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Safety and pipe integrity : from natural gas to CO2 transport by pipe
EGATEC 2011 Conference, May 12-13th, 2011 Frederique Bravin GDF SUEZ DRI/CRIGEN
Outline
Worldwide CO2 transport characteristics
CCS within GDF SUEZ
CO2 transport: a link between capture and storage
Example of modelings
2 May 12th, 2011
CO2 pipeline transport is already
established (since the early 1970’s)
More than 6000 km CO2 pipeline worldwide (mainly in the US)
Total capacity : more than 50 Mt CO2/y
Is large volume CO2 transport already a reality ?
Transport by ship is also considered (LPG tanker conditions)
“CO2 terminals” already under exploitation (for inst. in Montoir de Bretagne)
CO2 tanker « Yara Gas II » - ©Photo: Per Kristian Rognes
3 May 12th, 2011
Is CO2 transport far different from natural gas transport expertise ?
Similar in many respects in design and operation to NG pipelines
BUT… significant differences
Higher pressure range (more than 80 bar)
Pumps rather than compressors
Thicker-walled pipes
CO2 is heavier than methane
Handling CO2 with different quality from different sources
©Photo : Médiathèque GDF SUEZ
4 May 12th, 2011
Mc Kinsey&Company, « CCS, Assessing the economics », Sept 2008
A possible deployment of the CO2 network ?
Geographical distribution of emitters and storage availability may have a strong impact on CO2 network deployment :
Regional availability of storage :
• Local/regional clusters
• Transnational networks
Emerging hubs :
• Starting from large CCS demo projects
• Located near large CO2 clusters and storage sites
5 May 12th, 2011
CASTOR, CESAR, DECARBit, ACCACIA, cryogenic
capture
CATO2, BIGCCS Pilot Nijmegen in
partnership with Hitachi and E.ON
Long term testing at Esjberg
Large demonstration Road.
250 MW post combustion in
Rotterdam
TRANSCO2
CATO2, BIGCCS, CITEPH
SaR-CO2, COSHER Pilot France Nord
Large demonstration Road.
5 km onshore + 20 km offshore
Pilot K12B since 2004 (injection & storage in
offshore depleted gas field)
MOVECBM, GESTCO, RECOPOL, Geocarbone…
CATO2, BIGCCS
Pilot France Nord injection & storage in deep saline aquifer
Pilot in depleted gas field (Altmark)
Industrial project partner in Snøhvit
Large demonstration Road.
considered depleted gas field operated by TAQA
Industrial project: Touat. Deep saline
aquifer
2000 2010 2015
Mostly through partnerships
Capture
Transport
Storage
2020 2030
R&D projects from CO2 capture to CO2 storage within GDF SUEZ CCS Corporate Program
6 May 12th, 2011
1 - SaR-CO2 “Requirements for Safe and Reliable CO2 transport pipeline”
Run as a JIP between : • Energy, O&G companies : E.ON, GDF SUEZ, ENI (CSM)
• Gas transporter : National Grid
• Pipe manufacturers : EUROPIPE, Salzgitter Mannesmann Linpepipe & Vallourec & Mannesmann Tubes).
Technical topics of SaR-CO2 organized in two separate Joint Industry Projects:
• SaR-CO2 – phase A (Led by SZMF) • Specification of operating and test conditions – pipe supply • Corrosion and stress corrosion control • Safety and reliability analysis • Analysis and publication •
• Follow up: • Specification of operating and test conditions – pipe supply • Fracture and fracture arrest • Analysis and publication
Status : ongoing – Schedule – phase A : Sept 2010 / March 2012
Three main investigation topics : • Likely composition and transport condition
• Requirement for corrosion and stress corrosion cracking resistance of steel pipes (including experimental tests)
• Improvement of existing safety and reliability know-how and experimental release data with small scale experiments
7 May 12th, 2011
Planning:
• After the first phase of the project (2 years), the partners expect to be able to recommend a site for the pilot facility.
Partnership:
• Industry : GDF SUEZ, TOTAL, AIR LIQUIDE, EDF, LAFARGE, VALLOUREC. • R&D centers : BRGM, IFPEN, INERIS, EIFER, GFZ.
Total budget:
• 54 M€ with 40% financed by ADEME’s research demonstrator fund.
2 - France NORD (FR) – PILOT Storage in deep saline aquifers
Main objectives:
• The project will examine the feasibility of installalling in a sedimentary basin in the north central part of France, a CO2 transport & injection pilot.
• Detailed technical studies will be conducted in order to select a suitable geological site for storing CO2.
Submitted and selected by to ADEME’s research demonstrator fund put in place after the French Grenelle Environmental Forum.
8 May 12th, 2011
3 - COSHER
Main characteristics: Objective: To support the development of safety models for high pressure CO2
transmission pipelines by gathering data from large scale CO2 release experiments
Approach: To carry out measurements to develop a generic understanding of the processes in and outside the pipeline in case of CO2 releases under different circumstances
A broad consortium of stakeholders including GDF SUEZ
COSHER aims to be complementary to other CO2 safety projects with which COSHER would like to collaborate on the basis of win-win
The detailed definition of the experimental and measurement programmes will be completed in June 2011. The next phase concerns the actual execution of the experiments.
Organisations potentially interested in participation are kindly invited to contact the project coordinator ([email protected])
9 May 12th, 2011
Transport : from capture to storage
Provide a framework accounting for current information about system constraints in the CCS
chain. Public sources. Constraints: need to generate usable knowledge in a relatively short time-frame, due to
several pilot facilities under design and / or construction in Europe. The system dimensions considered are :
• CO2 capture processes: post-combustion, pre-combustion, oxy fuel • CO2 pipelines transportation • CO2 storage in aquifers or depleted oil / gas fields.
Different issues on CO2 transportation:
• Internal corrosion control due to the transported fluid, i.e. CO2 + impurities left over by the different capture and post capture process
• Material behavior at low temperatures as reached during CO2 leaks on network components: is there a risk of embrittlement, and what material specifications are needed to avoid this?
• Health and safety issues related with dispersion tests and modeling for small leaks on network components.
10 May 12th, 2011
11 May 12th, 2011
Transport : from capture to storage
Capture
Transport
Storage
Composition
P, T
Corrosion
Health & Safety
Materials
CO2 compositions after capture processes on flue gas
12 May 12th, 2011
Transport operating conditions
Capture, transport and storage set composition constraints; storage and pipe length set pressure and temperature operating conditions.
13 May 12th, 2011
OLGA® : a powerfull simulation tool
OLGA 6.1 first commercially available transient simulator for CO2 transport
Applications examples : • determine pipe dimensions (steady state) • investigate flows instabilities in the pipeline and the risk of entering the two-phase region (transient) • procedures for start-up, shut-down and blow down of the pipeline which might lead to very low
temperatures and formation of solid CO2 (transient) • rupture scenarios : estimating emissions and monitoring pressures and temperatures (transient)
Model validation : • SPT group tested the functionality within the framework of a pilot
study • CO2 transportation from Kårstø/Mongstad to the Utsira/Johansen
formations • DNV and Gassco were clients of this study
OLGA provided results in accordance to the client expectations :
• CRIGEN inquired the single component addition module
14 May 12th, 2011
OLGA application
Experimental device, several goals : • leak diameter impact • P,T influence
OLGA simulations for flow conditions description :
• fluid properties fully described along the line • transient description of the leakage mass flow
evolution, depressurisation path and gas cooling • phase transitions taken into account
OLGA results used as input data for dispersion models :
• accurate description of the flow behavior inside the pipeline
• can complete monitored data and allows extrapolation for non investigated conditions
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
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-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40M
ass f
low
rate
[kg/
s]
Time [min]
liquid mass flow upstream of leakage
gas mass flow upstream of leakage
15 May 12th, 2011
Conclusion
16
CO2 transport is similar in many respects in design and operation to NG pipelines …
… but CO2 is a gas with its own specificities…
… this is why experimental data are needed...
… for updating modeling tools (usually used for NG) …
… so that safety and integrity of inhabitants and pipes are guaranteed.
May 12th, 2011
May 12th, 2011
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
