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SLOVAK UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY IN BRATISLAVAFaculty of Electrical Engineering and Information TechnologyInstitute of Nuclear and Physical Engineering
Štefan Čerba
Future perspectives of nuclear energy
ContentsIntroduction
Nuclear energy in global and in Slovakia
The role of nuclear energy in a future of Slovakia
Advantages of the fast neutron spectrum
GEN IV nuclear energy systems
Introduction
Nuclear Coal Hydro Wind Solar0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100 90.5
60
45
2015
88.3
27.121.5
15 15
WorldSlovakia
Pow
er lo
ad [%
]
Nuclear Coal Plynové Wind Solar Hydro0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Prod
uctio
n co
st $
/ KW
h
Nuclear energy in global
37.50%
24.30%
25.50%
6.30%
6.50%
World
OilGasCoalHydroNuclear
45.20%
24.70%
15.30%
0.04%
14.40%
Europe
OilGasCoalHydroNuclear
Oil Natural gas Coal Uranium0
50
100
150
200
250
300
4970
280 270
Year
s
Nuclear energy in global
Nuclear energy in Slovakia50.
67%
17.46%
19.10%
9.14%
3.62%
Nuclear Thermal Hydro OtherImport
23.39%
33.21%
31.85%
11.54%
Nuclear ThermalHydro Other
Total production: 29.309 TWh[1]
Total consumption: 29.830 TWh
Import: 521 GWh
Installed capacity: 7780 MWe
Till 2030 -3850 MWe
Nuclear power plants in SlovakiaPower plant EBO V2
BohuniceEMO 1,2
MochovceEMO 3,4
MochovceEBO V1
BohuniceA1
BohuniceReactor type VVER 440/
v213VVER 440/
v213VVER 440/
v213VVER 440/
v230 KS 150
Thermal power [MWth]
1471 1471 1375 (1471) 1375 560
Gross electric power [MWe]
500 500 440 (500) 440 150
Reactor units 2 2 2 2 1Launch 1984/1985 1998/2000 2012/2013 1978/1980 1972Shutdown 2024/2025 2038/2040 2052/2053 2006/2008 1979Status operating operating Built shutdown shutdown
The future of nuclear energy
6,948,762,823 84,739
The future of nuclear energy
Classification of nuclear reactors
Generation four international forum
Goals:o Sustainability,o Economy,o Safety and reliability,o Proliferation resistance and physical protection.
SFR – Sodium-cooled fast reactor
LFR – Lead-cooled fast reactor,
GFR – Gas cooled fast reactor.
VHTR – Very high temperature reactor,
SCWR – Supercritical water-cooled reactor,
MSR – Molten salt reactor,
GIF2002
Fast neutron spectrum
Fast neutron spectrum
• Thermal spectrum:
• Fast spectrum:
Increasing n energy -->
Enrichment < 5 %
Enrichment = 20 - 30 %
SFR – Sodium-cooled fast reactor• Sodium coolant,• Fast neutron spectrum,• Closed fuel cycle,• Electricity production and actinide transmutation,• Operation: 550 °C - low pressure,• Oxide, carbide or metallic fuel with U, Pu and MA content,
• Burnup up to 200 GWd/tHM,
• SF reprocessing via PUREX.• EBR–I, Phenix, BN-600.• ASTRID - demonstrator
LFR – Lead-cooled fast reactor
• Liquid lead coolant, • Fast neutron spectrum,• Operation in closed fuel cycle,• Actinide transmutation, • Electricity production,• Possibility of hydrogen production,• Operation conditions: 550 °C at low pressure,• technology base: Russian α type submarines (Pb-Bi).
2 concepts:- Reference design: 600 MWe (ELSY) – (U,Pu,MA)O2 fuel- Modular design: 20 MWe (SSTAR) – (U,Pu,MA)N fuel (t=650 °C).
GFR – gas cooled fast reactor
• He coolant,• Fast neutron spectrum,• Closed fuel cycle,• More effective natural U utilization,• Reduction of the long-lived RAV radiotoxicity,• Operation conditions: 750 °C and 7 MPa,• Efficient electricity generation,• Hydrogen production and process heat supply,• Innovative (U,Pu,MA)C –SiC fuel,• Unique DHR system,• ALLEGRO – demonstrator.
VHTR – very high temperature reactor• Helium coolant,• Graphite moderator,• Thermal neutron spectrum,• Once-through U fuel cycle,• Cogeneration of electricity and hydrogen,• Process heat applications,• Operation at high temperatures 900 - 1000 °C and high pressure 7 MPa,
• UO2 – SiC fuel,
• Very high thermal efficiency.
SCWR – Supercritical water-cooled reactor
• Operation above the TD critical point of water(t=374 °C, p=22MPa, ρ=0.32 g/cm3),• Either thermal or fast neutron spectrum,• Possible once-though or closed fuel cycle,• Base-load electricity production,• Thermal efficiency η>50 %,• Investment and operation costs comparable with LWRs,• UO2 fuel,• target burnup - 45 GWd/tHM.
MSR – molten salt reactor• liquid fluoride salt coolant,• UF, PuF – ZrF, NaF, LiF,• Thermal and epithermal neutron spectrum,• Excellent neutron balance,• Actinide transmutation,• Electricity generation,• Hydrogen production,• Process heat supply,• Continuous refueling,• Possible addition of actinide feeds during operation,• Th-U Breeder fuel cycle.
ESNII - European Sustainable Nuclear Industrial Initiative
“The country which first develops a breeder reactor will have a great competitive advantage in atomic energy.”
E. Fermi
Backup slide 1
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 21000
1000
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moderate high
Time
Inst
alle
d ca
paci
ty [G
we]
Backup slide 2
Backup slide 3
Backup slide 4
Backup slide 5
Backup slide 6
1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 20600
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Without GFRWith GFR
Time [years]
Pu in
vent
ory
[t]
