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SOUTHERN AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY
A SADC SUPPORT PROGRAMME ON REDUCING
EMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATION AND FOREST
DEGRADATION (REDD)
2012-2015
May 2011
2
CONTENTS
List of Figures and Tables ................................................................................................................ 4
Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................... 5
ACRONYMS .......................................................................................................................................... 7
1 CLIMATE CHANGE AS A COMPELLING ISSUE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA ....................................... 9
1.2 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 9
1.3 AFRICA’S SHARE OF GLOBAL EMISSIONS OF GREENHOUSE GASES ........................... 9
1.3 DEFORESTATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN SADC COUNTRIES ....... 11
1.4 EXPECTED IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON SADC FORESTS ................................ 12
2 THE GENERAL CONCEPT OF REDD ........................................................................................ 13
2.1 BASIC COMPONENTS OF A NATIONAL REDD PROGRAMME ....................................... 13
2.2 INTERNATIONAL DIALOGUE ON REDD – EVENTS AFTER COPENHAGEN AND
OPPORTUNITIES FOR AFRICA ...................................................................................................... 15
2.2.1 An African perspective of REDD in the Copenhagen Accord ............................................................ 15
2.2.2 REDD Relevant outcomes of COP 15 in Copenhagen ........................................................................... 16
2.2.3 PROSPECTS FOR REDD IN SOUTHERN AFRICA ..................................................................................... 17
2.3 WHY SADC MUST REMAIN AN ACTIVE PARTICIPANT IN THE REDD PROCESS .... 18
3. THE MAIN DRIVERS OF DEFORESTATION AND FOREST DEGRADATION ............... 20
4. A SADC SUPPORT PROGRAMME ON REDD: PROGRAMME COMPONENTS AND KEY
INTERVENTIOINS ............................................................................................................................ 22
4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 22
4.2 Priority components for a Regional REDD Programme .............................................. 23
4.3 OVERALL GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF PROGRAMME COMPONENTS
................................................................................................................................................................. 24
4.3.1 Programme Goal ................................................................................................................................................... 24
4.3.2 Programme Objectives ...................................................................................................................................... 24
4.3.3 Overall Programme Results ............................................................................................................................ 24
4.4PROGRAMME COMPONENTS .................................................................................................. 25
4.4.1. Inter- and intra-sector coordination models to manage national REDD Programmes ....... 25
4.4.2 COMPONENT 2: Involvement in relevant international processes and negotiations on REDD
.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 25
3
4.4.3 COMPONENT 3: Capacity to manage national and regional REDD Programmes.................... 25
4.4.4 COMPONENT 4: Establishment of Systems to monitor forests and carbon .............................. 26
4.4.5 COMPONENT 5: Establishment of reference EMISSION scenarios for REDD ........................... 27
4.4.6 COMPONENT 6: Knowledge Management on REDD ............................................................................ 27
4.4.7 COMPONENT 7: Sustainable Funding Mechanisms for REDD ................................................................ 27
4.5 LOGICAL FRAMEWORK TABLES FOR THE REDD PROGRAMME ................................ 30
4.6 PROGRAMME IMPLEMENTATION........................................................................................ 37
4.6.1 Approach ................................................................................................................................................................. 37
4.6.2 Organization ........................................................................................................................................................... 38
4.6.3 Governance ............................................................................................................................................................. 38
4.6.4 Role of SADC Secretariat ................................................................................................................................... 38
4.6.5 Role of SADC Member States .......................................................................................................................... 40
4.7 MONITORING ................................................................................................................................. 40
4.8 EVALUATION .................................................................................................................................. 41
5. OVERALL AND COMPONENT BUDGETS .............................................................................. 42
6. BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................................... 48
7. ANNEXES ....................................................................................................................................... 51
Annex I. REDD- relevant outcomes of COP 15 ........................................................................ 51
Annex II. Country strengths: Existing attitudes and initiatives related to REDD .... 55
Annex III The potential of national forest programmes to deliver on REDD............ 57
ANNEX IV. Terms of reference for technical project management unit positions .. 61
4
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES
FIGURE 1 AFRICA'S CONTRIBUTION TO GLOBAL WARMING......................................................................... 10
FIGURE 2 FOREST TRANSITION CURVE IN A SADC CONTEX .......................................................................... 11
FIGURE 3 DRIVERS OF DEFORESTATION AND FOREST DEGRADATION: AN EXAMPLE FROM THE DRC. ...... 21
TABLE 1 INTRA AND INTER-SECTOR COORDINATION MECHANISMS TO MANAGE NATIONAL REDD
PROGRAMMES ..................................................................................................................................... 30
TABLE 2 ENGAGEMENT IN INTERNATIONAL REDD NEGOTIATIONS .............................................................. 31
TABLE 3 CAPACITY TO MANAGE NATIONAL AND REGIONAL REDD PROGRAMMES ..................................... 32
TABLE 4 EFFECTIVE SYSTEMS FOR MONITORING, REPORTING AND VERIFICATION ..................................... 33
TABLE 5ESTABLISHING REFERENCE EMISSION LEVELS AND REFERENCE LEVELS FOR REDD ........................ 34
TABLE 6 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT FOR REDD IN SADC .......................................................................... 35
TABLE 7SUSTAINABLE FUNDING MECHANISMS ........................................................................................... 36
TABLE 8 SUMMARY OF THE REDD PROGRAMME FOUR-YEAR OVERALL BUDGET………………..……………………..42
TABLE 9 BUDGET-INTRA AND INTER-SECTOR COORDINATION MECHANISMS TO MANAGE REDD
PROGRAMMES…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………….43
TABLE 10 BUDGET - INVOLVEMENT IN INTERNATIONAL REDD PROCESSES……………………………..…………………43
TABLE 11 BUDGET -CAPACITY TO MANAGE NATIONAL AND REGIONAL REDD PROGRAMMES ................... 44
TABLE 12 BUDGET -EFFECTIVE SYSTEMS FOR MONITORING, REPORTING AND VERIFICATION FOR REDD .. 44
TABLE 13 BUDGET -ESTABLISHING REFERENCE EMISSION LEVELS AND REFERENCE LEVELS FOR REDD ...... 45
TABLE 14 BUDGET-KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IN THE SADC REDD PROGRAMME .................................. 46
TABLE 15 BUDGET-SUSTAINABLE FUNDING MECHANISMS .......................................................................... 46
TABLE 16 BUDGET-PROGRAMME MANAGEMENT UNIT COSTS.................................................................... 47
TABLE 17 WOOD ENERGY (POA) POTENTIAL IN SADC COUNTRIES ............................................................... 54
5
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This programme document has the dual objectives of providing essential background information on
Climate Change and REDD on the one hand, and of designing a SADC Support Programme to improve
the capacity of Member States to design national REDD programmes and to cooperate on REDD
issues that are strategic and of common and regional interest on the other. It starts with a
recapitulation of the necessary knowledge about Climate Change and the emerging REDD
Mechanism for pro-active, informed choices by decision makers in SADC. It states that Africa
contributes relatively low levels of emissions from fossil fuels and industrial sources but contributes
relatively high levels of biomass and land use related emissions. Accordingly, mitigation options
abound in Southern Africa, particularly in the realms of sustainable forest management, agriculture,
energy and infrastructure, and underlying policies, promise to contribute preeminently to curbing
Global Climate Change.
Despite the inconclusive 15th Conference of the Parties to UNFCCC in Copenhagen in 2009, it filters
out the likely prerequisites for developing country participation in this novel instrument for
mitigation, adaptation and, above all, development. The different perspectives on REDD between
industrial and developing countries are also highlighted. In this regard, industrial countries, who are
net polluters, tend to emphasize emission reduction commitments from all parties, while developing
countries see REDD+ as an opportunity to seek funding for adaptation, sustainable forest
management and poverty reduction; with emission reductions being a useful outcome and a global
good. This dichotomy of interest underpins the nature of current climate change negotiations in the
global context. In all these it is estimated that should REDD fail, temperatures will increase above the
2o C target, and estimated mitigation costs of between US$ 4-25 trillion today will more than double.
It is also argued that for REDD to succeed, it will require transfers of substantial financial resources
and low carbon technology to Africa and other tropical countries in consideration of their individual
and collective contributions to reducing emissions. It is therefore important for regions such as SADC
to seek firm commitments for funding as a condition for its long-term commitment on REDD.
6
This document therefore offers a blue-print for countries to become REDD Ready and to be able to
cooperate with neighbouring countries on REDD issues which are of regional relevance, such as
leakage or monitoring and report, particularly on similar and shared forest ecosystems and in so
doing, add regional value to the efforts of single Member States. A rough cost estimate of
implementing the support programme on REDD in the SADC Region amounts to over US$ 10 million
over a four year period, excluding in-country costs.
The REDD Support Programme fits very well into existing SADC regional policy frameworks, such as
the SADC Protocol on Forestry or the new SADC Forestry Strategy (2010-2020). Several SADC
countries already participate in REDD Pilot Projects under UN-REDD and the World Bank’s Forest
Carbon Partnership Facility, and FAO’s programme of Support to National Forest Assessments.
However SADC must actively negotiate to have included under REDD and any future CDM
arrangement, the inclusion of some of her dry, low canopy cover woodlands which fall outside the
current definition of forests. Such a development would benefit more Member States than is
currently the case.
The SADC Support Programme on REDD will focus on key thematic or programmatic areas under
REDD for support to Member States and for enhancing cooperation among them. These include i)
inter-sectoral coordination mechanisms for the implementation of national REDD programmes, ii)
monitoring reporting and verification, iii) funding mechanisms for REDD, and iv) engagement in
international negotiations. Each of these areas, are elaborated through specific objectives and the
necessary programme activities to achieve them. An implementation mechanism is also proposed.
This includes national, regional and interdepartmental technical working groups coordinated by the
SADC Secretariat, a REDD Project Management Team (REDD-PMT) under the Directorate of Food,
Agriculture and Natural Resources (FANR), targeted support to selected academic and research
institutions to participate in Regional REDD processes and others.
7
ACRONYMS
AFOLU Agriculture, forestry and other land uses
AR4 Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change
A/R Afforestation/ Reforestation
BEF Biomass Expansion Factors to convert growing stock to biomass
C&I Criteria and Indicators for sustainable forest management
CDM Clean Development Mechanism
COP 15 The 15th Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC which took
place December 2010 in Copenhagen, Denmark
DNA Designated Operational Authority under the CDM
DOE Designated Operational Entity under the CDM
FAO United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization
FANR SADC Directorate of Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources
FCPF Forest carbon Partnership Facility of the World Bank
GEF Global Environmental Facility
GHG Greenhouse gases
GPG Good Practice Guidance
Gt Giga-ton, 109 metric tons
IFF Intergovernmental Forum on Forests
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IPF Intergovernmental Panel on Forests
ITTO International Tropical Timber Organization
MDG Millennium Development Goals
MRV Monitoring, Reporting and Verification
NAI Non-Annex I countries- here used as synonymous with
developing countries
NAMAs Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions
NEPAD New Partnership for African Development
NFP National Forest Programme
NfP-facility National Programme Facility
ODA Oversees Development Assistance
8
PDI Palmer Drought Index
PES Payment for environmental services
PoA Programme of Activities under the CDM
RED Reducing deforestation in developing countries
REDD Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation
in Developing countries
REDD Reducing deforestation and forest degradation in developing
countries
REDD+ REDD plus carbon stock conservation, enhancement and
sustainable forest management
REDD++ REDD+ plus agriculture and all other land uses
REDD-PMT REDD Project Management Team at the SADC Secretariat
SBSTA Subsidiary Body on Scientific and Technical Advice to the
UNFCCC
SFM Sustainable forest management
SSA Sub-Saharan Africa
SS-A/R Small-scale afforestation/reforestation projects under the CDM
TCF Technical Committee on Forestry of SADC Directors of Forestry
UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
UNFF United Nations Forest Forum
9
1 CLIMATE CHANGE AS A COMPELLING ISSUE IN SOUTHERN
AFRICA
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The issue of Climate Change which has recently attracted considerable global debate in scientific and
policy terms no longer belongs to the realms of ‘scientific fantasy’. It is now considered a reality and
its mitigation is the responsibility of all countries; starting from those that contribute most to the
total global emissions of green house gases which are considered to be the main cause of global
warming and its attendant detrimental effects. In the last decade, a number of scientific models on
the likely effects of Climate Change have suggested that the most vulnerable countries will most
likely, not be the industrial or ‘net polluter’s countries but the less industrialized ones.
Southern Africa which already faces water deficits is one sub-region in the continent which could be
adversely affected by trends in climate change, particularly those associated with increased aridity
and rising seas which threatens low lying coastal zones and small island states. Urgent actions
towards mitigation and adaptation to changing climatic conditions are therefore strongly required.
As discussions on these predictions have ensued, the international community and its scientists have
come to the conclusion that maintaining and increasing forest cover is a feasible and economically
sensible mitigation and adaptation mechanism against Climate Change. While it is somewhat ironic
that it shifts some of the moral responsibility for mitigation to a number of relatively poorer
countries in the tropics with high forest cover, it nonetheless strengthens their call for increased
global co-operation to invest in forest management and other sustainable development pathways
that will ease pressure off forest lands by substantively addressing social and economic development
issues. This is a major entry point for SADC as a region.
This document highlights the main threats to climate change to southern Africa, the nature of
current global negotiations and their implications to SADC and proposes a support programme
facilitate regional cooperation on REDD as Member States also design practical programmes within
their countries.
1.2 AFRICA’S SHARE OF GLOBAL EMISSIONS OF GREENHOUSE GASES
Africa contains 14% of the global population, and contributes roughly that proportion to global soil
and biomass carbon stocks. By contrast, the continent emits only 3% of global fossil fuel carbon [1],
10
and 5.3% of the global greenhouse gases from all non-land use sectors [2, 3]. Africa’s legacy of
historic carbon emissions from deforestation before 1990 amounts to merely 10% of the global total
[4].
FIGURE 1 AFRICA'S CONTRIBUTION TO GLOBAL WARMING
However, current land use emissions of carbon and other Greenhouse Gases (GHG) as a contribution
to the global total are over-proportionally high. Land-use emissions also dominate the continents
own GHG emissions. Africa lost more forest area during the period 1990-2005 than any other
continent.
Compared to Africa’s share of people and land area, the continent’s GHG fluxes from deforestation
and its pyrogenic emissions of trace gases, aerosols and black carbon from forests and savannas add
over-proportionally to the continent’s own and to global emissions. Investments in conserving and
managing Africa’s forests sustainably, adequately managing fires, and tackling proximate and
underlying causes in adjacent sectors, particularly agriculture, energy and infrastructure, promise to
contribute preeminently to curbing Global Climate Change.
% of worldpopulation
parameter
population
land arae
fore
st are
a
soil C pool
biomass C pool
fore
st C-fl
ux 1850-2000
all GHG, e
xcept LULUCF
fossil f
uel carb
on
fore
st biomass lo
sses
defore
station G
HG
biomass fire G
HG
fore
st fire
GHG
fuelw
ood GHG
tropospheric
ozone
frac
tio
n o
f g
lob
al t
ota
l
0,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
11
1.3 DEFORESTATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN SADC
COUNTRIES
Since 1990, Southern Africa has witnessed the highest rate of deforestation in the whole of Africa;
contributing 31% to Africa’s total deforested area, a 70 % share of which comes from Zambia and
Zimbabwe alone [5]. This relatively high deforestation rate is driven mainly by the expansion of
agriculture, shifting cultivation and unregulated logging with poverty, strong population growth1,
energy demand, and poor institutional capacities as underlying causes. In addition, selective harvests
in many countries exceeds sustainable yield [5] and forest degradation contributes to substantial
emissions.
Biomass carbon losses from deforestation in SADC countries amount to 54% of those from the entire
continent [6]. Excluding industrialized South Africa, carbon losses from SADC deforestation are 3.3
times higher than those from fossil fuels. Carbon emissions from combined deforestation and
degradation are over five times larger than those from all other sources. The forest transition curve
which describes the way in which deforestation tends to progress in a country can be applied to
SADC countries as well. In a typical forest transition curve, deforestation does not proceed in a linear
trend over time and instead is described by a sigmoid curve (Figure 2 forest transition curve in a
sadc contex) [10].
FIGURE 2 FOREST TRANSITION CURVE IN A SADC CONTEX
1 Population in Southern Africa is projected to grow by almost 40 Mio. Between 2000 and 2020
Dieter Schoene 1time
fore
st a
rea
forest transition pathforest transition path
SA (0% yr-1)SA (0% yr-1)
DRC (0.3% yr-1)DRC (0.3% yr-1)
Zimbabwe (1.4% yr-1)Zimbabwe (1.4% yr-1)
12
Overall, emissions from Southern Africa’s land-use sector, particularly deforestation, forest
degradation, and biomass fires carry much more weight than those in the remainder of Africa.
Accordingly, mitigation options abound and sustainable management and conservation of SADC
forests and fire management are particularly urgent. In addition, the detrimental effects of climate
change to forest management is most likely going to reduce productivity, species composition and
forest structures; all of which create a strong case for management for adaptation
1.4 EXPECTED IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON SADC FORESTS
The fourth assessment of the IPCCC (AR4) offers few concrete predictions of climate change impacts
on forest growth and yield, health, survival or changing silviculture of tree species, which could be
used for adapting forest management in specific areas ex ante. Despite the uncertainties in
predictions, climate change is likely to affect forests in a number of ways, a situation that calls for
active long-term monitoring of forest cover. A few examples of climate trends are given here.
• Increasing aridity will increase frequency and intensity of fires, an issue which is already
affecting the plantation industries of South Africa and Swaziland
• Changes in climate could predispose trees to pest and disease outbreaks, another
development that is a threat to the industrial plantations which underpins one of the largest
plantation based forest industries in the world.
• In the long-term the distribution of some species of the natural woodlands and forests is
expected to shift northwards in view of increased aridity, particularly in the south western
parts of Africa; and.
• Growth and productivity of commercial plantations and natural forests may be reduced in
certain areas of the region and may increase in others
In addition to the above Climate Change could accentuate a long list of existing problems in Southern
Africa [7], which include:
• Rural poverty which is linked to food insecurity problems, low and declining human
development indices
• insecure land tenure,
• weak natural resource governance structures and declining research and monitoring
capacities
13
• limited resources for education, capital and technology, gaps in infrastructure for transport
and communication; and
• immigration, civil unrest, and resource-related conflicts
2 THE GENERAL CONCEPT OF REDD
Originally conceived by a coalition of rainforest nations, to address deforestation “RED” has become
a misnomer during negotiations under UNFCCC. Not only does it now also cover “forest degradation”
(“REDD”), but the Bali Action Plan also refers to added activities (“REDD+”).In this regard, “REDD+”
may cover:
• carbon stock losses, caused by deforestation, degradation, clear-cutting without land-use
change, selective harvesting, preparatory cuts for regeneration, pre-commercial or
commercial thinning and directly or indirectly induced losses from anthropogenic or natural
disturbances,
• carbon stock gains caused by re-growth, natural or enhanced increment, natural expansion
of forests, afforestation, reforestation, forest rehabilitation, forest restoration, soil
amelioration, managerial choices of rotations, cutting cycles, and allowable cut, and
• carbon stock conservation by stewardship and protection against natural and anthropogenic
disturbances, in Southern Africa particularly fires, reduced impact logging and, more efficient
conversion of standing timber to forest products. Thus, countries may benefit from REDD
even if deforestation has ceased and forest carbon stocks remain static.
2.1 BASIC COMPONENTS OF A NATIONAL REDD PROGRAMME
The basic components of a national REDD programme covers three main core technical areas which
are essential for addressing the key drivers of deforestation and forest degradation and for carbon
accounting. As such the core requirements are stated as follows:
• Countries must establish a national or sub-national strategy or action plan which addresses,
inter alia, the drivers of deforestation and degradation and countermeasures, tenure, forest
14
governance, gender and ensures full and effective participation of relevant stakeholders,
local communities and indigenous peoples;
• Countries must establish forest reference emission levels or forest reference levels, based on
historic data and appropriate adjustments for national circumstances; and
• Countries must establish a national forest monitoring system, that combines remote sensing
and ground-based forest carbon inventory approaches for eligible activities and safeguards
listed below. The monitoring must be consistent, transparent, and as far as possible accurate
and the results must be available for review, IPCC guidelines for carbon inventories must be
used.
To be environmentally effective, emission reductions or carbon removals from the atmosphere must
be additional to ‘business as usual’ at the sub-national, national and global scale. Historic emissions
from deforestation can serve as a point of departure to set a baseline, or “reference emission level”,
from which increased carbon stocks (removals) or decreasing carbon stocks (emissions) can be
estimated and credited or debited respectively.
To achieve the objectives entailed by the above core requirements countries must also have
supportive policy and legislative frameworks and the technical and institutional capacities needed to
address the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation. Capacity building at all necessary levels,
national coordination structures and policy and legislative reforms are therefore crucial for the above
three core technical requirements.
The design and implementation of any REDD programme is guided by a set of principles and
safeguards which are listed herein.
Safeguards during implementation
• Consistence with National Forest Programmes and international agreements
• Transparent and effective national governance structures
• Knowledge and rights of indigenous peoples and local communities with a reference to the
UN Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
• Effective stakeholder participation, in particular indigenous peoples and local communities
• Conservation of natural forests and biological diversity, enhancement of other social and
environmental benefits
• Prevention of leakage and emission reversals
15
Principles to guide implementation of REDD
• Country-driven and voluntary
• Consistent with national development needs and goals
• Facilitate sustainable development, reduce poverty and be consistent with adaptive needs
• Promote broad country participation, e.g. of countries without deforestation
• Consistent with a low greenhouse gas emission strategy or integrated with NAMA’s
• Subject to financing, technology transfer and capacity building
• Results- based
• Promote SFM
2.2 INTERNATIONAL DIALOGUE ON REDD – EVENTS AFTER COPENHAGEN
AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR AFRICA
2.2.1 An African perspective of REDD in the Copenhagen Accord
Although the 15th Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC (COP 15) did not achieve a legally binding
outcome, it basically agreed on modalities for many of the basic aspects of REDD. The Copenhagen
Accord, a non-binding declaration by major emitting countries, addresses REDD explicitly. With key
modalities essentially settled and substantial “fast-track financing” already committed, REDD will
certainly become part of a final agreement. Beyond formalities and technical detail, an appropriate
vision of REDD is paramount for SADC countries and the region at current and future negotiations
and in implementing REDD in forestry and adjacent sectors.
REDD is an indispensable part of Climate Change mitigation. Only if, in addition to hefty emission
reductions in industrial countries, emissions from deforestation and forest degradation subside
rapidly, can global temperature increases remain at or below 2o C. Should REDD fail, temperatures
will increase above this target, and/or estimated mitigation costs of between US$ 4-25 trillion will
more than double [14-16]. Developing countries will bear the brunt of the damages from Global
Warming, 75-80% [16], even though we know that the bulk of their current emissions can be traced
to their relatively lower levels of industrialization, lack of alternatives and general developmental
challenges. Despite this recognition Industrial and developing country’s expectations from REDD
diverge in the sense that industrial countries tend to view REDD predominantly from the perspective
of reduced missions, while developing countries see REDD as an opportunity within the context of
economic development to get additional resources to develop, achieve SFM, adaptation and reduce
emissions. Despite the divergence of perspectives on REDD, the concept has the potential to
16
substantially boost development and reduce poverty in Southern Africa, by promising to transfer
very substantial finances and low-carbon technology to developing countries, and by recognizing the
priority of Africa, of Least Developed Countries (LDC) and Small Island Developing States (SIDS)2. The
Copenhagen Accord promises “substantial, new additional, predictive and adequate funding.”
Germany, Norway, Australia, the UK, Japan, the US and France have already committed US$ 3.5
billion in fast track money, as part of annually US$10 billion for mitigation and adaptation in the
period 2010-2012. By 2020, annual funding will approach US$ 100 billion.
Estimated mitigating costs in developing countries range from US$ 140 to 180 billion annually, with
upfront investment capital of US$ 240 to 560 billion. Additionally, there will be adaptation costs of
US$ 28-100 billion annually [16]. Promised financial transfers would approximately match current
global ODA, of which about a third goes to Africa [16]34. Therefore, current financial commitments of
industrialized countries appear substantial, but are, in fact, insufficient for the enormous task ahead.
2.2.2 REDD relevant outcomes of COP 15 in Copenhagen
Despite the many challenges and unresolved issues at Copenhagen, there are developments that
ensued from the discussions and negotiations which Africa in general and SADC in particular should
take note of and use. These are described under the subtitles of:
• Nationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMAS)
• Novel options under CDM
• Small Scale Afforestation / Reforestation Projects (SS-A/R)
• Programme of activities under the CDM (PoA)
• Bamboo and palms as trees under CDM
Nationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMAs) replaced quantitative emission reduction
commitments for developing countries according to COP 15. Projects falling under a NAMA should be
registered under UNFCCC and may receive funding if countries are willing to submit results for
international monitoring. Under the NAMA concept carbon sequestration in soils and other
2 SADC countries Angola, DRC, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia belong to the
LDC and Mauritius and Seychelles to the SIDS groups of countries.
4 For comparison: GEF funds climate change mitigation and adaptation currently with US $ 300 million ;
all ODA to Africa currently amounts to about 35 billion and to all developing countries amounts to US $
104 billion.
17
agricultural activities could be permitted, in addition to those in the energy, fire management and
infra-structure sectors.
Under novel options under CDM, new activities besides afforestation / reforestation, specifically re-
vegetation, forest management, cropland management, grazing land management, wetland
management, soil carbon management in agriculture may become eligible according to a future
recommendation by the Subsidiary Body on Scientific and Technical Advice (SBSTA) due in 2011. In
addition there is substantial easing of conditions on designing, registering and implementing CDM
projects, unlike the stringent conditions that prohibited Africa’s participation in CDM.
Small scale Afforestation / Reforestation (SS-A/R). Projects will enable the eligibility of small size (700
– 2000ha) of fully stocked and between 2000 and 5000 ha of partially stocked stands and have the
advantage that smaller pieces of forested land can be bundled and sold as a consolidated package.
They may also overcome the land eligibility pre-requisite that dogged past CDM projects, through the
creation of a new land category, namely, ‘soils in exhaustion’
Programme of activities under the CDM
Small holder A/R projects could qualify under the CDM. A Programme of Activity (PoA) is a voluntary
coordinated action by a private or public entity which coordinates and implements any policy /
measure or stated goal, which leads to anthropogenic GHG emission reductions or net anthropogenic
GHG removals by sinks that are additional to any that would occur in the absence of the PoA, via an
unlimited number of CDM programme activities. Examples in which SADC countries could gain credits
are mostly n the energy sector.
Bamboo and palms as trees
The Executive Board of the CDM in its 39th meeting decided that palm trees and bamboo can be
considered equivalent to trees in the context of A/R projects. However its requires that a country
expands its ‘forest definitions ‘ to include them. Since bamboos are indigenous to countries such as
DRC, Tanzania, Mozambique and Zambia and can match timber species in carbon stocks, this is a
clear opportunity (20, 21).
2.2.3 PROSPECTS FOR REDD IN SOUTHERN AFRICA
A mere glimpse at SADC Member States forest and woodland type maps [30] reveals stark contrasts
between and even within Member States. A one-size-fits-all approach for national REDD pogramme
is therefore not a promising approach for the individual SADC countries. Obviously, countries with
large forest areas, high deforestation rates, and high carbon densities per hectare will benefit from
18
compensation for reduced deforestation. All countries with large forest areas could also benefit from
lucrative compensation for carbon stock gains within their forests, depending on the final definition
of reference levels in negotiations. Countries with small forest areas and low deforestation or
countries with current gains in forest area (for example, Swaziland) might participate in REDD, but
also opt for afforestation, reforestation and forest rehabilitation under a future CDM, as long as sites
are suitable.
NAMAs, financed by an eventual REDD funding mechanism, might be chosen for synergies with REDD
and or the CDM. In SADC, wildfire management, Reduced Impact Logging, and projects in the energy,
agricultural, and infrastructure sector appear particularly attractive. In the forest sector, programme
of activities (PoA’s) such as efficient charcoal production from sustainable sources, minimizing
conversion losses in pit-sawing and saw mill operations, efficient cook stoves, small-scale
afforestation projects in out grower schemes, agroforestry, or CDM projects involving bamboo
appear promising.
2.3 WHY SADC MUST REMAIN AN ACTIVE PARTICIPANT IN THE REDD
PROCESS
Based on the facts and arguments already presented in this section the participation of SADC in REDD
or REDD+ can be based on the premises listed and discussed here:
• The threats posed by Climate Change , despite the fact that Africa’s total global contribution
in GHG emissions is relatively minimal, will nonetheless have the greatest negative effect on
Africa’s main livelihoods which are predominantly based on rain-fed agriculture and natural
resource use. This notion is supported by projections based on predictive models, which
show increasing aridity in already water stressed areas, of which southern Africa is a prime
example;
• In the predictive models, the risks of climate related natural disasters such as floods,
diseases, pests, droughts, and fires will increase and affect land based production in a
number of unpredictable patterns and the monitoring aspects under REDD will prove
indispensable in SADC’s climate adaptation programmes;
• For Africa to make a strong case and to benefit from mitigation funds (e.g. clean energy
generation and agricultural technology for increased production) and adaptation, SADC and
the rest of Africa should demonstrate that it can use its comparative advantage in mitigating
Climate Change through improved management of her forests (increase in carbon stocks)
19
and also prevent existing forests from getting destroyed through deforestation and forest
degradation (environmental stewardship role); and
• Africa will also safeguard its international bargaining power by being pro-active on its global
responsibility to mitigate climate change, using its ability to demand transfers from net
polluting countries so that it is able to follow low carbon development pathways, rather than
business as usual scenarios
Despite the powerful justification for its involvement in REDD, SADC must also take cognizance of a
few key challenges that will need to be comprehensively addressed if the region wants to benefit
from REDD.
• On much of the African continent and certainly southern Africa as well, there are a few
challenges which REDD will have to address. A few of those are explained here to illustrate
some of the capacity, technology and policy issues that any REDD programme would have to
address;
• In general much of SADC has not been able to maximize the economic benefits from their
forest resources and with the exception of South Africa and Zimbabwe, there has been a
hugely inadequate application of modern technology to create more wealth from available
forest resources in manners that reduce local poverty and encourage sustainable forest
management, which can then be certified. The forest industries remain just primary sources
of production with value added manufacturing quite underdeveloped, even for the forest
rich countries;
• Agriculture still remains the mainstay of national and rural economies and it enjoys political
and hence policy support to claim more forest land for conversion to agricultural uses. In this
regard, low technology agriculture often results in forest conversion and in addition large
scale commercial agriculture that also favours bio-fuels is likely to lead to further losses of
forest cover. Put differently, agricultural conversion under pinned by the demand for land by
both low technology subsistence and large-commercial agriculture remains one of the most
potent drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in Africa;
• In the recent past and certainly in the last two decades, institutions running forestry have
become weaker than they were a few decades ago and this happened at a time of huge
losses in forest cover in some of the forest-rich countries such as the DRC, Zambia, Zimbabwe
and Mozambique in the southern African Region. Other institutional issues associated with
loss of forest cover are pervert policies that encourage forest loss. In this regard, a common
20
example is food security policies which are nonetheless well meant, but often lack
environmental safeguards attached to them. This is indeed a very common occurrence in
much of Agriculture;
• In the international arena, the issues regarding the implementation of REDD+ are no less
straightforward as those that obtain within the continent. While Africa and indeed SADC
expect to attain some of their economic development objectives, they are often up against
Annex I countries that are often reluctant despite the alleged urgency of Climate Change, to
make the necessary transfers of finances and improved technologies to help tropical
countries make much more efficient uses of their resources under SFM and to invest in low-
carbon development path ways. Even where there are funding facilities such as the World
Bank and GEF, SADC and other African countries complain about bureaucratic requirements
and processes that create funding bottlenecks and slow down rates of disbursement, even
where approvals for funding have been made;
• Little has been done to invest in technological transfers in support of low carbon
development. In fact this is often left to the hands of the private sector, which in a number of
cases are not keen to transfer technology if there are no immediate profits. This is also
linked intricately to low levels of value-added manufacturing that would help increase rural
incomes; and
• Furthermore the fact that forestry was not favoured in the Kyoto Protocol within CDM locked
out a number of African countries from getting any credits based on sustainable forest
management. The challenge is now to negotiate terms which are in the interests of SADC and
other African countries to make REDD and REDD+ an attractive option for SADC and the rest
of the continent.
3. THE MAIN DRIVERS OF DEFORESTATION AND FOREST
DEGRADATION
As stated in earlier sections any national REDD programme at the very least should focus on the key
drivers of deforestation and forest degradation. This warrants an account on the issue of drivers and
the fact that their definitions are crucial precursors to any mitigation programmes.
In the SADC region, the direct and proximate causes of deforestation and forest degradation do not
differ markedly between countries, with the exception of the small island states, excluding
21
Madagascar, where direct drivers have less of an impact. What tends to differ, are their impacts on
countries and the underlying drivers. This information was based on a study of SADC countries in
preparation of this document. Essentially, agricultural expansion; livestock; energy demand;
infrastructure requirements; and legal as well as illegal over-harvesting emerged as main proximate
causes. Underlying causes identified in the interviews included detrimental policies and weak
capacities for forest administration and management.
Fuel wood and charcoal demand will most likely reach 120 Million m3, about 90 % of projected
annual timber harvest. Since electricity is unaffordable for many, the share of wood fuel use in
households might rise, as it already has in Malawi. Wildfires will continue to affect large parts of
entire countries each year, for example in Mozambique about 40%, with a share of forest fires of
80%.
Poverty remains a challenge, although high income sectors exist in the population, which is projected
to grow by 40 million people until 2020. Forty percent of the population is under 15 years of age.
HIV/Aids is widespread. The poorest 10% of the population reaps just 2% of income, whereas the top
10% of earners gain 40% of total income. There is a large informal economy with high dependence
on forests for subsistence in agriculture, animal husbandry, and small enterprises, such as pit-sawing,
Non-Wood Forest Products (NWFPs) trade, or charcoal and bush meat production. Over 50 % of the
population works in this informal sector.
A recent analysis in the DRC (Figure 3) on the key drivers of deforestation and forest degradation is
an excellent example.
FIGURE 3 DRIVERS OF DEFORESTATION AND FOREST DEGRADATION: AN EXAMPLE FROM THE DRC.
22
4. A SADC SUPPORT PROGRAMME ON REDD: PROGRAMME
COMPONENTS AND KEY INTERVENTIOINS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
This section outlines a support programme for REDD in SADC. It largely owes its origins to a
consultative process which involved country visits to seek views and opinions, in addition to the
opinions of independent experts from within and outside the region; and to a participatory SADC
regional workshop on REDD held in Arusha, Tanzania, in March 2010. The regional workshop was also
used to share information on REDD as an international process and also to discuss and agree on the
most important interventions that should be taken up or implemented at the regional level, should
SADC wish to move its REDD agenda forward. It was also used to identify programme areas which are
described in the next sub-section.
A regional REDD programme can encourage and support Member States to agree and adopt a
common regional framework on how to implement REDD on similar forest ecosystems, include those
whose distributions straddle political boundaries. In fact a regional REDD programme based on a
common framework would enable Member States to address issues of illegal trade in forest products
and the major issue of ‘leakage’ where forest protection or sustainable forest management in one
locality or country, in response leads to illegal activity or unsustainable practices exported elsewhere
within or outside the country. It can also address more efficiently the benefits of joint REDD activities
such as joint Monitoring, Reporting and Evaluation of forest stocks, so that countries that alone
would not benefit from a REDD Mechanism benefit from joint actions.
4.2 PRIORITY COMPONENTS FOR A REGIONAL REDD PROGRAMME
The focus of the regional REDD Programme is on those actions that require regional collaboration,
with the SADC Secretariat driving the coordination among its Member States. They must therefore be
seen as strongly complemented by national actions, preferably guided by national policy frameworks.
In the regional context of preparing for REDD readiness, a strong role for the SADC Secretariat is
envisaged, especially to coordinate REDD within the context of Climate Change issues within the
region. The programme components are:
1. Inter and Intra-sector coordination and policy harmonization for national REDD
Programmes,
2. International Engagement on REDD and Climate Change Processes,
23
3. Capacity to manage regional and national REDD Programmes,
4. Systems to monitor forests and carbon,
5. Establishment of reference emission and reference levels for REDD,
6. Knowledge management for REDD,
7. Sustainable Funding Mechanisms for REDD,
24
4.3 OVERALL GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF PROGRAMME
COMPONENTS
The programme goal stated herein, has the nature of a general development goal to which the
management of forests must contribute to, in order to remain relevant to society. Hence its key
tenets are its contribution to sustainable development and poverty reduction.
4.3.1 Programme Goal
REDD contributes to the reduction of global carbon and other green house gas emissions and also
promotes the sustainable management of the forests of SADC, contributes to poverty reduction and
sustainable development.
4.3.2 Programme Objectives
1) To improve the capacity of SADC Member States to manage and benefit from their
national REDD programmes using regional frameworks for REDD.
1) To improve collaboration among SADC Member States to be able to address REDD issues
that are of regional interest.
2) To increase the region’s influence on the international processes on REDD and Climate
Change.
4.3.3 Overall Programme Results
• REDD contributes to the sustainable management of trans-boundary and other key forests.
• The livelihoods of the local people are enhanced through participatory forest management.
• Adequate capacity is built to enable the region to actively participate in and benefit from
REDD and other financial mechanisms.
• Reduced GHG emissions are achieved through reductions in deforestation and forest
degradation in southern Africa.
The clusters or priority programme components are elaborated in the following subsections with a
focus mainly on the regional value added within each programme component. Each component has a
background and an objective. Logical frameworks with objective, expected results and the needed
actions to achieve the results of each component are added at the end of the descriptions.
25
4.4PROGRAMME COMPONENTS
4.4.1. Inter- and intra-sector coordination models to manage national REDD Programmes
Background issues and justification
In virtually all the countries that have joined existing multilateral REDD support mechanisms, such as
the Forest Carbon Partnership Fund and/or UN-REDD, cross-sector coordination for planning and
implementing REDD within countries has emerged as a cardinal issue. It is therefore important that
countries that implement REDD recognize the fact that cross-sectoral coordination is crucial,
particularly in addressing the drivers of deforestation and degradation, a number of which are
outside the forest sector. In practical terms, dealing with policies and practices that influence
infrastructure development, agricultural expansion, biomass energy and pervert and conflicting
policies of many sectors, operating at different administrative levels requires an umbrella
coordination framework which should be officially sanctioned by the authorities of both central and
local governments. Designing coordination of various sectors in a country and creating policy
environments to enable such coordination is an issue that all countries need to do and is critical for
REDD to succeed.
The main objective of this component is to support Member States to secure cross-sector support
for REDD through national frameworks that are officially sanctioned, functional and effective.
4.4.2 COMPONENT 2: Involvement in relevant international processes and negotiations on
REDD
Background and justification
So far, SADC articulated its opinion from the floor at the Plenary Session of COP3 in Kyoto 1997. It
has since occasionally contributed, inter alia at COP 15 in Copenhagen. However, its voice has not
been heard distinctly and consistently at the negotiation table, even if SADC countries participate in
the increasingly vocal African Group. SADC Member States have therefore called for better
coordination to consult and agree on common issues and have requested the SADC Secretariat to
facilitate such consultations and enable it to speak with one voice on such matters.
The main objective of this component is to ensure that SADC secures its interests as a fully
recognized player in the international negotiation processes.
4.4.3 COMPONENT 3: Capacity to manage national and regional REDD Programmes
Background and justification
It is the inherent responsibility of SADC Member States to develop and build the necessary capacities
to improve the management of their forest sectors, albeit this time within a REDD context. The
26
Programme seeks to promote a selected set of strategic investments in REDD related capacities
which can benefit both the Secretariat and its Member States, particularly at the incipient stages of
development of national REDD programmes within the region. It also provides for the strengthening
of the capacities of the SADC Secretariat in its role as manager of the regional REDD Programme.
The main objective of this component is to improve the long-term capacity of SADC Secretariat and
Member States to manage national and regional REDD Programmes and their forests sustainably.
4.4.4 COMPONENT 4: Establishment of Systems to monitor forests and carbon
Background and Justification
For any country to benefit from REDD Funds, the capacity to assess existing carbon stocks and also
monitor changes in those stocks is crucial to such an endeavour. This in today’s parlance is known as
capacity for monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV). In this regard, a survey of Member States
and information from the regional workshop held in Arusha, Tanzania in March 2010 reiterated the
need for countries to strengthen their capacities for the assessment of their forest resources and as
much as possible, to harmonize the methodologies used to enable the comparability of data across
and between countries, in addition to realize their desire to develop and populate a Regional
Database on SADC forests. It was also recognized that such capacity could be improved through both
national and regional actions. The approach in this component is to create a regional framework /
standard for MRV, to build capacity of academic and research institutions to offer training to
scientists on MRV and to create a Regional Working Group on MRV and support long term
monitoring programmes and research efforts in this area.
The main objectives of this component are therefore:
• To improve the capacities of Member States to establish systems to assess initial carbon
stocks in relevant forests, as well as systems to enable periodic carbon and greenhouse gas
accounting,
• To assist Member States to obtain data used to estimate historic reference emission levels
from deforestation and forest degradation, and
• To harmonize and standardize the methodologies used by Member States to enable
collaboration among states and the comparability of data across and between countries.
27
4.4.5 COMPONENT 5: Establishment of reference EMISSION scenarios for REDD
Background and justification
The benefits of engaging in REDD requires forest sector performance to reduce emissions from
deforestation and forest degradation against known and verifiable levels of past emissions. This
component is crucial to any REDD programme since it is the essence for ‘carbon accounting’ and
particularly for a number of countries that are entering the REDD process. In summary, it is
important to note that emissions and removals occurring from past changes in land use can be used
as a starting point for projecting a reference scenario for the likely magnitude of emissions and
removals of CO2in the future that would occur in the absence of a mechanism to reduce
deforestation and forest degradation. Quantifying such emissions and removals of carbon dioxide
from the land to produce estimates of historic emissions requires knowledge of two parameters,
namely the area of lands that have undergone change over a known time frame and the change in
carbon stocks on those lands that have undergone change. The IPCC Good Practice Guidance (IPCC-
GPG) therefore refers to the two basic inputs with which emissions and removals of carbon (as
carbon dioxide) are estimated, namely activity data and emission factors. Activity data in the REDD+
context refers to the real extent of an emission/removal category, such as, the area of deforestation
in hectares over a known time period. Emission factors refer to the emissions or removals of carbon
per unit activity, such as metric tons of carbon per hectare emitted or sequestered.
The main objective of this component is to provide countries opting to engage in REDD and CDM
with the basic tools to develop reference emission scenarios that are applicable to their national
circumstances.
4.4.6 COMPONENT 6: Knowledge Management on REDD
Background:
The identification of Knowledge Management as an area of priority within a SADC Support
Programme on REDD is consistent with the Strategic Programme Area; Forest Assessments and a
Regional Database of the SADC Forestry Strategy: 2010-2020. The guiding targets under this priority
area are:
(i) Establishment of a regional database of agreed content in SADC by 2014,
(ii) Tradition or Indigenous knowledge documented and disseminated
(iii) Routine and periodic monitoring based on a common platform by 2016,
(iv) Periodic publication on the ‘’State of the SADC Forests Report’’ by 2015, and
28
(v) A database and information sharing platform for all Community Based, Value Added
Processing and CDM/REDD Projects in SADC by 2012.
The concept of Knowledge Management in the context of REDD is motivated by the fact that REDD
has brought a new perspective on the management of forests and is linked to international
negotiations which will influence the way resources are deployed and distributed to participating
countries The international negotiations themselves tend to pit Annex I Countries against regions
such as SADC. Therefore SADC must maintain due diligence on these international processes,
influence their courses and to safeguard the individual and collective interests of Member States, as
they manage their forests with REDD as a major objective.
Thus, SADC needs to operate as a knowledge-based organization. In practice this means that it
should collect, seek, filter and analyze information and pick out those that are important to make
decisions regarding REDD at the national and regional scale and also internationally.
The main objective of this component is to ensure that the knowledge and information needs of
managers and specialists in REDD are met in a formal and adaptive manner.
4.4.7 COMPONENT 7: Sustainable Funding Mechanisms for REDD
Background issues and justification
The REDD concept acknowledges that developing countries will need major outside funding to
prepare for and implement REDD. In turn, developing countries must accept that payments will be
performance based. Initially, payments will depend on a verifiable qualitative progress towards
REDD readiness and, later, on quantified and verified emission reductions or carbon removals from
the atmosphere. The early stages of REDD will require initially large investments in preparation for
becoming REDD ready. Countries will need to be able to manage inflows of funds against
international standards of disbursement and accounting according to the rules adopted by
international financing institutions or bilateral partners. The approach in this component is to
investigate and implement the best of options for regionally channel the inflow of funds from
multilateral sources to increase efficiency, improve donor appeal which appreciates and encourages
regional cooperation and, to reduce transaction costs.
A second approach will be the development of a regional framework for the design of transparent
mechanisms that guide the sharing of the REDD benefits, particularly with forest resource managers
and affected stakeholders such as indigenous peoples and local communities.
29
The main objective of this component is to secure stable, firmly committed, long-term adequate
funding to manage preparation and implementation of REDD in SADC.
30
4 .5 LOGICAL FRAMEWORK TABLES FOR THE REDD PROGRAMME
Following are a set of logical framework tables with details on the necessary actions for each
programme component, the expected results and the applicable indicators. Under each component
or intervention area are specific objectives supported by specific actions linked to expected results,
against which programme performance can be assessed in the future.
TABLE 1 INTRA AND INTER-SECTOR COORDINATION MECHANISMS TO MANAGE NATIONAL REDD
PROGRAMMES
Objective Expected Result Key Actions Responsibility Indicators
Component 1.
To assist
countries to
set up
effective and
well mandated
multi-sector
coordination
structures for
REDD+
Regional
framework for
cross-sector
coordination
arrangements
Develop a framework for in-
country cross-sector
coordination, including the
identification of ministries,
proposals for policy reviews
and incentives for cross-
sector collaboration on
REDD.
Member States
& Secretariat
Published & used
communication tools
Functional inter-
sector or inter-
ministerial REDD+
Committees and
Secretariats with
high level
government
support
High level and
cross-sector
endorsement of
national REDD
programmes
Countries agree
to REDD+ Related
Policies (e.g,
Benefit Sharing,
Carbon Rights,
Land use plans)
Design communication tools
and processes to inform the
highest government levels
of SADC countries on REDD+
Highlight the key
opportunities under REDD+
for emission reductions and
economic development
Promote REDD+ friendly
investments (e.g. renewable
energy)
Member States National debates or
discussions (radio,
TV, newspapers etc)
Steering committee
meeting reports
Published carbon
rights and benefit
sharing policies
Published national
REDD+
Implementation
Frameworks
SADC Secretariat
has an inter-
directorate
coordination
mechanism on
REDD
Secretariat
Reorganization at
Secretariat in view of
REDD
31
TABLE 2 ENGAGEMENT IN INTERNATIONAL REDD NEGOTIATIONS
Objective Expected Result Key Actions Responsibility Indicators
Component
2.To increase
the capacity of
SADC to
secures its
interests as a
fully recognized
International
Player in
negotiation
processes
Common positions are
produced in good time
SADC issues are
incorporated and
reflected into final
regional and
international
agreements
Existence of a
functional REDD+
Negotiations Peer /
Working Group
Organize technical
meetings of Forest
Directors and negotiators
prior to COP 16 and
others
Facilitate the drafting of
SADC common position
on REDD and the land use
sector for SBSTA 32, 33
and COP 16
Establish information and
communication links to
the UNFCCC negotiations
and the SBSTA
Organize side events at
COPs and other meetings
Sponsor and publish
position and /or
information articles on
key or topical papers on
REDD
Offer training courses or
workshops for national
and regional negotiators
and create a Negotiators’
Peer Group
Secretariat /
Member
States
SADC position
papers before
COPs
Reports sent
to IPCC and
SBSTA
Side events
reports
Workshop
attendance
reports
Published
information or
position
papers
32
TABLE 3 CAPACITY TO MANAGE NATIONAL AND REGIONAL REDD PROGRAMMES
Objective Expected Result Key Actions Responsibility Indicators
Component 3
To improve
the long-term
capacity of
SADC and its
Member
States to
manage REDD
Programmes
and their
forests
sustainably
Countries are able to
design bankable
REDD+ and CDM
Projects
Build capacity to develop CDM
and REDD Projects – e.g. by
IPCC and build a CDM
Development Group
Develop Curricula for selected
universities and colleges to
offer REDD related training
In key forest landscapes
develop co-management
arrangements with local
communities and provide
requisite training.
Secretariat &
Member
States
Secretariat
Secretariat &
Member
States
Funded
proposals
MOUs, skilled
graduates
Registry reports
Functional REDD
Secretariats are
operating in REDD+
countries
Selected countries
establish functional
REDD+ Implementation
frameworks (e.g
carbon registries,
benefit sharing
schemes etc)
Offer specialized training to all
national REDD secretariats
Offer training to REDD Focal
Points and Designated National
Authorities on
Project Management
Support the establishment of
exemplary carbon registries and
benefit sharing arrangement in
selected countries
Secretariat &
Member
States
Secretariat
Member
States &
Secretariats
REDD
Secretariat
reports
Active focal
point reports &
participation in
negotiations
SADC Secretariat is
playing its role as
Manager of the
Regional Programme
and facilitator /
convener of Member
States on REDD Issues
Appoint Climate Change Officer,
members of PIU, specialist
institutions and consultants to
support the programme
Develop a CC and REDD
information clearing house
Service working groups
Mainstream gender and HIV
issues in all aspects of
programme implementation
Secretariat /
PIU
Annual
technical
progress reports
from PIU
Request for
information and
distribution lists
Mission reports
on country visits
Funding
contracts
33
TABLE 4 EFFECTIVE SYSTEMS FOR MONITORING, REPORTING AND VERIFICATION
Objective Expected Results Key Actions Responsibility Indicators
Component 4
To harmonize
methodologies
used to enable
comparability
of data across
and between
countries
A standard
framework for
MRV adopted.
Forest cover types
stratified in the
whole sub-region
Development of a framework
/standard for MRV
Initiate a region-wide
stratification of major forest
cover types
Member States
& Secretariat
Stratified forest
cover maps
Agreed MRV
protocols
Provide
quantitative
and qualitative
data to
enable the
adoption of
pro-REDD
policies within
SADC
Appropriate
Research &
monitoring
programmes in
place
Data on initial
carbon stocks
available by 2015
Systems for
monitoring the
drivers of
deforestation &
degradation are
operational
Assist countries to choose
relevant carbon pools for
carbon measurements,
including research plots
Assist countries to initiate pilot
carbon assessments and
monitoring programmes
according to IPCC guidelines
and to analyze and publish their
data
Member States
& Secretariat
Populated
national &
regional databases
Monitoring
reports
Improve
capacities
in SADC to
assess initial
carbon stocks
Two MRV hubs are
functional and
providing training,
data and support
to REDD+
Programmes in
SADC
Review of capacities of
potential MRV hubs and choice
of 2 for capacity support
Identify key gaps in MRV and
initiate capacity building
programmes
Develop a regional MRV group
guided by clear TORs and
agreed targets or deliverables
Secretariat /
Member States
Reports from hubs
MOUs, Technical
reports
Functional MRV
working group
NAMAS are
supportive of REDD
Develop guidelines for the
design of REDD relevant,
nationally appropriate
mitigation actions (NAMAS)
List of REDD
related NAMAS
34
TABLE 5 ESTABLISHING REFERENCE EMISSION LEVELS AND REFERENCE LEVELS FOR REDD
Objective Expected Result Key Actions Responsibility Indicators
Component 5.
To provide
countries with
the basic tools
to develop
reference
emission
scenarios that
are applicable to
their national
circumstances.
Participating
countries
understand and
are able to
estimate
reference levels
according to IPCC
standards
Key research and
academic
institutions are
engaged on MRV
and REF reporting
Assess and identify the support
needs of hubs and other key
research and academic
institutions
Acquire the necessary GIS image
processing software and hardware
for training hubs
Design training modules tailored
for National MRV Leaders and
Technicians on issues such as:
• to measure carbon from
nominated carbon pools
• to quantify activity data for
deforestation and
degradation over a given
period
• to develop emission factors
for deforestation,
degradation and
enhancement of carbon
stocks
• to combine activity data with
emission factors to develop
total historical emissions and
to forecast emission scenarios
• Create an MRV REL working
group
Secretariat &
TCF
Secretariat
Secretariat /
Member
States
MOUs,
Reports
Acquisition
records
Trained
personnel
producing
information
for REL
Published
reference
scenarios by
Member
States
Participation
in carbon
markets
35
TABLE 6 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT FOR REDD IN SADC
Objective Expected Result Key Actions Responsibility Indicators
Component 6.
To ensure that
the knowledge
and
information
needs of
managers and
specialists in
REDD+ are
met in a
formal and
adaptive
manner.
That SADC Member
States have electronic
access to, all key and
latest documents on
REDD
A database of all REDD
and CDM projects
(project documents,
maps, policy processes)
is functional, key
lessons filtered and
shared.
Identify the main
areas of strategic
focus for REDD and
clarify the knowledge
and information needs
of each group and the
associated constraints
Create SADC REDD
website and
contribute to UNFCCC
REDD web-platform
Create a meta
database on carbon
stock information,
cover types, projects,
policy processes and
train users on how to
access them
Secretariat &
Member States
Use of
website
Reports
Use of
statistics
A Working Group of
REDD specialists is
established and annual
take place
Key specialists (e.g.
MRV, policy,
negotiation
specialists),have
facilitated links to
information networks
and electronic
discussion fora on REDD
.
Identify the key
groups of personnel in
member countries
that are crucial for the
performance of REDD
(MRV, policy, CBNRM
specialists etc)
Organize meetings of
specialist working
groups and
disseminate reports,
key position papers
on their deliberations
Secretariat
Meeting
reports
Report on
skills sharing
platform
36
TABLE 7SUSTAINABLE FUNDING MECHANISMS
Objective Expected Result Key Actions Responsibility Indicators
Component 7.
To secure
stable,
committed,
long-term
funding to
manage
preparation and
implementation
of REDD in SADC
All participating
countries meet
international
financial
management
requirements
Immediately assist
selected countries to
secure shares of
internationally available,
committed start-up
funding
Provide regional or in-
country training on
internationally required
financial management
systems
Member
States &
Secretariat
Funding
agreements
signed
Funding
agreements
Negotiation
reports
Funding / Grant
agreements
signed
Selected countries
have secured
diversified
portfolios of REDD
funding streams
Selected Countries
have nationally
managed REDD
Trust Funds that
provide investment
funds to local
partners
Provide information
service on funding
opportunities for
countries and lobby for
adequate funding in
international negotiations
Assist countries to raise
voluntary funding from a
large number of funding
sources for Phase 1
SADC Secretariat provides
information on available
international financing
mechanisms and
opportunities
Secretariat /
Member
States
A functional SADC
Bio-Carbon Fund by
2016
Establish a SADC Bio-
Carbon Fund and
guidelines for its form and
management
Secretariat &
Member
States
Fund Activity
Reports
A functional
REDD+ Fund
37
4.6 PROGRAMME IMPLEMENTATION
The management of the programme will be the responsibility of the SADC Secretariat, particularly
the Directorate of Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources (FANR) acting on behalf of Executive
Secretary of SADC.
FANR will be responsible for organizing all the necessary meetings before and during the inception of
the programme, steering committee and other meetings during its implementation and prepare all
the necessary reports to the Steering Committee, the Governing Body of SADC, implementing and
donor partners.
4.6.1 Approach
This support programme on REDD will, as already stated be guided by a Regional Steering Committee
of SADC Member States , with the sole aim to develop capacity of Member States to be REDD ready
and to indentify and independently manage forest areas within their own territories. In that regard,
it will actually complement ongoing national programmes or newly initiated actions prompted by the
programme itself. To actually realize the objectives articulated in the 7 programme components, and
to achieve the value-added of regional cooperation, it will:
a) Choose focal forest landscapes (key catchments, trans-boundary forests, exemplary
community managed areas) in which practical aspects of REDD (e.g. MRV, Carbon
Assessments, carbon enhancements, Community based SFM) can be demonstrated,
b) Designate and support certain specialized and relevant institutions to provide technical
training to Member States on matters such as carbon assessments and setting reference
emission levels,
c) Constitute specialized technical working groups on key aspects of REDD as may be deemed
necessary,
d) Coordinate with Member States through designated REDD and Climate Change focal points,
e) Employ the services of a Technical Adviser on Climate Change / REDD and REDD Coordination
Officer Officer, to drive the process and coordinate with appointees Member States and
relevant specialized institutions to effectively manage the programme,
f) Employ the services of short term consultants to help it deliver on specific issues; and
38
g) Ensure that in all project related work, issues of gender and HIV are mainstreamed, as it
relates to the successful implementation of programme components and elements
4.6.2 Organization
The programme activities will be planned and coordinated by a dedicated Programme Management
Unit (PMU) at the SADC Secretariat which will liaise with all implementing partners in Member
States, including specific institutions with whom the PMU through the SADC Secretariat would have
appointed to be responsible for the delivery of some aspects of the programme.
The programme will be hosted by the SADC Secretariat and will be under the Directorate of Food,
Agriculture and Natural Resources (FANR). The Secretariat will host a Programme Management Unit
(PMU) and in addition it may appoint institutions within SADC as ‘hubs’ for themes under REDD,
particularly Forest Assessments, Geographic Information Systems and Monitoring. In addition, it will
constitute thematic groups under REDD as may be considered necessary by the governing body of
the programme. The PMU will be headed by a Senior Technical Advisor for a period of four years
from the time of programme inception. The PMU will be responsible for planning and the day to day
management of the programme.
4.6.3 Governance
The programme will be governed by a Regional Steering Committee which will be composed of
individuals nominated by participating Member States and partners.
The Steering Committee will be chaired by one of the Member States, which will rotate every year
for the full duration of the programme. The Steering Committee will discuss and approve the
budgets, work plans, reports and appointments made within the programme.
It will also set the necessary policies and procedures needed for the successful execution of the
programme. It will also give the necessary guidance to thematic working groups formed for the sole
purpose of implementing the programme.
The specific roles of the Secretariat and the Member States are described below.
4.6.4 Role of SADC Secretariat
For now, both forestry and by extension REDD, fall under the Directorate of Food, Agriculture and
Natural Resources (FANR). The Natural Resources Management Unit within the FANR is responsible
for coordinating work in the forestry, fisheries and wildlife sectors and it also has a special
programme on Trans-Frontier Conservation Areas (TFCAS). Currently, there is only one Senior
Programme Officer in charge of forests, fisheries, wildlife and TFCAs. The Environment Unit, also
within FANR deals with all International Conventions and is also coordinated by only one Senior
39
Programme Officer. Simultaneously following accelerating, promising, but complicated new
developments under UNFCCC clearly exceeds FANR capacities to the detriment of SADC and its
Member States. Under REDD, this human resources constraint as well as the cross-sectoral challenge
has to be urgently addressed:
• The Secretariat in conjunction with the Steering Committee will appoint a Technical Adviser,
a REDD Programme Coordinator, a Database / IT Specialist and Support Staff to serve as a
Programme Management Unit. The positions are listed on Table 13 and the terms of
reference for the 3 technical positions are described in Annex IV.
• The Secretariat should establish an Interdepartmental Expert Working Group for general
Climate Change issues with an appointed Chair reporting directly to the Office of the
Executive Secretary of SADC. The SADC Expert Working Group on Climate Change would be
responsible for cross-sectoral work and coordination, information exchange, and special
cross-sectoral SADC projects and activities on Climate Change, such as publicity, SADC input
to international negotiations, and contacts to other African regional organizations on
Climate Change.
• The Secretariat should establish as soon as feasible a Forests and Climate Change desk in
FANR. The desk should consist of a senior forestry officer for REDD, an assistant junior
officer with forestry and/or AFOLU expertise, and adequate secretarial support. The Senior
officer must be experienced in Forests and Climate Change issues as well as in international
negotiations under UNFCCC. She/he must be very much able to “hit the deck running.”
• Responsibilities of the REDD desk within the Secretariat would include:
� Serve as a hub for REDD and Climate Change issues in the Secretariat, responsible
for information, cross sectoral work and training, expert backstopping, specialized
work on REDD and Climate Change in the Secretariat,
� Participate actively in the Interdepartmental Working Group of related SADC
services,
� Serve as regional REDD focal point and also perform a ‘radar function’ that
searchers on topical and emerging issues under REDD, analyse the risks and
opportunities to Member States
� Raise funds, and
� Maintain website and prepare publications, publicity, awareness, SADC newsletter
on Forests and Climate Change.
40
4.6.5 Role of SADC Member States
The Member States will amongst other things:
• Constitute the governing and decision making bodies of SADC in conjunction with the
Secretariat which is also managed by appointments from among the Member States.
• Create the necessary policy environments within their countries to enable the
implementation of this regional and also their respective national REDD programmes.
• Create the necessary in-country REDD support structures and nominate their nationals to
serve under the Regional Steering Committee. Such national structures could include:
structures could consider:
• Appointing a Designated National Authority (DNA) and REDD Focal Point (note that having a
DNA is a precondition for benefitting from CDM funds);
• Constituting National REDD Coordinating Committee and a REDD Secretariat;
• Creation of an Expert Working Group on Climate Change (which should include UNFCC and
REDD negotiators); and
• Appointing members to serve in Regional Steering Committees, and Regional Technical
Working Groups.
4.7 MONITORING
In order to ensure that progress is taking place, monitoring of the Programme is essential for
identifying areas of weakness where attention needs to be focused. The programme components
and their logical frameworks will be reviewed and adjusted where appropriate and annual work-
plans drawn up during the inception phase.
The inception phase and subsequent reviews of the logical frameworks are important to evaluate the
overall means of verification and to set specific verifiable indicators for the year ahead. These
reviews will then form the foundation for an ongoing monitoring process that will be reflected in
monthly, quarterly and annual reports, which in turn will be the basis for progress reports to the
Steering Committee. Furthermore, they will form an important element in the mid-term review and
final programme evaluation.
During the inception phase the Programme should conduct a baseline study and produce a baseline
report for future use in the evaluation.
41
4.8 EVALUATION
The SADC Support Programme on REDD should undergo an external, mid-term review in the last
quarter of the year 2013. This and subsequent evaluations will assess the programme’s impact, its
contribution to the overall objective and performance thus far in terms of programme purpose and
results. The mid-term review will represent an important indicator of programme performance and
the basis for making further adjustments to the programme. During the final three months of the
programme, in the year 2015, a completion report should be drawn up by the Senior Programme
Officer, Natural Resources and Wildlife Management Unit and the Senior Technical Advisor of the
REDD programme. This report will form an important internal evaluation of programme
achievements and will make recommendations for SADC based upon the major lessons learned
during the programme implementation. At the end of the programme in 2015, an independent end-
of-programme evaluation should take place and be conducted by representatives of institutions
conversant with REDD Programmes In this regard, the evaluation will take serious consideration of
the baseline data and information that the programme would have generated during the inception
phase at the start of the implementation of the programme.
42
5. OVERALL AND COMPONENT BUDGETS
TABLE 8. SUMMARY OF THE REDD PROGRAMME FOUR-YEAR OVERALL BUDGET (US$’ 000)
Programme Component
Estimates cost per Year (in US$ 000)
2011 2012 2013 2014 TOTAL
Inter and Intra-sector coordination and policy
harmonization for national REDD Programmes
145
115
50
40
350
International Engagement on REDD and Climate
Change Processes
220
230
210
215
875
Capacity to manage regional and national REDD
Programmes
670
780
440
325
2215
Systems to Monitor Forests and Carbon 640
720
430
365
2155
Establishment of reference emission and
reference levels for REDD
465
290
160
80
995
Knowledge management for REDD 285 175 175 155 790
Sustainable Funding Mechanisms for REDD 295 250 170 115 830
Programme Coordination (SADC Secretariat) 925 925 670 750 3,270
TOTAL
3,730
3,485
2,465
2,205
11,480
43
TABLE 9 BUDGET-INTRA AND INTER-SECTOR COORDINATION MECHANISMS TO MANAGE REDD
PROGRAMMES
TABLE 10.BUDGET - INVOLVEMENT IN INTERNATIONAL REDD PROCESSES
Component 1. Activity Estimated cost per year in US Dollars (000)
2011 2012 2013 2014 Total
Design and maintain effective communication tools to inform the
highest government levels of SADC countries about REDD
15
5
5
5
Point out possible financial flows into non-forest sectors through
REDD funding as a mechanism to garner cross sector support
20
20
5
5
Promote national investments that may favour REDD (for example a
large hydro-plant for alternative energy)
30
30
-
-
Identify, propose and implement mechanisms and / or incentives for
cross-sector collaboration on REDD;
25
10
5
5
Identify ministries, public institutions related to REDD and constitute
national administrative coordination structures and committees
(budget covered cross sector collaboration)
10
10
-
-
Identify key policies with influence on REDD and propose
harmonization mechanisms
25
20
15
5
Create public awareness on REDD
20 20 20 20
145 115 50 40 350
Component 2. Activity Estimated cost per year in US Dollars
2011 2012 2013 2014 Total
Organize technical meetings of Forest Directors and negotiators prior
to COP 16 and others
50
55
60
65
Facilitate the drafting of SADC common position on REDD and the
land use sector for SBSTA 32, 33 and COP 16
20
25
20
20
International Travel $ side events at COPs and other meetings
110
110
110
110
Offer training courses or workshops for national and regional
negotiators
30
30
10
10
Sponsor and publish position and /or information
articles on key or topical papers on REDD
10 10 10 10
220
230
210
215
875
44
TABLE 11 BUDGET -CAPACITY TO MANAGE NATIONAL AND REGIONAL REDD PROGRAMMES
TABLE 12 BUDGET -EFFECTIVE SYSTEMS FOR MONITORING, REPORTING AND VERIFICATION FOR REDD
Component 3 Activity Estimated cost per year in US Dollars (000)
2011 2012
2013
2014 Total
Build capacity to develop CDM and
REDD Projects (Training) 100
80
-
-
Offer specialized training to all national REDD secretariats 50 80 20 10 Offer training to REDD Focal Points and Designated National
Authorities 50
70
20
20
Organize training in Project management methods for REDD
managers 80
70
25
25
Communities in key forest landscapes training to manage
forests in co-management and carbon assessment 100
120
120
120
In consultations with countries propose guidelines for benefit
sharing 50
20
-
-
Support selected universities and colleges to offer REDD
related training 100
100
55
50
Support the establishment of exemplary carbon registries in
selected countries 40
40
-
-
Postgraduate training fund 100 200 200 100
670 780 440 325 2215
Component 4. Activity Estimated cost per year in US Dollars (000)
2011 2012 2013 2014 Total
Review of capacities of potential MRV hubs and choice of 2 for
capacity support
60
120
100
60
Support to member countries to discuss and propose their
definitions of what they consider forests
20
-
-
-
Identify key gaps in MRV and initiate capacity building
programmes (Training, supplies, travel)
100
80
60
40
Initiate a region-wide stratification of major forest cover types
(Consultation, training)
120
100
-
-
Assist countries to choose relevant carbon pools for carbon
measurements (Study)
20 - - -
Assist countries to initiate pilot carbon assessments (IPCC
guidelines), analyze and publish their data (Training, pilot sites)
500 300 200 200
Develop a regional MRV group guided by clear TORs and
agreed targets or deliverables (Training, consultation, travel)
70 70 70 65
Develop guidelines for the design of REDD relevant, nationally
appropriate mitigation actions (NAMAS)
50 50 - -
640
720
430
365
2155
45
TABLE 13 BUDGET -ESTABLISHING REFERENCE EMISSION LEVELS AND REFERENCE LEVELS FOR REDD
Component 5. Activity Estimated cost per year in US Dollars (000)
2011 2012 2013 2014 Total Assess and identify the support needs of hubs and other key research and
academic institutions 50
20
10
-
Acquire the necessary GIS image processing software and hardware for
training in hubs 120
60
20
-
Design training modules tailored for National MRV Leaders and Technicians
on issues such as:
• to measure carbon from nominated carbon pools
• to quantify activity data for deforestation and deforestation over a
given period
• to develop emission factors for deforestation, degradation and
enhancement of carbon stocks
• to combine activity data with emission factors to develop total
historical emissions and to forecast emission scenarios s
120
80
50
-
Provide institutional support to hubs 100 100 50 50
Establish and support a regional Technical Working Group (as a subset of
the MRV Group) 75 30 30 30
465
290
160
80
995
46
TABLE 8 BUDGET-KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IN THE SADC REDD PROGRAMME
TABLE 9 BUDGET-SUSTAINABLE FUNDING MECHANISMS
Component 6 Activity Estimated cost per year in US Dollars (000)
2011 2012 2013 2014 Total Identify the key groups of personnel in member countries
that are crucial for the performance of REDD (MRV, policy,
CBNRM specialists etc) and their information needs
• Study
• Workshop for action planning +support
20 30
10
- 10
- 10
Identify the main areas of strategic focus for REDD and clarify the
knowledge and information needs and constraints of each group
• Study
• Implementation plan
15 30
- 10
- 10
- 10
Organize meetings of specialist working groups and disseminate
reports, key position papers on their deliberations (4 meetings/yr) 120
120
120
120
Create SADC REDD website and contribute to
UNFCCC REDD web-platform 20
5
5
5
Develop skills sharing platforms for REDD specialists - 10 10 - Create a meta database on carbon stock information, cover types,
projects, policy processes and train users on how to access them 50
20
20
10
Encourage Member States to create understudy positions
for REDD specialists and facilitate mentoring systems - - - -
285 175 175 155 790
Component 7 Activity Estimated cost per year in US Dollars (000)
2011 2012 2013 2014 Total Assist selected countries to secure shares of internationally
available, committed start-up funding 50
50
30
30
Lobby for adequate funding in international negotiations 60 60 70 50 Raise voluntary funding from a number of funding sources for
phase 1 - - -
Establish a clear plan for benefit sharing mechanisms (among and
within countries, include local communities and forest dependent
people
80
20
-
-
Provide regional or in-country training on internationally required
financial management systems 70
50
10
5
Provide information service on funding opportunities for countries
20 20 20 20
Establish a SADC Bio-Carbon Fund and guidelines for its
management 15 50 50 10
295 250 170 115 830
47
TABLE 10BUDGET-PROGRAMME MANAGEMENT UNIT COSTS
Activity / category Estimated cost per year in US Dollars (000)
2011 2012 2013 2014 Total Inception Phase:
• Recruitments
• Planning Workshop,
20 50
20
-
- -
- -
Capital Expenditure
• IT & GIS Equipment (Computers, Servers)
• Vehicles (2 units)
50
100
50
100
10
100
10
100
Coordination Staff
• REDD Programme Manager / Coordinator X 1
• Technical Adviser X 1
• REDD Specialists (short term consultants)
• IT and Database Specialist x 1
• Programme Assistant x 1
• Programme Accountant x 1
• Support Staff (1 Secretary, 1 Driver)
100 150
80 70 40 70 50
100 150
80 70 40 70 50
100
- 85 75 40 70 50
100
- 85 75 40 70 50
Overheads
Office Space & utilities
Consumables
20 25
20 15
25 15
25 15
Programme Steering Committee 50 50 50 50 Mid and end term evaluations 60 80 Financial Audits 50 50 50 50
Total 925 925 670 750 3270
48
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51
7. ANNEXES
ANNEX I. REDD- RELEVANT OUTCOMES OF COP 15
Given the high inter-and intra-country diversity and the special linkages between forests and other
sectors, activities other than REDD and their potential synergies with REDD are highly relevant for
SADC and are therefore, described in the following sub-sections.
Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions
Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) replace quantitative emission reduction
commitments for developing countries according to COP 15. They should be registered under
UNFCCC and may receive funding, as long as countries are willing to submit results to international
monitoring. Otherwise, countries report such actions in their National Communications under
UNFCCC with an increased reporting frequency. As yet, it is not decided, if REDD falls under the
NAMA concept. However, countries might chose NAMA’s in the agricultural, energy, fire
management , or infrastructure sector to achieve synergies with planned REDD activities.
Conceivably, they might also select as NAMA’s forestry activities that do not lend themselves to
carbon accounting, such as Reduced Impact Logging (RIL), forest fire management, or carbon losses
during exploitation and conversion to products.
Africa and SADC with many partners had taken a strong position for including not only emission
reductions and carbon removals by forests, but also for agriculture and other land uses. Most likely,
this option will not be part of a final agreement on REDD. However, given that carbon sequestration
by soils proceeds slowly, usually at a rate of below 1.5 t C ha-1 yr-1 and precise measurement of soil
carbon stock changes is costly, funding soil fertility and other production enhancements not via the
carbon market, but as NAMA’s appears feasible and attractive.
Novel options under the CDM
The current CDM has sidestepped both Africa and forestry. Of a total of 2125 registered CDM
projects by April 6, 2010, only 41 have African host countries, only 13 involve afforestation and
reforestation, only two of these are in Africa (Uganda and Ethiopia). SADC countries do not harbor a
52
single CDM forestry project. However, at least 60 non-Kyoto carbon offset projects, typically with
lower carbon prices and less stringent conditions of the voluntary carbon market exist in Africa [17].
After a future agreement on the CDM, new activities besides afforestation/reforestation, specifically
re-vegetation, forest management, cropland management, grazing land management, wetland
management, soil carbon management in agriculture and other sustainable land management
activities may become eligible according to future recommendation by the Subsidiary Body on
Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) due in 2011. In addition, there is substantial easing of
designing, registering and implementing CDM projects, particularly for countries with fewer than ten
CDM projects. This applies to all SADC countries, except South Africa. Support may consist in top
down development of methodologies; loans from the Executive Board of the CDM for project
design, validation, and verification; development of project by the investing countries; deferred
registration fees; and training courses for stakeholders organized by the UNFF Secretariat. The
following project types could be facilitated by these revisions.
Small-scale A/R projects
Specifically designed for prevalent rural settings, Small-Scale Afforestation/Reforestation projects
(SS-A/R) are “project activities under the CDM that are expected to result in net anthropogenic
greenhouse gas removals by sinks of less than 16 kilo tons of CO2 per year and are developed or
implemented by low-income communities and individuals as determined by the host Party.”
With typical annual productivities between 5 and 12 t biomass per ha [28], roughly corresponding to
9 – 22 t CO2 of sequestered carbon, SS-A/R projects could encompass maximally from 700 to 1700
ha as fully stocked stands, and between 2000 and 5000 ha as partially stocked stands. SS-A/R
projects can be bundled, consisting of many small disjoint parcels of land belonging to different
owners.
Favorable rules and modalities enjoyed by SS-A/R projects are a simplified Project Design
Document (PDD); simplified baseline and monitoring methodologies; validation, verification and
certification by a single auditing organization or “Designated Operational Entity” (DOE); and
simplified environmental impact analysis and a shorter review period for registration. No
registration fees are levied for annual net greenhouse gas removals below 15000 t CO2, so that SS-
A/R projects essentially enjoy a waiver.
At the present, there are 6 registered SS-A/R projects, of which one is the Uganda forestry project
mentioned before . Approved SS-A/R methodologies apply to settings suggesting use by
smallholders in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) , such as projects afforesting cropland and grasslands, lands
53
in settlements, wetlands, agroforestry and silvopastoral contexts. SS-A/R projects appear particularly
well suited to facilitate CDM projects in rural settings by low-income people and communities in
Africa and SADC countries.
One of the hurdles of the forestry CDM that project developers found difficult to overcome in Africa
was the land eligibility prerequisite. A/R projects could only be established on lands that were not
“forest” on 31.12. 1989 and did not regenerate to “forest” after that date. This may change. A new
land category may help overcome this obstacle: “Forest in exhaustion is an area of land containing
forest - established through planting, seeding and/or the human-induced promotion of natural seed
sources - on 31 December 1989 and/or at the starting date of the project activity. If the land at the
starting date of the project activity is forest, then, in absence of the project activity, it will be
converted to non-forested land through final harvesting within a given period of years of starting
date of the project activity. If the land at the starting date of the project activity is non-forested land,
then, in absence of the project activity, it is expected to remain as non-forested land.”
Programme of activities under the CDM
Smallholder A/R projects appear amenable to this project category under the CDM, defined as:
“A programme of activities (PoA) is a voluntary coordinated action by a private or public entity which
coordinates and implements any policy/measure or stated goal (i.e. incentive schemes and
voluntary programmes), which leads to anthropogenic GHG emission reductions or net
anthropogenic greenhouse gas removals by sinks that are additional to any that would occur in the
absence of the PoA, via an unlimited number of CDM programme activities (CPAs) “.
Countries seeking to promote rural livelihoods and/ or establish a wood industry, with raw materials
supplied from a multitude of CDM projects, might consider this new possibility under the CDM. An
excellent analysis of PoAs for the energy sector in Africa [18, 19] identifies PoA involving wood
energy with a potential of 35 Million t yr-1 of CO2-reductions and credits in SADC countries.
Certainly, original PoAs can also be devised for A/R project, possibly SS-A/R projects. Flourishing
outgrower schemes in SADC countries[5] with a wood industry base might be extended as PoA’s .
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TABLE 11 WOOD ENERGY (POA) POTENTIAL IN SADC COUNTRIES
Project type Carbon credits
in Mt CO2 yr-1
Barriers to implementation Countries and credit
potential
Forest residue 17 Poor transport infrastructure, lack of
facilities, high capital requirement
DRC(9.6), South Africa (4.3),
Tanzania (3.1)
Improved
charcoal
production
4.1 Lack of enabling bodies and
framework, concerns over
sustainability of biomass
Angola, South Africa (1.9),
Zambia (1.2), Uganda,
Tanzania (1.0)
Wood
processing
residue
6.4 Poor transport infrastructure, high
capital, lack of facilities for treatment
South Africa (5), DRC (1.4)
Jatropha
biofuel
3.2 Sales channel for biofuel South Africa (2.8), Angola
(0.4)
Biodiesel from
Jatropha
4.1 Lack of mechanized farming, lack of
technical knowledge, weak
institutional framework, high cost of
fertilizer
South Africa (3.68), Angola
(0.5)
Registering a country commitment to establish projects as a PoA limits transaction costs, is not
restricted to predefined parcels of land, and allows continuous addition of new project activities.
The PoA may claim SS-A/R advantages, as long as each CPA does not exceed the emission reduction
ceiling for SS-A/R projects. Flanked by a research effort to provide missing knowledge, information,
methods and parameters such a PoA might effectively and efficiently spawn a large number of CPAs.
Bamboo and palms as “trees” under the CDM
The Executive Board of the CDM (EB), in its 39th Meeting, decided that “palm (trees) and bamboos
can be considered equivalent to trees in the context of A/R”. It requested country DNA’s to clarify, if
their forest definition for the CDM includes palms and/or bamboos. It is still unclear, if bamboos will
also be considered as trees under REDD, although one option of a new forest definition includes
trees and woody species.
Bamboos are indigenous to Mozambique, DRC, Tanzania, and Madagascar. Large planted forests of
native bamboo already exist in Africa (Mozambique, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Kenya). Bamboos can match
timber species in carbon stocks at maturity, usually at seven years of age, and often sequester
carbon at a higher rate than timber species [20]. Their track record for enhancing rural livelihoods is
legend [21]. Furthermore, bamboos and other new developments may interact positively with
REDD.
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ANNEX II. COUNTRY STRENGTHS: EXISTING ATTITUDES AND
INITIATIVES RELATED TO REDD
All SADC Member States except Botswana and Lesotho are partners in the National Forest
Programme Facility and have active stakeholder structures and processes in place, although the
degree of implementation varies. The instrument is a perfect match to REDD safeguards and
principles. Moreover, the Facility has undertaken detailed country analyses for some SADC Member
States namely, Malawi, Namibia, Tanzania and Zambia that can be tapped for REDD [27]. Forest
certification of plantation areas is firmly established, and a developed wood industry operates in
South Africa, Swaziland and Zimbabwe.
Some SADC countries such as DRC, Zambia and Tanzania are actively participating in current pilot
projects under UN-REDD, co-organized and financed jointly by UNEP, FAO and UNDP. Tanzania
receives additional assistance from the Norwegian Climate and Forest Initiative and from the Clinton
Initiative. Madagascar and DRC participate in the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility demonstration
projects. The DRC, Madagascar, Mozambique and Tanzania have prepared at least one major
country document preparing for REDD. Thus, DRC and Madagascar have made progress to the
second stage of the Forest Carbon Partnership (FCPF) process by submitting their “Readiness
Proposals”. In addition, Madagascar has REDD demonstration projects.
FAO provides additional REDD-relevant support on monitoring, reporting and verification to SADC
countries of Zambia, Angola, Tanzania and, soon, South Africa. These programmes have also tackled
many of the stumbling stones for REDD on the spot in SADC countries, such as drivers of
deforestation and countermeasures [26], stakeholder participation[24], and carbon stock assessment
[28].
Two workshops of delegates and stakeholders from all SADC countries in 2009 and 2010, organized
by the SADC Secretariat and with the support of German Technical Cooperation (GTZ) and the United
Republic of Tanzania, provided information, built capacity and raised awareness about REDD.
From a policy perspective, virtually all countries subscribe to REDD + and their forest policies favor
Integrated Natural Resource Management and engaging in REDD+. Countries recognize the cross-
sectoral nature of REDD from the planning stages to implementation, but most are doubtful about
garnering cross-sector support from all relevant sectors of government.
Recent inventories or vegetation assessments in Namibia, Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia have
produced data that could be a useful basis for building both national and a regional database and
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capacities for MRV. National Forest Assessments planned by DRC, Tanzania and Zambia should be
compared to harmonize methods for similar forest ecosystems, notably Miombo, relevant to Angola,
southern DRC, Namibia, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania , Zambia and Zimbabwe.
Virtually all countries would like to develop capacities to prepare CDM proposals. They would accept
regional expertise for support. In virtually all SADC countries, CDM projects appear possible on
degraded lands. In addition, countries with low natural forest cover, such as Botswana, Namibia,
Swaziland, Lesotho and South Africa, could join in. South Africa has extensive areas of dry woodlands,
which, however, accumulate above-ground carbon more slowly than the woodlands north of the
Limpopo River. Their root-shoot ratios may be larger than those of species in more humid
environments [29].
Angola, DRC, Madagascar, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe have vast potential for
enhancement of carbon stocks; Zambia and Zimbabwe have produced maps of degraded areas which
could be targeted for carbon stock enhancements under REDD. All these countries can also initiate
CDM projects, as the DRC has demonstrated.
Most countries have not progressed beyond forming Climate Change Committees, also dealing with
adaptation. Seychelles and South Africa are vanguards on adaptation. Seychelles recognizes that all
its cities, tourism facilities and industries are along the coast where sea level rise poses a serious
threat. The country is seriously searching for remedies. It is also trying to adapt its agricultural, or
horticultural production systems to cope with sea level rise, hence its interest in modern green house
technologies as a possible adaptation strategy. The South African industry has taken climate change
adaptation seriously, particularly with respect to the spread of pests and diseases. In that regard, the
Sirex Wood Wasp and some Eucalyptus diseases have generated substantial research investments.
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ANNEX III THE POTENTIAL OF NATIONAL FOREST PROGRAMMES
TO DELIVER ON REDD
A special section, partly based on discussions in Arusha, on the possible use of National Forest
Programme Facility as a REDD platform or a similar arrangement is proposed. This is because it offers
a possible structured process for REDD and facilitates participation by key stakeholders.
Fulfilling the COP-15 core requirement for monitoring systems and reference levels amounts above
all, to tackling technical problems requiring funds, professional knowledge and organizational skills.
On the other hand, establishing, national “REDD Strategies” while respecting the safeguards and
principles stipulated by COP 15 will be more challenging, as numerous, as yet undefined actors from
the public and private domain, as well as many adjoining sectors will be involved and must co-
operate in a process that essentially extends from the community to the highest levels of national
government.
Moreover, COP 15 has defined safeguards and principles only in general terms, such as a
“transparent and effective governance structures”, or “the knowledge and rights of indigenous
peoples and members of local communities”, or “promoting sustainable forest management”.
First experiences from pilot projects, summarized e.g. by the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility
(FCPF) after the first year of operation [34] describe work on REDD as “ a very tall order”, “ requiring
time and resources “, and “not won in the forests or in the forest sector alone.” Activities undertaken
included establishing national working groups, organizing analytical work on drivers of deforestation,
information exchange with indigenous peoples, finding alternative livelihoods for forest dependent
people, resolving deep-rooted governance issues across and within sectors and institutions,
integrating REDD into pre-existing national initiatives and national development policy. All these
activities with a completely novel goal, and results that are predominantly global, had to be
organized from scratch in a process that could easily turn into a project manager’s nightmare.
In this respect, SADC countries may operate from a position of strength and with comparative
advantage: All SADC Member States except Botswana, Mauritius, Madagascar, the Seychelles and
Swaziland are partners in the National Forest Programme Facility, an institution supported via a
multi-donor trust fund by countries that also represent important donor countries for REDD.
National Forest Programmes (nfps- conventionally written in lower case) are an internationally
recognized tool spawned by the global processes on forests after UNCED, IPF, IFF, UNFF, with strong
civil society and cross-sectoral participation, to:
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• build national consensus on forestry issues,
• integrate sustainable forest management into poverty reduction, and
• integrate international commitments into national programmes
The nfp-process involves the following predetermined stages:
• analysis and formulation of forest policies,
• capacity building through training,
• knowledge management, and
• awareness raising.
A comparative analysis between the regional priorities crafted in Arusha and described earlier and
goals and stages of the nfp-process indicates almost identical agendas. The nfp-process essentially
covers these priority areas. Nfps usually operate at the national level, but regional nfp-programmes
exist.
Nfp- processes may result in a final national document, also called National Forest Programme, e.g.
that elaborated for Malawi [37]. It is essential to understand national forests programmes as a
platform, consisting of more or less pre-defined stakeholder structures and processes, established
along flexible lines in partner countries or regions. The nfp- platform, supported by the NFP-Facility
hosted by but independent of FAO, has a Nfp-Facility National Focal Point in every partner country
and a coach for the national process The goals of the nfp-process and it’s analysis phase, policy
formulation phase, implementation phase and a monitoring and evaluation phase are all highly
applicable to preparation for and implementation of REDD.
In addition, the nfp criteria as well as the criteria and indicators for SFM in Sub-Saharan Africa ,
particularly those for the legal, policy and institutional framework necessary for sustainable forest
management, represent the issues to cover in the analysis, capacity building and implementation
phases of REDD. They comprise all the safeguards and principles set down by COP 15. Thus, the nfp
process will lead to a REDD Strategy that conforms to all international requirements and will also be
appealing for potential donors.
Nfp-processes harbor an additional, useful feature for evaluating the state and progress of the nfp-
process in any country or region, in the form of a matrix approach which has been developed. This
tool might also be helpful in planning, implementing and evaluating progress of a national or regional
REDD Strategy. The nfp concept appears tailor-made for developing, implementing and monitoring
59
progress of the REDD Strategy and might be applied at the national and regional levels with linkages.
The platform may not be “shovel-ready” in every SADC country. Even if countries cannot become
partners in the nfp-Facility, or choose not to do so, they might consider producing their national
REDD Strategy along the lines of a concept that has by now been applied in 66 countries.
TASKS
• In the context of a regional workshop with participation of nfp focal points and coaches,
examine the concept, state and applicability of nfps for REDD in the SADC region
• Examine and compare strategy development processes implemented in UN-REDD and FCPF
pilot countries and draw on their experiences
• Establish suitable indicators for the analysis phase, resorting to the regional criteria and
indicator process and to nfp indicators
• Establish, if not already existing, national and regional nfp structures, bodies and processes
with stakeholders from applicable sectors, involving indigenous peoples and local
communities. Follow the nfp-process guidance to establish national and regional REDD
strategies.
• Develop a model to make REDD in SADC countries leak-proof and permanent, e.g. by regional
participation in REDD, and by sharing the risk of disturbances that release sequestered
carbon. In this context, SADC, perhaps even Africa, can serve as an “aggregator”, buffering
and /or insuring the risk of carbon storage reversal [18], without having to resort to
unattractive, low value temporary carbon credits
5.2 ORGANIZATION AND COMPLEMENTARY MEASURES
• Establish a regional technical working group on REDD Strategy development consisting of
country representatives, nfp focal points, regional social forestry expertise, and pilot country
representatives.
• Plan training workshops for members of technical working group;
• Check nfp- training programme and the UNFCCC web-platform on REDD for suitability, and
• Publish experiences on UNFCCC REDD web-platform for visibility and exchange
Commission studies, including thorough literature reviews on:
60
• Drivers of deforestation and degradation and countermeasures, including regional expert
workshop on study results, briefing to steering committee,
• Appropriate use of nfp or alternative approaches to REDD,
• State of and means to achieving transparent and efficient governance, including workshop,
• Studies on state of and improvements of land tenure,
• Study on options for alternative livelihoods, including above all meetings of forest
dependent [38]indigenous peoples and local communities,
• Studies based on up-to-date forest assessment on potentials for REDD activities,
deforestation, degradation, carbon stock conservation and enhancements including
mitigation and adaptation actions such as rehabilitation, reduced impact logging, conversion
to products, fire management , improved management,
• Studies on potentials for PoA, A/R, SS-A/R, bamboo and other potential woody species, in
afforestation, guided natural succession, other possible CDM activities, and
• Studies on synergistic NAMA’s in forestry and adjoining fields.
Commission reviews of newly available literature from the UN-REDD, FCPF and other demonstration
activities on
• benefit distribution of REDD,
• participatory forest assessments,
• stakeholder participation, and
• Establish REDD website for SADC and links to UNFCCC web-platform
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ANNEX IV. TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR TECHNICAL PROJECT
MANAGEMENT UNIT POSITIONS
1. REDD Programme Coordinator
Reporting to the Senior REDD Programme Officer- Natural Resources; The Programme Coordinator;
will have the following functions and responsibilities:
Functions and responsibilities
• In charge of annual programme planning and setting of annual objectives, milestones and a
clear set of deliverables
• Liaising with national REDD focal points to support national actions and international
engagement on REDD matters
• Preparing TORs for specialist working groups and short-term consultancies, setting their
annual work plans, targets and ensuring that they are facilitated to perform their duties
• Preparing TORs for short-term consultancies as needed and evaluating the quality of their
reports and implementation of the reports
• In conjunction with F & A, ensure that funds are allocated according to the workplan and
assist in preparations for all statutory and any other customized audits required by partners
• Representing the SADC secretariat in key REDD meetings
• Supervising members of the PMU including their annual performance targets, both individual
and team targets
• Preparing annual technical progress reports for use by the secretariat and the regional
steering committee
Major qualifications: A minimum of MSc in Forestry, Natural Resources and Environmental
Management and at least 10 years of relevant experience in the public service, research, academia
and international organizations operating within southern Africa
Key skills: Written and verbal communication abilities, ability to work with government
representatives and donors, ability to lead task forces and technical teams, strong result orientation.
Experience in proposal writing and fund raising.
2. Technical Advisor on REDD
Reporting to the REDD Coordinator; the Technical Advisor will have the following functions and
responsibilities:
• Assist the REDD coordinator prepare key position papers on REDD for the benefit of Member
States
• Keep up to date on all international developments on REDD, including applicable funding
mechanisms and provide reports on those to the secretariat and Member States,
• Facilitating effective follow up actions on reports
62
• Facilitate the specialist working groups as may be requested by the senior programme officer
for natural resources or environment and the REDD coordinator
• Lead in the training/ coaching of country REDD coordinators
Minimum qualifications: Minimum of MSc in Forestry, Natural Resource, Environment and
Agricultural sciences. Relevant experience in Africa in the field of forestry and environmental
matters, familiarity with the international policy dialogue (negotiation) on forests, with particular
knowledge on REDD, UNFF and UNFCC
Skills: Strong written, verbal skills and negotiation skills. Ability to understand, interpret and
communicate new issues as they emerge fro international dialogue. Understanding the links between
policies and possible national actions and fund raising. Use of computers to search for and
disseminate information to stakeholders.
3. IT and Database Manager
Reporting to the REDD Coordinator, the IT and Database manager will have the following functions
and responsibilities.
Design and populate a regional database with REDD information as per the components of the
regional REDD programme as follows:
• A register of all regional and national projects, including updates of the same
• In conjunction with the REDD coordinator and the advisor, organize and facilitate electronic
discussions on topical REDD issues
• Lead the development of a database on REDD related (forestry, drivers of D & D, socio-
economic variables) data for the region
• Facilitate the creation of compatible databases with Member States
• Generate reports as may be required by the coordinator and Member States
• Organize short-term training sessions and technical support for country database managers
• Search for literature on REDD issues in the international arena and circulate to relevant
entities (coordinator, member sates, working groups etc)
Minimum qualifications: BSc degree in natural and environmental sciences and proven proficiency in
IT and its applications in natural resource management. Experience with the design and use of
natural resource databases and facilitating electronic discussions.
Skills: Ability to filter information and bring out key messages from the internet and other sources.
Skills in training others in the population and administration of databases. Ability to promote the use
of information in support of decision making.
