S T Rue T U R A L A N A L Y SIS

This chapter is intended to familiarize the text and

to present the overall structure of each of the sentences

selected as the data in the sequential order of occurrence

in the original text itself. Only the surface structure

of the sentences are presented and the syntactic process

underlying the complex and compound sentences are not

discussed here. These process will be discussed in detail

in later chapters.

theoretical models give

This

structure

Different

chapter

of the

gives a detailed

sentences chosen

description of the

for the analysis.

different structural

descriptions for sentences. In traditional grammar,

sentence is a group of words which gives some sense and

sentence classification is into simple, complex and

compound. In structural grammar, sentence analysis is by

immediate constituent (IC) analysis. In IC analysis, the

analysis is done on the basis of the closest relationship

and functions of the constituents.

present analysis is

the transformational

The

However

for illustration wherever

largely

techniques

found

descriptive.

are adopted

necessary.

50

Thirty chosen sentences from each of the texts are

discussed and they give a sample of the different

structural patterns. Each sentence is analysed into its

constituents. A complex sentence has one main sentence

and one or more subordinate sentences. In the analysis,

the subordinate clauses are reP:r:esented through

full sentences which are their deep structural

representations. The textual sentences are numbered

sequentially. Each of the complex sentences have one main

sentence numbered as (51) and subordinate sentences are

numbered as (52), (53), (84) etc. The compound sentences

have two or more main sentences and numbered as (51) ,

(52), (53) etc. Following examples from modern Malayalam

are given for illustration.

eg: 1. kolambasCoiumbus

ameeriykka ka~tupi~iccu.

America discovered

"Columbus discovered America".

This sentence is a simple sentence having the

structure - sUbject + predicate.

(kolambas) (ameeriykka ka~~upiticcu).

51

Complex Sentence:

eg: 2. sampalsamrddhamprosperous

aayabecame

intyayilIndia in

ettapamreach must

ennaayirunnu addeehattinRe aagraham.that-was . his desire

"His intention was to reach the prosperous Indian

subcontinent".

(51) atu addeehattinRe aagraham aayirunnu.that his desire was

l'1ain sentence.

(52) addeehattinu intyayil etta~am.

He-to India-in reach must

(53) intya sampalsamfddham aaqu.India prosperous is

(52) and (53) are subordinate sentences.

(52) is subordinated to (51) with the quotative form

I ennu I.-- (53) is subordinated to (52) with the

relative participle and this subordinate sentence

(53) qualify the noun 'intya ' of (52).

52

Compound Sentence:

3. avarute..the1.r

kannum karafum naattinpuRannaluteeye~and heart-and - countryside-of·

neerkkutowards

tirinfiu.turned

"Their whole fascination turned towards the country

sides".

(Sl) avarute kannu naattinpuRannalute neefkku tirinnu.. .. . .(S2) avarute karal naattinpuRannalute neerkku tirinnu.

• • .. "II • .. - •

(Sl) and (S2) are constituent sentences and are

conjoined by the co-ordinator '-urn'.

Sample sentences selected from each of the texts...

chosen are discussed separately. Part I discusses the

sentence patterns of 'bhaa~aakau~aliiyam', Part II those

of 'ambarii~oopaakhyaanarn' and Part III describes the

sample text of a piece of modern Malayalam viz.,

kaalavum', an essay written by K. Bhaskaran Nair.

'kalayum

53

Part I

bhaasaakautaliiyam• •

'bhaasaakautaliiyam '. . is the Malayalam commentary of

Kautalya's 'Arthasastra ' . The very introduction of this

text on political science in Malayalam persuades us to

presume the intellectual stature of the society of that

time which ruled over the cultural· arena of Kerala.

The language of 'bhaasaakautaliiyam '. . shows that it

represent the early period of Malayalam. Most of the

sentences are short but some very long sentences are also

seen. Use of person, number, gender (png) marking along

with verbs is the general pattern of 'bhaasaakautaliiyam '. ..thouCJh there are a few exccptions wherc pnCJ murkinCJ is

omitted. The third person past tense '-itu ' ending forms

of the verb common for masculine and feminine shows that

the gender marking was on the decline. A good number of

lexical items used in 'bhaa~aakau~aliiyam' are not

available in modern Malayalam. The following are a few of

the examples: manRil (muRRam) "yard", anukkan•

(samiipasthan) "bystanders", pulam (vayal) "field", iRa

(nikuti) "tax", kUu1:.u (cooRu) " r ice", kuuttar (nrttakkaar)" .

"dancers II (K. N. Ezuthachan, I bhaasaakautaliiyam I, P-XXXV).• I

The morphological peculiarities are: the use

54

of

gender number suffixes with verbs; the use of the

present tense suffixes-inR, -kinR, -aaninR; the more

frequent occurrence of the non gender plural form 'avara~'

is more than the modern forms 'avakal' and 'avarkal' •.'bhaasaakautaliiyam' shows that the genitive suffix. . 'nRe'

of modern Malayalam had not yet evolved; 'u!-aya' and 'ute'.were used instead. The dative case suffixes 'kku' and 'nul

(avanukku, avanu 'to him') are used promiscuously in the

work as in old inscriptions, pointing the gradual

disappearance of 'kku' forms in -n ending words (K. N.

Ezhuttachan, 'bhaasaakautaliiyam').. . Considering the

phonetic changes, 'bhaa~aakau~aliiyam' preserves the

earlier forms. For eg., the proto Dravidian feature

nasal stop cluster is used regularly in

'bhaasaakautaliiyam',. . where as in modern Malayalam

nasal-nasal cluster is the rule

Eg. B.K. > Mod .~1a.

N.S. > NN

poontu > pooUI).u 'came' •

onRu > onnu 'one' .

karankal > karannal 'hands' •.

55

Similarly the earlier forms like 'ira~tu' (Mod. Ma.

rantu). . 'two' is the regular pattern though 'rantu'.. also

occur rarely.

The following is a detailed description of the

syntactic patterns of 'bhaasaakautaliiyam'. This analysis. .tries to bring out the structural features of the

language of 'bhaasaakautaliiyam'.• •The thirty sentences

listed below are extracted from the text 'kau-t;aliiyam

bhaasaa• vyaakhyaanasahitam, (Part II, Prakaranam 19,

janapada~ivee~a:). These sentences form a connected text

and is considered as a representative of early Malayalam

literary discourse. The sentences of this discourse are

numbered serially (1 to 30). EngliSh translation is also

given.

The nineteenth 'prakara~a' (section) of 'Kautaliiyam'

deals with the revenue. system of the state in general.

The author defines a country and its village system.

He insists that a ' janapadam' . or country should

be inhabited by people belonging to four~ ,varnas •. .

The people of the country may be natives or immigrants.

Immigration may be due to the bad conditions of the

place where they inhabited first or due to their own

56

fault. He also insists that most of the villages must be

"inhabited by sudras and agriculturists. He divides

into four categories ~sthaaniiyam:• rdrooI}amukham,villages

~ .kaarvat;ikam and 'sangraham.' Each village must have

a definite boundary protected with forts and guarded by

security men. There must be taxable and non taxable land.

'Writvik' , 'acharya' , 'purohita' and "srotriya' shall

be given lands tax free. Another group of people

( I-lead of the Departments, Accountants, Governors,

Supervisors of a group of ten houses and five houses and

five villages and also for the care-taker of the four

sides of the city, mahouts, physicians, horse-trainers

and messengers) were given lands only for cultivation.

They can neither pledge it nor sell it. Among the rest

only those people who are capable to pay tax will be

allowed to cultivate the land. Those who are poor and who

are not able to pay tax will be given aids by the

Government and this debt shall be repaid by them by doing

work in the land.

In short the author of 'artha~aastra' gives here•

a picturesque description of the village revenue system of

his times. The language used for the commentary in

Malayalam is pretty old and is influenced both by Tamil

and Sanskrit.

57

Text

Prakara~am 19 - janapadaniveesam

(1 ) janamaav'itu caturvarnnaasrama. . ...

aayiruntatu. (2) padamaavitu janattinute iruppi1;-am.

(3) ataavitu sthaaniiya droo~a mukha kaafva~ika sangraha

graamaadikam. (4) uiveesam aavitu avaRRinutayaracanai.

( 5 ) atu co11inRatenpitu suutraarttham.. .(6) sumbanddhumuavitu svaamyamaatya janapada du~gga koosa

dandamitranna1 prakrtienRu kiil co11iitu.. ~- , (7) aviRRi1

svaamya maatya prkrtika1ai ira~~ineeyum".. . pradipaadiccutu,

ippool)- janapada prakrti. ~co11ukinRatenpitu

sambanddham. ( 8 ) janapadam puu+vamaayol~a-(tu) taan,

abhuutapuufvamaayo+~atutaan, paradeesattu~inRu kutiko~tu

poontu taan, tan deesattu aadhaaradoosattinaa1. taan

aadheeya doosatta1 taan. kutiyirikkaki11aate irikkum

kutika1aikkontu. . poontu enRuvitu taan nerikkamu11avitattu. . .vaankittaan ku~iyeeRRi naa1;-u ceyvitu.

aayum kar~akapraayam aayumirippitu.

(9) ~uudra praayam

(10) ooroo uU~ka~

nuuRukuti adhamamaa annuuRu kuti uttamamaayiruppitu.

(11) atif kuuviitum. araikkaatamum

akanRirippitu. (12) uurka1 onRooroonRinnutavumaaRirippitu.. .( 13 ) otukkatti1

~

atir aaRu ka11u kaatu kunRu ku1i ciRai. -ilavu vanni maRRum paal maranka~ niRuttuvitum ceyvitu.

58

( 14) en(nuuRu) uurut;aya natuvattu sthaaniiyam ceyvitu.. .(15) naanuuRu uurut;aya natuvi1 droonamukham ceyvitu.- . -(16) irunuuRu uurutayanatuvi1 kaarvvatikam ceyvitu.. -, . ..(17) ivupatuppattu uUf kuut;..iyatu safigraha(Qa)menpitu.

(18) antattinka1 antapaa1a dUfgganka~ antapaa1aadhi~thita-

nka1umaa. janapadattinnu va.!.iyumaay ceyvitu.

(19) aviRRinuta yo~~a deesam vaagurika sabara pufinta

ca~qaa1aara~yacaranmaaf rak~ippitu. (20) rtvigaacaarya,

puroohita srootriyanmaa~kku adandakaranka1aa. . .abhiruupanmaarkku

brahmadeeyankal•

daayam

kotuppitu ..ko11umaaRum ka1piccu

pancagraamikkum

sankhyaayaka~kkum

pancakulikkum

goopasthaanikarkkum,

dasakulikkum,

goopan aavoon

aaraatccaiyutayavan,. . sthaanikan aavoon nagaram

c<:Iturbhaagattinnu aaraa~ccCli. yutnyavf.ln, nniikasthnn aavoon

hastitik§avallumavan, cikitsakan vaidyan, asvadamakan

kutirai siksikkumavan, janghaakarikan aavoon va1iduuram.pooy varumavan, ivara1kku vi1kkavum oRRi vaikkavum

o11aattavaaRu bhuumi kotuppitu .. (22) iRayit;..um avara+kku

vaa.!.ntiyankinRa ni1am tanka1•

maattiram vaa1vaanamaincu

ko~uppitu. (23) akrtam pa~iko11umavara1kku u1utuni1kki1. '. . "

enRum veenkaatavaaRu amaincu k0t;..uppitu. (24) u1aaki1

maRRuci1arkku. veenkikko~uppitu. (25) anRiyeyo.!.iyi1

graamabhrtakanmaar taan vaideehakanmaar taan•

uluvitu.

59

(26) ulavu ko~tavara~ tanka~ tankal doo~attaal u!aato!iyil

ulutupeRumatinil mummatanku kotuppitu.. . (27) ulavarkku.upaayam illaakkaal dhaanyapa§uhiraQya~kal.ka~am ko~uppitu.

(28) katam kotuttu anugrahippitu.. . (29) kutikalum konta... ..dhanam menaninRu teetikkotuppitu.. . ( 30 ) anugraha

parihaaram pa~~uvitu.

English Translation

Section 19: janapadanivesa:- janapadaniveesam

(settlement of the country)

janapadam ---) janam + padam 'country'.

(1 ) janam - people

The people belong to four castes,

Brahmana (the priests), Kshatriya (the

warriors), Vaisya (traders), Sudra (the

servant class). They followed the four

asramas, Brahmacharya (celebacy) ,

Garhastyam (family life), Vanaprasta

(pilgrimage) and Sanyasam (meditation).

( 2) padam - The place of settlement, place, the

dwelling place.

( 3 )

( 4)

( 5 )

60

The country was divided into sthaaniiyam,

droo~amukham, kaafva~ikam and sangraham.

niveesam - is the arrangement of villages in

the country.

The meaning (aim) of this sutra is to describe

it.

(6) This portion describes the king, minister, fort,

trea~ury, punishment, kith and kin and dependents of the

palace. (7) As the portfolios of king and ministers had

been detailed earlier here the description is focused on

the different kinds of people who inhabited the land.

(8) (The king) should arrange for the settlement of the

people in his country, if it is inhabited; and if

uninhabited he should bri.ng in people from foreign lands

who are houseless in their own land due to the bad

conditions of the area or due to their own fault, and also

he should resettle people from thickly populated areas to

less populated places. (9) Generally the villages should

be inhabited by servants (sudras) and agriculturists

(karshakas). (10) Each village shall accommodate a minimum

of hundred families or a maximum of five hundred families.

61

(11) The diametrical distance of the village should be one

and a half mile or three miles. (12) The villages must be

helpful to each other. (13) (The king) should fix the

boundary, of his country by rivers, mountains, forests,

a stretch of pebbles or sand etc., or a cavern and

embankment, or trees such as sami tree (vahni), samilie

tree (elavu) or a milk tree. (14) (The king) should

establish a 'sthaniya' in the middle of eight hundred

villages. (15) (The king) should establish 'droryamukha'

in the middle of four hundred villages. (16) 'Karvatika'. .shall be built in the middle of two hundred villages.

(17) Likewise a cluster of ten villages should be

establish for the 'sangraha ' . ( 18 ) (The king) should

erect fortresses with gates and guards at the entrance to

the country on the frontier. (19) Trappers (vaagurika),

armed guards (~abaras), fierce tribes (pufindas), forest

tribes (chandalas) and forest dwellers (aaranya caranmaar).. ..should guard the interior region between them (country and

fortress). (20) (The king) should grant tax free land to

the priests, preceptors, chaplains and intellectuals with

inheritance rights. (21) Lands should be granted without

the right either to sell or lease it to the officers such

as Heads of the Departments, Accountants, Governors and

Supervisors of a group of five houses, ten houses and five

62

villages, and also for the care-taker of the four sides of

city, the mahouts, physicians, horse-trainers, and

messengers. (22) Arable land should be allotted to the tax

payers for their livelihood (th~do not have the right to

sell it or lease it). (23) Unarable land should not be

taken back from those who make it arable. (24) Untilled

lands should be seized and distributed among the

cultivators. (25) Or else village servants and traders

should till them. (26) If the cultivators leave the land

untilled due to their own fault they should give a

penalty equivalent to three times its expected yield.

(27) If the cultivators have no means, they should be

helped with grain, cattle and money. (28) They should

alsobeassisted with loans. (29) The villagers should repay

the loans with their earnings through cultivation.

(30) (The king) should grant them favours and subsidies.

63

bhaa~aakau~a1iiyam: Structural Description

Analysis of each sentence alongwith its structural

representation is given below. 81, 82, 83 ••.... represent

the constituent sentences of the textual sentence numbered

1, 2, 3 etc.

1. janam aavitu catufvaf~~aasrama laksanamPeople are four caste system

aayiruntatu.\'lere that

The four-fold caste system was prevalent.

This is a complex sentence having a main sentence and

a subordinate one.

(81) (atu) janam aavitu > janam aavitu (atu).

Main sentence.

(82) janam catufvaf~~aasr~ma lak~a~am aayiruntatu.

(82) Is subordinated to (81), and it qualifies the

noun 'janam'.

8 ------> (NP) + VP (81)

82 (NP + VP)

2. padamcountry

aavitu janattinute iruppitam.is people's' place

64

padam - The place of settlement,

3. ataavitu sthaaniiya droo~a mukha kaa~vvatika sangrahathat were eight hundred four hundred two hundred

graamaadikam.villages

The country was divided into sthaaniiyam,

droo~amukham, kaafva~ikam and sangraham.

4. niveesamaavitu avaRRinu~ayaracanai.

is their style

uiveesam

country.

Is the arrangement of villages in the

Sentences 2, 3 anq 4 are of the same pattern i.e.,

5 ----> NPl + V (bc-copu) + NP2. They are simple

sentences having similar structure.

5. atu collinRatenpitu suutraafttham.that saying that verse meaning

The meaning (aim) of the sutra is to describe it.

(51) (atu) suutraafttham aavitu > (atu) suutraa~ttham

~1ain sentence.

65

(S2) atu collinRitu > atu collinRatu.

This (S2) is subordinated to (Sl) by the

6.

complementiser, 'enpitu'.

S ------> (NP) + VP (Sl)

S2 (NP + VP)

sambandham aavitu svaamyamaatya janapadarelation is king minister country

durggakoosafort treasure

daqQamitranna~ prakrti enRu kiil colliitu.punishment kith & kin inhabitants that below saying

This portion describes the king, minister, fort,

treasury, punishment, kith and kin and dependents of

palace.

(Sl) (atu) sambandham aavitu > sambandham aavitu (atu).that relation Ls

Nain sentence.

(S2) svaamyamaatyajanapada durggakoosa• dandami trar111al..-, .

prakrti enRu kiilcolliitu.. -

(S2) Subordinate to (Sl).

66

5 ------> (NP) + VP (51)

52 .( (NP) + VP )

7. aviRRilthey-in

svaamyamaatya prakrtika1ai ira~~ineeyum

king-ministers inhabitants-ace. two and

pratipaadiccutu, ippoo~

stated now

enpitu sambandham.that relation

janapada prak~ti collukinRatcountry-inhabitants saying-that

As the portfolios of king and ministers had been

detailed earlier here the description is focused on the

different kinds of people who inhabited the land.

(51) aviRRil svaamyamaatya prakrtikalai. . irantineeyum. .pratipaadiccutu.

(52) atu sambandham aavitu > atu sambandham.

(53) ippoo~ janapadaprakrti collukinRatu.

(51) and (52) are constituent sentences having

coordinate relation. (53) is subordinated to (52) by

the complimentiser 'enpitu '

8 ------) 81

(NP) + vp·

+ 82

NP + VP

83

67

8. janapadamcountry

puurvamearii.er

aayottatuexi.st-that

taan,or

abhuuta

puufvamaayo++atuunprecendented

taan, paraor foreign

deesattucountry

ninRufrom

kuti

ko~~u poontu taan, tan deesatu aadhaara doo?attinaalmigrated or own country property misfortune-by

taanor

aadheeya doosattaalmisfortune-by

taanor

kutiyirikkakillaate. houseless

irikkumexist

kutikalaikkontupoontupeople~acc. "bring

enRuvituthat

taanor

nerikkamu~~avitattu

clustered-place

ceyvitu.rule

vaankittaanshift

kutiyeeRRimigrated

naatushould

(The king) should rule the country, which had been

settled before or which had not been settled before,

by bringing in people from foreign lands who are

houseless in their own land due to the fault of the

land or due to their own fault, and also by

resettling the people from thickly populated areas to

less populated regions.

68

(Sl) /\ janapadam naatu ceyvitu.- - .Main sentence.

(S2) kU~ika~ai ku~iyeeRRa~am > kutika~ai ku~iyeeRRi.

Subordinate to (Sl).

(S3) kutikalai avitattu vaanki... .

(S4) avitam nerikkamu~~itu > nerikkamu~~avitam.

Subordinated to (S3) and then to (S2) giving (S2a).

(S2a )kutikalainerikkamullavi ta·ttu vaanki... .. .

(S5) kutikalai kkontu poontu..' ...

(S5) is subordinated to (S2).

(S6) kutika1kku· . tandeesattu aadhaara .doosattinaa1•

ku~iyirikkayilla > tan deesattu aadhaara doo~attinaa1

kutiyirikkakillaate irikkum kutikal.• • •

(87) kutikalkku· . tan deesattu aadheeya doosattaal,

kU~iyirikkayilla > tan deesattu aadheeya doo~attaal

kutiyirikkakil1aate irikkum kutikal.· . .

(S7) is Connected to (S6) by the

69

coordinative

morpheme 'taan' and thensubordinated to (S5).

(S8) ku~ika~ paradeesattu ninRu ku~ikontu poontu.

(S8) subsordinated to (S5)

(S9) janapadam puurvamaayollitu. . . > janapadam

puurvamaayollatu.. ..

(S10)janapadam abhuuta puurvamaayollitu. .. > janapadam

abhuuta puurvamaayol1atu.. ..(S9) and (S10) are coordinated by 'taan' and

subordinated to (SI).

This is a complex sentence havi.ng a number

of subordinate sentences. Subordinate sentences

(S6) and (S7) have the same structure and (S9) and

(SID) have the same structure. (S9) and (SID) are

also connected by the coordinate marker 'taan' and then

subordinated to (Sl).

8 ------> (NP) + VP

NP + VP

(81)

70

'59 + 510 52 + VP

NP

I+ VP

58 + (56 + 57) 55 + 53

(NP) + VP

54

9. 8uudrapraayam aayum karsaka praayam aayum irippitu.peasants be-and agriculturists be-and will be

Generally the villages should be populated with

servants (sudras) and agriculturists (karshakas).

(81) /\ 8uudra praayam aayirippitu.

(82) /\ karsakapraayam aayirippitu.- ".

(81) and (82) are constituent sentences conjoined by

the co-ordinator '-urn'.

8 ------> 81

(NP) + VP

+ 82

(NP) + VP

71

10. ooroo uUfka~ nuuRukuti adhamamaaeach village hundred faQllies lowest-neg less

afinuuRu kuti uttamam aayirippitu.five hundred families highest - neg are

Each village shall accommodate a minimum of hundred

families or a maximum of five hundred families.

(81) ooroo uUfka~ nuuRuku~i adhamamaayirippitu.

(82) ooroo uu:rka~ annuuRuku~i uttamamaayirippitu.

(81) and (82) are constituent sentences and are

conjoined without the marker. In sentence (9) conjunction

is nominal, and the marker is '-urn' and in sentence

(10) conjunction is adverbial and there is no conjunctive

marker.

8 ------> 81

NP + VP

+ 82

NP + VP

72

11. uurka!utilya atir kuuviitum. araikkaatamumvillages-of border one and a half mile-co three miles-co

akanRirippitu.distance-be

The diametrical distance of the village should be one

and a half mile or three miles.

(81) uurka~u~aya atir kuuviitu akanRirippitu.

(82) uurkalutayaatir araikkaatam akanRirippitu.. .. .

(81) and (52) are constituent sentences and are

*coordinated by '-urn'.

5 ------> 51

NP + VP

+ 82

NP + VP

12. uurkal onRoo roonRinnutavu rnaaRurn irippitu.viliages one by one-to-protect-co must be

The villages must be helpful to ench other.

This is a simple sentence where the

73

conjunctive

marker '-urn' connects it to the previous sentence (11).

Here the coordinative marker '-urn' conjoins two sentences

.viz., (11) and (12). This type of conjunction is common

in a connected text ·(discourse).

S ------) NP + VP

13. otukkatti1 atif aaRu kallu kaatu kunRu~lastly border river stone forest hill

ku!ipit

ciRai i1avu vanni maRRum paa1maranka~ niRuttuvitumembankment i1avu vanni etc. milk trees to keep-and (co)

ceyvitu.must

(The king) should fix a river, a mountain, a forest,

a stretch of pebbles or sand etc., a catvern and

embankment a sami tree (vahni), samilie tree (elavu)

or a milk tree as the boundary of his country.

* Here '-urn' has got the meaning "or".

Ref: (1) Kang1e, R.p.·The Kau~aliya Artha§asthra~ Part II.

An English Translation with critical and

explanatory notes, 1963, p. 63.

(2) K.V.r-1. Kau1;-ilyante Arthasastram (Halayalam

Translation of Kau~aliya's Arthasasthra),

p.48.

1961,

s ------) (NP) + VP

74

The conjunctive makrer '-urn' used with the verb

connects the sentence 13 to the previous sentence 12.

In verbal conjunction, with the verb) '-urn' + 'cey'

'do verb' also is added.

14. e~ (guuRu) uurutaya na~uvattu sthaaniiyam ceyvitu.eight hundred village of middle-in territory should do

(The king) should establish arsthaniya in the middle

of eight hundred villages.

15. naanuuRu uurutaya natuvilfour hundred village of middle in

droonamukhamcapital

ceyvitu.should do

(The king) should establish 'dronamukha'. in the

middle of four hundred villages.

16. irunnuuRU uurutaya natuvi1two hundred village of middle in

kaarvatikamc~pital

ceyvitu.should do

'Karvatika'. shall be built in the middle of two

hundred villages.

The above sentences (14, 15, 16) are simple sentences

with the same structure.

75

8 ------) (NP) + VP

17. ivupatuppattu uurkuutiyatu sangraha(~a)m enpitu.these-ten-ten villag~-added-that sangrahana that

Likewise a cluster of ten villages should be'. ".,estab11shed for the 8angraha.

(81) atu sangraha(na)m aavitu ) sahgraha(~a)m enpitu.

Hain sentence.

(:=;2) .ivu [Jnt.uppattu uUf l<\lu~i:l.ttl > ivu LJLltULJLJuttu uUf

kuu~iyatu.

(82) is subordinate to (81).

8 -------> NP + VP (81)

82 (NP + VP)

18. antattinkal antapaaladufgganka~ antaborder-in boundary forts boundary

paalaadhi9thitanka~umaa

Cj\1f.lrc1-wl th-Dnd- t1w L

ceyvitu.built

janapadattinnucountry-to

valiyumaayputh-nnd-bc

76

"(The King) should erect fortresses with gates and

guards at the entrance to the country on the

frontier".

(81) antattihka1 anta paa1a durgganka1. . anta

paa1aadhi~~hitanka~ aay ceyvitu.

(82) antattinka1 antapaa1a dUfggankal aa janapadattinnu

valiyaay ceyvitu.

(81) and (82) are constituent sentences and are

conjoined by '-urn'.

8 -----> 81

(NP) + VP

+ 82

(NP) + VP

19. aviRRinutayo11a deesam vaagurika ~abara pu~inda

their-interior region trappers armed guards fiercetribes

ca~qaa1aara~ya caran~maaf rak~ippitu.

forest tribes-forest-dwe11ers save

Trapper (vaa~gurika), armed guards (~abaras) fierce

tribes (pu~indas) forest tribes (cha~~a1as) and

forest dwellers (aara~ya caranmaa~) should guard the

interior region between them (country and fortress).

(Sl) vaagurika sabara pUfinda ca~9aa1aara~ya

77

caranmaar.deesam rak~ippitu > deesam vaagurika sabara pu1inda

ca~9aa1aara~ya caranmaaf rak~ippitu

Main sentence'.

(S2) deesam aviRRinutayo11itu > aviRRinutayo11a deesam... ,. . .. ..

Subordinate to (Sl).

S -----> NP + VP (Sl)

S2

20. ftvigaacaarya puroohita srootriyanmaafkku adaqqapriest-preceptors chaplains intellectuals-to sceptre

karankalaatax-neg

ubhiruupanmaafkkulike ones-to

daayamgift

kollumaaRumget-and

kalpiccu brahmaordered Brahmana-land

deeyankat ko~uppitu.should be given

(The king) should grant tax-free land to the priests,

preceptors, chaplains and intellectuals with

inheritance rights.

(S1) ftvigaacaarya puroohita

78

~rootriyanmaarkku•

brahmadeeyanka~ ko~uppitu.

(S2) abhiruupanmaafkku daayam ko11umaaRu.. ka1piccu,

ada~4akarahka~aa brahmadccyahka~ ko;uppitu.

Subordinate to (S1).

S -----> (NP) + VP (S1)

NP + VP

NP + VP

S2 + VP

21. addhyak:;;arkkumGovernment Superintendent-to-and

sankhyaayakarkkumaccountants:and

goopa sthaanikarkkum, goopan aavoon panca ku1iykkumothers-to-and guard-be-he five houses-to-and

dasaku1iykkum (pancaku1iykkum)ten-houses-to-and

panca graamiykkumfive vi11age-to-and

aaraatccaiyutayavan,. .possesser-he

sthaanikanaavoon ~agaram

District officer citycatur

four

bhaagattinnu aaraatccaiyutayavan, aniikasthan aavoon. .part-to possesser-he mahout-be-he

79

hastislksavallumavan, cikitsakan vaidyan, asvadamakanelephant-trainer physician doctor horse-man

kutiraihorse-ace

siksikkumavan,trainer

janghaakarikanmessenger

aavoonbe-he

validuurampooyvarumavan, ivaralkku vilkkavumway-distance going-corning-he this-th~y-dat selling-and

oRRi vaikkavum ollaattavaaRu bhuumi kotuppitu.mortgage and not possible land give-must

Lands shall be granted, without the right either to

sell or mortgage it, to Heads of the Departments,

Accountants, Governors, goopas (Supervisors of a

group of five or ten houses or a group of five

villages), sthaanikas (caretakers of the four sides

of the ci ty) , aniikastha (elephant-trainers),

physicians (doctors), asvadamakan (hourse trainers)

and janghaakarikan (mes8engers).

(51) /\ ivara~kku bhuumi ko~uppitu.

t-iain sentence.

sankhyaayakaf' goopasthaanikar,

goopan, sthaanikan, aniikasthan, cikitsakan,

asvadamakan, janghaakarikan (aavitu).

(83) ivara!kku bhuumi vilkkavolla > ivaralkku

vilkkavollaattavaaRu.

80

bhuumi

(84) ivara!kku bhumi oRRivaikkavolla >

oRRivaikkavollaattavaaRu.

ivaralkku bhuumi.

(83) and (84) arc conjoined by the coordinator '-urn'

and then subordinated to (81).

(85) avan goopan aavitu > goopan aavoon

(86) avan pancakuliykku aaraa~ccaiyu~ayanaavitu >

pancakuliykku aaraa~ccaiyu~ayavan.

(87) avan dasakuliykku aaraa~ccaiyu~ayavan aavitu >

dasakuliykku aaraa~ccaiyu~ayavan.

(88) avan pancagraamikku aaraatccaiyutayavan aavitu. . >

pancagraamikku aaraatccaiyutayavan.. .Co-ordinated (86), (87) and (88) by the coordinator

'-urn' and subordinated (85).

(89) avan sthaanikan aavitu > sthaanikan aavoon.

(S10)avan uagaram catufbhaagattinnu

81

aaraatccaiyutayan. .aavitu > nagaram caturbhaagattinnu aaraatccaiyutayan.-. ~.

(Sll) subordinate to (S10) which is subordinated to

(Sl).

(Sll)avan aniikasthan aavitu > aniikasthan aavoon.

(S12)avan hastisiksa valluvitu > hastisiksa vallumavan ..(S12) subordinated to (Sll), which is subordinated to

(S2) .

(S13)vaidyan cikitsakan aavitu > cikitsakan vaidyan

(S14)asvadamakan kutirai siksikkuvitu > a"svadamakan

kutirai siksikkumavan .•

(S14) is subordinated to (S2).

(S15)avan janghaakarikan aavitu > janghaakarikan aavoon.

(S16)avan va1iduuram pooyvaruvitu > va1iduuram

pooyvarumavan.

(S16) is subordinated to (S15), which is subordinated

to (82).

82

5entences (55) to (516) are nominal sentences which

are subordinated to the indirect object livaral 1 in (51).

(53) and (54) have the same structure. and (56), (57),

(58) and (510) have the same pattern. 5entences (59),

(511) and (515) have the same structure. 5entences (812)

and (816) have the same structure.

5 ------> (NP) + VP (51)

INP + VP

\ \

82 NP + VP

I INP + VI' 53 + 54

INP + (VP)

INP + NP + NP + NP + NP + NP + NP + NP + NP

I I I\ \ [

55 + 59 + 811 + 513 + 814 + 815

INP + VP

I86 + 57 ... 58 NP + VP NP + VP NP + VP

I I I510 512 516

22. iRayitum avaralkkutax giving-them

vaalntiyankinRaarable-that

nilamfield

83

tanka+they

maattiram vaalvaanamaincu ko~uppitu.

only live-to gave

He should a~lot arable land to the tax payers for

their livelihood.

(51) avaralkku Qilam amaincu kotuppitu.. ,

Hain sentence.

(52) avaral iRayituvitu > iRayiturnavaral.•• • #

5ubordinate to (51).

(53) nilarn avaralkku. vaa!ntiyankinRitu > avaralkku•

vaa!.ntiyankinRa !!,ilam.

(53) subordinated to (51).

(54) tankal rnaattirarn vaalvitu > tankal- rnaattirarn

vaalvaan.

(54) subordinated to (51).

In sentence (22), all the subordinate sentences

(52, 53 and 54) are subordinated to the constituents of

the main sentence.

S ------> (NP) + VP (Sl)

84

NP

S2

+ VP

NP

S3

+ VP

S4 + VP

23. akrtam panikollumavaralkkuunarable 'work~that-them

ulutunilkkil enRumplough-if-permanently

veenkaatavaaRuhaving not taken

amincufixed

kotruppitu.given

Unarable land should not be taken back from those who

are make it arable.

(Sl) avaratkku enRum veenkaatavaaRu amaincu kotuppitu.

Main sentence.

(S2) avaraf akftam pa~ikotvitu > akftam pa~ikkollumavara~.

Subordinated to (Sl).

85

(83) avara~ akrtam ulutunilkkinRitu > ak:tam uluturrilkkil.

Subordinated to (81).

8 ------> (NP) + VP (81)

NP

82

+ VP

83 + VP

24. (ava~ nilam) u1aaki1 maRRucilarkku veenkikkotuppitu.plough-not-if others for-gave .

110 should taka the land from thoso who do not till

and give it to others.

(81) 1\ maRRu cilafkku veenkikko~uppitu.

(52) (avar) (nilam) ulanam > (avar) (nilam) ulaakil.. . -Subordinated to the VP in (51).

8 ------> (NP) + VP (51)

52 + VP

25. anRiyeotherwise

yoliyilleave-if

graamabhrtakanmaarvillagers~labourers

86

taanor

vaideehakanmaar taantraders .. or

uluvitu.should plough

Or else village servants and traders shou~till the

land.

(Sl) graamabhrtakanmaar. .uluvitu.

Main sentence.

taan vaideehakanmaar. taan

(S2) anRiye yolivitu > anRiye yoliyil.

Subordinated to (Sl).

5 ------> NP + VP (51)

S2 + VP

26. ulavukontavaral tankal tankal doosattaal ulaatoliyil-land-bought-they-themself' fault-by without plough-if

ulutupeRumatinil mummatanku kotuppitu.plough-that-in three times given

If the cultivators leave the land untilled due to

their own fault they should give a penalty equivalent

to three times its expected yield.

87

(Sl) avara~ atini1 mumma~anku ko~uppitu.

Main sentence.

(82) atu u.!.utupcRum > ulutupcRumatu.

Subordinate to (Sl).

(S3) avara1 tanka1 tanka1 doosattaa1 olivitu > avara1. ... .tanka~ tarlka~ doo~attaa1 o.!.iyi1.

(S4) avara~ u1uti11a > avara~ u1aate.

Subordinate to (S3) and then to (Sl).

(S5) avara1 u1avukontitu > u1avu kontavara1.. . . .Subordinate to (Sl).

S -----> NP + VP (51)

\

S3 + Vp·

I I55 NP + VP NP + VP

I INP + VP 52 + NP

I54

27. ulavarkku-r- •

cu1tlvators-to

88

upaayam il1aakkaal dhaanya pasu hiranyanka1way not-if grains cow gold .

katam kotuppitu.credit given

If the cultiva.tors have no means, he should favour

them with grain, cattle and money.

(Sl) u1avafkku dhaanya pasu hira~yanka~ ka~am ko~up~itu.

Main sentence.

(52) ulavarkku.i1laakkaal.

upaayam ilta > ulavarkku. upaayam

Subordinate to (51).

5 ----> (NP) + VP (51)

NP + VP

52 + VP

28. katam kotuttu anugrahippitu.cr~dit ~ave should help

They shall be assisted with loans.

89

(81) /\ anugrahippitu.

Main sentence.

(82) katam kotuppitu > katam kotuttu.• # ••

Subordinated to the main verb in (Sl).

S ----> (NP) + VP (Sl)

82 + VP

29. kutikalum konta dhanam menaninRu teetikkotuppitu.villagers-and buy-that treasure doing-work search and given

"The villagers should repay the loans with their

earnings through cultivation".

(81) dhanam menaninRu tce~ikko~uppitu.

Main sentence.

(S2) dhanam kutikal ko~tu > kutikal konta dhanam.NP2 NP1' V

Using the conjunction to the NPl and subordinate to

(81).

s ----) (NP) + VP

NP -I- VP

52 (NP + VP)

90

30. anugraha parihaaram pa~~uvitu.

help grant done

(The king) should grant them favours and subsidies.

This is a simple sentence.

S ------) (NP) + VP.

91

ambariisoopaakhyaana~•

ambarii 700paakhyaanam is a puranic story, the

story of King Ambarisha of Ayodhya. The author of

the text is unkown. The language of ambarii~oopaakhyaanam

is ornamental in the contexts of the description of

places, persons and events. According to the sequence of

the story, the text can be classified into separate

sections. Each section describes a main subject

viz. , Ambarisha, his country, Ambarisha's thought,

encounter between Ambarisha and Vasishta etc.

Sentences in each of these descriptions are similar

in structure. For example, the description of Ambarisha

is (praaciina malaya~a gadyamaat~kaka~, P-15):

( 1 ) cakradharanaikkanakkeChakradhara-like

karakamalattinkalhand-lotus-in

dhariykkappetta sankhu cakrannalai yu~ayan.worn-that-c6~ch-wheel-possess-he

Like Chakradhara (lord Vishnu) Ambarisha also has the

holy conch and, the wheel in his lotus like hands.

( 2 ) iisvaran tiruvatiyaikkinakkee dahikkappettaGod hon-likc' burnt-that

kaamadeevanaiyutayan.cupid posses':'he

Like God himself.

92

(3) subrahmanyanekkanakkee laksmiykku tooRRinRa gangayuteSubrahmanya-acc':like Lakshmi-to create Ganga's

yolukkukinakkeyirunna gaambhiiryatte yutayan.- flow-like-be depth posses-he

(He) was proud like Subrahmanya whose pride equalled

the flow of thc rivcr Gangas when shc was created by

Goddess Lakshmi.

Sentences (1), (2) and (3) are copular sentences in

the deep structure and the copula is deleted in the

surface structure. Short sentences are the general

pattern of the text though very long sentences are also

found. This lengthening of sentences is due to clubbing

of a number of subordinate sentences to a main sentence.

These subordinate sentences have adjectival function.

A noun may be modified with onc or more subordinate

sentences. For instance in the following sentence ( 4 ) ,

the subordinate sentences (Sl), (S2) and (S3) modify the

subject NP in (4).

(4) viRaikkappettashivered-that

mukhamandalamumface-and

viriyappettaspread-that

jataabhaaramum,matted hair-and

talarappetta~ . -

tlred-thatgaatrahna~umu~ayanaay

body-and-possessed

bhayattootu cenRu sriikailaasam pRaapiccaan.fear-with went Kailasa reached-png

He approached Kailasa with fear and with shivering

face, untied hair and a tired body.

(81) viRaikkappetta mukhamandalam utayanaayi. . .

(82) viriyappe~~a ja~aabhaaram u~ayanaay;and

(83) ta~arappe~~a gaatrannaluQu~ayanaay.

Abundant use of subordinate sentences having

adjectival function is a characteristic feature of this

text.

The language features are as follows.

sound changes in the text are:

The major

AM Hod.Ma. AH ~1od.Ha.

94

un > a c<j: n<Ill rill <:1 1 Dannal.e > a eg: paReke, pe~~i paRaka, palli. .

ai > a eg: ninaikkinRa ninakkuDua

u > i eg: parupaaliccu paripaaliccu

9 > k eg: vivccgiccaan viveekiccu

1 > d eg: cuulaamani cuudaamaI].i.. . . .nH > nn cg: ninHa, enRaal ninDa, cIInaal

r > 1 eg: kutar kutal. . • .

A number of forms in AM is not used in modern

rJI9- layalam. A few of them are the following. aimpalam

'five palam' (a measure), itamaayina 'likeness', avaRRaal

'by them' , olla 'No' , kampaaykayRu, 'strong rope' ,

niiraattupalli. . , . , royal bath', pe~l!uvaan 'take to' ,

marakkalam 'ship', viyaaman 'controller' and perumam

'much' . Further examples of the peculiar language style

of ambarii~oopaakhyaanam, are: elunnarulinoonaakil-- .'coming in', muttulaam 'three quantity' (60 pounds),

eUDumatinaal 'by that', udaasiinam pe~~i 'neutral' ,

kusalinRiyee 'without falsehood' (praaciinamalayaa~a

gadyamaatrkakal, p. 26 - 31).. .

'sariiram ulpattiyaakinRatu', 'pranavambody originated-that the syliable

95

epuaaninRaoom like-that

taamaraippuuvinute' ,lotus-flower's'

'ateeyumtha"t-and

alIa' ,not

'bhaktarkaldevotees"

ilohyuvasiccu' ,lived

'iksv,wku VilIHS<1 ttinka 1Ikshaku dynasty in

u~.J.oon ambarii~an',

be-he Ambrisha

, ruulJafigure

yauvvanasaubhaagya sampannaraayirunna 'young-luck enriched-thaf-

are other

examples.

Text

A connected text of 30 sentences is chosen for the

study and in a connected text inter - sentential relations

<1rc also important uS the intrasentcntial relutions.

Generally in syntactic analysis only intrasentential

relation is taken into consideration. But for a full

comparison in a historical level, inter-scn"tential

relations are also considered. The thirty sentences

listed below are taken from the text 'praaciinamalayaa!a

<jadyamaatrkakal'. . by P.K. Narayana Pillai (p. 15 21) •

The sentences of this discourse are numbered serially

(1 to 30).

( 1 ) accutan anantasayanan ~riipundariikaaksan. . .~aaraayana swaami sriipuru~oottaman tiruvatiyute. .sriipancaayudhanna~ poolu . mimennum atinaal

iksvaakuvamsattinkal. ulloon ambariisanan. .

96

aakinRa

raajaavavan ettanayum samartthabuddhiyutayan.. . (2) samasta

raajaakkalute. . muticcuulaamaniyi ..... , seenayu",:ayan

prasaadattinaalum anuraagattinaalum itam aayina saamanta

janattaal niRayappe~~irikkinRa naa1u samudrattinum

iRutaakiya bhuumiykku bhafttaavu (aakinRitu) .

( 3 ) cakradharanaikkanakkc karakamalattinkal

dhariykkappetta sankhucakrannalai yu~ayan.... ( 4 ) iisvaran

tiruva~iyaikki~akkeedahikkappetta kaama deevanaiyu~ayan.

(5) subrahmanyanekkanakkee laksmiykku tooRRinRa gahgayute.. ... .(ki ? ka) ~akkcyiruDua gaambhiiryattcyu~ayan.

( 6 ) atecyum alla aadiraajaavu bhagiirathanute.amaatyapuroohitaraalmaafggavatiyaayi~~iruDDoon. ( 7 )

( 8 ) avanutc•

raajyattil

eppo.!,utum ulavaakinRa deevootsavannalaal ramal!iiyam

aakinRitu. ( 9 ) addhyaa (ya ? pa) nam addhyayanam

pratigraham daana (maadi) istakarmmanirataraaya. .. .. -tapassvaaddhyaaya talpararaay vrtoopavaasa

•diiksitar. .

aayirikkinRa braahmanavarggattaal niRayappettirunnamayaal.. - ,. . --

(brahma ? braahma~a) lookam enRu toonRumaaRum iruDuitu.

(10) atcyum alla, pra1aya (ghatatata. . . ~? gajagha~aaka1;-a)

vigafitamaayina madavaari puuritattaal aardritam aayina

kalloola nadii yug<.lantanria~ai yu~ayavaaya p;-a~aya

gha~ata1;-aa ? ghanaghataatoopa garjjitannal aayina gandha.. . ~

sindhu kufijarapatikal. man tara malayai

97

praapicca

Id.~lil kkccyurn iJ n ji:WcHoa li..d.yuu <j uu tr iJlf\ I?cIWiJiJruikld.I)u kkecyum

!:!..iilamee<jham niraQl}u va DQ.iRanilina kiI)akkeeyum

nallavaanaittalavarlnalaal. niRayappettirunnamayaal- ...--

himava1kkatatatam enRu toonRumaaRum irunnitu.. . --

(11 ) ateeyum alla, manassinaiyum vainatee (na? ya)

naiyum veegamkontu. . venRittirunnaBvaratnahha1aal•

niRayappettirunnamayinaal sindhu deesam enRu toonRumaaRum- .. --irunnitu. ( 12 ) iJteeyurn iJl1a, iJtyiJntnrn vidugddharaayi

ruul?a yeuvana saubhaagya sampannaraayirunta striika1aal.n i Ha yil 1?1J{~t t irunnnrnaynu 1

_ ... It "_ullli..lri..li.lVi..lLiyenHu toonHurnaaHum

( 13 ) ateeyum alla, viinaaveenu rnrdm1ga "'san. . .? gha) patahakaa(ha ? )la taa1a giita vaadyahhal.aal, ..

koolaahala sanku1am aayiruv~amayaa(l) gandhafva

!}illJt..IciycnHu toonHurnaaHurnirum}i tu. (14 ) ancckamaayiram

ratnannalaal niRayappettirunnamayaal vaisravanaalayam enRulit - • • -- rI

toonRumaaRum (15) naanaajaatiyulla- ..ratnannalullamayaal. ., naagalookam enRu toonRumaaRum

irunnitu. ( 16 ) maRRurn ~aanaajaativicitraQ naanaa

prakaaram aayulavaakinRavaRRaal alankrtarn aayirikkinRitu.• •

A part of the oriuinal text is omi~cd here hccnuse of

the identity of patterns in them. Sentences 17 to 26 are

Arnbarisha's soliloquy.

(17) enRaal entaavu·tee .~alsvaryam

98

veentinRut.. .illenHu vivccUiccu 1 oo)",:w V<.l s thay ir i kk i nH.u vau l{a..!.akutenHu

vivecgiccarulinaan.• (18 ) cnti.praanikaluteyavasthayirunna-.. If ~ ..

Vt.ld H enl{u ki.laJl\i1kroodha .I uO)Jlw lIlootw mad<.l maatsaryam

e!!uaaninRa ~ariirateyutayaraay•

purusaartthatte• •vee~~aatatu yaavanoruttan dhanamutayan enRum sampannan

enRum collinRitu. (19) artthatte• geuraviccabhimaana-

maakinRa ~ariirattaiyu~ayaraay arttham• aakinRatu

anarttham .•(20) afttham sa~grahiccaal rak~ippaan paQiya-

tinupaayum variki1 dukham cnnum utinaal-.. ulsvaryamum

artthamum. enRitellaam udaasiinam aarum

onlLLarinHiyec aarootum (~eLum arulicccyy<.lt.ltc yclunnarulat-... . - ~.. ~ .tu~anninaan ambarii~an. (21) Qagaram kalinnu, maRRum

uncckarn aneckam parvatam,•

aneekam

nadikal, aneekam uagaram enRiva kalinnarulinRavan•vivccgiccarulinuan. ( 22 ) cntcc cnnutc yuvustha .• (23)

ennu uookki naan pookinRitu. ( 24 ) aaki100 janattinka1

kusalinHiyccyirikkinHa bhakturka1 cnnutc boodhattckku1annu. .. ..boodhiccaruluvooraaree

• enRu viveegiccarulinRavannu•toonRiitu. (25) ik~vaaku raajaakka~kku bandhuvaayirippoon

keeva1am pa1ayajanattilum bhaktika!i1um oru kusalinRiyee

yiruQuarutuvoon vasi~~han tiruvati puu~vaacaaryanaakayum

untu paramabhktanaakayumuntu,~ . ~ . Daaraaya~a svaamiyuvakka-

Pl?c~um sisyanaakayum• untu.• •(26 ) enRaal vasisthan• •

tiruvatiyai• namaskariccu bhaktivennuvaanulla... . ..

99

upadeesam

aRinnukolvuut enRu vasisthaasramam nookki• • • elunnaru1a--... .ttutanninaan ambariisan.· . (27) vasisthaasramatte cenRu••

kURukinRambarii~anaikka~tu viveegiccaru!inaan

tiruvati .•

Ambarisha paid obeisance to Vasishta.

Vasishta's question he spoke.

vasisthan• •

In reply to

(28) itu kaanaa bhagavaanee, nintiruvatiyaru1iccaitava4 -..

yonRum a11a~iyeenu raajyatti1 apeek~ayi11a. (29) pa1;ayum

bhandaaramum• •veenta.• • (30) ai"'svaryamum anubhavamum

veentinRuti11a.• •

English Translation

ambariisoopaakhyaanam is the story of Ambarisha, the•king of Ayodhya. .In this·· data, sentences 1 to 7 describes

Ambarisha, sentences 8 to 16 are about Ambarisha's

country, sentences 17 to 26 are Ambarisha's soliloquy and

sentences 28 to 30 are Ambarisha's reply to Vasishta's

questions.

( 1 ) Ambarisha of Ikshaku dynasty was a very

intelligent king and his chivalry was more or less equal

100

to that of the God Supreme, Vishnu. (2) He was an emperor

among the kings, who was the husband of a country which

was bound by four seas and was occupied by pleasant and

lovable people. (3) Like chakradhara, he (Ambarisha) also

had a conch (sankhu) and a wheel in his hands. (4) He had

also overcome passion (cupid) like God Shiva who had burnt

cupid (passion). (5) He was proud like Lord SUbrahmanya

(who was defeated by Ganapathy in a trick) and he was

unqry like the Gan9Cls who CjClve birth to Lakshmi.

(6) Besides, he wa5 a follower of the ancient King

Bhageeratha. (7) He was (always) surrounded by ministers

and priests. (8) His country was beautiful due to the

frequent temple festivals. (9) (His country) resembled

a holy world because it was always occupied by priests who

were leading a holy life by observing fast and meditation,

unu en<Ja<j inlj in tcucld.nlj und lcu rnin<J charitable

activities and chanting mantras. (10) Besides, his

country resembled the valley of the Himalayas as it was

full of elephants which looked like blue clouds around the

earth and Anjana mountains. And it resembled Mandara

mountains where the fragrance of the rutting juice of the

great elephants which looked like the high rolling waves

of the <Jreat spate.

(11) Moreover, his country resembled Sindhu

(province) because he had plenty of horses that CQuld

defeat even the garuda and mind in speed. (12) Moreover,

the country looked like Amaravathy (the abode of Lord

Indra, the supreme God of Gods) because there were plenty

of beautiful young women who were clever and skilled.

(13 ) In addition, it resembled 'Gandharva Nagaram'

(Demon city) because, from the country there echoed

the sounds of drum, flute, veena and the war clarions.

(14) Because of the jewels his country resembled the house

of Vysravana (the richest man). (15) Because of the

variety of jewels it looked like the abode of snakes.

(16) In addition to all these (Ambarisha's) country was

beautifully adorned with different things and in different

ways.

(17) There is enough prosperity and the state

(condition) of the world is good (18) Ambarisha's

soliloquy continues, he thinks, what is the state of

(man) .... Human body is a combination of kaama (lust),

kroodha (anger), loobha (affinity), mooha (desire), mada•

(pride) , maatsaryam (competition). Be who discards

puru~aarttha (the aim of life) is called (regarded as) the

rich and the wealthy. (19) It is a folly to become rich

102

through a physical possession (taking pride in material

things), accepting the puru~aa;ttha. (20) If money is

hoarded, it is hard to protect it and when it

(hoarded money) is in danger it will create misery.

Hence showing no interest in wealth and prosperity.

Ambarisha started walking without anyone and without

speaking to any body. (21) He passed through the city,

~usscd many other cities, crossed many mountains,

many rivers and many more cities, there after he spoke to

Id1l1S(~l(. (22) VJhat is Illy slule. (23) VJllere uIn I going

to! (Which is my destination?). (24) But while he was

thinking that who l:Ullony lhe saintly people, who have

no physical contact with the peopl~who is not interested

in the physical world, will help me to throwaway the

knowledge (interest) of the physical things and to gain

spiritual knowledge, it occured to (Ambarisha).

(25) (Ambarisha remembered) that there is Vasishta

muni (Saint Vasishta) vJho is the first teacher, a staunch

devotee and also the favourite disciple of Narayana

(Lord Vishnu). He is also a relative of the Ikhaku kings

and he is not interested in mere devotees and old people.

(26) So Amabrisha started towards Vasishtasramam

(Vasishta's place) to pay obeisance to him and seek his

blessings and advice (<juidance)to aChieve spiri-tual

knowledge.

103

(27) Seeing Ambarisha in his Asrama Vasishta

contemplated over the reasons for his coming (arrival).

(28) 0 Lord please know this, (the reason for my coming

over here) is none that you have suggested, because

I don't have any desire for country. (29) Nor do I desire

Jft army and treasury. (30) Wc~alt:h and prosperi-ty T have

enough and I don't want any more.

ambariisoopaakhyaanam: Structural Description.

A detailed description of the text is attempted.

By structural representation strictly transformational

deep structural analysis is not meant here. But what is

represented is only an outline for the convenience of

reference. Parts of sentences shown in brackets belong to

their deep structure and are not available in the surface

structure given in the text. An analysis of each sentence

along with its structural representation is given.

1. accutan anantasayanan ~riipundariikaaksan. , .Achyutha Anantha-lies-he Vishnu

naaraayaI}aNarayana

swaami sriipuru900ttamanSri PuroshothClmCl

tiruvatiyute• •han-of

~riipancaayudhahhal

five weapons .poolu .

evenmime nnum

that-andatinaalthat-by

ik~vaakuvamsattinkal

Ikshaku-race-inambaariisanan

Ambarisha

104

aakinRais-that

raajaavavan ettanayum samattthabuddhiyu~ayan.

King-he much-nne1 very mnch wi ndolll-ponfH'fHi-hc

Ambrisha of Ikshaku dynasty was a very intelligent

king and his chivalry was more or less equal to that

of the God Supreme, Vishnu.

This is a compound sentence having two main

(Sl)

sentences.

accutan anantasnyanan sriipundariikaaksan. ~ . £!.aaraayaIJa

swaami sriipuru~oottaman tiruvatiyute- ..sriipancaayudhanha~ poolu .•..•• mime

Main sentence.

(S2) avan ettanayum samartthabuddhiyutayan (aakinRitu) >• •_ be-copu

avan ettanayum samartthabuddhi yutayan.• •

Main sentence.

(Sl) and (S2) are constituent sentences and are

connected by a connector 'atinaal'.

(53) (ambariisanan). . ik~vaakuvamsattinkal

105

ulloon. .(aakinRitu) > ik~vaaku vam~attihkal u!~oon.

(55) is subordinate to (S2).

(54) raajaavu ambariisanan aakinRitu. . > ambarii~aI)an

aakinRa raajaavu.

Subordinated to (S2).

S ------> Sl

(NP) + VP

+ S2

NP + VP

S3 + S4

2 . samustaall

raa jaa kkul ~l"tiCKings- poss

muticcuuluumaniyi ..... . ..unbeatable

seenayutayan prasaadattinaalum anuraagattinaalum itamarmy-possess he-cheerfulness-by-and adoration-by-and blessings

aayina saamanta janattaal niRayappet\irikkinRa gaalubecome-that dependant people by filled with-that four

samudrattinumseas-of-emph.

(aa kinRitu) .is

iRutaukiyaboundary-that

bhuumiykkuearth-to

bhafttaavuhusband

106

He was an emperor among the kings, who was the

husband of a country which was bound by four seas and

was occupied by pleasant and lovable people.

(51) (ambariisanan) bhuumiykku bharttaavu (aakinRitu) >. . .bhuumiykku bharttaavu .

•

Main sentence.

(52) bhuumiNP2

saamanta janattaalNPl

niRayappettirikkinRltu >• •

saamanta janattaal niRayappettirikkinRa bhuumi... .. ..

(53) naalu samudrattinum bhuumi iRut aakinRitu > uaa1u

samudrattinum iRut aakiya bhuumi.

(52) and (53) are the adjectival sentences of the

indirect object 'bhuumi' of (51) and these two

sentences have the same structure.

(84) saamantajanam prasaadattinaal itam aakinRitu >

prasaadattinaal itam aayina saamanta janam.

(85) saamantajanam anuraagattinaal itam aakinRitu >

anuraagattinaal itam aayina saamanta janam.

(84) and

107

(85) are adjectival sentences 4ualifying

(NP1) of (82) 'saamantajanam' and they have the same

structure. These are conjoined by the co-ordinator

'-urn' and subordinated to (82).

(86) samasta raajaakkalute. . muticcuulaamaniyii •..••.. . , .scenayutayan ..This nominal sentence functions as the sUbject.

In (81) ~mbari~aqan is replaced by this (86).

8 ------) + VP (81)

86 NP + (V cop)

82 + 83

NP + VP

3.

84 + 85

(ambariiflalJan)Ambarisha

cakradharanaikkaQakkechakradhara-like

karakamalattihkalhand-latus-in

dhariykkappetta• •worn-thatsankhucakranhalai.

conch-wheel

yu~ayan (aakinRitu).pOFHlcnn-hn i r:

108

Like chakradhara (Lord Vishnu who bears a wheel in

his hand) he (Ambarisha) also had a 'sankhu' (conch) a

wheel in his hands (his hands resembled a lotus).

(51) (ambariisanan) cakradharanaikkanakke• • •

sankhucakrannalai yutayan (aakinRitu).• •

Main sentence.

(52) sankhu cakranna1 karakamalattinkal dhariykkappe~~u >

karakamalattinkal dhariykkappe~ta sankhu cakranna~.

5ubordinate to (51).

8 ------> (NP) + VP (81)'

NP + (V-Cop)

NP-Comp + NP

52

4 • (ambariiflaIjan)Ambarisha

ii'svaranGod

tiruvatiyaikkiIjakkee. .hon-acc-llke

dahikkappetta kaama deevanaiyutayan (aakinRitu).• • •burnt-that cupid-ace-he is

109

He had also overcome passion (cupid) like God 5hiva

who had burnt cupid (passion).

(Sl) (ambariisanan)• • iisvaran tiruvatiyaikkinakkee• •

kaamadeevanaiyutayan (aakinRitu) •.Main sentence.

(S2) kaamadeevan

kaClmadccvan.

dahiykkappe1;-t;u > dahiykkappe1;1;a

Subordinate to (51).

S ------> (NP) + VP (51)

NP + (V)

NP-Comp + NP

(52)

5 . (ambarii~ar:an)

l\mbarishasubrahmaQyanekkaQakkee

Subrahmanya-like

110

lak~miykku

Lakshmi-acc

tooRRinRa gangayute yolukku (ki ?created-that Ganga's flow

gaambhiiryatteyutayan (aakinRitu).gravity-possess-he is

ka)nakkeyirunna'like-that-

He "Jas proud like Lord SUbrahmanya (who was defeated

by Ganapathy in a trick) and he was deep like the

waters of Gangas give birth to Lakshmi.

(51) (ambariisanan) subrahmanyanekkanakkee• • •

gaambhiiryatteyutayan (aakinRitu) .•

Main sentence.

(52) gaambhiiryam gangayu~e yo!ukku (ki ? ka) ~akkeyiruDQu

> gangayute•

yo.!.ukku (ki ? ka) nakkeyirunna. ..-(jilillflbhiiryam.

Subordinate to (51).

(53) ganga

.ganga.

laksmiykkutooRRinRitu > lakshmiykku tooRRinRa. .

Subordinate to (52).

S ------> (NP) + VP (81)

NP' + (V~cop)

III

NP-Comp + 82

NP + VP

NP + VP

83

G. utcoyurnthat-emph

allanot

uudi ('lHI junvllfirst King

bhagiirathanu-t;.eBhagirathan-poss

(aakinRitu) .was

maafggavatiyaayi~~irunuoon

follower-exist ed-he

Besides, he was a follower of the ancient King

Bhageeratha.

(Sl) (iJ.mbar ii sanan ). . aadiraajaavu

112

bhagiirathanute.maafggavatiyaayi~~iruDuoon (aakinRitu) > aadiraajaavu

bhagiirathanute maa{ggavatiyaayit~iruUDoon.

This is a simple sentence where the subject NP and

the copular' verb is deleted. The initial phrase

'ateeyum a11a' links it to the previous sentence 5.

5 ------> (NP) + NP + (V(be-copu»

7. (ambarii~aQan) amaatyapuroohitaraa1 parivftanAmbarisha ministers and priests-by surrounded-png

aayit~iruDDoon (aakinRitu).had been-he was

He (Ambarisha) was (always) surrounded by ministers

and priests.

(51) (ambariisanan)• •amaatyapuroohitaraal parivftan

aayittirunnoon (aakinRitu) >.. --parivrtan aayittirunnoon.• .. II __

Sentence (7) is similar to (56).

amaatyapuroohitaraa1

Sentences 1 - 7 illustrate one of the devices of

subordination where each of the constituents functioning

as the adjectival clause can have a deep

structure sentence with the copular be verb (aanu) .•

113

In ueneral the structure of these sentences can be stated

as NPI + NP2 + (V). Where the numbers 1, 2 refer to the

urammatical function of each category. Same number

shows similar grammatical function. For eg., consider

the first sentence (1). It's structure is NPI + NP~

where NPl is the sUbject and NP2 is the adjective

clause which qualifies NP1. NPl -----) rajaavavan

NP2 -------) ettanayum samarttha. buddhiyutayan.•

Here NPI is a complex structure. 'rhe subject is

lavan' , and the other preceding NPS (ambarii~an

ik~aakuvamsattinkal u~1oon, sriipuru~oottaman tiruva~iyu~e

sriipaficaayudha~~al poolu--mi) are adjectives of the

subject. l For convenience of analysis, the whole unit

is treated as NP1. Sentence (2) can also be analysed as

NPl + NP2. Where NPI functions as the subject of the

sentence which in fact is an adjectival clause and this

NP attributes the NP in sentence (1). In the rest of the

sentences, the subject is deleted (anaphoric deletion).2

This elision is a discourse feature.

1The names accutan, anantasayanan, Briipu~qariikaak~an,

naaraayana swami and Briipurusoottama are alternativenames representing Lord Vishnu: .

2In a Connected text, because the topic of discussion isthe same, the subject gets deleted in many sentencesbecause they are co-referential to that of the previoussentence. Here in this text, the topic of discussion isking Ambarisha who is the subject of all sentences.

8. avanute. .h1s

raajyattilcountry-in

cppolutumalways

114

utavaakinRaoccur1ng happen that

deevootsavannalaal rama~iiyam aakinRitu.temple-festivai-by beautiful was

His country was beautiful due to the divine festivals

celebrated quite often.

(Sl) (raajyam) deevootsavannalaal rama~iiyam aakinRitu.

Main sentence.

(B2) aV<lnut;.e r.uajYilttil dccvootsav<lnnnl. oppolutuffi

ulavaakinRitu. > avanut;.e raajyattil eppolutum

ulavaakinRa deevootsavannal.t •

Subordinate to (Sl)

S ------> (NP) + VP (Sl)

NP + VP

S2

9. addhyaateaching

115

(ya ? pa) nam addhyayanam prati~raham daanalearning accept charity

(maadi)etc.

i~~aka~maDirataraaya

yaga-engagedtapassvaaddhyaaya

meditation-fasting

talpararaayin'terested

vrtoopavaasa'fasting

diiksitar. .practice

aayirikkinRais-that

braahma~avarggattaal. \.brahm1n-comrnun1ty-by

niRayappe~~iru~~amayaal

filled with so

(brahma

irunnitu.exIsted

? braahmarya)brahmin

lookamworld

enRuthat

toonRumaaRumseems-and

(His country) resembled a saintly world because it

was always occupied by priests who were leading a

holy life by observing penance and meditation and

engaging in teaching and learning, charitable

activities and chanting mantras.

(81) (avanu~eraajyam) braahma~avafggattaal~iRayappe~~iruDUu.

( 82) ( r aa j y am ) (brahma ? braahmana)•

lookam enRu

toonRumaaRirun~itu.

(81) and (82) are constituent sentences and are

linked by a connector lamayaal l .

(83) braahma~avafggam istakarmanirataraakinRitu" . . - >

i~taka~manirataraaya braahma1)avarggam.

116

(54) braahmat;lava~ggam tapassvaaddhyaaya talpararaayirikkinRitu

> tapassvaaddhyaaya ta1pararaay braahma~avarggam.

(55) braahma~avafggam vrtoopavaasa• diiksitar• •

aayirikkinRitu > vrtoopavaasa diiksitar aayirikkinRa. . .braahma~avafggam.

The sentences (53), (54) and (55) are adjectival

sentences which qualifies the (NP) of (51) viz.,

'braahma!]<:lVUf99i:1m' und they have the same structure.

(56) addhyaa (ya? pal nam addhyayanam pratigraham daana

(maadi) istakarmam aakinRitu > addhyaa (ya ? pal nam• • •

addhyayanam pratigraham daana (maadi) i~takaFmam.

This (86) subordinated to (53) .

8 ------> 81 + (eonj) + 82

117

(NP) + VP

NP + VP

83 + 84 + 55

NP + VP

NP + VP

86

10. ateyum alIa,that-emph-not

pralaya (ghatatata, ..flood elephant's

? gajaghataakata)• •elephants group

vigalitamaayinaflo;'n-be-that

madavaari puuritattaal aardritamto

rutting juice saturation-by weted

aayinathat

kalloolawavy

nadiiriver

yugaantunnalai•long-ace.

yutayavuaya,owner-be-that

pralaya ghatatataa (? ghanaghataatoopa garjjitannalflood group~ of "clouds clouds aft~r ~louds-an~cr-thund~r-bY

aayinabe-that

gandha sindhu kunjarapatika! mantaraelcphunt-e]cphunts Mandara

malayaihill-ace

praapiccareached

kiI).akkeeyumlike-and

anjanamalaiyaablack hill

118

gaatrambody

peRRaaraikki~akkeeyum

gave birth to like-andniilameegham-blue-cloud

!!,ira1JQuarrayed

vanl}iRatulinadescended

kilfakkccyumlike-and

nallavaanaittalava~halaal

-good-group of elephants

niRayappettirunnamayaalfilled with-so

toonRumaaRum irunnitu.seems-and-(link)-existed

himavalkkatatatam enRuMount Himalaya-valley-that

Besides, his country resembled the valley of the

Himalayas as it was full of elephants, which looked

like blue clouds around the earth and Anjana

mountains, and which resembled Mandara mountains

which was filled with the fragrance of the rutting

juice of the great elephants which looked like the

high rolling waves of the great spate.

(81) (avanu~e raajyam) nalla vaanaittalavannalaal.niRayappettirunnu.- ..--

(82) (raajyam) himavalkka~a tatam enRu toonRumaaRirugnitu.

(81) and (82) are constituent sentences. These two

are conjoined by a connector 'amayinaal'.

(53) niilarneegharn >

119

niilarneegharn

nirannu vanniRannina kinakkee.... ......- -- .

(54) anjanarnalaiyaa gaatram peRRitu > anjanamalaiyaa

gatram peRRaaraikki~akkee.

(55) gandha sindhu kunjarapatikal rnantararnalayai praapiccu

> gandha sindhu kunjarapatikal• rnantararnalayai

praapicca kinakkee .•

These subordinate sentences (53), (54) and (55) are

adjectival sentences which qualify the object (NP)

of (51) 'nallavaanaittalavannal' and they• have the

same structure. These three are conjoined with the

co-ordinator I -urn I and subordinated to (51).

(56) gandha sindhu kunjarapatika! pra+aya gha~ata~aa ( ?

~arjjitah~al) aayitu >•

pralaya.ghatatataa• • ghanaghataatoopa• • garjjitahnal• •

aayina

gandha sindhu kunjarapatikal•

(57) gandha sindhu kunjarapatikal• kalloola

~adiiyugaantannalai

] . . •• 1 .~acllyugaantannaial

kunjarapatikal·

yutayavaayitu > kalloola

y II ~u y n v a a ya Cj and h i1 rd. n d h u

120

(86) and (87) are the adjectival sentences which

qualify the sUbject (NP) of (85) 'gandha sindhu

kufijarapatikal' and have the same structure.

(88) kalloola ~adiiyugaanta~hal madavaari puuritattaal

aafdritamaayitu > madavaari puuritattaal aafdritam

aayina kalloola nadiiyuyaantanha\.

(89) kalloola Uadiiyugaantanna! pralaya. (ghatatata. . ?

gajaghataakata) vigalitam aayitu > pralaya (ghatatata..' .. .7 vi<J<llitam aayina kalloola

uadiiyugaantanna~.

(88) and (89) are sentences which qualify the noun

phrase (NP) of (87) - 'kalloolanadiiyugaantanha~'.

In the sentence (10), all the subordinate sentences

(83 - 89) belong to the constituent sentence (81).

The discourse connector 'ateeyum alla' is

initially.

used

5 ------> 51

(NP) + VP

+ "( conj) + 52

121

NP + VP

55 + 54 + 53

NP + VP

57 + 56

NP + VP

59 + 58

11. ateeyum alIa, manassinaiyum vainatee{na ? ya)naiyumthat-emph-not mind-ace-and garuda ace-and

vccgnmkOIrt;.Uspeed-by-with

vcnHitt i runnc;(s va rutna hha laa 1.. ..~ .. .won-that horses-by

niRayappcttiruQDamayinuulfilled with-so

(uvanutchis

ruujyum)country

sindhu5indhu

deesam enRu toonRumaaRum iruDuitu.nation-that sccms-und-(]jnk)-cxistcd

122

Moreover, his country resembled 5ind province because

of the horses which could defeat even the Garuda and

mind in their speed.

(51) (avanute raajayam) asvaratnanna~aal niRayappe~~iruDnu.

(52) (avanu~e raajyam) sindhu dee~m enRu toonRumaaR iru~nitu.

(51) and (52) are constituent sentences and are

connected by a connector 'amayinaal

(54) asvaratnanna1 manassinai veegamkontu venRittirunnu >. . .. . ,. ....... -

manassinai veegamkontu venRittirunna~varatnahna1.. . _...

(54) asvaratnahnal vainatce (na ? ya)nai• veegamk0t;li;u

venRittirunnu.. -. ~ > vainatee(na ? ya) nai veegam kontu..venRittirunnasvaratnannal., . ....- .

(53) and (54) qualify the object (NP) of (51)

'asvaratnanna~' and are co-ordinated by '-um', the

(discourse connector 'ateeyum alia' is used initially

in (11) links it to the previous sentence (10).

123

5 ------) 51 + conj + 52

(NP) + VP

NP + VP

53 + 54

12. ateeyum alla, atyantam vidagddharaayi ruupa yeuvanathat-emph-not highly-very much expert-be beautiful-young

saubhaagyaluck

sampannaraayiruntarich-wealthy-was-that

striika~aal

women-by

niRayappettirunnamayaal amaraavatiyenRu toonRumaaRum- filled ~i.th-G~~cuu:w 1\IlIuruv.:.lti-thut l:lc0J11s-und (link)

irunnitu.exI"Sted

Moreover, the country looked like Amaravathy because

there were plenty of beautiful young women who were

clever and skilled.

(51) (avanute raajyam) striika~aal £iRayappe~~iruunu.

(52) (raajyam) amaraavatiyenRu toonRumaaRiruQuitu.

(51) and (52) are constituent sentences and linked by

Lhe connc'c to r '<llIlil Y ilill '

(83) striika~ atyantam vida9ddharaakinRitu >

atyantam vidagddharaayi.

124

striikal•

(84) striikaf ruupayeuvana saubhaagya sampannaraayiruntitu >

ruupa yeuvana saubhaagya sampannaraayirunta striikal .•

(83) and (54) qualify the object (NP) in (81)

'striika1'• and are subordinate to (81). [8entence

initial

( 11 ) ] .

'ateeyum alla' links this sentence with

8 ------> 51 + conj

(NP) + VP

NP + NP

53 + 84

+ 52

13. ateeyum a11a,that-emph-not

viiQaavee~u mrdanga. san(ghu ? gha)Veena Flute Mrdanga conch

patahakaa(ha?)~a taala giita vaadyanha~aal

war horn rhythmic musical instruments-by

koolaahalanoicy

sankulammixed

aayirunnamayaa(l)was-because

(avanutehis'

raajyam) gandha{va nagariyenRu toonRumaaRumiruD~itu.

country Gandharva city-that seems and existed

In addition, it resembled 'Gandharva nagaram'

125

(Demon.

city) because, from the country, there echoed the

sounds of drum, flute, veena and the war clarions.

(51) (avanute raajyam) viiqaaveequ mfdanga san (ghu ? gha)

patahakaa• (ha ? 1a• taa~a giita vaadyanna1aa1•

koo1aaha1a sanku1am aayiruDuitu.

(52) (raajyam) gandhafva ~agariyenRu toonRumaaRiru~nitu.

(81) and (82) are constituent sentences and are

joined by the word 'amayaa1 1• (The connector

'ateeyum alIa' is an intersententia1 link).

5 ------> 51 + conj + 82

14. aneekamaayiram ratnanna1aa1 ~iRayappe~yiruu~amayaa1so many thousands jewels-by fi11ed-w1th-because

(raajyam)country

irunnitu.existed

vai~rava~aa1ayam

vaisravan's houseenRuthat

toonRumaaRumseems-and-(link)

Because of jewels his country resembled the house of

Vysravana (the richer-;t man).

(81) (avanute raajyam) ancckamaayiram

126

ratnannalaa1

niRayappettirunnitu.- . . --

(82) (raajyam)

iruD!.!itu.

vai"sravaI}aa1ayam enRu toonRumaaRum

(8].) and (52) are conutituent uentences.

connected by the word 'amayaa1'.

'l'hcy arc

8 ------> 51 + conj + 82

15. naanaajaatiyu11adifferent typ~~ of

ratnanna1ullamayaaljcwcls-exi~t~d-bccausc

(raajyam)country

naagalookam enRu toonRumaaRsnake-world that seems

urn irunnitu.and exr~ted

Because of the variety of jewels his country looked

like the abode of snakes.

(81) ratnannal (avanute raajyatti1) ury~u.

(52) (avanute

iruI]I]itu.

raajyam) gaagalookam enRu toonRumaaRum

(53) ratnanna1.ratnanna1.

naanaajaatiyuntu >- .. naanaa jaatiyu11a. .

(53) qualifies the NP - ratnannal• in (51) .

127

(53)

subordinate to (52).

(51) and (52) are constituent sentences and are

linked by 'amayaal'.

5 ------> 51 + conj

NP + VP

(53)

+ 52

16. maRRum naanaajaativicitram naanaa prakaaramall these various kinds of beautiful - all ways

aayulavaakinRavaRRaa1 a1ankrtam aayirikkinRitu.originated that-by decor~ted is

In addition to all these (his --country) was

beautifully adorned with different things and in

different ways.

(51) (avanute raajyam) avaRRaa1 alahkftam aayirikkinRitu.

(52) avaRRa naanaajaativicitram aakinRitu >

naanaajaativicitram.

(52) 5ubsordinate to (51).

(53 ) avaRRa naanaaprakaaram aayulavaakinRitu- .~aanaaprakaaramaayu!avaakinRavaRRa.

128

>

(S3)~ Subordinated to (51) and it qualifies the NP

'avaRRa ' in (51). (The conjunctive word 'maRRum '

used sentence initially connects the 5(16) to the

previous sentence 15).

S ------> (NP) + VP (Sl)

NP + VP

(52) + (S3)

The above sentences 8 to 16 are interlinked.

The structure of the sentences (8) to (16) in general is

(NP) + VP. Where NP is the subject. In sentence (8)

the subject is recoverable from the NP dominated by VP.

But in the other sentences (9 - 16), it is deleted

(anaphoric deletion). These sentences are in the passive

form using the quotative form 'enRu ' . These sentences are

interlinked within the connected text. These sentences

are connected by the coordinate marker I-um I.

Sentence initially [eg., in S(lO), ( 11) , (12),

129

(13)]

it is realised through the form 'ateeyum alla' (not only(thnt-cmp-not)

that) where fatuI 'that' stnnds for what is said earlier

(previous sentence). This is a technique of narration.

This connector 'ateyum alIa' is not treated as part of the

sentence.

17. enRaalbut

entaavuteewhat-be

aisvaryamprosperity

veentinRut\'lant-that

illenRunot-that

viveegiccuthought

lookanvasthayirikkinRavaaRalakutenRuworld-state-be-beauty=that

viveegiccarutinaan.thought-said-he

There is enough prosperity and the state of the world

is good.

(Sl) enRaal entaavutee.

(82) (ambarii 9an) viveegiccaru~inaan.

(S3) lookaavasthayirikkinRavaaRalakutu.

(S2) Subordinated to (S2) by 'enRu' giving (S2a).

130

(82a) (ambariisan) lookaavasthayirikkinRavaaRa1akutenRu. -viveegiccaru1inaan .

•

(84) (ambarii~an) vivccgiccu.

(85) ai~varyam veeq~inRuti11a.

(85) subordinated to (84) by 'enRu' and subordinated

to (82).

8 ------> 81 + 82

(NP) + VP

84 + 83 + VP

(NP) + VP

85

131

18. entipraaQika!uteyavasthayiruQQavaaR enRu kaamakroodhawhat-this-living things condition-be-that desire-anger

loobhalust

moohaambition

madapride

maatsaryamcompetition

ennaaninRathat-was

~ariiratteyateyaraayi.body-acc-poss-be

purusaartthatte1if~'s'pan-acc

veentaatatu. .want-not

yaavanoruttan dhanamutayan enRumwho-one money-(poss)-that-and

col1inRitu.said

sampannan enRumwealthy that-and

Ambarisha's soliloquy continues, he thinks, what is

the state of (man) .... Human body is a combination

of kaama (lust), kroodha (anger), loobha (affinity),

mooha , (desire) , mada (pride), and maatsa"ryam

(competition). He who discards puru~aarttha (the aim

of life) is called (regarded as) the rich and the

wealthy.

(51) ipraanika1utcyavastha entu >. "

entipraanika1uteyavasthayirunnavaaR enRu.. ... ..-

(52) avan dhanamutayan enRu co11inRitu > yaavan oruttan

dhanamutayan enRu collinRitu.

(53) avan sampannan enRu co11inRitu >yaavan oruttan

sampannan enRu collinRitu.

(81) and (82) are coordinated with '-urn'.

132

(S4) /\ ~ariiratteyutayaraayi.- .

(S5) ~ariiram kaamakroodha loobha mooha mada maatsaryam

epnaaninRu > kaamakroodha loobha mooha mada

maatsaryam eDuaaninRa sariiram.

Subordinate to (S4).

(S6) avanu puru~aartthattevee~~a > purusaartthatte. .veentaatatu yavaan •. ,

Subordinate to (S2).

S ------> Sl + conj + S2 + S3

INP2 + VP2 NP3 + VP3

NP2 = NP3 = NP

NP + VP2 + VP3

S4 + S6

(NP) + VP

S5

133

19. aftthatte geuraviccabhimaanamaakinRawealth-ace regarding proud-became

~ariirattaiyutayaraayafttham aakinRatu ana;ttham.body-(acc}-owners-be is-that mistake

It is a folly to become rich through -a- physical

possession (taking pride in material things),

accepting the purusaafttha.

(Sl) arttham anarttham aakinRitu > arttham

anarttham •.

Main sentence.

(S2) artthatte geuraviccu.

(S2 )/$ subordinated to (Sl).

(S3) /\ sariirattaiyu~ayaraayi.

aakinRatu

(S4) ~ariiram abhimaanam aakinRitu > abhimaanam a~kinRa

" . .sarJ.J.ram.

Subordinated to (83) and then to (81).

8 ------> NP

5 + VP

82 + 53

+ VP (81)

134

20. artthammoney

(NP) + VP

NP + VP

84

sangrahiccaal rak~ippaan

accumulated-if protect-purppa~iyatinapaayam

work-that-to-danger

varikil dukham enDum atinaal aisvaryamum artthamumcomes-if mysery-that-and that-by prosperity-and'welath-an

enRitellaamthat-all

udaasiinamslow

pe\l~idown-did

aarum oruttarinRiyeewho-emph-anyone-neg

aarootum eetum aru~icceyyaate yeluQDaru~attu~anninaananyone which-emph-tell-not walking-started-png

ambariisan.Ambarisha

If money is hoarded, it is hard to protect it and

when it (hoarded money) is in d~nger it will create

misery.

135

Hence showing no interest In wealth and

prosperity. Ambarisha started walking without anyone

and without speaking to any body.

(51) ambarii~an yelu~naru~attutahninaan>

yelunQaru1attu~anninaan ambarii~an.

Main sentence.

(52) atinu paniyaakinRitu > atinu pani.. .

(53) afttham rak~ippitu > arttham rak~ippaan.

(54) afttham sangrahiccitu > a~ttham sangrahiccaa1.

5ubordinate to (53) and then to (52).

(55) atinnapaayam variki1 dukham.

Connected to (52) by lenn-um ' .~-

(56) ambariisanan aisvaryam udaasiinam penni.. " ..

(57) ambarii~a~an a~ttham enRite11aam udaasiin~m pe~~i.

Co-ordinated (56) and (57) and sub-ordinated to (51)

using I atinaa1 I

136

(S8) aarum oruttari11a > aarum oruttarinRiyee.

(S9) ambariisan. aarootum eetum aru~iceyti11a > aaroo-t;.um

eetum aruficceyyaate.

Subordinate to (81).

(e1unnarulattutanninaan).- -- . ,

8 ------> NP + VP (81)

82 + 55 + (86 + 57) + 58 + 89 + VP

NP + VP

83

NP + VP

84

21. ,!2.agaram kalinnu, maRRum aneekam nagaram kalinnu,town passed other many town(s) passed

aneekam parvatam, aneekam nadika1, aneekam 12agaram. - .many mountain(s) many rivers many town(s)

enRiva ka1innaru1inRavan,etc. passed-he

viveegiccaru~inaan.

thought and said-png

137

lIe passed through the city, passed many other cities,

crossed many mountains, many rivers and many more

cities, there after he spoke ·to himself.

(81) avan viveegiccaru1inaan.

Main sentence.

(52) nagaram kalinnu.

(53) maRRum aneekam nagaram kalififiu.

(54) avan aneekam pa~vatam, aneekam nadikal,- . aneekam

nagaram enRiva ka1innaru~i.

(82) , (83) and (84) are subordinate sentences and

subordinated to (51).

8 ------> NP + VP (81)

82 + 83 + 84

22. entee ennute yavastha.what-be mine situation

What is my state?

'l'hi s sentence)

138

thou<.:Jh in the interro<.:Jative form,

does not expect an answer and hence in effect it is a

statement.

This has got the structure:

5 -----) inte. prn + NP

This can be interpreted as a nominal sentence as the

following:

ennu~eyavastha entaa~u

Where the be (copu) is optional.

5 ------) NP + NP + (be(copu»

23. ennu nookki naan pookinRitu.where looked-I go

'Where am I going to!'

'(51) naan pookinRitu.

Main sentence.

(52) naan ennu nookki.

Modifies the verb 'pookinRitu'.

(51) •

ISThis subordinated to

"

S ------) NP + VP (Sl)

139

S2 + VP

24. aakiloo janattinkai kusalinRiyeeyirikkinRa bhaktarkalbe-if people-in jealousy-without-existed-that-devot~es

ennute•myboodhattekkalannu

consciousness-ac~-thrownboodhiccaruluvooraarce. .

recognlsed-who

enRu viveegiccarufinRavannu toonRiitu.that understood-to him seemed

But while he was thinking that who among the

saintly people, who have no physical contact with the

people) who is not interested in the physical world,

will help me to throwaway the knowledge (interest)

of the physical things and to gain spiritual

rknowledge, it occu~ed to (Ambarisha).

(Sl) aaki1oo, avanu toonRiitu.

Main sentence.

(S2) avan viveegiccarutinRitu ) viveegiccaru1inRavan .•

Subordinate to (Sl).

140

(53) bhaktafka1 boodhiccaru~uvooraaree.

5ubordinateclto (52) by 'enRu'

(54) bhaktarkal ennute boodhattekkalanfiu.... .5ubordinate to (53).

(55) bhaktafkaf janattihkal kusalinRiyeeyirikkinRitu >

janattinkal kusalinRiyeeyirikkinRa bhaktarkal.• •

5ubordinate to (53).

5 ------> NP

I+ VP (51)

52

NP

55

53

+

+ VP

VP

54 + VP

25. ik~vaaku

Ikshakuraajaakkalkku

Kings-tobandhuvaayirippoon

related-hekeevalamabsolute

palayajanattilum hhaktikalilum oru ku~alinRiycc

old people-in-and devotion-In-and one jealousy-without

y iruDIlarulyvoonseated-he

vasisthan..Vasishta

141

tiruvat~

hon

puufvaacaaryanaakayum u~~u

first teacher-be-and-beparamabhaktanaakayumuvtu ,great devotee-be-and-be

~aaraayaqa svaamiyuvakkappe~ums~~y~naakayum u~~u.

Narayana-hon-1ikes dlsclp1e-be-and-be

(Ambarisha remembered) that there is Vasishta muni

(Saint Vasishta) who is the first teacher,·a staunch

devotee and also the favourite disciple of Narayana

(Lord Vishnu). He is also a relative of the Ikhaku

kings and he is not i.ntcrested in mere devotees and

old people.

(Sl) vasisthan tiruvati puurvaacaaryan aakayuntu... ... ..(52) vasi~than tiruva~i paramabhaktanaakayu~~u.

(53) vasi~than tiruva~i ~aaraaya~a svaamiyuvakkappetum•

(Sl), (S2) and (S3) are constituent sentences.

Co-ordinated (Sl), (52) and (S3) by I -urn' .

(54) vasi~t-han tiruvati keeva1am. pa layajanatti1 oru

ku"'sa1inRiyee yiruDI}arutuvoon aakinRitu.

(S5) vasi~~han tiruvati bhaktikalil oru• •

142

kusalinRiyee

yiruDDaru~uvoon aakinRitu.

Co-ordinatcd (84) and (85) and subordinated to the

sUbject NP in (81), (82) and (83).

(S6) vasi~~han tiruvati~

iksvaaku•

raajaakkalkku•bandhuvaayirippoon aakinRitu > iksvaaku raajaakkalkku. ~

bandhuvaayirippoon.

Subordinate to the subject NP in (81), (82) and (83).

All these constituent sentences have the similr

structure: NPl + NP2 + be where the NP2 qualifies NPl

viz., 'vasi~than tiruvati'.

S ------> 51 + 52 + 53 I NP2 = NP3(NPl + VP1) (NP2 + VP2) (NP3 + VP3) NPl =

NP + (VPl + VP2 + VP3)

56 + (84 + 85)

143

26. enRaal, Vasi~than tiruvatiyai namaaskariccubut Vasishta han-ace to pay obEisance (past)

bhaktive~~uvaanul~a

devotion-seek~purp-be

upadeesamadvice

aRiflfiukolvuutlet know

enRuthat

vasii~haasramam nookkiVasishta-hermitage looked at

ambariiflan.Ambarisha

elunnarulattutanninaan- -- . .go-began-png

So Amabrisha started towards Vasishtasramam

(Vasishta's place) to pay obeisance to him and seek

his bles~ings and advice (guidance) to

spiritual knowledge.

(Sl) ambariisan elunnarulattutanninaan >. - -- . .elunnarulattutanninaan ambariisan.

- -- .. .

Main sentence.

(52) enRaal upadeesam aRinnuko~vuut.

Sub-ordinated to (Sl) by 'enRu'

achieve

(53) ambarii~an vasi~than tiruva~iyai namaskariccu.

Subordinate to (S3).

(S4) upadeesam

upadeesam.

bhaktivenninRitu >..

144

bhaktivennuvaanulla

(S5)

Subordinate to (53).

ambariisan vasisthaasramam nookki.. ..This modify the main verb in (51).

The above sentences (17 to 26) are different from

those of the earlier two sections [sentences (1 to 7) and

(8 to 16). These sentences are in reported speech using

the quotative form 'enRu'.

5 ------> NP + VP (Sl)

(52) + VP

(NP) + VP 55 + VP

VP + VP

( 53 ) ( S4) + VP

27. vasi~~haasramatte cenRuVasishta-hermitage-acc reached

145

kuRukinRambariisanaikkantu. ..Ambarisha-acc-seen

(51)

viveegiccaru1inaan vasi~than tiruva~i.

recognized-png Vasishta hon

Seeing Ambarisha in his Asrama Vasishta contemplated

over the reasons for his coming (arrival).

vasisthan tiruvati viveegiccaru1inaan >.. . ..viveegiccaru1.inaan vasisthan tiruvati.• • •

Main sentence.

(S2) vasisthan tiruvati ambariisanaikkantu.... . . ..Subordinate to (51).

(S3) ambariisan•vasisthaasramatte•• cenRu kuRuki >

vasisthaasramatte cenRukuRukinRambariisan.• • •

Subordinate to (S2).

This sentence modify the NP Ambariisan in (S2) .•

S ------> NP + VP (Sl)

S2 + VP

NP + VP

S3

146

28. itu kaa1)aathis see-not

bhagavaanee,god-oh

nintiruvatiyaruliccaitava- your-ho~c ordered-that

yonRum allatiyeenu raajyattil apeek~ayilla.

none not-me-to country-in desire

o Lord please know this, the reason [for my coming

over here) is none that you have suggested, because

I don't have any desire for country.

(Sl) itu kaa~aa bhngavanncc.

(S2) avayonRum alIa.

(S3) ava ~intiruvatiyaruticcaitu >

nintiruvatiyaru1iccaitava.- ..Subordinate to (S2).

147

(84) atiyeenu raajyattil apeek~ayilla.

Here (81), (82) and (84) are constituent sentences,

and there is no conjunctive mar~er.

8 ------> 81 + 82

NP + v

83

+ 84

29. pa~ayum bha~4aaramum vee~~a.

army-and wealth-and not needed

Army and treasury are not necessary.

( I dont want army or treasury)

(81) pa~a vee~~a.

(82) bhandaaram veenta... . .Co-ordinated(81) and (82) by '-urn'.

8 ------> 81

NP - Co + V

+ 82

NP - Co + V

148

30. ni~varyamum anubhavamum vecQtinRutilla.prosperity-and earning-and needed-not

Wealth and prosperity I have enough and I don't want

any more.

(51) aisvaryam veentinRutilla.

(52) anubhavam veentinRutilla .• •

Co-ordlnateJ(51) and (52) by '-urn'.

5 ------) 51

NP - Co + VP

+ 52

NP - Co + VP

In the analysis of ambarii~oopaakhyaanam, inter

sentential relations are also taken into consideration.

Because the data is a connected text, the use of the inter

sentential connector II ateyumalla II is frequent.

It connects the sentences-In middle Malayalam, the use of

inter sentential connectors a technique of

narration. Other connectors used in the text are

'atinaal' and 'amayaal'. In middle Malayalam, the major

149

syntactic device is subordination and the

function of subordination is adjectivization. The

adjectivization process noted arc se4uential and parallel.

For sequential subordination see sentences (2) and (20).

Parallel subordination obtained are NP subordination

[e.g., sentences (9) and (10)]. In the co-ordination

process, the co-ordinator is '-um'. In ambarii~oopaa­

khyaanam, NP co-ordination is available. The imperative

sentences implying prayers show that ,this text belongs to

the devotional literature, 5(28) shows this.

150

Part - III

kalayum kaalavum'

ka1ayum kaa1avum' by K. Bhaskaran Nair is a modern

literary text. This text is a collection of thirteen

essays dealing with different sUbjects. The essay

selected for the present study is 'maanfiupooya muu~Du

samskaaranna~, • In this essay, the culture of three races

viz., Mayas, Incas and Asteks arc described. The language

features are that of modern Malayalam. The general word

order of the sentence is SOV and this word order may

change in order to focus any of the units where the unit

immediately preceding the verb get focused.

The following is a detailed description of the

syntactic patterns of 'kalayum kaalavum'.

sentences listed below is an extract from

The thirty

, ....~maannupooya

muuOUu samskaarannal'• in the text 'ka1ayum kaa1avum'

(Bhaskaran Nair, K. , 'kalayum kaalavum', p. 112) •

The sentences of this connected text is numbered serially

(lto 30). English translation is also given.

151

Text

(1 ) kolambas. amecriykka kantupitieeu ... .(2 ) ateettu~afnnu yuuRoopyanmaar aa bhuukhandannalil.. .kutiyeeRippaarttu.'. . ( 3 ) ii vastutaka~ ellaavarkkum.aRivu!!ataa~u. (4) pak~ee ii sambhavam na~anQa kristaabdam

1492 nu munpu ativisaalannal aaya aa bhuukhandannalute. . . ..kathayeetaayirunnu vennu naam aalooeiykkaaRilla.

(5) nammute drstiyil ameeriykkayute earitram annumutalkkee- . ... .aarambhiykkunnullu.-- .. ( 6 ) atinu munpu avite

•

praakrtajiivitam rrayieea kuRe aadimanivaasika! maatramee

untaayirunnul1u• t •• avareppaRRi yaatonnum--aRiyecntataayittillennum.. .. -- kuuti. oru dhaarana. entu

kaaranattaaloo nammute manassil sthaanam pitieeittuntu... . ... .(7) itonnu maaRRuvaan aa~u ivi~e yatniykku~~atu.

(8) vaastavattil kolambas amecriykkan vankarayi1 a11a

atinRe paarsvatti1. ul1a.. ei1a dviipuka1il•aanu•

( 9 ) sampal samfddham aaya intyayi1

etta~am e~~aayiru~~u addeehattinRe aagraham.

ce~nettiyatu intyayute praantanna~i1 aanennu

(10) taan

addeeham

aatmaarttham aayi visvasieeenkilum, avite sampattinReyoo. .samskaarattinReyoo yaatoru 1aksyavum i11aattatu

•kantu

• •

addeeham niraasappettu.- ., (11) va~are prayaasanna~ sahieeu

addeeham viintum. . parya~ananna~ ~a~attukayu~~aayi.

152

(12) pak~ee avayum niraasayil ttanneyaa~u kalaasiccatu.

(13) intyayoo ameeriykkan bhuukhandamoo kaanuvuan bhaagyam. . .illaate addeeham mariykkayum ceytu. (14 ) atutta kuRe.vaF~ai1I1a~il addechattinRc pingaamika{ aayi speyinil .!!.i~lJ.u

ka~al maarggam yaatratiri~ca paRankikal kanta kaalcca. ..addeeham kantatil ninnu ctrayoo.. bhinnam aayiru!}!!u.

(15 ) avar•

ko{ambas ce~~ettiya dviipukale. pinnittu..pinneeyum yaatra ceytu. (16) itinRe phalam aayittaanu•• •

sarnpalsamrddham ennu maatrarn all a sarnskaarasarnpannavum•

aaya rnaddhya ameeriykkan raajyannalute• •

astitvattekkuRiccu yuuRooppinu aRiyuvaan itayaayatu..(17 ) saptasamudran~a!kkum appuRattu keettukceivipoolum. . .illaate ihnane eila atbhutaraajyannal untaayirikkum e~n_u. ,.

avar svapnattil poolum vieaariceiru~Quvoo ennu sam~ayam

aanu .• (18) itu digantavi~raantakiirttikalaaya intyayoo• •

cainayoo allaayiruDr1u . ( 19 ) 100kattinRe euRRalavil•

pakutiduuram kuuti•

taranam• ceytenkilee avite•

ettumaayirunnullu.-- .. (20) innatte meksikkoomutal tekkoottu• •

panaamaa karayitukkum katannu tekkee ameeriykkayile peRuu.. . --raajyattinum appuRam eili samsthaanattinRe maddhyam

varcyulla ativi~aa1am aaya bhuuvibhaagam, tan~al..kantittulla maRHectu raajyatteeyulTI poole jClnClnibidClvum". ... - ,

sarns kaara s ampannavum Cli] QCQ.!J. U pa RCl nk i kCl~.

153

(21) yuuRooppineppaRHi yaat0!2!lum aHiyaate jiivi tam nayiccu

poo!}Qa ii janannalkku aneekam• nuuRRaantukalil• •aayi

vyaapiccu kitakkuIllla atidiirgham•

aaya oru puurva•

caritravum, ai"SvaryameeRiya jiivitariitikalum,•

vyavasthaapitam aaya bharana. sampradaayannalum•

untaayirunnu... ....- (22) paRankikal avare intyanmaar ennaanu. . -- ..

viliccatu.• (23) ii naamakaranam kolambassinu paRRiya. .ka1ippinRe• phalam aayiru~~uvenkilum, prastuta

nivaasikalootum• •janasamuuhannatkku

bhaaratiiyarootum•

eesyayi1e•

valare• atutta• bandham

vi'!3isya•

untennu• II ...,.-

pilkkaalattu telini'iittuntu.• ••• •

(24) maddhya ameeriykkan

samskaaram muluvanum bhaaratiiyam aa~eDnu sthaapikkuvaan

camanlaal e~~a granthakaaran 1940-i1 prasiddhappetuttiya

"hindu - ameeriykka II eI:ma pustakattil sramiccu kaanunnu.. - ....

( 25 ) valare vaadaprativaadattinnitayaakkiyittulla. . .. , oru

aanitu.. (26) ameeriykkayi1e pramukhanmaaraaya

caritrakaaranmaaril palarum ii abhipraayattinetiraanu.•

(27) ameeriykkayile praaciina samskaarannal ellaam

avitutte. mannil svayam kuruttu.. valarnnatII • 1t4.-

aanennum,- --paRahkika~u~e varavinu munpu avaykku baahyalookattootu

yaatoru bandhavum illaayiruDDu e~Dum aa~u avaru~e vaadam -

a1la, "'saathyam.. aavirbhaviccatu.

kuuttattil cila saakhaka+ pattupatinaayiram varsannalkku. . .

munpu beRinkatali1;-ukku katannu. --

154

ameeriykkan

bhuukha~gattileeykku vyaapiccu erH!um avar.sammatiykkunnuntu.-- .. (29) pak~e itilppinne ameeriykkayile

nivaasikalkku maRRu bhukhandannalootu· yaatoru samparkkavum. . . ." .untaayittillennaanu avarutc vaadam.. . ' . --. . (30) pak~ee eliyattu. .smittu tU1;-anniya praaciinacaritra gaveesakanmaar. . ii

abhi~raayattootu tellum yoojiykkunnilla.. . --

English Translation

(1) Columbus discovered America. ( 2 ) There after

the Europeans migrated into that continent. (3) Every

body knows these facts. (4) Generally we don't think

about the state of those vast continents before this

incident of Christian era 1492. (5) For us the history of

America begins only after that date. (6) For reasons not

known, we were under the impression that before that

incident (1492) in the American continent there lived only

some native tribals who led a primitive life, and there is

nothing relevant to learn about them.

is made to change this attitude.

(7) Here an attempt

(8) Actually Columbus did not land in the American

continent but he had reached some nearby islands. (9) His

real intention was to reach the prosperous Indian

subcontinent.

155

(10) Though he sincerely believed that he

had reached the Indian shore, he became disappointed

because he did not sec arty trace of wealth or

civilization. (11) Bearing many difficulties he again

conducted voyages. (12) But they too ended in

disappointment. (13) He had not the luck to see either

India or the American continent before his death.

(14) In the next few years, what his fellow Spaniards who

followed him and travelled by the sea saw was quite a

different scene from what he had seen. (15) They travelled

beyond those islands vThere Columbus had reached.

(16 ) As a result Europe became aware of the existence

of the wealthy and civilized central American states.

(17) It is doubtful whether, they had ever dreamt that

there existed such unheard of wonderlands beyond the seven

seas. (18) It was not the world famous India or China.

(19) One had to cover half the circumference of the earth

more to reach the place. (20) The Spaniards realised that

the vast region extending up to the central part of Chile

beyond the state of Peru in South America and also beyond

the Panama land strip towards South from the present

Mexico was populated and civilized like any other country

they had seen. (21) These people who had no knowledge of

Europe had a very long history spread over many centuries,

156

a hi~hly civilized life style and a systematic method of

political administration (well-organized Governmental

system). (22) The Spaniards called them Indians.

(23) Even though ·this naming was the result of a mistake

happened to Columbus, later on it has been proved that

these people have many similarities with the Asians,

especially with Indians. (24) An author named Chamanlal

in his book liThe Hindu - America" pUblished in 1940 tried

to establish that the Central American civilization is

totally Indian. (25) This topic has became highly

polemic. (26) Many of the leading historians of America

are against this opinion. (27) Their argument is that all

the ancient civilizations of America-had been sprouted and

grown up in the American soil itself and it had no contact

with the outside world before the advent of Spaniards.

(28) But they do agree with that the origin of human race

was in Asia and from there it had divided and spread in

different directio~s, and in its course some of the

branches might have crossed the Bay of Bering and might

have spread to the American continent thousands of years

ago. (29) But after this, they argue that the American

settlers had no contact with the other continents.

(30) But researchers of history like Eliot Smith do not

agree with this opinion.

157

A detailed analysis of the above sentences along with

their structural representation is givon below.

kalayum kaalavum: Structural Description

The sentence connectors like 'ateettutarnnu'. and

'pakse'•

are not considered as the part of sentence.

But they are listed as it occurs in the sentence of the

text.

1. ko+ambas ameeriykka kaQtupi~iccu.Columbus America discovered

"Columbus discovered America".

2. ateettutarnnuthere aft~:;

yuuRoopyanmaafEuropeans

aa bhuukhac4anna{ilthat continents-in

ku~iyeeRippaafttu.

migrate live-past

"There after the Europeans migrated into that

continent".

The above sentences are simple sentences i.e., both

of them have the structure, S ---> NP + VP.

158

3. ii vastutaka~ e11aavarkkum aRivut~ataa~u.

these facts all-to:emph know-that-bc-(cop)

II Every body knows these f C:lCts" .

(Sl) ii vastutakal e11aava~kkum aRivu~tu > ii vastutaka1•

e11aavarkkum aRivul1at~anu.• • • •

S -------> NP + VP

4. pakse, ii sambhavam na~anna kristaabdam 1492 nu munpubut; these incident happened-that-Christian era 1492 before

ativi-saalannal•vary-vastaaya

becomeaa

thatbhuukhaQ~a~nalu~e

continent-poss

kathayeetaayiruuuu venuu naam aa1oociykkaaRil1a.story which was ,that we think-usua11y-not (habitual)

Generally we don't think (bother) about the state of

those vast continents before this incident of

Christian era 1492.

(Sl) aa bhuukhaQqanna~u~tekatha naam aa1oociykkaaRi11a.

(S2) pakf?e kristaabdam 1492 nu munpu bhuukhandanna1ute.. ..kathayeetaayirunnu .

Subordinated to (S]) by eUDu.

(53) kristaabdam 1492 i1 ii sambhavam natannu- . _... >

159

ii

sambhavam natanna kristaabdam 1492

Subordinate to (52).

(54) aa bhuukhaQ9annat ativi~aa1annl aaQu > ativisaa1ahn~

aaya aa bhuukhaQqannal

Subordinate to (52).

5 -------> NP + VP (51)

52 + VP

NP + VP

NP

53

+ NP

54

5. nammut;.cour

drE!tiyilview-sight-in

amccriykkayut;.cAmerica's

caritramhistory

annumuta1kkee aarambhiykkuDDU!~U.

that-time-from begins

160

"For us the history of America begins only from that

date II •

This is a simple sentence.

S -------> NP + VP

NP + VP

6. atinu munpu avi\c praakftajiivitamthat to before there primitive life

oayicca kuRelead-that-some

aadimanivaasikal­obsorgines

maatrameconly-emph

u~taayiruQnu++u enDumexisted that-and

avareppaRRithey-ace-about

yaatonnumnothing

aRiyeeqtataayi~tillennum

knowing-(oblg)-that-not-that-and

kuuti oru dhaara~a entu kaara~attaaloo

als; one impression what reason-by

manassil sthaanam piticcittu~tu.

mind-in place acquired

nammuteour

"For reasons not known, we were under the impression

that before that incident (1492) in the American

continent there lived only some native tribals who

led a primitive life, and there is nothing relevant

to learn about them".

(Sl) oru dhaaraI}a entu kaara~attaa1oo nammute.

161

manassi1

sthaanam piticcittuntu. ... .Main sentence.

(S2) atinu munpu avi-t;.e kuRe aadimanivaasika1. maatramee

u~traayiruJ}I)u~~u.

(S3) aadima nivaasika+ praakftajiivitam .!layiccu >

praakrtajiivitam nayicca aadimanivaasikal.

Subordinate to (52).

(S4) avareppaRRi yaatonnum aRiyee~~ataayi~~i11a.

Conjoined (52) and (54) by engu

ordinatcd to (51).

urn and sub-

5 -------> NP

I+ VP (51)

52 + conj + 54 + conj + NP

INP + VP

INP + NP

I(S3)

162

7. itopnu maaRRuvaan aa~u ivi~e yatniykkuDUatu .this-one change-purp be here trying-that

"Here an attempt is made to change this ( attitude) I:

(81) /\ ivite yatniykkuDUu > /\ ivite yatniykkuDDatu.

Main sentence

(82) iton~u maaRRa~am > itoilDu maaRRuvaan aa~u

Subordinate to (Sl).

S -------> (NP) + VP (Sl)

S2 + VP

8. vaastavattiltruth-in

kolambasCoiumbus

ameeriykkanAmerican

vankarayilcontinent-in

allanot

atinRethat poss

paafsvattil u+ta cila dviipuka}il aanuSlde-in exist-that-some islands-in be

cenniRanniyatu.landed-that

"Actually Columbus did not land in the American

continent but he had reached some nearby islands".

(Sl) vaastavattil kolambas ammeriykkan vankarayil alla

ceUIJ.iRanniyatu.

163

(52) kOtambas cila dviipukalil aa~u cenniRanhiyatu.

(53) cila dviipukal• atinRe paaf~vattil untu• • > atinRe

paafsvattil ulla cila dviipukal.• • •

Subordinate to (S2).

(Sl) and (52) are conjoined without the conjunctive

marker.

S -------> S1 + S2

NP + VP

NP + VP

S3

9. sampa1 samrddham•prosperous

aaya intyayil etta~am ennaayirunnubecame India-in to reach that-was

addeehattinRe aagraham.his desire

"His real intention was to reach the prosperous

Indian subcontinent".

(Sl) (atu) addeehattinRe aagraham aayirunUu >

addeehattinRe aagraham.

Main sentence,.

(S2) ?ddeehattinu intyayi1 etta~am

164

ataayirunnu--

(S2) subordinated to (Sl) by 'ennuI .--

(S3) intya

intya.

sampal samrddham aanu > sampa1 samrddham aaya•• •

Subordinate to (82).

S -------> (NP)

,52

NP + VP

+ VP (Sl)

NP + copu

NP + VP

',S3,\

10. toan cCDncttiyatu intyayutc praantahhalilI (refl.) reached-that India's border-in

165

aancnnu~ --be-that

addeehamhe

aatmaarttham aayisincere-became

visvasiccenki1um,believed-though

avitethere

sampattinReyoowealth-or

samskaarattinReyoo yaatorucivilization-or nothing

laksyavummark-and

illaattatu kantu addeeham niraa§appettu.not that~~een he -disappointed

"Though he sincerely believed that he has reached the

Indian shore, he was disappointed because he didnot

see any trace of wealth of civilization".

(51) addeeham visvasiccu.

(52) addeeham niraasappettu.- ..(51) and (52) are constituent sentences. They are

joined with the coordinator 'enkilum' (even if).if-emph

(53) vi~vaasam aatmaarttham aanu > aatmaarttham aayi.. . .Subordinate.to (51).

'vi~vaasam' is the noun form of the verb 'vi~vasiccu'.

(53) modify the verb 'visvasiccu'.

166

(S4) atu intyayu~e praantannalil aanu.-- e e

(S5) taan ccuuetti > taan ccnnettiyatu.

Subordinate d to (S4) and then subordinated to

I ennu I.--

(S6) addeeham atu kantu •• e,

Subordinate to (S2).

(Sl) by

(S7) avite• sampattinRe yaatoru laksyam. illa > avite

sampattinRe yaatoru laksyavum illaattatu .•

(S8) avitc• samskaarattinRe yaatoru lak~yam illa > avitc.samskaarattinRe yaatoru laksyavum illaattatu ••

Co-ordinatcd(S7) and (S8) by - 00 and Subordinated to

(S6) •

167

8 -------) 81 + conj + 82

NP + VP

54 .+ 83

NP + VP

I85

NP + VP

86 + VP

NP + VP

(87 + 88)

11. valare•manyprayaa sa rllialdifficulties

sahiccutolerated

addeehamhe

viintum..again

paryatanannal na~attukayu~~aayi.voyages conduct-happened

"Bearing

voyages" .

many difficulties, again he conducted

(51) addeeham vii~~um paryatanannat ga~attukayu~~aayi.

Hain sentence.

(s 2 ) addecham va1are prayaasanna1 sahiccu.. . .8ubordinate to (81).

5 -------> NP + VP (51)

52 + VP

168

12. paksee, avayum niraasayil ttanneyaanu kalaasiccatu.but they-and-despair-in-also-be· ended-that

PBut they too ended in disappointment".

(51) (pak~ee), ava niraasayi1ttanne ka1aasiccu > pakgee

ava (-y-um) giraaBayilttanne yaa~u ka1aasiccatu.

The conjunctive '-urn' attached to the noun 'ava',

links the whole sentence to the previous sentence

(11) .

5 -------> NP co + VP

13. intyayoo ameeriykkan bhuukha~qamoo kaa~uvaan bhaagyamIndia-or American continent-or see-(purp) luck

il1aate addeeham mariykkayum(without) he die-and-(co)

ceytu.did

"He did not had the luck to see either India or the

American continent before his death".

(51) addeeham mariccu > addeeham mariykkay(~um) ceytu.

Main sentence.

169

Here verbal conjunction is effected through the

addition of -uka + urn + cey 'do-verb' to the verbal

base (cf. pp 283 , 4.4.1.2.).

(S2) addeehattinu intya kaa~uvaan bhaagyam illaayiruDUu >

intya kaanuvaan bhaagyam illaate .•

(S3) addeehattinu ameeriykkan bhuukhandam•• kaanuvaan•

btlilagyam il1aayirunnu > amecriykkan-- bhuukhandam...kaanuvaan bhaagyam illaate .•

(S2) and (S3) are subordinate sentences which are

conjoined by '-00' and then subordinated to (Sl).

S -------> NP + VP (Sl)

S2 + S3 + VP

14. atutta•next

kuResome

varsannalil, addeehattinRe• • •years-in hispingaamikal­

followers

aayibecame

speyinilninuuSpain-from

katal.sea

maarggam yaatratiriccaroute travel-(turned)

(JaRankikalSpaniard s'

kaQ!t-asee-that

kaalccascene

addceharnhe

kaI)tatilr:ir}I}usee-that-from

etrayoo bhinnamaayiruDQu.how-emph different-be

170

"In the next few years, what his fellow Spaniards,

who followed him Dod travelled by the sea, saw was

quite a different scene from what he had seen".

(S1) kaalcca atil ninnu etrayoo bhinnam aayirunDu.

Main sentence.

(S2) addeeham atu kantu > addeeham kantatu• f ••

Subordinated to the VP in (Sl).

(S3) paRankikal kaalcca kantu > paRankikal kanta kaalcca.· - -- . .. -

Subordinated to (Sl). and it modifies the noun kaalcca.

(S4) atutta kURevarsannalil paRankikal speyinil. . II. tninnu- ...

katalmaarggam yaatra tiriccu > atutta kURevarsannalil• • ••• •

speyinil

paRankikal.•

ninnu...- yaatra tiricca

Subordinate to (S3).

(S5) paRankikal• addeehattinRe pingaarnika~ aayi >

addeehattinRe pin~aamikalaayi.. .

Subordinate to (S4).

171

Sentences (S4) and (S5) modify the noun 'paRankika!'

in (53).

5 -------> NP

53

NP + Vp

54

NP + VP

+ VP (51)

NP + VP

S2

NP + NP 55 + VP

15. avarthey

koJ.ambasColumbus

cegnettiyareached-that

dviipukaleis1ands(acc)

pinnittupassed

pinneeyum yaatraceytu.again voyage-did

"'l.'hey travelled beyond those islands where Columbus

had reached".

172

(Sl) avaf pinneeyum yaatra ceytu.

Main sentence.

(S2) avaf dviipuka~e pinni~~u.

This (S2) attributes the main verb in (81).

(S3) dviipukati1 ko~ambas ceuuetti ) ko~ambas ceuuettiya

dviipuka1 •.Subordinate to (S2).

S -------) NP + VP (51)

52 + VP

NP + vp

NP + VP

S3

173

16. itinRe phalam aayittaanu sampa1samrddham ennu maatramit-poss rcsult-bec~me-be prosperous that only

allanot

samskaarasampannavumaaya maddhya ­civilization-and-that-central

ameeriykkanAmerican

raajyanna1u\:ecountry's

astitvattekkuRiccuexistence-about

yuuRooppinuEurope-to

aRiyuvaan itayaayatu.know (purp) became-that

"As a result Europe became aware of the existence of

the wealthy and civilized central American states".

(51) yuuRooppinu maddya ameeriykkan raajyannalute• •

astitvattekkuRiccu aRiyanam > maddya• ameeriykkan

raa jyar1l1alute. . astitvattekkuRiccu yuuRooppinu

aRiyuvaan itayaayatu -•

Main sentence.

(52) maddhya ameeriykkan raajyannal sampal samrddharn•

aanu > sarnpal sarnrddharn aaya rnaddhya• •

raajyannal > sampal samrddharn.• •

arneeriykkan

(52) is first relativised)then the sUbject and verb

is deleted.

(53) maddhya - ameeriykkan raajyannal samskaara sampannam.aanu > sarnskaara sarnpannav(-urn) aaya maddhya

•

ameeriykkan raajyanna1.

174

(52) and (53) are linked with the Connector 'ennu--maatram alla' and subordinated to (51).

(54) itinRe phalam aayi > itinRe phalam aayittaanu... .5ub-ordinated to (51).

5 -------> NP + VP (51)

NP + VP

52 + conj + 53 54 + VP

17. saptasamudrannalkkumseven seas-to-(emph)

appuRattuthat side

keettukeelvipoolum.. .hear say-even

illaate innane cila atbhutaraajyannal untaayirikkumbe-neg-neg this way some wonder lands . 'exist-may

CDUu avar svapnattil pool.um vicaariccirunnuvoo cDUuthat they dream-in even think-be-inte, that

sam-Sayam aaIfu.doubt be

"It is doubtful that whether they had ever dr~amt

that there existed such unheard of wonderlands,

beyond the seven seas".

175

(Sl) /\ samsayam aanu.

Main sentence.

(S2) ava~ svapnatti1 poo1um vicaaricciru~Ui11a > avar.svapnattil poo1um vicaariccirunnuvoo.

(S2) subordinated to (Sl) by 'ennu.'.

(S3) saptasamudranna1kkum. appuRattu iilnane ci1a

atbhutaraajyanna1 untaayirikkum.. ..(S3) subordinated to (S2) by the comp1ementiser

'ennu' .

(S4) ci1a raajyanna1. keettukeelvipoolum• • •

i11a >

keettukee1vipoo1um i11aate... .Subordinate to (53).

176

5 -------) (NP) + VP (51)

52 + VP

NP + VP

53 + VP

NP + VP

84 + VP

18. itu di9antavi~raantakiirttika1aaya intyayoo cainayoothis horizon-reposed-f~mous· that India-or China-or

a11aayirunnu ....-not was

II It was not 'the world famous India or China ".

(81) itu intya a11aayirunnu._..

(82) itu coina allnnyi.ruDUu,

(51) and (52) are constituent sentences and are

conjoined by the co-ordinator '-00'.

(S3) intya digantavisraantakiirttikal. . aanu.

177

>

digantavi~raantakii~ttika! aaya intya.

Subordinate to (Sl).

(S4). caina digantavisraantakiirttikal• • aanu

• >

digantavisraantakiirttikal aaya caina.• •

Subordinate to ('82).

S -------> 81 + CO + 82

,

NP + VP NP + VP

NP + VP

83

NP + VP

S4

19. lookattinRe cuRRalavil pakutiduuram kuuti taranamworld's circumference-in half distance more pass

ceytehkilee avite ettumaayiruODullu.do-if-emph there reach-be-may

"0ne had to cover half the circumference of the earth

more to reach the place".

178

(Sl) /\ avi~e ettum > enkilee avi-t;.e ettumaayirunnu1lu.,.. - ..

Main sentence.

l ' enki1 ) -eeif - emph

form in Ma1aya1am.

uu' is the discontinuous emphatic

(S2) lookattinRe cURRa~avil pakutiduuram kuu~i

ceytu.

Subordinate to (51).

taranam.

S -------) (NP) + VP (Sl)

20. innat'tctoday's

S2 + VP

meksikkoomutalMexico-from

tckkoottusouthward

panaamaaPanama

karayi1;-ukkumisthmus-and

katannu. --passtekkeesouth

ameeriykkayileAmerica-in-Ioc

peRuuPeru

raajyattinum appuRam cili samsthaanattinRecountry-to-and beyond Chile state's

maddhyamcentre

vareyullaup to':t>e

ativisaalamvery vast

aaya bhuuvibhaagam,became land-partition

taI'l.lia~

they

kantittulla.. " ..see-that

maRReetuother which

raajyatteeyumcountry-ace-and

poolelike

jananibidavum samskaara sampannavumpeople-thick-and civilization - rich-and

paRankikal kaanukayuntaayi.Spaniards 'see-be'

179

aat;leD-rlube-that

"The Spaniards realised that the vast region

extending up to the central part of Chile beyond the

state of Peru in South America, and also beyond the

Panama land strip towards south from the present

Mexico was populated and civilized like any other

country they had seen",

(Sl) paRankikal•

bhuuvibhaagam kaanukayuntaayi. .. >

bhuuvibhaagam paRankika~ kaa~ukayu~~aayi.

Main sentence.

(S2) bhuuvibhaagam

jananibidam aanu._. .maRReetu raajyatteeyum poole

(S3) raajyam

raajyam.

tannal. kantittuntu.. .• II. > tannal• kantittulla.. ,. , .

Subordinate to (S2).

180

(54) bhuuvibhaagam maRReetu raajyatteeyum poole samskaara

sampannam aanu.

Co-ordinated (52) and (54) w~th the co-ordinator

'-urn' and is sub-ordinated to (51) by the

complementiser 'ennui.

(55) i~I.:!atte meksikkoomutal tekkoottu.. panaamaa

kurayit;ukkum ku!=-a!:!lJ.u.

(56) tckkcc umccriykkuyilc pcRuu raajyuttinum uppuRum cili

samsthaanattinRe maddhyam vare bhuuvibhaagam untu >..tekkee ameeriykkayile peRuu raajyattinum appuRam cili

samsthaanattinRe maddhyam vareyulla bhuuvibhaagam...

(57) bhuuvibhaagam ativiBaalam

bhuuvibhuu<jum.

Subordinate to (S6).

aanu >. ativisaalam aaya

(56) and (S7) qualify the object NP 'bhuuvibhaagam'

in (Sl).

This is a complex sentence having co-ordination and

subordination.

5 -------> Np + VP (51)

s + VP

181

NP

55 + 56

NP + VP

57

+ VP

52 + 54

NP + VP

53 + VP

21. yuuRooppineppaRRi yaatoDuum aRiyaate jiivitam ~ayiccu

Europe-ace-about nothing know-without life - led

poouua ii janannalkku aneekam nuuRRaantukalil aayicome-that this peoples-to many hundred-years~in became

vyaapiccuspread

kitakkuU12alay-that

atidiirgham aayavery long that

oruone

puurvaoid

caritravum,history-and

aisvaryameeRiyaprosperity-increased-that

jiivitariitikalum,life ways-and

vyavasthaapitamsystematic

untaayirunnu.existed-be

aayathat

bharana..rullng

sampradaayannalumprocedures-and

182

t1rrhese people \'lho had no knowledge of Europe had very

long history spread over many centuries, a highly

civilized life-style and a systematic method of

political administration.

(51) ii jananna~kku oru puurva caritram u~~aayiru~~u.

(52) ii jananna1kku jiivita riitika1 untaayirunnu.. .. --

(53) ii jananha~kku bhara~a sampradaayanna~ u~~aayiruu~u.

(51), (52) and (53) are constituent sentences and are

co-ordinated with '-urn'.

(54) puufva caritram atidiifgham aa~u > atidiifgham aaya

puurva caritram ..5ubordinate to (51).

(55) puurva•

caritram aneekam nuuRRaantuka1il.. . aayi

vyaapiccu kitakkunnu > aneekam nuuRRaantuka1il. -- . . . aayi

vyaapiccu kitakkunna puurva caritram.. -- .

(54) and (55) modify the NP 'puurva caritram' in (51) .•

183

(56) jiivitilriitikil~ ili~vilrYilmccHiYiltilil~U >

aitvaryameeRiya jiivitariitikal ..Subordinate to (52).

(57) bharana• sampradaayanna! vyavasthaapitam aanu• >

vyavasthaapitam aaya bhara~a sampradaayanna!.

Subordinate to (53).

(58) ii jananna! jiivitam ~ayiccu pooD~u >

~ayiccu poo~Da ii jananna~.

jiivitam

(59) ii janannatkku yuuRooppineppaRRi yaatonrrum aRiyil1a >

yuuRooppineppaRRi yaatoDuum aRiyaate.

Subordinated to (58) and then

(S2) and (53).

to the NP in (51),

S -------> 51 + 52 + 53

I ~ INPl + VPl NP2 + VP2 NP3 + VP3 NPI = NP2 = NP3

\ \ \ \

58 NP + VP NP + VP NP + VP

I ~ ~ INP + VP 85 + 54 86 87

I89

In the sentence (21) both co-ordination

184

and

subordinution urc seen. (51), (82) und (83) arc

constituent sentences and are conjoined. (S4) and (S5) are

the modifying sentences of the object NP of (Sl) and are

in linear subordination. (S6) modify the object (NP)

of (S2) and (S7) modify the object (NP) of (S3).

(59) subordinated to (S8) which is then to (Sl), i • e . ,

the subordination is in hierarchical order.

22. paRankika~ avare intyanmaar eD.Daa~u viliccatu.Spaniards they-ace Indians that-be call-that

"The Spaniards called them Indians".

This is a simple sentence.

S -------> NP + VP

23. iithis

uaamakara~am ko~ambassinu paRRiya kalippinRenaming Columbus-to-happened-that mistake's

phu lum Duyirunnuvehld.l urn, pras tu La junuBulOuuhi1l1na:J.kkuresult be-past-though proposed communities-to

eesyayileAsici-in-loc

nivaasika100tuminhabitants:socio and

vi"siqyaespecially

bhaaratiiyarootumIndians-socio-and

vatare atuttamuch nearby

bandhamrcla'tion

untennu.. --be-that

pilkkaalattu telinnittuntu.. . .later period proved

185

"Eventhough this naming was the result of a mistake

made by Columbus, later on it has been proved that

these people have many similarities with the Asians,

especially with Indians".

(81) ii naamakara~am ka~ippinRe phalam aayiruDUu.

(81) and (S2) are constituent sentences and are

connected with 'ehkilum'.

(83) pra~tuta janasamuuhannalkku ee~yayi1e

bandham untu.

nivaasikalootu•

(84) prastuta janasamuuhannlakku. ee~yayile....

v1s1~ya

bhaaratiiyaroo~u bandham untu.

(S3) and (S4) are co-ordinated with '-urn' and then

sub-ordinated to (S2) by the complementiser 'ennu' •--

(85) ko~ambassinu ka~ippu paRRi > ko~ambassinu paRRiya

kalippu.. .

Subordinate to (Sl).

186

(S6) bandham valare atuttaanu ) valare atutta bandham.. . . . .SUbordinate to (54).

5 -----) 51 + conj + 52

NP + VP ( NP) + VP

NP + VP 5 + VP

55 53 + 54

NP + VP

56 + VP

24. maddhya ameeriykkan samskaaram muluvanum bhaaratiiyamcentral - American civilization whole-emph Indian

aanennubc':that

sthaapikkuvaan camanlaal eDnaestablish~purp Chamanlal that

granthakaaranauthor

1940-il prasiddhappetuttiya "hindu - ameeriykka" erma1940-in published-that Hindu - America quot

pustakattil sramiccu kaa~u~~u.

book-in attempted - seen

187

"An author named Chamanlal, in his book "The Hindu

America" pUblished in 1940, has tried to establish

that the Central American civilization is totally

Indian".

(81) (naam) (atu) kaa1)u!m,u.

Main sentence.

(82) camanlaal enna granthakaaran "hindu

enna pustakattil ~ramiccu.

ameeriykka"

(83) "hindu ameeriykka" 1940-il prasiddhappetutti >•

1940-1 prasiddhappe1;uttiya "hindu - ameeriykka".

8ubordinated to (82).

(84) atu sthaapikkanam > atu sthaapikkuvaan ••

(84) i'S subordinate d to (82) .

(85) maddhya ameeriykkan samskaaram muluvanum bhaaratiiyam

aanu •.(85) is subordinated to (84) by the complementiser

ennu.

8 -------> (NP) + VP (81)

188

NP

(NP)

82

+

+

VP

VP

25. val-aremuch

NP + VP

53 54 + VP

NP + VP

85

vaadaprativandattinni~ayaakkiyi~tut~a

polemics - dat - became - thatoruone

vif?nyam annitu.topic be':this

"This topic has become highly polemic".

189

(Sl) itu oru vi~ayam aa~u > oru vi~ayam aa~itu.

Main sentence.

(S2) vi~ayam va~are vaadaprativaadattinni~ayaakkiyi~~u~tu

> valare. vaadaprativaadattinnitayaakkiyittu11a. .. .,visayam ..Subordinate to (81).

S -------> NP + VP (Sl)

NP + VP

52

26. ameeriykkayile pramukhanmaaraayaAmerica-in-loc important-that

caritrakaaranmaari1historians-in

palarum ii abhipraayattinetiraa~u.

many this opinion-dat-against-be

"Many of the leading historians of America are

against this opinion".

(51) ameeriykkayile caritrakaaranmaari1 palarum

190

ii

abhipraayattinctiraanu .•

Main sentence.

(52) caritrakaaranmaaf pramukhanmaaraa~u >

pramukhanmaaraaya caritrakaaranmaar.

Subordinate to (Sl).

S -------> NP

S2

+ VP (Sl)

27. ameeriykkayileAmerica-in-loc

praaciinaancient

samskaarannalcivilization

ellaamall

avi~utte mannil svayam kuruttu valarnnat aanennum,there-10c soii~in self germinate grown be-that~and

paRankikalutc varavinu munpu avaykku baahya100kattootuSpaniards· coming-before they-dat outer-world-soci·

yaatoru bandhavum illaayiruD~u eUQum aa~u

any relation-cmph not-be-that-and be

vaadam - alIa, Baathyam.argument - no obstinacy

avarutetheir

"Their argument is that all the ancient civilizations

of America had been sprouted and grown up in the

American soil itself and it had no contact with the

outside world before the advent of Spani.ards".

191

(51) (atu) aanu avarute vaadam - a11a, saathyam." .

Main sentence.

(52) ameeriykkayi1e praaciina samskaarahna1 e11aam avi~utte

mannil svayam kuruttu valarnnat aanu.It • _.... •

(53) atinu munpu avaykku baahya lookattootu•

yaatoru

bandhavum i11aayirunnu.

(S2) and (S3) are constituent sentences and are

joined by 'ennurn'-- and subordinated to (Sl).

(54) paRankika1 vannu > paRankikalute varavp., _- t •

Subordinate to (S3).

(S2) and (53) are connected with the complementiser

'cnnum' .

8 -------> (NP) + VP (81)

192

82 + conj + 53

NP + VP

NP + NP

54

28. manu~yavafgyam aavifbhaviccatu ee~yayi1 aa~ennum, atuman kind originated-that Asia-in be-and that

avitethere

ninnu pa1a va1iykkum pirinna-from many ways-emph split

kuuttatti1..among-in

ci1asome

13aakhaka1branches

pattupatinaayiramten-thousands

varsanna1kkuyears-dat

munpubefore

ameeriykkanAmerican

beRinkata1itukkuBering-bight

bhukha~qatti1eeykku

continent-in-to

sammatiykku~~u~~u.

agreeing

katannupassed

vyaapiccuspread

ennumthat-and

avarthey

"But they do ayrce with that the origin of human race

was in Asia and from there it had divided and spread

193

in different directions, and in it's course, some of

the branches might have crossed the Bay of Bering and

miyht have spread to the American continent thousands

of years ago".

(Sl) avar sammatiykkunnuntu.. -- ..

Main sentence.

(S2) manu~yavafggam aavi~bhaviccatu ee~yayil aanu •.

(S3) akkuuttattil cila saakhakal pattupatinaayiram.. .varsannalkku munpu ameeriykkan bhukhaI)qattileeykku

vyaapiccu.

(S2) and (S3) are constituent sentences and are

joined by 'enuum' and subordinated to (Sl) .

(S4) atu avite ni~~u pala va!iykkum pirinnu.

Subordinate to (S3).

(S5) cila saakhakal beRinkatalitukku katannu.. .. . ~-

Subordinate to (S3).

8 -------> NP + VP (81)

8 + VP

194

62 + conj + 83

NP + VP

NP + NP

84

VP + VP

55

29. paksee iti1ppinne ameeriykkayi1e nivaasika1kku maRRubut °this-in-after Amer ica-in-1oc inhabitant~-to other

bhuukhandanna100tu. , ...continents-soci

yaatoruwhatever

samparkkavumcontact-emph

uq~aayi~~i11enuaa~uavarutc vaadam.happened-not-that-be their argument

"But after this, they argue t.hat the American settlers

had had no contact with the other continents".

(51) (at)aa~u avaru~e vaadam.

Main sentence.

195

(S2) p()k~~ee itilppinnc i..IlII(~er iyl"ki..lyil c niV<l~lf:dkalkku maHRu- .bhuukhandannalootu

untaayittilla... ..yaatoru samparkkavum.

SUbordinatedto (Sl) by ennu.--

S -------> NP

(NP) + Vi:'

S2

+ VP

30. pakseeblit

...eliyattu smittu tu~annlya

Eliot Smith etc.praaciinaancient

caritrahistory

gaveesakanmaar. ,researchers

yoojiykkuUl'lilla.agreeing-not

iithis

abhipraayattootu. . . .0plnlon-socl

tellumfew-emph

"But researchers of ancient history like Eliot Smith

do not agree with this opinion".

This is a simple sentence. Here a group of nouns

together functions as the sUbject.

S ------> NP + VP

NP is the subject having more than one NP.

196

Major types of sentences are simple, complex and

compound and all these types were available in early,

middle and modern periods. Personal termination is

present in early and middle periods, but not in modern

period. In early period, most of the sentences are short

and ending in third person suffix 'itu'. compared to

middle Malayalam, personal termination is less and the

'itu' ending sentences are more in the early period.

The word order of the sentences VSO type is not available

in modern f1alayalam. Subordination using a chain of

adjectival sentence is a stylistic feature of the middle

Malayalam texts. During the middle period, the literature

were devotional and in the descriptional contexts of the

text, adjectival subordination is extensively used.

This type of construction is not generally used in modern

Malayalam.