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SOUND WAVES – SOME VOCAB
Each cycle of a sound wave includes one condensation and one rarefaction
The frequency of the sound wave is the number of cycles per second that pass by a given location
THE NATURE OF SOUNDA sound with a single frequency is
called a pure tone.A 440 Hz tone consists of 440
condensations, each followed by a rarefaction, every second.
A healthy young person hears frequencies from 20 – 20,000 Hz
THE NATURE OF SOUNDSound intensity, I, is defined as
the sound power, P, that passes perpendicularly through a surface divided by the area, A, of the surface:
THE NATURE OF SOUNDthe threshold of hearing is the
smallest sound intensity that the human ear can detect
~ 1x10-12 W/m2
COMPARING SOUND INTENSITIESWhat if we wanted to compare two
sound intensities?The simplest comparison would be a
ratio of the intensitiesEx: compare I=8x10-12 W/m2 to
I0=1x10-12 W/m2
I/I0= 8x10-12 W/m2 / 1x10-12 W/m2 = 8So I is 8 times as great as I0This does NOT mean that I is 8 times
louder than I0
COMPARING SOUND INTENSITIESWhen a sound wave reaches a
listener’s ear, the sound is interpreted by the brain as being loud or soft
Greater intensities give rise to louder sounds.
But the relationship between loudness and intensity is not a simple linear relationship.
Doubling the intensity does not mean the loudness doubles!
DECIBELSThe decibel (dB) is a measurement
unit used to compare two sound intensities
β is the intensity levelUnits are decibels (dB)Log is the base 10 logarithmI0 is the reference level, usually the
threshold of hearing
DECIBELSEx: compare I=8x10-12 W/m2 to
I0=1x10-12 W/m2
β = 9dBWe can say that I is 9 decibels greater than
I0.
EXAMPLEWhat is the intensity level when I = I0?
β = 0dBSo an intensity level of 0dB does not mean
that the sound intensity I is zero.It means that I = I0
TYPICAL SOUND INTENSITIES AND INTENSITY LEVELS
Intensity (W/m2)
Intensity level dB
Threshold of hearing
1.0x10-12 0
Whisper 1.0x10-10 20
Car without a muffler
1.0x10-2 100
Rock Concert 1.0 120
Threshold of Pain 10 130
PROBLEM SOLVINGSolving decibel problems requires
knowledge of logarithmic functions.logA - logB = log(A/B)
How would we solve for I in terms of β?
I=I0
EXAMPLEHumans can discern a change in
loudness of about 1-3 dB.Doubling the loudness corresponds
to a change of 10 dB. Note that doubling the loudness is
not the same thing as doubling the intensity! (to double the loudness, the intensity needs to increase A LOT)
EXAMPLEOn a dark and scary night, you hear
a sound at 90 dB. A moment later, you hear it again, this time at 93 dB. The corresponding intensities are I1 and I2. How many times greater is the intensity of I2 than I1?
EXAMPLEWhat is the change in sound intensity
needed to double the perceived loudness of a sound?
2 times the loudness means a 10dB increase in sound intensity
So β2-β1=10dB I2/I1 = 10 Intensity must increase by a factor of 10 to get
a sound that is perceived to be twice a loud.Means that a 200W stereo is only twice as loud
as a 20W stereo!