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Safety in thorium mining and milling
DR. R. BHAT TACHARYA
VICE CHAIRMAN, ATOMIC ENERGY REGULATORY BOARD (AERB)
EMAIL: RBHAT [email protected]
October 15, 2015 THORIUM CONFERENCE
Safety in thorium mining and millingSafety in thorium mining and milling
DR. R. BHAT TACHARYA
VICE CHAIRMAN, ATOMIC ENERGY REGULATORY BOARD (AERB)
EMAIL: RBHAT [email protected]
THORIUM CONFERENCE 1
Safety in thorium mining and milling
OUTLINEOUTLINE
Introduction
Hazards: Conventional and Radiological
Applicable Legislations
Regulatory Control by AERB
Safety measures and Impact of regulatory oversight
Conclusion
Introduction
Hazards: Conventional and Radiological
Applicable Legislations
Regulatory Control by AERB
Safety measures and Impact of regulatory oversight
Conclusion
October 15, 2015 Thorium Conference
OUTLINEOUTLINE
Introduction
Hazards: Conventional and Radiological
Applicable Legislations
Regulatory Control by AERB
Safety measures and Impact of regulatory oversight
Conclusion
Introduction
Hazards: Conventional and Radiological
Applicable Legislations
Regulatory Control by AERB
Safety measures and Impact of regulatory oversight
Conclusion
22
Agencies InvolvedThorium (nat) > 1000kg is Prescribed Substance under the Atomic Energy Act, 1962
Only units of DAE are permitted to extract thorium
October 15, 2015 THORIUM CONFERENCE
Exploration: Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research (AMD), Govt. of India
Mining & Milling: Indian Rare Earths India Limited (IREL), Public Sector Undertaking
Agencies InvolvedThorium (nat) > 1000kg is Prescribed Substance under the Atomic Energy Act, 1962
Only units of DAE are permitted to extract thorium
THORIUM CONFERENCE 3
Exploration: Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research (AMD), Govt. of India
Mining & Milling: Indian Rare Earths India Limited (IREL), Public Sector Undertaking
Manavalakurichi
(mining and mineralseparation)
Thorium Mines And Mills
October 15, 2015 THORIUM CONFERENCE
OSCOM(mining,mineralseparationand chemicalprocessing )MoPP-project
Chavara
(mining andmineralseparation)
Thorium Mines And Mills
THORIUM CONFERENCE 4
Udyogamandal
(chemical processing
HPRE-project
Composition of OreMonazite: Thorium ore
HeavyMinerals:20-50%
Monazite: 1 – 3%BeachSands Ilmenite: 60 – 65%
Rutile: 3 -7%
Leucoxene: 1-1.5%Leucoxene: 1-1.5%
Zircon: 5 - 8%
Garnet : 7 -9%
Quartz :50-80%
Sillimanite: 2 - 8%
October 15, 2015October 15, 2015 Thorium conference
Composition of OreMonazite: Thorium ore
Monazite: 1 – 3%
Ilmenite: 60 – 65%
Leucoxene: 1-1.5%
Constituents (%)
ThO2 8-9
Re2 O3 60
P2O5 27
U3O8 0.35Leucoxene: 1-1.5%
Garnet : 7 -9%
U3O8 0.35
CaO 0.5
MgO 0.1
Fe2O3 0.2
Al2O3 0.1
PbO 0.18
Insolubles 3
Sillimanite: 2 - 8%
55
THORIUM MININGTHORIUM MINING
Beach Sand Mining (Quartz andheavy minerals like Ilmenite, Rutile,Leucoxene, Garnet, Sillimanite,Zircon & radioactive Monazite[source of Th and sec. Source of U])
Pre concentration of heavy mineralsPre concentration of heavy minerals
Ilmenite
Rutile
LeucoxeneMonazite
heavy mineralsseparation(magnetic andelectrostaticseparators)
THORIUM MININGTHORIUM MINING
Quartz rich sandsGarnet
Sillimanite
ZirconMonazite
6
THORIUM MILLINGTHORIUM MILLING
Th stream
Solid Waste
Th stream
Th.Oxalate Silos
ADUThorium Nitrate/
Thorium Oxide
THORIUM MILLINGTHORIUM MILLING
Thorium Concentrates (aftercaustic lye attack of monazite)
Acid Dissolution
Solvent ExtractionSolvent Extraction
U streamSilos
Purification Solid Waste
7
CONVENTIONAL HAZARDS…1/2
Sinking of the dredge
Drowning of persons
October 15, 2015 THORIUM CONFERENCE
Drowning of persons
Electrical hazards fromhigh tension separators
Exposure to magneticfield from
high intensitymagnetic separators
CONVENTIONAL HAZARDS…1/2
Sinking of the dredge
Drowning of persons
8THORIUM CONFERENCE 8
Drowning of persons
Exposure to magneticfield from
high intensitymagnetic separators
CONVENTIONAL HAZARDS…2/2
Mechanical hazardsfromMaterial handlingequipment
October 15, 2015 THORIUM CONFERENCE
Inhalation ofsilica dust
CONVENTIONAL HAZARDS…2/2
Mechanical hazardsfromMaterial handlingequipment
Storageof bulk
chemicalsand gas
cylinders
THORIUM CONFERENCE 9
Storageof bulk
chemicalsand gas
cylinders
Use ofFlammable
liquids
RADIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
October 15, 2015 THORIUM CONFERENCE
RADIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
High energeticalpha emitters
source of internalexposure
Thoron and itsprogeny - source ofinternal exposure
THORIUM CONFERENCE 10
Very Strong Gammaemitter: 2.64MeV-source of external
expsoure
Thoron and itsprogeny - source ofinternal exposure
Regulation of THORIUM Mines & MILLS
THORIUM CONFERENCEOctober 15, 2015
Regulation of THORIUM Mines & MILLS
11THORIUM CONFERENCE
What is regulation?
Control(Supervise
/Oversee etc)backed by
rules
Control(Supervise
/Oversee etc)backed by
rules
ExternalControl(Regulatory
Body)
THORIUM CONFERENCEOctober 15, 2015
What is regulation?
Control(Supervise
/Oversee etc)backed by
rules
12
Control(Supervise
/Oversee etc)backed by
rules
InternalControl
(SelfRegulation)
THORIUM CONFERENCE
AMD
StateGovt.
AMD
MOEF.
IREL
Regulation of Thorium Mine
October 15, 2015
MOEF.
DAE
AERB(radiation
safety)
MineDevelopment
Operation
Renewal: 5 yrs
Decommissioing
Prospecting
StateGovt. Mining Lease
AMDApproval ofMining Plan
MOEF.
EnvironmentalClearanceHandling prescribed
substance
Regulation of Thorium Mine
MOEF.
EnvironmentalClearance
DAE
Handling prescribedsubstance
DGMS(minesafety)
MineDevelopment
OperationProgressive
closure:5 yrsMine Closure
13
Relevant Legislation....1/2
Mines and Minerals (Development &Regulation) Act, 1957Mineral Conservation and Development Rules,1988Mine Concession Rules, 1960
October 15, 2015 THORIUM CONFERENCE
• Mines Act, 1952
• Environment Protection Act, 1986• EIA Notification, 2006
Relevant Legislation....1/2
Mines and Minerals (Development &Regulation) Act, 1957Mineral Conservation and Development Rules,1988Mine Concession Rules, 1960
Empowers AMD(prospecting andapproval of mine plan)Empowers State Govt(mining lease)
THORIUM CONFERENCE 14
• Environment Protection Act, 1986• EIA Notification, 2006
Empowers DGMS(Mine Safety)
Empowers MoEF(Environmentalclearance)
Atomic Energy Act, 1962Atomic Energy (Working of Mines,Minerals and Handling of PrescribedSubstance) Rules, 1984
Relevant Legislation....2/2
October 15, 2015 THORIUM CONFERENCE
• Atomic Energy Act, 1962• Atomic Energy (Radiation Protection)
Rules, 2004• Atomic Energy (Safe Disposal of
Radioactive Wastes) Rules, 1987
Atomic Energy Act, 1962Atomic Energy (Working of Mines,Minerals and Handling of PrescribedSubstance) Rules, 1984
Relevant Legislation....2/2
Empowers DAE(to issue license forhandling prescribedsubstance after obtainingNOC from AERB)
THORIUM CONFERENCE 15
• Atomic Energy Act, 1962• Atomic Energy (Radiation Protection)
Rules, 2004• Atomic Energy (Safe Disposal of
Radioactive Wastes) Rules, 1987
Empowers AERB(to issue consents for minedevelopment and operationand decommissioning)
(to issue authorisation forsafe disposal of radioactivewastes)
Other regulatory requirements...
License from Chief Controller of Explosives under the Explosive Act 1884and Rules
License from Boilers Inspectorate under the Indian Boilers Act 1923
Consents from State Pollution Control Boards under the Water(Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act , 1974 and Air (Prevention &Control of Pollution) Act, 1981- for discharge of non-radiological pollutants
License from Chief Controller of Explosives under the Explosive Act 1884and Rules
License from Boilers Inspectorate under the Indian Boilers Act 1923
Consents from State Pollution Control Boards under the Water(Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act , 1974 and Air (Prevention &Control of Pollution) Act, 1981- for discharge of non-radiological pollutants
October 15, 2015 THORIUM CONFERENCE
Other regulatory requirements...
License from Chief Controller of Explosives under the Explosive Act 1884and Rules
License from Boilers Inspectorate under the Indian Boilers Act 1923
Consents from State Pollution Control Boards under the Water(Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act , 1974 and Air (Prevention &Control of Pollution) Act, 1981- for discharge of non-radiological pollutants
License from Chief Controller of Explosives under the Explosive Act 1884and Rules
License from Boilers Inspectorate under the Indian Boilers Act 1923
Consents from State Pollution Control Boards under the Water(Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act , 1974 and Air (Prevention &Control of Pollution) Act, 1981- for discharge of non-radiological pollutants
THORIUM CONFERENCE 16
How AERB regulates?Specifies requirements in form of Codes, Guidelines etc
Reviews and Assesses the hazards
Issues licences
Monitors and enforces Compliances
Unique features:◦ Not by the letter of the rule but by spirit of the rule◦ Judgment based on scientific understanding◦ Prime responsibility for safety lies with the owner
Specifies requirements in form of Codes, Guidelines etc
Reviews and Assesses the hazards
Issues licences
Monitors and enforces Compliances
Unique features:◦ Not by the letter of the rule but by spirit of the rule◦ Judgment based on scientific understanding◦ Prime responsibility for safety lies with the owner
October 15, 2015 THORIUM CONFERENCE
How AERB regulates?Specifies requirements in form of Codes, Guidelines etc
Reviews and Assesses the hazards
Issues licences
Monitors and enforces Compliances
Unique features:◦ Not by the letter of the rule but by spirit of the rule◦ Judgment based on scientific understanding◦ Prime responsibility for safety lies with the owner
Specifies requirements in form of Codes, Guidelines etc
Reviews and Assesses the hazards
Issues licences
Monitors and enforces Compliances
Unique features:◦ Not by the letter of the rule but by spirit of the rule◦ Judgment based on scientific understanding◦ Prime responsibility for safety lies with the owner
17THORIUM CONFERENCE
Dose limits and constraints◦ Worker◦ Public
Specifying limits
October 15, 2015 THORIUM CONFERENCE
For thorium milling, AERB directed thatindividual radiological doses should bewithin 6 mSv.
ICRP recommendedlimits
AERB prescribedlimits
Occupational Worker
5 years 100 mSv( annual average
20mSv)
100mSv (annualaverage 20mSv)
Specifying limits
100 mSv( annual average
20mSv)
100mSv (annualaverage 20mSv)
One year 50 mSv 30mSv
Life time 1000mSv 1000mSv
Public
One year 1mSv 1mSv
18THORIUM CONFERENCE
For thorium milling, AERB directed thatindividual radiological doses should bewithin 6 mSv.
Safety review process
2nd Tier ReviewApex Safety Committee
( for Project safety review) /Apex Safety Committee( for operational safety
review)
3rd Tier Review
Board of AERB Extent of review commensurate with the hazard involved.
As per established codes and guides
Multi tier review ProcessFair, just and reasonableIndependentNon-SubjectiveComprehensiveBroad based
Safety Review Committees: experts from AERB, DAE units,IITs, MoEF, Academic Institutions etc.
Participation of stake holders
1st Tier ReviewDesign Safety Committees
( for Project safety review) /Unit Safety Committees
( for operational safety review )
2nd Tier ReviewApex Safety Committee
( for Project safety review) /Apex Safety Committee( for operational safety
review)
Extent of review commensurate with the hazard involved.
As per established codes and guides
Multi tier review ProcessFair, just and reasonableIndependentNon-SubjectiveComprehensiveBroad based
Safety Review Committees: experts from AERB, DAE units,IITs, MoEF, Academic Institutions etc.
Participation of stake holders
THORIUM CONFERENCEOctober 15, 2015
Safety review processExtent of review commensurate with the hazard involved.
As per established codes and guides
Multi tier review ProcessFair, just and reasonableIndependentNon-SubjectiveComprehensiveBroad based
Safety Review Committees: experts from AERB, DAE units,IITs, MoEF, Academic Institutions etc.
Participation of stake holders
19
Extent of review commensurate with the hazard involved.
As per established codes and guides
Multi tier review ProcessFair, just and reasonableIndependentNon-SubjectiveComprehensiveBroad based
Safety Review Committees: experts from AERB, DAE units,IITs, MoEF, Academic Institutions etc.
Participation of stake holders
From cradle to grave
Siting
Construction
Commissioning
Operation
Decommissioning
October 15, 2015
Siting
Construction
Commissioning
Operation
Decommissioning
THORIUM CONFERENCE
From cradle to grave
Siting
Construction
Commissioning
Operation
Decommissioning
Siting
Construction
Commissioning
Operation
Decommissioning
20THORIUM CONFERENCE
Regulatory Inspection
To verify that licensee complies with national safetyrequirements and the consenting conditions.
Inspections include scheduled and reactive inspections,both announced and unannounced.
To verify that licensee complies with national safetyrequirements and the consenting conditions.
Inspections include scheduled and reactive inspections,both announced and unannounced.
October 15, 2015 THORIUM CONFERENCE
Regulatory Inspection
To verify that licensee complies with national safetyrequirements and the consenting conditions.
Inspections include scheduled and reactive inspections,both announced and unannounced.
21
To verify that licensee complies with national safetyrequirements and the consenting conditions.
Inspections include scheduled and reactive inspections,both announced and unannounced.
THORIUM CONFERENCE
Regulatory Inspections of operating Minesand Mills:
Inspections performed in accordance with magnitude and nature of associatedhazard (graded approach)
Thorium Mines & Mineral Separation Plants
Thorium Mills
•Quarterly inspection for milling projects w.r.t construction safety
THORIUM CONFERENCEOctober 15, 2015
Regulatory Inspections of operating Minesand Mills:
Inspections performed in accordance with magnitude and nature of associatedhazard (graded approach)
Once in a year
Twice in a year
22
•Quarterly inspection for milling projects w.r.t construction safety
THORIUM CONFERENCE
Areas Covered
Implementation of recommendations /stipulations of SafetyCommittees/AERB
Compliance with AERB SafetyCodes/Guides,
Fire and Industrial Safety measures
QA
Implementation of recommendations /stipulations of SafetyCommittees/AERB
Compliance with AERB SafetyCodes/Guides,
Fire and Industrial Safety measures
QA
October 15, 2015 THORIUM CONFERENCE
Areas Covered
Implementation of recommendations /stipulations of SafetyCommittees/AERB
Compliance with AERB SafetyCodes/Guides,
Fire and Industrial Safety measures
QA
Adherence to Tech specs
Training and Qualification
Radiation Protection and WasteManagement procedures
O&M aspects
Occupational Health
Safety Culture, etc.
23
Implementation of recommendations /stipulations of SafetyCommittees/AERB
Compliance with AERB SafetyCodes/Guides,
Fire and Industrial Safety measures
QA
Adherence to Tech specs
Training and Qualification
Radiation Protection and WasteManagement procedures
O&M aspects
Occupational Health
Safety Culture, etc.
THORIUM CONFERENCE
Waste Management
Authorisation under Atomic Energy (Safe Disposal of Radioactive Wastes) Rules, 1987
Waste discharge/storage limits on activity and volume for◦ Solid◦ Liquid◦ Gaseous
Filing of periodical returns to AERB
October 15, 2015 THORIUM CONFERENCE
Waste Management
Authorisation under Atomic Energy (Safe Disposal of Radioactive Wastes) Rules, 1987
Waste discharge/storage limits on activity and volume for◦ Solid◦ Liquid◦ Gaseous
Filing of periodical returns to AERB
24THORIUM CONFERENCE
Effluents Release CriteriaBasis of Control – Public dose limit 1 mSv from all sources from a site.
◦ This is roughly equal to one-third the radiation dose that Indians may receiveannually from natural sources.
◦ It is within the variation of the dose received from natural sources.
◦ This is also the limit recommended by ICRP and adopted by almostall countries in the world
Basis of Control – Public dose limit 1 mSv from all sources from a site.
◦ This is roughly equal to one-third the radiation dose that Indians may receiveannually from natural sources.
◦ It is within the variation of the dose received from natural sources.
◦ This is also the limit recommended by ICRP and adopted by almostall countries in the world
October 15, 2015 THORIUM CONFERENCE
Effluents Release CriteriaBasis of Control – Public dose limit 1 mSv from all sources from a site.
◦ This is roughly equal to one-third the radiation dose that Indians may receiveannually from natural sources.
◦ It is within the variation of the dose received from natural sources.
◦ This is also the limit recommended by ICRP and adopted by almostall countries in the world
Basis of Control – Public dose limit 1 mSv from all sources from a site.
◦ This is roughly equal to one-third the radiation dose that Indians may receiveannually from natural sources.
◦ It is within the variation of the dose received from natural sources.
◦ This is also the limit recommended by ICRP and adopted by almostall countries in the world
THORIUM CONFERENCE 25
Dose Apportionment:
◦ 20 – 30% of 1 mSv is kept as reserve dose for future.
◦ Remaining Fraction of 1 mSv is apportioned to various facilities and theapportioned dose is subdivided to different pathways and then to variousradionuclides.
◦ Apportioned doses are translated into discharge limits for eachradionuclide and specific concentrations based on environmental doseassessment models and site specific parameters
Effluents Release CriteriaDose Apportionment:
◦ 20 – 30% of 1 mSv is kept as reserve dose for future.
◦ Remaining Fraction of 1 mSv is apportioned to various facilities and theapportioned dose is subdivided to different pathways and then to variousradionuclides.
◦ Apportioned doses are translated into discharge limits for eachradionuclide and specific concentrations based on environmental doseassessment models and site specific parameters
October 15, 2015 THORIUM CONFERENCE
Dose Apportionment:
◦ 20 – 30% of 1 mSv is kept as reserve dose for future.
◦ Remaining Fraction of 1 mSv is apportioned to various facilities and theapportioned dose is subdivided to different pathways and then to variousradionuclides.
◦ Apportioned doses are translated into discharge limits for eachradionuclide and specific concentrations based on environmental doseassessment models and site specific parameters
Effluents Release CriteriaDose Apportionment:
◦ 20 – 30% of 1 mSv is kept as reserve dose for future.
◦ Remaining Fraction of 1 mSv is apportioned to various facilities and theapportioned dose is subdivided to different pathways and then to variousradionuclides.
◦ Apportioned doses are translated into discharge limits for eachradionuclide and specific concentrations based on environmental doseassessment models and site specific parameters
THORIUM CONFERENCE 26
Pathways of RadiationExposure to Public
Radioactive
Effluents
Gaseous depositionGaseous
Liquid
October 15, 2015
Radioactive
EffluentsWater
Body
Liquid
NuclearFacilities
Pathways of RadiationExposure to Public
Crops/
Vegetables
Animal
(meat/milk)
depositionInhalation and direct
exposure
THORIUM CONFERENCE 27
Animal
(meat/milk)
Fish
ingestion
Health & Environment surveillance
Health Physics Unit: radiological monitoring of theworkers, work atmosphere, waste discharges andthe surrounding environment.
Occupational Health Centre: Periodic MedicalExaminations of the workers as per regulatoryrequirements.
Health Physics Unit: radiological monitoring of theworkers, work atmosphere, waste discharges andthe surrounding environment.
Occupational Health Centre: Periodic MedicalExaminations of the workers as per regulatoryrequirements.
October 15, 2015 THORIUM CONFERENCE
Health & Environment surveillance
Health Physics Unit: radiological monitoring of theworkers, work atmosphere, waste discharges andthe surrounding environment.
Occupational Health Centre: Periodic MedicalExaminations of the workers as per regulatoryrequirements.
Health Physics Unit: radiological monitoring of theworkers, work atmosphere, waste discharges andthe surrounding environment.
Occupational Health Centre: Periodic MedicalExaminations of the workers as per regulatoryrequirements.
28THORIUM CONFERENCE
Specific Safety Requirements forthorium mining and milling
Specific Safety Requirements forthorium mining and milling
SEPTEMBER 8, 2015 IREL, OSCOM
Specific Safety Requirements forthorium mining and milling
Specific Safety Requirements forthorium mining and milling
IREL, OSCOM 29
External events: cyclone and tsunami
Bulk quantities of hazardous chemicals
Acids and AlkalisOrganic solvents/diluentsFlammable liquids (furnace oil)
Large throughput of radioactive material (thousand tons per day)
Large volume of low active alpha bearing waste (thousands cubic metre)
Chronic but persistent low radiation levels
Major Concerns
External events: cyclone and tsunami
Bulk quantities of hazardous chemicals
Acids and AlkalisOrganic solvents/diluentsFlammable liquids (furnace oil)
Large throughput of radioactive material (thousand tons per day)
Large volume of low active alpha bearing waste (thousands cubic metre)
Chronic but persistent low radiation levels
October 15, 2015 THORIUM CONFERENCE
External events: cyclone and tsunami
Bulk quantities of hazardous chemicals
Acids and AlkalisOrganic solvents/diluentsFlammable liquids (furnace oil)
Large throughput of radioactive material (thousand tons per day)
Large volume of low active alpha bearing waste (thousands cubic metre)
Chronic but persistent low radiation levels
Major Concerns
External events: cyclone and tsunami
Bulk quantities of hazardous chemicals
Acids and AlkalisOrganic solvents/diluentsFlammable liquids (furnace oil)
Large throughput of radioactive material (thousand tons per day)
Large volume of low active alpha bearing waste (thousands cubic metre)
Chronic but persistent low radiation levels
30THORIUM CONFERENCE 30
Relevant Regulatory Safety DocumentsSafety Code on Regulation of Nuclear and Radiation Facilities
Safety Code on site evaluation of Nuclear Fuel Cycle Facilities
Safety Guidelines on thorium mining and milling
Safety Guidelines on Management of Radioactive Waste from
Uranium and Thorium Mining and Milling
Safety Manual for Radiation Protection in Nuclear Facilities
Safety Code on Regulation of Nuclear and Radiation Facilities
Safety Code on site evaluation of Nuclear Fuel Cycle Facilities
Safety Guidelines on thorium mining and milling
Safety Guidelines on Management of Radioactive Waste from
Uranium and Thorium Mining and Milling
Safety Manual for Radiation Protection in Nuclear Facilities
SEPTEMBER 8, 2015 IREL, OSCOM
Relevant Regulatory Safety DocumentsSafety Code on Regulation of Nuclear and Radiation Facilities
Safety Code on site evaluation of Nuclear Fuel Cycle Facilities
Safety Guidelines on thorium mining and milling
Safety Guidelines on Management of Radioactive Waste from
Uranium and Thorium Mining and Milling
Safety Manual for Radiation Protection in Nuclear Facilities
Safety Code on Regulation of Nuclear and Radiation Facilities
Safety Code on site evaluation of Nuclear Fuel Cycle Facilities
Safety Guidelines on thorium mining and milling
Safety Guidelines on Management of Radioactive Waste from
Uranium and Thorium Mining and Milling
Safety Manual for Radiation Protection in Nuclear Facilities
IREL, OSCOM 31
SAFETY MEASURESSAFETY MEASURES
Ventilation: to ensure toxic and noxious gases does not exceed permissiblelimits..
Dust minimisation: water spraying, sprinklers, appropriate enclosure withnegative pressure, local exhaust systems having dust collection,scrubbing/filtration facilities
Noise control: at source (low noise machines, isolating the noisy machines etc)during transmission (noise absorbing structures)
Ventilation: to ensure toxic and noxious gases does not exceed permissiblelimits..
Dust minimisation: water spraying, sprinklers, appropriate enclosure withnegative pressure, local exhaust systems having dust collection,scrubbing/filtration facilities
Noise control: at source (low noise machines, isolating the noisy machines etc)during transmission (noise absorbing structures)
SAFETY MEASURESSAFETY MEASURES
Ventilation: to ensure toxic and noxious gases does not exceed permissiblelimits..
Dust minimisation: water spraying, sprinklers, appropriate enclosure withnegative pressure, local exhaust systems having dust collection,scrubbing/filtration facilities
Noise control: at source (low noise machines, isolating the noisy machines etc)during transmission (noise absorbing structures)
Ventilation: to ensure toxic and noxious gases does not exceed permissiblelimits..
Dust minimisation: water spraying, sprinklers, appropriate enclosure withnegative pressure, local exhaust systems having dust collection,scrubbing/filtration facilities
Noise control: at source (low noise machines, isolating the noisy machines etc)during transmission (noise absorbing structures)
32
SAFETY MEASURESSAFETY MEASURES
Fall Protection (thorium mines):• Preventing sinking of dredge by maintaining a 250mm
minimum free board• Restricting dredge operation upto a maximum wind speed of
90km/hr so as to avoid its destabilising due to cyclone.• Provision of railings, nylon nets and chains through out the path
from the shore to the dredge, integrity tests of the pontoons andavailability of buoys and life jackets
Extreme wind load considered during design of new monazite processingplant at Odisha coast which could withstand the impact of recent cyclonePhailin.
Fall Protection (thorium mines):• Preventing sinking of dredge by maintaining a 250mm
minimum free board• Restricting dredge operation upto a maximum wind speed of
90km/hr so as to avoid its destabilising due to cyclone.• Provision of railings, nylon nets and chains through out the path
from the shore to the dredge, integrity tests of the pontoons andavailability of buoys and life jackets
Extreme wind load considered during design of new monazite processingplant at Odisha coast which could withstand the impact of recent cyclonePhailin.
SAFETY MEASURESSAFETY MEASURES
Fall Protection (thorium mines):• Preventing sinking of dredge by maintaining a 250mm
minimum free board• Restricting dredge operation upto a maximum wind speed of
90km/hr so as to avoid its destabilising due to cyclone.• Provision of railings, nylon nets and chains through out the path
from the shore to the dredge, integrity tests of the pontoons andavailability of buoys and life jackets
Extreme wind load considered during design of new monazite processingplant at Odisha coast which could withstand the impact of recent cyclonePhailin.
Fall Protection (thorium mines):• Preventing sinking of dredge by maintaining a 250mm
minimum free board• Restricting dredge operation upto a maximum wind speed of
90km/hr so as to avoid its destabilising due to cyclone.• Provision of railings, nylon nets and chains through out the path
from the shore to the dredge, integrity tests of the pontoons andavailability of buoys and life jackets
Extreme wind load considered during design of new monazite processingplant at Odisha coast which could withstand the impact of recent cyclonePhailin.
33
SAFETY MEASURESInternal radiological exposure◦ Ventilation
◦ Layout and zoning◦ Confinement and containment (enclosures)◦ PPEs-administrative
External radiological exposure◦ Time ( access control) – supervised area/controlled area◦ Shielding◦ Distance- administrative
◦ Dose constraint: 6mSv/year
Internal radiological exposure◦ Ventilation
◦ Layout and zoning◦ Confinement and containment (enclosures)◦ PPEs-administrative
External radiological exposure◦ Time ( access control) – supervised area/controlled area◦ Shielding◦ Distance- administrative
◦ Dose constraint: 6mSv/year
October 15, 2015 THORIUM CONFERENCE
SAFETY MEASURESInternal radiological exposure◦ Ventilation
◦ Layout and zoning◦ Confinement and containment (enclosures)◦ PPEs-administrative
External radiological exposure◦ Time ( access control) – supervised area/controlled area◦ Shielding◦ Distance- administrative
◦ Dose constraint: 6mSv/year
Internal radiological exposure◦ Ventilation
◦ Layout and zoning◦ Confinement and containment (enclosures)◦ PPEs-administrative
External radiological exposure◦ Time ( access control) – supervised area/controlled area◦ Shielding◦ Distance- administrative
◦ Dose constraint: 6mSv/year
34THORIUM CONFERENCE 34
Average Individual Dose in thorium mines & mills over the yearsAverage Individual Dose in thorium mines & mills over the years
35
SAFETY MEASURESSAFETY MEASURESManagement of Solid Wastes from thorium milling
Lead barium cake (500-1000Bq/g) – engineered FRP lined concrete trenches
Iron carbonate cake (500-1500Bq/g)-engineered FRP lined concrete trenches
Monazite insoluble (400-500 Bq/g) – engineered FRP lined concrete trenches
Sedimented sludge from ETP (100-200 Bq/g) – earthen trenches
Monitoring wells all around the waste disposal yard. No noticeable increase inconcentration of radionuclides observed till date.
Management of Solid Wastes from thorium milling
Lead barium cake (500-1000Bq/g) – engineered FRP lined concrete trenches
Iron carbonate cake (500-1500Bq/g)-engineered FRP lined concrete trenches
Monazite insoluble (400-500 Bq/g) – engineered FRP lined concrete trenches
Sedimented sludge from ETP (100-200 Bq/g) – earthen trenches
Monitoring wells all around the waste disposal yard. No noticeable increase inconcentration of radionuclides observed till date.
SEPTEMBER 8, 2015 IREL, OSCOM
SAFETY MEASURESSAFETY MEASURESManagement of Solid Wastes from thorium milling
Lead barium cake (500-1000Bq/g) – engineered FRP lined concrete trenches
Iron carbonate cake (500-1500Bq/g)-engineered FRP lined concrete trenches
Monazite insoluble (400-500 Bq/g) – engineered FRP lined concrete trenches
Sedimented sludge from ETP (100-200 Bq/g) – earthen trenches
Monitoring wells all around the waste disposal yard. No noticeable increase inconcentration of radionuclides observed till date.
Management of Solid Wastes from thorium milling
Lead barium cake (500-1000Bq/g) – engineered FRP lined concrete trenches
Iron carbonate cake (500-1500Bq/g)-engineered FRP lined concrete trenches
Monazite insoluble (400-500 Bq/g) – engineered FRP lined concrete trenches
Sedimented sludge from ETP (100-200 Bq/g) – earthen trenches
Monitoring wells all around the waste disposal yard. No noticeable increase inconcentration of radionuclides observed till date.
IREL, OSCOM 36
SAFETY MEASURESSAFETY MEASURESLong term Management of thorium oxalate
Storage in engineered concrete silos
Storage in engineered trenches
◦ Leachability- alkaline pH (online monitoring)◦ Treatment of supernatant in ETP◦ Design of trenches- migration studies of thorium in ground water◦ Environmental surveillance
Long term Management of thorium oxalate
Storage in engineered concrete silos
Storage in engineered trenches
◦ Leachability- alkaline pH (online monitoring)◦ Treatment of supernatant in ETP◦ Design of trenches- migration studies of thorium in ground water◦ Environmental surveillance
SEPTEMBER 8, 2015 IREL, OSCOM
SAFETY MEASURESSAFETY MEASURESLong term Management of thorium oxalate
Storage in engineered concrete silos
Storage in engineered trenches
◦ Leachability- alkaline pH (online monitoring)◦ Treatment of supernatant in ETP◦ Design of trenches- migration studies of thorium in ground water◦ Environmental surveillance
Long term Management of thorium oxalate
Storage in engineered concrete silos
Storage in engineered trenches
◦ Leachability- alkaline pH (online monitoring)◦ Treatment of supernatant in ETP◦ Design of trenches- migration studies of thorium in ground water◦ Environmental surveillance
IREL, OSCOM 37
Cyclone PreparednessCyclone Preparedness PlansCyclone warningCommunicationResponse and rescue operationsMock exercises
Cyclone preparedness successfully demonstrated at IREL Chatrapur,Odisha during cyclone Phailin.
Cyclone Preparedness PlansCyclone warningCommunicationResponse and rescue operationsMock exercises
Cyclone preparedness successfully demonstrated at IREL Chatrapur,Odisha during cyclone Phailin.
October 15, 2015 THORIUM CONFERENCE
Cyclone PreparednessCyclone Preparedness PlansCyclone warningCommunicationResponse and rescue operationsMock exercises
Cyclone preparedness successfully demonstrated at IREL Chatrapur,Odisha during cyclone Phailin.
Cyclone Preparedness PlansCyclone warningCommunicationResponse and rescue operationsMock exercises
Cyclone preparedness successfully demonstrated at IREL Chatrapur,Odisha during cyclone Phailin.
38THORIUM CONFERENCE
Private PlayersBSM Policy, 1998: To boost up the mineral exploitation of non-strategic minerals and to encourage participation of private playersin the field of beach sand mining and mineral separation.
Permitted to mine out heavy minerals from beach sands other thanmonazite.
This results in generation of monazite rich tailings
BSM Policy, 1998: To boost up the mineral exploitation of non-strategic minerals and to encourage participation of private playersin the field of beach sand mining and mineral separation.
Permitted to mine out heavy minerals from beach sands other thanmonazite.
This results in generation of monazite rich tailings
SEPTEMBER 8, 2015 IREL, OSCOM
BSM Policy, 1998: To boost up the mineral exploitation of non-strategic minerals and to encourage participation of private playersin the field of beach sand mining and mineral separation.
Permitted to mine out heavy minerals from beach sands other thanmonazite.
This results in generation of monazite rich tailings
BSM Policy, 1998: To boost up the mineral exploitation of non-strategic minerals and to encourage participation of private playersin the field of beach sand mining and mineral separation.
Permitted to mine out heavy minerals from beach sands other thanmonazite.
This results in generation of monazite rich tailings
IREL, OSCOM 39
AERB’s regulatory control on the privateplayersSafety Guidelines on ‘Radiological Safety in Processing of BSM and otherNORMS’
License under RPR, 2004
Approval of Radiological Safety Officers
Periodic Safety Review: periodic health physics reports, safety issues
Regulatory Inspection
Safety Guidelines on ‘Radiological Safety in Processing of BSM and otherNORMS’
License under RPR, 2004
Approval of Radiological Safety Officers
Periodic Safety Review: periodic health physics reports, safety issues
Regulatory Inspection
SEPTEMBER 8, 2015 IREL, OSCOM
AERB’s regulatory control on the privateplayersSafety Guidelines on ‘Radiological Safety in Processing of BSM and otherNORMS’
License under RPR, 2004
Approval of Radiological Safety Officers
Periodic Safety Review: periodic health physics reports, safety issues
Regulatory Inspection
Safety Guidelines on ‘Radiological Safety in Processing of BSM and otherNORMS’
License under RPR, 2004
Approval of Radiological Safety Officers
Periodic Safety Review: periodic health physics reports, safety issues
Regulatory Inspection
IREL, OSCOM 40
Management of Monazite rich tailingsObjective: the natural background radiation should not be elevated due todisposal/storage of monazite rich tailings
Large quantities and monazite content < 5%: mixed with silica sand andbackfilling the mined out site
Small quantities and monazite content >5%: stored in trenches andtopped with silica sand
Objective: the natural background radiation should not be elevated due todisposal/storage of monazite rich tailings
Large quantities and monazite content < 5%: mixed with silica sand andbackfilling the mined out site
Small quantities and monazite content >5%: stored in trenches andtopped with silica sand
SEPTEMBER 8, 2015 IREL, OSCOM
Management of Monazite rich tailingsObjective: the natural background radiation should not be elevated due todisposal/storage of monazite rich tailings
Large quantities and monazite content < 5%: mixed with silica sand andbackfilling the mined out site
Small quantities and monazite content >5%: stored in trenches andtopped with silica sand
Objective: the natural background radiation should not be elevated due todisposal/storage of monazite rich tailings
Large quantities and monazite content < 5%: mixed with silica sand andbackfilling the mined out site
Small quantities and monazite content >5%: stored in trenches andtopped with silica sand
IREL, OSCOM 41
Concluding RemarksThe three tier safety review process and periodicregulatory inspections involve continuous interactionbetween the facility and the regulatory body.
This regulatory framework has been effective enough inachieving high safety standards in the fuel cycle facilitiesincluding Thorium mining & milling.
The three tier safety review process and periodicregulatory inspections involve continuous interactionbetween the facility and the regulatory body.
This regulatory framework has been effective enough inachieving high safety standards in the fuel cycle facilitiesincluding Thorium mining & milling.
October 15, 2015 THORIUM CONFERENCE
Concluding RemarksThe three tier safety review process and periodicregulatory inspections involve continuous interactionbetween the facility and the regulatory body.
This regulatory framework has been effective enough inachieving high safety standards in the fuel cycle facilitiesincluding Thorium mining & milling.
The three tier safety review process and periodicregulatory inspections involve continuous interactionbetween the facility and the regulatory body.
This regulatory framework has been effective enough inachieving high safety standards in the fuel cycle facilitiesincluding Thorium mining & milling.
42THORIUM CONFERENCE 42
“Radioactive material and sources of radiation should be handled inAtomic Energy Establishment, in a manner, which not only ensures thatno harm can come to workers in the Establishment or anyone else, butalso in an exemplary manner so as to set a standard which otherorganization in the country may be asked to emulate”.- Homi Jehangir Bhabha, 1960
Thank You
“Radioactive material and sources of radiation should be handled inAtomic Energy Establishment, in a manner, which not only ensures thatno harm can come to workers in the Establishment or anyone else, butalso in an exemplary manner so as to set a standard which otherorganization in the country may be asked to emulate”.- Homi Jehangir Bhabha, 1960
Thank You
“Radioactive material and sources of radiation should be handled inAtomic Energy Establishment, in a manner, which not only ensures thatno harm can come to workers in the Establishment or anyone else, butalso in an exemplary manner so as to set a standard which otherorganization in the country may be asked to emulate”.- Homi Jehangir Bhabha, 1960
Thank You
“Radioactive material and sources of radiation should be handled inAtomic Energy Establishment, in a manner, which not only ensures thatno harm can come to workers in the Establishment or anyone else, butalso in an exemplary manner so as to set a standard which otherorganization in the country may be asked to emulate”.- Homi Jehangir Bhabha, 1960
Thank You
43