidan 1814 wlamde, frangulad

pirvelad gamosca kotenma 1888 w.5 XX saukunis damdegamde is kidev

1 H. Fleischmann, Roustam, mamelouk de Napoléon (Paris, 1910).2 M. Deribéré, “La jeunesse mouvementée de Roustam,” Bédi Kartlisa revue de kartvélologie, vol. 34

(Paris, 1976), 128-31; M. Deribéré, “Les Géorgiens dans le corps des mameluks de l’Empire,” BédiKartlisa Revue de kartvélologie, vol. 37 (Paris, 1979), 229-31.

3 Jean Savant, Les Mamelouks de Napoleon ( Paris, 1949), 324.4 `memuarebis~ qarTul enaze gamomcemlebi: aleqsandre miqaberiZe, axalgazrda

qarTveli istorikosi, luizianis saxelmwifo universitetis (aSS) profesori,

saqarTvelos napoleonis sazogadoebis prezidenti, didi britaneTis samefo

istoriuli sazogadoebis, amerikis samxedro istoriuli sazogadoebis da

napoleonis saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis wevri, specializdeba XVIII-XIX ss

evropis, gansakuTrebiT napoleonis omebisa da Sua aRmosavleTis samxedro

istoriis sakiTxebze. misi avtorobiT da redaqtorobiT gamoica mravali naSromi.

davasaxelebT mxolod monografiebs: The Russian Officer Corps in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, 1 (New York, 2005); Historical Dictionary of Georgia (Lanham, MA, 2007); The Battle of Borodino: Napoleon versus Kutuzov (London, 2007); The Battle of the Berezina: Napoleon’s Great Escape (London, 2010); The A to Z of Georgia (Lanham, MA, 2010). garda amisa a.

miqaberiZis redaqtorobiT gamoica aseve araerTi naSromi: Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: Historical Encyclopedia (Santa Barbara CA, 2011), 2 volumes; Russian Eyewitness Accounts

(London, 2012) da sxv. nika xoferia, romelic aris saqarTvelos

napoleonis sazogadoebisa da napoleonis saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis wevri,

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul

mecnierebaTa fakultetis I kursis studenti istoriis ganxriT, dainteresebulia

samxedro istoriis sakiTxebiT. miuxedavad axalgazrda asakisa, ukve gamoaqveyna

bibliis samxedro enciklopedia (Tbilisi, 2011).

5 “Mémoires inédits de Roustam, mamelouk de Napoléon Ier,” Revue rétrospective, T. 8 (1888), 3-37, 49-78, 97-140, 145-68.

goCa jafariZe

389

oTxjer gamoica f. masonis redaqciiT. 1997 wels rustamis memuarebi

somxebma Targmnes rogorc rusulad,6 ise – somxurad. rac Seexeba

sarecenzio wigns, misi Targmani emyareba 1911 wlis frangul

gamocemas.7 Targmani Sesrulebulia kargi qarTuliT. mTargmnelebma

gaiTvaliswines `memuarebis~ rusuli Targmanic, romelSic a. miqa-

beriZem, franguli originalisgan gansxvavebiT, gamoavlina araerTi

uzustoba da Seusabamoba.

`memuarebis~ qarTuli Targmanis 21-gverdian profesiul doneze

daweril winasityvaobaSi a. miqaberiZe asaxelebs ZiriTad Sromebs rus-

tamis biografiis Sesaxeb; mogviTxrobs, Tu rogor gayides is egvipteSi

da rogor aRmoCnda 1799 w. napoleonis samsaxurSi. rustami Tan axlda

napoleons TiTqmis yvela samxedro kampaniaSi, rogorc misi piradi

mcveli da mosamsaxure. magram rustami ar wahyva napoleons, roca is k.

elbaze gaasaxles. amitomac, roca imperatori safrangeTSi dabrunda

1815 w. martSi, ar daabruna rustami Tavis samsaxurSi. a. miqaberiZe

mokled mogviTxrobs rustamis sicocxlis bolo 30 wlisa da misi

ojaxis Sesaxeb. rustami gardaicvala 1845 w. 7 dekembers safrangeTSi,

durdanSi, sadac is dasaxlda. mkvlevari ganixilavs rustamis

urTierTgamomricxav daxasiaTebebs, misi memuarebis publikaciebsa

da exeba saqarTveloSi gavrcelebul Tvalsazriss rustamis qarTuli

warmomavlobis Sesaxebac (gv. 3-24).

rogorc dasavleTSi, ise saqarTveloSic, rustami did interess

iwvevda. minda am sakiTxs ufro dawvrilebiT Sevexo, vidre a. miqaberiZis

winasityvaobaSia. es im qarTvel avtorTa sayuradRebod, romlebic

xSirad sakiTxis Seswavlas saTanado dros ar uTmoben; aviwydebaT, rom

ama Tu im pirovnebis erovnebis miCqmalva, rogorc CvenTvis, ise Cveni

mezoblebisTvisac gamaRizianebelia.

rustams saqarTveloSi, umetes SemTxvevaSi, qarTvelad Tvlidnen.

napoleonis mudmivi Tanmxlebis – rustamis qarTveloba, ris garkveul

6

rusuli gamocemis

saTauri ar Seesabameba franguls im nawilSi, romelic exeba rustamis somxobas,

rac `memuarebis~ frangul gamocemebSi ar gvxvdeba.

7 Souvenirs de Roustam, mamelouk de Napoléon Ier, introduction et notes de P. Cottin, préface de F. Masson, Quatrième édition (Paris, 1911). a.miqaberiZe aRniSnavs, rom memuarebis

ukanaskneli franguli redaqcia 2010 wels gamovida: Le mamelouk de Napoléon: les memoires de Roustam, le garde du corps de l’Empereur (Paris, 2010).

recenzia

390

safuZvelsac iZleoda XIX-XX ss-is damdegis franguli publikaciebi,

magnitiviT izidavda qarTvel mwerlebsa da mkvlevrebs.

mixeil javaxiSvilma, romelmac rustamis biografiac icoda da

larusis didi enciklopediac gamoiyena, àrsena marabdelSi~ rustami,

warmoSobiT kumisis tbis midamoebidan, idealizebuli marabdeli

meamboxe arsenas deidaSvilad gamoiyvana. didi mwerlis warmosaxviT,

man werilic ki miswera ukve londonSi mcxovreb rustams, sTxovda

saqarTveloSi dabrunebuliyo da erTad ebrZolaT batonebisa da

rusebis winaaRmdeg: axla: erTi napalavani Cvenc gvinda da ver gviSovia.

modi da Sen inapalavneo~.8

konstantine gamsaxurdia `dionisos RimilSi~ mogviTxrobs, Tu

rogor uambo konstantine savarsamiZes parizelma moxucma bukinistma

Sartriem `qarTveli avanturistis rustomis Sesaxeb~. Sarleruas

brZolaSi mokluls, Turme mas napoleonma Zegli daudga Semdegi

warweriT: àq asvenia mona RvTisa, rustomi. didi imperatoris erTguli

megobari, qarTveli-saqarTvelodan~. ufro metic, savarsamiZem Sarle-

ruas patara kaTolikuri eklesiis galavanSi miagno kidec rostomis

saflavs da TeTri yvavilebis gvirgviniT Seamko misi samare.9 Sarleruas

brZola kunZul elbadan safrangeTSi dabrunebuli napoleonis asi dRis

tragikuli finalis uvertiura iyo. 1814 wlis 15 ivliss, safrangeTis

sazRvarTan, im dros holandiis, dRes ki belgiis qalaq SarleruasTan

SetakebaSi, napoleonma sZlia prusielebs, gadalaxa md. sambra da daiZra

vaterloosken, sadac 18 ivliss damarcxda ingliselebisa da prusielebis

armiasTan brZolaSi. am dros rustami ar imyofeboda napoleonTan, radgan

elbadan dabrunebulma imperatorma is aRar miiRo.

rustams sagangebo romani miuZRvna irakli ugulavam.10 am wignSi

rustami aseve qarTvelia, xolo mamamisi honani – anania gaxda. ruseTis

kampaniis dros, napoleonma rustami Turme petre bagrations elCadac

ki gaugzavna.11

8 m. javaxiSvili, arsena marabdeli, rCeuli Txzulebani, tomi IV (Tbilisi, 1961), 417.

9 k. gamsaxurdia, dionisos Rimili, rCeuli Txzulebani, tomi V (Tbilisi, 1961),

630-31.

10 i. ugulava, durdanSi aris saflavi (Tbilisi,1986).

11 ai rogor warmoidgina mweralma am ori pirovnebis saubris finali: bagrationi

– `sadauri xar, saidan gagitaces? rustami: saqarTvelodan! bagrationi wamodga,

sul axlos mivida mamluqTan, TvalebSi CaaSterda. – qarTuli ici? – ara. arc man

(e.i. bagrationma) icoda... rustams uxaroda, aseTi mtkice xasiaTis, Seuvali da

Seupovari Tanamemamule rom ixila~ (gv. 152-53, 156).

goCa jafariZe

391

mwerals aqvs ufleba, Tavisi warmosaxviT Seqmnas gmirebi da ararse-

buli epizodebic, magram cudia is, rom mere am saxiT isini sxva avtorebis

samecniero-popularuli werilebis furclebze gadainacvleben; roca,

magaliTad, TbilisSi dabadebuli somxuri warmomavlobis rustami mainc

marabdelad da qarTvelad gamocxaddeba12 da iwereba leqsebic.13 qarTuli

internetis sivrceSi qveyndeba patriotuli masalebi rustamis Sesaxeb

da mxatvrul-istoriuli narkvevebic,14 zogjer erTi romelime saerTo

wyarodan gadmowerili tyuili da marTali.15

nawili qarTveli mkvlevrebisa, romlebmac icodnen rustamis

memuarebi, qarTul Jurnal-gazeTebSi gamoqveynebul statiebSi

(m. xuxuni,16 i. tabaRua17) mainc miiCnevdnen mas qarTvelad. amasTan,

gaugebari mizezebiT, mkiTxvels awvdidnen rustamis qarTul gvars,

romelsac saerTo ar hqonda sinamdvilesTan. m. vadbolskim, Wadrakis

istoriisa da qarTuli heraldikis mkvlevarma, romelmac rustami

qarTvelad gamoacxada, daasaxela misi gvaric – xonamaSvili.18

cnobilma qarTvelma istorikosma givi Jordaniam rustami razmaZis

12 m. TarxniSvili, `marabdeli mamluqi~, axalgazrda komunisti, 20.I, #9 (1962).

13 magaliTad, ori leqsi (`napoleon bonaparti~ da `mamluqis saflavze~),

anonimi avtorisa (levan63), romelic aaRelva qarTveli rustamis cxovrebam

(internetresursi: http://urakparaki.com/?m=4&ID=49260). parizSi napoleonis saflav-

Tan mdgomi is wers: `simarTles getyviT, aq rom videqi, amayi viyav, rom var

qarTveli, radgan bonaparts piradi mcveli, qarTveli hyavda, Tan avlabreli...

zustad amitom meamayeba, imperatoris kubosTan dgoma, roca vfiqrob, rom

mas gverdSi edga qarTveli biWi, Tavisi bedis amayi mona~. durdanSi, rustamis

saflavTan ki wers: `mec riTi mogce nugeSi? mxolod maqvs Taflis sanTeli, da eris

Senis qarTvelTa, nakvesi danabarebi: mSvidad ebare frangT miwas, Cafluls ia da

vardebSi, Cven gvexsomebi maradJams, SegamkobT SaravandebSi~. (internetresursi:

http://urakparaki.com/?m=4&ID=44513)14 giorgi maxaraZe, `vin iyo napoleonis piradi mcveli? rustami anu Tbiliseli

mamluqis istoria~, saqarTvelos respublika, 1. V (2011).

15 nona Selia, `napoleonis mamluqi rostom razmaZe (1780-1845)~, saiti:

qarTulo miwav dasaficaro, sad ar wasulan Seni Svilebi (internetresursi: http://mdinareebimwerlobashi-nonka. blogspot.com/2012/01/blog-post.html).

16 mamia xuxuni, `mamluqi rustami~, mnaTobi, 3 (1984), 170-3.

17 i. tabaRua, `rustamis mousvenari axalgazrdoba, anu rogor gaxda igi napo-

leonis mamluqi~, Tbilisi, 12.VI. (1986).

18 m. vadbolski, rustam mamluqis Tavgadasavali~, soflis cxovreba, 11, VIII (1967);

igive statia ucvlelad dabeWda gazeTSi tyibuli, 22.VIII (1967). qarTvelad aris is

dasaxelebuli erTi anonimi avtoris mier: `rustani~, avangardi (cxakaia), 30.VIII

(1959).

recenzia

392

gvariT Seitana `qarTul sabWoTa enciklopediaSi~.19 g. Jordania, Cans,

endo qarTvel emigrant-mkvlevars italiaSi – Salva beriZes,20 ro-

melic, Tavis mxriv, imowmebda italieli istorikosis g. guateris

gamokvlevas rustamis Sesaxeb.21

guateris wigni, romelic, Cemi TxovniT, Tavazianad momawoda a.

miqaberiZem, mniSvnelovnad aris davalebuli rustamis memuarebisgan.

masSi saerTod ar aris naxsenebi gvari razmaZe da is, Salva beriZis

`Semoqmedebaa~.

cxadia, saqarTveloSi iyvnen mkvlevrebi, romlebmac icodnen

rustamis eTnikuri warmomavloba. maT Soris, albaT, pirvelia giorgi

bei-mamikoniani, evropuli enebis SesaniSnavi mcodne, romelmac

safuZveli Cauyara saqarTveloSi erayisa da egviptis qarTuli

warmoSobis mamluqebis istoriis kvlevas. 1957 wels, ali beis Sesaxeb

daweril narkvevSi, is werda: ègviptis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis wminda

mamelukuri nawilis SemadgenlobaSi cota rodi iyvnen araqarTvelni.

cnobilia, magaliTad, rom egviptidan wamoyvanili piradi mameluki

rusTami somexi iyo~.22

samwuxarod, rustamis cxovrebiT dainteresebul pirT ar wau-

kiTxavT, arc giorgi bei-mamikonianis aRniSnuli statia da arc mis

mier miTiTebuli rustamis memuarebi. SeumCneveli darCa konstantine

kotrikaZis statiac, romelmac sagazeTo statiaSi, mravalricxovani

masalis safuZvelze, kvalificiurad da obieqturad gaaSuqa rustamis

cxovreba da J. savanis mixedviT aRniSna misi somxuri warmomavlobac.23

sarecenzio naSromis gamocemamde rustamis somxur warmomavlobaze

werdnen am striqonebis avtori24 da merab kalandaZe.25 magram aseTi

19 g. Jordania, rustami~, qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. 8 (Tbilisi, 1984), 515

da es gvari – razmaZe ukve meordeba vikipediis ucxour versiebSic.

20 Salva beriZe, `napoleonis mxlebeli – rostomi~, kavkasioni, XII (parizi, 1967),

96. informacia amis Sesaxeb ix. guram SaraZe, `Salva beriZe~, saxalxo ganaTleba, 18.

I (1989), 9.

21 Gualtiero Guatteri, Roustam: il mammalucco di Napoleone; storia, memorie, aneddoti (Napoli, 1935).

22 g. bei-mamikoniani, `qarTveli mamelukebi egviptis suverenitetis aRdge-

nisaTvis brZolaSi~, mnaTobi, 9 (1957), 130.

23 , 27.09 (1998).

24 g. jafariZe, ìyvnen qarTvelebi napoleonis armiaSi?~, Cveni mwerloba, 8. VIII,

(2011), 4-5.

25 merab kalandaZe, `rustami – napoleonis mamluqi~, istoriani, IX (2011), 46-9.

goCa jafariZe

393

Sromebi iSviaTi iyo, xolo ukanasknel xanebSi internetis qselSi

gavrcelebul masalebSi mis Sesaxeb kidev mravali siurprizi ixila

qarTvelma mkiTxvelma.

miTebi rustamis garSemo marto saqarTveloSi ar iqmneboda.

m. neimani 1899 w. werda, rom rustami, romelic daibada yarabaRSi,

napoleonis pirvelad gadadgomis Semdeg, marselidan zRviT

gaemgzavra aRmosavleTSi. man miaRwia Teirans da iqidan dabrunda

kavkasiaSi, monawileoba miiRo 1826-28 wlebis ruseT-sparseTis omebSi

da sicocxlis bolo wlebi gaatara SuSaSi.26

unda iTqvas, rom somxebma daagvianes rustamis popularizeba.

mxolod 1983 w. v. poRosianma somxeTis akademiis sazogadoebriv mec-

nierebaTa macneSi dabeWda nawyvetebi rustamis biografiidan.27 miuxe-

davad imisa, rom Tanamedrove somxur samecniero literaturaSi rus-

tamis vinaoba garkveulia, internetis zogierT saitze mainc gvxvdeba

aseTi ram: is aris rostom oganesis Ze xaCatriani, dabadebuli Tbilis-

Si, SuSelis ojaxSi.28

miTebi rustamis Sesaxeb Seiqmna TurqeTSi da gadainacvla azer-

baijanSi. 2001 w. azerbaijanis mecnierebaTa akademiis fizulis saxe-

lobis xelnawerTa fonds saCuqrad gadaeca Turqi mkvlevris alTan

araslis `Turquli nakvalevi evropaSi~ (Altan Arasli, “Aavrup’ada Türq izleri”).

avtori amtkicebs, rom rustams Tavdapirvelad eZaxdnen iahias da is

iyo warmoSobiT daRestnidan. am wignze dayrdnobiT azerbaijaneli i.

rustamovi Tvlis, rom is daRestneli Turqia, kumiki an azerbaijaneli.29

am SemTxvevaSi ratomRac iviwyeben imas, rom es iahia ueWvelad muslimi

26

27

, 7 (1983), 77-90.28 internetresursi: .29

internetresursi: http://www.echo-az.com/archive/2007–11/1686/istoriya01.shtml). sxva azerbaijanul saitze weria:

(internetresursi: http://otvet.mail.ru/question/29830901/). araslis wignma da

azerbaijanSi gamoqveynebulma am saitma gamoiwvia mkveTri reaqcia somxeTSi. erT

somxur forumze is ase Seafases:

(internetresursi: http://artsakhwebcombat.am/forum/showthread.php?t )

recenzia

394

unda yofiliyo, xolo muslims, SariaTiT, monad ver gayiddi da,

Sesabamisad, is verc mamluqi gaxdeboda.

`memuarebis~ gamocemebi qarTul (da rusul) enebze, imedia, bolos

daudeben rustamis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb usafuZvlo saubrebs.

`memuarebidan~ Cans, rom egvipteSi monad gayidvis Semdeg,

rustamma, rogorc yvela mamluqma, islami miiRo da mas iahia (Ijahia)

uwodes (gv. 50). qarTul publikaciebSi (mag. xuxuni) aRniSnulia, rom

rustams ar axsovda bavSvobis saxeli.30 magram memuarebidan~ Cans, rom

ase ar aris. napoleonma mas swored is saxeli – rustami daubruna (gv.

50), bavSvobaSi rom erqva da es saxeli safrangeTSi zogjer JRerda,

rogorc rustani.

gasarkvevia rustamis gvari. am mxriv rustamis mier cudi kaligra-

fiiT, anda misi karnaxiT dawerili `memuarebi~ pirvelive striqonSi

gaugebrobas qmnis. aq dasaxelebuli iyo mamis saxeli “R …Kovan”. Semdeg

pol kotenma daaskvna, rom saxeli unda wavikiTxoT, rogorc `rustam

honani~.31 `memuarebis~ rusul TargmanSi honanis nacvlad weria unani.

gamodis, rom rustamis mamasac igive saxeli hqonda da honani maSin papis

saxeli iqneba, saidanac SeiZleboda ewarmoebinaT gvari unaniani, Tumca

ki is arsadaa dafiqsirebuli. maS saidan gaCnda raza, rogorc rustamis

gvari, romelic amotvifrulia misi saflavis qvaze durdanSi? savani

Tvlis, rom rustamis mamas erqva raza da iwodeboda raza honanad (raza

Ze honanisa), xolo rustami gaxda rustam raza (rustami Ze razasi).32

savanis mier motanil mamluqTa siaSi 151-e nomrad rustami swored

asea Setanili (Fils de Reza Honan).33 raza mamluqi rustamis mamis saxelad

miaCnia v. poRosiansac.34 magram “R …Kovan” frangul, rusul da qarTul

gamocemebSi aRdgenilia rogorc `rustam~ da ara `raza honani~.

raza (riza, reza, rida, reda) wminda islamuri saxelia: an ,

gavrcelebuli sparsul, Turqul, egviptur da sxva qveynebis islamur

anTroponomikaSi da niSnavs `keTilganwyobas~, `kmayofilebas~. is gvx-

vdeba damoukidebladac da Sedgenil saxelebSic. SeiZleba davasa-

xelo Siiti imamitebis me-8 imami, ‘ali ar-rida’ (gard. 818 w. ). 1819-20 ww.,

30 xuxuni, mamluqi rustami, 172.

31 aqedan unda modiodes vadbolskiseuli rustamis ararsebuli gvari xonamaSvili.

32 Savant, Les Mamelouks de Napoleon, 325. 33 iqve, 453.

34

goCa jafariZe

395

egvipteSi mogzaurobis dros, giorgi avaliSvils Sexvda muhamed ali

faSas samsaxurSi myofi, avaliSvilebis yofili yma, martyofeli andrea

knotisSvili, gamuslimebuli mahmad aRa mustoufi qaia raza.35

Zneli saTqmelia, ramdenad iyo SesaZlebeli, rom XVIII s-Si raza

daerqmiaT somexi qristianisTvis. somxur anTroponomikaSi, romelic

motanilia internetis qselSi, saxeli raza (reza) saerTod ar Cans.36

me maqvs eWvi, rom egvipteSi gamuslimebis Semdeg, rustams ewoda ormagi

saxeli: iahia raza da am saxelis meore nawili – raza safrangeTSi gaiazres

rogorc gvari. rustamisTvis amas didi mniSvneloba ar hqonda. Tavis mxriv,

raza Salva beriZem gaiazra rogorc `razmaZe~ da is amJamad damkvidrda

qarTul gamocemebSi da Sevida vikipedias sxvadasxvaenovan versiebSic.37

rustamma pataraobisas datova Tbilisi. is moitaces ganjaSi maSin,

roca aperkanidan (yarabaxi) yazaxSi midioda mamasTan. rustami kargad

acnobierebda, vin iyo erovnebiT. ganjaSi erTi ucnobi axalgazrdis

kiTxvaze, saubrobda Tu ara is somxurad, man upasuxa, rom somexi iyo

da enac icoda (gv. 31). rodesac rustami mihgvares napoleons, kiTxvaze,

saidan iyo is, rustami ueWvelia upasuxebda – saqarTvelodan, radganac

somxeTi, rogorc politikuri erTeuli im dros ar arsebobda.

napoleonma rustami aRiqva, rogorc qarTveli. ar vici, oficialur

doneze rustami amJRavnebda Tu ara Tavis erovnebas, magram ueWvelia,

amiT amayobda. ai, ras wers is `memuarebSi~ mamluqebTan dakavSirebiT:

`bevri fiqrobda, rom mxolod qarTvelebs da megrelebs... SeuZliaT

gaxdnen kargi mamluqebi. ar vici, ra ganapirobebs am damokidebulebas,

arada, somxebi sxva erebze bevrad mamacebi arian~ (gv. 38).38

es unda gaiTvaliswinon im qarTvelma mkvlevrebma, romlebic

rustamis qarTvelobaze akeTeben aqcents.

35 giorgi avaliSvili, mgzavroba Tbilisidan ierusalimamde, teqsti gamosacemad

moamzada, gamokvleva, leqsikoni da saZieblebi daurTo el. metrevelma (Tbilisi,

1967), 128, 136 da sxv.

36 Armenian Male Names – Armeniapedia.org (internetresursi: http://www. armeniapedia.org/index.php?title=Armenian–Male–Names).

37 magaliTad, .(internetresursi: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki ); Rustam Raza. Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre (internetresursi http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rustam–Raza)

38 osmalTa xanis mamluqTa egvipteSi ase ar iyo. sakmarisia aRiniSnos, rom

XVIII s-is II naxevris egvipteSi mamluqTa oligarqiaSi (beiliqaTSi) da qveyanaSi

dislocirebuli 7 samxedro korpusis xelmZRvanelobaSi (aRebi da qeTxudebi)

somexi saerTod ar gvxvdeba.

recenzia

396

rustamis `memuarebSi~ mkiTxveli waikiTxavs misi cxovrebis

epizodebs ojaxSi – monad gayidvamde, egvipteSi, sadac SeiZina

warmoSobiT qarTvelma salih beim; imis Taobaze, Tu rogor aCuqa is

cnobilma Teologma Seixma al-baqrim napoleon bonapartes, rogor

gaxda misi piradi mcveli da rogor emsaxureboda imperators 1814

wlamde.

rustamis egvipturi cxovrebis epizodebidan gansakuTrebiT

sainteresod mimaCnia misi patronis vinaoba. mis saxels rustami

arasworad asaxelebs – sala bei. aseT pirovnebas mamluqTa zedafenaSi

ver vnaxavT. `memuarebis~ qarTulad gamocemis Semdeg naTeli xdeba,

rom igulisxmeba salih bei, romelic 1797 w. gaxda muslim piligrimTa

qaravanis xelmZRvaneli, amir al-haji, rac aRniSnulia kidec a.

miqaberiZis mier komentarSi (gv. 37).39

salih beis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT mogviTxrobs mamluqTa egviptis

istorikosi abd ar-rahman al-jabarTi. salihi iyo muhamed bei abu

z-zahabis (1882-1775) mamluqi, ekava CavuSTa korpusis qaTxudas

posti da sanjay beid aRavlines hijris 1212/1797-98 w. imave wels

dainiSna amir al-hajad da xelmZRvanelobda piligrimTa qaravans

meqaSi (piligrimoba daiwyo 1798 w. 17 maisidan). is axlos iyo ibrahim

beisa (SinjikaSvilis) da murad beis duumviratTan, gansakuTrebiT

– ukanasknelTan, romelmac mas auSena saxli gizaSi, Tavisi saxlis

maxloblad. al-jabarTi wers, rom salih bei sargeblobda SesaniSnavi

reputaciiT, masze aravin Cioda da aravisTvis mohqonda ziani. iyo

mWevrmetyveli da ganaTlebuli, mosaubreebs yovelTvis egonaT arabi,

uyvarda musika, simebiani instrumentebi, Tavadac ukravda da saerTod,

uyvarda garToba.40

salih bei, romelic qarTveli iyo, dawvrilebiT esaubra rustams

qarTulad. qarTuli ki rustamma, romelmac pataraobisas datova

saqarTvelo ojaxTan erTad, cudad icoda. salih beim hkiTxa,

Tbilisidan xom ar xaro da saubarSi gairkva, rom is kargad icnobda

mamamiss, vinaidan xSirad mogzaurobda somxeTSi. ufro savaraudoa,

39 sarecenzio wignis saZiebelSi (gv. 147), romelic redaqciis mier aris

momzadebuli, SecdomiT weria amir al-jaxari.

40 ‘

III I330.

goCa jafariZe

397

saqarTveloSi. magram risTvis da ra mizniT, ucnobia. ar aris gamo-

ricxuli, rom rustamma, romelsac qarTuli daviwyebuli hqonda da

arabuli jer kidev ar icoda, kargad ver gaigo salih beis naambobi. al-

jabarTis cnobiT, salih bei 1790-92 wlebSi ramdenjerme imyofeboda

stambolSi ibrahim beis (SinjikaSvilis) da murad beis davalebiT, 1787

w. hasan kapudan faSas mier mZevlebad wayvanili mamluqi (maT Soris

qarTveli) beiebis Taobaze.41 ar aris gamoricxuli, rom maSin isargebla

SemTxveviT da Cavida saqarTveloSi.

rustami ori Tvis manZilze swavlobda cxenosnobas da Semdeg

Cairicxa salih beis mamluqTa razmSi. ori wlis Semdeg ki is salih beis

wahyva meqaSi sapiligrimod. piligrimobidan dabrunebulma salih

beim akabaSi Seityo ambavi frangebis SemoWrisa. frangebma mas misces

Seuvaloba da SesTavazes mcire razmTan erTad kairoSi dabrunebuliyo.

magram ibrahim beim salih beis mosTxova bilbeisSi gamgzavrebuliyo da

salih beic ase moiqca.

al-jabarTim icis, rom salih bei mokvda sadRac siriaSi.42 rustami

gvawvdis unikalur cnobas, rom salih beis Tavi Seufarebia aqqas

gamgebelTan jazar faSasTan, romelmac is mowamla (gv. 41). Tumca, ra

mizeziT, rustami ar wers. ramdenime xnis Semdeg salih beis cxedari

colma siriidan gadmoasvenebina da dakrZala al-mujavirinis

sasaflaoze.43

amrigad, rustamis cnobis safuZvelze, salih beis saxiT, napoleonis

egvipteSi SemoWris win, mamluqTa beiliqaTis SemadgenlobaSi SeiZleba

kidev erTi qarTveli davadasturoT.44 samwuxarod, sxva raime faseuli

cnoba egviptis mamluqTa oligarqiis Sesaxeb `memuarebSi~ me ver vnaxe.

aqqadan kairoSi dabrunebuli rustami Cadga Seix al-baqris

samsaxurSi da swored am ukanasknelma aCuqa is napoleon bonapartes.

`memuarebSi~, upiratesad, rustamis yoveldRiuri cxovrebaa asaxuli.

is werda imis Sesaxeb, rasac xedavda da misTvis didi politikis niuansebi

41 ‘ ,

42 , 18.43 iqve.

44 XVII-XVIII ss-is egviptis mamluqTa oligarqiaSi qarTvelebis Sesaxeb ix. Daniel Crecelius, Gotcha Japaridze, “Georgians in the Military Establishment in Egypt in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,” Annales Islamologiques, 42 (2008), 313-37.

recenzia

398

ucnobi rCeboda. rustamis subieqturoba, rac saerTod damaxasiaTebelia

memuaruli Janris avtorebisTvis, aRniSnuli aqvs savans.

`memuarebSi~ kargad Cans, rogor icavda rustami Tavis interesebs,

iqneboda es egvipteSi, Tu – safrangeTSi, muqariT (magaliTad Seix

al-baqris mimarT), daSinebiT, dabezRebiT, an erTgulebis uzomo

gamoxatviT – napoleonTan urTierTobaSi. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSic,

is pragmatuli iyo da k. elbaze imperatoris gasaxlebis dros mas ar

wahyva. am faqts uaryofiTad afasebdnen Tanamedroveni da aseve uaR-

resad mkacri Sefaseba misca somexma mkvlevarma v. poRosianma.45

literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom 1810 w., roca napoleonis dekretiT

gauqmda italiis samefos yvela monasteri, rustamis SuamdgomlobiT

gamonaklisi gakeTda mxolod mxiTaristTa kongregaciis monas-

trisaTvis,46 xolo roca 1812 w. frangebma daikaves moskovi, swored

misi wyalobiT gadarCa gadawvas somxuri ubani am qalaqSi.47 am faqtebis

Sesaxeb memuarebSi verafers vnaxavT. rustami, romelic SemTxvevas ar

uSvebda xelidan, warmoeCina Tavisi SesaZleblobebi da damsaxurebebi,

am SemTxvevebSi dums, rac, bunebrivia, zemoTqmulis mimarT eWvs badebs.

weren, rom rustami dajildoebuli iyo safrangeTis sapatio

legionis ordeniT. rustami amis Sesaxebac dums. marTalia, aseTi cnoba

aris 1825 w. gamoqveynebul erT frangul biografiul cnobarSi,48 magram

sxva gamokvlevebSi (savani, deriberi, poRosiani) is ver davadasture.49

a. miqaberiZem pirad mimoweraSi macnoba, rom man Seamowma sapatio

legionis ordeniT dajildoebuli pirebis adreuli siebi, magram iq

rustami ver aRmoaCina.

mcire xniT rustami iricxeboda napoleonis gvardiaSi, romelSic

Sedioda mamluqTa eskadroni. magram is ar ixseniebs Tavis Tanamemamule

somex, anda qarTvel mamluqebs, maSin roca aseTi cnobebi, Tundac

saarakod mamac Tbilisel mamluq Sahinze,50 romelic marTlac gaxda

45

46 iqve, 45.

47 iqve.

48 Biographie nouvelle des contemprorains, t. XVIIII (Paris, 1825), 263.49 asaxeleben debres naxats, romelzec asaxulia sapatio legonis ordenis da-

jildoebis faqti. suraTze Cans rustami, magram Zneli saTqmelia, ukeTia Tu ara

mas ordeni.

50 jafariZe, ìyvnen qarTvelebi napoleonis armiaSi?~; ufro vrclad ix. aleqsandre

miqaberiZe, àmbavi erTi mamluqisa: Jan Sahinis moRvaweoba (internetresursi: http://www.facebook.com/notes/alexander-mikaberidze/ambavi-erti-mamluqisa/10150470316995849%20=EF=BB=BF).

goCa jafariZe

399

safrangeTis sapatio legionis ordenis kavaleri, uaRresad faseuli

iqneboda.

rustamis Tvalsawieri SezRuduli iyo. ar dagvaviwydes, rom is

didi pirovnebis mxolod piradi mcveli da msaxuri iyo, iTavsebda misi

saWurvelTmtvirTvelis funqciebsac, exmareboda imperators Cacma-

dabanaSi, Zvirfas samosSi gamowyobili, ganuyreli CalmiT, is mudmivad

da yvelgan Tan axlda mas, vercxlis maTariT Seasmevda xolme koniaks,

Ram-RamobiT eZina xolme mosacdelSi imperatoris saZinebel oTaxTan

da Tu arsebobda SeTqmulebis saSiSroeba, am oTaxis karis win wveboda.

didi politika mis miRma rCeboda. magram napoleonis garemocvaSi

yofniT, rustams ufro gaumarTla cxovrebaSi, vidre napoleonis sxva

mamluqebs. maT Sesaxeb xom ar dawerila wignebi! imiTac gaumarTla, rom,

sxvebisgan gansxvavebiT, araerTxelaa gamosaxuli mxatvrul tiloebze

(anna-lui Jirode, klod gotero, debre da sxv.) napoleonTan erTad.

rac mniSvnelovania, man SeZlo is, rac sxva mamluqebma ver gaakeTes.

dagvitova `memuarebi~ – naSromi, romelic garkveul warmodgenas

gviqmnis imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori iyo erTi mamluqis yofa da cxovreba

egvipteSi da Semdeg – safrangeTSi.

dasasrul, qarTul enaze rustamis `memuarebis~ gamocemiT kargi

saqme gakeTda. rac mTavaria, aleqsandre miqaberiZisa da nika xoferias

publikacia, imedia, sabolood mouRebs bolos saqarTveloSi usafuZ-

vlo Tvalsazrisebs rustamis warmomavlobaze. qarTvelTa rigebidan

araerTi didi mamluqi gamovida, romlebic, saqarTvelos farglebs

gareT, xmliT icavdnen erayis, egviptis Tu Tunisis suverenitets da

arc samSoblos iviwyebdnen. qarTveli mkvlevrebis vali, swored maTi

istoriis Seswavlaa.

goCa jafariZe

recenzia

mxedari

tiraJi 200 cali

gamomcemloba `mxedari~

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