Safe Use of Chlorine From Drums and Cylinders

Safe Use of Chlorine from Drums and

Cylinders

GEST 94/206

2nd Edition

January 2013

EURO CHLOR PUBLICATION

This document can be obtained from:

EURO CHLOR - Avenue E. Van Nieuwenhuyse 4, Box 2 - B-1160 BRUSSELS Telephone: 32-(0)2-676 72 65 - Telefax: 32-(0)2-676 72 41

GEST 94/206 2nd Edition

January 2013 Page 2 of 39

Euro Chlor

Euro Chlor is the European federation which represents the producers of chlorine and its primary derivatives.

Euro Chlor is working to:

improve awareness and understanding of the contribution that chlorine chemistry has made to the thousands of products, which have improved our health, nutrition, standard of living and quality of life;

maintain open and timely dialogue with regulators, politicians, scientists, the media and other interested stakeholders in the debate on chlorine;

ensure our industry contributes actively to any public, regulatory or scientific debate and provides balanced and objective science-based information to help answer questions about chlorine and its derivatives;

promote the best safety, health and environmental practices in the manufacture, handling and use of chlor-alkali products in order to assist our members in achieving continuous improvements (Responsible Care).

***********

This document has been produced by the members of Euro Chlor and should not be reproduced in whole or in part without the prior consent of Euro Chlor.

It is intended to give only guidelines and recommendations. The information is provided in good faith and was based on the best information available at the time of publication. The

information is to be relied upon at the user’s own risk. Euro Chlor and its members make no guarantee and assume no liability whatsoever for the use and the interpretation of or the

reliance on any of the information provided.

This document was originally prepared in English by our technical experts. For our members’ convenience, it may have been translated into other EU languages by translators / Euro Chlor members. Although every effort was made to ensure that the translations were accurate, Euro

Chlor shall not be liable for any losses of accuracy or information due to the translation process.

Prior to 1990, Euro Chlor’s technical activities took place under the name BITC (Bureau International Technique du Chlore). References to BITC documents may be assumed to be to

Euro Chlor documents.



RESPONSIBLE CARE IN ACTION

Chlorine is essential in the chemical industry and consequently there is a need for chlorine to be produced, stored, transported and used. The chlorine industry has co-operated over many years to ensure the well-being of its employees, local communities and the wider environment. This document is one in a series which the European producers, acting through Euro Chlor, have drawn up to promote continuous improvement in the general standards of health, safety and the environment associated with chlorine manufacture in the spirit of Responsible Care.

The voluntary recommendations, techniques and standards presented in these documents are based on the experiences and best practices adopted by member companies of Euro Chlor at their date of issue. They can be taken into account in full or partly, whenever companies decide it individually, in the operation of existing processes and in the design of new installations. They are in no way intended as a substitute for the relevant national or international regulations which should be fully complied with.

It has been assumed in the preparation of these publications that the users will ensure that the contents are relevant to the application selected and are correctly applied by appropriately qualified and experienced people for whose guidance they have been prepared. The contents are based on the most authoritative information available at the time of writing and on good engineering, medical or technical practice but it is essential to take account of appropriate subsequent developments or legislation. As a result, the text may be modified in the future to incorporate evolution of these and other factors.

This edition of the document has been drawn up by the GEST (Storage, Transport and Safety Working Group) to whom all suggestions concerning possible revision should be addressed through the offices of Euro Chlor.



MAIN MODIFICATIONS IN THIS EDITION

Section Nature

All Systematic use of the word “package”

All Generalised to all types of customers (not specific to swimming pools anymore)

All Update with information from packagers/distributers and from UK HSE guideline

All Brought drawings and some other items in appendix

All Include here elements on chlorine users from GEST 88/138

6 Removed details already in GEST 92/171

TABLES OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION 7

1.1. Types of Installation 7

1.1.1. Single cylinder or drum arranged to deliver gas 7

1.1.2. Multiple cylinders or drums arranged to deliver gas 7

1.1.3. Drums arranged to deliver liquid 7

1.2. Risk of Overfill 8

1.3. Chlorine Flow Rate 8

2. DELIVERY OF DRUMS OR CYLINDERS 9

2.1. Delivery to Site: Access 9

2.2. Delivery to Site: Offloading 9

2.3. Movement of Packages by the Customer 11

2.4. Order of Consumption 12

3. LOCATION AND DESIGN OF CHLORINE AREA 12

3.1. Location of Storage and Process Areas 12

3.1.1. Fire Risk 12

3.1.2. Outdoor Storage 13

3.1.3. Leakage of Gaseous or Liquid Chlorine 13

3.1.4. Proximity of Building Ventilation System Intakes 13



3.1.5. Proximity of Access 13

3.2. Design of Storage and Process Areas 14

3.2.1. Storage and Dimensions 14

3.2.2. Access 14

3.2.3. Ventilation 14

3.2.4. Temperature 15

3.2.5. Fittings and Accessories 15

3.2.6. Chlorine Leak Detector 15

3.2.7. Safety Devices 16

3.2.8. Pipework and Fittings 17

3.3. Positioning and Securing Chlorine Packages 18

3.3.1. Cylinders 18

3.3.2. Drums 19

4. CHLORINATION EQUIPMENT 19

4.1. Chlorinator Connection Mode 20

4.2. Chlorinator Installation 20

4.2.1. Plant Design - Safety Features 20

4.2.2. Securing 21

4.2.3. Water Supply 21

4.3. Chlorinator Operation 21

5. OPERATING PROCEDURES 21

5.1. Changeover 22

5.2. Cylinder Changing 22

5.2.1. Preliminary Preparation - All Installations 22

5.2.2. Disconnection (Manual Changeover) 23

5.2.3. Disconnection (Automatic Changeover) 23

5.2.4. Connection 25

5.3. Dealing with Stiff Valves 27

5.4. Materials and Equipment 28

5.5. Inspection and Maintenance 29

6. RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT 30

7. EMERGENCIES 30

7.1. Emergency plan 30



7.2. Coordination 31

7.3. Plan Details 31

8. SITE PROCEDURES AND TRAINING 32

9. TRANSPORT OF CHLORINE 33

10. REFERENCES 33

11. LIST OF APPENDICES 33



1. INTRODUCTION

This document describes safe storage and use of liquid chlorine delivered in drums and cylinders to small and moderate demand consumers such as non-domestic swimming pools, potable water or sewage treatment works, or small industrial consumers.

The construction, filling and handling of cylinders and drums is covered in GEST 88/138 – Small Chlorine Package Construction, Filling and Handling.

This document does not cover bulk liquid chlorine; storage, transport and use of bulk chlorine are addressed in various other GEST documents (mainly GEST 73/20, GEST 73/25, GEST 78/72, GEST 78/73 and GEST 79/76).

It is not the purpose of this recommendation to address matters such as swimming pool or water treatment chemistry or the optimum chlorine content needed to maintain adequate water quality. The objective is to minimise any risk to the staff or public at the consumer’s premises due to use of chlorine.

It is expected that chlorine is delivered in liquid phase in cylinders of capacity typically not exceeding 100 litres or drums with a capacity not exceeding 1000 litres (see definitions in GEST 88/138).

Finally, it is strongly recommended that a sufficient number of operators of the user site should be periodically trained to ensure the necessary competence in handling chlorine.

1.1. Types of Installation

Drums and cylinders can be arranged to deliver chlorine in a variety of ways, depending primarily on the required supply rate. You should seek advice on the most suitable arrangement from the proposed chlorine supplier at the planning stage.

1.1.1. Single cylinder or drum arranged to deliver gas

This type of installation can only deliver a low steady rate of supply (depending on temperature – see 1.3 below) or an occasional short period at a higher supply rate. If the supply rate of chlorine is excessive, condensation or frosting may appear on the outside of the package.

1.1.2. Multiple cylinders or drums arranged to deliver gas

Several packages can be connected to a common manifold. It is recommended that no more than six cylinders or drums be connected in this way. Procedures must be established to safeguard against passage of chlorine in significant quantities between packages.

1.1.3. Drums arranged to deliver liquid

This arrangement usually serves a vaporiser in order to supply chlorine gas



at a higher rate than is possible from either above options. It is also more complex and requires greater safeguarding (e.g. chlorine detectors linked to automatic isolation valves on the drum), because the mass release rates from a hole in pipework carrying liquid are significantly greater than those for the same hole in pipework carrying gas. This system should never be arranged to draw liquid chlorine from more than one drum at a time (see 1.2).

1.2. Risk of Overfill

Chlorine packages are delivered with a gas space above the liquid to allow for expansion. If this space is lost and a package becomes hydraulically full there is risk of rupture or distortion if the temperature increases.

Whenever packages are connected together via a common manifold, there is risk of chlorine passing from one vessel to another. This may occur when one vessel is at a significantly different temperature from the others, for example, when exposed to a cold wind (causes in-flow from warmer packages) or direct sunlight (causes out-flow to cooler packages). The risk of significant mass transfer is much higher in liquid phase and this is why liquid valves should not be connected in this way.

If you suspect that packages are almost hydraulically full, they should not be isolated (except in an emergency) until it is possible to reduce the level of liquid in the vessel and restore the gas space.

1.3. Chlorine Flow Rate

The gas flow rate from a single chlorine cylinder or drum is sufficient for some applications. Some installations may require multiple packages in parallel.

The maximum chlorine gas flow rate is dependent on temperature. Based on experience, typical flow rates are indicated in the following table with some examples of package sizes:

Temperature, °C 15 20 30 40

50 kg cylinder 1 2 3 5

71 kg cylinder 1.5 * * *

980 kg drum 5 * * *

Table 1 - Recommended maximum gas flow rate from packages (kg/h)

* no data available

Chlorine packages should not be subjected to ambient temperatures higher than 40°C.

Where higher rates are required than can be supplied directly as gas from the



package, a liquid chlorine feed can be supplied to a vaporiser. Vaporisers (also known as evaporators) are discussed in a separate recommendation (GEST 75/47 – Design and Operation of Chlorine Vaporisers).

To ensure continuity of supply, a changeover panel can be provided to switch over automatically to fresh packages when the pressure in the supply vessel falls to a pre-set level. This pressure has to be sufficiently high to prevent the possibility of suck-back; a set pressure of 1 bar gauge or more is recommended.

To prevent re-liquefaction of chlorine in the pipework, it is good practice to install a pressure reducer immediately after the gas take-off point from a drum or cylinder and always after a vaporiser. Localised re-liquefaction occurs when the ambient temperature is less than the saturation temperature corresponding to the pressure of the chlorine gas. For example, if the gas is at 6 bar absolute pressure, the corresponding saturation temperature is about 20°C. If the pipework temperature is somewhat lower (e.g. 15°C) re-liquefaction may occur. Any liquid chlorine will increase the risk of internal corrosion/erosion. It will also tend to re-vaporise and the latent heat of vaporisation will be taken from the pipework, which then cools. Moisture will condense on the cold pipework, and present a risk of localised external corrosion. Therefore, if a pressure reducer is not fitted, it is strongly recommended that the temperature of chlorine process rooms is at least 5°C higher than that of the storeroom to prevent re-liquefaction.

2. DELIVERY OF DRUMS OR CYLINDERS

See also section 9 regarding regulations for transport of chlorine.

2.1. Delivery to Site: Access

2.1.1 Generally vehicles should not be unloaded on any public road. Warning signs and pedestrian barriers must be used to keep unauthorised persons at a safe distance.

2.1.2 The offloading and handling of cylinders will be simpler and safer if the delivery vehicles are able to draw alongside the store or the offloading area. The delivery area should be planned to minimise the amount of vehicle manoeuvring.

2.2. Delivery to Site: Offloading

2.2.1 Cylinders may be delivered either on vehicle fitted with a tail lift, or on platform vehicles. An acceptable alternative is to offload onto a dock at the same height as the platform or tailboard of the delivery vehicle (see Figure 1). Cylinders must never be dropped off the vehicle.



2.2.2 The offloading of both full and "empty" cylinders is the joint responsibility of the customer and the vehicle driver.

Figure 1 - Offloading of chlorine cylinders

2.2.3 Drums are normally delivered by road using dedicated drum delivery vehicles (see figure 2).

Figure 2 - Chlorine Drum Delivery Vehicle

Suitable lifting equipment should be available such as:

Overhead lifting beam to carry drums directly to the user point.

Suitably sized forklift truck with dedicated attachments for the secure transfer of drums.

Alternatively it may be possible to use a delivery vehicle with an on board crane for transfer to strong, low bogies positioned alongside.



2.3. Movement of Packages by the Customer

2.3.1 Cylinders should be kept upright at all times, handled with care and never dropped. Cylinders should always be moved as soon as possible into the store using specially constructed wheeled carriers that have a clamp or chain securing the cylinder (see Figure 3 next page). The protective cap, dome or guard should always be in position over the valve when the cylinder is being handled. It is permissible to move the cylinder over short distances in the near upright position by holding the cylinder shoulder and rotating the whole cylinder. All cylinders should be secured and never in such a position that they cause an obstruction. Never use the protective cap, dome or valve to support the cylinder during handling.

2.3.2 Drums should be moved by forklift truck with a dedicated drum handling attachment, by bogie, or (for short distances in straight lines) by rolling if approved by the supplier. The valve cover must be in place during drum handling. Stored drums should be secured in cradles or using chocks and not stacked more than two levels high.

Figure 3 - Wheeled Chlorine Carrier



2.3.3 The following points should be observed when moving packages on a vehicle:

a) Packages shall preferably be loaded in open or ventilated vehicles. If this is not feasible and packages are carried in other closed vehicles, the cargo doors of the vehicles shall be marked with the following letters not less than 25 mm high: “WARNING NO VENTILATION OPEN WITH CAUTION” (ADR 7.5.11 “CV 36”)

b) Each cylinder must be securely fixed preferably in an upright position in the delivery vehicle, or placed in proprietary pallets.

c) An instruction in writing shall be displayed or carried on the vehicle. All necessary transport regulations shall be observed, including driver training.

d) Adequate personal protective equipment must be available in the cabin of the vehicle (ADR 8.1.5).

e) An ammonia-water bottle or chlorine detector should be carried on the vehicle.

2.4. Order of Consumption

It is strongly recommended that the store area and procedures be arranged such that chlorine packages can be used in the order that they are delivered. This minimises the risk of packages being left in storage for long periods. Long term storage by customers increases the risk of valves being found to be stiff when called upon to operate, and also may mean the packages are not subjected to statutory testing in a timely manner.

3. LOCATION AND DESIGN OF CHLORINE AREA

Chlorine storage and process areas can vary from relatively simple installations, which use only one or two cylinders, to multiple drums or cylinders coupled together incorporating change over devices. A risk assessment shall be performed to allow all such areas to be designed and operated in a way ensuring safety to operating personnel and the public. The following guidance identifies the factors that must be considered.

3.1. Location of Storage and Process Areas

The selection of a site and the design of a storage room should take into account the following potential hazards:

3.1.1. Fire Risk

Although the storage room itself shall be constructed from non-combustible and low heat conductivity materials, there is still the risk to be considered in respect of the remainder of the building. Chlorine gas packages are at risk of rupture if the temperature exceeds 70°C and in the event of a fire they will have to be



kept cool or removed from the premises. Packages should never be stored near a source of heat.

3.1.2. Outdoor Storage

Outdoor storage of unused drums and cylinders should be secured and under cover to keep off rain and radiation from the sun. The boundary of an outdoor storage area should be at least 5 m away from flammable materials.

Packages must not be allowed to stand in water because this will lead to corrosion of carbon steel vessels. Also, as wet chlorine is extremely corrosive to most metals, a slight leak may rapidly escalate into a significant one.

3.1.3. Leakage of Gaseous or Liquid Chlorine

Chlorine can be lethal and it follows that storage rooms must be well ventilated at all times.

To remove packages easily and rapidly, it is strongly recommended that the storage room be situated at ground floor level. Storage rooms sited below ground level are not recommended; such installations pose problems in handling cylinders and dealing with any chlorine leaks (heavy chlorine gas accumulates in low areas).

It is possible to arrange the storage area to be vented to an absorption unit, but this is not covered in detail in this document (see GEST 76/52 - Equipment for the Treatment of Gaseous Effluents Containing Chlorine).

3.1.4. Proximity of Building Ventilation System Intakes

The storage/process room and all other parts of the chlorine system including the outlet of any exhaust ventilation system should be sited well away from windows or doors which open onto areas liable to be occupied, and in particular from air intakes and ventilation systems.

The layout of buildings in the vicinity should not be such as to hinder the dispersal of any leakage of gas or likely to channel any leakage towards air intakes or other openings into the buildings.

3.1.5. Proximity of Access

Chlorine should be kept separate from normal working areas and access should be limited to people working directly with it. The storage area should be dedicated to the storage of chlorine, immediately associated equipment and compatible materials and should be clearly identified.

The chlorine area should not be closer than 5 m to a roadway used by vehicles unless adequate barriers (crash barriers or substantial walls) are provided. If the walls of the store are intended to provide the impact protection, the structure should be such as not to collapse onto or damage the installation. Where vehicles have access into a store for loading and unloading, adequate high kerbs or other fixed wheel stops should be provided.

The storeroom and the process installation should be sited away from public



areas and be secured against unauthorised access and vandal-proof. If the storage room or installation adjoins an area of public access, then it is recommended that no direct means of access or air vents connect the two areas.

3.2. Design of Storage and Process Areas

3.2.1. Storage and Dimensions

The storage room may be separated from, or combined with the room for the process equipment, depending on the size of the installation.

Dimensions

The dimensions of the storage/process room should be related to the number of full, standby, on-line and empty packages needed to operate the installation. Sufficient room should be allowed only for normal maintenance, in order to minimise the risk of the room being used as a general store. E.g. for a single cylinder installation the dimensions of the room could be approximately 2 m x 1.25 m to allow for one cylinder in use, one as standby, one empty and a chlorinator.

Pipes and ducts should preferably not pass through the store, but if this is unavoidable, then all passages through the walls must be securely sealed against leaks.

3.2.2. Access

The storage/process room shall not have connecting access with other parts of the building. Access should only be from the outside. The room should have a level floor and if this is above or below the level of access, then a ramp should be constructed to facilitate the movement of wheeled cylinder carriers. Doors must be capable of being held securely in the open position whenever personnel are working in the room. An appropriate warning sign should be fitted on the outside of the doors. As far as possible the package store area should be gas tight to other sections of the building. It is recommended that doors open outwards, be fitted with “crash bar” escape fittings, and a window to allow viewing inside the room before entering.

3.2.3. Ventilation

Good natural ventilation through louvred doors and windows may be adequate for many installations. If this cannot be obtained a suitable exhaust fan should be provided, operated manually by a switch located outside the store. The exhaust fan may be linked to a chlorine gas detector and/or automatically started by the opening of the door. The suction side of the exhaust fan must be located at or near floor level to draw out chlorine laden air and must not discharge to a location used routinely by personnel, near windows or ventilation system intakes (see Section 3.1.4). The exhaust system must be capable of achieving at least 12 changes of the room volume per hour to deal with minor leaks. For major leaks the exhaust fan must be switched off until the gas can be dispersed safely under controlled conditions.



Certain national regulations require water sprinkler systems to be installed near the doors of the chlorine room and chlorine absorption systems to be used in the event of chlorine release. It is important that these systems do not spray water directly onto the leaking packages as this could cause a significant increase in chlorine release due to rapid corrosion.

3.2.4. Temperature

To obtain a sufficient flow of chlorine gas, packages should not be allowed to become too cold particularly as a result of draughts (vaporisation of the chlorine extracted from the vessel) and therefore some degree of background warmth may be desirable.

A minimum temperature of about 15°C is recommended. The source of heat in the room may be a hot water heated coil or a non-radiant electrical heater. A maximum temperature of 40°C must not be exceeded. Direct heat should never be applied to chlorine packages.

3.2.5. Fittings and Accessories

The room must be equipped with a normal main light and some form of emergency lighting should be provided. Fittings of the waterproof and sealed type should be used. Sufficient shelving should be provided for the storage of a set of cylinder/drum keys, spare flexible coil, ammonia-water test bottle or chlorine detector, gaskets etc. The ammonia-water test bottle must be suitably labelled and secured on a rack to prevent accidental spillage.

3.2.6. Chlorine Leak Detector

Early warning of chlorine leaks, particularly in buildings that are not continuously staffed, can allow prompt remedial action. Installation of chlorine detectors and alarms in areas housing chlorine drums, cylinders, or process plant is therefore strongly recommended. For outdoor installations, the quantity of detectors should be assessed by considering factors such as the size of the installation, the staffing levels and the response times achievable. On detecting a leak the detector system should:

Raise an audible alarm - preferably in a continuously staffed area or control centre

Activate distinct audible and visual alarms in the affected area

Control the mechanical ventilation, if fitted (see 3.2.3)

Operate the automatic isolation valves, where fitted (see 3.2.7)

Typically, chlorine sensors need to be located in or near the entrance to ducts carrying chlorine pipework, the air intakes to extractor fans and at the outlets from absorber units (where fitted). Where forced ventilation systems have been installed, the detector should preferably be located at the outlet of the system.

The manufacturer or supplier of the system should advise on the best location for the sensors; typically sensors in the storage area are mounted between 0.3 m



and 0.5 m above ground level. Chlorine gas sensors should be tested regularly in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions to demonstrate that the detector and its associated circuits are functioning correctly.

Detection systems need to provide a continuous monitoring function when chlorine is in storage or in use, and be able to operate the alarms in the event of power loss, sensor failure, or low state of charge of stand-by batteries.

Detector activation concentration levels should be defined after considering factors such as the size and location of the installation, and the available equipment (ventilation systems, absorption systems etc.). Small installations may have a single alarm at low-level concentration, whereas larger installations may have more sophisticated response systems. An example of activation levels is described below:

First alarm: chlorine concentration of 1-5 ppm. (Lower settings than this are liable to activate the system at every drum/cylinder change, unless a duration requirement is also imposed. For example, some companies set the first alarm at 0.5 ppm, but require the sensor to register this concentration for at least 30 seconds) The first alarm should activate the ventilation fan, open the intake louvres, and activate the local audio and visual alarms and any remote telemetry alarm.

Second alarm 3-15 ppm,(depending on the duration that the sensor needs to register this level. Some companies set the second alarm at 2 ppm with a 30 second duration requirement). On activation of a second alarm the detector system should shut off the ventilation system and operate the auto-shutdown system.

The tone of the first and second alarms should be different and operators should be trained to recognise the difference and how to respond in each case.

If such an automatic system is provided, it must be possible to override it and lock on the ventilation before anyone enters the room to work on the chlorine system.

Some sensors can be damaged by high chlorine concentrations, therefore detector systems should be checked following any high level alarms.

3.2.7. Safety Devices

Consideration should be given – especially at larger installations taking liquid from drums - to provide remotely-operable shutdown valves, in order to minimise the size of a release. The need for an automatic system arranged to shut off the chlorine supply when a leak is detected will depend on the likelihood and size of potential leaks and the proximity of any neighbours.

Some shutdown valves operate by automatically closing the drum or cylinder valves directly (see Figure 4). It is important to check with the chlorine supplier the recommended minimum and maximum closure torque for the valves, as this can vary greatly from one valve type to another (e.g. soft seat versus hard seat).



Figure 4 – Example of Proprietary Cylinder Shutdown System

If remotely operable shut-off valves are used, they should be as close as practical to the storage packages. Arrangements should be made and maintained to operate these valves as appropriate from remote manual operating points outside the chlorine area or, for an unmanned facility, from chlorine detectors. Care must be taken to avoid trapping liquid between valves.

3.2.8. Pipework and Fittings

In all installations the pipework between the supply vessels and the point of use should be as short as practicable. Where a long run is unavoidable, as much as possible of the run should be only used for low-pressure gas.

Pipework for lines carrying liquid chlorine or gaseous chlorine under pressure should be constructed generally in accordance with Euro Chlor GEST 73/25 – Transport of Dry Chlorine by Pipeline. Pipe runs should be kept short and protected against impact. Plastic pipes should not be used.

Depending on the risk assessment conclusions, long lengths of liquid-filled pipework can require a suitable pressure relief system, for example in the form of an expansion chamber with rupture disc (see GEST 87/133 – Overpressure relief of chlorine installations).

As with other parts of the installation, pipework should be subject to routine inspection and maintenance. All pipework should be kept clean and dry inside.

After any exposure to moisture the pipework should be thoroughly dried; the joint rings should be changed after any hydraulic test.



For gaseous chlorine at atmospheric pressure or slightly below, plastic pipework (preferably reinforced) may be considered when there is a risk of moisture. Advice should be sought from the chlorine suppliers on suitable materials.

All packings, gaskets and diaphragms, and all components of pipes, valves and fittings should be resistant to the action of chlorine between the foreseeable extremes of operating temperature and pressure. Gaskets should never be reused for chlorine service.

Flexible connector pipes are often made from copper or alloys which are subject to work hardening. They should be inspected at each cylinder change, periodically heat treated and replaced if necessary.

3.3. Positioning and Securing Chlorine Packages

3.3.1. Cylinders

Figure 5 - Securing Cylinders

Full cylinders in the store should be protected from accidental dislodgement by means of securing clamps, chains, or bars (see Figure 5).

Caps or domes, as appropriate, must be fitted to the empty cylinders which must then be stored upright in a separate section of the area with similar securing arrangements as for full cylinders. These empty cylinders should be clearly marked "Empty".

Cylinders in use must be individually securely fixed to ensure that they do not move when connections are made to the pipework or when valves are operated; purpose made chains or wall brackets securely fixed to the wall will be suitable. The securing device, for example, must be fitted with hinged closing bars or clamps using butterfly nuts or screws to hold them in place.

Local regulations may require cylinders to be locked securely to prevent theft or unauthorised removal. This requirement can be met by storage in a secured,



locked room or by lockable cylinder clamps within the chlorine room.

3.3.2. Drums

Prior to connection to a process system, drums must be secured in a stillage, cradle or using chocks.

It can be beneficial to use cradles mounted on load cells – this allows monitoring of drum contents during use.

Cradles incorporating rollers are helpful in correctly positioning a drum prior to use. The correct position for a drum is with the dip tube marks on the protective cover (and hence the internal dip tubes) in the 12 o’clock and 6 o’clock positions – this ensures one dip pipe is always in liquid; the other in gas (see Figure 6).

Figure 6 - Typical Chlorine Drum

4. CHLORINATION EQUIPMENT

As described in the introduction, chlorine supplied in drums and cylinders can be used to supply a wide range of different consumers. The process equipment connected to the chlorine supply is generally outside the scope of this document, and reference should be made to the list of Euro Chlor GEST documents to determine which may be applicable.

One common use however is in simple chlorination equipment for treating water associated with swimming pools or potable water supplies. An example of a very simple installation is given in Figure 7 here below, which shows a chlorine cylinder providing gas to a chlorinator, controlled by a free chlorine analyser. Recommendations for similar types of installations are covered in this section.

Gas

Liquid

Dip tube mark

Dip tube mark



Chlorine cylinder room

Water

AC Active

chlorine

Treated water

Figure 7 – Principle of a Chlorinator Arrangement

4.1. Chlorinator Connection Mode

A single chlorinator may be connected to the chlorine cylinders by suitable pipework or an individual chlorinator may be directly mounted onto each cylinder. With the second design, there is no part of the equipment under pressure.

4.2. Chlorinator Installation

4.2.1. Plant Design - Safety Features

The chlorinator should be of solution feed-type working on a vacuum principle so that the metering equipment operates at pressures less than atmospheric, and be of fail safe design so that the gas supply is shut-off in the event of loss of operating vacuum. The chlorinator unit will be separated from the injector device (see different principle drawings in Appendices 1 to 3).

The injector must incorporate one or more devices to prevent a back flow of water into the gaseous system part of the gas control unit.

4.2.1.1. A gas pressure gauge must be provided at or on the chlorine gas control unit to indicate the gas system pressure. The cylinders should be returned with 1 barg chlorine remaining in them to ensure no water has been sucked back into the cylinder. This is normally achieved by the user having an alarm on the pressure gauge set at 1 barg which would switch the supply over to the stand-by cylinder.

The configuration of the pipework must be such that a vacuum cannot be created when the plant is shut down.



4.2.1.2. An adequate instruction manual shall be available to give the operator a full understanding of plant operation and maintenance at the dosing unit.

4.2.2. Securing

The control unit must be securely mounted and fixed to either the wall or floor with ready access to all parts of the unit for its operation and maintenance. In the case of a cylinder-mounted chlorinator, this must be securely fitted to the cylinder, which must itself be securely fixed to prevent movement.

4.2.3. Water Supply

When the gas supply is turned on, a supply of water adequate to meet the equipment manufacturer's specification must be available to operate the injector. The solution discharge pipe should be made from tubing resistant to the chlorination level of the water. A check valve and a manual shut-off valve should be installed to prevent back flow to the chlorine package.

4.3. Chlorinator Operation

1. The control unit must be operated only in accordance with the manufacturer's instruction manual, a copy of which shall always be available at the unit.

2. The chlorinator shall only be operated when the water is circulating.

3. When the chlorinator discharge line feeds pipework where the pressure is below atmosphere, for example in case of swimming pools when the point of application is on the suction side of the main recirculation pump, particular care should be taken when the chlorinator is turned off. To prevent the vacuum induced by the main circulating pump from pulling chlorine gas through the chlorinator, the chlorine supply to the chlorinator should be isolated as well as the operating water supply. Under these conditions it is still possible for the chlorinator to inject a small quantity of air into the system. If this does occur, an anti-siphon injector should be fitted.

5. OPERATING PROCEDURES

This section gives an example of recommended operating procedures for a small chlorine installation using chlorine gas from cylinders for water treatment. Such installations are shown in appendix 3. Many of the points are also applicable to larger installations and those consuming liquid, but it is expected that such consumers will develop their own robust procedures after carrying out thorough risk assessments and discussions with their supplier.



5.1. Changeover

If the gas pressure in a cylinder were to fall below atmospheric pressure there is a danger of water being drawn back into the cylinder, potentially resulting in severe corrosion damage. In order to prevent this, it is essential that the pressure in a cylinder is never allowed to fall below 1 barg (approx. 15 psig). At this point there is no liquid left in the cylinder (gas pressure only) so it is essentially “empty”.

To prevent the pressure falling below this value, it is recommended to equip the cylinder with an automatic shutdown valve. An automatic changeover device, if fitted, will maintain the supply of gas to the chlorinator by switching to a full standby cylinder.

There should be a clear indication of which cylinder is online.

5.2. Cylinder Changing

The detailed procedure to be adopted when changing cylinders will depend on whether an automatic changeover panel is fitted and it is important that the appropriate instructions are carried out.

5.2.1. Preliminary Preparation - All Installations

5.2.1.1. Ensure that a second person familiar also with the routine and respirator use is present, preferably near the door or outside, but in a position to see the sequence of operations. Both the operator and the second person should be equipped with respiratory protection.

5.2.1.2. Clearly establish and identify the cylinder(s) to be disconnected. Check that each cylinder is securely held by the clamp so that it cannot turn when the valve is closed.

5.2.1.3. Bring the replacement cylinder(s) to an adjacent position.

5.2.1.4. Whether or not an automatic shutdown valve is installed, confirm manually that the cylinder valve is properly closed. Where a key is used, complete closing by striking the key sharply with the palm of a gloved hand. Do not apply too high torque (values to be confirmed with the cylinder supplier – e.g. valves with soft seated seals ~max. 7 Nm, hard seats ~30 Nm).



5.2.1.5. If the valve spindle is stiff, or if it is uncertain that the valve has seated, try to work the spindle back and forth and then reclose the valve. If this treatment is unsuccessful follow the procedure given in Section 5.3 (Dealing with stiff valves). These instructions are also given on the cards issued by the chlorine suppliers. Never use excessive force or sustained pressure on the valve key, and never use lubricants or direct heat to free a stiff valve.

5.2.2. Disconnection (Manual Changeover)

5.2.2.1. Put on the respirator, check that it is fitted correctly and ensure that the seal around the face-piece is airtight.

5.2.2.2. After closing the cylinder valve(s) leave the chlorinator operating until the pressure gauge reads zero, or the pressure warning flag on the cylinder mounted chlorinator shows the appropriate colour and the flowmeter indicates zero flow.

5.2.2.3. Close the auxiliary valve, if fitted (see appendix 3 for example), and proceed as described in section 5.2.3.3 and subsequent sections.

5.2.3. Disconnection (Automatic Changeover)

5.2.3.1. Put on the respirator, check that it is fitted correctly and ensure that the seal around the face-piece is airtight.

5.2.3.2. After closing the cylinder valve(s), close the auxiliary valve, if fitted, on each cylinder and also close any valve(s) fitted on the manifold. Do not use excessive force when closing valves (see 5.2.1.4)

5.2.3.3. Use two keys of the correct size. Fit one to the body of the auxiliary valve and the other to the union nut. It is important that the valve body is not allowed to turn during disconnection as damage to the connecting pipe may easily occur. Cautiously

Key operated valve

1. Use the proper key 2. Hold it on with one hand and strike

the key sharply with the other (this unseats the valve) and then it can be turned easily

Do not use sustained pressure on the key – excessive pressure will shear the spindle.

Close valves in the same manner.



ease the union nut and allow the chlorine trapped in the fittings to escape. Avoid straining the unsupported flexible coil. Normally the gas should escape in a few seconds. Using the ammonia- water test bottle (see Figure 8 below), blow ammonia vapour close (5 cm) and across the connection to rapidly confirm1 that all the chlorine has escaped. If gas continues to leak, immediately tighten the union nut and check with ammonia vapour that the union is gas tight.

Figure 8 - Use of Ammonia-Water Bottle

Note: to use an ammonia water bottle, squeeze it and direct the ammonia vapour nearby the connection you want to test, but do not spray liquid on the connection.

5.2.3.4. If the spindle is stiff, exercise the cylinder valve as per 5.2.1.5.

5.2.3.5. Ease the union nut and test for leaks with the ammonia water test bottle. If a leak persists follow the instructions given in Section 5.3 for dealing with stiff valves.

5.2.3.6. When the test with ammonia vapour confirms that the cylinder valve is closed and all the chlorine has escaped from the fittings, slowly unscrew the union nut and disconnect the auxiliary valve.

5.2.3.7. Replace and tighten the cover nut on the cylinder valve and, if appropriate, fit the protecting dome.

1 The detection limit of this test is about 30 ppm volume chlorine in air.



5.2.3.8. To prevent moisture entering the auxiliary valve, keep it open as briefly as possible. If it is to remain disconnected for more than a few minutes, use custom-made plugs or caps..

5.2.3.9. If several cylinders are connected to the manifold, repeat the procedure for each empty cylinder.

5.2.3.10. When the vacuum regulator is directly mounted on the cylinder, loosen the yoke clamping screw, test for chlorine gas leaks using the ammonia water test bottle, remove the regulator and put it in a safe place, or preferably mount it immediately on a new cylinder.

5.2.3.11. When all the cylinders have been disconnected and are ready to be moved, go out of the chlorine room into fresh air to take off the respirator. Check the chlorine room is free of chlorine, for example with a chlorine detector, before re-entering (do not rely on the ammonia water test bottle to demonstrate the atmosphere is safe to breathe due to its relatively high detection limit). Unclamp the empty cylinder(s), mark or label the cylinder(s) "Empty" and remove to the area set aside for storing empty cylinders.

5.2.4. Connection

5.2.4.1. Put on a respirator and check that the face piece is airtight.

5.2.4.2. Cautiously ease the valve cover nut and test for leaks. If there is a leak of chlorine, retighten the cover nut, remove the cylinder and put on the side. Mark the cylinder valve "Faulty", note the cylinder number and contact the chlorine supplier for further advice. Even if there is no leakage of gas do not remove the cover nut at this stage.

5.2.4.3. Where flexible connections are used remove the plug from the auxiliary valve, remove the used gasket, clean the surfaces, check that the threads of the union nut are in good condition and that the valve orifice is clean and free from obstruction. For a chlorinator unit, which is mounted directly on the cylinder, remove the used gasket and clean the surfaces of the connection.

5.2.4.4. Fit a new gasket. Never re-use gaskets. (see GEST 94/216 - Experience of gaskets on liquid and dry chlorine gas service). Do not use any grease except if compatible with chlorine (e.g. totally chlorofluorinated grease).

5.2.4.5. Remove the cover nut from the cylinder valve, check that the valve nozzle is clean and is not obstructed by part of the cover nut joint before fitting the auxiliary valve or vacuum regulator (in the case of the cylinder mounted unit).



5.2.4.6. Use two keys to tighten the union nut but do not use excessive force. Do not allow the valve body to turn. Check that the auxiliary valve is closed. For cylinder mounted units, withdraw the clamp bar to its fullest extremity, place the yoke/regulator unit over the cylinder valve and check that the gasket is still in position. Carefully tighten the yoke clamp screw to pull the unit evenly against the cylinder valve union. Avoid using unnecessary force.

5.2.4.7. Open the cylinder valve shortly approximately one turn by hand or using the correct valve key to flood the union with chlorine, then close the valve. Valves fitted with hand wheels and O-ring or diaphragm seals should only be turned by hand. These valves do not have gland packing which can be further tightened. Test for leaks at the union and the valve gland, if it is a gland type valve. Gently tighten the gland nut if the gland leaks. If a leak occurs at the union connection it may be possible to tighten the joint, but if the leak does not stop immediately when the union is tightened, the joint should be remade taking all the precautions laid down in Sections 5.2.2 and 5.2.3 dealing with disconnection of cylinders.

5.2.4.8. When remaking the joint it is essential that a new gasket is used and every effort should be made to find the cause of the leak. If necessary and applicable, change the auxiliary valve. If a satisfactory joint cannot be made, refit the cover nut to the cylinder valve, note the cylinder number and inform the chlorine supplier. If emergency kits are available secure the cylinder properly (see 7.1).

5.2.4.9. When a new joint has been made, open the cylinder valve, close again and retest the union connection (see 5.2.4.7).

5.2.4.10. Repeat the connecting procedure if several cylinders are connected to a manifold. After finishing the procedure open all cylinder valves and auxiliary valves fully and turn them back about half a turn, to enable easy identification of the valve position.

5.2.4.11. On installations fitted with a changeover panel, open the auxiliary valve(s), the manifold valve(s), if fitted, and test all connections for leaks.

5.2.4.12. Operate the changeover panel to check that the pressure at the chlorinator panel is satisfactory and the flow of chlorine gas is maintained. On vacuum operated changeover systems, close the valve on the duty cylinder and observe that the changeover relay operates and that gas flow is maintained by the new cylinder.



5.2.4.13. Change over to the cylinder(s) which were on line or, for the vacuum operated system, re-open the duty cylinder valve and close the new cylinder valve to cause the relay to revert to its previous position. After the relay has changed back to the duty cylinder supply, re-open the new cylinder valve ready for subsequent automatic changeover to take place.

5.2.4.14. Where a cylinder or cylinders are connected directly to a chlorinator, start the chlorinator, open the auxiliary valve(s) and manifold valve(s), if fitted.

5.2.4.15. Test all connections for leaks, check the chlorinator pressure gauge reading is satisfactory, and set the flow of chlorine to the required rate.

5.3. Dealing with Stiff Valves

If a cylinder valve is difficult to operate or if a valve cannot be closed fully, inform the supplier and then carry out the procedure described in the supplier’s manual. A stiff valve can often be caused by ferric chloride on the valve spindle preventing its movement: ferric chloride can be softened by gentle heating (see below) to allow the spindle to move, but direct heating, e.g. by a blow torch, must never be used.

The following is an example of techniques that are used on packed-gland hard-seat valves.

5.3.1 Ensure that the union nut is tight and gas is not leaking from the joint (never use water on chlorine leak).

5.3.2 Tie a rag around the body of the valve and pour on a kettleful of hot water over a period of 1-2 minutes (see Figure 9 here below). As the valve warms up, gently work the valve spindle back and forth until it becomes free (pay attention: the valve is hot!). Continue to work the valve until it can be fully closed.

5.3.3 If the valve still leaks when the union nut is eased and the leak is very slight, it may be possible to disconnect the union and fit the cover nut to the valve. This must only be done by the supervisor wearing an appropriate respirator, after he has assessed the situation and confirmed that it is safe to carry out this operation.

5.3.4 If it is considered unsafe to deal with the cylinder in this way, contact the chlorine supplier for further advice or assistance. The Emergency Telephone Number should always be visible near all telephones.



Figure 9 - Hot water treatment for stiff valve

5.4. Materials and Equipment

5.4.1 Chlorine gas is highly corrosive in the presence of moisture and the use of other than specialised equipment and materials can prove both dangerous and ineffective.

5.4.2 When new, the flexible copper coil connecting the auxiliary valve to the manifold and/or the chlorinator can be carefully bent into a desired position to suit the connections. Once this position is established and the coil subjected to use, further bending of the coil may result in fracture as a degree of brittleness in the metal develops in use, which is not apparent visually. The flexible connections should be checked regularly to ensure they are in good condition and changed in accordance with recommendations from the chlorine supplier (e.g. every year). Each flexible should have a tag with the date by which it should be changed.

5.4.3 Tools, ammonia-water test bottles should be retained in a store cupboard or on a storage shelving; the same applies to spare valves and flexible copper coils, preferably in their original packing. To prevent the entry of moisture, valves, coils and pipes should retain their blanking end covers until they are brought into use.

5.4.4 Euro Chlor recommended gaskets (See GEST 94/216 - Experience of non-asbestos gaskets on liquid and Dry Chlorine Gas Service)



of the correct size should be used when making and remaking connections. Gaskets must never be re-used.

5.5. Inspection and Maintenance

5.5.1 The equipment must be maintained in good working order and subject to regular testing and maintenance.

5.5.2 Chlorine gas is both toxic and corrosive and for these reasons it is important that any leakage of gas should be traced and dealt with as quickly as possible. When one person, equipped with appropriate protective equipment, is inside the room attending to a gas leak, there must always be another person stationed outside and also equipped with a respirator.

5.5.3 The chlorinator/storage room should be visited regularly throughout normal operating hours and any indication of gas escape investigated and corrected. It is good practice to check the equipment for chlorine leaks at the beginning of each day using the vapour from an ammonia water test bottle. A chlorine in air detector, with alarm, can be very helpful to monitor continuously the atmosphere of the room; portable detectors are also very useful.

5.5.4 In the absence of an automatic changeover system, cylinder pressure gauge readings should be noted at least daily. Cylinders must be withdrawn from use when the pressure falls to 1 barg (15 psig). Never keep a cylinder on line, even if it is not in use, when the pressure falls to this level. Pressure gauges should be calibrated at intervals to establish their accuracy.

5.5.5 When cylinder valves are stiff or faulty in any way the supplier's recommendations must be followed.

5.5.6 Whenever chlorine supply lines or valves are removed for a short time, screwed plugs should be inserted in the open ends to avoid ingress of moisture. For longer periods of storage (more than 24 hours), the pipework etc., must be first washed out with warm water and thoroughly air dried before plugging and storage.

5.5.7 The Supplier's Operating Instruction Cards should be displayed in the storage/chlorinator room at all times and operating staff must note and apply the directions given.

5.5.8 It is recommended that respiratory protective equipment for two people should be kept in two locations: one adjacent to, but not in, the store; the other at the approach to the area.



6. RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Chlorine is a toxic substance which can be rapidly fatal in acute exposure. The GEST 92/171 - Personal protective equipment for use with chlorine gives all details on the different types of equipment available and recommendations on how to use them.

7. EMERGENCIES

7.1. Emergency plan

All chlorine consumer installations should have a written emergency plan. A chlorine leak usually is unexpected and an immediate response allows mitigating the consequences. Chlorine emergency intervention is an essential part of such a plan. Emergency kits for safe handling of leaking packages should be available and the supplier may have "salvage" vessels and other specialised emergency equipment (see Figures 10 and 11 below).

Figure 10 - Examples of cover for leaking valves



Figure 11 - Examples of salvage vessels for drums and cylinders

7.2. Coordination

The emergency plan shall be discussed with the local authorities and fire brigade.

7.3. Plan Details

In planning for possible chlorine leaks, the following checklist can be used:

Conduct a safety audit of the chlorine installation and list the points of possible chlorine releases.

Train qualified personnel in the proper operation of chlorinator systems, with particular emphasis on connecting and disconnecting the packages.

Install in the storage and process rooms chlorine detectors as described in 3.2.6.

Establish standard response procedures for each possible failure case. Include a decision tree to determine if outside help is needed and if evacuation is required.

Post a list of home telephone numbers of personnel to be called in case of emergency. Also, post a list of emergency telephone numbers



(nearest fire and police departments, chlorine supplier, etc.) in case help is required to handle the emergency.

Train personnel to aid in evacuating colleagues and/or the public from the danger area, and assign specific persons to specific tasks (one person should have the overall control in case of emergency).

Establish definite escape routes depending on wind direction, and systems to inform the public to use these where necessary.

Train employees to administer first aid for personnel exposed to chlorine gas.

Conduct periodic drills for handling emergencies. Vary the scenarios to ensure all eventualities are covered.

8. SITE PROCEDURES AND TRAINING

Operators should be provided with appropriate personal protective equipment (gloves, eye protection, respiratory protection, etc.) and be trained in its use.

The site operating procedure should meet high safety standards and be agreed with the suppliers (see GEST 92/175 – A Scheme for Safety Visits to Chlorine Customers’ Plants). There needs to be adequate operational, maintenance and inspection procedures. Site personnel should be properly trained and practised in each procedure. Management and supervisory staff must be responsible for drawing up and implementing a training programme, which must include both "off-the-job" and "on-the-job" aspects.

Off-the-job training should include basic information on the physical, chemical and toxic properties of chlorine, properties of the materials used, particulars on the packages used as well as a detailed description of the process operations for which the operators have responsibility.

On-the-job training should be carried out under the guidance of an experienced operator who is familiar with the process, with emphasis being given to safety precautions and methods of dealing with emergencies. Particular attention should be given to the following aspects:

a) Safe methods of equipment operation, including handling of chlorine packages and the connection to supply systems.

b) Safe methods of maintenance, in particular the application of relevant standards and codes; maintenance and repairs of chlorine equipment should be carried out only by competent persons.

c) Special operations; for example, equipment shut-down and start-up, methods of isolation and preparation of equipment for periodic maintenance and inspection.

d) Location and operation of emergency shut-off valves.

e) Procedures to be followed if chlorine releases occur.



f) Training in the use and maintenance of all personal protective equipment supplied.

Following training, the competency of personnel should be validated and recorded.

Regular refresher training should be carried out, at least every 5 years.

Appendix 4 gives also suggested training content.

9. Transport of Chlorine

The transportation of full/empty chlorine bottles or drums runs under the regulations of ADR/RID (http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/adr/adr2011/11contentse.html)

10. REFERENCES

GEST 73/25 – Transport of Dry Chlorine by Pipeline

GEST 75/47 – Design and Operation of Chlorine Vaporisers

GEST 76/52 – Equipment for the Treatment of Gaseous Effluents Containing Chlorine

GEST 87/133 – Overpressure Relief of Chlorine Installations

GEST 88/138 – Small Chlorine Packages Construction, Filling and Handling

GEST 92/171 – Personal Protective Equipment for Use with Chlorine

GEST92/175 – A Scheme for Safety Visits to Chlorine Customers’ Plants

GEST 94/216 - Experience of Gaskets on Liquid and Dry Chlorine Gas Service

UK HSE guide HSG40: Safe handling of chlorine from drums and cylinders (ISBN 978 0 7176 1646 6)

Additional information can also be found in the publications (freely downloadable) from the European Industrial Gasses Association (www.eiga.org).

11. LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Chlorine systems - UK design

Appendix 2: Chlorine gas system - US design

Appendix 3: Chlorine gas system - German design

Appendix 4: Headlines for training sessions for people working with chlorine

http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/adr/adr2011/11contentse.html

http://www.eiga.org/



Appendix 1 – UK Chlorine System Designs (from HSG40)

Chlorine gas system fed from cylinders

Chlorine gas from vaporiser fed from drums



Appendix 2 – US Chlorine System Designs

Cylinder-Mounted Chlorinator



Appendix 3 – German Chlorine System Designs

1. Chlorine cylinder 2. Chlorine cylinder valve

3. Chlorine cylinder safety bracket 4. Chlorine cylinder auxiliary valve

5. Flexible connection pipe with pipe sockets 6. Chlorine pressure indicator

7. Filter 8. Pressure reducing valve

9. Excess pressure safety valve 10. Vent to absorption unit

11. Flowmeter 12. Chlorine mass flowrate regulating valve

13. Vacuum safety valve 14. Flexible or rigid connection pipe

15. Check valve 16. Injector

17. Drive-water piping 18. Shut-off valve

19. Filter 20. Solenoid valve (actuated by pressure increase or circulation pump)

21. Check valve 22. Regulating valve

23. Pressure indicator 24.Flowmeter

25. Check valve 26. Shut-off valve

27. Solution diffuser (up to pipe-middle)

Vent and vacuum system Pressure reduction system



Typical German Swimming Pool Installation

(courtesy Gerling, Holz & Co. Handels GmbH)

Chlorine System Sprinkler System Swimming Pool Water

A – Chlorine cylinders I – Water suppy 1 – Water tank

B – Safety valves II – Manual valve 2 – Flocculent addition

C – Activated carbon filter III – Auto valve 3 – Filtration System

D – Dosing regulator IV – Sprinkler heads 4 – Booster pump

E – Injector/chlorinator V - Drain 5 – Gravel filter

F – Atmospheric monitor 6 – Return flow analysis



Appendix 4 - Headlines for training sessions for people working with chlorine

Part 1: Technical Introduction

1.1 Physical Properties 1.2 Chemical Properties and Important Reactions 1.3 Production of Chlorine

Part 2: Handling with Chlorine

2.1 Chlorine Cylinders, Drums, Valves 2.2 Storage Area 2.3 Dosing equipment 2.4 Importance of residual pressure 2.5 Cylinder and/or drum Changing 2.6 Dealing with stiff valves 2.7 Loading and unloading of cylinders and drums

Part 3: Transport of Chlorine

3.1 ADR/RID Transport regulations 3.2 National legislations 3.3 Types of packages 3.4 Identification and labelling of cylinders and drums

Part 4: Emergencies

4.1 Emergency planning - General Rules 4.2 Protective Equipment 4.3 First aid

Part 5: Practical training (package changing)

5.1 Handling of protective equipment 5.2 Shut down of a dosing equipment 5.3 Cylinder and/or drum changing 5.4 Dealing with stiff valves 5.5 Start up of dosing equipment 5.6 Dealing with emergencies 5.7 Use of emergency kit

Part 6: Introduction into the role of chlorine in society and the Responsible Care® programme

Part 7: Recording of training – traceability



Industrial consumers of chlorine, engineering and equipment supply companies worldwide and chlorine producers outside Europe may establish a permanent relationship with Euro Chlor by becoming Associate Members or Technical Correspondents. Details of membership categories and fees are available from:

Euro Chlor Avenue E Van Nieuwenhuyse 4 Box 2 B-1160 Brussels Belgium

Tel: +32 2 676 7211 Fax: +32 2 676 7241 e-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.eurochlor.org

Documents

Safe Use of Chlorine From Drums and Cylinders