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THIS IS MY PROJECT ON SAHARA SAMAY BROADCASTING......U WILL GET ALL POSSIBLE DETAIL AS U WANT..

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(ENGINEERING AND OPERATIONS)

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Mr M.F HUSSAIN NITIN NEGI

SITV

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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I would first and foremost like to express my gratitude to Mr R. S CHAUHAN for providing me with such an opportunity.I would also like to thank mr M.F Hussain. I will always be grateful to you for providing me this valuable opportunity to have worked in your Sahara family, and for your guidance, constructive criticism, patience to guide me through my research and most of all your friendship. Ithas been excellent opportunity for me and I have learned a lot from you. You are my inspiration, not only in the academic and research fields, but also in your leadership and entrepreneurship. Hopefully one day we can continue our collaboration in any ways. I really wish I could express my sincere thanks to you in Sahara .

TABLE OF CONTENTS:

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1. ABOUT THE CHANNEL2. NEWS CHANNEL AUTOMATION

3. INGEST

4. LEAS LINE

5. V-SAT

6. ENPS

7. EDITING SYSTEM

8. NEWS CHANNEL AUTOMATION

9. VIZRT

10. PCR

11. MCR

12. VIDEO SERVER

13. FINAL TRANSMISSION

14. TELEPORT

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Sahara India Pariwar is an Indian multi-business conglomerate with diversified business interests that include financial services, housing finance, mutual funds, life insurance, city development, real estate activities, print and television media, film production, sports, information technology, health care, tourism, hospitality and consumer products. It owns the New IPL team Sahara Pune Warriors and also sponsors the Indian Cricket and Hockey Sahara Launched in 2003, Sahara Samay , a Hindi news channel, is a part of the group of six free-to-air 24-hours news channels belonging to Sahara India Pariwar. People’s Voice being the key highlights of this channel, it employs more than thousand journalists. Sahara India Parivar has been founded by Subrata Roy with its headquarters in Lucknow. The company made its foray into the field of electronic media with Sahara Samay Network. This was a news network that offered five regional news channels. Besides the regional news channels for the states of Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Delhi and Maharashtra, the network also comprises Sahara Samay. This is a 24 hour national news channel that is available in more that 66 countries. Besides Lucknow, Sahara Media and Entertainment Network have its offices in Mumbai and New Delhi.

In the year 2006, Sahara Samay won the `Broadcast Engineering Excellence Award` for its network newsroom technology.Sahara newsroom is a fine example of convergence wherein IT converges with Graphics, Audio-Video, editing and broadcasting. In fact, Star News and Sahara Samay National have gained significant viewership with both Aaj Tak and Zee News fighting hard to retain their strong hold.

Sahara Samay presents an array of news to its viewers. These range from entertainment, politics, health, current affairs, business and others. Apart from airing the headlines, there are regular news bulletins that keep a track on these headlines and present updated news as well.

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SAHARA INDIA TV NETWORK

NEWS CHANNEL AUTOMATION

1. Electronic news production system (ENPS) Version 4.0..

2. VIDEO SERVERS: LEITCH NX4000.

3. EDITING SYSTEM: NEWS FLASH & VELOCITYQ.

4. AUTOMATION SYSTEM : OMNIBUS.

5. GRAPHICS AUTOMATION : VIZRT

INGEST FLOW:

The ingest department records the raw feeds from various sources. There are various sources through which news is gathered.

They are:

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1. From Tape2. From VSAT3. From Lease Line4. from FTP

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Graphics VTR Lease line Live TV VSAT

INGEST

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EQUIPMENTS PRESENT IN INGEST DEPARTMENT

1. Digital processing synchronizer/Frame synchronizer(DPS/FS)2. IRD’S/DECODERS/ENCODERS.3. ROUTERS(NETWORK AND VIDEO)4. SERIAL ENGINE.5. VTR’S6. MONITORS7. DAMACHASSIS.

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LEASE LINE

Definition: A leased line connects two locations for private voice and/or data telecommunication service. Not a dedicated cable, a leased line is actually a reserved circuit between two points. Leased lines can span short or long distances. They maintain a single open circuit at all times, as opposed to traditional telephone services that reuse the same lines for many different conversations through a process called "switching."

ENCODER ROUTER HUB SUB AREA

AREADECODER FSOUI SAN

TAPE/ CAMERA

VIDEO MONITOR

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VSAT (VERY SMALL APERTURE TERMINAL)

A Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT), is small earth station which is apart of satellite communication. ground station or a stabilized maritime Vsatantenna with a dish antenna that is smaller than 3 meters. Data rates typicallyrange from 56 Kbit/s up to 4 Mbit/s. VSATs access satellites in

geosynchronous orbit to relay data from small remote earth stations (terminals) to other terminals (inmesh configurations) or master earth station "hubs" (in star configurations). VSATs are most commonly used to transmitnarrowband data (point of sale transactions such as credit card, polling orRFID data; orSC AD A), or broadband data (for the provision of Satellite Internet access to remote locations,VoIP or video). VSATs are also used for transportable, on-the-move (utilising phased array antennas) or mobilemaritime communications WHY VSAT networks are used:

i. Rapid, reliable satellite transmission of data, voice and video and an ability to allocate resources (bandwidth and amplification power) to different users over the coverage region as needed.

ii. VSAT industry is offering fixed network solutions that can provide a fullsuite of services at reasonable price. eg: a toll quality voice channel viaVSAT is available between 3-15 cents/minute today.

iii. Easy to provide point-to-multipoint (broadcast), multipoint-to-point (datacollection), point-to-point communications and broadband multimediaservices.

iv. VSATs are serviced not only in cases where the land areas are difficult to install, say in the case of remote locations, water areas, and large volumes of air space.

v. An ability to have direct access to users and user premises

- C-BAND

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The C band is a name given to certain portions of the electromagneticspectrum, as well as a range of wavelengths of microwaves that are used forlong-distance radio telecommunications. The IEEE C-band - and its slightvariations - contains frequency ranges that are used for many satellitecommunications transmissions; by some Wi-Fi devices; by some cordlesstelephones; and by some weather radar systems. For satellite communications,the microwave frequencies of the C-band perform better in comparison with Kuband (11.2 GHz to 14.5 GHz) microwave frequencies, under adverse weatherconditions, which are used by another large set of communication satellites.[1]The adverse weather conditions all have to do with moisture in the air, such asduring rainfalls, thunderstorms, sleet storms, and snowstorms.

EXTENDED C BAND Extended C-Band Tx5.850–6.425, Rx 3.625–4.200 Ku-BAND

Communications satellites send and receive electromagnetic Ku-band signals, which are in the super high-frequency range. Microwave phone signals, which are relayed between tall towers, are in this same frequency range. However, satellite Ku-band signals is usually not susceptible to interference from these towers.

KA BAND (Pronounced: "Kay-A Band") covers the frequencies of 26.5-40GHz[1]. The Ka band is part of the K band of themicrowave band of theelectromagnetic spectrum. This symbol refers to "K-above" — in other words, the band directly above the K-band. The so-called 30/20 GHz band is used incommunications satellites, uplink in either the 27.5 GHz and 31 GHz bands[2], and high-

resolution, close-range targetingradars aboard military airplanes. Some frequencies in this radio band are used for vehicle speed detection by law enforcement

LIST OF FREQUENCY

BAND TX FREQUENCY GHz RX FREQUENCY GHz KU BAND 14-14.5 11.7-12.2 S BAND 1.7-2.5 3-3.5 EXTENDED C 5.850-6.425 3.625-4.200 C BAND 5.9-6.4 3.7-4.2

SPECIFICATION VSAT is a term widely used in the satellite industry to describe an earth station that is installed on the ground to receive communications from a satellite or to communicate with other ground stations by transmitting to and receiving from satellite spacecraft. The ground station may be used only for reception, but is typically capable of both receiving

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and transmitting. Major components of a VSAT are generally grouped in two categories, ODU (outdoor unit) and IDU (indoor unit).

Out Door Unit

The ODU, so named because the components reside outdoors, includes;the antenna (typically ranging in size from 3.8 meters down to as small as0.6m in diameter), equipped with a feed system capable of receiving andtransmitting, a microwave radio, also known as a HPA High PowerAmplifier, and an LNA (low noise amplifier) used to convert the signalgathered by the feed.

Frequency Bands are available for use in C, Ku, or Ka frequency bandsand are sold by wattage capability. A complicated calculation called a"Link Budget" is performed by the satellite operator to determine both thesize of the antenna and how much power (wattage) will be required tocomplete the transmission link between the ground station and thesatellite. Frequency Bands are sometimes combined with the LNA'swhich are used as part of the receiving operation. The resultingcombination is called a "transceiver" and saves some integration timeduring the installation process.

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The ODU or antenna includes the dish, or reflector, and the feed arm, which holds the active elements (transmitter and receiver). These are pictured above

The Dish or Reflector

The older dish, shown on the left with the TV attachment, is made offiberglass, with an embedded wire mesh. It measures 0.74 meter insurface area (39" x 23"). The newer Raven dish is still .74 meter, but isrounder (34 1/4" x 28 1/2") and it is made of a lightweight metal. Often,when only referring to the dish, without the feed arm, the term reflector isused. The latest Prodelin dish was shown earlier.

The Feed Arm

Located on the fully assembled VSAT dish assembly, the Rx-Tx feed armis normally removed and safely stored, as part of the process for movingto a new location. The feed arm consists of the feed support arm and theoutdoor electronics.

All of the active outdoor components connect to the support arm, whichalso adds strength (and weight) to the completely assembled antenna. Theoutdoor electronics consist of the LNB, which receives outroute (from theNOC) Ku-band signals from the satellite, and the transmitter, whichtransmits inbound (to the NOC) Ku-band signals to the satellite.

LNB

The Low-Noise Block down-converter (LNB) is used to amplify andfrequency convert out route signals received by the antenna, for input intothe modem via the Sat-In cable.

The antenna receives the outbound signal in the Ku-band frequency, forinput to the wave guide end of the LNB. The LNB first amplifies theinput Ku-band signals. It then uses a local oscillator (LO), to frequencytranslate input signals to L-band frequencies, which are used on thecoaxial cables.

The signal noise value is an electrical specification for the LNB, which iscritical to out route signal (your received signal) quality performance.The lower the noise figure, the better the signal quality performance willbe.

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The LNB is powered from the modem, via a DC power supply coupledon the coaxial RF input connector, which connects to the receive IFLcable

LNB

The Low-Noise Block down-converter (LNB) is used to amplify andfrequency convert out route signals received by the antenna, for input intothe modem via the Sat-In cable.

The antenna receives the outbound signal in the Ku-band frequency, forinput to the wave guide end of the LNB. The LNB first amplifies theinput Ku-band signals. It then uses a local oscillator (LO), to frequencytranslate input signals to L-band frequencies, which are used on thecoaxial cables.

The signal noise value is an electrical specification for the LNB, which iscritical to out route signal (your received signal) quality performance.The lower the noise figure, the better the signal quality performance will

be.

The LNB is powered from the modem, via a DC power supply coupledon the coaxial RF input connector, which connects to the receive IFLcable

Typical Universal LNB specifications are: • Local Oscillator (LO): 9.75 GHz /10, 11.30 GHz • Frequency: 10.7 GHz-12.75 GHz • Noise Figure (NF): 0.7 dB • Polarization: Linear

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Standard DBS LNB example: • Local Oscillator (LO): 11.25 GHz • Frequency: 12.2 GHz-12.7 GHz • Noise Figure (NF): 0.7 dB • Polarization: Circular Typical North American C-band LNB specs: • Local Oscillator (LO): 5.15 GH

VSAT TOPOLOGY Star

The hub station controls and monitors can communicate with a large number of dispersed VSATs. Generally, the Data Terminal Equipment and 3 hub antenna is in the range of 6-11m in diameter. Since all VSATs communicate with the central hub station only, this network is more suitable for centralized data applications.

Hybrid Network

In practice usually using hybrid networks, where a part of the networkoperates on a star topology while some sites operate on a mesh topology,thereby accruing benefits of both topologies

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The VSAT services are primarily based on one of two technologies: i. Single-carrier per channel (SCPC) and

ii. Time-division multiple access (TDMA).

SCPC (Single-Carrier Per Channel)

SCPC-based design provides a point-to-point technology, making it the VSAT equivalent to conventional leased lines

TDMA (Time-division multiple access) With TDMA networks, numerous remote sites communicate with one central hub – a design that is similar to packet-switched networks. As a

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leased-line equivalent, SCPC can deliver dedicated bandwidth of up to 2 Mbit/s. Remote sites in a TDMA network compete with one another for access to the central hub, restricting the maximum band-.4 – DE width in most cases to 19.2 kbit/s. Almost all international VSAT services in Asia-Pacific are based on SCPC. Most domestic offerings are based on TDMA, although some domestic operators offer point-to-point SCPC links as well. Here, we will discuss briefly TDMA, pre-assigned or demand-assigned FDMA, CDMA and other accessing techniques featuring merits and demerits of these schemes. In a TDMA network, all VSATs share satellite resource on a time-slot basis. Remote VSATs use TDMA channels or inroutes for communicating with the hub. There could be several inroutes associated with one outroute. Several VSATs share one inroute hence sharing the bandwidth. Typical inroutes operate at 64 or 128 Kbit/s. Generally systems with star topology use a TDMA transmission technique. Critical to all TDMA schemes is the function of clock synchronization what is Page 24 of 40

performed by the TDMA hub or master earth station. The VSATs may also access the inroute on a fixed assigned TDMA mode, wherein each VSAT is allocated a specific time slot or slots

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HOW VSAT WORK i. The size of a VSAT antenna varies. The feed-horn directs the transmitted power towards the antenna dish or collects the received power from it. ii. It consists of an array of microwave passive components. Antenna size is used to describe the ability of the antenna to amplify the signal strength. iii. The Radio Frequency Terminal (RFT) is mounted on the antenna frame and interconnected to the feed-horn (outdoor electronics) includes Low Noise Amplifiers (LNA) and down-converters for amplification and down conversion of the received signal respectively. iv. LNAs are designed to minimize the noise added to the signal during this first stage of the converter as the noise performance of this stage determines the overall noise performance of the converter unit. The noise temperature is the parameter used to describe the performance of an LNA. v. Up- converters and High Powered Amplifiers (HPA) are also part of the RFT and are used for up converting and amplifying the signal before transmitting to the feed-horn. The Up/Down converters convert frequencies between intermediate frequency (IF level 70 MHz) and radio frequency. vi. Extended C band, the down converter receives the signal at 4.500 to 4.800 GHz and the up converter converts it to 6.725 to 7.025 GHz. The HPA ratings for VSATs range between 1 to 40 watts.

vii. The outdoor unit (ODU) is connected through a low-loss coaxial cable to the indoor unit (IDU). The typical limit of an (Interfacility Link) IFL cable is about 300 feet. The IDU consists of modulators that superimpose the user traffic signal on a carrier signal. This is then sent to the RFT for up conversion, amplification and transmission.

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DSNG(OB VAN) (DIGITAL SATELLITE NEWS GATHERING)

Eng became a catch-all term for various elements of the electronic newsgathering process, including the use of point-to-point terrestrialmicrowave signals to backhaul the remote signal to the studio. In modern newsoperations, however, it also includes sng (satellite news gathering) and dsng

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(digital satellite news gathering). Eng field operations are usually done with aspecially modified truck or van. Terrestrial microwave vehicles can usually beidentified by their masts which can be extended up to 50 feet (15 m) in the air(to allow line-of-sight with the station's receiver antennas), while satellite trucksnormally use a dish that points skywards towards one ofthe geostationary communications satellites. New phased array satelliteantennas are, as of 2010, being adapted from military and aircraft applicationsfor news gathering by networks and local stations. These systems will allowbroadcast live from moving vehicles.

The interior of DSNG, satellite trucks and microwave vans resemble smallcontrol rooms on wheels. With digital evolution, bulky tape editing systems arebeing replaced with single computers using multiple monitors or the computer'sscreen. An edit suite, which used to weigh over one hundred pounds, can nowbe replaced by a laptop computer. This is made possible by the fact that digitalvideo is easier to transport (inside and outside an edit system), because it takesless bandwidth. There are many other qualities available through digital videothat were previously unavailable or only through systems costing hundreds ofthousands of dollars. In its essence, digital video allows the manipulation ofvideo scenes more easily because all of the scene is translated into computerlanguage, thus making it accessible to the computer instead of a fixed videoframe.

The DSNG system consists of programme video and two audio channels, digitally multiplexed and compressed together via the encode

sahara vsat links

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ENPS

ENPS in the 24-hour newswheel model, which is prototyped by US-based Time Warner Cable. ENPS running orders are automatically created everyday. After journalists create and name stories in ENPS production running order, the system requests a clip placeholder of the same name in the automation system. Then the MOS (media object server) pointer is automatically placed in the script. After that, presenter lead-in and the clip go into the placeholder “as live”. Finally, the finished story is dragged from ENPS to the “air” running order, and the chained play out is automatically handled by the automation system with no manual intervention.

MOS, meanwhile, is considered central to the ENPS development strategy. It is written into core software and clips are published to ENPS as MOS pointers, which are indexed and therefore searchable. The MOS Protocol is managed in the public domain by the MOS Protocol Working Group and is supported by over 30 manufacturers. Designed to address the gulf between increasingly functional hardware and limited protocols, MOS facilitates integration across a wide range of broadcast equipment, said Mr Prangley. One can have a multiple MOS scenario, single MOS scenario and integration.

One of the major features of the MOS Protocol is that it moves pointers, not objects. In that context, Mr Prangley says that moving pointers is much more efficient than moving objects themselves. Pointers could be to any external object, crew assignments, satellite coordinates and vision mixer settings. “It also allows metadata to be pushed to wireless devices in the field and attached to pictures at source,” he says, adding that “potential of MOS protocol is just beginning to be exploited”. Metadata can be defined as “data about

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data,” but the term is normally understood to mean structured data about digital (and non-digital) resources that can be used to help support a wide range of operations.

Basically, ENPS can ask MOS to create “placeholder” complete with “metadata” in anticipation of a “clip”. It even allows metadata to be recorded at source. Also, the metadata can be pushed back to the ENPS newsroom ahead of the feed itself. And, “MOS Redirection” allows ENPS users to move media between servers via drag and drop of pointer.

ENPS’ core functions include anything from newsgathering, newswire management, script creation, editing, running order creation, control of broadcast equipment and archiving. The industry standards for ENPS are Intel-based hardware, Microsoft Windows, TCP/IP networking and MOS Protocol communication.

Launched in 1996, ENPS is used at over 400 sites. The broadcasters using it include Sahara TV, Nine, Ten Networks, HK Cable, SPH, MediaCorp, CBS, ESPN, Fox Sport, ABC, Time Warner Cable and BBC.

Accessibility and scalability are what make ENPS special. For instance, the redundant server configuration provides continuous operation in the event of a server failure, explains Mr Prangley. Also, the system is found handy for remote access and offline operations for mobile and small bureau users. In terms of scalability, ENPS can manage high volumes of news traffic, it is optimised for distributed enterprises, it supports multiple newsrooms, etc.

That’s not all. Among the new features of ENPS are integrated Web and WAP publishing ability, improved forward planning and newsgathering, easier to create events on future dates, sorting of events in grid, new gallery view of rundown and script, browse view of wires, and more efficient database structure

ENPS (Essential News Production System) is a software application for producing, editing, timing, organizing and running news broadcasts. The system is scalable and flexible enough to handle anything from the local news at a small-market station to large organizations spanning remote bureaus in multiple countries.

The basic organization of each news broadcast is called a "rundown" (US) or "running order" (UK). The run-down is a grid listing scripts, video, audio, character generator data, teleprompter control, director notations, camera operator cues, and timing estimates for each section of the broadcast.

ENPS integrates scripts, wire feeds, device control, and production information in a server/client environment. On the server side, ENPS runs an identical mirror server (called a "buddy") at all times as a fail-safe. If the primary server fails, all users are redirected to the buddy server until such time as the primary comes back on-line. All

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document changes are queued on the buddy and copied back to the primary automatically when it returns to production.

EDITING SYSTEM

Editing can be done in two ways Online editing. Offline editing.In SAHARA we use two software or applications. One is NEWSFLASH and the second one is VELOCITYQ.

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Velocity ESX™

On-SAN Editor

Velocity ESX™ is a full-featured HD/SD high-resolution news, sports and productionediting system for the NEXIO® shared storage system. The editor operates directly onshared storage, utilizing the robust NEXIO architecture and a powerful user interface.Velocity ESX can start editing HD and SD media the moment ingest begins while Harris®Edit and Media ID technology deliver the industry’s quickest way to minimize time andre-rendering between content access and air.Format flexibility allows use of all common file types in their native form as well asintelligent import to the NEXIO SAN environment. Output to the web and mobile devicesin a variety of formats is intuitively integrated as part of the high resolution output. Thesystem also integrates fully with newsroom computer systems such as AP ENPS® andAvid iNEWS® — enabling a truly collaborative newsroom.FEATURES▪ Access to all shared storage material on the SAN via the NEXIO® MediaBase™ contentmanagement system

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▪ Create and modify MediaBase metadata; filter search and sort by metadata▪ Software-only or hardware-based turnkey options▪ NRCS integration with AP ENPS, Avid iNEWS, Octopus®, OpenMedia®, and QNews®▪ Hardware ingest and in-server editing▪ DV and HDV I/O via FireWire™▪ Integrated codecs and viewers for Panasonic®P2, DVCPRO HD and AVC-Intra, Sony®XDCAM,XDCAM HD, XDCAM HD422, and XDCAM EX formats▪ Import and export of EDL, AAF, OMF, BXF and Apple® Final Cut Pro® XML files▪ Import and export of common audio, video, and graphic file formats

AUTOMATION SYSTEM:

OMNIBUS is used for news automation system.It is used for playing and recording of videos.

OMNIBUS:

OmniBus Systems delivers comprehensive master control, automation, playout and media content management solutions to broadcast, cable, satellite and telecom operators across the globe. The company's transmission, newsroom, content management and workflow solutions address every area of television, mobile TV and IPTV related operations. OmniBus Systems was launched in 1994, with BBC Television Centre studios representing the company’s first U.K.-based client. Using OmniBus automation, the studios were the first in the world to acquire totally automated control of their own transmissions. Over the following six years, the OmniBus Systems product

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portfolio grew to incorporate integrated media management, news automation and archive management, with solutions delivered to MTV Europe, TV4 (Sweden), HTV, BBC News 24 and ITN (U.K.), NRK (Norway) and NOB (Netherlands).

INDIA’S SAHARA TV SELECTS OMNIBUS TO AUTOMATESEVEN DIGITAL NEWS CHANNELSLEADING commercial broadcaster Sahara TV has chosen OmniBus Systems solutions to help itconstruct one of India’s most sophisticated broadcast news operations.It will use Columbus, an integrated module within the overall OmniBus Systems, to automate theproduction and transmission of its new six-channel newsroom in Delhi and a single channel newsoperation in Bombay.Sahara TV intends to launch the new channels in Oct/Nov 2002 and it plans to transform all seven into 24-hour continuous news operations as quickly aspossible.The broadcaster was attracted by OmniBus’ robust architecture and track record of successfulinstallations at major broadcasters worldwide. In addition, it was confident that Columbus wouldbe flexible enough to deal with the unpredictable nature of news and yet offer the scalability tosupport multiple channels now and manage additional ones in the future.Sahara TV will use the OmniBus system to co-ordinate the operation of a wide range ofequipment at both newsrooms including on-air graphics solutions, Leitch video servers and AP’sElectronic News Production System (ENPS).

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The ENPS system will deliver the news play-lists to Columbus via a MOS (Media Object Server)gateway. Columbus will check the media, cue devices, prepare material for transmission and thenautomate its play-out.In addition, OmniBus browse and media asset management technology will allow journalists atboth facilities to browse video clips and create complete stories on their desktops.“The news environment is constantly changing and so for us a key benefit of the OmniBussystem is its flexibility,” says RS Chauhan, Vice President, Engineering & Operations, SaharaTV.“Its browse and editing functionality enables it to handle regular updates with ease, a criticalconsideration in a busy newsroom. In addition, Columbus allows us to make alterations to theplaylist right up until a bulletin goes to air if necessary.”

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VIDEO SERVERS-LEITCH NX4000

In the TV broadcast industry, a server is a device used to store broadcast quality images and allows several users to edit stories using the images they contain simultaneously.

The video server can be used in a number of contexts, some of which include:

News: providing short news video clips as part of a news broadcast as seen on networks

Production: enhance live events with instant replays and slow motion and highlights.

Instruction: delivering course material in video format.

Public Access: delivering city specific information to residents over a cable system.

Surveillance: deliver real-time video images of protected sites. Entertainment: deliver film trailers or music videos.

Here in sahara news channel we have

1. Five video servers for recording and playing of video.2. Eight News Flashes for editing which is used for playing, editing, and recording

of video.3. Total 530 hrs SAN Space.4. One IOL for every channel.

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SERVER ROOM

EQUIPMENT:o Central switch (cisco-6513) switch cum router outer layer – SWITCHlnner- ROUTER

o Video server -5 in each channel (20 ports)o News flash server - 8 in each channel, used for online

editing and velocity queue for offline editing.o IOL(instant online) server- 1 in each loop(channel)o ENPS server(3+3)- for main and 3for backup 2

channel are configured on each server.o MOS gateway server -32 channels are configured on each server7. Ticker server -6 1 for each loop (channel)8. Antivirus server -3 1 for internet and 2for automation

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9. Data server -1+1 1 for main and 1 backup

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server is common for all channel

Other equipment:

1. SAN(storage area network) - 6 1 for each channel 1 is on older loop and 5 are for upgraded loops2. Fiber switches- 12 2 in each channel

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3. Switches – they are both manageable and non – manageable4. LAN(local area network)-13 Each modulater have 48 ports(approx = 650 terminals)

5. VLAN (virtual local area network)- 3 (a) ENPS- Class c network (b) OMNIBUS and HARRIS – class c network (C) VIZ-RT – class b network6. Separate SAN for OMNIBUS automation

This consists of following application:(a) sharer(b) filling assistant(c) system manager(d) port member

7. Application used:

(a).LLM- low level mode( used for newsflash)(b). NXOS- (used for video server)(c).VRDCS-( application from OMNIBUS for video server)

8.Offline editing machine – 13 There is velocity queue for working offline with some added features.

9.some other important equipment are:(a)video server(b) logo inserter©. Mux and Demux cards(d).video cable

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PCR (PRODUCTION CONTROL ROOM)

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PVW PGM NT RENDER

ENPS OUI COLUMBUS VIDEO MIXER CONTENT PILOT

TELE PROMTER

AUDIO MIXER

VIZ ENGINE

MUX

TEXT

GFX VIDEO

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EQUIPMENTS PRESENT IN PCR

1. ENPS2. COLUMBUS.3. OUI (OMNIBUS USER INTERFACE).4. CONTENT PILOT.5. SWITCHER6. TELEPROMPTER.7. VIZ ENGINE(FULLY GRAPHIC).

OPERATION:

The production control room is the place in a news channel where the composition of the outgoing program takes place.ENPS publishes the rundown. VIZRT application fires the graphics .Super slugs are fired by content pilot.Switcher edits the frames and switches to different sources.

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ABOUT VIZRT

It is used for graphics Automation.

Vizrt

Vizrt is the world's leading provider of high-definition (HD) and standard-definition (SD) real-time 2D and true 3D broadcast graphics.

The challenge is to offer a complete graphics solution including: Character generation Content management and newsroom integration 3D tickers Virtual studio 3D weather application with data integration Software map creation tools Virtual sports analysis Information display Virtual effects

Vizrt's unique technology centers on real-time graphics, mostly 3D, and consists of three important software components: design, management and rendering (playout). Of the three, it is real-time 3D rendering that has made Vizrt unique. Vizrt uses NVIDIA® graphics technology along with NVIDIA® PureVideo™ technology to provide ease in integration of real-time 2D and 3D rendering for broadcasting or video editing environments. NVIDIA and Vizrt deliver the ultimate in speed to generate a vast amount of graphical elements used for live events. Broadcast television customers including:

Vizrt enables creative blends of live feeds and 3D graphics for newscasts.

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CNN, CBS, BBC, Sky, ITN, ZDF, Star TV, TV Today, and NHK (New York and London stock exchange studios, Lehman Brothers), and many others can experience the ease of use and exceptional benefits of using Vizrt and NVIDIA technology for broadcasting. These broadcasters pass the ultimate visual entertainment experience directly to end users.

ABOUT TELEPROMTER

A teleprompter (also known as an autocue) is a display device that prompts the person speaking with an electronic visual text of a speech or script. Using a

teleprompter is similar to the practice of using cue cards. The screen is in front of and usually below the lens of the camera, and the words on the screen are reflected to the eyes of the performer using a sheet of clear glass or specially prepared beam splitter. Light from the performer passes through the front side of the glass into the

lens, while a shroud surrounding the lens and the back side of the glass prevents unwanted light from reflecting into the lens

As the speaker does not need to look down to consult written notes, he or she appears to have memorized the speech or be speaking spontaneously, and will look directly into the camera lens. Cue cards, on the other hand, will always be placed away from the lens axis, making the speaker look at a point beside the camera, which leaves a "distracted" impression.

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MCR (MASTER CONTROL ROOM)

OPERATIONs

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The master control room(MCR) transmits commercials, promos or recorded bulletins on air. Master control is generally staffed with one or two operators around-the-clock, every day to ensure continuous operation. Master control operators are responsible for monitoring the quality and accuracy of the on-air product, ensuring the transmission meets government regulations, troubleshooting equipment malfunctions, and preparing programs for future playback.

COMMUNICATION BETWEEN TWO BUREAUS

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FINAL TRANSMISSION

SERVER ROOM TO FINAL TRANSMISSION ON AIR FROM TELEPORT-

OXTEL LOGO INSERTEN IN

ASM card

TRANSMISSION

PCR/WHEEL

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TELE PORT

Fig:-Working of VSAT ( hpa-high power amplifier, cpe-customer premises equipment, lna-low noise amplifier, pstn-public switched telephone network)

References

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1. http://www.marketinfo4me.com/Satellite%20Evolution%202003/ Section_1/s1_Binariang. htm, Binariang Satellite System – Measat, Satellite Evolution Asia, 2003 2. Presentation on Telekom Malaysia, Satellite Network, August 2001

3. Sahara official websites