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SA-A135 455 EFFECTS OF LONG-TERM LOW-LEVEL RADIGFREQUENCY RAOIATION 1/2EXPOSURE ON RAlS..fUI WASHINGTON UNIV SEATTLEBIOELECTROMAGNETICS RESEARCH LAB A W GUY ET AL SEP 83
UNCLASSIFIED 5R-19 SAM -TR-83- 18 33615-80 C- 0612 F/G 6/18 NL
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MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART%AT-OftAI BUREAU OF STANDARS - 96SA
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UNCLASSIFIEDSECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (Then Does Entered)
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE READ INSTRUCTIONSBEFORE COMPLETING FORM
I. REPORT NUMBER jz. GOVT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER
USAFSAM-TR-83-18 , '3- M 1 54. TITLE (,id Subtitle) S. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED
EFFECTS OF LONG-TERM LOW-LEVEL RADIOFREQUENCY Final ReportRADIATION EXPOSURE ON RATS June 1980-December 1982VOL. 2. AVERAGE SAR AND SAR DISTRIBUTION IN MAN G. PERFORMINGO1. REPORT NUMBER
EXPOSED TO 450-MHz RFR S.R. #19 &7. AUTHOR(s) 1. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMSER(a)
Arthur W. Guy, Ph.D. F33615-80-C-0612Chung-Kwang Chou, Ph.D.Barry Neuhaus, B.S.
9 PERNOR4 ORGAN Z.ATIO NAME A O ORESS. 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT, TASKi1oel .ectroman ics searcn alrtory AREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS
par e t og..qlab itatlon ed cine . 62202FLco~o me lcine, g]grsity o- Washington 75-01-7
eatt e, Wasnington b
I. CONTROLLING OFFICE N4AME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE
USAF School of Aerospace Medicine (RZP) September 1983Aerospace Medical Division (AFSC) ,s. NUMBER OF PAGESBrooks AFB, Texas 78235 107
IS. MONITORING AGENCY NAME & AOORESS(Il different front Controlling Office) 15. SECURITY CLASS. (of this report)
Uncl assi fied
15s. OECL ASSI FI CATION/DOWN GRAO N G
SCHEDULE
16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of thin Report)
Approved for public release, distribution unlimited.
17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the obetract entered In Block 20, It different 1"e Report) - iAeoosion For
NIS GRA&IDTIC TABUnannounced C
IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Distribution/
Availability CodesIII. KEY WORDS (continue on roverae side if necesyend ~detf by block and/RFR Exposure models st valpeald/r
Dosimetry Thermography450 MHz Computer .-"2450 MHz SAR . C-j
S , A STRACT (Contnue anl roveas aide It necesary id Identify by block numbst)his volume presents the methodology for and results of estima values for theaverage SAR and the SAR distribution in man exposed to 1-mW/ 450-MHz radiofre-quency radiation for various polarizations and body positions.\ The results wereobtained by calorimetry and thermography from 1/5 scaled models of man and wereanalyzed by an interactive computer system. The mean SAR as averaged over thebody remained relatively constant at 0.050 W/kg, with a standard deviation of
.* .007 W/kg for all exposure polarization conditions and body postures. Pevalues were as high as 0.650 W/kg, occurring typically in the wrist.9:
D 1N 1473 EOITION OF I NOV S IS OSSOLCTE UNCLASSIFIED
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (UYoA Dot tesEn
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TABLE OF CONTENTSPage
INTRODUCTION ..... ... ... .. .............................. 5
EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY ........ .. ......................... 6
Exposure Facilities .... ... ... ......................... 6Synthetic Tissues for Scale Models ....... .................. 12Average SAR in Spherical Models .... .. ................... ... 12
MEASUREMENT OF AVERAGE SAR IN MAN MODELS .... ................. ... 18
COMPUTERIZED THERMOGRAPHIC SYSTEM ...... .. .................... 20
SAR DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS .... ... ........................ ... 37
DISCUSSION ....... ... ................................ ... 98
Average SAR ..... ............................. 101Maximum SAR and SAR Distribution ..... ................... .. 102Selection of Exposure Levels ........ ..................... 103
REFERENCES . . . ............................ 105
APPENDIX A. MEASUREMENT OF AVERAGE SAR VALUES BELOW BODY-RESONANCEFREQUENCIES . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 107
List of Illustrations
Figure Page
1. Klystron tube mounted on cart for easy installation .... ........ 8
2. Klystron tube completely interfaced to amplifier system ... ...... 9
3. Interior of anechoic chamber: standard gain horn and ahalf-section of a scale-model man in exposure position . ...... .. 10
4. Waveguide and associated instrumentation for monitoringinput power to standard gain horn .... ... ................. 11
5. Average SARs for spherical models consisting of distilledwater and exposed to 2450-MHz planewave radiation .. ......... ... 15
6. Average SARs for spherical models consistinq of ethylene
qlycol and exposed to 2450-MHz planewave radiation .... ......... 16
7. Average SARs for spherical models consisting of liquid syntheticmuscle and exposed to 2450-MHz planewave radiation .... ......... 17
8. Scale models of man used for averaqe SAR and SARdistribution measurements .... .. ..................... ... 19
1{
Figure Page
9. Diagram of digitized thermography system ...... .............. 23
10. Digitized thermography system; data storage in magnetic tapes . . 24
11. Transfer of data from magnetic tapes to DEC 11/34 computersystem ...... ... ............................... ... 25
12. Graphic peripheral system for plotting thermographic data .. ..... 27
13. Computer-processed contour plot of SARs for model manexposed to EHK-polarization electromagnetic radiation(midbody closeup) .... ................. ...... ..... . 28
14A. Conventional thermograms from thermograph indicatorshowing SARs for model man exposed to EHK-polarizationelectromagnetic radiation ...... ..................... ... 29
14B. Computer-processed gray-scale plot of SARs for model manexposed to EHK-polarization electromagnetic radiation(midbody closeup) ....... ......................... ... 30
14C. Computer-processed single-profile scans of SARs for modelman exposed to EHK-polarization electromagnetic radiation(midbody closeup) ....... ......................... ... 31
14D. Computer-processed multiple-profile scan of SARs for modelman exposed to EHK-polarization electromagnetic radiation(midbody closeup) ...... ... ... ... ... ... .... 32
15. Computer retrieval of first index page of large thermograph-image data file ..... ... .......................... ... 34
16. Retrieval of thermogram of empty heated-model Styrofoamsection for boundary fitting ..... ..................... 35
17. Boundary properly fitted to thermogram image of empty heatedmodel ...... ... ............................... ... 36
18. Retrieval of computer-processed SAR patterns with boundaryof man ...... ... ............................... ... 38
19. Light-pen used in selection of point on image where SARinformation is stored ..... ..... ...................... 39
20. Light-pen selection of point on image where horizontal andvertical SAR scans are desired ..... .................. ... 40
21. Crosshair selection of points on image where SAR information
is desired ..... ... .... ............................ 41
2 ....
_ ;_.., - - -_ - --...-
Figure erorm xrsigSRPage
22A-62. Computer-processed whole-body t ermograms expressing SARpattern for man exposed to 1-mW/cm 450-MHz radiation:
Posture of Man Type of thermogram Polarization
22A. Arms down whole body EHK ....... 4322B. Arms down upper body EHK .... 4422C. Arms down midbody EHK ..... 4522D. Arms down lower body EHK ....... 4623. Arms down whole body -EHK ....... 4724A. Arms down whole body EKH ....... 4824B. Arms down upper body EKH ....... 4924C. Arms down midbody EKH ....... 5024D. Arms down lower body EKH ....... 5125. Arms down whole body HEK ....... 5226. Arms down whole body -HEK ....... 5327. Arms down whole body HKE ....... 5428. Arms down whole body KEH ....... 5529. Arms down whole body -KEH ....... 5630. Arms down whole body KHE ....... 5731. Arms down whole body -KHE ....... 5832. Arms up whole body EHK ....... 5933. Arms up whole body -EHK ..... 6034. Arms up whole body EKH ....... 6135. Arms up whole body HEK ....... 6236. Arms up whole body -HEK ....... 6337. Arms up whole body HKE ....... 6438. Arms up whole body KEH ....... 6539. Arms up whole body -KEH ....... 6640. Arms up whole body KHE ....... 6741. Arms up whole body -KHE ........ 6842. One arm extended whole body EHK ....... 6943. One arm extended whole body -EHK ....... 7044. One arm extended whole body EKH ....... 71
* 45. One arm extended whole body -EKH ....... 7246. One arm extended whole body HEK ....... 7347. One arm extended whole body -HEK ....... 7448. One arm extended whole body HKE ....... 7549. One arm extended whole body -HKE ....... 7650A. One arm extended whole body KEH ....... 7750B. One arm extended upper body KEH ....... 7850C. One arm extended midbody KEH ....... 7950D. One arm extended lower body KEH ....... 8051. One arm extended whole body -KEH ....... 8152. One arm extended whole body KHE ....... 8253. One arm extended whole body -KHE ....... 8354. Sitting (sagittal plane) whole body EHK .... ... 8455. Sitting (sagittal plane) whole body -EHK ....... 8556. Sitting (sagittal plane) whole body EKH ....... 8657. Sitting (frontal plane) whole body EHK ....... 8758. Sitting (frontal plane whole body -EHK ....... 8859. Sitting (frontal plane) whole body EKH ....... 89
3(
Figure Page
60. Sitting (sagittal planethrough leg) whole body EHK ....... 90
61. Sitting (sagittal planethrough leg) whole body -EHK ....... 91
62. Sitting (sagittal planethrough leg) whole body EKH ....... 92
63. Regions of body where maximum SAR values were determinedfrom closeup thermograms ...... ..................... ... 93
64. Comparison of theoretical and experimentally measuredwhole-body average SARs for realistic man models exposedat various frequencies ...... .. ....................... 100
List of Tables
Table Page
1. Characteristics of scale models (synthetic tissues) forsimulating 450-MHz exposure at 2450-MHz RFR ... ............ ... 13
2. Measured dielectric properties of various liquids used forspherical phantoms ..... ... ........................ ... 14
3. Measured average SAR in scale models of man under differentexposure orientations and body postures .... .............. ... 21
4. Average SAR (W/kg) values for 1.71-m-tall man (withhomogeneous-muscle body) exposed to 1-mW/cm 2 450-MHz RFR,under different exposure polarizations and body postures ... ...... 22
5. Maximum SAR valuls (W/kg) for man exposed, erect with armsdown, to 1-mW/cm 450-MHz RFR under different exposurepolarizations 94
6. Maximum SAR values2(W/kg) for man exposed, erect with armsraised, to 1-mW/cm 450-MHz RFR under different exposurepolarizations ..... .... .. .......................... 95
7. Maximum SAR values (W/kgj for man exposed, erect with rightarm extended, to 1-mW/cm 450-MHz RFR under differentexposure polarizations ...... ... ....................... 96
8. Maximum SAR values (W/kg) for man exposed, sitting, to1-mW/cm2 450-MHz RFR under different exposure polarizations ..... ... 97
9. Compilation of theoretical and experimental data on averageSAR for human exposure to frequencies near or equal to450 MHz at 1 m/cmn ....................... 99
10. Options for circular-waveguide exposure parameters for simu-lating chronic exposure of a human to RFR ..... ............. 104
4- - U
EFFECTS OF LONG-TERM LOW-LEVEL RADIOFREQUENCY RADIATION EXPOSURE ON RATS
VOLUME 2. AVERAGE SAR AND SAR DISTRIBUTIONS IN MAN
EXPOSED TO 450-MHZ RADIOFREQUENCY RADIATION
INTRODUCTION
This report is the second of nine reports on monitoring the health of
laboratory rats exposed under conditions simulating those of human exposure
in order to assess the effects of long-term low-level 450-MHz
radlofrequency radiation (RFR) on man. The rationale and description of
the experiment are covered in Volume 1: Design, Facilities, and Procedures.
The present report covers the measurement of the average specific
absorption rate (SAR) of energy and the SAR distribution in man under
various conditions of exposure.
A third report covers the dosimetry for simulating the exposure of
humans to 450-MHz RFR by exposure of laboratory rats to a proportionately
higher frequency, 2450 MHz. This frequency is required in order to produce
an SAR distribution in the test animals similar to that produced in humans
by 450 MHz; thus, there would be the highest probability of duplicating in
the rats any biological or health effects that can occur in humans.
Basically the same techniques were used in these studies as had been
previously reported (Guy et al., 1978): Approximately 1/4- to 1/10-scaled
models of man composed of synthetic muscle tissue were exposed to
frequencies from 4 to 10 times higher than the exposure frequency for a
full-sized man. In the scaled models, SAR was measured by a calorimetric
system and SAR distribution by a thermoqraphic system; then the values for
a full-sized man were obtained by extrapolation. The entire system was
modernized, however, to enable the use of digital data-collecting
5
. .. .-
techniques. Software was also developed for qreater efficiency and
accuracy in processing and printing of the thermoqram images.
The study consisted of the following four major tasks:
(1) Determination by calorimetry of the values for the average SAR in
man for different body postures and sizes under conditions simulating
free-space exposure to 450 MHz.
(2) Development of an interactive computer system for analysis and
processing of thermograph images of exposed phantom scale-models of man to
reflect actual SAR distribution patterns (previous thermographs displayed
temperature patterns only) and formulation of a computer program for rapid
retrieval of SAR values from a large data base.
(3) Determination of SAR distributions in man for different body
postures and sizes under exposure conditions simulating free-space exposure
to 450 MHz.
(4) From the data in this volume and in Volume 3, establishment of
the exposure parameters required for simulation, with rats, of those in
humans exposed to 450-MHz RFR.
The details and results of each of the above tasks are discussed in
the following sections.
EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY
Exposure Facilities
For biological effects observed in rats exposed to RFR in the
waveguide system to relate to safe or unsafe exposure levels, for man, the
dosimetry information for the rats exposed in the waveguides (discussed in
Volume 3) must be correlated to that obtained for humans exposed to
free-field 450-MHz 1-mW/cm2 radiation. Using the facilities of the large
anechoic chamber previously discussed by Guy et al. (1978), we obtained the
dosimetry information for full-scale man from approximately 1/5-scale
models of man fabricated from synthetic tissue (with the same dielectric
properties as human tissue), with proper modifications for the scaling
6
~4
factor. With a scaling factor (sf) of 5.44 (inverse of the reduction
factor from the full-scale man to the scale-model man), we used 2450-MHz
radiation in the anechoic chamber for these models to simulate 450-MHz RFR
exposure for the full-scale man.
Previous work of this type had been conducted in the chamber, but
exposure levels had been limited to 350 mW/cm 2 because the maximum output
of the power source was 2.5 kW. The thermographic technique requires
relatively short exposure times to maintain maximum accuracy of results(to reduce effect from diffusion of thermal energy from hot to cooler
areas). Therefore, at the outset we decided to reduce exposure times by
enlarging the power source by a factor of 4; we thus replaced the existing
750- to 1000-MHz, 10-kW klystron with an 1800- to 2450-MHz, 1O-kW klystron.
Installed on a portable cart, the klystron (Fig. 1) could be easily wheeled
into the klystron amplifier-chamber and interfaced with the existing power
supply and cooling system (Fig. 2). The output of the klystron was
connected by waveguide to the standard gain horn in the anechoic chamber
(Fig. 3). Associated instrumentation for monitoring input power to the
horn is shown in Fig. 4. Incident power density in the anechoic chamber
was measured with the NBS (model EDM-IC) energy density meter and the Narda
(model 8635) power density meter, The NBS meter measurement was in
consonance with that prescribed in theory, but the Narda meter measurement
was 13% less. Since the guaranteed calibration accuracy of the meters was
no better than + 1 dB, according to the Bureau of Radiological Health, we
decided that using the theoretical gain of the horn (corrected for
near-zone field) of 13.9 dB and a carefully calibrated coaxial directional
coupler would provide a more reliable prediction of the power density than
the meters. All data reported in the following sections are based on the
theoretical input power as measured by the calibrated Microlab/FXR CB-68LN
coaxial directional coupler attached to a coax-to-waveguide adaptor
connected to the standard gain horn.
7
Fiqure 1. Klystron tube mounted on cart for easy installation.
AA
v Fiqure 2. Klystron tube completely interfaced to amplifier system.
19
(
!a
Fiqure 3. Interior of anechoic chamber: standard qain horn and a half-section of a scale model man in exposure position.
10
p -i
Figure 4. Waveguide and associated Instrumentation for monitoring inputpower to standard gain horn.
t ....
Synthetic Tissues for Scale Models
To simulate the exposure of a full-scale man to 450 M4Hz, we needed asuitable synthetic tissue with proper dielectric constant to match the
scaling criteria. The scaling conditions (Stratton, 1941) pertinent to
developing phantom muscle mixtures are
and
tan 6 =tan 6 (2)
where e is the relative permittivity, tan 6 is the loss tangent, the primequantities refer to the scale-model system, and the unprimed quantitiesspecify the full-scale system.
Since tan 6=a/w (3)
where ai = conductivity (S/rn) and w =radian frequency (2irf, where f is the
frequency), the scaling condition for conductivity may be derived as
a, = sf X a (4)
The dielectric properties of the full-scale and scaled models are shown in
Table 1. The only difference between them is that the electrical
conductivity of the latter is increased by the scaling factor. The
dielectric properties for the scale-model tissues were measured undercontrolled temperature conditions of 200C. The properties were obtained by
the transmission-line methods described by Guy et al. (1976, 1978). In
addition to the scaled liquid muscle, a scaled liquid tissue was used, with
the properties of a homoqeneous mixture of muscle, fat, and bonerepresentative of the human body with an electrical conductivity of 2/3that of muscle as described in the Radiation Handbook, second edition(Durney et al., 1978).
Average SARs in Spherical Models
To test the validity of the dielectric property measurements and thecalibration of the anechoic chamber, we determined the SAR in a number of
spherical models with radii measuring between 2 and 6 cm. The average SAR
in watts per kilogram can be calculated from the increase in temperature,
12
00
C) u
Goo C.) ucoOL4, alf~h
1-.! C !u u 0 en k C C d
w 4.) o0) C)eIn m-. it if I 1 C I f
LAI.- U) E 0)0 =.) 0V . 0 1- w 0 w U
0 0' 43(LC) C.) b
1 U.
UL -X cc-
CD -j a- 43I
'U Cl U)0(J 3w >.U J U *-. C) ' ~ 04
u) >CI .- . . jg 0.Cz- z-z.;ei
uU C.) Ii
0c 4 3 0)J- ~ )Ed) .- - U 0 0)
u -C 4 C;)f) . VCC -j U) 0 V nI V U
0 13
-. 1
in the manner described by Guy et al. (1978), by the following equation:
SAR = 4.184x10 3 cAT/ At (5)where c is the specific heat in kcal/kq.°C, AT Is the temperature increase
due to exposure in °C, and At is the exposure time in s. In Table 2 are
given the measured dielectric properties at 25°C for 3.0 and 2.45 GHz and
at 20°C for 2.45 GHz, together with values reported by von Hippel (1954).
The measured values for average SAR for the phantom models filled with
distilled water are shown in Fig. 5; for those consisting of ethyleneglycol, in Fig. 6; and for spheres filled with liquid synthetic muscle and
exposed to 2450-MHz planewave, in Fig. 7. The calculated values are in
consonance with the theoretical values obtained by evaluation of theMie-theory equations developed by Ho and Guy (1975) on a diqital computer.
TABLE 2. MEASURED DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS
LIQUIDS USED FOR SPHERICAL PHANTOMS
Liquid von Hippel Slotted Line Measurements Density Specific Heat
@250C @250C @ 250C @ 200C (g/cm3 ) (kcal/kg. C)
3 GHz 3 GHz 2.45 GHz 2.45 GHz
Distilled 76.70* 79.31 72.27 79.29
water 2.01 2.55 2.08 2.18 1.0 1.0
Ethylene 12.00 13.69 15.94 14.54
glycol 2.00 2.14 2.08 1.97 1.113 0.571
Butyl 3.70 4.84 4.21 4.58
alcohol 0.41 0.33 0.30 0.37 0.810 0.563
Propyl 3.50 3.76 3.60 3.22
alcohol 0.28 0.25 0.28 0.23 0.804 0.586
*Upper number = dielectric constant; lower number = conductivity in S/m
14
ca)
Cfa)E'
00f
E C
Ci
4 -J
w0U
c, a)
0 00
(Zwo/Mw~~~t LI,)IM EV *
15C\
0 0
E E %l
0 00
IxG 0)w a: 4J
IA..EIC'-b
a. C
SLI Z:J
-0CU,
4c )
V 06 0 6
(~~~WO/MW~c xe )/)~V A
16m
Phantom Tissue
0.08 - Mie Theory
CM ExperimentalE
E 50.2E= 6.4 S/inE0.06"
C1.
M 0.04C)
0.02-
0 1 I I11.1 16.6 23.8 31.0
FULL SCALE RADIUS (cm)
Fiqure 7. Averaqe SARs for spherical models consisting of liquid syntheticmuscle and exposed to 2450-MHz planewave radiation.
1717 ii!
MEASUREMENT OF AVERAGE SAR IN MAN MODELS
Hollow Styrofoam molds were used to hold liquid synthetic tissue for
the determination of average SAR in man models. The mold halves, before
being glued together, are illustrated in Fig. 8. The halves were joined
with a liquid-tight seal, and liquid synthetic tissue was poured in. The
forms consisted of 5.44-scaled models of erect adult man (full-scale height
= 171 cm) and child (full-scale height = 86 cm), with arms down. We used
the full-scale figure to reflect a worst-case situation involving exposure
of a small man or a woman (size is inversely proportional to SAR at 450-MHz
exposure). Each model was exposed in the anechoic chamber to 2450-MHz
radiation fields of 750-mW/cm 2 incident power density (140 cm from a
standard gain horn) for about 20 to 60 s. After exposure the average rise
in temperature in the model was measured with a thermocouple; the heat loss
during the several minutes needed for the measurements was negligible. The
SAR for a full-scale man was obtained by multiplication of the SAR
calculated for the model by the scaling factor (sf) of 5.44.
SAR distributions were measured for 12 primary orientations of the
model man with respect to the incident field. We may designate these
primary polarizations, using the nomenclature of the Radiation Handbook
(Durney et al., 1978), by considering a coordinate system oriented with
respect to the model man, with the x-axis parallel to the long axis of the
body, the y-axis parallel to the frontal plane, and the z-axis
perpendicular to the frontal plane. Then we can define the polarization by
which the field vectors E, H, and k are parallel to the x, y, and z axes.
Thus, EHK polarization is the orientation in which E lies along x, H lies
along y, and k lies along z. Since man is asymmetrical from front to back,
we must consider the six polarizations specified for the ellipsoidal model
in the Radiation Handbook plus six others. If we assume the EHK and HEK
* polarizations to correspond to exposures of the man facing the source, we
then designate -EHK and -HEK as exposures of the man with his back to the
source. Likewise, if EKH and HKE represent exposures with the left side to
source, -EKH and -HKE will correspond to exposures with the right side to
the source. Finally, KEH and KHE will correspond to exposures with the
head toward the source, and -KEH and -KHE will correspond to exposures with
the feet toward the source.
(I
.... • M_ m m mi18
ill
Figure 8. Scale models of man used for average SAR and SAR distributionmeasurements.
19
The results of the first series of measurements are listed in Table 3;
each datum represents the average of several measurements, normalized to2
correspond to an exposure level of 1 mW/cm . The largest variation was
less than 10%. The average SAR measured for the composite-tissue model
consisting of fat and muscle (with two-thirds the conductivity of muscle)
was slightly higher than or equal to that measured for the 100%-muscle
model for all positions. The measured maximum average SAR for the childfor all orientations was much higher than that for the adult (e.g., 0.187
W/kg versus 0.063 W/kg), which is expected since the frequency is closer to
the resonance frequency for the child. Another series of scale-model
measurements was conducted for determination of the average SAR values for
man when exposed erect, with arms down, or both arms raised, or one arm
extended to the right, and when exposed sitting. The results are shown in
Table 4.
COMPUTERIZED THERMOGRAPHIC SYSTEM
We developed a computerized thermographic system to facilitate
analysis of the large number of thermograms required to map the SAR
distributions in man exposed to RFR under many possible conditions.
Thermograms were taken of scale models of man similar to those used for the
measurements of average SAR, shown in Fig. 8, but consisting of gelled
synthetic muscle tissue with scaled conductivity. The technique was as
described by Guy et al. (1976), and analysis was according to the method
discussed in the same reference and a newly developed computer method
discussed below.
A more modern interactive-computer approach to the
thermographic-recordinq analysis was implemented for assessment of SAR
distribution; the system is diagrammed in Fig. 9. The AGA thermovision 680
system was interfaced with an AGA-supplied Oscar digitizer-digital tape-
recording system. The system was used to digitize and store thermoqraphic
images as well as to provide interfacing to a computer. Images could be
recorded at will or recorded automatically over a selected sampling
interval. The images could then either be played back and analyzed on the
thermography system with its analog data-processing features or be
transferred to digital tape (Fig. 10) and then to a computer (Fiq. 11).
20 I
TABLE 3. MEASURED AVERAGE SAR IN SCALE MODELS OF MAN* UNDER
DIFFERENT EXPOSURE ORIENTATIONS AND BODY POSTURES
SAR (W/kg per 1 mW/cm2
Position Adult (1.71 m) Child (0.86 m) Adult
Muscle Model Muscle Model Mixed Model
Standing
Facing source (EHK) 0.050 0.164 0.059
Back to source (-EHK) 0.053 0.175 0.057
Left side to source 0.041 0.187 0.046
(EKH)
Lying on Back
Head to source (-KHE) 0.049 0.095 0.050
Feet to source (KHE) 0.050 0.095 0.048
Left side to source 0.041 0.061 0.042
(HKE)
Lying on Left Side
Facing source (HEK) 0.049 0.108 0.054
Head to source (-KEH) 0.053 0.158 0.054
Feet to source (KEH) 0.063 0.165 0.061
*Scaling Factor: 5.44
Operatlnq frequency: 2450 MHz
Simulated frequency: 450 MHz
21
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LU) 0 CE
0 CD n CD 0 D C) D 0 D CD C) C) C C
LO C O 0 0 0 0 0 0 C;c;a
C
= C=
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X: ~ ~ = L CL Ld d 'd - LO n C lff
V0 4-Y00 LoD 0 C; c; 0; 0;
.C0 ' 41 0 en e
2: 4.' r_ .i CD ON .Cl 4 r. ccLLE C : -c It -: to LO aCttLexL' a, = CD 4. M~ CD CD) C) L CLA 0= *. ; -; C; *.- *- 4- .;
.c a4 e
W CJOC Cl C C Ce00 0 00 0#A eV) C) 41 en
CL 0) CJ 4- 4- 4 . .)
*.i4- - * . *- =. 4.- 4.- U 4-
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crz =0
M 0
ui cz 22
CD uiCD a 4A 1
- - - I - to
CD a-
w. C0 .E -u0: a, CE
E
C)) 4U4J 0)
E -
23- 'CI
Figure 10. Digitized thermoqraphy systemu; data storaqe in m~agnetic taDeS.
24
itL
E
u
0
4-)
4-3
0
252
When the digital tape-recording system was interfaced with a PDP 11/34
computer, Its graphics terminal and the graphics plotter (Fig. 12) could be
used for analysis of the dosimetry thermograms. Magnetic tape was
transported from the thermograph laboratory to the computer room for
general image processing by software specially developed for detailed
computer-image analysis. The analytical system is semi-interactive,
enabling the operator to identify exactly which regions, in which images,
are of interest. A 12-parameter intraregional statistical analysis can
then be made of these regions; and in any selected reqion the following can
be determined: highest and lowest SAR values, range, median, average,
variance, and skewness of distribution; area of region; parameter, shape
factor, geometric centroid, and percentage of total image observed. The
software was arranged to enable tailoring to specific applications by
selection and elimination of various subroutines. Algorithms were added to
enable the computer to perform automatic interpretation and analysis. This
system significantly accelerated the thermographic analysis of SAR
distribution patterns and improved the reliability of data.
The graphics system employs the Hewlett/Packard 7220 flatbed plotter
and the Qume Sprint-5 printer. Both serve as peripherals to the PDP 11/34
minicomputer. The HP-plotter output consists of four basic types of plot:
gray-scale, contour, multiple-profile, and sinqle-profile scans. The
Qume-printer output consists of gray-scale printouts showing the different
areas of heating as varying shades of gray.
An example of the contour plot is presented in Fig. 13; this plot
corresponds to a midbody closeup plot of the thermogram shown In Fig. 14A,
which was taken directly from the thermographic scope. Each curve in the
contour plot is an Iso-SAR line showing points of equal SAR in the
thermographed object. Six contour levels appear in the example, but up to
20 different contour levels may be included In a plot. In addition, the
contours are plotted in a sequence of four colors to simplify
identification of Isothermal lines; the colors are not visible in the
example because of the photocopying process used for this report. This
drawback Is the primary consideration in not using this type of plot in
this report. In Fig. 13, contours at equal Intervals cover the range of
SAR values from 0.05 to 0.39 W/kg per mW/cm2.
2 ______26
lot
Flqi-I
1r P f e l h r l s s e o p~ t , h r o r~ i o .
80E W/kg
0.05k0.118'0 "1860 0.254
0.3224 0.390
401"
(cm)
0 0 40 80
(cm)Fiqure 13. Computer-processed contour plot of SARs for model man exposed
to EHK-polarlzation electromaqnetic radiation (midbody close-up).
28
.1
. • i
70kg MAN h=t.74m sf =5.54
Pn =1.0 mW/cm 2 f =442 MHzTHERM 10780-01
INTENSITY H PROFILE
A-A' B-B,0.120W 0.281 W
W ANA
Figure 14A. Conventional thermograms from thermograph indicator showingSARs for model man exposed to EfK-polarizatlon electromlaq-netic radiation.
29
cO40 80 C
E - E
CMi U.00O 005 .51 - 0.0 - .11) 0.5 - -022
Figure 14B. Computer-processed gray-scale plot of SARs for model manexpsedtoEHK-polarization electromagnetic radiation (mid-boycloseup).
30_ik
L
0.[50 . 0.50
0. 00 ,, - - , • - 0. 00,
0 40 80 40 80(W/k 9 ) (CM) (W/k 9 ) (Crm)
0.50 0.50
0.0, 0. ::-(W/kq) (CM) (W/k 9 ) (CM)
040 80 0 40 80(W/k 9 ) (cm) (W/k 9 ) (cm)
Figure 14C. Computer-processed single-profile scans of SARs for modelman exposed to EHK-polarization electromaqnetic radiation(midbody closeup).
31 dI fi
80
k H
40
(cm)
0 40 80(CM)
Figure 14D. Computer-processed multiple-profile scan of SARs for modelman exposed to EHK-polarization electromaqnetic radiation(midbody closeup).
I.
32
A processed gray-scale plot of the body midsection is reproduced in
Fig. 14B, and in Fig. 14C the SAR is shown along specific scan lines
(B-scans) in the digitized thermograph. Each thermograph is made up of 128
scan lines. All B-scan plots are labeled to indicate the proper point of
comparison with a gray-scale plot of the same image. Profile plots are
composed of multiple B-scans, as shown in Fig. 14D, presenting a sort of
relief map of SAR over the thermographed object. The profile plots
included later in this section show the entire image for all exposures, and
closeup scans for some exposures. The plot can be limited to ary
rectangular area of the image so that the analyst can blow up areas of
interest for more detailed examination. Gray-scale plots are printouts
that display heating in eight different shades, each shade of gray
representing a specific heating (SAR) range. The SAR ranges are displayed
at the bottom of each plot, as shown in Fig. 14B. For each exposure the
user may also display the plot in terms of temperature, temperature change,
SAR, or current density.
Too many data were collected during the period of the project for all
to be included in this volume. They have been stored in large computer
data files in the Bioelectromagnetics Research Laboratory, and the results
for any given exposure situation can be quickly retrieved by the
interactive computer program. In Fig. 15 is illustrated a page of the
index for such a file, representing a block of 235 processed thermograms
taken over a period of one month, as seen by the data analyst. Two
thermograms correspond to each image. The first is a scan of the cross
section of an unfilled model (Fig. 16). The boundary edges are heated so
as to highlight the demarcation of the region filled with synthetic tissue.
The exact coordinates of curve defining the boundary, obtained by direct
measurement, are stored in the computer. Through an interactive program and
the use of a light-pen, this curve is fitted to the thermographic image of
the highlighted unfilled model and stored in the computer for later use in
the analysis (Fig. 17). The computer-fitting eliminates any error due to
changes in image size or shape owing to variation with distance between the
thermoqraphic camera and the object or as a result of aberration of the
camera lens.
33 B
itI
CEUL0EI..Gi
4 J
aJL
EU
94~0
aJEU
C
a,4*'
In
L
- - r 96-
96-
0
EU
Giaj*9~ -
4~E 94~a,LEU
4-,
4-,za,0. ~EEUCE
-~a,
0~
U.
-i
34
K
-
I'
E'U0
44.~0L.
Cd,
0E
4-,EU
S _ 0)
___________________ 4-,Q
a) ~C
'4- -04-'
4-,S'U '4-L
OLEEUL -Vajc4-' 0
'4-CL
0-'4-EU
0)0
L 4-'4~) U0)0)~
'C'-4
a)L
CL
I..
&35
-
PW-
ila
IcE
L
C-
0C)
L.
36-
The desired image is brought onto the screen from the file (Fig. 18).
An interactive command places the boundary around the imaqe. Another
interactive command enables the analyst to touch any point on the image
with the light-pen; then the pixel column number, row number, SAR per2mW/cm , and temperature change for the actual measurement will appear at
the oottom of the screen (Fig. 19). Another command displays on the screen
a complete horizontal-vertical scan (Fig. 20) of the SAR. Through any
point touched by the light-pen, the computer gives the mean, maximum,
averaqe, and standard deviation of the SARs along the scan. Finally, for
greater accuracy, another command enables movable-crosshair selection of
points on the image where further information is needed (Fig. 21).
Information of interest can be filed or printed in hard-copy form as
described previously and in the following sections.
SAR DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS
Thermoqraphs were obtained for various exposed models as described by
Guy et al. (1976, 1978). Except for beinq filled with the qelled synthetic
tissue instead of liquid, the models were exposed in much the same way as
for the calorimetric average SAR measurements described before. The man
models were sectioned along the central frontal planes so as to form front
and back half-sections so that the SAR patterns could he seen in the head.
neck, thorax, arms, and legs. Some of the sitting models were sectioned
throuqh the sagittal plane so that the SAR patterns in the torso, head,
neck, arms, and legs could also be obtained.
The models were exposed to 2450-MHz r;, ation fields in the anechoic
chamber for between Lu and 60 s, with input power ranging from 5 to 10 kW.
Thermograms were taken before and after exposure and stored on digital
tapes, then analyzed and plotted as described in the previous section.
37
tI
.0
.0
G4-
383
icc
C
0'
4J4j
4-I
01
a.
I-
0-
39a
I'/Ii
VC
CCN
L0
GaLGa
Ga
E
Co -~
Ga4-' LC ..-
.9-u,00J0.-V
'4- a;CL
CCu,
C4-' '~t-au0)Ij~
Ga ~U, ~
CGa0. 'V'U
4-' .--C 4-'O~ L
-p -Ga~ >
0c'J
GaL
0~
U-
40
11E
C,
CU
CLI
Ci
41)
The thermographic data for the 5.44-scale man model exposed under the
various polarization conditions are illustrated in Figs. 22A through 62.
Most of the graphic data are for whole-body scans, but representative
closeup graphics are also presented of the EHK and EKH (arms down) and KEH
(one arm extended) polarizations for better detail. The whole-body scans
were taken with a standard lens, and the closeup scans with a narrow-angle
lens. All of the closeup thermographic data obtained from the images
cannot be presented in this report, but maximum SAR values at various
portions of the body (Fig. 63) were obtained from the closeup thermograms
and are tabulated in Tables 5 through 8.
42
LI
A- -A'
160 160 B -B'r6 E C
120 H 120D- y -D
80 80E - E
40 SAR 40 F K]: -IF
0 10.000 0 40 80
(crn) (C M) MII.. (W, 'kg) ("m) (CM) I@7-,
0.40 A '0.40 BA - A ' B - B'
0.20 0.200000. 000 4 8 -
0.000 40 80 0 40 80(W/k S3) (C, ) S - ( W /Ik g ) ( C M)
0.40 C 0.40 D
0.20 0. 201
(W/k 9 ) (CM) (W/k9 ) (cm)
0.0 - E' 1 .0F F
0.20 0.2010.001 "4 - 0.00
0 40 80 40 80(W/kg ) (cm) (W/k 9 ) (Cm)
Fiqure 22A. Computer-processed whole-body thermoqrams expressipq SARpatterns for man with arms down, exposed to 1-mW/cm 450-MHzradiation with EHK polarization.
43 i-.
'
80 80 A- A
B- -3'kH 0
40 40D
SAP RVF -0c)(m *1~U 0. 00 0 (cm) 8
(,,k ) (CM) -1.125-7 (W/kg) (0M) (cm) 1125-7
0.40 0.40A-A'B
C - C' _.,-,-t B'0. 20. 20
0.000 40 0.0040 80 40 9C
(W,/k S ) (CM) 0115W(W/kg) (c r)0. 40 0. 40 D D'
C t - '' 00.20 0. 20
0.000 40 80 0 40 80
(W/k 9 ) (CeM) (W/k 9 ) (cm)
Fiqure 22B. Computer-processed upper-body thermoqrams expressipq SARpatterns for man with arms down, exposed to 1-mW/cm 450-MHzradiation with EHK polarization.
44 ",-
A- -A'80 88
40 400 lE
SAP FI0.500 0.00 0 0408
.0 40 80 00040 80(or'k) (cmn) 611125-15 (Wk) (WkM ) (CM) 812551.5 0.50
0. 000 40 000 080 0 40 80
(W/k 3 ) (CM) 91215(W/ k!3) (
0.50 0.50
00 40 80 .00 40 80(W/k 9 ) (C M) (W/ k9) (CM)
0. ur 22C Coptr0oese.i50 hrmqase~esiqSRptenfE maFiham on'xoe o1m/m 5-~ aito
withmanHwipolarzationepsdt -Wc 5- aitowith HK plariztion45
60 80
B - -B'
40 4 0 c C C,
SAP D--Di 0.40 E - -E'
0 40
0. 40 0. 4011A A' B- B'I
0.00
40 800 0.0004800 40 80(W/'kg) (C M) Ilsa-u. (W/kg) (C M)
0. 40 0.40
0.20 0.20
00 ~~ 000~ L0 40 80 0 40 80(W1'k9) (CM) (W/kg) (CM)
0.0E -E' FI
0.20 10.200 40 80 KJLK0 40 80
(W/k9 ) (C M) (W/kq) (cmr)
Fiqure 22D. Computer-processed lower-body thermograms expressipq SARpatterns for man with arms down, exposed to 1-mW/cm- 450-MHzradiation with EHK polarization.
46
A- -A'160 160B
120 120C .'.C,
80 80
E40 SF\F 40
0.40 F F'
0 10.000 0 40 80
0.40 A-A' 0.40 B B'
0.20 0.20
0.001 0.001A0 40 80 0 40 80(W/k 9 ) (CM) mm-r (W/k 9 ) (CM)
0.401 C , 10.40 D D
0.2 0j0 0.2t J
000 40 80 000 40 80(W/kq) (CM) CW/kg) (CM)
0.40 E '0.40E E F-F'
0.20 10.20000 40 80 000 40 80
(W/kq) (cm) (W/kg) (CM)
Fiqure 23. Computer-processed whole-body thermoqrams expressipq SARpatterns for man with arms down, exposed to 1-mW/cm 450-MHzradiation with -EHK polarization.
47.
NEWS=.
A A160 160B-B
4E
120 H 120C C'D -D'
80 80 V
E- -E
40 SAR 400.80 FF
0 10.000 040 800 40 80 00 40(CM) (c ) i f?--=i (C M) (C M) 1--- -
0.80A -A' . B- B'
0.40 0.40
0. 000 40 80 040' 87N
0. 400 1 : 0.400
40 80 0 40 80(W/k 9 ) (cm) M,.7-m (W/k 3 ) (cm)
0.8 0.8 oo
0.40 0.40
0.00 0. 000 40 80 0 40 80(W/k 3 ) (CM) (W/k 9 ) (cm)
0.0080 FF
0.401 0.40
0 40 80 000 40 80(W/k 9 ) (cm) (W/kq) (CM)
Figure 24A. Computer-processed whole-body thermoqrams expressipg SARpatterns for man with arms down, exposed to 1-mW/cm 450-MHzradiation with EKH Dolarization.
48i ; h
80 8 0 A A
I4EBB
40 40 C -C'
S A R D _ D'
0.50S.5 E- E"
0F .' -F '
40 80 0.00 0 0 40 80(cM) (cm) - CWk 9 ) (cM) (cm) ,0
0.50 A A' 0 0.50
0 . 0 0 . - .-1S _ _ _0 40 80 0100 40 80
(W/k 9 ) (cM) anus-r (W/kg) (cM)
0.50 0.50
0. 00 0. 00 0_
000 40 80' 40 80(W/kg) (cm) (W/k 9 ) (cM)
0.50 -0.50E-E F F
0.0o06 - ....... -,,, ,40 80 0.000 40 80(W/kg) (co) (W/k 9 ) (cM)
Fiqure 248. Computer-processed upper-body Ihermoqrams expressing SARoatterns for man with arms down, exposed to 1-mW/cm 450-MHzradiation with EKH polarization.
49 ' &
1' .... (I ----
-,
<I
Ii80 8 0 A A'
"4tB-_ -B'-~ C FiBB40 40 D- -D'
SAR E- E
_.i1" 0.80 A
00 40 80 000 0 0 40 80
(cm) (cm) 91C3"1 (W/k 9 ) (cm) (cm) .xin-ui
0.80 0.80'A A- ' B -B'0.40 J0.4010.000 40 80 0.000 40 80
(W/k 8 ) (cm) 9111-3" (W/k 9 ) (cm)
0.80 10.80, CC D'
0.401 0.40
0 40 80 000 40 80
(W/k 3 ) (cm) (W/k 9 ) (cm)
0.80E- E' 0 8 0 F-'
0.40 0.40'
0.0000.000 40 80 0 40 80
(W/k 9 ) (cm) (W/k 9 ) (CM)
Figure 24C. Comouter-processed midbody thermograms expressinq SAR patternsfor man with arms down, exposed to 1-mW/cm 450-MHz radiationwith EKH polarization.
50
80 80 A--A'
I- B B
FB-
40 40 C-C- ~D- -
" -i'- SAR E- "--E'
0. 80t F--
00 40 80 0.00 0 0 40 80
(cr) (CM) In I (W/k 9 ) (crn) (cm) 9,ii1u-0
0. 80 10.801 BA- A' -18 '
0. 40 0. 4 0 t __
0.000 40 80 0. 000 40 80
(W/k 8 ) (cm) 6.iiu-ft (W/k 3 ) (cm)
0.80 . 0.80
0.40 0.40'
0.001__ 00040 80 000 40 80
(W/k 9 ) (cm) (W/k 9 ) (cm)
~Figure 24D. Computer-processed lower-body thermograms expressigg SAR
I patterns for man with ars down, exposed to 1-mW/cm" 450-MHz~radiation with EKH polarization.
1 5h
I -A.. .. . ........... . . ... .. . . . . ... . . .. . .. . ... .. .. . . .
A AC'
80 80D
40 SAR 4 0 E
0 . 250.0 F F'
4 800 40 80(CM) ~ ~ (C ) MfI W/kq) (r CM O)V1
0.25 (m A'02 ,4
A-A0' 0.200000 40 80 000 40 80
(W/k 9 ) (CM) mWs-IN (W/k9) (CM)
0.25 c-c' 0.25 ii:ffi0. 000 0 8 0. 000
000 40 80 o~ 0 40 80(W/kg) (CM) (W/k 9 ) (CM)
Figure 25. Computer-processed whol'e-body thermograms expressing SARpatterns for m'an with arms down, exposed to 1-mW/cm' 450-MHzradiation with HEK-polarization.
52
160 160
B_ B'120 120
C C80 8Bo D -- ';"" -D'
40 .D/\F 4 0 E- E'0.25
F- -F'00 4 0 10.00 0 0 4 .0 80(oCM) (CM) ,al,,-13 (W/kq) (,m) (orn) ,miw,-3
0.5 A 0.2S : B B10.0 - 0.00 _ /_
0.00 40 80 0 40 80
(W/kg) (cm) IW1,m- (W/kq) (cm)
0.25 0.25
0.00 4 8.000 40 80 0 40 80
(W/k 9 ) (cm) (W/kg) (cm)
0.25 E E .5 F
0.000 40 :021i0 0 80 0 40 80
(W/k 9q) (CM) (W/k 9g) (CM)IFigure 26. Computer-processed whole-body thermoqrams expressiq SAR
patterns for man with arms dowN exposed to 1-mW/cm 450-MHzradiation with -HEK polarization.
53
AL
lA - -A'160 160B--
E 88
120 120 -
D- -DC'
80 80 '.
40 SAR 400.40 F- F'
0 0.00 0I0 40 BO 0 40 80
(cm) (cm) mm-w (W/kg) (cm) (cm) =089-m
0.40 A A 0.40
0.201 0.20 -
0. 00 -/- 0. 00
40 80 0 40 80(W/kg) (cm) MM-r (W/k 9 ) (cm)
40 0.40.C -, C'D
0.20 1 0.20
0. 00 0 40 80 0. 0 40 80(Wlkg) (cm) (WIk9) (cm)
0.40 Er E 0.40 rF P
0.201 0.201
000 40 80 000 40 80(W/kq) (cmn) (WIN 9 ) (CM)
Fiqure 27. Computer-processed whole-body thermograms expressiqq SARpatterns for man with arms down exposed to 1-mW/cm' 450-MHzradiation with tKE polarization.
54
j
160 16AI-A'
120 120 B-B
c-- -C,80 80 - D'E - ..... .. E '
40 SAR 400.80 F F'
0 40 80. 0 40 80(cm) (cm) M,,- (W/k 9 ) (cm) (cm) ,ma,-&S
0 80|A ' 0 .0 B - B"
0.40 0.40
0.00 - 0. 001A00 40 80 0 40 80
(W/k9 ) (cm) MM,--- (W/k 9 ) (cM)
0.08 0.800--0 49 aa 40 80
(W/kS) (cmw) (V/kg) (CMn)
0.80 E-E' 0.
0.40 f0.40jZ.0 ~40 so a.0 40 80
(Wk 9 ) (C.,) (W/k 9 ) (cM)
fiqure 28. Computer-processed whole-body thermoqrams expressiqp SARpatterns for man with arms down, exposed to 1-mlcm 450-NHzradiatin with KEIH polarization.
55
. ....................
6 A- A'
160 160
M-- -B"120 120
80 80 D- D'
E -E'
40 SAR 40I 0.80 F F'
0 00 0 0 40 80
(CM) (CM) M,89-,7 (W/kg) (c. (cm) , ,,,-
0.80 A A' 0"80 B B'
0.40 0.40
0 40 80 0 40 80
(W/k 9 ) (cm) m,,-, (W/k 9 ) (cm)
0.80 C - C, 0.80 o D
0.40 0. 4 0
0.000 J .0_ J0 40 80 0.00 40 80
(W/k 9 ) (cm) (W/kg) (cm)
0.80 0.80F
0.40 0.40
0.00 40 80 040 80
(W/kq) (cm) (W/kq) (cm)
Fiqure 29. Computer-processed whole-body thermoqrams expressitq SARpatterns for man with arms down,exposed to 1-mW/cm 450-MHzradiation with -KEH polarization.
56- - - --- ---
-160 160 B'
120 120
80 80
D- ! - D'
40 SAP 4000.25 E E'
F F'0 0.00 0 0 40 80
(cm) (OM) (W/ () (cm) 23i-i2
0.25 A A' 0.25
0.00 40 80 0 40 80(W/k 9 ) (cm) i ,s-12 (W/kg) (cm)0.25 C -C 0.25 D"
0.00 -000 40 80 0 40 80(W/k 9 ) (cm) (W/kg) (cm)
0.25 E-E' 02
0.00 40 80 0 40 80
(W/k9 ) (cm) (W/k 9 ) (cm)
Fiqure 30. Computer-processed whole-body thermograms expressig SARpatterns for man with arms down, exposed to 1-mW/cm 450-MHzradiation with KHE polarization.
157
. . .......... ........
A - -A'160 • 1_I 160
kB B'
120 120 C - -C,
80 80 D- -D
E- E'40 SAR 40
1 0.25 F F'
0 0 4 00.00 0 0 40 80
(cm) (cm) -M-W (W/k 8 ) (cm) (cm) mH
0.251 A' 0.25 BB,
,A A'0 40 80 - 81- /'
0.0_ 0. 00040 80 0 40 80
(W/k 9 ) (cm) (W/k 9 ) (cm)
0. 00 -0. 00 0
40 0. 0 40 80(W/kg) (cm) (W/kq) (cm)
0.25 E E' 0.25 F F'
•,0.0 0 40 80 0.0 0 40 so
(W/k9 ) (CM) (W/kq) (cm)
Fiqure 31. Computer-processed whole-body thermoqrams expressing SARpatterns for man with ars dow% exposed to 1-mW/cm 450-MHzradiation with -KHE polarization.
A [!58-I--
.~~ ~ ..................
240 240
200 H 200
160,: -- C
120 120
80 80 E
SAR40 0 0 40 F F'
0 0.0 40F-
00 40 80 120 {.{ 0 0 40 8:0 120:
(cm) (cm) .1a- (W/kg) (cM) (cM) aini-.f
0.40 A '0.40 B B
0.20 0.20
0. 00 0.00L0 40 80 120 0 40 80 120
(W/kg ) (crn) it- (W/kg ) (CM)
0.40 _ 0.40- C' 0-0'
0.20 0.20
0.00 , vJ '-- 0. 000 -- =- - -"0 40 80 120 0 40 80 120
(W/kq) (cm) (W/k 9 ) (cm)
0.40 0.40
'E-E' F F-F
0.20 0.20
0 40 80 120 000 40 80 120(W/k 9 ) (cm) (W/kq) (cm)
,.lqure 32. Computer-processed whole-body thermoqrams expressing SARpatterns for man with arms ul exposed to 1-mW/cm 450-MHzradiation with EHK polarization.
59
,, I
240 __ 240
200 k 2 0 0 A-. A'
B- M-B'160 160
120 120
80 80SAR E- E40 S 4 40
0.40 F F '
00 40 80 120 0.00 0 0 4 0 80 120
(cm) (cm) --- , (W/k 9 ) (c,) (cm) aa--,
0.40 '0.40
0.20 0.20
0.000 40 80 120 0.000 40 80 120
(W/k 9 ) (Cm) -*-=- (W/k 9 ) (CM)
0.40 0.40 O
0.20 0.201]
0,000 40 80 120 0.000 40 80 120
(W/k 9 ) (cm) (W/k 9 ) (cm)
0.40E - E' 0 . 4 0 fF - F'
0.20 0.20
0.00 0.000 40 80 120 0.000 40 80 120(W/k*) (cm) (W/k9 ) (cm)
Figure 33. Computer-processed whole-body thermoqrams expresi1ng SARpatterns for man with arms up, exposed to 1-mW/cm 450-MHzradiation with -EHK polarization.
60Ao I I
2 4 0 "-:" q #2 4 0
00 20 A- A'
10160B',160 C C
120 80
SAR E- E'
40 0.40 40F -F'
0 40 80 120 0 40 80 120
(cm) (cm) -1- (W/kg) (cm) (cm) ,,1-,
0.40 _0.40
0.40Z B, -B
0.20 0.20
0.20 0. 2000. 0 40 80 120 0 40 80 120(W/kg) (cm) saau-w (W/kg) (cm)
0.000 40 80 120 0.000 40 80 120(W/k9 ) (cm) (W/kg) (cm)
0.40 E '0.40 Fr F
0.20 0.20
0.00 40 80 120 0.00 0 40 80 120(W/k9 ) (CM) (W/kq) (cm)
Figure 34. Computer-processed whole-body thermograms expressinq SARpatterns for man with arms up, exposed to 1-mW/cm 450-MHzradiation with EKH polarization.
61
61°
240 - 240
200A A'
160 160c C
120 1200 D-0
80 8 0 E- E
40 SAR FF40 0.20 40
0 0.0 0012 0 40 80 120
(CM) (C M) sof (W /kq) (CM) (CM) GM12i-01
0.20A ' 0.208 B B'
0 40 80 120 0 40 80 120(W/kq) (CM) aa-.' (W/kg) (CM)
0.20 0.20C 0-00
0. 10 .1
0 40 80 120 000 40 80 120(W/k 9 ) (Om) (W/k,3) (CM)
0.20 0.20 F-FE E-F
0. 10 0. 10
000 40 80 120 0 40 80 120
(W/kq) (cm) (W/kg) (CM)
Fiqure 35. Computer-processed whole-body thermoqrams expres~inq SARpatterns for man with arms upexposed to I-mW/cm 450-MHzradiation with HEK polarization.
62
240 E k 240R4 A A'
200 2008 B
160 160 C -C
120 120 D
80 80 E E'
40 0.25 40
0 0.00 0 0 40 80 120
(cm) (cm) snia-m (W/kq) (cm) (cm) i--jj
0. 00 0. 00
0 40 80 120 0 40 80 120(W/kq) (CM) ia-m (W/k 9 ) (cm)
(W/k 9 ) (cm) (V/k9 ) (cm)
0.25 E.25
0. 00 4 0.000 40 80 120 0 40 80 120
(/k 93) (CM) (V/kq) (CM)
!-:(W/kq ) (CMe) (W/kq) (CMe)
Figure 36. Computer-processed whole-body thermoqrams expres~ing SARpatterns for man with arms uA exposed to 1-mW/cm 450-MHzradiation with -HEK polarization.
63
240 - 240A IA'
200 E 200B- -B'
160 160 I IC
120 120 D'
8080 E-ESAR
40 0.540
0 0.00 0 _______
0 4 801200 40 80 120(CM) (C M) Ma-n (W/k 9 ) (c=m) (CM) 6=1--rn
0.25 A '0.25 6 B
0.00~ 0. 000. 0 40 80 120 0 40 80 120(W ) (C m) ma- (W/k 93) (CM)
0.25 C C-02 0 0
000 40 80 120 : 0:1 4:80 120(W/k9 ) (CM) (W/k 9 ) (CM)
0.2502
0 40 80 120 0 40 80 120(W/k9 ) (cm) (W/kq) (CM)
Figure 37. Computer-processed whole-body thernioqrams expres~inq SARpatterns for man with am upexposed to 1-mW/cm 450-MHzradiation with HKE polarization.
* 64
Ji
'I
240 240
A A'200 H 200 B--B
160 160B C'
120 120
80 80 D- F D"
SAR E-- -E"40 0.80 40
0 0.00 0 F0 40 60 1200 40 80 120(cm) (cm) uMi1-12 (W/k 8 ) (cm) (cm) =12-12
0.80 A .80 B B'
0.40 0.40
.00 40 80 120 0.00 40 80 120
0.80 }.0 D --
0.40 0.40
0.000 40 80 120 0.000 40 80 120
(W/k s ) (cM) (W/k 9 ) (cm)0.80 . 0. 8 0
0.40' 0.40
~0. CL 40 80 120 . 40 80 120
(W/k 9 ) (cm) (W/k 9 ) (cm)
Fiqure 38. Computer-processed whole-body thermograms expressing SARpatterns for man with arms up, exposed to 1-mW/cm 450-MHzradiation with KEH polarization.
65
..- ......
240 H 2400B -- h.: -M !i. -200 200
160 160
120 120
80 80 E-f -E"
SAR40 0. 50 40
0 00O 0 40 80 2 0 .0 0B 0 40 80 2 0
(cm) (c M) --&.n (W/kg) (cm) (CM) 1.n
0.50 A A' 0.50
0.000 40 80 120 0 40 80 120(W/kq ) (CM) ,,,,-,, (W/kg ) (CM)
0.50 0.500 -
0. 001 0. 000 40 80 120 0 40 80 120
(W/kq) (cm) (W/k 9 ) (cm)
0.50 ' 0.50 F P
0.000 40 80 120 .00 40 80 120
(W/kq) (CM) (W/kq) (cm)
Figure 39. Computer-processed whole-body thermoqrams expres inq SARpatterns for man with arms up, exposed to 1-mW/cm 450-MHzradiation with -KEH polarization.
66
a* --
240 240
200 B -B"
160 160 C - -- C ,
120 120 D,
80 80-'-- SAP E- -E'4 0.40 40
0 4 80 120 000 40 80 120
(Cm) (CM) ia-14 (W/k 9 ) (Cm) (cm) 102-14
0.20 0.20
0 40 80 120 0 40 80 120
(W/k 9 ) (cm) .-- a-u (W/k 9 ) (cm)
0.40 . .. .0.40C C, 0' -D'0.20 0.20
0.000.0010 40 80 120 0 40 80 120
(W/k 9 ) (cm) (W/k 9 ) (cm)
0.0 E " ' 0.40 F F'
0.20 0.20
0.00 40 0. 00 I0 0 80 120 0 40 80 120
(W/k 9 ) (CM) (W/k 9 ) (CM)
Figure 40. Computer-processed whole-body themograms expressing SARpatterns for man with arms up,exposed to 1-mW/em 450-MHzradiation with KHE polarization.
67
240 H E 240
k-A160 160
12012D-,
1.80 80
400.04
0 4 801200 40 80 120(crm) (c M) inaft (W/k!)c) (CM) N=l2-f
0.20 A A 0.201B-B
0. 10jA 0. 10IBB
000 40 80 120 00 40 8012(W/kq) (CM) ma-ft (W/kq) (CM)
0.20 0.20c - C, D
0. 10 0. 10~
000 40 80 120 000 40 80 120(W/kq) (CM) (W/kq) (CM)
0.0E E 0.20 F F
0.101 0. 10. 000 40 8010000 40 80 120
CW/kq) (cm) (W/k!3) (CM)
Figure 41. Computer-processed whole-body thermoqrams expres~1ng SARpatterns for man with arms up.exposed to 1-mW/cm 45044Hz
* radiation with -KHE polarization.
68it
A A'160 160
k H C -C,
0 -D'
80 80 E
SAR- 0.40
FB F0 80 160 0.00 0 0 80 160
(cm) (cm) ,121-,a (W/kq) (cm) (cm) =1,-a
0.40 . 0.40A -A' B B
0.201 1.020
80 160 80 160
0.401 1.0.IC -C, D D0.201 10.2L0 ~f
0G8 160 0 0 160(W/kg) (cm) (W/k 9 ) (cm)
0.40 - I 0.40fE -E' -F F
0.20 0.20
0.0 160 0. 00; 80 160(W/k 9 ) (cm) (W/k 3 ) (cm)
Figure 42. Computer-processed whole-body thermoqrams expressing SAR 2patterns for man with one arm extended, exposed to 1-mW/cm450-MHz radiation with EHK polarization.
69I
0.40 .. ..- 0.40 -
160 1606 E)'k C'-C
80 80- SAR E -E
' 0.40 F'
80 160 0 80 160(cm) (CM) Imr (W/kg) (cm) (CM) M2-M
0.40 1"0.40 .A- A'B -B
0.20 0 . 2 0
0.00 80 160 0.0080(W/k 9 ) (cM) mIa-r (W/k 9 ) (cm)
0.40 10.401oo
:120 6 0.20j8160.130 0.00
(W/k 9 ) (CM) (W/k 9 ) (cM)
0.40 . . . . 0.40I . . . .
0.201 10.200o 160 0.00 160
(W/k 9 ) (cm) (W/k 9 ) (cm)
Fiqure 43. Computer-processed whole-body thermograms expressing SAR 2patterns for man with one arm extended, exposed to 1-mW/cm450-MHz radiation with -EHK polarization.
70
160 R 160A A'H B-- i -B"
D-_i -O"
80 0-SAR E- I-E"
1 0.080 F -- -- F0 0 80 160 0.00 0 0 80 160(cm) (cm) UMIM- (W/k 9 ) (cm) (cm) ,mi-
0.80 0.80 .jA A' j B- B'
0. 40 0. 40 ,
0.00 + _0. 00 -0 80 160 0 80 160(W/k 9 ) (cm) Ia-z (W/k 9 ) (cm)
0.80 0.80
C C,0.40 0.40_____________ _________0 80 160 0 80 160
(W/k9 ) (cm) (W/kq) (cm)
0.E 80 0.800.00" 0.001 +'
0 80 160 0 80 160(W/k 9 ) (cm) (W/kg) (cm)
Figure 44. Computer-processed whole-body thermograms expressing SARpatterns for man with one arm extended, exposed to 1-mW/cm450-MHz radiation with EKH polarization.
71
.,....
160 160 A
80 s
I0.800.00 0 08016
0 016 W/q
0.801 A' 0I0
800 10 so0o 8 160
80 0801
0.401 0.401
0.080 160 000 8so6
( 0/9 )(m (W/k 9 ) (m
0.00 0 so 160 0.~0 80 160
(W/kq)CW/kq)
Figure 45. Computer-processed whole-body thermoqramfs expressiflq SAR 2
patterns for man with one arm extendedlexPOSed to 1-mid/Cm
450-14Hz radiation with -EKH polarization.
72
k I
oo_ _AC
m k D- _D'B
80 80 E E
SAR0.50
0 80 160 0.00 0 0 80 160
(cm) (cm) M121-M (W/kg) (cm) (cm) -121-0
0.50 - 0.50JA-A' I B
000 80 160 000 80 160(W/kg) (cm) M21-M- (W/kq) (cm)
0.50 0.50
0 . 8 160 0 80 160(W/kg) (CM) (W/k 9 ) (cm)
0.50 0.50E -E' F F'
0 80 160 0.000 80 160(W/kg) (cm) (W/k 9 ) (cm)
Figure 46. Computer-processed whole-body thermoqrams expressing SAR 2patterns for man with one arm extended, exposed to 1-mW/cm450-MHz radiation wth HEK polarization.
73
16 160 A- -A'B. B
II , F- -F"800 600 81 0 'BO 80 D'
0.0 E'
F F'00 80 160 0.09 0 0 80 160
(CM) (CM) ,mm-io (WI) (CM) (cm) Mua-1s
0 5 0 A A'I 0.50 -B'
80 1610 0 80 160
0.00 80 1500 80 160
(W/k 9 ) (cm) (W/kg) (cm)
0 5 0 E'.50
0.001 0 . 5 0 -... I0 80 160 0.00 80 160
(W/kq) (cm) (W/kg) (cm)
Figure 47. Computer-processed whole-bodY thermograms expressing SAR 2patterns for man with one arm extended, exposed to 1-mW/cm450-MHz radiation with 46K polarization.
74
-~i
C C,
SAPo D -D0.25 E--F
0 0 B 0. 00 0 -J_ 1--00 80 160 0 80 160
(cm) (cm) Mnli-M - W/k9 ) (,m) (cm) MI-e.
0.25 0.25
0.00__ _____ 0. 001Y ~ -0 80 160 0 80 160
(W/k ) (CM) Min-ft (W/kq) (am)
0.2502
0.00,-0. 00
0 80 160 0 80 160
(W/k9) (cm) (W/k9 ) (cm)
Figure 48. Computer-processed whole-body thermograms expressing SAR 2patterns for man with one arm extended, exposed to 1-mW/cm450-MHz radiation with HKE Dolarization.
75
*
160 -~ 160 A
Ek B -B'
8080 C
SAP D,0
00 80 160 0.0 0 0 80 160(CM) (C m) in2-= (W/k 9 ) (CM) (CM) i-
0.40 A A'I0.401BB
0.201 0.201~.00 so 160 0 80 160
(W/k 9 ) (CM) =12-0n (W/k 9 ) (CM)
0.40 0.40I C D~ 0'1
0.20w 0.20I
0.00 -8 610.0 ~o80 10 0 6(W/k 9 ) (CM) (W/k 9 ) (cm)
0.40 10.40r1E -E' I FF'
0.20 -10.201
0.001 0. 0080 160 000 80 160
(/q(M)(W/kg) (cm)
Fiqure 49. Computer-processed whole-body thermograms expressing SAR 2patterns for man with one arm extended, exposed to 1-mW/cm450-MHz radiation with -HKE polarization.
76
80
C-
H 4040 SAP E E'
.... -" I 0. 80
F -F'
0 40 80 0 40 80(cm) (cm) -12-- (W/kq) (cm) (cm) m12-M
0.80 0.801IA- A" 4 B- B'
0.40 0 . 4 0
0. 40 80 0. 0 40 80(W/kq) (cm) 0=12-U (W/kq) (cm)
0.80 0.800. 400 0.40
0 -0 0.00 '
0 40 80 0 40 80
(W/k 9 ) (cm) (W/k 9 ) (cm)
0.80 0.80E -E' F-F'
0.40 0.40
0. 00 -. 0040 80 0 40 80
(W/kq) (cm) (W/kq) (cm)
V Figure 50A. Computer-processed whole-body thermograms expressing SARpatterns for man with one arm extended,exposed to 1-mW/cm2
450-MHz radiation with KEH polarization.
77
I~J160 160 A A'
80 800D DSA E- -E'
0. o F"
0 80 1600 0.0 0 160(cm) (cm) S (W/Ig) (cm) (cm) Duia-ii
0.80, 0.80k
0.401 0.401
80 160 0.00 80 160(W/kg) (cm) M12-11 (W/k 9 ) (cm)
0.80f 0.80rC -C D'
0.40 0.40
0.000 80 160 0 80 160(W/kg) (cm) (W/k 9 ) (cm)
0.80 r 0.80E- E' -FF'0.4,0 0. 40
0 80 160 0 80 160(W/k 9 , (CM) (W/kg) (cm)
Fiqure 50B. Computer-processed upper-body thermoqrams expressinq SARpatterns for man with one arm extended, exposed to 1-mW/cm2
450-MHz radiation with KEH polarization.
78
_______..........
80 BOB
40 4
SAP D 0
0.80 EF F'
0 40 0.0 0 40 80(CM) (CM) W/ks) (cm) (CM) .mzi-u
0.80 0.8
0.40~A-A 0.40
.00 40 80 0.000 40 80CW/kg) (CM) u1-12 (W/kg) (CM)
0.80 10.80,C-C' 10-0'
0.401 0.40j_ _ _ _ _
000 40 80- 0 40 80(W/kg) (CM) (W/kq) (cm)
0.80 0.80E -F EIF F'
0.40 0.401000 40 80 0.0 40 80
(W/kg) (CM) (W/kq) (CM)
Figure 50C. Computer-processed midbody thermoqrams expressing SAR patternsfor man with one arm extended, exposed to 1-mW/cm 450-MHzradiation with KEH polarization.
79
A - j A'60
40 40
SAP E -E0.50 FF
0 0.00 020 080 40 80
(CM) (crm) 8282m-M (W/Iks) (CM) (CM) m-
0.50 0.50- A' B B
040 80 0.~ : 40 80
(W/kq) (CM) 10091.-M (W/K 9 ) (cmn)
50 10.50
*0 40 *o0 40 80(W/kq) (CM) (W/kg) (CM)
0.5 0.50
4080 0.0004so0 40 80
(VAks) (CM) (W/k 9 ) (m
Figure 500. Computer-processed lower-body thermoqrams expressing SAR 2patterns for man with ovne arm extended,exposed to 1-mW/cm450-MHz radiation with KEM polarization.
80 L-
F-T
----- -- -- - -_ ' .. . -
H' A - -A'160 160 A-A
C C
80 80 0 '
SAR E- -E0.80
0 80 160 0.00 0 0 80 160(cm) (CM) m~m.-ae (W/k 9 ) (cm) (cm) n,,-
0.80 b 1 0.80 I'A A B'
0.40 0.401
8 160 000 80 160(W/kg) (cm) m122-,0 (W/kq) (cm)
0.80' 0.80
0.40 0.400.00o
0 00 80 160 0 80 160(W/k 9 ) (cm) (W/k 9 ) (cm)
0.801 0.80-E' F-F'
0. 40 0.40 _
":0. 000 - 0.000 0 80 160 30 80 160(W/kg) (cm) (W/kq) (cm)
, , Fiqure 51. Computer-processed whole-body thermoqrams expressinq SAR 2patterns for man with one arm extended, exposed to 1-mW/cm450-MHz radiation with -KEH polarization.
81
160 g 1 A0
E H B_ :M
80 800D
00.25
0 80 160 (/g ,) 0 80 1S0(Ck) (CM) M12-14W/ 9 (CM) 124
0.25f 0.25_ __ __ _
00 80 160 0 80 I60(W/kg) (CM) MZ-4(W/k 9 ) (CM)
0.25 0.2
0.0080 160 0.00 080 160
Figure) (2. CMue-rcse whleboy hemqra exresngS)
patern 0o.a2it5n rmetne~ xoe t -Wc
822
53
A-A160 160 B
B_ B- -CJI-
80 80 D-- ----J AR
AP E EI0.40 F,"--0 0. 00 0'
00 80 160 00 0 0 80 160(cm) (cm) I-I (W/kq) (cm) (cm) SMIU-61
0.40 0.4
0.20 i 1 0.20
o*0 80 160 0 80 160(W/k 9 ) (cm) MsI-e (/kq) (cm)
0.40 10.40C- C 10
0.20 0.20
0.00 .. -- 0.0080 160 0 80 160
(W/k 9 ) (cm) (W/k 9 ) (cm)
0 40 0.401E E' fF-'
0.20 020 _ _ _ _
0.00 80 160 0 80 160
(W/k 9 ) (cm) (W/k 9 ) (cm)
*J
Figure 53. Computer-processed whole-body thermograms expressinq SAR 2patterns for man with one arm extended, exposed to 1-mW/cm450-MHz radiation with -KHE polarization.
I
______ I-83
10100 -L~'A'
80 BO 8
V 60 600 0'
40 4
20 0.A 0 20
00 2 40 0.00 0 20 40 60(CM) (C M) OMMOf (W/k 8 ) (Cm) (c M) -r
0.40 A '0.40B
0.20 0.20
000 20 40 60 000 20 40 60(W/k 9 ) (C M) @ne-=n (W/k 9 ) (cm)
0.40 r- ,0.40r
0.20 0.20~
000 20 40 60 00 20 40 60(W/k 9 ) (CM) (W/k 9 ) (cm)
0.40 E -E' 0.40 F F'
0.20 0.20
0.0 20 40 60 0.00 0 20 40 60*(W/kq) (cm) (W/kg) (CM)
* Figure 54. Computer-processed whole-body thermoqrams expressing SAR 2patterns for man sitting (saqittal plane), exposed to 1-mW/cm45044Hz radiation with EHK polarization.
84
100 10A 12
H BV
1'80 808220 0. 0 20 D
... F '.. .. .
040 4
020 (2m0 0 . 40NI-F
0 0.00000 20 40 60 0 0 20 40 60
(W/M) (c m) ==&-m (W/kg) (cmn)
0. 40 A -' 0.40 8 B
0.20 [j0.20000 20 40 60 0.0 20 40 60
(W/k9 ) (C M) =W (W/kq) (CM)
0.40 E - , 0.40 0 F
0.20 10.20000 20 40 60 0.0 20 40 60
(W/kq) (CM) (W/kg) (Cm")
Fiqure 55. Computer-processed whole-body thermoqrams expresslnq SAR2patterns for man sitting (saqittal plane),exposed to 1-mW/ cm245044Hz radiation with -EHK polarization.
85 /-A-------.-
A "A'
100 100k BB
80 80
60 60D~ D'
40 1000 024620 i 0.20
0 10 0.1
00 20 40 60 0.00 0 20 40 60(CM) (0 M) M0-f (W/kg)c) (crn m=5
0.20 A ' 0.20 B B .
0. 10 0. 10
0.000 20 40 60 0.000 20 40 60
(W/k 9 ) (cm) (W/k 9 ) (cm)
0.20 0.20
C C, F - F'
0. 10 0. 10
0.000 20 40 60 0.0 0 20 40 60
(W/k 9 ) (cm) (W/kg) (cm)
Fiqure 56. Computer-processed whole-body thermograms expressinq SAR2
. patterns for man sitting (sagittal plane exposed to 1-mW/cm 2.1450-Hz radiation with EKH polarization.
(C(Fr 5
i . . . .
patterns~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ for-; ma --t-g(aitlpanlepsdt -Wc-5-~ raito wit i poaia ioIn.I i
A A
100 100
k H -80 80 B
50 60 C --Co
40 40
2 S AR 2E - '"20 0 20_
0.20 .,:_-: -F
0 0. 00 0 -0 20 40 0 20 40 60
(Om) (Cm) m (W/kS) (cm) (CM) MM
0. 20.020 40 A'
000.20
0.1 1.10.00L~ L21.020 40 60 0 20 40 60
(W/k 9 ) (cm) (W/k 9 ) (CM)0.210 0.20
0.10 0.1000 20 40 60 0 20 40 60
(W/kg) (cm) (W/kg) (CM)
Figure 57. Computer-processed whole-b ody thermgrams expressJlSA 2patterns for man sttitng (frontal plane) exposed to 1-mi/cm2
450-MHz radiation with EIWK polarizaton4
A 0.20
EF
00.
0.0000A/
10 100A.1A
so806 B B
60 60
f40 40 E ...
20 SA 20
0.255
0.0 20 40 601 000 20 40 60(CMW(/)ko"9 Wk) (W/M) (c n m -
0.25 - A'0.25 B
0. CIO 0. 0 -0
* 0 20 40 60 000 20 40 60(W/kq) (cmn) =am-" ) (cm)
0.25 E-'0.25
00 20 40 60 000 20 4060(W/k 9 ) (em") (W/kq) (cm)
0i.re58 0o.tr2oese5hl-oy hrorm epesn Apaten for' maFitn fotlpa xoe o1m/m
45-L rdain ih-EKplriain
8.0 [I040000 0405
100A -A'
80 B0
60 .O .1 .... '
40 40 C_ _C
40 0'
SAP E E'20 I .020
F F'
0 0.0 00 6 0 20 40 60(CM) (C M) m"V-n (W/kq) (,m) (CM) inMav-=
0.40,A ' 0.40 B B
0.20 0.20
000 20 40 60 000 20 40 60(W/kq) (c.") uMav-M (Wks) (cm)
0. 4 0 ii C 0.40 0 D
0.2 ~j 0.201000 20 40 60 000 20 40 60
CW/kq) (cm) (W/kg) (cmn)
0.40 E '0.40 F F'
0.20 0.20j
000 20 40 60 000 20 40 60f(W/k 9 ) (cm) CW/kq) (Om)
Figure 59. Computer-processed whole-body thermograms expressing SAR 2patterns for man sitting (frontal plane),exposed to 1-mW/cm2450-MHz radiation with EKH polarization.
89
A - -A'
00 100 li100 k H 8
80
60 608 B'
C -C'40 40
20 SAP0.50
0.0 0040 0 20 40 60(cm) (cm) aw.. (W/k 93) (,cm) (CM) i~
0.50j A -A' 0.50 B-B
000 20 40 60 0. 000-d 20 40 60(W/kg) (CM) m~m(W/k 9 ) (cm)
0.50 C ,0.50 D 0
0.0 0. 00000 20 40 60 0 20 40 60
(W/k 9 ) (CM) (W/k 9 ) (CM)
0.50 E-' 0 . 5 0 z
000 20 40 60 0 20 40 60(W/k 93) (CM) (W/k 9 ) (CM)
Figure 60. Computer-processed whole-body thermoqrams expressing SARpatterns f~r man sitting .4agittal Plane through leg),exposed
r to 1-mW/cm 450-MHz radiation with ENK polarization.
90
100 R 100100 k
80 80
60 6o
40 40 D-,
SAR E-20 .50 2 0 F- F
0 0 20 40 50 0.00 0 20 40 60
(cm) 0 (W/k ) (cm) S-m
0. 50I 0.50 B BA A'
0. 20 0. 00i- 2L - -
(W/k ) (cm) -M (W/k 9 ) (cm)
0.50 _ 0.50- C, 0-0D'
1 . 0.00- 20 40 60 0 20 40 60(W/kg) (cm) (W/kg) (cm)
0.50 Ev4E' 5 0 F
000 20 40 60 000 20 40 60(W/ks) (cm) (W/k 9 ) (CM)
Figure 61. Computer-processed whole-body thermoqrams expressing SARpatterns fqr man sitting (sagittal plane through leg), exposedto 1-mW/cm 450-MHz radiation with -EHK polarization.
91I a
100 100 AAH
80 80........
60 60C _C'
40 400 0'.......3AR E- *'"
20 0.020F F
0 10.000 0 2 4 6
(CM) (CM) (W/k 9 ) (cm,) (cmr) mu-m
0.80 A '0.80 B B
0.40 f0. 40
0.00 0 20 40 60 0.00 0 20 40 60
0.80 - ,0.80 o-0
0.40 0.40
0.000.0.0 20 40 60 000 20 40 60(W/k 9 ) (cm) (W/k 9 ) (CM)
0.80 0.80F
0.40 0.40
000 20 40 60 000 20 40 60(W/kgq) (CM) (W/kg) (CM)
Figure 62. Computer-processed whole-body thermograms expressing SARpatterns f~r man sitting (sagittal plane through leg), exposedto 1-mW/cm 450-MHz radiation with EKH polarization.
92j4
AD-AI35 455 EFFECTS OF LONG-TERM LOW-LEVEL RADIOFREQUENCY RADIATION 1/.EXPOSURE ON RATS..iu WASHINGTON UNIV SEATTLEBIOELECTROMAGNETICS RESEARCH LAB A W GUY ET AL. SEP 83
UNCLASSI F SR-19 SAM-TR-83-18 F33815 80 C 0612 F/G 6/18 NL
II6
12511 41.
MICROCOPY RESOLUT.ION TEST CHARTNtAFONAL. SUMAU OF STNOAOSN 163-
-V-
~1
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Upper HeadChest Neck
LowerChest Shoulder
Axilla N Upper Arm
Upper ElbowAbdomen Lower ArmLower Wrist
Abdomen-rI
Hand
Upper Leg
Perineum Knee
Lower Leg
Ankle
Foot
Fiqure 63. Regions of body where maximum SAR values were determined fromcloseup thermoqrams.
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TABLE 8. MAXIMUM SAR VALUES (W/kg) FOR MAN EXPOSED, SITTING, TO 1-uM/cm2
450-MHz RFR UNDER DIFFERENT EXPOSURE POLARIZATIONS
Body Part Polarization
EHK -EHK EKH
Head .198 .147 .138
Neck .290 .227 .355
Shoulder .253 .389 .469
Upper Chest .087 .155 .072
Upper Arm .219 .643 .476
Lower Chest .096 .187 .077
Axilla .245 .643 .694
Elbow .657 .375 .635
Upper Abdomen .116 .223 .216
Lower Arm .242 .136 .258
Wrist .121 .138 .290
Lower Abdomen .076 .187 .080
Perineum .198 .148 .466
Hand .226 .142 .244
Upper Leg .159 .121 .113
Knee .154 .244 .222
Lower Leg .545 .396 .545
Ankle .353 .374 .249
Foot .234 .161 .087
A
4 1
• "97
"/ " I
DISCUSSION
The average SARs for man exposed to 450 MHz in our current project arecompared in Table 9 with data obtained previously by our group and other
investigat~ors. When phantom scale models of man (dolls or figurines) areused, measured values of average SAR for all polarizations are somewhatgreater than values calculated theoretically with the prolate spheroidmodels or computer models consisting of a finite number of blocks. For theprolate spheroid model of man, average SAR values vary from .016 to .034N/kg, depending upon polarization. These values are consistent with theaverage SARs reported for the computer block model (Gandhi et al., 1979).Our measurements of the average SARs for the 3- to 4-year-old child model(half the height of the man model) are also significantly (2-3 times)higher than those predicted by theory with the prolate spheroid model.
The differences between the theoretical and experimental results maybe further explored by comparison of the values over a broad frequencyrange, as shown in Fig. 64. The theoretical curve in the figure, based on
the work of Hagmann et al. (1979) with a human block model, Is generallylower than the experimental curve derived from the work discussed in thisreport and our past work (Guy et al., 1978). The data for the human blockmodel compare much better with the experimental values for above-the-body-resonance frequencies (maximum level) than with the values for the prolatespheroid model, given in Table 9. To gain a better understanding of thesedifferences, we made additional measurements of average SAR for frequenciesbelow resonance using the scale models (plotted as dots or circles in Fig.64). These measurements required a different model-exposure technique,discussed in the Appendix.
98
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,, EHK
Experimentl //
1-2 o/ Side to Source (EKH)
_ • Facing Source (EHK) ,1 . 2/30" Muscle (EKH)
-(3 _/ o/ 213 C- Musc le' (EHK)
u.10I
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" o 213C- Muscle
4 19 VLF Analysis2 " eoreticl Curve (EHK)
1 10 100 1000
. FREOUENCY [MHz)
00
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Additional data, for frequencies ranging from very low to medium, were
obtained for the below-resonance curve from Guy and Chou (1982), who used
current distribution measurements from metalized full-scale models of man
exposed to 60 Hz (Deno, 1977) and current, potential, and resistance
measurements from a live human subject with 60-Hz to 300-kHz currents
passinq axially through the body. Their data, denoted on the curve by
hexagons, seem to be consistent with our scale-model measurements.
As pointed out by Guy and Chou (1982), the shape of the model
especially plays an important role in determining the averaqe SAR during
exposure. At frequencies siqnificantly below body resonance, most energy
absorption is in the lower legs; and the shape and size of the legs play an
important part in the absorption mechanism.
Average SAR
In the Radiation Handbook (Durney et al., 1978) the variation of
average SAR with polarization appears to be minimum at the frequency of450 MHz. This phenomenon has been confirmed experimentally. Based on 41
values of measured average SAR, presented in Tables 3 and 4, for ahomogeneous-muscle man model exposed under different posture and
polarization conditions, the statistics for the SAR (W/kg) for an exposure
level of 1 mW/cm2 are as follows:
No. of Mean Standard Minimum Maximum
values deviation value value
41 .0498 .0075 .0365 .0714
From these data we can assume that regardless of the exposure conditions
4 for man--whether the polarization Is vertical, horizontal, or circular; or
the posture Is erect, supine, or sitting; or the arms are extended or
not--the average SAR remains relatively constant at a level of
approximately .0S W/kg for a 1-mW/cm2 exposure level. This SAR level is a
factor of 8 below the level used as a basis for the ANSI C95.1-1982 RFR
standard.
101
tii 'NN
Maximum SAR and SAR Distribution
Figs. 22-62 and Tables 5-8 indicate that in the body of a man exposed
at 450 MHz, the SAR is far from uniform and reaches values as high as 13
times the average.
In general, when the man is exposed with the electric-field vector
parallel to the body, SAR is maximal in the narrow cross sections, such as
the neck, wrists, and ankles, with the highest levels in the wrists. For
frontal or back exposures under these conditions, the SAR patterns are
symmetrical with respect to the sagittal plane; and typical maximal SAR
values are 0.1, 0.4, and 0.3 W/kg for the neck, wrists, and ankles
respectively. When the exposures are from the side, the patterns become
asymmetrical with respect to the sagittal plane; maximal values for SAR are
on the exposed side, with levels reaching 0.2, 0.6, and 0.3 U/kg in the
neck, wrists, and ankles respectively.
When the man is exposed with the electric field perpendicular to the
long axis of the body but parallel to the broad side, localized SAR can
occur in the perineal and axillar areas of the body owing to sharp
diversion of the RF currents around the wedge-shaped discontinuities of the
body. In general, when the electric field Is not tangent to the apex ofsuch discontinuities, this localized SAR will not occur. The data on SAR
distribution show that, even though the average SAR does not significantly
vary with position or posture, the pattern of the localized SA will change
radically. Most of the maximal SAt levels, however, occur in the limbs and
in the perineal and axillar areas, depending on exposure conditions.
lo
- -.. ...--- ,, I • --- i____
Selection of Exposure Levels
On the basis of the interpretation of the data presented in Table 4,
exposure conditions that would produce an average SAR of about 0.050 U/kgin the animal would be required for simulating exposure of an adult human
to 450 MHz based on average SAR. In addition to the average SAR, we would
need to compare SARs in hot spots in exposed humans and laboratory animals.
Tables 5-8 show the measured maximum SARs at various locations of the body
for simulated human exposure to 450-MHz 1-mW/cm2 RFR. The thermographic
measurements indicate that the maximum SAR values could be as high as 0.192
W/kg (or 4 times the average SAR) in the head and 1.020 W/kg (or 15 times
the average) in the wrist or the perineum. During the planning stages of
the experiment, two options (in addition to that proposed in the original
protocol) were introduced for consideration, each based on a useful
scientific consideration, in simulating chronic human exposure to RFR.
These options are outlined in Table 10. The first option is consistent
with the original intent to simulate exposure of man to 450-MHz 1-mW/cm2
RFR. The second option is to simulate an exposure regime in which the
worst-case conditions producing the maximum allowed average SAR (0.4 W/kg)
specified in the 1982 ANSI C95.1 RFR standard would exist at some period in
time, but would not be exceeded. The third option is to utilize an
exposure level set for an average SAR over the lifetime of the animal,
equal to the maximum 0.4 W/kg allowed by the ANSI standard. This exposure
level is an average of the average SARs obtained over all ages for a qiven
input power, as shown in Table 10. In option one, the decrease in average
SAR from 0.270 W/kg for the 200-g young rat to 0.058 U/kg for the 800-g
adult rat qualitatively spans a wide range similar to that for human
exposures shown on Table 3. After careful consideration of all three
options, the USAF School of Aerospace Medicine sponsors and the principal
investigators mutually agreed that option two would provide the best
scientific data, because it would best simulate human exposure at the
maximum levels allowed by the ANSI C95.1-1982 standard. Thus, an input
power level to each exposure alcove cluster was set so that the average
input power averaged over time and all exposure waveguides for the entire
group was 0.144 W.
103
TABLE 10. OPTIONS FOR CIRCULAR.WAVEGUIDE EXPOSURE PARAMETERS FORSIMULATING CHRONIC EXPOSURE OF A HUMAN TO RFR
Option 1 Option 2 Option 3
450-MHz 1-mW/cm2 RFR Equivalent to no more Equivalent to maximumFrom child to adult than allowed by ANSI allowed by ANSI(based on .068 W/kg C95.1 at any time C95.1 (0.4 W/kgfor adult) during lifetime (max. averaged over entire
0.4 W/kg during child- lifetime)hood)
Waveguide input Waveguide input Waveguide input0.097 W = 0.144 W = 0.390 W
Average power d~nsity Average power dgnsity Average power lensity- 0.324 mW/cm - 0.480 mW/cm = 1.30 mW/cm
Average SAR 200-g rat Average SAR 200-g rat Average SAR 200-g rat= 0.27 W/kg = 0.40 W/kg = 1.08 W/kq
Average SAR BOO-q rat Average SAR 800-g rat Average SAR 800-q rata .068 W/kq = 0.10 W/kg a 0.27 W/kg
Predicted range of Predicted range of Predicted range ofhot-spot magnitude hot-spot maqnitude hot-spot magnitudein 330-g rat in 330-g rat in 330-g rat0.52-1.09 W/kq 0.63-1.33 W/kg 1.71-3.60 W/kg
.9,
104
war-- I
REFERENCES
Deno, D.W. Current induced in human body by high-voltaqe transmission line
electric field -- Measurement and calculation of distribution and dose.
IEEE Trans PAS 96(5):1517-1527 (1977).
Durney, C.H., et al. Radlofrequency radiation *,simetry handbook, 2nd ed.
SAM-TR-78-22, May 1978.
Gandhi, O.P., E.L. Hunt, and J.A. D'Andrea. Deposition of electromagnetic
energy in animals and in models of man with and without grounding and
reflector effects. Radio Sci 13(6S)39-47 (1977).
Gandhi, O.P., M.J. Hagmann, and J.A. D'Andrea. Part-body and multibody
effects on absorption of radio-frequency electromagnetic energy by
animals and by models of man. Radio Sol 14(6S):23-30 (1979).
Guy, A.W., M.D. Webb, and C.C. Sorensen. Determination of power absorption
in man exposed to high frequency electromagnetic fields by thermographic
measurements on scale models. IEEE Trans BME 23(5):361-371 (1976).
Guy, A.W., M.D. Webb, A.F. Emery, and C.K. Chou. Measurement of power
distribution at resonant and nonresonant frequencies in experimental
animals and models. Scientific Report No. 11, USAFSAM Contract
F41609-76-C-0032 Final Report, Brooks AFB, TX 78235, 1978.
Guy, A.W., S. Davidow, G.Y. Yang, and C.K. Chou. Determination of electric
current distributions in animals and humans exposed to a uniform 60-Hz
high intensity electric field. Bioelectromagnetics 3(1):47 (1982).
Guy, A.W., and C.K. Chou. Hazard analysis: Very low frequency through
medium frequency range. Final Report, Bloelectromagnetics Research
Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of
Washington, Seattle, WA 98195. USAFSAM Contract F33615-78-D-0617, Task
0065, 1982.
105
______
Hagmann, M.J., O.P. Gandhi, and C.H. Durney. Numerical calculation of
electromagnetic energy deposition for a realistic model of man. IEEE
Trans MTT 27(9):804-809 (1979).
Ho, H.S., and A.W. Guy. Development of dosimetry for RF and microwave
radiation. II: Calculations of absorbed dose distributions in two sizes
of muscle-equivalent spheres. Health Phys 29:317 (1975).
Stratton, J.A. Electromagnetic theory, pp. 488-489. New York and London:
Mcqraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1941.
von Hippel, A.R. (Ed). Dielectric materials and applications. Cambridqe,
Mass.: The M.I.T. Press, 1954.
I' 106
APPENDIX AIMEASUREMENT OF AVERAGE SAR VALUES BELOW BODY-RESONANCE FREQUENCIES
A special exposure system is needed for making average SAR
measurements in models to simulate human exposure to frequencies below the
body-resonance frequency. We used a 57.3-MHz resonant-cavity system to
expose scale models of man to simulate exposures of man to HF electric
fields, the greatest contributor to SAR at frequencies below body
resonance. Though similar work had been done previously under another Air
Force contract (Guy et al., 1978), the new cavity was much improved and
provided greater accuracy and more flexibility in the choice of model sizes
and shapes (Guy et al., 1982). Also, in the latest measurements we
compared homogeneous muscle tissues and tissues with 2/3 conductivity of
muscle (Durney et al., 1978). By adjusting the model conductivity in the
appropriate manner, we exposed models to 57.3-MHz electric fields in the
cavity to simulate the exposure of a full-scale man to 5-10 MHz. For
example, the conductivity for the 1O-MHz exposure for the 2/3 muscle
mixture is given by
a - (57.3 MHz/1O MHz) x 2/3 x 0.625 = 2.38 S/to
After exposing the models, we measured the temperature change in each model
and calculated the SAR. From the SAR, denoted by W (57.3 MHz), measured at
the 57.3-MHz exposure frequency, we can calculate the SAR for exposure at
the full-scale frequency, W (10 MHz), by the following equation:
W (10MHz) = W (57.3 MHz)/5.73
Theoretically the SAR, W (f MHz), at any other HF-band frequency (f MHz,
significantly below the body resonance frequency) may be calculated in
terms of the 1O-MHz exposure by the following equation:
W (f MHz) = W (10 MHz) x [o(1O MHz)/a(f MHz)] x (10 MHz/f MHz)2
where a (10 MHz) is the conductivity of the actual tissue of the full-scale
man at 10 MHz, and a (f MHz) is the conductivity at any other frequency in
the HF band.
The SARs as measured for 5-10 MHz and the values as extrapolated toother frequencies are shown in text Fic. 64, reoresented by the dot and
circle symbols respectively.
107
I a N~l t Ilmlmlmm l g i
FILMED
