SA Murray-Darling Basin Regional Action Plan - Meningie-Tailem Bend subregion 1

SA Murray-Darling Basin Regional Action Plan - Meningie-Tailem Bend subregion 2

March 2017

This document should be cited as:

South Australian Murray-Darling Basin Natural Resources Management Board, 2017. Regional Action Plan: A guide to natural

resource management priorities in the South Australian Murray-Darling Basin, Meningie – Tailem Bend subregion summary.

URL: www.naturalresources.sa.gov.au/samurraydarlingbasin-rap

For more information about this plan please contact:

South Australian Murray-Darling Basin Natural Resources Management Board

PO Box 2343

Murray Bridge SA 5253

Phone: (08) 8532 9100

Email: SAMDBEnquiries@sa.gov.au

Website: www.naturalresources.sa.gov.au/samurraydarlingbasin-rap

The South Australian Murray-Darling Basin Natural Resources Management Board and the Government of South Australia, their

employees and their servants do not warrant, or make any representation, regarding the use or results of the information

contain herein as to its correctness, accuracy, currency or otherwise. The South Australian Murray-Darling Basin Natural

Resources Management Board and the Government of South Australia, their employees and their servants expressly disclaim all

liability or responsibility to any person using the information or advice herein.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

SA Murray-Darling Basin Regional Action Plan - Meningie-Tailem Bend subregion 3

The diverse soils, water resources, biodiversity and landscapes of the SA Murray-

Darling Basin (SAMDB) are the foundation of many of the things we value; our

livelihoods, lifestyles and our wellbeing.

We all play a role in managing these natural resources.

About this document

This document is a summary of the Meningie-Tailem Bend subregion of the Regional Action Plan for the South

Australian Murray-Darling Basin Natural Resources Management region. It contains an overview of the subregion,

what is valued about the area, information on its landscapes, livelihoods and lifestyles, and a list of the natural

resources management issues, including their impacts and their priority status. For more detail on specific issues

and suggested actions to address them or to find out more about how the plan was developed, please follow the

links in this document or visit the Regional Action Plan online at

www.naturalresources.sa.gov.au/samurraydarlingbasin-rap.

Figure 1: Location of the Meningie-Tailem Bend subregion

SA Murray-Darling Basin Regional Action Plan - Meningie-Tailem Bend subregion 4

What do we value about this area?

Lifestyle values: rural-living, family history, understanding each other, strong community cohesion and water-

related activities61, 69

Natural beauty and spiritual values of the Ramsar wetlands63, 64, 65

Secure freshwater supplies from the Lower Lakes for domestic and industrial use69

Cultural, social and economic values of the Ngarrindjeri People113

Agricultural production from dryland farming; cropping and grazing69

Commercial and recreational fishing64,69

Tourism associated with Ramsar wetlands85, European and indigenous history

Biodiversity conservation.64, 66, 67, 69

Meningie - Tailem Bend subregion Overview

The Meningie-Tailem Bend subregion

comprises the agricultural lands on the eastern

side of Lakes Alexandrina and Albert and the

Coorong within the SAMDB region. The main

towns in the area are Meningie and Tailem

Bend, which are socially distinct from the

communities centred around Milang, Clayton

and Goolwa. However, this area is also a part of

the Lake Alexandrina and Lake Albert Ramsar

Wetland of International Importance.64 The

Ngarrindjeri are the Traditional Owners of this

sub region113 and the area is almost wholly

within the Ngarrindjeri and Others Native Title

Claim area.114 Detailed information on

Ngarrindjeri values and perspectives can be

found in the Ngarrindjeri Nation Yarluwar-Ruwe Plan.65

The agriculture and tourism of the Meningie-Tailem Bend subregion is centred on the Lower River Murray, the

Lower Lakes and the Coorong. As such, the key water resources are the surface water inflows from the River

Murray. Groundwater resources are also significant, with use depending on quality and depth. The ‘naturally’63, 65

freshwaters of the Lower Lakes are separated from the estuarine-marine environments of the Coorong and

Murray Mouth by a series of five barrages, which are operated for ecological, social and economic benefit72. Tidal

variations are important for water quality in the estuary and connectivity in the estuarine-marine components.

Prior to the Millennium Drought, the area supported substantial irrigated dairy farming but the lasting impacts of

that drought and commodity prices have seen a shift to dryland farming although some irrigated dairy farms

remain.69

The Lower Lakes and Coorong have exceptional ecological diversity and functions, qualifying against 8 out of 9

criteria as a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance (first listed in 1985).64 As such, Australia has accepted a

range of obligations in relation to protecting these wetlands, including the ecosystem services they provide, and

managing the impacts of major water-based tourism and multi-species fishing (commercial and recreational)

industries.64

© SATC, Ferry on River, Tailem Bend, Photographer: John Montesi

SA Murray-Darling Basin Regional Action Plan - Meningie-Tailem Bend subregion 5

Socio-economic drivers of

change

Markets/commodity prices

Basin-wide weather patterns

Climate change (affecting amount

and variability of rainfall and lake

inflows)

Basin-wide water extraction and use

(affecting water quantity and quality).

© SATC, Sand dunes, Coorong National Park, Photographer: Mike Haines

SA Murray-Darling Basin Regional Action Plan - Meningie-Tailem Bend subregion 6

Profile of the Meningie – Tailem Bend subregion

Landscapes

The Meningie-Tailem Bend subregion comprises

corridor plains between relict coastal dunes,

adjacent to the lakes.78 The lakes are freshwater and

provide an important biophysical transition between

the River Murray, the Coorong and the Southern

Ocean.72 Rainfall is low to moderate (350-500mm),

hence there is a heavy reliance on the freshwaters of

the river and lakes. The bulk of the surface water is

received from the River Murray, which is transferred

between Lakes Alexandrina and Albert through a

narrow channel, the Narrung Narrows. Lake Albert is

typically more saline than Lake Alexandrina, which

can affect its usefulness for irrigation.77 Water of

varying volumes and salinities flow into the

southern end of the Coorong from the Upper

South-East Drainage Scheme, outside of this

subregion.

Many of the values of the Meningie – Tailem Bend

subregion are closely tied to the ecological, cultural

and economic values of the Lower Lakes and

Coorong, a Ramsar-listed wetland ecosystem of

international and national imporatance.64, 65, 69, 72

The many ecological values of the Lower Lakes and

Coorong are noted in the summary document for

that subregion within the Regional Action Plan.

The Meningie – Tailem Bend subregion crosses the

Southern Mallee and Tintinara biophysical

landscapes. Once dominated by open and shrubby

mallee woodlands, native vegetation of this

subregion is now 'relictual' - cleared to less than 10

per cent of its original extent. Prominent canopy

species of remnant vegetation include cypress pine

(Callitris gracilis), and mallee eucalypts (such as

Eucalyptus gracilis and E. oleosa). A number of

Heritage Agreements exist in this area, providing

protection for remnant mallee woodlands and

grasslands.87 These ecosystems are at risk due to

historic clearance and fragmentation, threatening a

number of species including malleefowl (Leipoa

ocellata), metallic sun orchid (Thelymitra

epipactoides), sand hill greenhood (Pterostylis

arenicola), and a suite of woodland bird species

including hooded robin (Melanodryas cucullata),

brown treecreeper (Climacteris picumnus) and

restless flycatcher (Myiagra inquieta).69 A total of 33

state listed threatened flora species and 79 state

listed threatened fauna species have been recorded

in the Meningie - Tailem Bend subregion. Seven

flora and 20 fauna species are also listed nationally

under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity

Conservation Act 1999. A full list of threatened

species found in this subregion can be downloaded

here. Recovery plans have been developed at a

national or regional level for some threatened

species and ecological communities, including the

malleefowl and metallic sun orchid. Iron-grass

Natural Temperate Grassland communities may also

occur.88 Restoration of the open woodlands and

grasslands associated with these western calcareous

soils is a nature conservation priority in this

landscape.110

Aboriginal creation ancestor stories (sometimes

called Dreamtime or Dreaming Stories) explain how

natural elements in the landscape were formed or

how certain species came to be. The stories describe

how creation ancestors shaped and shifted the

landscape, how they crafted its beauty and natural

resources and then gifted these places to specific

groups of people across South Australia.116

Aboriginal Heritage is an important part of the

landscape. The Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988

protects Aboriginal sites, objects and remains in all

areas of South Australia117 and the Kungun

Ngarrindjeri Yunnan Agreement (KNYA) 2009, an

agreement with the State of South Australia

meaning ‘listen to Ngarrindjeri speaking’, also

establishes proper consideration by State

Government Departments of Aboriginal Heritage

matters. Under this Agreement the Ngarrindjeri

people are represented by the Ngarrindjeri Regional

Authority (NRA) whose role is to progress the caring

for country objectives of the Ngarrindjeri in the

protection of land, water and marine environments

and achieving culturally appropriate outcomes for

soils, water resources, geological features and

landscapes, native vegetation, animals, other

organisms and ecosystems.113

Recreation, tourism and commercial fishing rely on

the ongoing health of the freshwater and estuarine-

SA Murray-Darling Basin Regional Action Plan - Meningie-Tailem Bend subregion 7

marine ecosystems, with fishing especially reliant on

native fish such as Coorong yellow eye mullet

(Aldrichetta forsteri) , golden perch (Macquaria

ambigua) and mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicas),

and the introduced redfin perch (Perca fluviatilis)

and European carp (Cyprinus carpio).69, 128, 129

Conditions experienced during the Millennium

Drought have highlighted the consequences of

inappropriate water management for the Meningie-

Tailem Bend subregion; a wide range of emergency

activities were required to prevent harm and

manage acid sulfate soils oxidation products.73

Soils vary across the subregion and include

calcareous soils, sand over clay, deep sands and

areas of shallow soils overlying calcrete that are still

under native vegetation.69,79 The floodplains of Lake

Albert also contain very unusual clay over sand soils,

known as Poltalloch soils.86 The soils under the lakes

have been affected by prolonged inundation since

river regulation such that now there is an estimated

89,220 ha of acid sulfate soils in the lower lakes.75

Models indicate that there would be widespread

acidification if the water levels in Lakes Alexandrina

and Albert dropped to -1.5 mAHD and -1 mAHD,

respectively.76

Livelihoods

The Ngarrindjeri people have used and actively

managed the natural resources of this subregion for

many thousands of years. The KNYA (2009)

acknowledges the importance of Ngarrindjeri

gaining economic benefit from the management of

protected areas.113 A relatively large number of

Ngarrindjeri people have been employed in natural

resources management roles through Kungun

Ngarrindjeri Yunnan-related programs118 and other

local projects. Significant capacity has been built

within the community to continue playing a key role

in natural resources management into the future,

for example, through Ngarrindjeri Ruwe Contracting

(NRC).119

The majority of the area in the Meningie-Tailem

Bend subregion is used for grazing of modified

pastures (76,000 ha) and cropping (38,000 ha).81

This is a mixed farming region including sheep and

cattle grazing, broad-acre cropping and dairies. The

Millennium Drought had a lasting and significant

effect on the local industries, leading to business

losses, especially in the dairy and tourism sectors.69

Some farms had access to the community pipeline

but water costs were very high and did not enable

continuation of former dairy enterprises, especially

in southern Lake Albert.62 Semi-rural living is also

popular in this subregion due to relatively

affordable land prices.78 Nature conservation is a

major land use (24,000 ha), and there is increasing

interest in nature-based tourism initiatives in the

Coorong National Park and surrounding region.

This subregion also supports the Lakes and

Coorong Fishery, a Marine Stewardship Council

Certified Sustainable Fishery.27 The fishery is

represented by the Lakes and Coorong Fishery

Consultative Committee comprising members from:

the fishing industry, Coorong National Park

management (DEWNR), Ngarrindjeri people, local

government and the Conservation Council of South

Australia.82

Lifestyles

The Meningie-Tailem Bend subregion has a total

population of 5,218 people (2011 figures) and

experienced a population decline from 2001 to

2011.61 Compared to other areas of the state, this

area has a high proportion of elderly people and

lone person households.61

The local government responsibilities are shared

between Rural City of Murray Bridge in the north

and Coorong and Districts Council. There is a strong

social connection between people in the south east

of this subregion to the South East NRM region,

more so than their social connection to Murray

Bridge and the River Murray.78 The majority of the

subregion is dryland farming but there are small

lifestyle properties around the main townships.27

There are relatively large Aboriginal populations in

both Meningie and Tailem Bend as well as in the

nearby towns of Raukkan and Murray Bridge, which

are just outside of this subregion.. Ngarrindjeri

consider the protection and maintenance of their

culture and cultural sites central in every respect to

their community wellbeing and existence.113 This

subregion includes Camp Coorong, an important

education centre for Ngarrindjeri heritage and

culture. Ngarrindjeri have rights, interests and ©SATC, Tailem Bend (cows),

Photographer: John Montesi

© SATC

SA Murray-Darling Basin Regional Action Plan - Meningie-Tailem Bend subregion 8

obligations to speak and care for their traditional

country, lands and waters in accordance with their

laws, customs, beliefs and traditions.113 The KNYA

(2009) recognises the role and ability of the

Ngarrindjeri in the management of natural

resources.113

The level of volunteering in the area is well above

average, which is an indication of a highly

connected and socially cohesive community.61 An

example of this volunteering effort and cohesion, is

the participation by a large number of community

and Ngarrindjeri groups in propagating and

planting local native plant species through the

DEWNR Coorong Lower Lakes and Murray Mouth

(CLLMM) Recovery Project, aimed at building NRM

and stewardship capacity amongst the local

community. More than 5.2 million plants have been

planted through this program since 2009. Of these

plants, more than 1.4 million were grown and

planted by the local community.

Local NRM activities are also co-ordinated by the

Coorong Tatiara District Local Action Planning

Association, who have been operating since 1992.

However, although the volunteering cohort is

strong, the risk of ‘burn-out’ is significant, as

CLLMM Recovery Project support comes to a close

in 2016.107

Recreation and tourism centred on the lakes and

Coorong water bodies are important for the local

economy.78 Visitors ranked ‘relaxing’ most highly as

a reason for visiting and understood the link

between environmental condition and their

recreational experience, with the majority

recognizing that improving environmental

outcomes did not have to come at the expense of

declines in agriculture.

A study into various social indicators61 sought to

describe factors supporting or potentially impeding

the community’s ability to adapt to changing

conditions and circumstances.

The study showed that, compared with other areas

of the state, this subregion is considered more

remote than average and has below average

internet access (68 per cent of households in 2011).

Vulnerabilities lie also, in its concentration of

employment in one industry sector, lower

household incomes and a workforce with relatively

low levels of formal qualification. However, this is

somewhat balanced by potential opportunities in

better housing affordability than other parts of the

state and strengths in the connectedness of its

community.61.

Amongst others, two significant NRM challenges

face this community, where there is uncertainty

surrounding the Murray-Darling Basin Plan and how

this might impact on water management and

availability. Secondly, ongoing issues around water

quality are a source of vulnerability for the

community in the Meningie-Tailem Bend subregion,

particularly for those reliant on Lake Albert water for

stock and domestic uses.10

© SATC, Canoeing, Meningie, Photographer: Mike Haines

SA Murray-Darling Basin Regional Action Plan - Meningie-Tailem Bend subregion 9

What do we need to work on?

The following table describes the natural resources management issues and their impacts on the values of the

Meningie - Tailem Bend subregion, presented in order of decreasing priority. Detailed actions can be found

within the RAP online by clicking on the relevant issue within this table.

Key to values

NRM issue What impacts are these having on our natural resources?

Priority Values

affected

Working together Community awareness, knowledge and participation in natural resource management

Foundational

Climate change adaptation

Building resilience to a changing climate

Foundational

Managing carp herpes virus release

Water quality impacts of carp herpes virus release.

Potential severe adverse impacts on water quality due to increased carbon loads (decomposing fish) in waterways, and potential large black water events.

High

Containing new agricultural weeds

Increase in extent of weeds; new and emerging weeds (e.g. African Lovegrass, especially adjacent to roadsides and existing infestations caused by a reduction in control efforts.

Competition with pasture species, decline in productivity and ongoing costs of control.

High

Water quality and accessibility in the Lower Lakes

Decline in water quality and accessibility due to upstream extraction (reduced inflows) and impacts of surrounding land uses - particularly salinity and turbidity of water.

Poor water quality affects stock health (unsuitable for use when quality low). Poor water quality can result in damage to water pumps. High nutrient levels increases aquatic weeds in channels, affecting the efficiency of water delivery.

High

Controlling spiny rush in Lake Albert

Spiny rush invasion in Lake Albert.

Displaces pasture species and can invade watercourses and form impenetrable thickets.

High

Managing the impacts of long-nosed fur seals

Impacts of long-nosed fur seals on commercial fisheries.

Decline in fish populations and flow on impacts on commercial fishing values if seal numbers high.

High

Managing acid sulfate soils

Exposure of acid sulfate soils at low lake levels.

Severe decline in water quality (acidification of water, mobilisation of toxic metals, black water events and production of noxious gases) following exposure and reinundation of acid-sulfate soils, affecting the ecological health of the lower lakes.

High

Managing flows for aquatic ecosystem health

Reduced inflows (due to basin-wide extraction and climate change) affecting water level in lakes, connectivity of aquatic habitats, and water quality (including salinity).

Decline in condition of aquatic habitats and decline in aquatic and water-dependent plants and animals.

High

Threatened species recovery

Threatened species habitat decline and species-specific threats resulting in the decline of threatened fauna and flora.

Risk of extinction to threatened fauna and flora.

High

Adaptation to sea level rise

Sea level rise due to climate change.

Sea level rise will impact the ability to manage the barrages and control water entering the Coorong-Lower Lakes system. Saline water will also enter through pressure gradients if there is insufficient freshwater in the Lakes and Coorong. The potential impacts depend on many factors.

High

Water Sustainable Production

Biodiversity People Atmosphere

SA Murray-Darling Basin Regional Action Plan - Meningie-Tailem Bend subregion 10

(cont.)

NRM issue What impacts are these having on our natural resources?

Priority Values

affected

Managing dryland salinity

Dryland salinity. Loss of productive land, decline in land condition. Med

Controlling environmental weeds

Environmental weeds (such as boxthorn, Acacia cyclops, bridal creeper, perennial veldt grass, African love grass, bridal veil)

Competition with native flora; decline in the condition of remnant habitat, including threatened species habitat.

Med

Preventing and managing herbicide resistance

Emergence of herbicide resistant weeds, especially under continuous cropping.

Direct impacts on capacity for weed control and profitability of cropping; indirect threat to soil health if the management alternative results in increasing cultivation and erosion risk.

Med

Managing plague animal outbreaks

Pest animals (particularly plagues of mice and locusts).

Reduced profitability of farming enterprises due to costs of control and impacts on production.

Med

Soil health for sustainable production

Management of soil health (i.e. nutrition, fertility, biology) affecting production capacity and susceptibility to additional soil degradation processes.

Affects the profitability and sustainability of production. Poor soil health can lead to on site degradative processes such as soil acidity, erosion, compaction, and sodicity as well as off-site impacts on adjacent lands, watercourses and groundwater systems

Med

Containing new environmental weeds

New and emerging weeds. Competition with native flora; decline in the condition of remnant habitat, including threatened species habitat.

Med

Reducing the impacts of pest animals

Over-grazing/damage by kangaroos, deer and rabbits (unmanaged).

Decline in condition of native vegetation and suitability of habitat for native species; increased risk of erosion and weed invasion, affecting the capacity of vegetation to recover and affecting water quality.

Med

Managing fire regimes for biodiversity

Inappropriate fire regime, including fire suppression near built-up areas.

Lack of recruitment of fire-dependent species; decline in condition of native vegetation if fires too frequent or absent.

Med

Protecting and restoring habitat

Loss and fragmentation of habitat due to historic clearing.

Loss of habitat for native species and increased vulnerability of native plant and animals populations to other threats (such as climate change, pests, weeds).

Med

Managing risks to biodiversity from wildfire

Catastrophic loss of biodiversity due to wildfire.

Potential loss of significant populations of plants at patch scale due to a wildfire burning through large or particularly significant areas.

Med

Reducing soil erosion risk

Soil erosion risk associated with vulnerable soil types, inappropriate land management practices and seasonal conditions (likely to be exacerbated under climate change).

Decline in land condition, sustainability of production, and capacity to recover after drought, especially on shallow soils and marginal country.

Med

Managing disease risk from pest animals

Pest animals (especially deer) spreading disease (Ovine Johnes and Leptospirosis).

Reduced fertility of sheep; decline in profitability of farming enterprise. Med

Maintaining flows through the Narrows

Constriction of flows by reeds between Lakes Albert and Alexandrina, due to low flows.

Potential for rapid decline in water quality in Lake Albert. Med

Controlling agricultural weeds

Spread of agricultural weeds. Reduced profitability of farming enterprises due to costs of control and impacts on product quality.

Med

Improving water quality in the lower lakes

Decline in surface water quality flowing from the eastern tributaries and overland into the Lakes and Coorong due to impacts of local land uses - particularly salinity and turbidity of water.

Decline in water quality affects condition of aquatic habitat, lifestyle values and suitability of water for consumptive uses (stock, domestic and irrigation). Med

Adaptation to sea level rise

Sea level rise due to climate change.

Med

SA Murray-Darling Basin Regional Action Plan - Meningie-Tailem Bend subregion 11

(cont.)

NRM issue What impacts are these having on our natural resources?

Priority Values

affected

Reducing the impacts of pest animals

Over-grazing/damage by kangaroos, deer, and rabbits (unmanaged).

Decline in condition of native vegetation and suitability of habitat for native species; increased risk of erosion and weed invasion, affecting the capacity of vegetation to recover and affecting water quality.

Med

Managing new pest animal and disease risk

New and emerging pest animals and diseases.

Potential threat to crop/stock health, affecting the productivity and profitability of primary industries.

Med

Sustainable livestock grazing

Over-grazing by livestock (managed grazing).

Decline in condition of native vegetation and suitability of habitat for native species; increased risk of erosion and weed invasion, affecting the capacity of vegetation to recover and affecting water quality.

Low

Reducing predation of native fauna

Predation of native fauna (by foxes, dingoes, cats).

Foxes and dingoes are predators of native animals, but also contribute to reduced total grazing pressure through predation of rabbits and kangaroos.

Low

Preparedness for wildfire

Wildfire - Impacts on production systems.

Decline in cover causing increased erosion risk and potential invasion of weeds. Reduces profitability of farming enterprises due to increases in costs of management, capital repair and temporary loss of production.

Low

Managing the impacts of lake water level cycling

Rising salt tables and erosion resulting from lowering and raising of lake levels (cycling of water levels); an action intended to remove saline water from the lakes.

Increasing salt ingress, water pollution, land salinisation, declining native vegetation; potential to affect community health.

Low

Controlling carp and other aquatic pests

Pest aquatic animals (particularly carp, the priority pest species)

Reduced water quality; reduction in native fish populations. Affects biodiversity and lifestyle values due to impacts on native fish populations.

Low

Managing dryland salinity

Dryland salinity impacting through groundwater flows into the lakes.

Impacting on salinity levels of the Lakes. Low

Controlling weeds in the Lower Murray Swamps

Riparian weeds (especially willows), due to declining control efforts, and driven by high total grazing pressure, stock management, climate change; and spread by recreational users.

Change in habitat structure, decline in native species diversity and habitat value along watercourses; Willows cause shading, choke rock crevices and change bank structure, affecting native species and reducing habitat suitability for native species.

Low

Managing impacts of recreational activities

Impacts of recreational activities (e.g. jet skis, boating, 4WDs, duck shooting). [As for Lower Lakes and Coorong]

Disturbance to and decline in condition of aquatic habitat (including small area of coastal habitat), due to pollution, erosion from wave action, and transfer of pests and weeds.

Low

Land use change in the Lower Murray Swamps

Water availability, access (including river water level) and infrastructure issues driving land use change in Lower Murray Swamps.

Sustainable agricultural and horticultural production is dependent on a consistent supply of water at an appropriate quality with an economically viable cost.

Low

Managing the impacts of long-nosed fur seals

Impacts of long-nosed fur seals on native fish populations. [As for Lower Lakes and Coorong]

Decline in fish populations and ecology of the system. Low

SA Murray-Darling Basin Regional Action Plan - Meningie-Tailem Bend subregion 12

References

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Planning Strategy January 2011

28 SAMDB NRM Board, 2012. Landscape Conservation Priorities Fact Sheets - November 2012

61 Econsearch, 2015. Community Adaptive Capacity Index for the SAMDB NRM Region.

62 Muller, K.L., 2012. Learning from lakeshore graziers. A report for the Goolwa to Wellington Local Action

Planning Association, Strathalbyn, South Australia.

63 Sim, T., and Muller, K.L., 2005. A fresh history of the lakes: Wellington to barrages, 1800s to 1935. River Murray

Catchment Water Management Board, Berri, South Australia.

64 Phillips, B., and Muller, K.L., 2006. Ecological Character of the Coorong, Lakes Alexandrina and Albert Wetland

of International Importance. South Australian Department for Environment and Heritage.

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2014, Murray-Darling Basin Authority, Canberra.

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Lakes and Murray Mouth. Department for Environment and Heritage: Adelaide, South Australia.

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79 Hall, J., Maschmedt, D., and Billing, B., 2009. The Soils of Southern South Australia. Department of Water,

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107 N. Buckley pers comm. 17th November, 2015.

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kungunngarrindjeriyunnanagreement.pdf

SA Murray-Darling Basin Regional Action Plan - Meningie-Tailem Bend subregion 13

114 National Native Title Tribunal 2016, Native title Applications and Determination Areas. As per the Federal

Court (30 June 2016) – Commonwealth of Australia map

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