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Chapter 02Chapter 02

Evidence for Evidence for EvolutionEvolution

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Evolutionary Tree

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Evidence of Evolution• Observations supporting the theory

of organic evolution can be made through the study of:

1. Geologic record

2. Comparative Cytology, Biochemistry, Anatomy, and Embryology

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(A) Geologic Record1. Earth is between 4.5 to 5 billion

years old (age was determined by radioactive dating of rocks)

2. Fossils- are the remains of traces of organisms that no longer exist.

Fossils have been preserved in ice, sedimentary rock, amber, and tar

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3. Other fossils have been formed from petrification, a process by which the tissues are gradually replaced by minerals that produce a stone replica of the original material

4. Imprints, casts, and molds of organisms or parts of organisms are frequently found in sedimentary rock

5. In undisturbed layers (strata) of sedimentary rock, the lower strata contain old fossils while the upper strata contain younger fossils

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Archaeopteryx

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Tyrranosaurus rex

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(B) Comparative Anatomy1. Evidence supports that

similarities of basic structures exist between different organisms

2. Homologous structures are anatomical parts found in different organisms in origin and structure.

3. The presence of such homologous structures suggest that these organisms have evolved from a common ancestor

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(B) Comparative Anatomy

       Australopithicus afarensis

       Homo sapiensPan troglodytes

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How does the # of Giraffe “neck bones” compare to yours?

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Comparative Anatomy

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Comparative Anatomy

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(C) Comparative Embryology• Although certain adult

organisms may be different from each other, a comparison of the earl stages of their embryonic development may show similarities that suggest a common ancestor

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Comparative embryology

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Comparative embryology

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(D) Comparative Cytology

1. All living things are made up of cells

2. Cell organelles including the cell membrane, ribosome's, and mitochondria are structurally and functionally similar in most organisms

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Mitochondrion DNA & Mitochondrion DNA & Chloroplast DNA can Chloroplast DNA can

replicate by themselves.replicate by themselves.

Comparative Cytology

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(E) Comparative Biochemistry

• All living things contain similar biochemical compounds

• Examples would include: structure and function of DNA, RNA, and proteins (including enzymes) are similar in all organisms

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DNA Hybridization

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DNA Hybridization

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DNA Hybridization shows that the Red panda & the Giant Panda are related as a

result of convergent evolution.

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Industrial Melanism

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