S2M2 Geologic Time and Stratigraphy v122815

Time and Stratigraphy Basics Geologic Time and Stratigraphy

(Last Updated 28 December 2015)

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DELIVERING KNOWLEDGE. DEVELOPING COMPETENCE.

Time and Stratigraphy Basics

Geologic Time and Stratigraphy

© 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved.

Objectives of the Time and Stratigraphy Session

You will learn:– Know the difference between relative and absolute

geological time– Be aware of the geological time scale and period names– Relate deposition to stratigraphic concepts– Understand and differentiate between:

Lithostratigraphy – based on rock type

Chronostratigraphy – based on time equivalence

Biostratigraphy – based on fossils

Magnetostratigraphy – based on the rocks magnetic properties

– Understand the connection between correlation, stratigraphy, and reservoirs

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Time and Stratigraphy Basics _________________________________________________________________________________________________________


©2015 PetroSkills, all rights reserved PetroSkills, LLC. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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© 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 3

Table 1: The Standard Geologic Column


Time and Stratigraphy

Relative and absolute geological time

Correlation

Lithostratigraphy, Biostratigraphy, Chronostratigraphy, Magnetostratigraphy, and Sequence Stratigraphy

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Principal Methods of Radiometric Age Determination

(Absolute Time)


Determining Relative Time Using Radiometrics

Use Radiometric dating of Uranium, Thorium or Potassium in Igneous Intrusions for determining Relative Time




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Standard Geologic Column with Atomic Dates




Correlation


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Correlation

Equivalence in the character and stratigraphic position of geological characteristics in two or more separate areas

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Correlation of Stratigraphic Sections




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Log Correlation Across Peco Field, Alberta, Canada




Correlation


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Stratigraphy

The science of rock strata, considering their original succession, age relations, form, distribution, lithology, fossils, geophysical and geochemical properties, mode of origin, and geological history

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Lithostratigraphy

Description and organization of rocks into distinctive named units based on lithology and stratigraphic relations

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Example: Lithostratigraphic Correlation


Lithostratigraphic Correlation Independent of Time




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Chronostratigraphy

Deals with the age of strata and their time relations

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Events Along Line T1 are Chronostratigraphically the Same, Independent of Lithostratigraphic Correlation




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Cross-Section Showing Geographic Distribution of Formations and Facies Changes


View of Fluvial Sand Outcrop and Facies Changes




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View of Fluvial Sands in Electric Log Cross Section


FaciesChanges

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View of Fluvial Sands in Electric Log Cross Section Showing Facies Changes




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Biostratigraphy

The distribution of fossils in the stratigraphic record and the organization of strata into units based on their contained fossils

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Subsurface Correlation Between Wells Using Fossils




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Examples of MicroFossils Used in Correlation


Typical Size of MicroFossils Used in Correlation




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Selected Other Types of Stratigraphy

Magnetostratigraphy

Chemostratigraphy

Isotope Stratigraphy

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Key Concepts of Stratigraphy

Concepts associated with stratigraphy and the deposition of the sedimentary rocks– Accommodation – The space available for sediment

accumulation between sea level and sea floor

Refs. SEPM Special Publication No. 42, 1988

Jackson, J., 1997, Glossary of Geology, American Geological Institute

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Accommodation Envelope as a Function of Eustasy and Subsidence




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Key Concepts of Stratigraphy

Concepts associated with stratigraphy and the deposition of sedimentary rocks– Eustasy – (Sea level change) – a condition of

worldwide sea level fluctuations influenced by:Global hydrologic balance; glaciation, ground water, et seq.

Ocean basin capacity; subsidence

Plate tectonics; heat flow, subduction, et seq.

Refs. SEPM Special Publication No. 42, 1988

Jackson, J., 1997, Glossary of Geology, American Geological Institute

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First- and Second-Order Global Cycles of Relative Change of Sea Level During Phanerozoic Time




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More concepts associated with stratigraphy and the deposition of sedimentary rocks together with related terminology

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Base Level and Stream Profile




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Aggradation


Sediment Loading on the Continental Shelf Results in Thick Sediment Wedges




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Lowstand Base Level and Stream Profile


Progradation




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Highstand Base Level and Stream Profile


Retrogradation




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Objectives of the Time and Stratigraphy Session

You have learned:– Know the difference between relative and absolute

geological time– Be aware of the geological time scale and period names– Relate deposition to stratigraphic concepts– Understand and differentiate between:

Lithostratigraphy – based on rock type

Chronostratigraphy – based on time equivalence

Biostratigraphy – based on fossils

Magnetostratigraphy – based on the rocks magnetic properties

– Understand the connection between correlation, stratigraphy, and reservoirs

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S2M2 Geologic Time and Stratigraphy v122815