Anthony the Great 1

Anthony the GreatFor other uses, see Saint Anthony (disambiguation)."Antonious" redirects here. For Antonius, see Antonius.

Saint Anthony of Egypt

A Coptic icon, showing, in the lower left,St. Anthony with St. Paul the First Hermit

Venerable and God-bearingFather of Monasticism

Born ca. 251Herakleopolis Magna, Egypt

Died 356Mount Colzim, Egypt

Honored in Coptic Orthodox ChurchEastern Orthodox ChurchOriental Orthodox ChurchesRoman Catholic Church

Major shrine Monastery of St. Anthony, EgyptSaint-Antoine-l'Abbaye, France

Feast 30th of January (22 Tobi)

Attributes bell; pig; book; Tau cross

Patronage Skin diseases, basket makers, brushmakers, gravediggers

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Anthony the Great 2

•• v•• t• e [1]

Anthony the Great or Antony the Great (ca. 251–356), also known as Saint Anthony or Anthony of Egypt,Anthony the Abbot, Anthony of the Desert, Anthony the Anchorite, Anthony of Thebes, Abba Antonius(Ἀββᾶς Ἀντώνιος) and Father of All Monks, was a Christian saint from Egypt, a prominent leader among theDesert Fathers. He is celebrated in many churches on his feast days: 30 January in the Old-Calendar EasternOrthodox Church and the Coptic Orthodox Church; 17 January in the New-Calendar Eastern Orthodox Church, theBulgarian Orthodox Church, the Roman Catholic Church and the Coptic Catholic Church.The biography of Anthony's life by Athanasius of Alexandria helped to spread the concept of monasticism,particularly in Western Europe through Latin translations. He is often erroneously considered the first monk, but ashis biography and other sources make clear, there were many ascetics before him. Anthony was, however, the firstknown ascetic going into the wilderness (about A.D. 270–271), a geographical move that seems to have contributedto his renown. Accounts of Anthony enduring supernatural temptation during his sojourn in the Eastern Desert ofEgypt inspired the often-repeated subject of the temptation of St. Anthony in Western art and literature.Anthony is appealed to against infectious diseases, particularly skin diseases. In the past, many such afflictions,including ergotism, erysipelas, and shingles, were historically referred to as St. Anthony's fire.

Life

Early lifeMost of what is known about Saint Anthony comes from the Life of Anthony. Written in Greek around 360 byAthanasius of Alexandria, it depicts Anthony as an illiterate and holy man who through his existence in a primordiallandscape has an absolute connection to the divine truth, which always is in harmony with that of Athanasius as thebiographer. Sometime before 374, it was translated into Latin by Evagrius of Antioch. The Latin translation helpedthe Life become one of the best known works of literature in the Christian world, a status it would hold through theMiddle Ages.[2] In addition to the Life, several surviving homilies and epistles of varying authenticity provide someadditional autobiographical detail.Anthony was born in Coma (or Koma) near Herakleopolis Magna in Lower Egypt in 251 to wealthy landownerparents. When he was about 18 years old, his parents died and left him with the care of his unmarried sister. Shortlythereafter, he decided to follow the words of Jesus, who had said: "If you want to be perfect, go, sell what you haveand give to the poor, and you will have treasures in heaven; and come, follow Me", [Mt 19:21] [3] which is part of theEvangelical counsels. Taking these words quite literally, Anthony gave away some of the family estate to hisneighbors, sold the remaining property, donated the funds thus raised to the poor, placed his sister with a group ofChristian virgins, a sort of proto-monastery of nuns, and himself became the disciple of a local hermit.The appellation "Father of Monasticism" might be considered misleading, as Christian monasticism was alreadybeing practiced in the deserts of Egypt. Ascetics commonly retired to isolated locations on the outskirts of cities. Bythe 2nd century there were also famous Christian ascetics, such as Saint Thecla.The Therapeutae, pagan ascetic hermits and loosely organized cenobitic communities described by the HellenizedJewish philosopher Philo of Alexandria in the first century, were long established in the harsh environments by LakeMareotis close to Alexandria, and in other less-accessible regions. Philo noted that "this class of persons may be metwith in many places, for both Greece and barbarian countries want to enjoy whatever is perfectly good."There are various legends associating him with pigs: one is that for a time he worked as a swineherd.

Anthony the Great 3

HermitSaint Anthony decided to follow this tradition and headed out into the alkaline Nitrian Desert region (which becamethe location of the noted monasteries of Nitria, Kellia and Scetis), about 95 km (59 mi) west of Alexandria, on theedge of the Western Desert. Here he remained for some 13 years.Anthony is notable for being one of the first ascetics to attempt living in the desert proper, completely cut off fromcivilization. His anchoretic lifestyle was remarkably harsher than that of his predecessors. Yet the title of Father ofmonasticism is merited as he was the inspiration for the coming of hundreds of men and women into the depths ofthe desert, who were then loosely organized into small communities, especially by his disciple, Macarius.According to Athanasius, the devil fought St. Anthony by afflicting him with boredom, laziness, and the phantoms ofwomen, which he overcame by the power of prayer, providing a theme for Christian art. After that, he moved to atomb, where he resided and closed the door on himself, depending on some local villagers who brought him food.When the devil perceived his ascetic life and his intense worship, he was envious and beat him mercilessly, leavinghim unconscious. When his friends from the local village came to visit him and found him in this condition, theycarried him to a church.After he recovered, he made a second effort and went back into the desert to a farther mountain by the Nile calledPispir, now Der el Memun, opposite Crocodilopolis. There he lived strictly enclosed in an old abandoned Roman fortfor some twenty years. According to Athanasius, the devil again resumed his war against Saint Anthony, only thistime the phantoms were in the form of wild beasts, wolves, lions, snakes and scorpions. They appeared as if theywere about to attack him or cut him into pieces. But the saint would laugh at them scornfully and say, "If any of youhave any authority over me, only one would have been sufficient to fight me." At his saying this, they disappeared asthough in smoke. This is attributed as a victory granted by God. While in the fort he only communicated with theoutside world by a crevice through which food would be passed and he would say a few words. Saint Anthony wouldprepare a quantity of bread that would sustain him for six months. He did not allow anyone to enter his cell; whoevercame to him stood outside and listened to his advice.

The former main altar of the hermitage church in Warfhuizen in theNetherlands with a mural of Anthony the Abbot and a reliquary withsome of his relics. Since then they have been moved to a new golden

shrine on a side-altar especially made for them.

Then one day he emerged from the fort with the help ofvillagers to break down the door. By this time most hadexpected him to have wasted away, or to have goneinsane in his solitary confinement. Instead, he emergedhealthy, serene and enlightened. Everyone was amazedthat he had been through these trials and emergedspiritually rejuvenated. He was hailed as a hero andfrom this time forth the legend of Anthony began tospread and grow.Anthony went to the Fayyum and confirmed thebrethren there in the Christian faith, then returned to hisold Roman fort. In 311, Anthony wished to become amartyr and went to Alexandria. He visited those whowere imprisoned for the sake of Christ and comfortedthem. When the Governor saw that he was confessinghis Christianity publicly, not caring what might happento him, he ordered him not to show up in the city.However, the Saint did not heed his threats. He facedhim and argued with him in order that he might arouse

his anger so that he might be tortured and martyred, but it did not happen.

Father of monks

Anthony the Great 4

He left Alexandria to return to the old Roman fort upon the end of the persecutions. Here, many came to visit himand to hear his teachings. He saw that these visits kept him away from his worship. As a result, he went further intothe Eastern Desert of Egypt. He travelled to the inner wilderness for three days, until he found a spring of water andsome palm trees, and then he chose to settle there. Disciples soon started to come to him to seek spiritual teaching. Atrickle became a flood, and soon they numbered in the hundreds. On this spot now stands the monastery of SaintAnthony the Great.There, he anticipated the rule of Benedict of Nursia who lived about 200 years later; "pray and work", by engaginghimself and his disciple or disciples in manual labor. Anthony himself cultivated a garden and wove mats of rushes.He and his disciples were regularly sought out for words of enlightenment. These statements were later collected intothe book of Sayings of the Desert Fathers. Anthony himself is said to have spoken to those of a spiritual dispositionpersonally, leaving the task of addressing the more worldly visitors to Macarius. On occasions, he would go to themonastery on the outskirts of the desert by the Nile to visit the brethren, then return to his inner monastery.The backstory of one of the surviving epistles, directed to Constantine I, recounts how the fame of Saint Anthonyspread abroad and reached Emperor Constantine. The Emperor wrote to him offering him praise and asking him topray for him. The brethren were pleased with the Emperor's letter, but Anthony did not pay any attention to it, and hesaid to them, "The books of God, the King of Kings and the Lord of Lords, commands us every day, but we do notheed what they tell us, and we turn our backs on them." Under the persistence of the brethren who told him"Emperor Constantine loves the church", he accepted to write him a letter blessing him, and praying for the peaceand safety of the empire and the church.

Painting of Saint Anthony, a part of TheVisitation with Saint Nicholas and Saint Anthony

Abbot by Piero di Cosimo, ca. 1480.

According to Athanasius, Saint Anthony heard a voice telling him "Goout and see." He went out and saw an angel who wore a girdle with across, one resembling the holy Eskiem (Tonsure or Schema), and onhis head was a head cover (Kolansowa). He was sitting while braidingpalm leaves, then he stood up to pray, and again he sat to weave. Avoice came to him saying, "Anthony, do this and you will rest."Henceforth, he started to wear this tunic that he saw, and began toweave palm leaves, and never was bored again. Saint Anthonyprophesied about the persecution that was about to happen to thechurch and the control of the heretics over it, the church victory and itsreturn to its former glory, and the end of the age. When Saint Macariusvisited Saint Anthony, Saint Anthony clothed him with the monk'sgarb, and foretold him what would be of him. When the day drew nearof the departure of Saint Paul the First Hermit in the desert, SaintAnthony went to him and buried him, after clothing him in a tunicwhich was a present from St Athanasius the Apostolic, the 20thPatriarch of Alexandria.

In 338, he left the desert temporarily to visit Alexandria to help refute the teachings of Arius. Although notparticularly learned, Anthony was able to confound the Arians.

Anthony the Great 5

Final daysWhen Saint Anthony felt that the day of his departure had approached, he commanded his disciples to give his staffto Saint Macarius, and to give one sheepskin cloak to Saint Athanasius and the other sheepskin cloak to SaintSerapion, his disciple. He further instructed his disciples to bury his body in an unmarked, secret grave.He probably spoke only his native language, Coptic, but his sayings were spread in a Greek translation. He himselfleft no writings. His biography was written by Saint Athanasius and titled Life of Saint Anthony the Great. Manystories are also told about him in various collections of sayings of the Desert Fathers.Though Anthony himself did not organize or create a monastery, a community grew around him based on hisexample of living an ascetic and isolated life. Athanasius' biography helped propagate Anthony's ideals. Athanasiuswrites, "For monks, the life of Anthony is a sufficient example of asceticism."

Temptation

A copy by the young Michelangelo after anengraving by Martin Schongauer around 1487-9,The Torment of Saint Anthony. Oil and tempera

on panel. One of many artistic depictions of SaintAnthony's trials in the desert.

See also: Temptation of Saint Anthony in visual artsFamously, Anthony is said to have faced a series of supernaturaltemptations during his pilgrimage to the desert. The first to report onthe temptation was his contemporary Athanasius of Alexandria.However, some modern scholarsWikipedia:Manual of Style/Words towatch#Unsupported attributions have argued that the demons andtemptations that Anthony is reported to have faced may have beenrelated to Athanasius by some of the simpler pilgrims who had visitedhim, who may have been conveying what they had been told in amanner more dramatic than it had been conveyed tothem.Wikipedia:Citation needed

It is possible these events, like the paintings, are full of rich metaphoror in the case of the animals of the desert, perhaps a vision or dream.Some of the stories included in Saint Anthony's biography areperpetuated now mostly in paintings, where they give an opportunityfor artists to depict their more lurid or bizarre interpretations. Manyartists, including Martin Schongauer, Hieronymus Bosch, DorotheaTanning, Max Ernst, Leonora Carrington and Salvador Dalí, havedepicted these incidents from the life of Anthony; in prose, the tale wasretold and embellished by Gustave Flaubert in The Temptation of SaintAnthony.

Emphasis on these stories, however, did not really begin until the Middle Ages, when the psychology of theindividual became of greater interest. Below are some of these controversial tales.

The satyr and the centaur

Saint Anthony was on a journey in the desert to find Saint Paul of Thebes, who according to his dream was a betterHermit than he (Vitae Patrum Book 1a- Collected from Jerome. Chpt VI). Saint Anthony had been under theimpression that he was the first person to ever dwell in the desert; however, due to the dream, Saint Anthony wascalled into the desert to find his "better" Saint Paul. On his way there, he ran into two demons in the forms of acentaur and a satyr. Many works of art depict Saint Anthony meeting with the centaur and the satyr. Western

theology considers these demons to have been temptations. At any rate, he was stopped by these demons and he asked them, "Who are you?" To that the satyr replied, "I am a corpse, one of those whom the heathen call satyrs, and

Anthony the Great 6

by whom they are snared into idolatry." The satyr then tried to terrify the saint while the centaur acknowledged theoverthrow of the gods. In the end, the centaur tried to show Saint Anthony the way to his destination while the satyrended up asking for Saint Anthony's blessing.

Silver and goldAnother time Saint Anthony was traveling in the desert he found a plate of silver coins in his path. He pondered for amoment as to why a plate of silver coins would be out in the desert where no one else travels. Then he realized thedevil must have laid it out there to tempt him. To that he said, "Ha! Devil, thou weenest to tempt me and deceive me,but it shall not be in thy power." Once he said this, the plate of silver vanished. Saint Anthony continued walkingalong and saw a pile of gold in his way which the devil had laid there to deceive him. Saint Anthony cast the pile ofgold into a fire, and it vanished just like the silver coins did. After these events, Saint Anthony had a vision wherethe whole world was full of snares and traps. He cried to the Lord, "Oh good Lord, who may escape from thesesnares?" A voice said back to him, "humility shall escape them without more. "

Demons in the caveOne time Saint Anthony tried hiding in a cave to escape the demons that plagued him. There were so many littledemons in the cave though that Saint Anthony's servant had to carry him out because they had beaten him to death.When the hermits were gathered to Saint Anthony's corpse to mourn his death, Saint Anthony was revived. Hedemanded that his servants take him back to that cave where the demons had beaten him. When he got there hecalled out to the demons, and they came back as wild beasts to rip him to shreds. All of a sudden a bright lightflashed, and the demons ran away. Saint Anthony knew that the light must have come from God, and he asked Godwhere was he before when the demons attacked him. God replied, "I was here but I would see and abide to see thybattle, and because thou hast manly fought and well maintained thy battle, I shall make thy name to be spreadthrough all the world."

Veneration

Pilgrimage banners from the shrine inWarfhuizen

Anthony was secretly buried on the mountain-top where he had chosento live. His remains were reportedly discovered in 361, and transferredto Alexandria. Some time later, they were taken from Alexandria toConstantinople, so that they might escape the destruction beingperpetrated by invading Saracens.

Later, in the eleventh century, the Byzantine emperor gave them to theFrench Count Jocelin. Jocelin had them transferred toLa-Motte-Saint-Didier, which was then renamedSaint-Antoine-en-Dauphiné. There, Anthony is credited with assistingin a number of miraculous healings, primarily from ergotism, which

became known as "St. Anthony's Fire". He was credited by two local noblemen of assisting them in recovery fromthe disease. They then founded the Hospital Brothers of St. Anthony in honour of him, who specialized in nursingthe victims of skin diseases.

Veneration of Anthony in the East is more restrained. There are comparatively few icons and paintings of him. He isregarded as the "first master of the desert and the pinnacle of holy monks", however, and there are monasticcommunities of the Maronite, Chaldean, and Orthodox churches which state that they follow his monastic rule.During the Middle Ages, Anthony, along with Quirinus of Neuss, Cornelius and Hubertus, was venerated as one ofthe Four Holy Marshals (Vier Marschälle Gottes) in the Rhineland.

Anthony the Great 7

Coptic literatureExamples of purely Coptic literature are the works of Saint Anthony and Saint Pachomius, who only spoke Coptic,and the sermons and preachings of Saint Shenouda the Archmandrite, who chose to only write in Coptic. SaintShenouda was a popular leader who only spoke to the Egyptians in Egyptian language (Coptic), the language of therepressed, not in Greek, the language of the rulers.The earliest original writings in Coptic language were the letters by Saint Anthony. During the 3rd and 4th centuriesmany ecclesiastics and monks wrote in Coptic.

References[1] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Template:Christian_mysticism& action=edit[2][2] The Essential Writings of Christian Mysticism, Bernhart McGinn IBSN 0-8129-7421-2[3] http:/ / www. biblegateway. com/ passage/ ?search=Mt+ 19%3A21& version=ESV

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anthony the Great.

• "Spiritual Considerations on the Life of Saint Antony the Great" (http:/ / www. wdl. org/ en/ item/ 7084) is amanuscript, from 1864, in Arabic, that is a translation of a Latin work about the life of Saint Anthony

• "Saint Anthony Abbot" (http:/ / www. christianiconography. info/ anthonyAbbot. html) at the ChristianIconography (http:/ / www. christianiconography. info) website

• "Of the Life of Saint Anthony" (http:/ / www. christianiconography. info/ goldenLegend/ anthonyAbbot. htm)from Caxton's translation of the Golden Legend

Article Sources and Contributors 8

Article Sources and ContributorsAnthony the Great  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=620558228  Contributors: 192.146.101.xxx, 1exec1, A ntv, Aaron Brenneman, Achraf, Adso de Fimnu, Aelffin, Afanous,Agüeybaná, Ahoerstemeier, AidanP02, Amazins490, Ambrosiaster, Andrew c, Andronicus, Andycjp, AnnaFrance, Ans-mo, Ante Vranković, Anthony Appleyard, Anthony of the Desert, Aphaia,Arakunem, Astral, Augusta2, Auric, Autumnalmonk, Barneca, BarretB, Bart Versieck, Bawm79, Beetstra, Bender235, Benkenobi18, Beyond My Ken, Bill Thayer, BlindMic, Boleyn,Brandmeister, Brchad007, Briarfallen, CWii, Caltas, CanadianLinuxUser, Captain-tucker, Carl.bunderson, Carlossuarez46, Catgut, Cebactokpatop, Charles Matthews, Cheese115, ChicXulub,Chochopk, ChrisGualtieri, Chrysologus, Chuck56, Cje, Cmichael, ComeandSee, CommonsDelinker, Conversion script, Converze, Cuchullain, D6, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, DBigXray, DESiegel,DTOx, DaVinci20, DabMachine, Dancingteen, Daniel the Monk, DeadEyeArrow, Dickstracke, Dimadick, Discospinster, Djordjes, Docu, Donaldwestbrook, Dppowell, Drmies, Dsp13, EALacey,EagleFan, Ealdgyth, EauLibrarian, Ed558, Edal, Egmontaz, Egy writer, Elembis, Elizium23, Epicgenius, Eric-Wester, Erik9, Error, Eubulides, Everyking, Evrik, Explicit, F50R2J, Fabiform,Fady saber, FeanorStar7, Federov, Fetofs, Flyer22, FoolsWar, Gaius Cornelius, Genie, Gentgeen, Geogre, Ghaly, Gharb17, Gioto, Good Olfactory, Gr8opinionater, GreatWhiteNortherner, GreenCardamom, Grika, Gurch, Hafspajen (usurped), Hailey C. Shannon, Hayesstw, Hdt83, Headbomb, HeartofaDog, Hebytr, Hede2000, Hellenic95, Hopewatchful, Hulek, Humilityisfine,Hydrobromic, Icseaturtles, Ihcoyc, Imasleepviking, Intgr, Intouchwithbertj, Iokseng, Iphthime, Isarra, Isayhoomhom, J heisenberg, J.delanoy, J04n, Jack forbes (renamed), JackofOz, Jackturner3,Jackychen888, JacobMorris3564, Jan eissfeldt, JayC, Jbribeiro1, Jc3schmi, Jdaloner, Jenglema, Jetman, Jhannah100, John Carter, John254, Johnbod, Jonel, Jordiferrer, Jusdafax, Kace7, KainNihil, Keith D, Kelisi, Kenth07, Kjm16216, Knight45, Ksnow, L Kensington, LahmacunKebab, Lanternix, Larix, Leptictidium, Leszek Jańczuk, Lhimec, Liudger, Lockesdonkey, MPerel,Magda, Magioladitis, Mahlered, Majoreditor, Makemi, Maltesedog, Man vyi, Mannanan51, Marchije, Mark Arsten, Martin451, Mateo SA, Materialscientist, Mathias-S, Mattissa, Mauro Lanari,Michael Hardy, Mike Rosoft, Mild Bill Hiccup, MishaPan, Missvain, MithrandirAgain, Mizpah14, Modder21, Mogism, MonroeDoctrine, Mouse is back, Muncle11, Mynameezfattony, Naddy,Najibbara, NatusRoma, Necrothesp, Nicola79, Nishkid64, Nlvwarren, Nsk92, Odin1, OlEnglish, Olivier, Omnipedian, Oren neu dag, OrthodoxeSizilien, PS11, Panairjdde, Patricius54, Pernogr,Petropoxy (Lithoderm Proxy), Pharaoh of the Wizards, Piccadilly, Pitt 32, Pjones27, Pluke, Polylerus, Pontificalibus, Portillo, PrestonH, ProudPapa5, Psemmusa, Psychless, Pwqn, Queinstaw,Qwertyus, R'n'B, Ranveig, Rapomon, Rchamberlain, Rebrane, RedSoxlover28, ReformedArsenal, Relarity, Rich Farmbrough, Rjwilmsi, Rlevse, Robofish, Rogerb67, Roltz, RoyBoy, Runner5k,SDC, Sannse, Sardanaphalus, Sbs108, SchuminWeb, Selket, Shadowjams, Shanes, Shark96z, Shoeofdeath, Siorse, Sjouker, Skier Dude, SlackerMom, Sopoforic, Spartacus007, Spliffy,StAnselm, Staffelde, Stbalbach, Stephenb, Steved424, Stevertigo, Storkk, Swarm, SwordSmurf, TAnthony, Tanaats, Tarheelz123, Tarquin, TastyPoutine, Tchannon, Thane, The Behnam, TheDogandpony, The wub, Thingg, Thrissel, Tide rolls, Titoxd, Tixity, Toddst1, Tom harrison, Triwbe, TrollishTackyBling, Troy 07, Trunks ishida, Twas Now, Uberon, Vanished userewfisn2348tui2f8n2fio2utjfeoi210r39jf, Vaquero100, Vasil16, Versus22, Vgranucci, Vladimirco, Waacstats, Walgamanus, Wandererofsorts, Wareh, Werdan7, WereSpielChequers, Wetman,Wideshanks, Widr, Wikidcnbill, Wikipelli, Willthacheerleader18, Wykypydya, Yaminator, Yintan, Yonatan, Yoshiah ap, Zerida, Zoicon5, Žiga, Δ, 456 ,أحمد ,ישראל קרול anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:StAnthony.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:StAnthony.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User Afanous on en.wikipediaFile:Hildegard von Bingen Liber Divinorum Operum.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hildegard_von_Bingen_Liber_Divinorum_Operum.jpg  License: PublicDomain  Contributors: Bukk, Dsmdgold, GDK, Leinad-Z, Mattes, Mladifilozof, Tetraktys, Tsui, Vol de nuitImage:Antoniusaltaar.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Antoniusaltaar.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User Liudger on en.wikipediaFile:Piero di Cosimo 025.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Piero_di_Cosimo_025.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Albertomos, AndreasPraefcke,Darwinius, G.dallorto, Infrogmation, Mattes, Moros, Oxxo, Sailko, Tangopaso, WstFile:The Torment of Saint Anthony (Michelangelo).jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_Torment_of_Saint_Anthony_(Michelangelo).jpg  License: Public Domain Contributors: Davidwr, FA2010, GianniG46, Royalbroil, Shizhao, 4 anonymous editsFile:Vaantjeantoniuswarfhuizenkleiner copy.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Vaantjeantoniuswarfhuizenkleiner_copy.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0  Contributors: SjoukerImage:Commons-logo.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Commons-logo.svg  License: logo  Contributors: Anomie

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