S IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE AUTHORITYsida.org.pk/download/reports/Volume-I_-_Main_Report-Final_June 1,2… · Mr. Habeeb Ursani (Director AWB Badin), and yourself in the preparation

Stakeholder Consultative Process to Identify Issues, Problems and Solutions

Safe Disposal

of Surplus

Drainage

Effluent &

Storm Water

Rehabilitation

of Existing

Drainage

Infrastructure

Revival of

Natural

Waterways

Second Line

of Defense

d/s Kotri

Make Shift

Arrangements

for Flood

Displaced

Persons

Environment

Mitigation &

Arresting of

Sea Water

Intrusion

Inland

Wetland

Management

Mangroves

Plantation in

Coastal Area

Coastal

Wetland

Management

Conjunctive

Use of LBOD

water for

Forestry

Livelihood

Strengthening

Develop

Shrimp and

Mud Crab

Farms in

Coastal Zone

Introduction of

Brackish Water

Fish in LBOD

Catchment

Introduction of

Bio-Saline

Agriculture in

Marginal Lands

Institutional

Strengthening

& Capacity

Building

Crises

Management

Unit within

SIDA

Gender

Mainstreaming

Combating

Water-

logging and

Salinity

Drainage

Infrastructure

in Non LBOD

Areas

Divestment of

FGW

Tubewells

Rehabilitation

of SGW

Tubewells

Regional Plan and Investment Priorities

SINDH IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE AUTHORITY SINDH WATER SECTOR IMPROVEMENT PROJECT-I (WSIP-I)

PREPARATION OF REGIONAL PLAN FOR THE LEFT BANK OF INDUS, DELTA AND COASTAL ZONE

Final Report - Phase - II

MAIN REPORT Proposed Regional Plan

Volume – I The Louis Berger Group Inc.

In Association with

Indus Associated Consultants (Pvt.) Ltd.

May 2012

Reduction of Flood Damages

Increase in Agriculture Productivity

Reduction in Poverty

SINDH WATER SECTOR IMPROVEMENT PHASE-I PROJECT

Preparation of Regional Plan for the Left Bank of Indus, Delta and Coastal Zone

i

The Team

Team Leader Carlos A. Gandarillas. PhD

Deputy Team Leader Muhammad Saleh Soomro. PhD

Team members Adnan Nazir

Anwer Ali Dasti Baloch

Asif Turangzai

Arif Javed

Bagh Ali Shahid. PhD

Dragica Veselinovic

Fahad Samo

Ghulam Rasool Keerio. PhD

John E. Priest

Kamran Ansari. PhD

Khadim Hussain Soofi

Muhammad Saleh Sammo (deceased)

Nazeer Ahmed

Sajjad Larik

Sajaad Ali Soomoro

Sidte Muhammad Akhtar

Syed Amanullah Husaini

Tabassum Khushk Baloch

Usman Ghani Dar

Zaigham Habib. PhD

Zakia Mangrio

Chronology of Phase II Report

Date of submission of

Preliminary Draft March 26, 2012

Comments received

from Panel of Experts/

SIDA

May 10, 2012

Submission of the

Final Report May 31, 2012



ii

Letter of Transmittal

31st May, 2012

Dear Mr. Junejo,

We are pleased to submit the Final Report for Phase II of the Study ‗Master / Regional Plan

for the Left Bank of Indus, Delta, and Coastal Area‘. The final report incorporates comments

received from various stakeholders and observations and recommendations of the Panel of

Experts meeting held in May 2012.

This report has been prepared with a stakeholder consultative approach involving a wide

array of stakeholders, and represents their aspirations and expectation that the identified

issues and problems will be studied and pre feasibilities are undertaken to resolve the issues,

particularly related to timely and safely draining out drainage effluent, storm and flood

waters. Accordingly this report presents a set of 16 pre feasibilities, and three position

papers.

We would like to place on record our appreciation for the guidance and support extended by

Engineer Ehsan Leghari (MD SIDA), Mrs. Farzana Abbasi (GM Transition) and Engineer

Mr. Habeeb Ursani (Director AWB Badin), and yourself in the preparation of this report.

We would also like to place on record the support provided by Mr. Fateh M. Mari, PhD,

Project Coordinator, PCMU, and Engineer Ylli Dedja, PhD, FAO Project Management

Consultant (PMC/A), and Mr. Mohammed Ehsan, The World Bank Consultant. We would

also like to express our gratitude to the Honorable Ministers, Mr. Murad Ali Shah, Minister

of Finance, Mr. Jam Saifullah Dharejo, Minister of Irrigation, Mr. Nadir Ali Khan Magsi,

Minister of Food, and Syed Raghib Abbas Shah (Member Water, WAPDA). Special thanks

are due to the Panel of Experts (PoE) for their instructive comments. We take this opportunity

to acknowledge the encouragement and guidance received from the Chairman PoE, Dr. Asad

Kazi.

We would also like to mention here the appreciation and concurrence of the President of

Pakistan on the perspective plan, who desired that the people of Sindh do not undergo this

level of misery, in the event of similar unprecedented rainfall.

Sincerely yours,

Assuring our best services and cooperation,

Carlos A. Gandarillas,

Team Leader



iii

PRESIDENT REVIEWS SITUATION IN

FLOOD-HIT AREAS

DAWN dated Monday, October 31, 2011

KARACHI: Presiding over a meeting at the Bilawal House on irrigation, dewatering and

drainage of flood-affected areas on Sunday, President Asif Ali Zardari directed the

government to prepare water storage and drainage plans at the divisional level in the

province.

He also called for devising a plan to divert rainwater to desert areas of the province during

floods and store it for irrigation.

Sindh Chief Minister Syed Qaim Ali Shah, Water and Power Minister Syed Naveed Qamar,

Petroleum Minister Dr Asim Hussain, provincial ministers Murad Ali Shah, Sharjeel

Memon and Saifullah Dharejo, Secretary General to President Salman Farooqui and

provincial secretaries attended the meeting.

In their briefings at the meeting, WAPDA and the provincial irrigation department claimed

that 80 per cent of the floodwaters had been drained out from the inundated areas and work

was going on round the clock to clear the remaining areas.

Foreign consultant Louis Berger gave a presentation on a drainage plan for dealing with

similar calamities in future and submitted a plan for enhancing capacity of the Left Bank

Outfall Drain (LBOD).

He asked the WAPDA and provincial authorities to give top priority to the work of clearing

the flood-affected areas because of the upcoming Rabi crop and fast approaching winter.

The president was briefed on the implementation of his earlier directives and steps taken for

dewatering various localities.

The president stressed the need for a permanent drainage plan in the country which, he

said, would reduce flood damage as incessant rains might recur due to climate change. He

directed that after the completion of the dewatering work, a mechanism should be devised to

provide wheat seed to affected areas to enable farmers to sow wheat crop because any

delay would not only adversely affect farmers, but would also reduce national crop output.

http://www.dawn.com/2011/10/31/president-reviews-situation-in-flood-hit-areas.html



iv

Acronyms

AWB Area Water Board

B/C Benefit Cost

BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand

C Celsius

CDM Clean Development Mechanism

cfs Cubic feet per second

CO Community Organization

COD Chemical Oxygen Demand

DCO District Coordination Officer

DDMA District Disaster Management Agency

DPOD Dhoro Puran Outfall Drain

DRIP Drainage Reclamation Institute of Pakistan

EC Electrical Conductivity

ENMD East Nawabshah Main Drain

ETo Evapotranspiration

FGOD Fuleli Guni Outfall Drain

FGW Fresh Ground Water

FO Farmers Organization

GCA Gross Command Area

GFCAWB Ghotki Feeder Canal Area Water Board

GIS Geographic Information System

GoP Government of Pakistan

GoS Government of Sindh

ha Hectare

IAC Indus Associated Consultants Pvt.

IBIS Indus Basin Irrigation System of Pakistan

IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

INGO International Non Government Organization

IRR Internal Rate of Return

IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature

Km Kilometer

KPOD Kadhan Pateji Outfall Drain

LBCAWB Left Bank Canal Area Water Board

LBG The Louis Berger Group Inc.

LBOD Left Bank Outfall Drain

MAF Million Acre Feet

M cft Million Cubic feet

MD Managing Director

MDP Metrological Department of Pakistan

M&E Monitoring & Evaluation

MF Micro Filtration

MH Dhoro Meharabpur Hussainabad Dhoro

mm Millimeter

MMD Mirpurkhas Main Drain

MPL Maximum Permissible Limit

NCAWB Nara Canal Area Water Board

NDP National Drainage Program



v

NF Nano Filtration

NEQs National Environmental Quality Standards

NGOs Non Governmental Organization

NPV Net Present Value

NTU Nephlometric Turbidity Units

NTW Dhoro Nangreja Talpur Wada Dhoro

O&M Operation & Maintenance

PBD Patoyun Branch Drain

PCRWR Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources

PDMA Provincial Disaster Management Authority

PEPA Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency

PMU Project Management Unit

POL Petrol, Oil and Lubricants

PSQCA Pakistan Standards Quality Control Authority

RD Reduced Distance

REDD Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation

RF Rapid Filtration

RO Reverse Osmosis

Rs. Pak Rupees

SBD Sinjhoro Branch Drain

SCARPs Salinity Control and Reclamation Projects

SDPI Sustainable Development Policy Institute

SFD Sindh Forest Department

SGS SIDA Gender Strategy

SGW Saline Ground Water

CDA Coastal Development Authority

SIDA Sindh Irrigation and Drainage Authority

SMD Sanghar Main Drain

SMO Salinity Monitoring Organization

SSF Slow Sand Filtration

TDS Total Dissolved Salts/ Solids

TMA Taluka Municipal Administration

TSS Total Suspended Solids

UASB Up flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket

UN United Nations

UNFCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

UV Ultra Violet

WAPDA Water and Power Development Authority

WASA Water and Sanitation Authority

WCA Water course Associations

WHO World Health Organization

WNMD West Nawabshah Main Drain

WSIP Water Sector Improvement Project Phase

WSSD World Summit on Sustainable Development

WUA Water Users Associations

WWF World Wildlife Fund for Nature

WWG Women Water Group



vi

Table of Contents

Page

MAIN REPORT

Letter of Transmittal ................................................................................................... ii Acronyms ..................................................................................................................... iv

Table of Contents ........................................................................................................ vi List of Figures .............................................................................................................. ix List of Boxes................................................................................................................. ix List of Maps ................................................................................................................. ix

1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 1 1.1 The Report .................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 The RPS Background .................................................................................................. 1 1.3 Phase- II Study Objectives and Scope ........................................................................ 2

1.4 Report Preparation Process ........................................................................................ 2 1.5 Stakeholder Consultation Process for Phase -II Study ............................................ 3 1.6 Report Organization .................................................................................................... 3

1.6.1 Description of Volumes ..................................................................................... 3

1.6.2 Outline of the Main Report ................................................................................ 3

2 RECAP OF THE PHASE- I STUDY ......................................................................... 4 2.1 Brief Overview of Phase I Study ................................................................................. 4

2.2 Summary of Issues and Problems Identified by Stakeholders ................................ 4 3 OVERVIEW OF 2011 FLOODS ................................................................................ 5 3.1 Rapid Assessment......................................................................................................... 5

3.2 Key Field Observations on the floods ........................................................................ 6 3.2.1 Depth of the Storm Water .................................................................................. 6 3.2.2 Performance of the Drainage System ................................................................ 6

3.2.3 Drainage Behavior of LBOD System at Different Flood Levels ....................... 7 3.2.4 Impact of the Irrigation System Operation on the Floods.................................. 8

3.3 The Lessons Learnt ...................................................................................................... 8 3.3.1 Under Designed Drainage Network ................................................................... 9

3.3.2 Deferred Maintenance of Irrigation and Drainage Infrastructure ...................... 9 3.3.3 Encroachment in the Waterways ....................................................................... 9 3.3.4 Delayed Closure of Irrigation Canals ................................................................ 9

3.3.5 Absence of Trigger Mechanism for Disaster Management ............................... 9 3.3.6 Absence of Make Shift Shelters ....................................................................... 10

3.4 Paradigm Shift (Change in the perception of the stakeholders) ........................... 10 3.5 Policy Makers Guidelines for the Regional Plan Focus ......................................... 10 4 HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULIC SIMULATIONS AT A GLANCE ............. 12

4.1 Hydrology Simulations .............................................................................................. 12 4.1.1 Methodology .................................................................................................... 12 4.1.2 Rainfall Patterns ............................................................................................... 12 4.1.3 Rainfall Frequency Analysis ............................................................................ 13

4.2 Hydraulic Simulations ............................................................................................... 14 4.2.1 Methodology .................................................................................................... 15 4.2.2 Simulation Results ........................................................................................... 15 4.2.3 Simulations for Offloading Discharge of LBOD ............................................. 16

5 THE PROPOSED INTERVENTIONS/PROJECTS .............................................. 18 5.1 Interventions Proposed and Agreed by the Stakeholders ...................................... 18 5.2 Typology of the Approved Interventions ................................................................. 23



vii

5.3 Brief Description of Pre-feasibilities of Suggested Interventions .......................... 24 5.3.1 Pre-feasibility 1: Rehabilitation and Improvement of LBOD Drainage

Infrastructure .................................................................................................... 25 5.3.2 Pre-feasibility 2: Revival of Natural Waterways to Drain out Storm Water ... 30 5.3.3 Pre-feasibility 3: Rehabilitation of SCARP and Drainage Tubewells of LBOD

System .............................................................................................................. 34 5.3.4 Pre-feasibility 4: Ghotki SCARP (Saline Zone) .............................................. 35 5.3.5 Pre-feasibility 5: Privatization of FGW SCARP Tubewells ............................ 37 5.3.6 Pre-feasibility 6: Second Line of Defense for Left Bank of Indus D/S Kotri .. 39 5.3.7 Pre-feasibility 7: Elevated Platforms for Flood Displaced Persons ................. 40

5.3.8 Pre-feasibility 8: Rehabilitation of Coastal Wetlands ...................................... 42 5.3.9 Pre-feasibility 9: Protective Plantation of Mangroves in the Coastal Areas of

the Left Bank.................................................................................................... 44 5.3.10 Pre-feasibility 10: Use of Drainage Water for Forestation in the LBOD and

Kotri Areas ....................................................................................................... 47 5.3.11 Pre-feasibility 11: Bio-saline Agriculture in Badin and Thatta Districts ......... 49 5.3.12 Pre-feasibility 12: Rehabilitation of Deh Akro II and Chotiari Wetland

Complex ........................................................................................................... 51 5.3.13 Pre-feasibility 13: Shrimp and Mud Crab Farming in Coastal Areas of Left

Bank .............................................................................................................. 54 5.3.14 Pre-feasibility 14: Brackish Water Fish Farming in LBOD Area.................... 56

5.3.15 Pre feasibility 15: Establishment of Disaster Management Unit in SIDA...... 58 5.3.16 Pre feasibility 16: Gender Mainstreaming in Irrigation and Drainage ............ 60

5.4 Position Papers ........................................................................................................... 62 5.4.1 Position Paper 1: Drainage Effluent Intrusion in the Ghotki Area from

Southern Punjab ............................................................................................... 62

5.4.2 Position Paper 2: Sugar Industry Effluent Treatment at Source ...................... 65

5.4.3 Position Paper 3: Water Quality for Human Consumption ............................. 67

6 PROPOSED REGIONAL PLAN STRATEGY AND RECOMMENDED

INVESTMENT PLAN ............................................................................................... 69 6.1 Proposed Regional Plan preparation Process ......................................................... 69 6.2 Proposed Regional Plan Strategy ............................................................................. 69

6.2.1 Pillars of the Strategy ....................................................................................... 71

1. Safe and timely disposal of surplus drainage effluent, storm water, and

riverine flood .................................................................................................... 71

2. Combating waterlogging and salinity in non-LBOD areas.............................. 71 3. Environmental mitigation ................................................................................ 71 4. Institutional Strengthening and Capacity Building of SIDA ........................... 72

5. Livelihood support to rural communities ......................................................... 72

6.3 Screening, and Ranking of Proposed Interventions ............................................... 72

6.4 Proposed Prioritizing and Sequencing of Interventions......................................... 73 6.4.1 First Priority Core Interventions ...................................................................... 73

6.4.2 Second Priority Interventions .......................................................................... 74 6.4.3 Third Priority Interventions ............................................................................. 75 6.4.4 Interventions Not Recommended for Implementation .................................... 75

6.5 Implementation Chronogram ................................................................................... 76 6.6 Implementation Strategy for the Rehabilitation and Improvement of LBOD .... 77

6.6.1 Short Term Structural Measures ...................................................................... 78 6.6.2 Long Term Structural Measures ...................................................................... 78

6.6.3 LBOD rehabilitation construction chronogram ............................................... 79



viii

6.7 Implementation strategy for the revival of natural waterways to drain out storm

water .......................................................................................................................... 79 6.7.1 Suggested implementation plan for drainage in lower Sindh .......................... 80 6.7.2 Top priority works before forth coming monsoon rains .................................. 80 6.7.3 Priority-2 works ............................................................................................... 80

6.7.4 Priority-3 works ............................................................................................... 80 6.7.5 Activation of natural waterways chronogram .................................................. 80 6.7.6 Activation of Natural Waterways Investment Costs ........................................ 81

6.8 Policy Issues ................................................................................................................ 81 6.8.1 Deferred Maintenance ...................................................................................... 81

6.8.2 Effective compliance of environmental protection laws ................................. 81 6.8.3 Cost Recovery Policy ....................................................................................... 82

6.9 Summary Recommendations .................................................................................... 82 6.10 Indicative Financial Outlay of Master Plan ............................................................ 84

6.11 Investment Chronogram ........................................................................................... 84 Attachment 1: Stakeholder Consultative Process



ix

List of Tables

Table 1: Issues Problems and Proposed Solutions ................................................................... 18 Table 2: Pre-feasibility Interventions / Position Papers ........................................................... 23 Table 3: Main Outputs of the Pre Feasibility No. 1 ................................................................. 26

Table 4: Indicative Cost Estimates for the Rehabilitation and Remodeling of LBOD

Infrastructure. (Rs. Million) ...................................................................................... 28 Table 5: Main outputs of the Pre Feasibility No2 .................................................................... 31 Table 6: Indicative Cost Estimates for the Revival of Dhoras including bypasses (Rs. Million)

................................................................................................................................... 32

Table 7: Ranking Based on Standardized Z scores .................................................................. 73 Table 8: Indicative Financial Outlay of Master Plan ............................................................... 84

List of Figures

Figure 1: Flooded Area 2011 in LBOD Area ............................................................................ 5 Figure 2: Utilization Factor for SCARP Division.................................................................... 37

Figure 3: Three alternative costs .............................................................................................. 39 Figure 4: Cost of Elevated Platform ........................................................................................ 41

Figure 5: Soil textures in Thatta and Badin Districts ............................................................... 49 Figure 6: Crises Management Cycle ........................................................................................ 58

Figure 7: Evaporation for Fresh and Saline Water Ponds........................................................ 63 Figure 8: Quantity of Sugar Mills Effluent Flows ................................................................... 65 Figure 9: Arsenic Contamination in Badin District ................................................................. 67

Figure 10: Strategy for Regional Plan for the Left Bank of Indus Delta and Coastal Zone .... 70

List of Boxes

Box 1: Profile of Spinal Drain ................................................................................................. 25

Box 2: Profile of Chotiari Reservoir ........................................................................................ 51

List of Maps

Map 1: Study Area General Map ............................................................................................... x



x

Map 1: Study Area General Map



1

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Report

This is the draft report for the Phase II of the study ‗preparation of the regional plan for the

left bank of Indus, delta, and the coastal areas‘, hereon referred as Regional Plan Study

(RPS), submitted for the approval of the Sindh Irrigation and Drainage Authority (SIDA),

Government of Sindh. The final report will be submitted to SIDA after incorporating

comments and suggestions received from SIDA and their designated review process. This

report mainly presents the pre feasibilities of the structural and nonstructural interventions

selected by the stakeholders through a consultative process that included identifying the

problems/issues, deliberating the solutions, and selection of agreed interventions based on

technical feasible options, socially acceptability, financial/economic viability, and desirable

impacts. In the following phases of the study, detailed feasibilities and tender documents for

the ranked, identified, and approved interventions will be prepared.

1.2 The RPS Background

The RPS is one of the subcomponent of the Sindh Water Sector Improvement Project Phase-

I(WSIP-I). The WSIP-I has four components, namely, i) community development and

capacity building; ii) improvement of irrigation and drainage system; iii) management plan

for irrigation and drainage infrastructure; iv) project monitoring, evaluation, and supervision

of environmental management plan; and v).project coordination, monitoring, technical

assistance and training. One of the subcomponent of component iii) is ‗preparation of

regional plan to deal with floods and drainage issues on left bank of Indus river and

designing measures for improvement of the Indus delta and the coastal zone.‘

The six year duration project, with a funding support from the World Bank was launched in

December 2007, terminating in April 2013. The main objectives of the WSIP-I includes: i)

strengthening and fast tracking the institutional reforms that are already underway in Sindh;

ii) improving the irrigation system in a systematic way covering key hydraulic infrastructure,

main and branch canals, and distributaries and minors; and iii); enhancing long term

sustainability of the irrigation system through participatory irrigation management and

developing institutions for improving operation and maintenance (O&M) of the system and

cost recovery.

The main objective and scope of the RPS is to prepare for the Government of Sindh (GoS) a

regional plan for addressing the flood issues and proving proper drainage to the area on the

left bank of Indus River through appropriate structural and nonstructural measures, including

remedial measures for any outstanding deficiencies in the Left Bank Outfall Drainage

(LBOD) system; measures for retention and/or safe disposal of drainage, storm and flood

water, and improvement of wetlands in the delta area and in the coastal zone recognizing

their environmental importance and considerable economic potential for the local

communities. The RPS is designed to be completed in four phases. The scope of each of the

four phases of the study includes:

Phase I Study: Preparation of inventory and assessment of existing conditions and

identification of issues and problems, preparation of a report that can form the basis of

consultations with all stakeholders to reach an agreement on definition of issues and

problems. The report of this phase was submitted in December 2010, and approved in June

2011. This Phase-I study is also required to cover issues related to the supply of water and

management of drainage & waste water effluent, expected to be generated by the



2

development of the Thar Coal mines and power complex in the future as planned by the

government.

Phase II Study Identification of solutions covering structural and non-structural options, and

institutional and management measures and their technical environmental and social

feasibility, approximate cost, workability and ranking based on pre-feasibility level studies

and analysis.

Phase III Study Preparation of detailed feasibility including technical, economic,

environmental and social viability and implementation/institutional arrangement for the

solutions identified under Phase II as high priority.

Phase IV Study Preparation of detailed designs and bidding documents for the most

preferred solution for implementation according to the international standards and

implementation manuals and institutional arrangements for non-structural solutions.

All the above study phases are to be undertaken with an extensive participatory consultations

with a wide array of stakeholders and communities in the study area, including delta and

coastal areas, activists, NGOs, various public sector agencies, and decision makers.in

identifying issues and solution options, prioritizing interventions, and participation in

planning, designing, and implementation stages. The overall regional plan process is depicted

in the following diagram.

1.3 Phase- II Study Objectives and Scope

The main objective of the Phase II study is to i) identify structural and non-structural

solutions/options and interventions; ii) prepare pre feasibilities of the interventions selected

through stakeholder consultative process, detailing rationale, output, impact, along with

technical and economic viability, sustainability, and socially acceptability. Based on the

selection criteria developed the pre feasibilities will be ranked and prioritized by the

stakeholders for the preparation of detailed feasibilities and tender documents in the

following study phases.

1.4 Report Preparation Process

Following the submission of Phase 1 study report, as a proactive strategy, the Consultants

embarked on the preparation of pre feasibilities for solutions for intervention aspired by the

stakeholders. This was based on review of available studies, field studies, surveys,

procurement of satellite imagery, and ongoing process of consultation with the stakeholders.

The near finished pre feasibilities, that were technically feasible and economically viable

were presented to the stakeholders, along with the selection criteria, at the district and Area

Water Board (AWB) levels. Based on feedback from the stakeholder workshops, 19 pre-

feasibilities were presented at the national stakeholder workshop, held on 14 January 2012 in

Karachi. The participants agreed with the Consultants selection and advised to submit the

pre-feasibilities for approval and final selection of interventions for detailed feasibilities.

During the course of preparation of pre-feasibilities, the unprecedented rains and havoc

thereof, provided an opportunity to monitor the performance of the drainage system to cope

with the strain and weaknesses in the system, and its damage to the human lives, agriculture,

livestock, private properties, irrigation, drainage, and physical infrastructures, miseries of the

flood displaced persons including their constrained access to social services, and livelihoods.

This required reallocating Consultants focus and resources to closely evaluate the systems‘

capacity and alternatives options and interventions to ensure safe disposal of storm water in

the event of future similar extremes.



3

During the preparation of the report sufficient Consultants resources were reallocated to

provide support and assistance to SIDA and the Core 5 Engineers, and providing information

and analysis to the irrigation department and senior politicians, including the President and at

the provincial Cabinet level. This also included preparation of a plan of emergency works to

restore the capacity of the drainage system, and measures to ensure safe disposal through

natural waterways in the event of similar rains.

1.5 Stakeholder Consultation Process for Phase -II Study

During this Phase of the study, 12 workshops were organized at the district level, 3 at the

Area Water Board (AWB) level, and one regional/national level, The Consultants supported

by fifteen local partner NGOs and a consortium of six organizations/NGOs, strived hard to

bring relevant stakeholders into the workshops, attended by about a little over one thousand

participants, of which 121 were women. In addition to this six TV programs were held for

wider dissemination and feedback.

In these workshops, the stakeholders were facilitated to express their aspirations and

apprehensions vis-à-vis the possible solutions and interventions proposed by the Consultants.

Based on the stakeholder consensus and agreement 16 interventions were selected for

preparing the pre-feasibilities. The conceptual outline of the selected pre-feasibilities was

presented in a regional/national workshop, held on 14 January 2012 in Karachi, for the final

selection and approval of the stakeholders. Attachment 1 presents a summary exposition of

the consultative process, during both the phases of the study.

1.6 Report Organization

1.6.1 Description of Volumes

The report has been organized in four volumes.

i. Volume I is the Main report (this volume).

ii. Volume II embodies the detailed pre feasibilities.

iii. Volume III presents the hydrology and hydraulic simulation studies.

iv. Volume IV presents the consultation process, and workshop proceedings.

v. Volume V is the Atlas.

vi. Volume VI presents the Preliminary Drawings

1.6.2 Outline of the Main Report

The section I introduces the report in terms of background to the RPS, its purpose, report

preparation process, and coverage of the report. The section II provides a brief recap of the

Study Phase 1 report. Section III summaries the findings of the hydrology and hydraulic

simulation models, while section IV presents a rapid assessment of the 2011 floods, lessons

learnt including a change in the mindset of the stakeholders, and guidelines and directives of

the decision makers. Section V presents project/intervention briefs on basis for the ranking

and selection of pre feasibilities, comments from the participants of the provincial

stakeholder workshop. Section VI presents recommendations for screening and the selection

of interventions.



4

2 RECAP OF THE PHASE- I STUDY

2.1 Brief Overview of Phase I Study

The Phase study commenced in April 2010, and a draft was submitted in December 2010.

The phase I study report, after a series of reviews and incorporation of comments was

finalized and approved in the June 2011. This Phase of the study was dedicated to the

identification of issues and problems associated with the impacts of spreading water logging

and salinity; institutional breakdown for management of water delivery, drainage, floods and

disasters; environmental problems and resultant spread of poverty and deteriorating

livelihoods among the growing population.

The main activities during the preparation of the study Phase 1 were i) review of available

relevant reports and interaction with staff of relevant agencies, ii) field visits to assess the

performance of existing infrastructure, wetlands, and coastal areas and improvements and

revival needs; iii) preparation of technical, descriptive and analytical reports on area

description, inventory of existing irrigation and drainage infrastructure and issues related to

its operation and maintenance, impact of seawater intrusion, institutional issues, disaster

management etc.; iv) scoping sessions and intensive consultation with the stakeholders at the

village, district, regional, and provincial levels.

About 5,000 persons were consulted/participated in the workshops. The objective was to

solicit the perceptions about issues related to safe disposal of drainage, flood and storm water,

and impact of these infrastructures on poverty and livelihoods.

The Phase 1 report was organized in eight thematic areas detailing of the work and findings

that addressed the requirements of the scope of work mentioned in the contract. The thematic

areas included: i) overview and development of planning for drainage and flooding; ii) water

resources and water usage for drainage and flooding; iii) impacts of drainage and flood on

environment and wetlands; iv) flooding, disaster management and mitigation; v) structures

for irrigation drainage and flood protection; vi) overview of current agriculture, livelihood,

and economic aspect of drainage & floods; vii) social issues of drainage operation and

flooding; and viii) review of capacities of provincial agencies involved in execution of the

irrigation and drainage projects and its management.

2.2 Summary of Issues and Problems Identified by Stakeholders

During the course of the Phase 1 study, extensive consultations were held with the

stakeholders, including knowledgeable people and opinion makers, NGOs and activists to

solicit their perception and opinions vis-à-vis the issues and problems related to the

performance of the irrigation and drainage subsectors, and their adverse impact on

agriculture, general welfare and livelihoods, and environment, need for extending the

drainage infrastructure in the areas outside the LBOD system, need and options for the safe

and timely disposal of storm water, and apprehensions regarding increasing the capacity of

existing drainage system in the lower reaches of LBOD system. In addition to this they

expressed their concern on the sea encroachment damaging the productivity of farm land,

fisheries potential, and quality of life. The findings were presented in a series of workshop in

the study area and in the national workshop, and were the basis for formulating various

options to ensure safe disposal of drainage and storm water effluent.



5

Series1, Badin,

3,726, 32%

Series1,

Sanghar, 3,322,

29%

Series1, Mirpur

Khas, 2,145,

18%

Series1,

Umer Kot,

1,016, 9%

Series1,

Nawabshah, 782,

7%

Series1, Tando

Allah Yar, 301,

3%Series1, T.M

Khan, 289, 2%

Flooded Area 2011

3 OVERVIEW OF 2011 FLOODS

3.1 Rapid Assessment

The monsoon of 2011 was manifested by remarkably high rainfall event in Sindh, particularly

in the left bank of Indus. The cumulative rainfall varied between 423 mm to as high as 1,143

mm. The Tharparkar district recorded the highest rainfall, followed by 866 mm in the

Mirpurkhas, 628 mm in Shaheed Benazirabad, 615 mm in Badin district, 544 mm at Chhor in

Umerkot district, and 423 at Padidan in the Naushehro Feroze district. In Tharparkar district,

where the infiltration rate is quite high, the runoff was minimal, compared with the other

areas in the left bank. The average intensity during the 8 August to 18 September was about

800 mm. The area inundated in seven severely affected districts of Sindh is shown in Figure-

1

As the gradient of the coastal

areas is near zero, the disposal

of the runoff was inhibitive

causing inundation and

stagnation of the storm water. In

addition to this infrastructure

such as rail and road networks,

canal and drains, and

encroachments in the natural

water ways also inhibited the

free flow. The delay in the

evacuation of the storm water

runoff was further compounded

by the breaches in the irrigation

and drainage network. The

situation further exasperated with the

gushing influx of storm water into the drainage system beyond its design discharge capacity

of 4,600 cusecs.

Two to six feet of stagnated water marooned the settlements and restricted access to social

infrastructure submerged the standing crops including fodder, and a significant number of

livestock, particularly milch animals were lost. It also damaged the productive, physical, and

communication infrastructure. It is estimated that about 500 people succumbed to the floods.

According to the Provincial Disaster Management Authority (PDMA) estimates about 38.5

thousand villages were affected, mostly in Badin district followed by Shaheed Benazirabad,

Sanghar, and Umerkot districts, causing misery to about 9.3 million flood affectees. PDMA

also estimates that about 1.6 million houses were fully or partially damaged. A large number

of flood displaced persons had to take refuge on the sparse higher grounds. Of these about

769 thousand people were provided refuge in the relief camps.

PDMA estimates that due to the storm water floods, about one third of the paddy area, half of

the area under chilies, and 80 percent of the cotton area, and about 90 percent of the tomato

and onion acreage were wiped out. In terms of production, it is estimated that about two

million bales of cotton, 250 thousand mt of paddy, 330 thousand mt of onion, 77 thousand mt

of chilies, and some 70 thousand mt of tomato were lost to the catastrophe. In addition to this

about 117 thousand animals were lost, excluding a significant number of poultry in the

houses and the poultry farms.

Figure 1: Flooded Area 2011 in LBOD Area



6

3.2 Key Field Observations on the floods

3.2.1 Depth of the Storm Water

During the field visits, observations were made to sound the depth of flooding in the affected

areas. It was observed on 15 August that, in the vicinity of breached canals, water was about

four feet deep across the countryside inundating villages, submerging crops, and was flowing

over the roads eroding its shoulders. The sheet flow of water was wide across, trapped by the

communication infrastructure, such as roads and railroad, and embankments. The culverts

were inadequate in number and mostly found choked and hindered enormous sheet flows.

3.2.2 Performance of the Drainage System

While assessing the performance of the LBOD System it should be taken into account that

between its upper reaches and Badin, the natural gradient reduces from 0.000118 to

0.000055, which substantially reduces the velocity of the storm water flows. If peak storm

flows are not instantly evacuated out of the system, ponding effect is experienced in the lower

reaches of the drainage system, and hence, lower reaches of the system need much higher

evacuation rate than the upper reaches. Similarly the tail reaches of the two main branches of

the LBOD namely KPOD and DPOD are four to seven feet below the sea level, retarding the

conveyance velocity of the drain during high tide, particularly during the flood season.

In addition to this the operation of the irrigation system in the Mirpurkhas area, as observed

during 2006 and 2011 floods has its bearing on the capacity and performance of the drainage

system. During the months of July and August, the Nara-Jamrao system operate at the

maximum level hence during floods a number of breaches occur in the irrigation system,

causing secondary breaches in the drainage system, particularly in the sub-drains.

The abovementioned scenario is based on standard hydrological return period estimations

using Log Pears III method and calculations of runoff using Soil Survey Curve Numbers

(SSCN). Maximum capacity of LBOD is adopted from its actual functioning during the

floods of 2011.

Despite siltation, the drainage system coped flows that were about two to three times higher

than the design capacity. It suggests a generally good physical performance of the Spinal

drain above the berm level. Considering the quantity of water that flowed through this section

over a period of one month, physical breaches of the banks and berms were limited.

The Consultants made extensive visits to the flood affected areas, where ever accessible. It

was noted with relief that the LBOD spinal drain performed fairly well despite breaches,

overtopping in some areas, rain cuts on the banks and sloughing of the banks. The band aid

repair of the spinal drain breaches by the concerned agencies was timely and effective.

Specifically it was observed that:

i. the spinal drain was flowing at the maximum available depth covering primary

and secondary berms after its junction with MMD at RD 297. The main sub-

catchment tributary drains also performed satisfactorily;

ii. the Nawabshah East and West drains received normal flows of storm water from

their respective drainage areas;

iii. the Sanghar sub-component also functioned below it maximum capacity; the canal

escapes however, were discharging water to the spinal drain;

iv. the Mirpurkhas Main Drain (MMD) and its lower network was under the highest

pressure, and was the first to suffer a breach on 12 August at RD 365, which

received high quantities of runoff from the larger catchment of Mirpurkhas, and



7

most of its branch drains flowing at the top level or overtopping. It was also

receiving high quantities of canal water from the Jamrao Canal, and MMD was

flowing bank full at the crossing of Tando Jan Muhammad-Jhudo road

overtopping the banks at several points upstream and downstream. The left bank

of MMD downstream from the road bridge was submerged and it confluence with

the Dhoro Puran water that was flowing adjacent to it;

v. the storm water accumulated in the Dhoro Puran upstream of Jhudo town

overtopped into MMD. At one place the Dhoro Puran was passing through the

culvert with insufficient capacity. This section has been narrowed due to

encroachments that resulted in the overtopping of the banks.

Although the behavior of the branch drains could not be observed in detail, nonetheless,

widespread over-flowing of the sub-drains indicated an overall capacity deficit of the branch

system. About 40 breaches in the drains, as reported by the rapid assessment conducted by

the Pakistan Red Crescent Society (PRCS), suggest the need for a follow up on field

assessment. However, it was concluded that:

i. due to insufficient capacity of the sub-drains the Badin sub-component started

surcharging first. On the 12th of August a breach in the Shadi-Bahader system

was observed. The water was back flowing from the sub-drain with high velocity

quickly submerged a large area;

ii. the surface ditch and culvert systems were observed to be inadequate to the

requirement of conveying ponded water toward drains. Culverts to pass water

under railways and roads were too few and of insufficient capacities;

iii. deep cuts made by the local populace to pass water from canal breaches even

though a small culvert already was passing water, submerged the road connections,

particularly in the Digri town in the Mirpurkhas district.

3.2.3 Drainage Behavior of LBOD System at Different Flood Levels

The LBOD drainage network provides drainage to the major areas of Shaheed Benizirabad,

Sanghar, Mirpurkhas and Badin districts. This was built to drain the saline effluent of

drainage tube wells and the storm water of 125 mm rain through outfall into sea. It was

designed with an average drainage coefficient of about 2 cusecs per square mile. The

maximum flows during the current floods show that the drainage network can achieve a

coefficient of 3.5 cusecs per square mile, evacuating the same within four to five days, in an

average rainfall year. Timely evacuation during this period is possible only if average rainfall

in the catchment remains below 115 mm. The base flow from irrigation and vertical drainage

is close to 3,000 cusecs, almost double of the design capacity.

Four canal escapes, two from Jamrao canal and one from Mithrao canal discharge into the

LBOD, while one escape from Akram Wah discharge into DPOD. The discharge capacity of

these escapes is about 1,000 cusecs. The main purpose of these escapes is to provide safety to

the irrigation channels. During July and August, these escapes are frequently operated. The

fishing in LBOD is another reason for operating these escapes

The post flood discharge measurements made by the Consultants show that despite the flows

were above the designed capacity, more than 12,000 cfs was flowing in the LBOD tail

reaches, without overtopping and breaching. Similarly, the discharges measured in the

various main drains significantly surpassed the respective capacities. In the Shaheed

Benazirabad district the drains accommodated about 4,446 cusecs against a designed

discharge capacity of 1,651 cusecs, while Sanghar main drain carried a discharge of 3,314



8

cusecs against a designed capacity of 2,188 cusecs. Similarly the main drains in the

Mirpurkhas and Badin districts carried about 2,067 cusecs and some 2,378 cusecs

respectively, against a corresponding design discharges of 1,592, and 2,908 cusecs.

3.2.4 Impact of the Irrigation System Operation on the Floods

The management of the irrigation system also has its consequences on the performance of the

drainage system. Despite the minimal demand for canal supplies during this period, there was

considerable delay in suspending canal withdrawals exerting pressure on the drainage system.

As the watercourses were blocked by most farmers, the actual water level exceeded the

design capacity of the canals, that caused canal breaches in the distributaries and the larger

Jamrao West Branch canal. Moreover, this exerted pressure on the canal escapes. During the

critical five days August 12 through August 16, the canals continued to flow even though

repairs were undertaken largely by local landowners. It was observed and noted that:

i. During the rainy season, wherever the canal system continued to operate, the

farmers blocked the watercourses, that exerted pressure in the system;

ii. The canal escapes continued to discharge large flows into LBOD because, as

noted above, the canal head works were not closed although many distributaries

had been closed in upstream areas of the Nara and Rohri Canal Commands.

Consequently, the main and branch canals of the Nara and Rohri systems were

surcharged and had to continue operations even though breaches had occurred

flooding the countryside; The breaches in the irrigation system started occurring

since 12th

August, while it was still raining. According to SIDA field data, eleven

breaches in Nara canal distributaries and minors occurred on 11th and 12th of

August. The obvious cause of these breaches was the closing of watercourses by

the farmers, while the main canal system was still operational. Two breaches

occurred in the Left Bank Canal Area. The water from nine minor canals of the

Shadi sub-division (Akram Wah System) was disposed of to the sub, branch and

the main drains of the LBOD system.

iii. On 11th of August, Akram Wah (Lined Channel) was closed, while, flows in

Fuleli and Pinyari were reduced. The Pinyari and Fuleli canals were subsequently

closed on 12th August. However, Jamrao and Rohri irrigation systems were not

closed during the floods. Later on, as a response to the breaches and reduced water

demand, some of the branch and distributary canals were closed but a number of

breaches had to be repaired, while the main canals continued to operate.

Nonetheless, the closure of the canals with breaches did reduce the flow outside

the system. It was also observed with concern that in Badin District. Some of the

drainage tubewells continued to pump the saline water into the LBOD spinal drain

even though the adjoining areas were flooded by breaches.

3.3 The Lessons Learnt

The natural calamities and disaster despite the destruction and miseries also offers

opportunities to plan coping mechanisms for a resilient future. It brings out weaknesses in the

system and to adopt corrective measures. Disasters also trigger new dynamics and challenges

the status quo of conventional inefficient management and governance of the resources and

offers lessons for more responsive and responsible management. The 2011 storm water

disaster is not an exception, and offered an opportunity to adopt proactive interventions for

future, such as disaster preparedness, and remodelling and rehabilitation of infrastructure for

climate proofing against the extreme weather event threats. Some of the lessons learnt are as



9

follows.

3.3.1 Under Designed Drainage Network

The existing drainage infrastructure was designed for 5 year return period and for a rainfall of

125 mm to be evacuated in 5 days. The last two decades have witnessed more frequent high

rainfall events, and the flood disasters. The intensity of 2011 rains was unprecedented; about

5 to 6 times higher than the design capacity of the drainage system. The data on year wise

rainfall and daily max/min rainfall suggests that the need to remodel and rehabilitate the

existing drainage infrastructure on a 20 year return period basis so as to enable the system to

timely and safely dispose the high intensity storm water flows.

3.3.2 Deferred Maintenance of Irrigation and Drainage Infrastructure

The stakeholders complained that the drains are clogged with weeds and siltation, and the

banks have numerous rain cuts, and deliberate relief cuts by farmers during previous rains,

which were not fixed. This increases the vulnerability and risk of breaches, which were

witnessed during 2011 floods.

3.3.3 Encroachment in the Waterways

The major cause of timely disposal of the storm water flood was the obstructions in the

natural waterways aka dhoras. These dhoras used to be operational before the construction of

the LBOD system. The blockades include unauthorized construction of adobe and brick

walled structures, and cultivation. It was also observed that the inadequate size of the

drainage outlets, culverts, also caused ponding of flood water in the depressions and could

not be evacuated due to barricades all around. It warrants provision of adequate drainage

outlets, culverts, bridges, waterways to facilitate the prompt disposal of flood water.

In addition to this the intersecting roads, bridges, and the spinal drain further constrict the

gushing storm water flows. This recognizes the need to provide siphons or super passages to

facilitate the storm water flows through the dhoras. The GoS has recently enacted legislation

in this regard, and it needs to be enforced and complied with.

3.3.4 Delayed Closure of Irrigation Canals

It was noted with grave concern that despite the prior prediction of the extreme rain event,

the irrigation infrastructure remained open delivering regular irrigation water supplies in the

main canal systems. This resulted in about 55 reported breaches in the main canals and the

minors/distributaries while heavy downpour continued generating significant high storm

water flows. Both combined caused miseries for the communities at large. There is exigent

dire need for coordination between the Meteorology department and other functionaries

responsible for disaster management to be proactive and to timely disseminate the

information widely.

3.3.5 Absence of Trigger Mechanism for Disaster Management

Absence of a coordinated flood preparedness plan by the line agencies is one of the major

concern, particularly access to space for make-shift shelter or arrangement, boats for rescue

operations, pumping sets for evacuating flood water, access to food supplies, potable water,

and medical facilities, fodder for animals and similar other supporting items essentially

needed for flood affected population.

Due to the absence of a trigger mechanism to provide rescue, relief and rehabilitation

strategy, timely support could not be provided to the flood affectees. An appropriate advance

action would have diluted the miseries created by the floods of this event. Thus the line

agencies including the PDMA, Irrigation Department, Food Department, Health Department,



10

Local Government Department, Education Department, Agriculture Department, Pakistan

Army, District Governments, Local and International NGOs need to develop preparedness

strategies to face such natural calamities.

3.3.6 Absence of Make Shift Shelters

Based on the reports of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Pakistan is

among the top ten countries most vulnerable to climate change. Therefore, as an immediate

preventive measure, the raised platforms may be built at suitable places for the affected

population to get temporary shelter in case of rain or river flood disaster for the people,

livestock and their belongings.

3.4 Paradigm Shift (Change in the perception of the stakeholders)

Since its construction, a sizeable population of the Badin district maintained that the LBOD

drainage network has brought significant miseries to them. They believed that priority was

given to improving the productivity of Shaheed Benazirabad, Sanghar and Mirpurkhas

districts at their cost. They felt that the disposal of drainage effluent generated from the

vertical and surface drainage network, into the sea, passing through their districts has creating

significant negative externalities for them. Consequently, this had an adverse impact on the

productivity of farmland, fish potential, limiting livelihood opportunities. They also opined

that due to the seawater intrusion and back flows in the drains rendering their once fertile

lands saline and water logged, thereby severely irreversibly impairing the coastal

environment. This resulted in decrease in the natural resource bases, dwindled livelihood

thereby significantly increasing the poverty.

During the 2011 floods, the consultants made a number of field visits to identify the issues

and problems faced by the communities in the flooded areas, and to observe the performance

of the drainage system.

The devastating floods brought a change in the perception of the stakeholders about the

effectiveness of the drainage infrastructure, and its utility, and need for its rehabilitation and

remodeling where required. This has softened the opposing stance and negative perceptions

amongst the stakeholders in the Badin and Thatta districts. Most people in the field now

tacitly acknowledge that the LBOD system played a role in evacuating 2011 flood waters, as

the LBOD system accommodated three times more flows than its design capacity,

notwithstanding few incidents of overtopping and/or breaches.

Most persons now accredit that the drainage network did depress the flooding disaster. They

concede that without which the losses to the lives and property would have been manifold.

Most of the communities have realized that drainage infrastructure needs to be revamped to

provide timely evacuation of the storm water. While talking to the communities, it was noted

that the negative perceptions of the stakeholders has been watered down, and has dented the

complete rejection of the drainage system, while appreciating is positive aspects.

3.5 Policy Makers Guidelines for the Regional Plan Focus

After a briefing to the President of Pakistan by the Chief Minister, Minister for Irrigation,

Minister for Food, Secretary IPD, MD SIDA and other senior officials, officers of Military 5

Corp, and the Consultants held on 30 October, 2011, the President commented that ‗we

cannot afford revisit of such a catastrophe‘ and directed that a field visit should be forthwith

undertaken to review the situation and preparation of an action plan and its implementation

before the advent of 2012 monsoon, so as to ensure a safe and timely disposal of storm water

drainage from the left bank of Indus.



11

After a joint review mission by the ministers, Secretary IPD, MD SIDA, officers of the

Engineering 5 Corp, and the Consultants, visited the area. The assessment and

recommendations were presented to the President in subsequent meetings for approval. The

President desired that the recommendation should be fast tracked and emergency works to be

in place by the end of June 2012. He also emphasized that emergency works to relieve from

the ponded storm water in the low lying areas, and repair and rehabilitation of critical

infrastructure including dhoras so as storm water is timely and safely drained in the event if

2012 rains of last year intensity.

In a follow up meetings with the Minister of Irrigation, Secretary Irrigation, and MD SIDA

desired that the strategy of the regional plan being prepared by the Consultants should now

focus on: i) the repair, rehabilitation of LBOD and Kotri Barrage drainage network within the

left bank; and ii) diversion and offloading flows in LBOD to Thar Desert through revived

dhoras.

In compliance of the directives of the President of Pakistan a perspective plan for the

drainage system improvement was formulated by the Consultants in consultation with SIDA,

and WAPDA officials, and got approval from the policy makers.

The objective of the perspective, as guided by the President is to restore and enhance the

discharge capacity of existing drainage system, and restoration of old and existing dhoras,

both to cater for 20 years return period flood.

The salient elements of the strategy are:

i. rehabilitation and strengthening of the existing vulnerable and damaged drainage

infrastructure on emergency basis and its completion by the end of financial year

2011/12;

ii. clearance of obstructions and encroachment of dhoras, and reactivation of the

dhoras to off load storm water pressure on the LBOD;

iii. remodeling and enhancing of the discharge capacity of existing drainage network,

and retarding sea water intrusion; and

iv. construction of surface drains to safely pass the storm water in areas outside the

LBOD areas.

The detail of the action plan and time frame for different activities is mentioned in the

following sections 5.3.1 and 5.3.2.



12

4 HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULIC SIMULATIONS AT A GLANCE

The hydrology analyses aims at updating the key hydrological parameters and understanding

rainfall patterns causing floods. An integrated hydraulic assessment of the LBOD system has

been carried out for the first time. The results of hydrology and hydraulic simulations were

adopted as determining the design parameters for the drainage system rehabilitation and

integration of dohras as a disposal vehicle and diverting storm water to the depressions in the

Thar Desert.

4.1 Hydrology Simulations

Objectives

The hydrology analysis aims at:

i. A review of the rainfall patterns causing moderate and heavy floods in LBOD

catchments; and

ii. Updating hydraulic parameters used at the design stage of the drainage network

4.1.1 Methodology

The hydrological analysis includes daily monsoon rainfall patterns, estimation of rainfall

frequency in terms of return periods, rain- runoff and drainage coefficients for different

LBOD sub-catchments.

The rainfall frequency has been estimated employing Log Pearson (LP) Type-III for the daily

maximum rainfall. The daily maximum rainfall is the consistent set of data available from all

meteorological stations. However, it is not the same as 24 hour maximum storm, hence a

distinction should be made. Based on literature review, factors used to convert different

frequency storms are presented. The LP III distribution is a recommended method to model

the flood flows and precipitation for return period estimation (Guidelines for Determining

Flood Flow Frequency - Federal Agencies USA).

The runoff has been estimated using already adopted Curve Number (CN) Method to convert

storm-rainfall into runoff. These curves are developed by Soil Conservation Service (SCS)

USA and have been adopted globally. Selection of CN values considers soil classification and

land use characteristics. However, factors intercepting rainfall before it falls to the land

surface, evaporation and infiltration are considered outside the CN values. Only three rainfall

stations exist in large LBOD service area. By using their point rain over large irregular sub-

catchments, another important assumption on uniformity of the rainfall is made.

The time series data on rainfall include 70 years data for Badin, and 44 years data for

Shaheed Benazirabad (Nawabshah), and Mirpurkhas districts (adopted from Chorr station).

4.1.2 Rainfall Patterns

A review of daily monsoon rains during flood years of 1994, 2003, 2006, 2011 identifies

following patterns:

i. heavy and prolonged downpour, with a recurrence pattern during late August and

early September caused major floods in the years 1994, 2006, and 2011. Historical



13

data shows that the rains may spread over few days to a couple of weeks. Given

the discharge capacity of the drainage system, the runoff generated for two

successive days would inundate a large area. The limiting cushioning capacity of

the local depressions, dhands, dhoras, and aquifer is quickly consumed. Hence,

prolonged storms can exponentially increase the drainage volume;

ii. for the year 2011, the weighted average monsoon rains in Sindh is 272 percent

higher than normal. All the four districts sub-catchments had more than 400 mm

rain during one month (11th of August to 13th of September) and about 300 mm

during one week. A combination of more than one hydrological system,

concurrent wind direction from the Bay of Bengal, and cyclones in the Arabian

seas generated severe monsoon intensity in 2011.

iii. the intensive and prolonged rains in the upper catchment area exerted considerable

pressure on the capacity of the LBOD network throughout its length. This caused

overtopping, breaches, and inundation of the low lying areas. The runoff from the

adjacent areas outside the LBOD command also entered into the LBOD system.

iv. continued irrigation flows during the 2011 floods also caused canal breaches in

many reaches resulting in the inundation of agriculture lands and unauthorized

interventions by the farmers.

v. medium and low floods of 2006 and 2010 indicate a combination of four factors

that help in managment of the flood flows and damages to the Badin area:

heavy rains are not wide spread or not occur across the LBOD sub-catchments

at the same time. As a consequence, flood peaks are not simultaneously

generated in all sub-catchments, and the drainage effluent from the main and

branch drains is accommodated by the spinal drain, KPOD and DPOD;

breaches and relief cuts in the middle section remain in the manageable range,

practically offloading LBOD Spinal and reducing flood volumes reaching to

the tail section of Spinal and KPOD;

irrigation system is closed on time and flows from irrigation canals through

breaches or direct diversion not enhance the rain-runoff quantities, efficient

disaster management measures help in minimizing the local damages.

4.1.3 Rainfall Frequency Analysis

The recurrence frequencies were estimated for 5 to 500 years return periods. The return

periods of 10 and 20 years are selected for estimation of capacity related variables. For the

return periods of 10 and 20 years, precipitation values for Shaheed Benazirabad are 107 mm

and 126 mm, for Chorr 127 mm and 145mm, and for Badin 152 mm and 165mm,

respectively.

The return periods for two days storm have been estimated for Badin district over a 15 years

period. Expected 2 days storm, rainfall for 10, 15, and 20 year return periods are 273 mm,

297 mm and 312 mm respectively, which is about 80 percent higher compared to a one day

storms. The small dataset used here seems biased towards the wet years. However, two days

storms are important and needs to be estimated for three stations using larger datasets.



14

A large arid basin, with local storage potential and high sub-surface water movement, can

have a only a part of runoff converted into floods, especially at low rainfalls. The reduction

factors used to convert runoff into flood-flows are empirical and need calibration for local

conditions. For the LBOD catchments, the empirical coefficients adopted by WAPDA and

the National Drainage Manual were used (NESPAK 2008, National Drainage Manual), which

estimates that about 33 percent of the runoff is converted into the drainage flows. A five day

evacuation period is considered appropriate for the standing crops. This suggests that if about

33 percent of the gross runoff is evacuated within five days, crop damages would be the

minimum.

The gross drainage flows from LBOD catchment for return periods of 10 and 20 years have

been estimated, respectively as 7,000 cfs and 9,200 cfs. These values indicate accumulated

drainage quantities at RD 159 of the spinal drain. From Badin, about 50 percent storm water

flows directly into the KPOD, hence not accounted at RD 159. For 7,000 cfs, contributing

sub catchments will be Shaheed Benazirabad 1,851 cfs, Sanghar 1,431 cfs, Mirpurkhas 1,636

cfs, of Badin 2,125 cfs. For a 9,200 cfs runoff flow at RD 159-LBOD, Shaheed Benazirabad

would account for 2,558 cfs, followed by 2,104 cfs from Mirpurkahs, 1,973 cfs from

Sanghar, and 2,550 cfs from Badin district.

For a 9,000 cusecs drainage discharge, drainage coefficients (in cusecs per square mile) from

the catchments will be Shaheed Benazirabad 2.62, Sanghar 2.98, Mirpurkhas 3.58 and Badin

5.82 respectively. These are more than double of the design values for Badin and three to

four times higher for three upper catchments. The capacities of the tertiary and the secondary

drainage networks have been estimated considering drainage coefficients of each catchment,

representing flow rate (cubic feet or cusecs) from a catchment of one square mile. The

drainage coefficients are important in determining capacities of the secondary drainage

channels. At the tertiary level, gross capacities of the field drains are normally kept lower

than the estimated discharge coefficients, to avoid excessive flows into the secondary system.

High volume of sheet-flows during floods can convey more water into the secondary system,

exceeding gross capacity of the controlled drainage inlets. The final selections for the

capacity are influenced by economic benefits vis-à-vis cost of the project on a long term

bases.

4.2 Hydraulic Simulations

Objectives

Hydraulic analysis has been carried out to address the following:

i) Evaluation of hydraulic behavior of LBOD network and its post-design trends to

provide guidelines for physical and operational changes;

ii) Assessing hydraulic response of the key physical components and proposed

interventions under full operational range; and

iii) Calibration and validation of a model, which could be used at a later stage to recap

performance of the drainage network.



15

4.2.1 Methodology

An easily replicable and robust methodology has been adopted by developing a mathematical

hydraulic simulation model to represent the design and post design physical conditions of the

LBOD system. Analytical scenarios were developed and simulated for the existing

operational range. These scenarios can be easily modified to compare different options or

historical developments. The one-dimensional model HAC-RAS was applied to model three

sets of physical parametersof LBOD original design, pre-flood situation and proposed

modifications to cater drainage flows at ten and 20 years return periods. The model has been

calibrated and validated using standard procedures. The design and actual cross-sections were

defined in detail, including berms a inspection paths. Standard design templates were

developed for each reach, maintaining geometrical details such as the lower section of

LBOD, main prism having 1V:3H side slope, and the upper section between the banks and

the inspection paths. For scenario analysis four discharge ranges have been identified; the

base flow, design discharge and flows at 10 years and 20 year return periods. For each

discharge range, drainage contribution from each of catchment area has been estimated and

further divided into discharges of the main and branch drains.

Calibration results for the LBOD, the confluence reaches, and the KPOD are encouraging.

Simulated water surface profiles and depth-discharge curves closely conform to the design

values, reflecting the accuracy of cross-sections, bed slope and roughness coefficient. The

model can be further used to test the physical or operational interventions.

4.2.2 Simulation Results

4.2.2.1 Design characteristics of LBOD

Four flow distribution patterns (1,300 cfs, 4,400 cfs, 7,000 cfs and 9,000 cfs) has been

simulated for the LBOD spinal drain, KPOD, DPOD and the outfall drains. Simulation results

indicate design flexibilities and limitations of the system, performance of the drainage

network under different hydrological conditions and highlight the scope for improvements.

For example, at the base flow of1,300 cfs, about 26 percent capacity of the spinal drain is

utilized, while hydraulic depth varies from 35 percent to 60 percent of the design depth in

different reaches. At the low flow levels, the velocity does not remain consistent in different

reaches, while, local storage occurs in the tail reach. The hydraulic parameters for all the

reaches of LBOD at four flow levels has been estimated, including discharge, cross sectional

area, water surface elevations, velocity, depth, top-width and free board.

The simulation results also indicate the capacity margins available in different sections of the

LBOD. The weak sections of the Spinal Drain (because of bank elevation and capacity

constraints) have been identified. The simulation results indicate that most of the spinal drain

(with design parameters) could function without overtopping at 7,000 cfs flow levels.

Examples of model output show its potential and scope for further applications.

4.2.2.2 Backwater flow from LBOD to main/branch drains

Under the normal conditions, drainage water levels in the spinal drain are two to three feet

lower than the out-falling main and branch drains. The spinal drain was designed at the

lowest available ridge, while elevation of the out-falling drains is governed by their service



16

areas. During flood operations, all the structures become submerged. Increased water levels

in the LBOD and relatively lower levels in a branch drain can make the working head

negative causing a backwater flow from the Spinal to a secondary drain. During floods, this

situation may continue for many days. The high bank-full volume of water in the LBOD

Spinal and a negative working head can push large volume of water back into the secondary

system causing overtopping and breaches.

4.2.2.3 Simulation of Actual Profile of LBOD

A detailed model was built to represent the actual physical parameters. The physical data was

based on a cross-sectional survey undertaken by NESPAK in 2008 for preparing a

rehabilitation study for LBOD, DPOD and KPOD. A comparison with limited survey in 2011

show that the physical data of 2008, adequately represents the pre-flood conditions of the

network.

The cross-sections are entered as x-y coordinates at all critical locations; head and tail of each

reach, upstream and downstream of outfalls. Actual sections show scouring, deepening and

narrowing of the bed in some reaches, sediment deposition mostly along the left side and

increase in the top width. Berms of the LBOD have been eroded or shifted along most of its

length. The inspection path has been raised in the tail reaches after the floods of 2003 and

2006.

The simulations confirm the performance of the LBOD during floods of 2011 was

satisfactory. Higher discharges could pass through the actual sections. However, increase in

the capacity is not uniform, following variations in the size and shape of the new sections.

Because of the geometrical changes, water surface profile, depth, top width and other

hydraulic parameters show different patterns for the four flow ranges (1300 cfs, 4400 cfs,

7000 cfs and 9000 cfs). Changes in the hydraulic parameters have been compared with the

design, and the changes in the top-width and depth at minimum and maximum flows has been

discussed in the report.

A scenario is presented to develop an optimal cross-sectional profile of the spinal drain to

accommodate 9,000 cfs flows in the tail reach. Starting from the actual section, new cross-

sectional templates were developed for all the reaches. These simulations show that the

LBOD can be restored to a new capacity level by adopting and regularizing already increased

top-width and raised berms. All the hydraulic parameters for the new sections were calculated

and compared with the existing geometry and presented as tables. The model can compute

detail of physical changes with reference to any previous sections and can directly estimate

cut and fill quantities for the changes confirmed by the user.

4.2.3 Simulations for Offloading Discharge of LBOD

To offload LBOD during floods, three diversion weirs are simulated comparing impacts on

the discharges and the water levels. The weirs are placed in the reaches receiving runoff

generated in the Sanghar, Mirpurkhas and Badin sub-catchments. To maximize water level

control, weirs are kept 80 ft wide and shallow in depth. To represent high flood situation,

downstream water levels were not fixed allowing submergence. The offloading of 3,000 cfs

is targeted at the maximum flows. The diversions start at the design flows of 4,400 cfs by



17

diverting 450 cfs, because of increased water levels in the Spinal. About 2,000 cfs will be

diverted at 7,000 cfs. The diversion weir at RD 203 would be the most effective. However,

the diverted volume of storm water will be influenced by the relative drainage contribution

from different sub-catchments and downstream water levels. The locations of a weir will also

influence its role in water-level control. The weir parameters defined in the model can be

easily changed to compare more options.

The hydraulic performance of the existing DPOD weir and bifurcation of LBOD at RD 159

has been analyzed for three weir crest levels, such as 12.8 ft, 10,3 ft and 8.3 ft. The discharge

at RD 159 varies from 1,300 cfs to 9,000 cfs. Results include:

i) water distribution pattern between KPOD and DPOD,

ii) impact of weir height on the water levels in the LBOD, and

iii) scope of further lowering of the weir, if any

Unsteady state simulations are used for the analysis. Results include discharge and levels at

which DPOD starts functioning, water division between KPOD and DPOD, and influence of

submergence in DPOD. A gated structure replacing the existing weir will be more effective at

low flows.

Evolution of water surface profiles in LBOD, KPOD and DPOD, from low to high flows at

six hours interval has been plotted to show the combined influence of relative slopes and

capacities available in the three channels. At high flows, submergence of the structure

increases because of flat water profiles in DPOD. While, KPOD is much less submerged as

its actual slope is relatively steep.

The hydraulic simulations show the potential of using a well calibrated hydraulic model for

the selection of design parameters, understanding and managing optimal operations during

floods and analyzing comparative performance over a historical period is highly promising.



18

5 THE PROPOSED INTERVENTIONS/PROJECTS

5.1 Interventions Proposed and Agreed by the Stakeholders

The participatory consultative approach was used throughout all consultations. The

stakeholders were given detailed presentations on issues and problems identified during the

first phase of the project. Based on the findings, the Consultants have considered and

identified several interventions as solutions of the issues and problems. These are presented

in the following table.

Table 1: Issues Problems and Proposed Solutions

Issue & problems Proposed intervention / solutions

1. Rehabilitation and Improvement of LBOD Drainage Infrastructure

The outfall drainage system has caused

significant degradation of natural

resources such as farm land, wetlands, and

has negative impact on quality of life and

livelihoods in the tail reaches of LBOD.

The reasons include overflow of storm

water from the drainage network, tidal

effect in KPOD and Badin area drains, sea

water intrusion in the dhands, and ponding

during foods the upper portions of Badin

Stakeholders located in some of the

settlements along the KPOD felt

threatened by overtopping of KPOD and

desired fortification.

Rehabilitation of Nawabshah, Sanghar,

Mirpurkhas components, and Badin area

Drainage systems.

Rehabilitation/remodeling of spinal drains

Rehabilitation of KPOD

Remodeling of DPOD for 4,000 cfs

Provision of structure with vertical sliding

gates on KPOD at suitable location to check

Tidal effects in KPOD and Badin area drains

Protection embankments be provided for

settlements located along the KPOD.

2. Revival of Natural Waterways To Drain Out Storm water

The absence of uninterrupted natural

waterways result in the ponding and

delayed evacuation of storm water floods

causing considerable damage to the

standing crops, private properties, physical

and productive, and communications

infrastructure. Moreover, the storm water

is lost to the sea, whereas it could be

harvested and stored.

Revival and reactivation of dhoras, and

removal of encroachments to provide free

passage to the storm water towards depressions

in the Thar Desert;

Provision of bypasses to protect the urban

settlements;

Provision of structures to off load pressure

on LBOD system during high flood season; and

Facilitate timely evacuation of storm water

flows from areas presently not served by the

LBOD and or other drainage systems

3. Rehabilitation of LBOD and SCARP Tubewells

The performance of SCARP tubewells is

abysmal as more than 50 percent

tubewells are dysfunctional or non-

operational. At most places the pumps,

Refurbishment of SGW SCARP tubewells,

and its operation and maintenance.



19


motors, electrical fitting, PMTs, and even

the LTL and HTL has been vandalized.

This is causing reversal of saline water

table.

4. Ghotki SCARP (Saline Zone)

The water logging and salinity

situation is worsening in the Ghotki area,

and needs a project to mitigate the

situation.

A salinity control project was prepared

by the Consultants hired by WAPDA. The

stakeholders desire that drainage projects

is implemented to control the rising water

table to arrest the decreasing farm

productivity.

A review needs to be undertaken to assess

the current situation and update the existing

feasibility report and make recommendations

accordingly, if the project is feasible. Also

suggest any modification, if required.

The stakeholders are generally not

satisfied with the performance of the fresh

ground water tubewells, and desired that

their performance is improved.

In pursuance of the policy of the GoS, that

no further fresh groundwater will be funded, and

the existing ones are divested. Also in areas

where the FGW SCARP tubewells will be

divested, credit line will be arranged to help

farmers to invest in the development of private

tubewells. A review of existing feasibility

prepared by the consultants engaged for the

purpose needs to be undertaken to update its

findings and making recommendations

accordingly

6. Second Line of Defense for the Left Bank of Indus d/s Kotri

Communities along the flood

protection bunds feel vulnerable to flood

havoc.

Second Line of Defense for Indus River

Bunds downstream of Kotri Barrage on Left

Bank be constructed in two Stages,

Communities, particularly along the flood

protection bunds and beyond, are apprehensive

of unexpected breaches during floods, thy feel

that they will be trapped between the two bunds

and will suffer major and longer flooding;

Stakeholders also have reservations on the

construction of additional bunds that would

involve land acquisition and resettlement issues;

They proposed to strengthen the original

band to avoid possible breaches in the area

7. Elevated Platforms for Flood Displaced Persons

Absence of any higher ground for

taking refuge by marooned communities

Elevated platforms or widened sections along

the roads, and canal bunds would also help in



20


refuging from inundation.

8. Rehabilitation of Coastal Wetlands

Failure of the Cholri Weir and

breaches in the bunds have caused

brackish water dhands turned into marine.

The entire ecosystem has changed

affecting the fauna and flora of the dhand

complex

The livelihood opportunities have

dwindled

The LBOD/KPOD outfall

infrastructure was not designed properly

and has caused miseries to the

communities in lower reaches

Stakeholder‘s are apprehensive of any

reconstruction or extension of LBOD

and/or KPOD

The dhands shall be provided with a bund

about 500 m from the Tidal Link to allow

breathing space for the tidal water

This 500 m distance will be occupied by

mangrove plantation and other local tree species

to minimize the erosion due to rains and tidal

effects

The bund shall extend from the northern end

of the dhands moving southwards and westward

cordoning the entire dhand complex with an

embankment

From the KPOD side at RD(-12) a diversion

canal shall be provided with a gated structure to

allow the storm water from KPOD to enter in

dhands to a manageable capacity.

From southern side, a sluice gate with a

channel shall be provided to evacuate the

dhands when the water in dhands reach to a

risky level

Divert storm water from LBOD, reducing

the discharge in the main drain, thus making it

safer for the people and land in Badin and

Thatta Districts.

Storm water of up to 2,000 cusecs will be

offloaded from KPOD to the dhands through

this arrangement. Thus the dhands will have

water of good quality suitable for local fish

species and for the reed grass for the livestock

of the local communities. Likewise the

environment of dhands will attract the migratory

birds and water fowl nesting and breeding.

9. Protective Plantation of Mangroves in the Coastal Areas of Left Bank

Sea water intrusion is damaging crop

lands, and fresh water bodies

Coastal erosion

Deforestation of mangroves

Decline of fish resource

Limited livelihood opportunities

Fragile coastal environment

Raising of mangrove and salt resistant plant

nurseries

Plantation of mangroves to protect wetlands

and tidal link

Plant mangroves in blank mudflats in coastal

areas (in backwater and frontage of sea)

Raising of salt tolerant tree species in supra

tidal zone



21


10 Use of Drainage Water for Forestation in the LBOD and Kotri Areas

Continuous deforestation is causing

degradation of forest and agro ecosystems,

thereby declining productivity of forest

and farmlands

Shortage of tree resource and

associated services

Lack of participatory approach and

coordination

Decline in per ha vegetation cover

Limited livelihood opportunities

Provision of drainage water for forestation in

forest and farm lands close to the LBOD

system;

Supplement fresh water with drainage water

to reduce water shortage.

11. Biosaline Agriculture in Badin and Thatta Districts

Water scarcity below Kotri barrage has

adversely affected the agro-ecosystems.

The persistent drought conditions since

last decade has degraded lands

leaving the lands without crop for

prolong periods induce desertification and

reduce productivity

Reduced production resulted in decline

in livelihood opportunities.

Bio-saline agriculture can be practiced on

marginal saline lands using brackish water for

growing salt tolerant food and fodder crops,

bushes and trees

Surface drains mostly carry pancho water

from rice fields that has the TDS up to 2.0 dS/m

and can be used for growing salt tolerant species

of crops, grasses and halophytes.

This intervention can best utilize our water

resources on one hand and can reduce load on

drainage outfall on the other.

By growing crops, grasses and trees that help

reduce the soil salinity will be grown to

rehabilitate the salt affected soils on one hand

and provide livelihood for the farmers on the

other

12. Rehabilitation of Deh Akro II and Chotiari Wetland Complex

The ecosystem in the wetland is under

severe threat causing damage to the

wildlife and economy. The seepage from

the Chotiari lake is causing water logging

and salinity

Revival of wetland complex with assured

supplies allocated from the Nara canal system,

and

Construction of interceptor drains to check

seepage from the Chotiari lake

13. Shrimp and Mud Crab Farming in the Coastal Areas of Left Bank

Depleting fish resources in the coastal

area has reduced livelihood opportunities,

has also increased poverty.

Promotion of shrimp and mud crab production

14. Brackish Water Fish farming in LBOD Area

Livelihood for fishermen community

of the area has declined, due to

Construction of earthen fish ponds on private

lands located in the command area of LBOD.



22


degradation of fisheries resources due to

deterioration of the dhands water quality Establish brackish water fish hatcheries

Involve fish farmers in identification of

areas for fish ponds

Conduct on the job trainings to fish farmers

for capacity building

15. Establishment of Disaster Management Cell in SIDA

Absence of community awareness

regarding preparing and coping with water

hazards.

Also there is no advance warning

mechanism

Establishment of a SIDA Disaster/Crisis

Management Cell for preparing, training and

coordinating plans for emergency response

services in case of emergency situations and

disasters within SIDA‘s ordinance.

Provision of training to the SIDA staff

16. Gender Mainstreaming In Irrigation and Drainage

The enabling environment for women

to play active role in water management is

missing, and the SIDA, AWB, and FOs

need to be made aware of gender

sensitivities

Support to be provided to the Social section

in SIDA to organize training courses to sensitize

the stakeholders

17. Drainage Effluent Intrusion in the Ghotki Area from Southern Punjab

Drainage effluent intrusion from

Southern Punjab into the Ghotki Area is

causing degradation of land

Analysis of the situation and identification of

mitigation options, and actions to be taken at the

intergovernmental level

18. Sugar Industry Effluent Treatment at Source

Water sources, both surface water and

groundwater, are increasingly polluted due

to unchecked disposal of untreated

pollutants emanating from the increasing

disposal of urban sewerage and solid

waste, leaching of agrochemicals,

untreated hazardous industrial waste,

particularly from sugar mills.

Despite cost effective available

techniques, there is a lack of compliance

and ineffectiveness of EPA to control

pollution and contamination of water ways

and of the drainage system.

Depending upon the resources available any

of the physical, chemical or biological treatment

technologies may be used to treat the

wastewaters at source before disposing it off

into streams.

Four stages of wastewater treatment are

commonly employed all over the world for

treating industrial wastewaters. These are:

1)Preliminary treatment 2) Primary treatment 3)

secondary treatment and 4) Tertiary treatment

Up flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)

system for treatment of highly concentrated

wastewater from agriculture industries is

increasingly popular and wastewater from sugar

mills and distilleries can be treated for

significant reduction in pollution levels.

Methane gas produced in USAB system can be

used as an energy source.

Lagoons have several advantages when used



23


correctly. They can be used for secondary

treatment or as a supplement to other processes.

While treatment ponds require substantial land

area and are predominantly used by smaller

communities.

19. Access to Potable Water in the Left Bank

Safe and clean drinking water is not

available particularly in the saline

underground water areas and in the delta

and coastal areas.

Untreated municipal sewage disposed

off into freshwater bodies is used for

domestic purposes by thousands of people

living in areas with brackish underground

water.

Less than 8% of total wastewater

released daily is, only partially treated

before it is released into the surface water

bodies.

For small towns or villages the ultra

filtration cell is a cost effective proposition.

Each cell can provide about 500 gallons per hr

safe drinking water to the surrounding

community of say 2,000 people. The feed water

to the plant, however, should not contain TDS

more than 700 mg/l.

In study area, where the ground water is

brackish & only source of drinking, there is a

greater need to treat ground water to remove

salinity (TDS) & other contaminants so that it is

safe for dinking. The Reverse Osmosis (RO)

technology is an appropriate for this purpose.

This technology was expensive before but now

is available at affordable cost.

5.2 Typology of the Approved Interventions

During the Phase II of the Study, pre-feasibilities were prepared for eight structural, six

nonstructural, and two institutional interventions that were selected and agreed in the national

workshop. In addition to this three position papers were developed to address and recommend

actions required to the identified relevant issues. The following section outlines the salient

features of the proposed interventions to be reviewed and selection, prioritized by the

stakeholders. In the next phase of the study detailed feasibilities will be pursued for the

selected ones. The list of the prefeasibility and the position papers prepared during this phase

of the study are as under:

Table 2: Pre-feasibility Interventions / Position Papers

A Structural Interventions

1. Rehabilitation and Improvement of LBOD Drainage Infrastructure

2. Revival of Natural Waterways to Drain out Strom Water.

3. Rehabilitation of LBOD and SCARP Tubewells

4. Ghotki SCARP (Saline Zone)

5. Privatization of FGW SCARP Tubewells

6. Second Line of Defense for Left Bank of Indus D/S Kotri

7. Elevated Platforms for Flood Displaced Persons

8. Rehabilitation of Coastal Wetlands

B Quasi Structural Interventions

9. Protective Plantation of Mangroves in the Coastal Areas of Left Bank

10. Use of Drainage Water for Forestation in the LBOD and Kotri Areas



24

11. Bio-saline Agriculture in Badin and Thatta Districts

12. Rehabilitation of Deh Akro II and Chotiari Wetland Complex

13. Shrimp and Mud Crab Farming in Coastal areas of Left Bank

14. Brackish Water Fish Farming in LBOD Area

C Institutional Interventions

15. Establishment of Disaster Management Unit in SIDA

16. Gender Mainstreaming in Irrigation and Drainage

D Position Papers

17. Drainage Effluent Intrusion in the Ghotki Area from Southern Punjab

18. Sugar Industry Effluent Treatment at Source

19. Access to Potable Water in the Left Bank

5.3 Brief Description of Pre-feasibilities of Suggested Interventions

Following is a brief digests of the 16 prefeasibility and 3 position papers that were agreed in

the last national workshops. For details please refer to the detailed pre-feasibilities presented

in Volume II, of the Final Report.



25

Box 1: Profile of Spinal Drain

Length (RD) 657

Discharge (cfs) 1240 – 4600

Bed width (ft) 85 -162

Depth (ft) 8.75 -13.33

Side Slope (-) 1:03

Berm width (ft) 20

Longitudinal Slope (ft/ft) 0.000118 - 0.00005

5.3.1 Pre-feasibility 1: Rehabilitation and Improvement of LBOD Drainage

Infrastructure

Introduction/Rationale

The LBOD network, serving Shaheed Benazirabad, Sanghar, and Mirpurkhas districts, and

the Badin area drainage system was built during 1985 and 2003 to dispose off the drainage

effluent aka the base flow generating from the tile drains and saline ground water (SGW)

tubewells, and the storm water flows (SWF) generated by runoff in the catchment area.

The above mentioned drainage system provides relief to the cultural command area of about

1.73 million acres irrigated by Rohri, Nara and Akram Wah canal systems encompassing

Shaheed Benazirabad, Sanghar, Mirpur Khas and Badin districts.

During the last three decades, particularly in 1994, 2003, 2006, and 2011, the left bank of

Indus experienced repeated extreme rainfall events that caused colossal damage to human

lives, agriculture, particularly standing crops, livestock, stored grains, private and public

properties, productive and physical infrastructures. A large segment of population was

marooned and or displaced constraining their access to social services, and livelihoods, till

the return of normality. It is anticipated that due to climatic changes coming decades will

witness occurrence of such extreme weather conditions more frequently. The situation is

further exasperated by damage to tidal link and collapse of Cholri Weir, causing sea

encroachment during high tides, degrading large tracts of productive land and depressing its

productivity potential, and salinizing the fresh water bodies diminishing their fish production

potential. This has led to loss of livelihood of considerable populace.

The drainage system is in dilapidated

state, and the existing capacity of the

LBOD and Badin area drains is

insufficient to drain out the storm water

within a period of three to five days. In

the past years when the rainfall

exceeded the designed capacity, causes

inundation of the low lying areas, and

the stagnation for longer periods. This is

may be due to the deferred maintenance,

and unauthorized breaches by the

farmers along the drains and irrigation

canals to dewater their stagnant water from their fields. The weak banks with lack of

adequate free board (FB) are prone to breaches and flooding of the area. The situation is

further exasperated due to the submergence of drains at point of outfall, blocking the flows in

the network and resulting in overtopping and breaches and relief cuts. The irrigation water of

canal escapes and breaches of channels adds to the pressure.

In August and September of 2011, most parts of left bank of Indus received ever maximum

rainfall of 500 to 1,200 mm, inundated most areas with an average depth of three to four feet.

The average rainfall of was about 300 mm within 24 to 48 hours and was two to three times

exceeding the existing capacity of drainage system. The heavy rainfall in the Shaheed

Benazirabad, Sanghar, and Mirpurkhas districts generated a runoff of about 15,000 cfs, while

LBOD system was designed for a discharge of 4,600 cfs.

During the 2011 floods, despite less capacity of the drains, obstructions in the system,

encroachments in the water ways causing overtopping and breaches at a number of places,

the system performed better than anticipated. The high level of water in the spinal drain



26

caused submergence of the MMD and the LBOD branch drains resulting in the inundation of

adjoining villages and towns, severely damaging the life and property. Many farmers gave

relief cuts to the banks of the spinal and branch drains to evacuate the storm water. The

damage to the drainage infrastructure was enormous and quite a few watercourse aqueducts

collapsed and bridges were damaged.

To ensure the safe disposal of the storm water and to avoid the sea intrusion it is suggested

that the proposed interventions are carried out in two phases. Consultants recommend that the

emergency works be completed by June 2012, including desilting of the drain beds,

restoration of the freeboard, repair of damaged inlets, and stone pitching at vulnerable points.

It is expected that the proposed intervention would decrease the inundation period and depth

of submergence in a manner that would reduce the vulnerability to damage to the water

hazards damaging the life and property of the communities along the drainage system, and

does not disrupt their normal life and livelihoods. The provision of freeboard would also

serve as an insurance to carry discharge like the one witnessed during 2011 rainy season. In

addition to this, the intervention aims in reducing the negative impact of seawater intrusion.

Project Zone of Influence

The proposed project will rehabilitate surface drainage systems located in the districts of

Shaheed Benazirabad, Sanghar, Mirpurkhas, and Badin.

Objective:

The main objectives are to:

i. ensure safe, timely, and unconstrained disposal of drainage and storm water;

ii. to rehabilitate and improve the existing LBOD infrastructure;

iii. to divert storm water to dhoras and Thar area under extreme rainfall events

Outputs

Following structural and nonstructural interventions will be in place by the end of the project

implementation period. The structural interventions have been verified by using hydraulic

model of HEC-RAS for optimization of the solutions by predicting water levels and

discharge distribution in the network of spinal drain. The intervention of off-loading of 3,000

cfs from the spinal drain was simulated to optimize the location of weirs. The detailed

feasibility of above interventions has been initiated, and would be completed during the

Phase III of the study. The outputs are:

Table 3: Main Outputs of the Pre Feasibility No. 1

No Main Outputs

Start

Date End Date

1. Restoration of Spinal Drain (RD 815 to 159) including Structure repair 4/2012 12/2013

2. Restoration of DPOD (RD127 to RD 5) 4/2012 12/2013

3. Restoration of KPOD (RD 159 to RD 0) 4/2012 12/2013

4. Restoration of LBOD branches, KPOD, and other drains 4/2012 12/2013

5. Restoration of Mirpurkhas component surface drains 4/2012 12/2013

6. Restoration of Sanghar component Surface drains 4/2012 12/2013

7. Restoration of Nawabshah component 4/2012 12/2013

8. Restoration of Fulleli Guni drainage system 4/2012 12/2013

9. Restoration of Karo Gungro drainage system 4/2012 12/2013

10. Remodeling of LBOD drainage system for a return period of 20 years 7/2014 6/2020

11. Remodeling of KPOD to discharge of 6,000 cfs; 7/2014 6/2020



27

No Main Outputs

Start

Date End Date

12. Remodeling of Mirpur Khas Main Drain for Separation from Dhoro Puran. 7/2014 6/2020

13. Converting Non-Inspection Path (NIP) of Spinal/Main & all Branch drains to

par with IP 7/2014 6/2020

14. Construction of All Weather Road from RD 159 of Spinal Drain to RD 815 of

Spinal Drain. (131 miles) 7/2014 6/2020

15. Providing Pumping arrangements at outfall points of Badin Drainage System 7/2014 6/2020

16. Construction of New Bridges +WC Aqueducts on LBOD System 7/2014 6/2020

17. Construction of new inlets to support of farm drainage 7/2014 6/2020

18. Construction of Tidal Control Regulator at RD minus 12 of KPOD 7/2014 6/2020

19. Construction of Head Regulator of KPOD RD 159 7/2014 6/2020

20. Ancillary works undertaken 7/2012 12/2013

21. Supervision Consultants appointed 4/2012 12/2013

22. Site offices and residential quarters constructed 7/2012 12/2013

23. Boats and vehicles procured 7/2012 12/2013

24. Survey and scientific equipment procured 7/2012 12/2013

25. Radio communication system procured and installed 7/2012 12/2013

26. Early warning system established and operative 7/2012 12/2013

The outputs mentioned above include the emergency works, such as i) commencement of

desilting of the drainage network, raising of the embankments to maintain minimum two feet

freeboard; and iii) restoration of damaged structures. These works has already been

commissioned and are to be completed by end of the financial year 2011/12.

Requisite interventions/Standard Operating Procedures

It is proposed that the following actions are strictly complied with: i) the main canals systems

are closed at least one week before start of rainfall warning; and ii) each year the heavy earth

moving machinery is mobilized at all the vulnerable points by the middle of July.

Outcome and Impact

The main impact of the interventions will be significant reduction in damages to the standing

crops, livestock, private and public properties, and livelihood of the communities, particularly

of farm and landless household. This would also ensure uninterrupted access to social

services. In addition to this the arresting of the seawater intrusion will restore the productivity

of the degraded land and water bodies supported livelihood of displaced farmers and the

fisher folks.

Estimated Cost of Interventions

The total cost of the project is estimated as Rs.17.6 billion including Rs.1.6 billion allocated

for the emergency repair and restoration works to be completed by June 2012. The detail of

financial year (FY) wise expenditure on various interventions/subprojects is presented in the

Table 4. After the completion of these interventions, a recurring annual expenditure estimated

at Rs.500 million would be required for the O&M and monitoring of the system.



28

Table 4: Indicative Cost Estimates for the Rehabilitation and Remodeling of LBOD

Infrastructure. (Rs. Million)

No Main Outputs 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/20 Total

1 Restoration of Spinal Drain (RD 815 to 159) including

Structure repair 700 740 560 2,000

2 Restoration of DPOD (RD127 to RD 5) 100 200 274 574

3 Restoration of KPOD (RD 159 to RD 0) 60 40 31 131

4 Restoration of LBOD branches, KPOD, and other drains 40 280 245 565

5 Restoration of Mirpurkhas component surface drains 110 120 170 400

6 Restoration of Sanghar component Surface drains 95 140 65 300

7 Restoration of Nawabshah component 300 200 - 500

8 Restoration of Fulleli Guni drainage system 70 145 135 350

9 Restoration of Karo Gungro drainage system 30 154 40 224

10 Remodeling of LBOD drainage system for a return period

of 20 years 4,000 4,000

11 Remodeling of KPOD to discharge of 6,000 cfs; 300 300

12 Remodeling of Mirpur Khas Main Drain for Separation

from Dhoro Puran. 1,450 1,450

13 Converting Non-Inspection Path (NIP) of Spinal/Main &

all Branch drains to par with IP 1,500 1,500

14 Construction of All Weather Road from RD 159 of Spinal

Drain to RD 815 of Spinal Drain. (131 miles) 300 300

15 Providing Pumping arrangements at outfall points of

Badin Drainage System 1,000 1,000

16 Construction of New Bridges +WC Aqueducts on LBOD

System 1,350 1,350

17 Construction of new inlets to support of farm drainage 200 200

18 Construction of Tidal Control Regulator at RD minus 12

of KPOD 650 650

19 Construction of Head Regulator of KPOD RD 159 350 350

Subtotal 16,144

Physical and price contingency @ 2% 323

Total 16,467

Miscellaneous Support Costs

20 Ancillary works 490 140 630

21 Supervision Consultants 25 45 32 181 282

22 Construction of site offices and residential quarters 30 20 50

23 Procurement of boats and vehicles 8 20 72 100

24 Procurement of survey and scientific equipment 15 5 20

25 Procurement of radio communication system 5 5

26 Unallocated 5 5

Subtotal 1,092

Physical contingency @ 2% 22

Total 1,113

Grand Total Cost 17,580



29

Project Viability

Based on estimated of damages reported by Provincial Disaster Management Authority

(PDMA), for 2011 flood, it is anticipated that the project would be economically viable. The

IRR estimated jointly for this intervention and revival of natural waterways indicates that the

estimated internal rate of financial return of return (IFRR), based on financial prices, is about

18.1 percent. Nonetheless, detailed analysis and estimation of internal economic rate of return

(IRR) will be undertaken during the Phase III of the study, based on sample surveys in the

affected areas.

Proposed Implementation arrangements

The short term works of emergency nature and medium term measures are to be contracted

out by following the normal tendering process; while the long term interventions will follow

the international bidding route.

Safeguards

Notwithstanding with the technical requirements, detailed environment assessment and

mitigation plan, and resettlement requirements and the resettlement action plan will be

prepared in the phase III of the study, along with its costs.



30

5.3.2 Pre-feasibility 2: Revival of Natural Waterways to Drain out Storm Water


In Sindh there are many short and long reaches of the abandoned river courses on both

sides of Indus. These abandoned river courses used to serve as waterways aka dhoras,

for river and storm floods. Historically these dhoras braided with several small tributaries

served as a network of natural drainage.

Over the time these dhoras have been obstructed by infrastructure such as roads, canals,

drains and unauthorized settlements. Similarly, in many reaches these dhoras have also

been interspersed by cultivation. These obstructions delay the evacuation of flood

waters, causing ponding and inundation of standing crops, loss of livestock, and at times

human lives, in addition to damage to infrastructure. The extreme rainfall event in the year

2011 was a wakeup call, which caused unparalleled loss to the human lives, marooning of

settlements, standing crops, livestock, damage to the physical and productive infrastructure,

means of communications, displacement of flood affected population and their livelihoods.

According to the recent report of PDMA the estimated value of damages from the 2011 flood

is about Rs.454 billion.

This calamity challenged the ability to cope with such a catastrophe, and warranted correction

and mitigation measures to avert similar miseries, in the event of reoccurrence of rains of

alike magnitude in future. This experience also provided an opportunity to evaluate the

performance of the drainage network, need for its strengthening, and to explore ways to

offload pressure on the drainage system. This also flagged the need for exploring ways to

evacuate areas presently not served and connected to the drainage network. This state of

affair also underscored the need to revive the network, removing obstructions, and diverting

the flood waters to the natural depressions in the Thar Desert.

To address this issue, the Consultants evaluated the possibility of employing the dormant

dhoras to ensure safe disposal of flood waters. During the course of the prefeasibility study, a

number of such potential dhoras were identified, located in the area on the left bank of Indus.

They include, Rainee Dhoro, Hussainabad-Mehrabpur Dhoro, Kandiaro-Moro Dhoro,

Miranpur-Bachal Rahu Dhoro, Sohni Dhoro, Bhaikhan Dhoro, Puran Dhoro, Digri / Sarfraz

Dhoro, Pangrio Dhoro, Hakro Dhoro, Naro Dhoro, and Pithoro Dhoro.

The field visits validated that the storm water from the catchment area ponds in these dhoras,

spills over and inundates the crops and settlements, due to blockages, and absence of outlet

for evacuating the ponded storm water.

To mitigate the situation, revival of these natural water ways is critical. The reactivation of

these dhoras would not only dispose off the storm water, will also serve as interceptor drains

to check the rising water table. Moreover, the storm water in the dhoras can be utilized by the

farmers at the tails of deficit irrigation channels after lifting through pumps.

Project Objectives

The main objectives of this intervention are to:

i. facilitate evacuation of storm water flows; and

ii. offload the pressure on the existing drainage network;

iii. protect the settlements with bypasses where critical; and

iv. harvest flood waters and its storage in the natural depressions located in the Thar

Desert



31

Project location

The project area will cover the command areas of Ghotki, Sukkur, and Kotri Barrages,

particularly the areas that are presently not connected to any drainage network. This project

area will also include parts of the Thar Desert where most potential depressions are located.

Project output

The main outputs that would be accomplished include:

Table 5: Main outputs of the Pre Feasibility No2

No Main Outputs Start Date End Date

Revival of Dhoras

1 Activation of dhoras, Puran up to Shakoor dhand, Sohni dhoro &

Bhai Khan dhoro and bypasses of Mirpurkhas, Jhuddo, Tando

Ghulam Ali

4/2012 6/2020

2 Activation & Restoration of pocket drains along Hiral escape/

Pithoro Dhoro, Hakro Dhoro & Naro (Nabisar) Dhoro i/c Naukot

bypass

4/2012 6/2020

3 Activation of Sarfaraz (Digri) Dhoro, including Digri bypasses 4/2012 6/2020

4 Excavation and revival of Pangrio, Kh‘ Gumbo & Roshanabad

dhoras 7/2014 6/2020

5 Excavation and revival of Ghotki dhoras 7/2014 6/2020

6 Excavation and revival of Khairpur South dhoras 7/2014 6/2020

Leftover Areas

7 Construction of surface drains in T.Adam, T.Allahyar, T.M Khan

and T.G. Ali area 7/2014 6/2020

8 Construction of surface drains in Digri area 7/2014 6/2020

9 Construction of surface drains in Umerkot, Farash and Khipro area 7/2014 6/2020

10 Construction of surface drains in Ghotki area 7/2014 6/2020

11 Construction of surface drains in Khairpur South area 7/2014 6/2020

LBOD Escapes 12 Construction of 3X Escapes on LBOD i/c Weirs and Link Channels 7/2014 6/2020

The outputs mentioned above include the emergency works, such as: channelization of the

dhoras, provision of bypasses where needed, clearance of encroachments and land

acquisition, and increasing the capacity of structures. These works have already been

commissioned and are to be completed by end of the financial year 2011/12.

Outcome and Impact

It is expected that the revival and reactivation of dhoras and providing safe and uninterrupted

passage to the storm water generated in the catchment areas presently not connected with the

existing drainage structures will evacuate water with minimal disruption to human lives,

damage to the standing crops, loss of livestock, damage to the public and private properties

and infrastructure. It would avert the colossal loss to the economy and livelihoods. Timely

evacuation of storm water will also provide continual access to social services, such as

education, health, and drinking water supply.



32

Project Cost

The estimated indicative cost for activation of the proposed intervention is estimated at Rs.

42.7 billion. The detail of financial year (FY) wise expenditure on various major activities,

including emergency works that are to be completed by June 2012, is presented in the Table

6.

Table 6: Indicative Cost Estimates for the Revival of Dhoras including bypasses (Rs. Million)

S.No Main Outputs 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/20 Total

Revival of Dhoras

1 Activation of dhoras, Puran upto Shakoor dhand, Sohni dhoro &

Bhai Khan dhoro and bypasses of Mirpurkhas, Jhuddo, Tando

Ghulam Ali

65 615 1,320 16,409 18,409

2 Activation & Restoration of pocket drains along Hiral escape/

Pithoro Dhoro, Hakro Dhoro & Naro (Nabisar) Dhoro i/c Naukot

bypass

30 180 200 4,303 4,713

3 Activation of Sarfaraz (Digri) Dhoro, including Digri bypasses 7 27 271 286 591

4 Excavation and revival of Pangrio, Kh‘ Gumbo & Roshanabad

dhoras - - - 703 703

5 Excavation and revival of Ghotki dhoras - - - 2,160 2,160

6 Excavation and revival of Khairpur South dhoras - - - 3,057 3,057

Leftover Areas

7 Construction of surface drains in T.Adam, T.Allahyar, T.M Khan

and T.G. Ali area - - - 4,668 4,668

8 Construction of surface drains in Digri area - - - 1,149 1,149

9 Construction of surface drains in Umerkot, Farash and Khipro

area - - - 5,080 5,080

10 Construction of surface drains in Ghotki area - - - 2,111 2,111

11 Construction of surface drains in Khairpur South area - - - 434 434

LBOD Escapes

12 Construction of 3X Escapes on LBOD i/c Weirs and Link

Channels - - - 490 490

Grand Total 102 822 1,791 40,850 43,565

Project Viability

The project and its subprojects are still in the design stage. However it is anticipated that the

proposed intervention will have significant payoff in terms of losses averted and saved. This

will also require intensive field surveys to account for benefits from individual subprojects.

These will be accomplished during the preparation of detailed feasibility. Based on estimated

of damages reported by Provincial Disaster Management Authority (PDMA), for 2011 flood,

it is anticipated that the project would be economically viable. The IFRR estimated jointly for

this intervention and rehabilitation of LBOD is about 18.1 percent. Nonetheless, detailed

analysis and estimation of economic IERR will be undertaken during the Phase III of the

study, based on sample surveys in the affected areas.

Implementation Arrangements

It is proposed that the project is implemented by SIDA in the AWB areas, and by the IPD in

the areas outside the AWBs, coordinated by the WSIP PCMU.



33

Given the exigency of intervention, it is proposed that following emergency interventions are

accomplished before the onslaught of 2012 monsoon season, completing the works by 30

June, 2012. The emergency works include:

i. activation of dhoras on left side of the LBOD spinal drain i.e. Hakro Dhoro, Naro

Dhoro and Pithoro Dhoro / Hiral Escape;

ii. activation of the full length of Dhoro Puran from Mirpurkhas to RD 110 of DPOD

including Mirpurkhas bypass.

iii. routing of MMD, Dhoro Puran through its natural path, siphoning it through

spinal drain, and discontinuing its disposal into the LBOD system;

iv. reconstruction of Dhoro Puran sections integrated with the LBOD spinal drain;

v. construction of dhora bypasses proposed at Jhudo, Digri and Naukot towns.

Safeguards

The project is expected to have significant ramifications requiring a careful assessment of

social and environment impacts. This intervention would also require land acquisition, and

involuntary settlements, and preparation of action plan to mitigate any adverse environmental

consequence, and a resettlement action plan for the displaced persons.



34

5.3.3 Pre-feasibility 3: Rehabilitation of SCARP and Drainage Tubewells of LBOD

System

Rationale

In Sindh, the SCARP tubewells were installed in the left bank area to combat the twin

menace of waterlogging and salinity. These tubewells significantly lowered the water table

and reclaimed the affected land. However, the operational cost and maintenance of the

SCARP tubewells manifold surpassed the abiana/drainage cess collection, a heavy burden on

the exchequer. Moreover, the unauthorized power leakages further exasperated the financial

burden. With the passage of time, due to deferred maintenance, most of the tubewells, as

reported by the beneficiaries, are either dysfunctional or nonoperational.

The ground situation, as reported by the stakeholders is alarming. They reported, and as

verified by the Consultants during the field visits more than 60 percent SGW tubewells are

dysfunctional, due to want of repairs and replacement, vandalizing of pumps, motors,

electrical fittings, transformers, hookups, high or low tension lines, and deferred

maintenance. As per PID records about 740 tubewells out of 1,798 number of tubewells are

out of commission. The stakeholders in the workshops and the beneficiary farmers stated that

this number is an understatement. They also voiced their concern about reversal of

groundwater table, and loss of productivity, and desired that the concerned agencies to

revamp these tubewells and need for timely repairs and control of theft.

Project Zone of Influence

The proposed project will only rehabilitate the LBOD tubewells located in the districts of

Shaheed Benazirabad, Sanghar, Mirpurkhas, and Badin.

Objectives

The main objective of this intervention is to reverse the rising saline ground water level to

restore the productivity of degrading lands through replacing the pilfered tubewells, and

operationalizing the dysfunctional tubewells.

Output

The main output of the proposed intervention will be about 740 rehabilitated drainage

tubewells.

Outcome and Impact

It is expected that the proposed intervention will increase the overall farm productivity and

farm incomes by about five to ten percent in the overall project area.

Project Cost

The total cost of rehabilitating drainage tubewells is estimated at Rs.2,603 million, based on

current prevailing prices.

Project Viability

The indicative IFRR is estimated at 16.8 percent. However, given the past history of

vandalizing of removable parts, such as pumps, motors, electrical fittings, pole mounted

transformers, hook up connections, and LHT and HTL lines, and unauthorized diversion of

power for domestic use, it is apprehended that it is a very risky investment and not

sustainable.

Safeguards

The reduction in the water table will have a positive effect on the environment, and does not

require any resettlement.



35

5.3.4 Pre-feasibility 4: Ghotki SCARP (Saline Zone)

Rationale

In the Ghotki saline zone area is spread over about 222 thousand ha out of which some 25

thousand ha is severely waterlogged, and the water table is about 3 feet from the surface. One

of the reasons for waterlogging is seepage from the canal system. The situation further

worsened soon after mid-1970 when the canals started receiving perennial supplies.

In 1994, a feasibility of a project covering the severely affected area was prepared by Agrar-

und-Hydrotechnik GMBH in association with NESPAK, commissioned by WAPDA. The

feasibility considered four alternatives: i) construction of surface drainage system for the

entire catchment area spread over 222 thousand ha, together with tile drainage system for 140

thousand ha; ii) provide tile subsurface and surface drainage only to the most affected 25

thousand ha, complemented by watercourse improvement program on 30 thousand ha; iii)

construction of surface drainage to 222 the entire catchment area and lining of the irrigation

network; iv) reversion to non-perennial system as originally designed. The feasibility

Consultants opted for the second option.

During the workshops the stakeholders expressed an urgent need to implement the proposed

salinity control and reclamation project, as the productivity of their lands is fast declining. As

suggested by the stakeholders, the Consultants have reviewed the feasibility to assess its

technical appropriateness and its viability at current prices.

It may please be noted that this Pre-feasibility is essentially a review of the feasibility

prepared by the earlier Consultants. The information on benefits and costs mentioned in the

feasibility has been updated for 2012 prices, assuming other parameters as same, and the rate

of return was re-estimated to assess if the viability parameters still hold.

Objectives

The following were the main objectives of the project, as mentioned in the feasibility

document, namely: were to: i) restore the designed cropping intensity and productivity by

lowering the water table; and ii) disposal of the drainage effluent in an environmental safe

manner.

Project Boundary

The project was expected to serve the canal irrigated area commanded by Ghotki canal

system in saline area.

Output

The main outputs mentioned in the feasibility report under review included: i) a grid of tile

drains serving the 25 thousand ha; ii) 900 km of surface drainage system; and iii) watercourse

improvement on area covering 30,000 ha.

Outcome and Impacts

As per feasibility report, the Project was expected to increase the cropping intensity to 120

percent from 93.5 percent during the then base year in the area where tile drainage is

provided. The project was expected to significantly increase the household income; and by

lowering the water table, would reverse the process of environment degradation.

Estimated Cost

Based on the current prices, the tile drainage and associated infrastructure would cost about

Rs.5.0 billion when updated for 2012 prices.



36

The review suggests that proposed project prepared by the abovementioned Consultants is

unfeasible and hence it has been replaced by surface drainage network to evacuate the storm

water flows, and has been included in the prefeasibility 2 as one of the subproject.

Project Viability

While re-evaluating the feasibility, only the cost and benefits from the tile drainage and

associated infrastructure were taken into account, and the cost of OFWM improvement was

excluded. It is estimated that at current prices, the IFRR of the intervention would be around

10.9 percent, and hence is not a sound investment.



37

5.3.5 Pre-feasibility 5: Privatization of FGW SCARP Tubewells


In Sindh, the SCARP tubewells were installed in the fresh water zones to combat the twin

menace of waterlogging and salinity. These tubewells significantly lowered the water table

and reclaimed the land in the fresh groundwater (FGW) zones, where installed. As intended,

with the availability of additional water for conjunctive use, the cropping intensity and

productivity in the zone of influence increased significantly. This also induced mushrooming

of private tubewells. However, the operational cost and maintenance of the SCARP tubewells

manifold surpassed the abiana/drainage cess collection, a heavy burden on the exchequer.

Moreover, the unauthorized power leakages further exasperated the financial burden. With

the passage of time, due to deferred maintenance, most of the tubewells, as reported by the

beneficiaries, are either nonoperational or dysfunctional. As early as 1980s, the government

decided to divest the public sector FGW SCARP tubewells, and offered the farmers to buy

and operate these as individuals or jointly as an irrigator groups.

In 2008, a feasibility of a project covering the FGW SCARPS areas was prepared by BM

Consultants (Ltd), commissioned by the IPD GoS. The feasibility indicates that proposed

divestment of FGW and support to the private sector to install smaller capacity tubewells.

Given the policy of the government vis-à-vis divesting of these tubewells a feasibility study

for transitioning theses tubewells was prepared in 1998. This study concluded that the

divestment will have high payoff and would reduce the financial burden on the constrained

O&M budget.

In the stakeholder workshops, the

beneficiary farmers voiced their

concern about reversal of

groundwater tale, and loss of

productivity, and desired that the

concerned agencies to take

corrective measures.

It may please be noted that this Pre-

feasibility is essentially a review of

the feasibility prepared by the

earlier Consultants. The information

on benefits and costs mentioned in

the feasibility has been update for

2012 prices, assuming other

parameters as same, and the rate of

return was re-estimated to assess if the viability parameters still hold.

Project Objectives

The objectives of the present study were: i) lowering of the water table to desired level to the

desired level; ii) enhance farm productivity through conjunctive use of the underground

water; iii) encourage and support small farmers groups to jointly own and manage tubewells

ensuring economy of scale; and iv) recover a portion of the capital investment and relieve the

public sector expenditure on O&M of the public sector FGWs.

Project Boundary

The project was to be located in the FGW corridors in Ghotki, Khairpur, Naushehro Feroze

(north Rohri), and Shaheed Benazirabad (South Rohri), Sanghar, and Mirpurkhas districts.

Figure 2: Utilization Factor for SCARP Division

05

101520253035

Uti

liza

tio

n F

acto

r, U

F (

%)

UTILIZATION FACTOR FOR SCARP DIVISIONS

STW PTW

Source: B.M.



38

Output

A total of about 3,160 tubewells were to be divested in various districts. About 1,110

tubewells are in Ghotki area, followed by, 275 in Khairpur, 575 in Naushero Feroze, and

some 1,220 in Shaheed Benazirabad districts. In addition to this community mobilization and

financial support were to be provided to develop some 9,052 privately individually or jointly

owned tubewells.

Outcome and impact

The transition of SCARP tubewells to private sector would have relieved the government of

the substantial burden of subsidizing well water and providing vertical drainage. It was

expected that this would have improved the reliability of the water supply, and increased the

farm productivity and net farm income. This would have been in line with the poverty

reduction strategy of the government. With the financial support for fostering private tube

wells it was expected that the increase in the water table would be arrested.

Estimated cost

It is estimated that if the project is implemented, the revised cost of the six year project would

be about Rs. 8.3 billion in 2012 prices. The cost of private tubewells will be borne by the

farmers for which a credit line would be arranged.

Project Viability

The feasibility study finalized in 2009, submitted by the BMC consultants did not estimate

the IERR. The reassessment undertaken by present Consultants indicate an indicative IFRR

of about 13.3 percent. However, the sensitivity analysis suggests that the project is sensitive

to cost escalations, and reduction of benefits, and delays in the implementation, hence a risky

investment.

Safeguards

Initial review suggests that the project would have improved the environment and does not

indicate any negative environmental externalities that would need mitigation measures.

Similarly, it would not require any involuntary resettlement.



39

5.3.6 Pre-feasibility 6: Second Line of Defense for Left Bank of Indus D/S Kotri

Introduction

Bunds along the Indus River in Sindh Province are breached during occurrence of large

floods, either: i) intentionally to protect vital structures, usually barrages, or ii) without

intention due to unfavorably high discharges and development of adverse hydraulic

conditions even though the bunds were well designed and constructed. The August 2010

breaching of the MS Bund, some 50 miles downstream from Kotri, afforded an opportunity

for the LBG/Indus team to investigate first hand possible reasons for a breach, effects of

resultant flooding that affected agriculture, commerce, populations, cities and villages, and

infrastructure including canals, roads, structures, homes and communications. The history of

breaching In this 50 mile long reach of the Indus River is manifested by the six loop bunds, a

system of spurs that extend one mile from the town of Belo to the Ranto Loop Bund and as

confirmed by the record of breaches listed in the Bund Manual.

The major benefit of construction of a second line of defense, providing an embankment

inland from the river along the entire 50 mile vulnerable area, would be disaster avoidance

through restriction flooding to areas, largely rural lands, along the existing bunds, should a

river bund breach.

Currently, neither the national nor the

provincial government has capacity to

fund or organize first responders to

simultaneously address the destruction

of the lives and livelihoods of tens of

thousands of persons across isolated

tracts of lands that have been flooded to

depths of 5 to 20 feet. This proposed

element of the regional plan addresses

this issue for a 50 mile reach of the river

that would be protected through

avoidance rather than periodic

inadequate costly response. Beyond this

initial project, a program that would

extend to the entire left bank and right

bank regions would greatly alleviate and possibly eliminate the disastrous effects of floods

along the Indus River in Sindh Province. The proposed works would have provided

protection from inundation to the communities in the left bank along the Pinyari feeder lower

and the Daro Branch.

Estimated Cost

It is estimated that the financial outlay of the proposed intervention would be about Rs. 2.0

billion.

Project Viability

The participants of the three AWB

workshops the opinion about its social acceptance was mixed. However, in the stakeholder

consultative workshops at the district level, the proposal was overwhelmingly rejected. It

validated the opinion of the communities along the proposed alignment. Given this, the

proposal is considered not socially acceptable. Also, given the exorbitant cost of intervention,

it does not seem to be an economically viable intervention. The stakeholders suggested that

instead the existing bunds should be rehabilitated and strengthened.

Figure 3: Three alternative costs

0

1

2

3

4

5

Bil

lio

n R

up

ees

ALTERNATIVES

Three Alternatives Cost

Alt 1 Alt 2 Alt 3



40

5.3.7 Pre-feasibility 7: Elevated Platforms for Flood Displaced Persons

Rationale

Water disasters including river flooding, overflow of drains from combined drainage water

and flood water discharge, and high water from coastal storms and storm surge frequently

inundate low lying areas of the delta and coastal areas of the Indus river in the left bank.

Given the flat terrain of the delta and the coastal, in the event of floods most communities are

marooned for considerable period, and have limited access to high grounds, except for roads,

canal and drain embankments, which are also under threat of failing.

As reported by the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) released on 28

November, 2011, about 30 thousand villages located in 520 union councils spread over 15

districts in the left bank of Indus were affected by monsoon rains of 2011. Out of which about

24 thousand villages in about 240 union councils were severely affected. The catastrophe

directly affected about 52 thousand population. The report also mentions that some 250

persons lost their lives, and 460 persons were injured. Also some 65 thousand livestock

succumbed to the floods in the seven most affected districts.

The floods completely destroyed 450 thousand houses, while 414 thousand houses were

partially damaged, rendering them shelter less, and sought refuge in the safer areas. Some of

them were shifted to government schools; whereas the majority of them constructed their

temporary shelters on road side berms, non-operational railway lines, and banks of the canals

and the drains. The stakeholders suggested that a suitable number of elevated platforms could

provide temporary shelter where they could shift in better living and hygienic conditions. It

was agreed that the Consultants will consider the possibility of constructing elevated

platforms to facilitate make-shift arrangements, where access to the social services is

possible. In addition to this the communities desired that the possibility of widening the

existing roads and bund sections to accommodate the displaced persons.

In countries experiencing similar flood hazard, introduction of elevated platforms has

provided relief to the affected communities. The elevated platforms provided about 40 square

meter (430 square foot) area for each household. In addition to this ten percent area will be

allocated for livestock and about 20 percent space for water and sanitation.

Each elevated platform will accommodate 16 to 20 households/families. It will also include ,

sixteen Two blocks of four wash rooms each are to be provided for 16 to 24 households, with

common wash room facilities, separate for men and women. A common area for livestock

will be located at the end of each platform. Space will also be reserved for NGO‘s and other

relief agencies at the entrance, along with the space for daily provisions.

Objectives

The main objective is to provide adequate hygienic make shift shelter to the flood displaced

population, till the normalcy returns. The purpose is to provide: i) temporary shelter for

human and livestock; ii) access to water and sanitation, uninterrupted education facilities to

children, and health facilities, and iii) access to relief and rehabilitation agencies.

Output

It is proposed that each year, for the next five years, about 1,000 elevated platforms,

accommodating 20 households each of about 5 to six family members, are constructed, and

about 1,000 running km of the roads and embankments are widened.

Impact and Outcome

The elevated shelter will improve the quality of life with safe hygienic conditions, and will



41

reduce the incidence of diseases, loss of livestock, and access to social services including

relief operations.

Estimated Project Cost

The consultants evaluated three

construction type options: i) type A - with

stone pitching and compaction; ii) type B -

without stone pitching and compaction;

and iii) type C - without stone pitching and

compaction with Murom. Similarly, three

sizes per household were considered,

namely, 400, 225, and 150 square foot

each for one family. A 400 square foot

with type A construction would cost about

Rs.60 thousand per household, while B

and C type construction would reduce the

cost by 50 percent, and 67 percent

respectively. Similarly, reduction in space

per household to 225 square foot would further

reduce the cost by 50 percent, while further reducing it to 150 square foot per household

would reduce the cost by to 67 percent in each type of construction. The Consultants

recommend that 20 household shelters complex should provide for 400 square foot of space

with type A construction for each household.

It is estimated that each shelter accommodating 20 household would cost about Rs.1.2

million, and the proposed 1,000 shelter complex would cost Rs.1.2 billion.

Proposed Implementation Arrangements

It is proposed that construction of elevated platforms is implemented by the PDMA, while

widening of road embankments is implemented by the roads department, while the district

administration assumes the responsibility of its upkeep and unauthorized occupation, when

not in use by the flood displaced person.

Project Sustainability

It is apprehended that the facilities, in particular the elevated platforms would have risk of

unauthorized occupation and other uses after the flood water recedes, particularly during

years when they are not required for sheltering flood displaced persons. During these periods

its maintenance and upkeep would be of low priority. During floods, even the illegal

occupants would require shelter and would be difficult to evict them on humanitarian

grounds, and might not be available to the flood displaced person influx; defeating the

purpose. This may require a prior evacuation and allotment plan and designation of

household with first right.

Figure 4: Cost of Elevated Platform

0 2000 4000 6000 8000

Option -1

Option -2

Option -3

Cost Per Person (PRs)

Cost of Elevated Platforms



42

5.3.8 Pre-feasibility 8: Rehabilitation of Coastal Wetlands

Rationale

In the left bank of Sindh, about 90 wetlands of varying sizes, serve as repository of wildlife,

flora and fauna, and biodiversity. The wetlands are important natural resource base of

economic importance. They provide livelihood opportunities, mainly fishing, for the local

communities. The coastal wet lands, particularly Sanhro and Mehro dhands - the Ramsar

sites, were recharged by flows from storm water runoff and surface drainage system in the

southern districts (Badin and Thatta). To avoid KPOD drainage effluent discharges into the

abovementioned two dhand complexes, a 42 km long tidal link canal was built to detour the

outfall into Shah Samando creek. In addition to this at Cholri dhand, a weir was constructed

to protect the dhands from excessive drainage flows and back flows into the tidal link during

high tide.

With the collapse of Cholri weir and breaches in the tidal link due to cyclone 2 A in 1999, the

salinity level of the dhands has been compromised due to back flows from the sea. With the

salinization of these dhands, the fish productivity capacity has been severely impaired. Also

during the low tides, the dhands drain out into the tidal link, causing sedimentation and

lowering the storage levels in the dhands.

The communities whose livelihood has been severely affected strongly expressed the need to

revive the dhands by arresting the seawater and KPOD drainage polluting the dhands. They

perceived that this would reinvigorate the livelihood opportunities for the communities

dependent on these dhands.

It is proposed that the dhand complex spread over 67 thousand acres be fortified with an

embankment, with a dead storage of 300 thousand acre feet, ensuring significant increase in

the fish production. The design of the embankment would also include a gated structure to

divert about 2,000 cusec of storm water flowing through the KPOD during high rainy season.

Objectives of the Project:

The main objective is to i) revive the dhands as a source of livelihood; ii) restore and improve

the ecosystem; through protecting the dhands from seawater and drainage effluent intrusion.

In addition to this seed of good quality local species of fish will be introduced in the dhands

to improve the quality and yield of the fish. The reed grasses will also be grown to create

better environment/habitat for the waterfowls and migratory birds.

Project Outputs

The following are the main outputs of the proposed intervention:

i. an embankment, about 500 meters from the tidal link extending all around the

dhands constructed to allow breathing space for the tidal water constructed;

ii. five gated structures at: i) RD minus 12 to block the backflows from sea; ii) at

upstream of RD minus to divert storm water flowing above the base flow level;

iii) at Karo Ghungro outfall, iv) at Guni Phuleli drain outfall, and v) at southern

side to regulate excess water in the dhand complex.

iii. fish seed of appropriate species introduced in the dhands.

The mangrove and local tree plantation in the space in between the bund and the tidal link

will protect its erosion from rains and tidal effects. This activity is included in a separate Pre-

feasibility, presented later in the report.



43

Project Outcome and Impact

This intervention is expected to improve and revive to a larger extent the ecosystem of the

dhands and would enhance the household income of the communities that are dependent for

their livelihoods from these wetlands. The main outcome of the project includes:

i. about two thousand mt of fish produced annually;

ii. refuge to local water fowl, migratory birds;

iii. production of 5,000 thousand mt of fodder for livestock;

iv. improved ecosystem and better environment for the wild life and biodiversity;

v. irrigation supplies water from the dhands during water scarcity conditions.

The project will also provide employment to local communities, and would reduce the

poverty incidence to 50 percent from the current estimated level of 75 percent.

Project Cost estimates

The cost of the embankment around the dhands, the gated structure for incoming water from

KPOD, and the five outfall gated structures will approximately cost about Rs.8.4 billion.

Project Viability

Despite its enormous environment benefits, the project is not a financially or economically

justifiable proposition.

Safeguards

This is an environment friendly option to revive the badly degraded ecology of dhands, will

create employment opportunities for local communities, improve the salinity of dhands and

will help conserve valuable water resource presently wasted to the sea through drainage.

There are numerous social benefits including better livelihood opportunities, favorable

environment for migratory birds and fodder for livestock thus raising the socio-economic

wellbeing of the communities.



44

5.3.9 Pre-feasibility 9: Protective Plantation of Mangroves in the Coastal Areas of the

Left Bank

Rationale

Thatta and Badin are the two major hazard-prone districts of Sindh. In the last four decades

cyclones, heavy rains, transport of hazardous industrial waste, inundation due to breaches in

LBOD system, further exasperated by the damage to tidal link and collapse of Cholri weir

causing seawater intrusion, resulted in several multidimensional issues. These hazards caused

salinization of farmland and water bodies and wetlands, including underground water

resources, resulting in the shrinkage of productive farm land, and loss of fish resources in the

delta and the coastal area. In addition, these impediments also had a negative impact on the

environment, ecology, and biodiversity. The situation has severely weakened the local

economy compromising the livelihoods of delta and coastal are communities. The

degradation process is furthering due to unchecked widening and extension of the creeks.

Mangroves serve as green wall screen and play a key role in combating natural and manmade

induced hazards in coastal areas. They act as first defense line against the onslaught of tidal

waves and protect the coastal areas from the seawater intrusion, and high surges of tides. The

extensive root system and the bushes retard the storm water runoff and support fish

spawning. Mangroves also provide fodder for animals, fuel wood, and small woods for roof

thatching material for the dependent communities.

The coastal communities strongly feel that the main issues are: i) erosion and degradation of

coastal productive land; ii) salinization of water bodies and dhands; iii) decline in fish

resource; v) and absence of mangroves as a source for fodder, fuel wood, and roofing

material, thereby constraining the livelihood opportunities.

This intervention will revitalize the mangrove plantation along the coast, a critical and

complex coastal ecosystem severely threatened due to over exploitation, constrained fresh

water flows, and disposal of industrial pollutants and drainage effluent. It will arrest the

seawater intrusion, increase fishing potential, improved access to fodder, fuel wood, roofing

material, and will be a source of livelihood for local communities. The establishment of

mangrove plantation is also in line with the CDM initiatives, and will act as carbon sink.

Project Objectives

The main purpose of the project is to i) to arrest seawater intrusion; ii) protection and

restoration of productivity of farm land and the water bodies; iii) ensure availability of

fodder, fuel wood, and roofing material to local communities and sustainable livelihoods; iv)

protect the ecosystem and act as carbon sink.

Provide protection to the coastline and the delta ecosystems ensuring sustainable livelihoods

to the local communities. The project has been so designed that it would create a biological

screen to protect the lower reaches of the drainage system, engineering structures, farmlands,

wetlands/water bodies and arrest coastline erosion and sea water intrusion. In addition, the

proposed intervention will support fish production, provide fuel wood and fodder to local

communities, and improve their livelihoods.

Project Location

The project will be located in coastal area of district Badin and Thatta district (left bank of

Indus), comprising of coastal Talukas (sub-districts) namely Badin and S.F Rahu of Badin

district and Jati and Shah Bander Talukas of Thatta district where potential areas/mudflats

will be identified.



45

Project Outputs:

By the end of the 2017, the main outputs of the proposed intervention will accomplish:

i. 10,000 ha mangrove plantation on the blank mudflats in the frontage of sea and

backwater;

ii. 8,000 ha of plantation of mangrove belts along the wetlands and the tidal link;

iii. 5,000 ha planted with salt tolerant species in supra tidal zone and around the

perimeters of wetlands and dhands.

Project Outcome and Impact:

The main impact of the intervention will be:

iv. reduction in the coastal erosion and seawater intrusion and backwash, and further

degradation of fertile land;

v. enhanced fish production in the wetlands and dhands;

vi. reduction in damages from cyclones/tsunami;

vii. reclamation of productive lands in the coastal area;

viii. secured livelihood for the local communities; and

ix. improved environment through carbon development mechanism.

At the full development stage the annual production of wood is expected to be 10.90 mt with

an approximate value of Rs 24.6 million, and fodder with an approximate value of Rs. 6.20

million. In addition to this the green walling and arresting sea intrusion will reclaim about

137 thousand ha, with an annual value of farm production increased by about Rs.10,000 Per

ha. Similarly, the annual fish production will increase by two and a half thousand mt fetching

about Rs. 25 million to the communities.

Project Cost

The total estimated cost of the project is Rs.733 million. The estimated costs is based on

existing price structure and adopted from the ongoing mangrove rejuvenation projects, in the

coastal areas of Sindh. The estimated cost will be refined further if approved and selected for

detailed feasibility in the phase III of the study.

Project viability

The preliminary indicative IFRR is about 17.1 percent. The net value of present value of the

incremental benefits is expected to be Rs.409 million, with a benefit cost ratio of 1:1.5.

These estimates will be firmed up at the detailed feasibility stage, along with sensitivity

analysis.


The proposed project will have positive impacts on the social aspects of the society such as

poverty reduction, income distribution, employment generation, livelihood opportunities and

gender mainstreaming. With the development of this project and its execution through

integrated and participatory approaches the coastal people will be mobilized, organized and

act as executing team will get direct and indirect employment and sources of livelihood

which will ultimately alleviate poverty and distribute benefits equitably. Furthermore, the

communities will own the project. Women will also be involved in all the processes of the

project



46

The implementation period for the proposed intervention is five or seven years. The proposed

project will be implemented through participatory approach by involving all stakeholders

from project preparation, execution and benefit sharing. Due to participatory approach the

local communities will be involved from initial stages of project development, survey,

selection of sites, planting, maintenance, protection and distribution of benefits

The executing agency will be Sindh Coastal Development Authority (SCDA) and the Sindh

Forestry Department (SFD) is proposed to be responsible for the implementation. On the state

lands SFD will be responsible for the development and operational and management

arrangements, while on communal lands and around the wetland a public-private-partnership

arrangements will be established through NGOs and civil society organizations for

community mobilization.

Safeguards

The intervention is environment friendly and does not require any resettlement. The project

being developed under CDM will generate carbon credits which will be owned by the

Government and will be used for other CDM projects. Hence, the project has several

environmental benefits and is environment friendly project.



47

5.3.10 Pre-feasibility 10: Use of Drainage Water for Forestation in the LBOD and Kotri

Areas

Introduction

Forest cover is an important source for timber, fire wood, fodder, and non-timber products. In

the riverine area, they also act as barrier to protect from banks erosion. Most stakeholders felt

that denuding of forest cover has impaired the availability of timber, forage, and other forest

products of economic importance, overall environment, and has depressed the income of

communities dependent on forests.

The stakeholders also suggested that the vast area that is out of cultivation due to limited

irrigation supplies, can be brought under forest cover, if additional irrigation supplies are

available. They proposed that the drainage effluent should be diverted, where possible, from

the adjacent drains to support establishing forests and or grazing lands, in conjunction with

the fresh water, on the public and private lands.

Conjunctive irrigation refers to mixing of irrigation and drainage waters to the areas for tree

plantations. The irrigation water will be sweet water and the drainage water will be saline

quality. In order to utilize drainage water for forestation both the waters will be mixed in

required quantities to reduce salinity level of brackish water to sustain tree growth

Project location

The proposed project will include two geographic areas namely i) LBOD command area

located in Shaheed Benazirabad, Sanghar and Mirpurkhas, and parts of Badin district; and ii)

Kotri Surface Drainage System located in Thatta and Badin districts.

Project Scope and objectives

The objectives of the project are to i) increase the livelihood of communities by utilizing the

culturable waste through establishing forests on the private and public lands; ii) releasing

pressure on the drainage system by offloading the drainage effluent; and iii) to improve

environment through carbon sequestration.

Project outputs

The expected outputs of the project include forest plantation on 5000 ha of private and public

lands. The project will raise nurseries of 15.0 million plants which will be supplied to

interested farmers on subsidized rates.

Project Outcome and Impact

At the full development stage annually about 25 thousand cft of wood, valued at Rs 295

million. It will provide employment to about 4,500 persons. Similarly the farming community

will be provided with forage for their livestock. In addition to this these forest will produce

non timber products. This would also reduce waterlogging and salinity in these lands

reclaiming their productivity. It would also generate income to Pakistan from carbon

sequestering. The details will be worked at the time of feasibility stage of the study in phase

III.

Project Cost Structure

Total cost of the project is estimated to be Rs. 225.0 million

Project Viability

The financial analysis was undertaken for all the production parameters i.e. grasses, fuel

wood, small construction wood and industrial wood, at an aggregated output level. The



48

project viability was assessed for the project as whole.

The overall IFRR for the project is 15.8 percent, while the NPV for the cost at 12 percent is

Rs.256 Million, and NPV for the incremental benefits is estimated Rs.346 million. The cost

benefit ratio of the project is 1:1.35 on overall basis.

Implementation arrangements

It is proposed that the FD executes and implement this intervention in coordination with the

IPD, SIDA. The FD will implement this on the forest lands, while it will provide support to

the private farm land owners with the support from NGOs for community mobilization.

Project Safeguards

The proposed project is environment friendly on the grounds that it will not have any adverse

impacts on any green infrastructure of the areas, will utilize the drainage water for growing

trees and crops, will improve degraded lands and increase their productivity and will improve

the physical and chemical structures of the degraded soils. This intervention does not involve

any resettlement issues.



49

Coarse, 8%

Moderately

Coarse, 12%

Medium, 20%Moderately

Fine, 45%

Misc., 15%

Soil Texture 418,451 Acres

5.3.11 Pre-feasibility 11: Bio-saline Agriculture in Badin and Thatta Districts

Rationale

The drainage of effluent Kotri command area is carried through 18 major drainage systems.

These drainage systems are carrying drainage effluent into sea except for three drains which

are out falling into river Indus. One of these drainage systems Kadhan Pateji Outfall Drain

(KPOD) is connected to LBOD and Tidal Link for outfall into Sea. The total design discharge

capacity of the whole system on left bank is about 8,050 cusecs. The salinity level of the

drainage effluent is about 2 ds/m which is suitable to grow most crops on marginal lands.

The drainage effluent if used for bio saline agriculture, would supplement farm incomes, and

would release pressure on the main drainage system. Evidence from Pakistan and elsewhere

show that the salt tolerant crops (glycophytes) irrigated with the brackish water grown on

marginal lands has shown promise. These crops include salt tolerant varieties of wheat,

barley, oilseeds, cotton, and different vegetables.

The communities in the coastal area, particularly in the Badin district reported that since their

natural resource base has degraded, support is needed to increase their farm productivity. It

was suggested that if they are given access to the drainage water through public lift pumps,

they would be able to grow salt

tolerant crops.

In response to this, the

Consultants a Pre-feasibility was

prepared to support and introduce

bio-saline agriculture along the

drainage network.

Objectives

Following issues will be

addressed; i) reduction of

culturable waste, ii) arresting

further degradation and

desertification; iii) off load

pressure on the main drainage

system; iv) improve the

environment, and v) increase farm income.

Outputs

The main outputs will include: i) by the end of the 5 year project period, 625 community

based lift pumps will be installed, each supporting 200 acres; ii) distribution channels will be

laid out to deliver water to participating farmers.

Outcome and Impact

It is estimated that selected salt tolerant crops, grasses, and trees will be grown on about

125,000 acres, generating an annual net farm income of Rs.5,000 per acre per year. This will

not only increase the farming intensity, will also enhance the household income of

participating farmers, and will also provide additional employment to landless labor.

The proposed project will also have several indirect benefits, such as increased availability of

better nutrition to household members, will also help in the availability of fodder and forage

for the livestock, and would arrest further degradation of soils.

Figure 5: Soil textures in Thatta and Badin Districts



50

Proposed implementation arrangements:

Since the drains are flowing below the ground level the water at suitable points will be

pumped into purpose built channels along the drains. All the operations of the project will be

executed through participatory approach. The SIDA/IPD will procure and install the lift

pumps, and the community groups will operate and maintain the lift pumps. An NGO will

be engaged for community mobilization. The agriculture department will provide support for

soil testing and identification of appropriate crops and varieties.

Cost Structure

The total cost of intervention is estimated as Rs.2.4 billion. This includes cost of procurement

and installation of lift pumps at Rs.50,000 each, cost of laying out distribution system, land

clearance at Rs.10,000 per acre, and cost of community mobilization.

Economic Viability

The preliminary analysis suggests an indicative IFRR of 13.3 percent. Nonetheless, the

project has been designed based on the assumption that the hazardous effluent originating

from sugar mills and other sources discharged into the drains completely terminated, else the

drainage effluent is not usable for bio-saline agriculture, and farmers will be reluctant to use

this water. Hence if the drains are not kept free of the sugar mills effluent, the project has a

high risk of failure.

Safeguards

The proposed project is environment friendly as it will not have any adverse impacts on any

green infrastructure of the areas. Any salinity build up in the marginal soils due to application

of the saline drainage water would be washed off with the rain water flows. Moreover, only

those crops, grasses, and trees will be selected that help reduce soil salinity.



51

Box 2: Profile of Chotiari

Reservoir

Length 7.8 miles

Width 9.6 miles

Surface 45,000 acres

Capacity 0.71 MAF

Live Storage 0.67 MAF

5.3.12 Pre-feasibility 12: Rehabilitation of Deh Akro II and Chotiari Wetland Complex


Wetlands are the storehouses of globally endangered biodiversity of flora and fauna because

of their extensive and rich food webs and biodiversity. It is also an import source of

livelihood for the wetland dependent communities. The wetlands are ecosystems that provide

goods and services that have an economic value, not only to the local population but for the

downstream beneficiaries. Within the study area, there are three inland wetland complexes.

They are i) Deh Akro II in Shaheed Benazirabad district; ii) Chotiari reservoir and wetlands

in Sanghar district; and iii) the coastal wetland complex in the Badin district.

Deh Akro II is also a wildlife sanctuary consisting of four major habitats; desert, wetland,

marsh and agricultural. It is a natural inland wetland ecosystem, which supports a variety of

rare and endangered wildlife species predominantly crocodiles. This area hosts a considerable

number of rare fauna. Many indigenous fish species are also found. During the last decade, a

persistent dry spell adversely affected the area. The Chotiari wetland complex extends over

20 thousand ha and includes about 36 lakes, of which five are freshwater and 31 brackish

water, fed by seepage from the Nara Canal and its Jamrao offshoot. This Pre-feasibility offers

a corrective intervention for Deh Akro II and Chotiari reservoir and associated wetlands. A

separate prefeasibility has been prepared and included in this document.

These wetlands are under threat due to lack of awareness

of its economic importance, and poor management. The

stakeholders during the consultative workshops reported

that in Deh Akro II the major issue is the shortage of

water required for the survival and growth of the wildlife

species. Most wetlands are water stressed causing serious

threat to the wildlife species available in these wetlands.

Ideally, the original water allocation for wetlands needs

to be restored in order to avoid the degradation process.

Notwithstanding the shortages in the irrigation supplies, a reasonable allocation needs to be

made to avoid continual damage to wetlands. The stakeholders suggest that supply of water

to head lakes through an underground pipe off taking from the Nara Canal, operating during

the peak flow months. In addition to this, the stakeholders suggested dredging of silted lakes

whose storage capacity has been reduced over time. Other issues include over growth of

predators, and indiscriminate hunting in this wetland complex.

In Chotiari Wetland Complex consist of: i) the Chotiari Reservoir; and ii) the Chotiari

Wetlands. The entire area is managed by the IPD for irrigation purposes. With the

construction of reservoir seepage has become a serious problem threatening its banks and

creating waterlogged conditions in the hinterland agriculture. During consultations many a

stakeholders considered the waterlogging due to seepage from the reservoir is a serious threat

to their livelihoods and emphasize its control.

The stakeholders concurred with the proposed solution of dig moats along the western and

southern embankments of the reservoir. These moats would intercept seepage water before

these can reach farmland areas. Alternatively, a grid of surface drains is laid to prevent the

topsoil from becoming waterlogged or even flooded.

A few participants of the workshops also suggested that there is an urgent need to prepare and

implement a regional wetland management strategy and an action plan. They also suggested

that a separate authority is established to manage the wetlands, and monitor the progress.



52

Objectives

The principal objectives of the proposed intervention are:

i. revival of wetlands through assured supply of minimum requirement;

ii. increase farm productivity through control of seepage causing waterlogging;

iii. protection of biodiversity; and

iv. preparation of a regional wetland management strategy and action plan.

Outputs

The main outputs by the end of the plan period include:

i. by the end of 2014, a regional plan study is completed along with action plans for

all the wetlands in Sindh, and presented to policy makers for approval;

ii. by the end of 2014 the wetland authority is established;

iii. by the June 2015, about ten km long piped linkage between Nara canal and head

of the lake in Deh Akro II is constructed and operative;

iv. by 2015, dig moats or grid interceptor drain are in place along the Chotiari

reservoir complex;

v. communities mobilized and are effective in monitor illegal hunting.

It is anticipated that the interventions will increase the household income of the communities

dependent on the wetlands, particularly farmers through reclaiming of the waterlogged areas.

It will also improve the environment and create a rich habitat for reversing biodiversity

losses. This will also foster introduction of ecotourism.

Outcome and impact

The intervention will arrest the seepage to the lands adjoining the Chotiari lake restoring its

productivity, and improved habitat of the wetlands for wildlife and migratory birds.

Estimated Cost

The total estimated cost of the proposed project is Rs.40 million.

Economic Viability

As the main benefit is improvement of the environment, the intervention was not evaluated

for economic viability.

Proposed Implementation Arrangement

SIDA will be the executing agency, while Wild Life Department (WLD) will implement the

Deh Akro II restoration related interventions in collaboration with EPA and IUCN. The

Chotiari reservoir and wetland complex will be implemented by SIDA in collaboration with

WLD, EPA, and IUCN.

After initial studies have been launched and the necessary institutional and legislative

analysis have begun to produce their first results, an embryonic Regional Wetland

Management ―entity‖ will start taking shape. From thereon it should gradually assume more

and more responsibilities in the management of the wetland complexes.

Safeguards

The proposed solutions will not have any negative environmental issues. The proposed

intervention is environment friendly as it will not create any environmental problems but will



53

improve the existing environmental problem of waterlogging in the area. and wetland

complexes, The interventions may involve resettlement. This aspect will be addressed during

the detailed design stage, if selected.



54

5.3.13 Pre-feasibility 13: Shrimp and Mud Crab Farming in Coastal Areas of Left Bank

Introduction

Coastal fishery is the mainstay of livelihoods of the coastal communities. During the last

three decades, fish productivity has dwindled due to sea intrusion, contamination of the

wetlands with drainage effluents, overfishing, and use of illegal nets. Further, due to recent

floods and damage to tidal link the seawater intrusion has altered the topography of area near

Zero point Badin and is suitable for shrimp and fin fish culture including crabs and lobster.

Mud crab (Scylla serrata) named Koko is very famous in taste in south East Asian countries.

At present so many parties are exporting crabs to European and Fareast Asian countries

which are on rise. The following species of crabs are exported in shape of crab meat, canned

and alive.

The stakeholders during the workshops expressed their predicament and suggested public

sector support to restore the fish potential and interventions to support the livelihoods in the

area. As the shrimp and mud crab farming is feasible and has potential in the area, and

communities with technical support can benefit from this enterprise.

The ponds can be built within the intertidal low lying areas, receiving tidal water into the

pond through gravity flow during high tide. The seed is available from the shrimp hatchery at

Hawks bay in Karachi, maintained by the Fisheries Department, GoS. Small size crabs can be

collected from sea mostly purchased from fishermen engaged in this trade.

Project location and boundaries

The project will be located in the coastal areas of Badin and left side of Thatta districts

comprising of Badin, Shaheed Fazil Rahu Talukas of Badin district and Jati, Shahbander and

Kharochan Talukas of Thatta district.

Project scope and objective

The main objective is to exploit the livelihood potential through introduction of the shrimp

and mud crab farming as a niche activity in the area.

Project Outputs

The project will help farmers to establish ten shrimp farms, and ten mud crab farms, in

Shahbander, Jati, Badin, and SF Rahu talukas.

Project Outcome

The proposed project will generate employment and will help in reducing poverty of landless

and unemployed.

Project Cost

Since it is a private sector project, would require a credit line of about Rs.123.5 million.

Project Viability

Fir the proposed enterprise, the estimated indicative IFRR is 12.8 percent.


The farms/ponds will be owned and managed by private enterprisers/farmers. Sindh Fisheries

Department will provide extension and advisory services.

Safeguards

This is an environmental friendly intervention as it will not create any adverse impacts on



55

flora and fauna, soil, water, land use, climate etc. The proposed project will be executed in

the mangrove areas, ensuring protect to the mangrove plantation, as due to increase in human

activity it is apprehended that the mangrove resource will be deteriorated on the cost of

shrimp farming. Resettlement is not required for this activity.



56

5.3.14 Pre-feasibility 14: Brackish Water Fish Farming in LBOD Area

Introduction

The province of Sindh is blessed with all kind of water resources i.e. marine and brackish and

fresh water. Despite its potential, the growth of this subsector is constrained by lack of supply

of seed and knowledge base amongst the potential farmers. Thousands of acres of waste and

water logged land is available in the LBOD project area and surroundings which can be

converted into productive fish ponds, and is lying waste.

There is ample area and depressions in the command area of LBOD system which is un-

utilized due to salinity problem of the water available in the depressions. In such areas it is

not possible to grow fresh water fish. In addition, the LBOD drainage water is available in

ample quantity in the spinal, lateral and tertiary drains where brackish water fish could be

introduced and propagated. The fish seed is available from fish hatcheries and will be stocked

and grown in the fish ponds and will be stocked and grown in the fish ponds constructed

under the project.

The stakeholders expressed the need to support fisheries in the area to enhance income of the

communities located along the drainage network.

Project Area

The proposed project is suggested to be located in the districts of Shaheed Benazirabad,

Sanghar, Mirpurkhas, and Badin, along the drainage network.

Objectives

The objective of the proposed project is to introduce the brackish water fish along the

drainage network where the quality of water is brackish. The specific objectives of the

proposed project are as under:

Project outputs

A total of 80 ponds will be established, of which half will be the Tilapia noliticus and half for

the Lates calcarifer (Dangri). These will be divided between the four districts.

Outcome and Impact

With this the alternative opportunities for improved livelihood will enhance in the farming

community and ultimately the poverty will be alleviated. The proposed project is socially

acceptable as it will enhance job opportunities, reduce poverty, provide livelihood to the local

population and will increase economy of the people and the province. The project will

generate employment opportunities for rural people especially fishing and farming

communities during construction and execution phases and onwards. It will create direct and

indirect jobs for both men and women.

Cost structure

Since it is a private sector project, would require a credit line of about Rs.545 million.

Project Viability

The estimated IFRR of this activity is 13.2 percent. As this is a private sector activity, the

intervention, does not need allocation of funds, except.


The farms / ponds will be managed by land owners. Sindh Fisheries Department will provide

extension and advisory services.



57

Safeguards

The proposed project will not create any environmental issue during its construction and

implementation phases but rather address the existing environmental issues such as water

logging and salinity, water quality aspects, degradation of agricultural lands, decline in fish

resources, and loss of biodiversity and decline in natural resources habitats. This is an

environmental friendly project as it will not create any adverse impacts on flora and fauna,

soil, water, land use, climate etc. The proposed project will be executed in the command

areas of LBOD system the care shall be taken to protect the existing wild vegetation of un-

economic value. In fact such un-economic and un-utilized lands will be made productive due

to introduction of brackish water fish.



58

5.3.15 Pre feasibility 15: Establishment of Disaster Management Unit in SIDA

Introduction

Southern Sindh area has always been affected by floods due to high precipitation and lack of

drainage. It has been reported that the major events in recent history took place in 1959,

1961, 1962, 1964, 1970, 1976 and 1979 when the annual precipitation events were reported

to be within 203 mm to 609 mm. The Badin July 2003 precipitation (303.9 mm), which

caused major flooding and destruction, was estimated to have a 66 years return period. In

2011 on the 11th and 12th August the precipitation recorded in Badin added together was 297

mm which when looked as one 48 hours event the corresponding return period is near 100

years. Also, the highest ever monthly precipitation record in Badin was surpassed in August

2011 with 331 mm corresponding to more than 80 years return period. Moreover, if a 30

days period is observed from 10 August to 9 September 2011, Badin experienced 512 mm of

rainfall in one month.

The devastation experienced by the people of Sindh requires proper planning of the disaster.

It is implied within the Law in Sindh Province that, SIDA is to assume the flood management

activities within the command areas of its three AWBs and is responsible to the National

Disaster Management Agency.

This unit would develop, on a periodic basis, a strategy statement for improvement of

irrigation and drainage services, integrated water management including drinking water,

water distribution in times of drought, flood protection within its command and catchment

areas setting goals and objectives, formulating implementation policies and identifying

priority and other actions.

In addition to this would be responsible to issue flood warnings and warnings to all the

stakeholders that are likely to affected, if it has cause to believe that damage or harm shall

result from the use of any water flowing within its area of jurisdiction. The other functions

would include: i) monitoring of the disposal of toxic or noxious effluent safely and with

minimum pollution of water resources; ii) ensure repairs of flood protection works in the pre-

flood season; iii) review the plan for regulation of the canal supplies during the rainy season;

iv) ensure positioning of the machinery and materials near vulnerable points for emergency

repairs; and v) inspection of the vulnerable breaching of sections.

Objectives

The main objective of this study is to

implement a SIDA Disaster/ Crisis

Management Cell for preparing, training and

coordinating plans for emergency response

services in case of emergency situations and

disasters within SIDA‘s ordinance. The

Disaster Risk Management Cycle (Disaster

Cycle) consists of four phases:

Prevention/Mitigation and Preparedness in the

pre-disaster stage, and Response and

Rehabilitation/Reconstruction in post-disaster

stage.

Output

A Disaster Management will be established by 2014, and is functional. Standard operating

procedures or protocols will be developed to trigger timely flood protection and preparedness

Figure 6: Crises Management Cycle



59

measures in consultation with vulnerable communities in the pre-disaster stage, and response

and rehabilitation/reconstruction in post-disaster stage.

Impact and Outcome

The establishment of the Disaster Management Cell would i) develop the capacities of SIDA

to mitigate floods and droughts, particularly during calamities, such as breaches, floods or

extreme weather conditions such as cyclones, the SIDA shall have a coordinating role in

taking all necessary measures.


The estimated cost of the DMU is about ten million, with and annual operational expenditure

of Rs.20 million. The annual operating costs after the first year, once the Cell is fully

established, can be reduced as less number of staff will be required to operate the Cell.


The Sindh Water Management Act of 2002 assigns SIDA specific responsibilities related

with disaster management and related environmental issues. Therefore, SIDA has the

obligation to develop, on a periodic basis a strategy statement for improvement of irrigation

and drainage services, integrated water management, flood protection, prevention of sea

water intrusion, water distribution in times of drought and wetland management within its

command and catchment areas setting goals and objectives, formulating implementation

policies and identifying priority and other actions. It requires continued updating of

strategies for flood protection, prevention of sea water intrusion and drought management.



60

"No nation can rise to the height of

glory unless your women are side by

side with you; we are victims of evil

customs. It is a crime against humanity

that our women are shut up within the

four walls of the houses as prisoners.

There is no sanction anywhere for the

deplorable condition in which our

women have to live." Mohammad Ali

Jinnah 1944

(US Library of Congress report

"Pakistan - A Country Study")

5.3.16 Pre feasibility 16: Gender Mainstreaming in Irrigation and Drainage

Introduction

Despite important role played by women in the

agriculture, and other economic activities, they are

generally perceived as beneficiaries, and not as

partners in the management of assets and resources,

and the development process. They are silent

bystanders in the planning, implementation and

operation stages of the development activities. They,

along with children are the first victims in disaster,

such as flood disasters. Moreover, the property rights

are not well defined and transparent.

The situation is not different vis-à-vis irrigation and

drainage subsectors. This is evident from their minimal presence in the water management

institutions, such as Water Users Associations (WUAs), FOs, AWBs. Here they are

represented by their male family members, as their guardians. Similarly, in the development

process their aspirations and problems, or their rights are not adequately represented or

articulated.

During the consultations at the village and district levels, the women participant showed their

dismay on the lack of their involvement, and absence of registering their apprehensions and

aspirations in the planning, implementation, and management of the irrigation and drainage

infrastructure, flood preparedness management, and desired an active role.

Current SIDA‘s framework advocates increased participation of women in the water

management reforms. Although SIDA has a gender policy, they need to draw a well laid out

way forward to ensure women participation in water management. Nevertheless, SIDA‘s has

made a considerable achievement in engaging women farmers and registering them as

members of the Water Course Association (WCA), FOs, and AWBs.

However, the limited women membership in the FOs does not indicate their active

involvement in the water management. Out of 383 FOs, only 146 have women representation,

but the overall participation of women in the FOs, and AWBs is less than one percent.

To main stream women participation in the water management, it is proposed that the Social

Cell organizes a five year gender sensitizing and training program to foster an active role in

the organizational and water management activities..

Objectives

To mainstream an active and representative women inclusion in the participatory water

management actives, and to sensitize all the line agencies dealing with the water management

and preparedness in flood management.

Project Output

The main outputs of the strengthening and training program are:

i. Gender mainstreaming strategy and action plan formulated and implemented;

ii. 60 staff of SIDA trained in gender mainstreaming;

iii. 90 field staff of AWBs trained in gender mainstreaming;

iv. 450 persons in line agencies in 15 districts trained for gender mainstreaming;



61

v. 500 field staff in AWBs trained in gender related conflict resolution and

negotiation skills;

vi. 1,400 members of the FOs trained in gender awareness of issues;

vii. 6,500 community members trained in flood preparedness;

viii. 9 campaigns at AWB level, 6 TV programs, 12 radio programs, and 12

newspapers supplements organized to disseminate information related to the

drainage issues.

Impact and Outcome

The training program would strengthen the capacity of the SIDA, AWBs, FOs, and rural

communities in ensuring active participation of the women in the management of irrigation

and drainage systems, and addressing gender concerns.


The estimated cost of training and awareness campaigns is estimated at about Rs.21 million.


It is proposed that a Social Cell of SIDA is entrusted to organize the trainings.



62

5.4 Position Papers

5.4.1 Position Paper 1: Drainage Effluent Intrusion in the Ghotki Area from Southern

Punjab

During the stakeholder consultations concern was shown by the farmers in the Ghotki area

about the drainage effluent flowing in from the northern adjoining district of Rahim Yar

Khan, Punjab. The seepage from the evaporation ponds, draining out in the Ghotki area has

severely degraded considerable land creating marshy conditions. Significant cropped are has

been ruined into wasteland.

In Punjab, the evaporation ponds were constructed under the Salinity Control and

Reclamation Project (SCARP) VI for the disposal of the highly saline drainage effluent from

the irrigated areas of Rahim Yar Khan and Bahawalpur Districts. The gross area of the

Project is 11.46 Million acres (590,862 ha) out of which 1.267 Million acres (512,755 ha) are

culturable commanded by Punjnad and Abbasia Canals. SCARP VI comprise of 514

tubewells of varying capacity from 1.5 to 3 cusecs (43 to 85 lps) to lower and maintain the

water table over the area. In the first stage2, 391 tubewells were installed along four drains:

Abe-Hayat, Khanpur Main, and Manthar and, Pattan Manara. In the second stage 123

tubewells were installed along Tarukari Drain and the operation of the 514 tubewells started

in 1989.

Due to the lack of hydraulic head towards the Indus River the option to outfall into the River

was discarded and the option of saline drainage water disposal through evaporation ponds

along the fringe of the Cholistan Desert area was adopted in SCARP-VI scheme.

The evaporation ponds were developed taking advantage of the inter-dunal depressions and

old dhoras along the fringe of Cholistan Desert. The area is barren1 and without irrigation,

but used for animals grazing. The subsoil water has been reported as saline. Dykes were

provided between the dunes to shape up the ponds, which consist of series of elongated

reservoirs joined together by man-made connecting channels, converting them into a

contiguous series of ponds. Since commissioning of these evaporation ponds in 1989,

waterlogging and salinization have occurred in the adjacent lands.

To dispose the drainage effluent of the 514 deep drainage tubewells two series of ponds were

initially designed. Stage I with an initially designed area of 8,400 acres (3,400 ha) and Stage-

II also with an originally designed area of 24,600 acres (9,956 ha) to make a total of 33,000

acres (13,356 ha). However, in year 2001 the active pond area was in the range of only

13,000 acres (5,261ha).

The visits made by the Consultants to ground truth the situation observed that the intrusion if

unchecked and the negative externality arising from SCARP VI will further shrink the

productive land. This will deprive the farming communities in the affected areas of their

productive land, rendering them homeless, and even landless. The objective of the visit was

also to consult with the local communities to solicit a perceived solution to reclaim the

degraded lands.

Most stakeholders felt that the issue cannot be resolved unless the Punjab government shows

recognition of the problem and its mitigation. Various suggestions indicated i) replacement of

SGW tubewells with tile drainage in the SCARP- VI area; ii) installation of desalination plant

1IWASRI.Environmental impact of disposal of drainage effluent to evaporation ponds. M.N. Bhutta, M.F.K. Niazi,

N. Ahmed. Sep. 2003

2Proceedings of a roundtable meeting.IPTRID Secretariat - FAOLahore, Pakistan 10–11 November 2000



63

to desalinize the drainage effluent; iii) make provision of irrigation water from Rainee canal

to supply the channel which connects different ponds of the Rahimyar Khan SCARP project

area; and iv) provide tile drainage network system within the affected parts of Ghotki district.

Purpose of the Study

The main objective of the present study was to have an opinion on the issue by the Master

Plan Consultants, by visiting the area, conducting literature review and analyzing the

technical problems in an effort to contribute in the search for a common solution between the

Governments of Sindh and Punjab.

Main Points of the Analysis

IPTRID Secretariat referred to the

SCARP VI effluent as “It is clear

that the water is hazardous and

cannot be used for irrigation”.

The annual effluent inflows

entering the evaporation ponds

were originally estimated to be

487,000 acre-ft (601 Mm3). The

present expected annual discharge

into the ponds is of the order of

230,000 acre-ft (284 Mm3).

The original proposal suggested a

system of ponds gross area of

160,000 acres (64,752 ha). This evaporation area was latter on re-estimated to be 67,000

acres (27,115 ha) but, it was further reduced to about 13,000 acres (5,261 ha).

The volume of water that evaporates out of the series of ponds is between 35 to 40% of the

SCARP VI saline effluent that outfalls into the system of lagoons. Therefore, it is concluded

that the system of evaporation ponds has efficiencies of similar magnitude, 35 to 40%.

Conclusions and Recommendations

The water balance shows that the ponds are neither socially nor environmentally sustainable,

unless the volume of the incoming water from SCARP VI is reduced and/or, the evaporation

area (not the depth) of the ponds is increased to make them more efficient. The Provinces

should jointly seek for solutions of the problems caused by the effluents of SCARP VI

project to the people of the Ghotki affected area.

The relation Pond evaporation area/Saline inflow from SCARP VI is resumed at different

stages of the evaporation scheme as:

• Original design 0.33 acre/acre-ft

• Revised design 0.14 acre/acre-ft

• Actual 0.06 acre/acre-ft

The figures above clearly indicate that the implementation of the project diverted from its

original design or has not been fully implemented as per original plans. The surface area

provided is about one fifth of the initial estimate and, less than half the revised assessment.

Figure 7: Evaporation for Fresh and Saline Water Ponds

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

mm

/da

y

Evaporation from fresh and saline water ponds

Fresh W Saline W



64

The Consultants recommend implementing the relation Pond evaporation area/Saline inflow

from SCARP VI as per the revised design, as it should substantially increase the evaporation

and reduce the damaging infiltration effect. This should be done in the Punjab, at no cost to

the Sindh Province.



65

5.4.2 Position Paper 2: Sugar Industry Effluent Treatment at Source

Introduction:

Of the 33 sugar mills in Sindh, 30 of them are located in the left bank of Indus. Sugarcane is

grown on about 250 thousand ha and annually produces about around thirteen million metric

tons annually. A sugar mill with 6,000 mt per day crushing capacity generates about 5,300 mt

of highly toxic effluent, which is mostly dumped into the canals, and the drainage network,

where available, without treatment. It is estimated that during the crushing season, these

sugar mills release about 160 thousand m3 per day.

The provincial EPA regulation requires that the sugar mills to process the generated effluent

within the sugar mills and should not be released out of sugar mills without treatment.

However, the restriction is not complied with due to lack of effective enforcement.

There are over 800 village settlements along the LBOD drains. During the water stress

periods, the polluted drainage water is pumped out by the farmers for supplementing

irrigating supplies. This toxic water not only adversely affects the soil but also causes high

mortality of fishes in the drains. This has reduced the availability of fish to the local

communities for their consumption. Whatever quantity of fish survives is consumed by the

communities, despite detrimental to their health. Also the toxic water is consumed by the

local livestock causing diseases, and higher toxicity in the dairy products. The polluted also

emits a strong foul smell, a menace for people residing along the drains. The level of toxicity

released is higher when

the effluent from sugar

mill distilleries is added.

Wastewater from sugar

mills is basically organic

with its high BOD rapidly

depletes available oxygen

supply when discharged

into water bodies

endangering fish and other

aquatic life. The high

BOD also creates septic

conditions, generating

foul-smelling hydrogen

sulfide, which in turn can

precipitate iron and any

dissolved salts, turning the

water black and highly toxic

for aquatic life. The smell

of the effluent is so irritating that people cannot breathe and sleep well. The polluted drain

water finds its way into the wetlands near coast like Nareri Dhand (a Ramsar Site) and the

dhand complex adjoining the KPOD. These dhands were the source of livelihood for

thousands of fishermen in the vicinity.

Analysis of effluent from sugar mills have depicted that the values of DO, BOD, COD and

TSS are higher than permitted by the WHO standards. Therefore, there is need to treat the

effluent prior to its disposal in water bodies or for use in agriculture.

Sindh province is already shortage of fresh surface water and its groundwater is mostly

saline. Therefore, it is very necessary that irrigation and drainage infrastructure are fully

Figure 8: Quantity of Sugar Mills Effluent Flows

- 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000

Seri Sugar Mills

Tando M.Khan SMs

Shah Murad SMs +(Distillary)

Lar Sugar Mills

Dewan Budho Talpur …

Bawani SMs Talhar

Pangrio SMs

Khoski SMs

Army Welfare SMs Badin

Effluent (m3/day)

Sugar Industry Effluent 4-5 March 2011



66

protected from the disposal of untreated wastewater. Furthermore, necessary steps must be

taken for the recycling of available wastewater through primary treatment for use in

agricultural and industrial sectors.

USAB system for treatment of highly concentrated wastewater from agriculture industries is

increasingly popular and wastewater from sugar mills and distilleries can be treated for

significant reduction in pollution levels. Methane gas produced in USAB system can be used

as an energy source. This system is both technical and cost effective.

The overall advantage of establishing the treatment plants and ensuring disposal of the treated

effluent are manifold. These include:

i. The drainage system now completely polluted and with high levels of BOD, COD,

organic materials, toxic chemicals will be free from these pollutants and can

harbor fish and other biotic life.

ii. Communities now very much annoyed of the awful smell of the distillery effluent

will get rid of this problem.

iii. Livestock will be saved from toxic effects of chemicals

iv. The water of the drains will be utilized for bio-saline agriculture. This will

enhance production thereby increasing the income of the communities

v. Marine life now under the influence of the toxic effluents will be relieved of the

polluting effects of the drain water, and the fish catch will increase from both

inland and marine areas.

vi. Water fowl will be attracted by the slightly brackish drain water so the population

of migratory birds will increase.

The EPA should monitor that the sugar mills comply with the Environmental Protection Law

1997, and install the treatment plants in the vicinity of the mills so that the generated effluent

is of expected level, safe for other uses, such as conjunctive use of water, watering livestock,

and safe for the survival of fishes in the drains, and free from foul smell.



67

5.4.3 Position Paper 3: Water Quality for Human Consumption

Introduction

In Sindh, especially in study area, there are many challenges to maintain the water quality

potable. These include adequate public sector investment in ensuring clean water supplies,

and ineffective compliance to check pollution of the fresh water resources.

The availability of safe and sweet drinking water has always been a major problem in the

coastal areas of both the districts of Badin and Thatta, where the underground water aquifers

is brackish, particularly close to the coast where seawater intrusion has worsened the

situation. The situation is even worse for the fisher folks living in and around the creeks.

They have to haul drinking water from significant distances, and for other requirements

depend on the brackish water.

Due to diversions of irrigation water at the various barrages has decreased the water

availability downstream of Kotri. The situation has been further exasperated by the release of

industrial pollutants and saline drainage effluent directly into the river. This has severely

impaired the quality of the water in

the river downstream of Kotri.

The coastal villages, other than

those living in the creek area,

depend on the irrigation channels

and minors for drinking water,

which is also stored in the ponds for

use when the supplies are low. As

the carrying capacity of the

irrigation system has been reduced

due to poor maintenance, the

availability of the drinking water is

constrained in the tail reaches.

This situation has been further

worsened due cyclones that

damaged the tail reaches of the

irrigation network, as close as 20

km from the coast. The Public

Health Engineering Department operated water supply system is mostly inoperative

salinization of aquifer. Following issues and problems need attention and its mitigation.

i. lack of awareness for safe drinking water amongst coastal communities;

ii. unchecked industrial pollution in the fresh water bodies above WHO standards;

iii. inadequate filtering and disinfecting arrangements in the public drinking water supply

installations;

iv. unchecked pollution from clothes washed in the irrigation channel,

v. unchecked pollution from animals bathing in the canal system;

vi. unacceptable level of salinity, fluoride and or arsenic contamination in the

underground water;

vii. unacceptable level of bacterial contamination.

Source: PCRWR, DRC, Tandojam

Figure 9: Arsenic Contamination in Badin District

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 ppb 1.5

ppb

10

ppb

25

ppb

50

ppb

>50

ppb

Nu

mb

er o

f S

am

ple

s

Arsenic Concentration (ppb)

Arsenic Found in Badin During Field Tests



68

Following are the recommendations to ensure access to safe water drinking supplies in the

rural communities:

i. construction of water filtering plants in the areas without access to safe drinking

water supplies;

ii. establish a water quality monitoring and surveillance system;

iii. promote appropriate technologies for rain water harvesting;

iv. effective monitoring for the compliance of treatment of effluent entering the

freshwater bodies;

v. introduction of low cost ―clay pitcher arsenic removal‖ method amongst the

communities dependent on underground water laden with arsenic contamination;

vi. introduction of low cost chemical treatment method amongst the communities;

dependent on underground water laden with fluorides;

vii. in study area, where the ground water is brackish & only source of drinking, the

Reverse Osmosis (RO) technology is a preferred option. This technology is now

available at affordable cost. For a small community, requiring 500 GPD of potable

water, the RO plant may cost up to Rs 400,000;

viii. the Environmental Protection Agencies (EPAs) may take the responsibility to

ensure that the water bodies are safe from pollution. It is further recommended

that the ―Integrated Water Management Committees‖ (IWMCs) may be formed by

the SIDA or irrigation department at canal level representing all the concerned

departments and NGOs to manage the water resources sustainably.



69

6 PROPOSED REGIONAL PLAN STRATEGY AND RECOMMENDED INVESTMENT

PLAN

6.1 Proposed Regional Plan preparation Process

Understanding that a Master/Regional Plan is a proposed organizational strategy of a specific

territory, of a consented vision of a group of stakeholders that look at the development of the

territory in the long term and; in close coordination between the Consultants, SIDA and

partner NGOs; a consultative process which emphasizes the active participation of

stakeholders from each of the regions was designed and implemented. This allowed the direct

participation during the process of consultations through 35 workshops, visits to 231 villages

and the direct involvement of 9,077 participants. Among the stakeholders there were

government officials, community leaders, villagers, representatives of different institutions

and NGOs, universities and private sector.

The consultation process took place in two phases. A first phase of diagnosis, in which the

stakeholders defined the fundamental issues and problems they have to face in their daily

lives and a second phase, in which the stakeholders were consulted again to validate the

proposed strategies and determined the priority of each of the actions. With the interactive

sessions with the stakeholders, high priority interventions were identified, thus building from

a systemic approach achieving participatory consensus facilitated the Consultants to

formulate the proposed Master/Regional plan strategy. Figure 11 below presents the different

activities conducted in the preparation of the plan.

6.2 Proposed Regional Plan Strategy

As guided by the scope of work and terms of reference for the regional plan study for the left

bank of Indus, delta, and coastal areas, the Consultants propose a following strategy to

combat waterlogging and salinity and to ensure safe and timely disposal of drainage effluent,

and storm water into the sea and or natural depressions in the Thar desert.

Since last three decades, consequent to extreme weather changes, localized and widespread

riverine and storm water flooding has frequented the province of Sindh. The unprecedented

rains experienced in the year 2011 exposed the inadequacy and inability of the drainage

infrastructure to cope with the massive runoffs. This resulted in loss of life, substantial

damage to urban and rural property and infrastructure, public utilities and colossal loss of

agricultural crops and lands. The main causes were simultaneous heavy rains in most of the

drainage basins, deferred maintenance of the drainage network, encroachments of natural

waterways, trapping of water. Despite the construction of reservoirs and major investments in

flood protection, there is still a considerable flood hazard. It is estimated that the total losses

from floods were about Rs.454 billion, and about 500 lives lost.

In developing the proposed regional plan strategy, the Consultants followed an extensive

stakeholder consultative approach, and organized consultative workshops at community,

district, and regional levels to register their perceptions about the drainage disposal related

issues and problems, and to solicit their perceived solutions and aspirations and identification

of priority interventions. The findings were disseminated widely through print and electronic



70

Stakeholder Consultative Process to Identify Issues, Problems and Solutions

Safe Disposal

of Surplus

Drainage

Effluent &

Storm Water

Rehabilitation

of Existing

Drainage

Infrastructure

Revival of

Natural

Waterways

Second Line

of Defense

d/s Kotri

Make Shift

Arrangements

for Flood

Displaced

Persons

Environment

Mitigation &

Arresting of

Sea Water

Intrusion

Inland

Wetland

Management

Mangroves

Plantation in

Coastal Area

Coastal

Wetland

Management

Conjunctive Use

of LBOD water

for Forestry

Livelihood

Strengthening

Develop Shrimp

and Mud Crab

Farms in Coastal

Zone

Introduction of

Brackish Water

Fish in LBOD

Catchment

Introduction of

Bio-Saline

Agriculture on

Marginal Lands

Institutional

Strengthening

& Capacity

Building

Crises

Management

Cell within

SIDA

Gender

Mainstreaming

Combating

Water-logging

and Salinity

Drainage

Infrastructure

in Non LBOD

Areas

Divestment of

FGW

Tubewells

Rehabilitation

of SGW

Tubewells

Regional Plan and Investment Priorities

media for wider awareness and feedback. Based on this, the prefeasibilities were prepared

and prioritized in consultation with stakeholders, and this lead to the formulation of regional

plan and action/implementation plan.

The five main pillars of the proposed strategy are:

1. Safe and timely disposal of surplus drainage effluent, and storm water flood.

2. Combating waterlogging and salinity in non-LBOD areas.

3. Environmental mitigation

4. Institutional Strengthening and capacity building of SIDA

5. Livelihood support to water hazard affected communities.

The graphic representation of the strategy is depicted in the following figure, followed by

brief explanation of rationale of the abovementioned five pillars of the strategy.

Figure 10: Strategy for Regional Plan for the Left Bank of Indus Delta and Coastal Zone

Reduction of Flood Damages

Increase in Agriculture Productivity

Reduction in Poverty



71

6.2.1 Pillars of the Strategy

1. Safe and timely disposal of surplus drainage effluent, storm water, and riverine

flood

The main reasons that exasperated the losses in 2011 include the lack of reduction of disposal

capacity of the drainage and flood protection system over time due to clogging of the system

due to deferred maintenance, relief cuts, unauthorized tampering of the system, and

constrictions due to physical infrastructure and encroachments. This warrants rehabilitation

of existing drainage structure and revival of natural waterways to relieve pressure on the

LBOD, and divert and harvest surplus storm water flows in the depressions in the desert

areas.

The main interventions/elements of the strategy include strengthening and rehabilitation of

the LBOD system, revival of natural waterways. These structures will ensure safe and timely

disposal of the storm water and avert the massive losses to the economy, if similar extreme

precipitation pattern re-occurs or persist.

The plight of the 2011 flood displaced persons suggest that the drainage system be

complemented with raised make shift shelters on higher grounds, and along the canal banks,

roadside, etc. to provide relief from marooning.

2. Combating waterlogging and salinity in non-LBOD areas

The increasing water table and the associated salinity in areas outside the LBOD catchment is

a tale tell for the declining farm productivity. The situation is precarious not only where there

is absence of drainage structures, but also in areas where existing saline and freshwater

drainage tubewells are nonoperational. The major reason is deferred maintenance and

vandalizing of the more than 50-60 percent of the tubewell machinery, and electrical hook up

system.

To control the water logging and salinity and to revive farm productivity, the need for

installing drainage system in the areas outside SCARP and LBOD, rehabilitation of the

nonfunctional tubewells, in the saline groundwater zones, and divestment of public sector

tubewells in the fresh groundwater areas and its replacement with a fostering program

development of private tubewells.

3. Environmental mitigation

The LBOD system had some unintended negative consequences, due to failure of the outfall

structures, mainly the collapse of Cholri weir, and tidal link, due to onslaught of the 1999

cyclone, and high tide trends. This led to intrusion of the seawater that degraded the

freshwater bodies and agricultural lands in the coastal areas, and to some extent in the lower

reaches of the LBOD system. This resulted in loss of farm productivity and salinization of the

freshwater bodies eroding the fish catch potential.

To arrest the seawater intrusion would require control structures in the lower reaches, and

biological screening through the plantation of mangroves and other salt tolerant species in the

potential coastal areas including around the tidal link and coastal wetland complex.



72

In addition to this the inland and coastal wetlands also require attention to ensure

improvement of the local environment. Similarly, forest plantation will be established in

LBOD network areas and Kotri drainage system by using saline and fresh water in either

conjunctive of cyclic ways. This would serve as an instrument for improving the local

climate.

4. Institutional Strengthening and Capacity Building of SIDA

During the 2011 floods, SIDA played an important role in managing the disposal of the storm

water floods, and coordination with a vast array of agencies. The responsibility was not

commensurate with the available resources. It highlighted the need for creating a crisis

management cell with the SIDA, as a hub for coordination between agencies, and serve as

clearinghouse for the storm water flood related information system, including early warning

system, and rescue and relief operations. In addition to this, the women stakeholders felt that

most of the SIDA field staff is not adequately gender sensitive, and gender concerns need to

be mainstreamed for inclusive participatory irrigation management.

5. Livelihood support to rural communities

The livelihood of stakeholders, particularly those residing in the lower reaches of the LBOD

system, were adversely affected due to degradation of agricultural land due to seawater

encroachment and decrease in the fish production due to salinization of freshwater bodies.

This has rendered many household into economic deprivation. Stakeholders emphasized the

need for introducing appropriate income generating enterprises to gainfully engage the

unemployed persons. Following this exigent need, various income generating activities need

to be supported.

6.3 Screening, and Ranking of Proposed Interventions

A ranking procedure with the evaluation criteria for possible solutions, considering, costs,

economic returns, technical, social and environmental feasibility was developed and

submitted to SIDA and the PCMU for their comments and input. As mentioned above, the

method proposed contemplates five major criteria and a number of sub-attributes. These are:

i) social accessibility; ii) financial soundness; iii) environmental benefits; iv) socio-economic

impact; and; v) sustainability. The description and interpretation of each of the criterion and

sub-attributes is given in Volume II Annexure A.

Each of the sub-attribute identified by stakeholders for each of the interventions was

evaluated according to the expected impact. The impacts being positive or negative were

classified from none to very high in a scale that goes from 0 to +4 for the positive effects and

from 0 to -4 for the negative effects expected.

In the workshops of Phase-II, the stakeholders input were pursued as part of the evaluation

criteria for the ranking method. Input such as the social acceptability of specific schemes.

The details of the workshops are given in Volume IV of this report.

The ranking is calculated based on the statistical parameter known as ―standardization z‖

(also known as ―z score‖), which in statistics is defined as a standard score to express the

number of standard deviations an observation is above or below the mean. ―z‖ is a

dimensionless parameter calculated by subtracting the population mean (μ) from an

individual raw score (x) and then dividing the difference by the population standard deviation

(σ). This dimensionless value (z) allows us to combine the scores of the five different



73

components of the ranking process, regardless of the total possible points that each

component can achieve.

The score recorded for each of the sub-components is presented in Volume II, along with the

computation details of the addition and standardization of sub-components and each of the

five main components of the ranking method. In a first instance all components were

assigned the same ―weight‖ (W = 1). The results are presented in the table below:

Table 7: Ranking Based on Standardized Z scores

No Prefeasibility

W+ = 1

Total Rank

w+ z

*

1 Rehabilitation and improvement of LBOD drainage infrastructure 5.850 1

2 Revival of natural waterways to drain out storm water 4.842 2

9 Protective plantation of mangroves in the coastal areas of left bank 3.002 3

5 Privatization of FGW SCARP tubewells 2.302 4

3 Rehabilitation of LBOD and SCARP tubewells 2.156 5

15 Establishment of Disaster Management Cell in SIDA 0.769 6

11 Bio-saline agriculture in Badin and Thatta districts 0.325 7

12 Rehabilitation of Deh Akro II and Chotiari wetland complex 0.195 8

16 Gender mainstreaming in irrigation and drainage -0.748 9

10 Use of drainage water for forestation in the LBOD and Kotri areas -0.776 10

4 Ghotki SCARP (saline zone) -1.478 11

7 Elevated platforms for flood displaced persons -2.235 12

14 Brackish water fish farming in LBOD area -2.284 13

13 Shrimp and mud crab farming in coastal areas of left bank -3.007 14

8 Rehabilitation of coastal wetlands -3.404 15

6 Second line of defense for left bank of Indus d/s Kotri -5.509 16

* Standardized Index

+ Weight

Sensitivity analysis was also run increasing the weight of the social component in order to see

the effect on the ranking. The social component ―z‖ value was increased by 50% and the

other four components were left unchanged. The results show that the first seven schemes

continued to have the same ranking position.

6.4 Proposed Prioritizing and Sequencing of Interventions

6.4.1 First Priority Core Interventions

It is proposed that given the exigency of the intervention, and considering their quantifiable

and non-quantifiable benefits, five of the above pre feasibilities are recommended for

undertaking detailed feasibilities, as core projects of high priority. They include:

i. Rehabilitation and improvement of LBOD drainage infrastructure (ranked 1);

ii. Revival of natural waterways to drain out storm water (ranked 2);

iii. Protective plantation of mangroves in the coastal areas of left bank (ranked 3);

iv. Establishment of Disaster Management Cell in SIDA (ranked 6); and

v. Gender mainstreaming in Irrigation and Drainage (ranked 9).



74

The first two have direct bearing on the aversion of flood disaster, if the high rain events

relapse. They are expected to ensure timely and safe evacuation of storm water floods, and

would save colossal loss and damage to standing crops, livestock, private and public

properties and infrastructure, and more importantly human lives, and quality of life of rural

communities, and miseries thereof.

The third intervention will complement the safe outfall of the drainage effluent into the sea,

protect the outfall drainage infrastructure, and arrest and retard sea encroachment and

salinization of productive farm land and water bodies in the coastal areas. It would also

support livelihood of the coastal communities through restoration of fish potential.

Given the magnitude of the flooding risk and the inadequate capacity of the SIDA to cope

with the water disasters, may it be storm water flood or river floods, the need for creating a

vibrant and efficient Disaster Management Cell is overbearing, to coordinate the rescue,

relief, and rehabilitation work in conjunction with PDMA and other relevant agencies.

It is proposed that to ensure the role of women in the participatory water management

approach, the overarching mandate of SIDA, the social cell within SIDA also assumes the

responsibility of ensuring main streaming in the organization, and adopt the

recommendations of the pre-feasibility for the purpose which has been ranked nine in the

selection criteria mentioned above.

Although the ―Gender Mainstreaming in Irrigation and Drainage‖ sub-project was ranked at

9th place due to no assigned points for financial and environmental components, the

Consultant proposed the scheme for implementation due to numerous unquantifiable benefits

of investing in the development of human resources. Numerous studies and donor

organizations including the World Bank advocate for women‘s participation in various

programs to enhanced efficiency: ‗Women who are trained to manage and maintain

community water systems often perform better than men because they are less likely to

migrate, more accustomed to voluntary work, and better entrusted to administer funds

honestly‘ (World Bank 1992: 113). ‗Investing in women‘ has been critically described as

instrumentalist by scholars, noting how women have been taken on board insofar as they

could contribute to productivity objectives, yet sidestepping deliberate advances towards

achieving gender equality or transforming existing gender/power structures (Jackson 2000;

Cleaver 2003)‘. (Women and water management: an integrated approach‖, Dublin Principle

3, International Conference on Water and the Environment Development Issues for the 21st

Century, (Dublin, 1992., http://fiesta.bren.ucsb.edu/~idgec/papers/Babette_Resurreccion.pdf)

6.4.2 Second Priority Interventions

i. Privatization of FGW SCARP tubewells (ranked 4); and

ii. Rehabilitation of LBOD and SCARP tubewells (ranked 5).

The review of the feasibility for the divestment of FGW tubewells Project (prepared by

Consultants engaged by PID), was undertaken to reassess and evaluate its technical and

economic viability in the current situation suggests that the project is still viable.

Nonetheless, since the completion of the feasibility, the number of private tubewells has

surged, and the demand for additional tubewell should have declined. Therefore the emphasis

should be on divesting the existing public sector tubewell and facilitating the farmers to

develop their own tubewells.

Similarly, the pre-feasibility of rehabilitation of the dysfunctional and non-operative SGW

tubewells suggests that the investment will have a positive payoff. Notwithstanding its

benefits the sustainability of investment is in question. It is reported by the beneficiaries, and



75

observed by Consultants during the field visits, that more than 50 per cent of the tubewells

are closed, mostly due to vandalizing of the pumps, motors, electrical fixtures, PMT, LTL,

and HTL. The farmers apprehend that without safeguards for their protection, they would be

closed down before the objective of lowering the water table is achieved. Hence is a risky

investment.

Rather than reinventing the wheels, PC-Is, may be formulated by SIDA and PID within their

jurisdictions, using the current prices, and submit for approval to the relevant forum, subject

to availability of funds and if included in the development plans.

6.4.3 Third Priority Interventions

The following three projects, despite their technical feasibility, are marginally economic

viable, and the rate of returns are not robust, and seems sensitive to variations in costs and

benefits.

i. Bio-saline agriculture in Badin and Thatta districts (ranked 7);

ii. Use of drainage water for forestation in the LBOD and Kotri areas (ranked 10);

iii. Rehabilitation of Deh Akro II and Chotiari wetland complex (ranked 8).

The pre feasibilities of the first two abovementioned interventions suggest that the

investments has modest rate of returns, however are sensitive to changes in cost and benefit

structures. As these are directly relevant to the facilitating timely and safely disposal of the

storm waters, and also not within the preview and mandate of the SIDA or PID, should be

entrusted to the relevant agencies for its development into the respective development

programs i.e. (i) above to Agriculture Department and (ii) above to Sindh Forest Department.

The analysis of the prefeasibility for the Rehabilitation of Deh Akro II and Chotiari wetland

complex suggests that the main benefits is restoration of wildlife, and ecology of the

wetlands, with limited quantifiable benefits from intercepting seepage from the Chotiari lake

and preparation of a management plan for above wetlands.

It is recommended that the detail formulation and implementation of these interventions

should be entrusted to the relevant agencies i.e. Wildlife Department for Deh Akro II and

Irrigation Department for Chotiari. A co-ordinated effort will be required to implement these

interventions as for Deh Akro freshwater will be required from Nara Canal to revive the

dhandhs and for Chotiari Irrigation department and SIDA will be involved.

6.4.4 Interventions Not Recommended for Implementation

Following pre feasibilities were prepared and the analysis and it is recommended that they do

not merit further considerations, for reasons mentioned below. They proposed interventions

evaluated are:

i. Ghotki SCARP - saline zone, (ranked 11);

ii. Elevated platforms for flood displaced persons (ranked 12);

iii. Brackish water fish farming in LBOD area (ranked 13);

iv. Shrimp and mud crab farming in coastal areas of left bank (ranked 14);

v. Rehabilitation of coastal wetlands (ranked 15);

vi. Second line of defense for left bank of Indus d/s Kotri (ranked 16).

The review of feasibility of Ghotki SCARP (1994), prepared by the Consultants engaged by

WAPDA suggests that the proposed intervention is not economically viable now (price level



76

of 2012), and will have enormous negative environmental consequences, mitigation of which

will have high cost, which would further depress the economic viability. Moreover, the

prefeasibility for the revival of dhoras includes construction of surface drainage network to

flush out storm water flows from the Ghotki area.

The prefeasibility of the elevated platforms, prepared by the Consultants, suggest the

proposed intervention has a very high cost (about Rs.1.2 billion), and would provide refuge to

some 20,000 families or about 100 to 120 thousand souls. Moreover, it would be expensive to

maintain these elevated platforms when not use. In addition due the threat of unauthorized

occupation for other purposes, its sustainability is extremely unlikely. However, the widened

drainage banks and canals, and sections of roads, if widened and strengthened could be cost

effective, and will be accessible to a large number of flood displaced persons.

The prefeasibility of two interventions i.e. brackish water fish farming in LBOD area, and

Shrimp and mud crab farming in the coastal areas of left bank indicate that the interventions

have modest rate of return, but sensitive to changes in cost and prices. As the proposed

interventions are essentially a private sector activity, the Sindh Fisheries Department could

provide back up support to the interested potential fish farmers.

The prefeasibility of rehabilitation of coastal wetlands shows that intervention will not yield

enough returns to justify investment, will have high risk of failure due to cyclones of the

magnitude of 1999 cyclone 2A and will not be sustainable. In addition, the sugar mills

effluent laden water from Karo Ghungro and Guni Phuleli drains will kill the local fish

proposed to be promoted in dhand complex. Hence the intervention needs to be dropped for

further considerations.

Similarly, second line of defence intervention was found technically viable, but is not socially

acceptable. The communities along the proposed alignment vehemently opposed its

implementation, as it entails risk of flood disaster. Hence, it is recommended that this does

not warrant further considerations.

6.5 Implementation Chronogram

Two ten implementation chronograms were prepared. The first one considering all 16

identified solutions, including the unfeasible interventions according to the ranking

conducted. Occasionally some financially/economically unfeasible schemes can be chosen if

they are socially needed or because the country might have specific interests.

Two first priority interventions recommended by the Master/Regional Plan Consultants have

been questioned. SIDA instructed that no further work should be conducted in the study of

the Establishment of the Disaster Management Cell in SIDA, therefore the work already done

on it is reported along the other feasible schemes, but will not be included in Phase-III.

The Panel of Experts also expressed their dis-conformity about the high priority scheme

according to the Consultants criterion: Gender Mainstreaming in Irrigation and Drainage.

Therefore the work already done this particular intervention is reported along the other

feasible schemes, and will not be included in Phase-III, unless SIDA issues specific

instructions to do so.

The implementation chronogram including all sixteen schemes is presented below:



77

6.6 Implementation Strategy for the Rehabilitation and Improvement of LBOD

LBOD was originally designed for

a rainfall storm of 5 years return

period (Tr) magnitude, reported by

the World Bank in 2005, “…the

design criteria provided an

available capacity to drain 125 mm

rainfall of 5 days duration in a 5

days period.” The Master/Regional

Plan Consultants conducted a risk

analysis of this particular storm

magnitude and concluded that the

probability that an event of Tr = 5

years will happened within 3 years

period is 50%. This is the

equivalent to tossing a coin every

three years and hoping it will fall heads up.

As explained above, the original capacity of LBOD was limited, which –partially- explains

the recurrent flooding experienced by the people of the lower areas. The maintenance and

desilting practices of LBOD have increased the cross sectional area of the channel, increasing

its water removal and conveyance capacity.

As a result of the extraordinary rainfall recorded during 2011, a series of meetings with the

relevant institutions were held, where it was decided to prepare short and long term plans to

minimize the periodically recurring negative flooding effects and to increase the capacity of

the channel in order to be able to convey and dispose waters of significantly larger storms,

enlarging the recurrence period.

The total cost of the civil works have been worked out based on initial survey work,

discharge measurements during storm water flood of 2011 and adopting unit rates of existing

infrastructure in the Sindh Province. The budget details for the short and long term measures,

including miscellaneous support costs, such as the fees of the supervision consultants and

10 years Implementation Plan 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Feasible Schemes

20

12

20

13

20

14

20

15

20

16

20

17

20

18

20

19

20

20

20

21

A First Priority Core Interventions

1 Rehabilitation and improvement of LBOD drainage infrastructure. 17,580

2 Revival of natural waterways to drain out storm water 43,565

3 Protective plantation of mangroves in the coastal areas of left bank 733

4 Establishment of Disaster Management Cell in SIDA (5 years plan) 108

5 Gender mainstreaming in irrigation and drainage (5 years plan) 420

Subtotal 62,406

B Second Priority Interventions

1 Privatization of FGW SCARP tubewells 8,290

2 Rehabilitation of LBOD and SCARP tubewells 2,603

Subtotal 10,893

C Third Priority Interventions

1 Bio-saline agriculture in Badin and Thatta districts 2,350

2 Use of drainage water for forestation in the LBOD and Kotri areas 225

3 Rehabilitation of Deh Akro II and Chotiari wetland complex 585

Subtotal 3,160

Grand Total 76,459

Investment

(Rs. Million)

-

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

Inves

tmen

t in

Mil

lion

Ru

pee

s

10 Year Investment Plan for Priority Scheme

With Base Cost With Price Contigency



78

others, are presented in detail in table 4. The total costs estimated for the civil works are

about Rs. 16.5 Billion and Rs. 1.2 Billion for miscellaneous expenditures, making a total of

about Rs.17.6 Billion.

6.6.1 Short Term Structural Measures

Following are the suggested short term measures for implementation in a period of 1to 3

years:

i. Raising Banks of Spinal Drainage to Free Board for storm level of 2011.

ii. Rehabilitation of Nawabshah (Shaheed Benazirabad) component of drainage

network.

iii. Rehabilitation of Sanghar component of drainage network.

iv. Rehabilitation of Mirpur Khas component of drainage network.

v. Rehabilitation of Badin component of drainage network.

vi. Rehabilitation of Fulleli Guni Drain.

vii. Rehabilitation of Karo Ghungro Drain.

viii. Rehabilitation of KPOD Outfall Drain.

ix. Rehabilitation of DPOD Drain.

x. Construction of inlets at sites of relief cuts.

xi. Reconstruction of damaged Water Course Crossings and Bridges.

xii. Raising of deck slabs of Submerged Bridges by 2 to 3 feet and also providing

additional water way by adding 1 to 2 spans through bypass culverts/bays.

xiii. Providing stone pitching upstream and downstream of all structures on Spinal,

KPOD and all Branch and Main drains in a length of 500 ft (200 ft upstream

and 200 ft downstream).

xiv. Rising of Banks of Main Drain/Branch Drain at outfall points by 3 to 4 ft in a

length of 10,000 ft to create surcharge storage.

6.6.2 Long Term Structural Measures

Following are the suggested long term measures for implementation in a period of 4 to 6

years:

i. Remodeling of LBOD Drainage Network for a return period of 20 years.

ii. Remodeling of KPOD to a discharge of 6,000 cs.

iii. Remodeling of LBOD Branch Drain to 2,000 cs.

iv. Remodeling of Main Mirpur Khas Main Drain.

v. Converting non inspection path of spinal/main and all branch drains as per IP.

vi. Construction of all weather Road from RD 159 of Spinal Drain to RD 815 of

Spinal Drain.

vii. Providing gated structures at outfall points of drains along KPOD.

viii. Providing pumping arrangement at outfall points of Badin drainage system.

ix. Construction of New Bridges/Water Course Aqueducts on LBOD system.



79

x. Construction of additional Inlets to support On Farm drainage at field level.

xi. Off-loading of spinal drain discharge by a minimum of 3,000 cusecs into old

Dhoras/Dhands.

xii. Construction of Tidal Control Cross- Regulator at RD (-) 12 of KPOD.

xiii. Construction of Head Regulator at RD 159 of KPOD/DPOD.

xiv. Providing additional drainage culverts/causeway at crossing points of road

network.

6.6.3 LBOD rehabilitation construction chronogram

The construction activities are planned to be implemented in two phases. The reparation and

deferred maintenance works as short term activities to enhance the conveyance capacity of

the channel, aiming at protecting the population from the waters coming in the next monsoon

season and the long term undertakings to complete the works as per the design of the present

Consultancy Agreement. The gross chronogram of activities is presented below.

6.7 Implementation strategy for the revival of natural waterways to drain out storm

water

The 2011 unprecedented rainfall observed in Sindh was a wakeup call regarding the flooding

issues that the Province has been experiencing for a number of years. The floods experienced

in year 2011, revealed that the Left Bank area of Indus River has no outlet, except for LBOD,

which performed beyond its capacity. The water ponded for weeks despite the efforts of

SIDA, the Irrigation Department, the military and other authorities to dispose the rain water

off, because the natural waterways (dhoras) had been hindered by canals, drains, roads, and

encroachments of various types.

No Main Outputs

1. Restoration of Spinal Drain (RD 815 to 159) including Structure repair

2. Restoration of DPOD (RD127 to RD 5)

3. Restoration of KPOD (RD 159 to RD 0)

4. Restoration of LBOD branches, KPOD, and other drains

5. Restoration of Mirpurkhas component surface drains

6. Restoration of Sanghar component Surface drains

7. Restoration of Nawabshah component

8. Restoration of Fulleli Guni drainage system

9. Restoration of Karo Gungro drainage system

10. Remodeling of LBOD drainage system for a return period of 20 years

11. Remodeling of KPOD to discharge of 6,000 cfs;

12. Remodeling of Mirpur Khas Main Drain for Separation from Dhoro Puran.

13. Converting Non-Inspection Path (NIP) of Spinal/Main & all Branch drains to par with IP

14. Construction of All Weather Road from RD 159 RD 815 of Spinal Drain.

15. Providing Pumping arrangements at outfall points of Badin Drainage System

16. Construction of New Bridges +WC Aqueducts on LBOD System

17. Construction of new inlets to support of farm drainage

18. Construction of Tidal Control Regulator at RD minus 12 of KPOD

19. Construction of Head Regulator of KPOD RD 159

20. Ancillary works

21. Supervision Consultants

22. Construction of site offices and residential quarters

23. Procurement of boats and vehicles

24. Procurement of survey and scientific equipment

25. Procurement of radio communication system

26. Establishment of early warning system Cell

2019 2020

LBOD Proposed Gross Implementation Activities Chronograph Quarters and Years

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018



80

The conclusion after several meetings with the relevant authorities was that the natural

waterways (dhoras) had to be activated. Accordingly, the Master/Regional Plan Consultants

have developed and recommend the plan described below:

6.7.1 Suggested implementation plan for drainage in lower Sindh

In view of huge cost involved in the activation of natural waterways it is proposed that the

plan may be implemented in phases according to the availability of funds priority of works.

6.7.2 Top priority works before forth coming monsoon rains

i. Activation of dhoras on left side of LBOD Spinal Drain i.e. Hakro Dhoro,

Naro Dhoro and Pithoro Dhoro / Hiral Escape.

ii. Activation of full length of Dhoro Puran from Mirpurkhas to RD 110 of

DPOD including Mirpurkhas bypass.

iii. Separate outfall for Mirpurkhas Main Drain carrying highly polluted effluent,

into LBOD Spinal Drain.

iv. After separation of MMD, Dhoro Puran shall be routed to its natural path

under passing LBOD Spinal Drain.

v. Reconstruction of Dhoro Puran sections which have been utilized in the

alignment of LBOD Spinal Drain to provide clear passage to storm water.

vi. Construction of dhora bypasses proposed for Jhudo, Digri and Naukot towns.

6.7.3 Priority-2 works

i. Providing drainage to cutoff portions of Dhoro Puran on right side of LBOD

Spinal Drain and Mirpurkhas Main Drain by providing under passes / siphons

across Mirpurkhas Main Drain and LBOD Spinal Drain.

ii. Activation of Digri Dhoro, Sohni Dhoro and Bhai Khan Dhoro and connecting

them with Dhoro Puran by constructing under passes across Mirpurkhas Main

Drain and LBOD Spinal Drain.

iii. Construction of dhora bypasses proposed for Digri and Tando Ghulam Ali

towns.

6.7.4 Priority-3 works

i. Construction of adequate sized structures across the dhoras based on 20 years

return period. The construction of numerous structures can take longer time

and cannot be completed before monsoon 2012. As such, in the event of any

heavy rainfall in the monsoon 2012, relief cuts to roads with inadequate sized

culverts could be given to smoothly pass storm water. However, boats will be

required to facilitate local people on either side to cross the dhoras.

ii. Construction of drainage network including structures, proposed for the left

over areas of Umarkot, Digri, Tando Adam, Tando Allahyar and Tando

Ghulam Ali outside the catchment of LBOD system.

6.7.5 Activation of natural waterways chronogram

The construction activities are planned to be implemented in two phases or two terms. The

most important ones as short term activities to protect the population from the waters coming

in the next monsoon season and aiming at minimizing the potential flooding damages as soon

as it is possible to be implemented and, the long term undertakings to complete the works as



81

per the design of the present Consultancy Agreement. The gross chronogram of activities is

presented below.

6.7.6 Activation of Natural Waterways Investment Costs

The estimated indicative cost for the proposed activation of the dhoras is presented in table 6,

where besides the costs of the civil works, the costs related to the required supervision

consultants at 2% of the cost of the civil works were added, plus a gross estimate of the land

acquisition and resettlement activities.

6.8 Policy Issues

6.8.1 Deferred Maintenance

One of the reasons for the poor performance

of the existing drainage system has been

deferred maintenance and allocation of

budgets for the purpose. It is recommended

that adequate budget should be allocated to

ensure best practices and a watch dog

committee comprising of representatives

from the relevant AWBs, representatives of

the civil society, and SIDA and PID officials

to monitor the upkeep of the system.

6.8.2 Effective compliance of environmental protection laws

The discharge of toxic effluent from the sugar mills into the drainage system is a major cause

of concern expressed by the stakeholders. Apart from the foul smell it emits from the drains,

its toxicity is detrimental to aquatic life in the drains and the water bodies along the KPOD

and tidal link. This environmental hazard needs to be monitored and checked by the relevant

provincial agencies, particularly Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the province.

A review of the existing regulatory mechanism suggests that the sugar mills find it cheaper to

pay the fine, if imposed, than to invest in treating the effluent plant within the sugar mills. It

is rather an incentive to breach the compliance. It is recommended that following the

No Main OutputsStart

DateEnd Date

1Activation of dhoras, Puran up to Shakoord dhand, Sohni dhoro & Bhai Khan

dhoro and bypasses of Mirpurkhas, Jhuddo, Tando Ghulam Ali4/2012 6/2020

2Activation & Restoration of pocket drains along Hiral escape/ Pithoro Dhoro,

Hakro Dhoro & Naro (Nabisar) Dhoro i/c Naukot bypass4/2012 6/2020

3 Activation of Sarfaraz (Digri) Dhoro , including Digri bypasses 4/2012 6/2020

4 Excavation and revival of Pangrio, Kh‘ Gumbo & Roshanabad dhoras 7/2014 6/2020

5 Excavation and revival of Ghotki dhoras 7/2014 6/2020

6 Excavation and revival of Khairpur South dhoras 7/2014 6/2020

7 Construction of surface drains in T.Adam, T.AllahYar, T.M Khan and TG ALI

area

7/2014 6/2020

8 Construction of surface drains in Digri area 7/2014 6/2020

9 Construction of surface drains in Umerkot, Farash and Khipro area 7/2014 6/2020

10 Construction of surface drains in Ghotki area 7/2014 6/2020

11 Construction of surface drains in Khairpur South area 7/2014 6/2020

12 Construction of 3X Escapes on LBOD i/c Weirs and Link Channels 7/2014 6/2020

2017

Revival of Dhoras

Leftover Areas

LBOD Escapes

2018 2019 2020

Gross Chronogram of Activities for the Activation of natural Waterways (dhoras)

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

Invest

men

t in

Mil

lio

n R

up

ees

10 Years Cummulative Investment for

Priority Schemes

With Base Cost With Price Contigency



82

‗pollutant to pay principle‘ the punitive default charge is enhanced to encourage the sugar

mills to refrain from dumping untreated effluent into the drainage or irrigation canals.

6.8.3 Cost Recovery Policy

The main benefit from the investment in rehabilitating, remodeling, the drainage system

including reviving of dhoras is to ensure safe disposal of the storm water (for storms of 20

years return period or less magnitude) and reduction of flood damages losses to all the sectors

of the economy (for larger storms). There is an urgent need for a policy to recover the capital

cost or at least the annual expenditure on operation and maintenance of the drainage system.

It is proposed that a pricing policy is articulated and formulated for enforcement of drainage

cess.

As the benefits of the drainage system improvements is not limited to the agriculture and

livestock sectors, it creates significant consumer surplus for the population in general, and

hence all the beneficiaries should contribute to the repayment of the capital and or operation

and maintenance cost, commensurate with share in the benefits. A study should be entrusted

to an economic research outfit and is financed by the Planning and Development Department

to estimate the benefits to different sectors and to assign a fair share to the direct and indirect

beneficiaries, considering the repayment capacity. The analysis should also recommend an

administratively easy mode of assessment and collection.

6.9 Summary Recommendations

The main objective of the Phase-II study was to i) identify structural and non-structural

solutions/options and interventions; ii) prepare pre feasibilities of the interventions selected

through stakeholder consultative process, detailing rationale, output, impact, along with

technical and economic viability, sustainability, and socially acceptability. Based on the

criteria developed the pre feasibilities have been ranked and prioritized. Following are the

recommendations for the consideration of SIDA, PID, and the GoS.

A. Core Projects be Selected as First Priority

The following pre feasibilities are recommended for formulating detailed feasibility during

the Phase-III.

i. rehabilitation and improvement of LBOD drainage infrastructure;

ii. revival of natural water ways (dhoras) to drain out the storm water;

iii. protective plantation of mangroves in the coastal areas of left bank;

iv. establishment of Disaster Management Cell in SIDA; and

v. gender mainstreaming in irrigation and drainage.

B. Preparation of PC Is for the Second Priority Projects

It is proposed that the following second priority interventions are considered for preparing

revised PC Is by the PID, and submitted for the approval of the GoS.

i. Privatization of FGW SCARP tubewells; and

ii. Rehabilitation of the LBOD and SCARP tubewells,

C. Projects to be Processed by the Relevant Line Departments

Following the third priority interventions should be entrusted the relevant line

agencies for further processing. These include:



83

i. Bio-saline agriculture in Badin and Thatta districts

ii. Use of drainage water for forestation in the LBOD and Kotri areas

iii. Rehabilitation of Deh Akro II and Chotiari wetland complex.

D. Projects Not Recommended for Further Pursuing

The analyses of six of the prefeasibility suggest that they do not merit considerations for

further pursuing, either they are unfeasible, or private sector activity, socially not acceptable,

and or risk of sustainability. They are:

i. Ghotki SCARP in saline zone (unfeasible);

ii. Rehabilitation of coastal wetlands (unfeasible);

iii. Elevated platforms for flood displaced persons (not sustainable); however

widened and strengthened drain and canal banks, and raised and widened section

of roads could be a cost effective alternative.

iv. Brackish water fish farming in LBOD area (feasible, but a private sector activity);

v. Shrimp and mud crab farming in coastal areas of left bank (feasible, but a private

sector activity); and

vi. Second line of defence for left bank of Indus d/s Kotri. (Socially not acceptable).

E. Non Structural Interventions/Pre Requisites

i. In addition to this, SIDA and PID should ensure that the irrigation canals are

closed at least one week before the rain warning.

ii. It is further recommended that before the ensuing monsoons, the heavy machinery

should be mobilized to vulnerable point on the drainage network by July 30 each

year,

iii. As it is anticipated that that the coming years will experience high level of

precipitation of about 2011 magnitude, SIDA/PID should ensure that the

information regarding expected floods and its intensity is widely and timely

disseminated, and coordinate with PDMA, district administrations, and relevant

NGOs for flood preparedness.

F. Effective Compliance and Enforcement of EPA regulations for Sugar mills.

i. The EPA should monitor that the sugar mills comply with the environmental

protection laws, and do not dump their untreated toxic effluent directly into the

water bodies including drains.

ii. EPA should also rationalize the fines on the sugar mills for non-compliance.

G. Initiation and Facilitation of Inter-Provincial Dialogue

To address the concerns expressed by the stakeholders located in the northern strip of Ghotki,

regarding the encroachment of saline effluent from SCARP VI adversely affecting the fertile

cropped lands, the environment water table and quality of ground water, SIDA needs to

initiate and facilitate an interprovincial dialogue, at the appropriate level. The Consultants

recommend implementing the project as per the original design.



84

6.10 Indicative Financial Outlay of Master Plan

The indicative cost of interventions was estimated for all the pre-feasibilities using current

2012 prices. The base costs include a two per cent provision as physical contingency. Total

cost was also computed accounting for three per cent as price escalation for construction

industry.

It is estimated that the overall base cost of recommended and not recommended intervention

is about Rs.93.8 billion. With the provision of price contingency the total cost is about Rs.111

billion. Out of this, the estimated base cost of the recommended interventions is about

Rs.76.5 billion, and the total cost inclusive of price contingency is Rs.90.1 billion. It may be

noted, that the total cost includes 17.5 per cent as taxes, suggesting that the net financing

requirement will be reduced by about Rs.15.8 billion.

Following table summarises the financial outlay for the priority interventions. The detailed

year wise expenditure, both for base costs and with price contingency of 3 per cent is

presented in annex 1 and annex 2 respectively.

Table 8: Indicative Financial Outlay of Master Plan

Prefeasibility

Investment

(Rs. Million)a

A First Priority Core Interventions

1 Rehabilitation and improvement of LBOD drainage infrastructure b 17,580

2 Revival of natural waterways to drain out storm water b 43,565

3 Protective plantation of mangroves in the coastal areas of left bank 733

4 Establishment of Disaster Management Cell in SIDA 108

5 Gender mainstreaming in irrigation and drainage 420

Subtotal 62,406

B Second Priority Interventions

1 Privatization of FGW SCARP tubewells 8,290

2 Rehabilitation of LBOD and SCARP tubewells 2,603

Subtotal 10,893

C Third Priority Interventions

1 Bio-saline agriculture in Badin and Thatta districts 2,350

2 Use of drainage water for forestation in the LBOD and Kotri areas 225

3 Rehabilitation of Deh Akro II and Chotiari wetland complex 585

Subtotal 3,160

Total Base Cost of Intervention 76,459

Price contingency @ 3% yearly for construction sector escalation 24,434

Total Investment cost 90,083 a: These costs are base costs and include provision of 2 percent for unforeseen and physical contingency.

b: includes Rs.1,500 million and Rs.102 million cost to be incurred as emergency works

respectively for LBOD and Dhoras during April 2012 and 30 June 2012

6.11 Investment Chronogram

The two implementation alternatives were analyzed from the investment perspective, looking

at the annual and the cumulative budgets required for each alternative, putting special

emphasis on the first priority interventions, as these cover the main schemes, rehabilitation of

LBOD and revival of dhoras. The latter includes the investment of storm drainage provision

to the left over areas.



85

The first priority interventions, recommended by the Master/Regional Plan Consultants

contemplate an annual maximum investment of nearly Rs. 7 Billion per year during eight

financial years. The annual investment required and the nine years cumulative investments

are presented in the chart.

The ten years investment plan for all sixteen schemes requires an average annual investment

of about Rs.5 Billion a year, concentrating most of the disbursement in the first nine years

due to the works to be carried out at the LBOD and dhoras. The peak investment obviously

falls in the first priority schemes and is of the order of Rs.9 Billion in year 2018, which

corresponds to the seventh year of the implementation component of the project. The

cumulated investment is about Rs.92.3 Billion. The details of the budget required and

chronogram are given in Annexure A of this chapter.



86

Annex 1: Base Cost estimates of all Schemes

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total

A. First Priority Core Interventions

1. Rehabilitation and improvement of LBOD Drainage Infrastructure 1,568.0 2,670.0 1,834.0 1,918.0 1,918.0 1,918.0 1,918.0 1,918.0 1,918.0 - 17,580.0

2. Revival of natural waterways to drain out storm water 102.0 823.0 1,792.0 6,808.0 6,808.0 6,808.0 6,808.0 6,808.0 6,808.0 - 43,565.0

3. Protective plantation of mangroves in the coastal areas of the left bank - - 53.0 163.0 174.0 177.0 166.0 - - - 733.0

4. Establishment of disaster management cell in SIDA - - 30.0 20.0 20.0 19.0 19.0 - - - 108.0

5. Gender mainstreaming in irrigation and drainage - - 84.0 84.0 84.0 84.0 84.0 - - - 420.0

Subtotal 1,670.0 3,493.0 3,793.0 8,993.0 9,004.0 9,006.0 8,995.0 8,726.0 8,726.0 - 62,406.0

B. Second Priority Interventions

1. Privatization pf FGW SCARP tubewells - - - 1,658.0 1,658.0 1,658.0 1,658.0 1,658.0 - - 8,290.0

2. Rehabilitation of LBOD and SCARP tubewells - - - 520.6 520.6 520.6 520.6 520.6 - - 2,603.0

Subtotal - - - 2,178.6 2,178.6 2,178.6 2,178.6 2,178.6 - - 10,893.0

C. Third Priority Interventions

1. Bio-saline agriculture in Badin and Thatta districts - - - - - 190.0 540.0 540.0 540.0 540.0 2,350.0

2. Use of drainage water for forestation in the LBOD and Kotri areas - - - - - 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 225.0

3. Rehabilitation of Deh Akro II and Chotiari wetland complex - - - - - 195.0 195.0 195.0 - - 585.0

Subtotal - - - - - 430.0 780.0 780.0 585.0 585.0 3,160.0

Total Baseline Cost (Priority Interventions) 1,670.0 3,493.0 3,793.0 11,171.6 11,182.6 11,614.6 11,953.6 11,684.6 9,311.0 585.0 76,459.0

D. Not Recommended for Pusuing Further

1. Ghotki SCARP (Saline Zone) - - - - - 1,350.0 1,563.0 1,280.0 752.0 98.0 5,043.0

2. Elevated platforms for flood displaced persons - 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 - - - 1,200.0

3. Brackish water fish farming in LBOD area (credit line) - - - - - 109.0 109.0 109.0 109.0 109.0 545.0

4. Shrimp and mud carab farming in coastal areas of letft bank (credit line) - - - - - 24.8 24.8 24.8 24.8 24.8 124.0

5. Rehabilitation of coastal wetlands complex - - - - - 1,688.0 1,688.0 1,688.0 1,688.0 1,690.0 8,442.0

6. Second line of defense for left bank of Indus d/s Kotri - - - - 330.0 331.0 331.0 331.0 331.0 331.0 1,985.0

Subtotal - 200.0 200.0 200.0 530.0 3,702.8 3,915.8 3,432.8 2,904.8 2,252.8 17,339.0

Total Baseline Cost (Priority and non recommend interventions) 1,670.0 3,693.0 3,993.0 11,371.6 11,712.6 15,317.4 15,869.4 15,117.4 12,215.8 2,837.8 93,798.0



87

Annex 2: Cost estimates of all Schemes including Price Contingency

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total

A. First Priority Core Interventions

1. Rehabilitation and improvement of LBOD Drainage Infrastructure 1,591.5 2,791.4 1,974.9 2,127.3 2,191.1 2,256.8 2,324.5 2,394.3 2,466.1 - 20,117.9

2. Revival of natural waterways to drain out storm water 103.5 860.4 1,929.6 7,550.9 7,777.4 8,010.7 8,251.0 8,498.6 8,753.5 - 51,735.7

3. Protective plantation of mangroves in the coastal areas of the left bank - - 57.1 180.8 198.8 208.3 201.2 - - - 846.1

4. Establishment of disaster management cell in SIDA - - 32.3 22.2 22.8 22.4 23.0 - - - 122.7

5. Gender mainstreaming in irrigation and drainage - - 90.5 93.2 96.0 98.8 101.8 - - - 480.2

Subtotal 1,695.1 3,651.8 4,084.4 9,974.3 10,286.1 10,597.0 10,901.6 10,892.9 11,219.6 - 73,302.7

B. Second Priority Interventions

1. Privatization pf FGW SCARP tubewells - - - 1,838.9 1,894.1 1,950.9 2,009.4 2,069.7 - - 9,763.1

2. Rehabilitation of LBOD and SCARP tubewells - - - 577.4 594.7 612.6 630.9 649.9 - - 3,065.5

Subtotal - - - 2,416.3 2,488.8 2,563.5 2,640.4 2,719.6 - - 12,828.6

C. Third Priority Interventions

1. Bio-saline agriculture in Badin and Thatta districts - - - - - 223.6 654.5 674.1 694.3 715.1 2,961.6

2. Use of drainage water for forestation in the LBOD and Kotri areas - - - - - 52.9 54.5 56.2 57.9 59.6 281.1

3. Rehabilitation of Deh Akro II and Chotiari wetland complex - - - - - 229.4 236.3 243.4 - - 709.2

Subtotal - - - - - 506.0 945.3 973.7 752.2 774.7 3,951.9

Total Project Cost (Priority Interventions) 1,695.1 3,651.8 4,084.4 12,390.6 12,774.9 13,666.5 14,487.3 14,586.1 11,971.8 774.7 90,083.2

D. Nont Recommended for Pusuing Further

1. Ghotki SCARP (Saline Zone) - - - - - 1,588.5 1,894.3 1,597.9 966.9 129.8 6,177.3

2. Elevated platforms for flood displaced persons - 209.1 215.4 221.8 228.5 235.3 242.4 - - - 1,352.5

3. Brackish water fish farming in LBOD area (credit line) - - - - - 128.3 132.1 136.1 140.1 144.4 680.9

4. Shrimp and mud carab farming in coastal areas of letft bank (credit line) - - - - - 29.2 30.0 30.9 31.9 32.8 154.9

5. Rehabilitation of coastal wetlands complex - - - - - 1,986.2 2,045.8 2,107.2 2,170.4 2,238.1 10,547.7

6. Second line of defense for left bank of Indus d/s Kotri - - - - 377.0 389.5 401.2 413.2 425.6 438.4 2,444.8

Subtotal - 209.1 215.4 221.8 605.5 4,356.9 4,745.8 4,285.2 3,734.9 2,983.5 21,358.1

Total Project Cost (Priority and non recommend interventions) 1,695.1 3,860.8 4,299.7 12,612.4 13,380.4 18,023.4 19,233.1 18,871.4 15,706.7 3,758.2 111,441.3



88

Attachment 1

STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION PROCESS

A central point in the preparation of the WSIP-I Regional Plan is preparation of the Plan in

consultations with communities and other major stakeholders. One of the key ―lessons

learnt” (see PAD, WB, 2007) has been to make participatory approaches to development

crucial to project design based on social considerations. Genuine participation and

involvement from the community and other relevant stakeholders, thus, is viewed as essential

throughout the planning and design process not only for this phase of the work but

throughout all four phases.

Therefore preparation of the Master Plan followed the consultative process at all stages of the

study, namely, identification of the issues and options and preparation of pre feasibilities, and

detail designing. The consultations with communities and other main stakeholders were

organized at multiple levels.

The main purpose of the workshop was to present solutions proposed during the consultations

with communities and stakeholders in the Phase-1, and to solicit additional suggestions and

solutions if any; and their endorsement of the proposed solutions, mainly to resolve issues

related to drainage, flooding, environment, natural resources, socio-economic and

institutional issues, and to prioritization the proposed interventions.

To ensure full and equal involvement of men and women of all ages, backgrounds and social

status, a wide range of stakeholders were invited to participate in the workshops in project

area based on fifteen districts of Sindh, three area water boards including national potential

stakeholders. Several interventions were proposed and presented to the stakeholders for the

identified problems related to drainage, flooding, environment, and socio-economic issues.

The main objective of this process of community consultations was to identify structural and

non-structural environment friendly solutions/interventions, ranking and detailed designing of

selected interventions. The solutions to the problems/issues identified during the phase I,

have been compiled, discussed, ranked and endorsed by the stakeholders at intensive Phase II

consultations.

Overall, the phase II consultations were comprised of the workshops organized at three levels

i.e.: i) twelve district level workshops; ii) three Area Water Board level workshops; and iii)

one national/regional level workshop.

The workshops at the district level were organized in the following districts: Ghotki, Sukkur

and Khaipur, Noushero Feroze, Shaheed Benazirabad, Mirpurkhas and Tando Allahyar,

Sanghar, Hyderabad and Matiary, Badin, Thatta, Tando Muhammad Khan, Tharparkar and

Umerkot. In addition, one workshop was organized for each of the three Area Water Boards

(Ghotki Feeder Canal AWB, Nara Canal AWB and Left Bank Canal AWB). The final wrap

up workshop was conducted in Karachi with participation of regional and national

stakeholders.

The participants included representations from the farmers, and line agencies, such as

departments of agriculture, livestock, fisheries, forestry, farmer organizations (FOs), Abadgar

Board, (AWBs), SIDA, civil society. Women were especially encouraged to participate.

These workshops were organized in coordination with fifteen local partner NGOs and

Consortium teams. Based on these consultations and stakeholders‘ suggestions, the

Consultants have formulated several interventions to mitigate the issues and problems mainly

pertaining to drainage, flooding, environment, natural resources, socio-economic and

institutional issues in the left bank of Indus, delta and coastal area. The stakeholders were



89

given the opportunity to discuss, endorse or reject those interventions with adding alternative

solutions according to their opinions.

In order to disseminate the preparation of master plan process, project fliers in local

languages were distributed prior to the community consultations. About 10,000 project

pamphlets each in Sindhi and English languages were distributed, along with 81 news

cuttings published in the local media in English, Urdu and Sindhi languages. In addition to

this, six TV programs about the preparation of the master plan and related issues were

organized local TV channels. In order to reach a wider community, a questionnaire to identify

problems and solutions was published in the Sindhi and English newspapers. The feedback

received from stakeholders indicates stakeholder‘s satisfaction and keen interest in the

participatory process. This also helped the consultants in understanding the perceptions and

aspirations of the stakeholders.

The total number of participants in the workshops held during the two phases was 9,077, of

which female participants were 2,455 (about 27 percent). Out of these women 229 were

women active in the professional fields.

In the district level workshops held during the second phase of the study, 1,442 stakeholders

were invited. Of them 1,014 (70 percent) participated in the workshop. Of those who attended,

twelve percent were women (121).

During and after the 2011 storm water floods, the social team visited each district in the

project area, assessed the situation and consulted with the flood affected communities. The

team visited 89 villages in fifteen project area districts and consulted with 1,740 persons in

order to assess the losses/damages of villages, crops destruction, people and livestock

affected, chicken and fish farms destroyed, diseases spread, government/private assistance

provided, source of income available etc. In each district, the team has a partner NGO that

gave us the first hand information about the situation on the ground, suggested villages and

communities to be visited and accompanied our team on each visit. Their work in affected

areas and information and help given to our team are indispensable.

The detailed description of the participatory process, and district wise representation and

participation, and proceedings of the workshops is presented in Volume IV of the Phase II

report.



90

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