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S i n a a r s i
maka xarSilaZe, Tamar kerZaia, saxelmwifo ena, meore ena da motivacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
gv. 2
Maka Kharshiladze, Tamar Kerdzaia, State Language, Second Language and Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
gv. 9
qeTevan goCitaSvili, bilingvuri ganaTleba _ pirovnebis
multikulturulad aRzrdis
instrumenti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
gv. 10
Ketevan Gochitashvili, Bilingual education – The instrument of grew multicultural person. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
gv. 17
irina bagauri, ena, mravalferovneba da swavleba dualuri bilingvuri ganaTlebis magaliTze . . . . . . . . . .
gv. 18
Irina Bagauri, Language, diversity and learning from the point of view of ,,Dual Bilingual Education~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
gv. 26
irina SubiTiZe, bilingvizmis kognituri da socialuri
upiratesobebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
gv. 27
Irina Shubitidze, Benefits of Cognitive and Social Bilingualism . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 33
merab babuxadia, meore enis arasafexureobrivi swrafi swavlebis meToduri Taviseburebani. . . . . . . . .
gv. 34
M. Babukhadia, Features of Fast Methodological Teaching of Foreign Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
gv. 41
nino SaraSeniZe, Secdomebis analizi da maTze muSaoba enis
aTvisebis procesSi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
gv. 42
Nino Sharashenidze, Analysis of Mistakes and Working Them in Mastering
a Language
gv. 48
maka xarSilaZe
ilias universitetis d. uznaZis sax. fsiqologiis institutis mecnier-
TanamSromeli
Tamar kerZaia
ilias universitetis d. uznaZis sax. fsiqologiis institutis mecnier-
TanamSromeli
saxelmwifo ena, meore ena da motivacia
abstraqti
saqarTvelos regionaluri da kulturuli specifikis, iseve, rogorc
enobrivi garemos gaTvaliswinebiT, aucilebelia gamoikveTos, Tu
romeli enebi vaswavloT, vis vaswavloT, romel asakSi da romeli
pedagogiuri meTodebi gamoviyenoT. aseve, gasaTvaliswinebelia, Tu
Tavad umciresobis warmomadgeneli ras airCevs, upiratesobas romel
enas mianiWebs. rogoria individis, moswavlis motivacia, ratom unda
am enis Seswavla, ra mizniT swavlobs meore enas.
saqarTvelos mravaleTnikurobi-
dan gamomdinare, sadReisod
aqtualuri gaxda umciresobis mier
meore enis anu saxelmwifo enis
srulfasovnad dauflebis sakiTxi.
sazogadod, lingvistur da
kulturul mravalferovnebasTan
dakavSirebuli problemebis marTva,
rogorc wesi, ioli ar aris. am mxriv
arc saqarTvelo warmoadgens
gamonakliss. unda aRiniSnos, rom
yuradReba ganaTlebisa da enobrivi
politikis mimarT mTel msoflioSi
stabilurad izrdeba. rac Seexeba
saqarTvelos, am SemTxvevaSi enobrivi
suraTi sakmaod mravalferovania.
bunebrivia, rom enis dauflebasTan
dakavSirebuli problematika, upirve-
les yovlisa, uSualod ganaTlebis
sistemis gadasaWrel problemaTa rigs
ganekuTvneba; amasTanave, arc is aris
sadavo, rom ganaTleba da ganaTlebis
politikidan gamomdinare problema-
tika mxolod pedagogebis problema
ar aris. unda aRiniSnos is garemoeba,
rom samoqalaqo integraciis procesis
ZiriTad maCveneblad dRes saxelmwifo
enis codna iTvleba. faqtobrivad,
saqme exeba umciresobis enobriv
ganaTlebas.
kanoni amkvidrebs mravalenovani
ganaTlebis formas umciresobaTa
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #3, 2010
2
skolebisaTvis. mravalenovani ganaT-
leba eyrdnoba swavlebis saSualebad
ori an meti enis gamoyenebas.
saqarTvelos kompaqturad dasax-
lebul regionebSi swavlebis ena ar
aris saxelmwifo ena da saskolo
swavleba mSobliur enaze
xorcieldeba, amasTanave, uzrunvel-
yofilia saxelmwifo an sxva (ucxo)
enebis swavlebac. lingvisturi termi-
nologiis mixedviT, ramdenime
gansxvavebul enobriv kategorias
gamoyofen; kerZod:
1. pirveli ena mSobliuri enaa.
es aris ena, romelsac adamiani
bunebrivad, umTavresad ojaxSi,
mSoblebis garemocvaSi, yovelgvari
instruqciebis gareSe iTvisebs.
mSobliuri ena SeiZleba iyos ori.
bavSvi, rogorc wesi, mSobliur enas
adreul asakSi eufleba.
2. meore ena aris sxva nebismieri
ena, romelsac adamiani swavlobs
pirveli anu mSobliuri enis Semdeg.
aq maxvili gadatanilia geografiuli
da socialuri garemos mniSvnelobaze;
anu es ena Seiswavleba im garemoSi,
romelSic am enaze saubroben. es ar
aris e.w. ucxo ena, mag. iaponiaSi
`ucxo ena~ aris espanuri.
3. ucxo ena ewodeba im enas,
romlis gamoyenebac ar cdeba minimum
saklaso oTaxis farglebs. am enis
siRrmiseuli Seswavla, iseve, rogorc
ucxo enisa, gaZnelebulia. Znelia, ise
iswavlo ucxo ena, rogorc
mSobliuri (Tumca, yoveldRiur
sityvaxmarebaSi zogjer ucxo enas da
meore enas erTnairi mniSvnelobiT
iyeneben, rac ar aris gamarTlebuli).
4. erovnuli (nacionaluri) ena _
ena, romelic ukavSirdeba uSualod
nacionalur, erovnul kulturas. mag.
ungreTSi _ ungruli ena, saqar-
TveloSi _ qarTuli, espanuri ena _
kosta-rikaSi. da a.S. SesaZlebelia,
qveyanaSi iyos erTze meti erovnuli
ena, mag. kanada, sadac franguli da
inglisuri enebia miCneuli erovnul
enebad. Sveicaria _ sadac oTxi
saxelmwifo enaa: germanuli,
franguli, italiuri da retro
germanuli.
sazogadod, enis sakiTxi da
mSobliuri enisadmi damokidebuleba
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens,
radgan subieqtisaTvis is Serwymuli
da gaTanabrebulia erovnul TviT-
identifikaciasTan. enis meSveobiT
eTnikuri umciresoba cdilobs,
SeinarCunos Tavisi erovnuloba,
rasac, maTi azriT, am sxva, ara
sakuTari, qveynis teritoriaze
safrTxe emuqreba. gamonaklisi arc
saqarTvelos polieTnikuri regi-
onebia, sadac mosaxleoba, enobrivi
rusifikaciis inerciiT, flobs
rusul enas da naklebad _ qarTuls,
romelic saxelmwifo enaa.
masStaburi sociologiuri gamo-
kvlevebis analizma gamoavlina, rom
enobrivi situaciis Secvla aris
xangrZlivi procesi. am dinamikaSi
gasaTvaliswinebelia masobrivi cno-
bierebis inerciuloba da ste-
reotipebi. rogorc wesi, Zaldataneba
da forsirebuli zewola amwvavebs
eTnikur damokidebulebebs, nacvlad
imisa, rom enobrivi procesebis
mimarTuleba dadebiTi mimarTulebiT
Secvlos. postsabWoTa respublikebSi
enisgan momdinare daZabuloba da
konfliqti SedarebiT Serbilda,
rodesac orive enas saxelmwifo
statusi mianiWes. iklo situaciis
simZafris xarisxma da adamianebSi
enis dakargvasTan dakavSirebulma
SfoTvis da SiSis grZnobam~
(korostilevi, 1998; gv. 191).
saqarTveloSi erTaSoris ur-
TierTobis ena, faqtobrivad, iyo
rusuli ena. saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #3, 2010
3
araqarTulenovani mosaxleoba ver
xedavda qarTuli enis swavlis
saWiroebas. amis Sedegad, eTnikuri
umciresobebiT dasaxlebul regi-
onebSi saSualo ganaTlebis mqone
piri, bunebrivia, saxelmwifo enaze
komunikacias ver axerxebda. axla,
rodesac saqarTvelos mTel
teritoriaze saxelmwifo ena
qarTulia, erovnuli umciresobebiT
dasaxlebul regionebSi Seicvala
saxelmwifo enis swavlisadmi
damokidebuleba. mosaxleobis didi
nawili Riad moiTxovs qarTuli enis
swavlebis xarisxis amaRlebas. Cveni
azriT, im regionebSi, sadac enobrivi
garemo araqarTulia, gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania saxelmwifo enisadmi
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis dadebiTi
damokidebulebis, dadebiTi ganwyobi-
sadmi angariSis gaweva, raTa ar
warmoiqmnas, ar gaidgas fexi
mosazrebam, TiTqos saxelmwifo enis
swavleba eTnikuri umciresobebis
sazianodaa mimarTuli.
erovnuli umciresobebiT
kompaqturad dasaxlebul regionebSi,
sadac saxelmwifo ena ar gamoiyeneba
yoveldRiurobaSi _ mag. javaxeTi,
sadac sakomunikacio ena rusulia,
somxuri ki mSobliuri, mosaxleoba,
kerZod bavSvebi, seriozuli
problemebis winaSe aRmoCndnen.
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom regionis
mosaxleoba moiTxovs qarTuli enis
swavlebis xarisxis gaumjobesebas.
umTavresad sirTules qmnis is
garemoeba, rom regionSi mcxovrebi
umciresobaTa enaze molaparake
bavSvebi, im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac
umravlesobisagan gansxvavebul
skolaSi swavloben, anu
azerbaijaneli bavSvi _ azerbaijanul
skolaSi da somexi erovnebis bavSvi _
somxur skolaSi, xolo qarTveli
bavSvi ki _ qarTulSi, erTi SexedviT
aman ar unda SeuqmnasE bavSvs raime
problema; magram amgvari viTareba
ganapirobebs umciresobis da
umravlesobis eTnikuri da enobrivi
niSniT dayofas. rogorc am
mimarTulebiT didi gamocdilebis
mqone beatris Sulteri aRniSnavs,
romelic umaRlesi komisris warmo-
madgeneli gaxldaT saqarTveloSi
erovnul umciresobaTa ganaTlebis
mimarTulebiT, `ganaTlebis es sistema
Zalze mcire asakidanve bavSvebs yofs
maTi eTnikuri, erovnuli da
kulturuli warmomavlobis mxriv da
cal-calke aswavlis maT im regionSi,
sadac isini erTmaneTis gverdigverd
cxovroben. yoveldRiurobaSi bavSvebi
acnobiereben, rom isini principulad
gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan da rom
maT sxvadasxva klasebSi unda
iswavlon. Sesabamisad, arsebuli
sistema bavSvebs ara marto
cxovrebaSi sTavazobs uTanasworo
SesaZ-leblobebs, aramed ayalibebs
danawevrebul sazogadoebas,
romelSic konfliqtis didi
potenciali arsebobs~ (Sulteri,
2006; gv. 164). rodesac mSobelma amgvar
socialur garemoSi gaacnobiera
qarTuli enis dauflebis auci-
lebloba da mSobels unda, rom misi
Svili daeuflos saxelmwifo enas,
bunebrivia, umetes SemTxvevaSi mas
bavSvi Sehyavs qarTul skolaSi. es
viTarebac ar aris bavSvisaTvis
iolad dasaZlevi. umciresobis bavSvi
qarTul skolaSi dadis, mas saklaso
oTaxis tradiciul sirTuleebTan
erTad, rogorc umciresobidan
momdinare problemebi da, aseve, enis
arcodnidan momdinare problemebi
emateba. saklaso oTaxSi erovnuli
umciresobis bavSvi misTvis sruliad
ucxo garemoSia moqceuli, sadac
swavleba misTvis aramSobliur
enazea;. amas ewodeba sxva enobriv
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #3, 2010
4
garemoSi sruli imersia. (submersion or total immersion). ganaTlebis es modeli
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi gaxdis bavSvs
orenovnad, Tu dedaena Zalze
prestiJulia da skolis gareTac
farTod gamoiyeneba. mag. komunistur
sivrceSi rusebis mdgomareoba,
rodesac rusuli ena prestiJul enad
iyo miCneuli (rusi erovnebis bavSvi
qarTul skolaSi). umciresobis bavSvi,
raoden maRal donezec ar unda iyos
maTTvis meore enis swavleba, enis
codnaSi mainc CamorCeba im bavSvebs,
romelTaTvisac mSobliuri ena
qarTulia. Cveulebriv, ganaTlebis
amgvari modeli ar gvaZlevs
`orenovnebas~; ufro metic _
SesaZloa man ukugavlena moaxdinos
bavSvis ganviTarebaze. warmoidgineT
bavSvi, romelic ar laparakobs
qarTulad da skolaSi ki qarTulad
molaparake bavSvebis garemoSia
moqceuli, saswavlo procesic im
enaze warimarTeba, romelic mas ar
esmis! aseT viTarebaSi bavSvi miiRebs
e.w. enobriv garemoSi sruli imersiis
Soks (full immersion shock). qarTulenovan garemoSi moqceuli
umciresobis bavSvebi, rogorc wesi,
iketebian TavianT TavSi, maT ar esmiT,
ver igeben kiTxvebs, maTi pasuxebi
sxvebis mxridan iwveves sicils da
dacinvas, bavSvma SesaZloa daaskvnas,
rom mas saerTod ar SeuZlia swavla;
bunebrivia, rom amgvarma Sokma bavSvis
SemecnebiTi ganviTarebis Seferxebac
gamoiwvios. yovelive zemoTqmuls
emateba is, rom bavSvi arc dedaenas
swavlobs, wera-kiTxvas ar swavlobs
mSobliur enaze da isev da isev
ferxdeba misi ganviTarebis procesi.
bavSvi xedavs, rom misi qarTulad
molaparake Tanatoli warmatebulia,
is ki Tavs ver arTmevs swavlas!
SesaZloa aman bavSvSi ganaviTaros
uaryofiTi damokidebuleba rogorc
qarTulad molaparake bavSvebis, aseve
mTlianad qarTuli enisa da
kulturis mimarT. aris imis
saSiSroebac, rom am fsiqologiuri
daZabulobis fonze Camoyalibdes e.w.
`bikulturuli ambivalentobis~
(bicultural ambivalence) gaormagebuli
grZnoba: sircxvili sakuTari
kulturis mimarT da mtruli,
uaryofiTi damokidebuleba sxva
kulturis mimarT. am tendencias
adasturebs f. bruqsis da e. klemeras
mier inglisSi Catarebuli kvleva.
skolamdel asakSi qarTulad
aqtiurad molaparake bavSvebi,
skolaSi Sesvlis Semdeg
ewinaaRmdegebian ojaxSi qarTul
enaze saubars, radgan surT hgavdnen
megobrebs. qarTuli ena inglisSi
veranairad ver CaiTvleba prestiJul
enad. aseT viTarebaSi ufro
semilingvizms viRebT, anu bavSvebma
arc mSobliuri ena ician kargad da
arc meore ena (imedaZe, jafariZe, 2007;
gv. 225). qarTulenovan klasSi
moxvedrili azerbaijaneli bavSvebis
erT-erTi pedagogi marneulis
raionidan, romlis qarTulenovan
klasSi ramdenime azerbaijaneli
moswavlec iyo, fsiqologebTan
saubrisas aRniSnavda, rom mas uWirs
am bavSvebTan muSaoba, vinaidan
Zalian rTulia maTi saswavlo
procesSi CarTva.
aRniSnuli problemebis gadasaW-
relad sainteresoa Sveicariis
ganaTlebis politika. SveicariaSi
udidesi yuradReba aqvs daTmobili
ganaTlebis problemas. Sveicariam
SeimuSava mravalenovani sazogadoebis
marTvis proeqti. ganaTlebis
sistemaSi iyeneben e.w. enobriv
garemoSi nawilobrivi imersiis (parcial immersion) erT-erT formas, kerZod _
ormxrivi imersiis programas. es
programa integraciis procesSi
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #3, 2010
5
umciresobis CarTulobas gulisxmobs
da am konteqstSi enasTan dakav-
Sirebuli problemebi gansakuTrebuli
yuradRebas imsaxureben. SveicariaSi
enobriv mravalferovnebas ar
ganicdian safrTxed. mag. SveicariaSi,
regionSi, sadac Tanaarseboben
rogorc germaneli, aseve romanul
germanulze molaparake bavSvebi,
swavlebisas orive ena gamoiyeneba.
SesaZloa es modeli ar iyos
universaluri, magram enobrivi
konsensusis Sveicariuli sistema
sanimuSo magaliTia oTxi enobrivi
jgufis 160 wlis ukonfliqto
mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobisa: es imis
maCvenebelia, rom modeli aSkarad
warmatebulia... erovnul enebs Soris
Tanasworobis principma SeuZlebeli
gaxada romelime enis gabatoneba
sxvaze.
Cven mier ganxiluli Sveicariis
mravalenovani ganaTlebis modelis
mniSvnelovani problemuri kiTxvebi f.
grinma Semdegnairad Camoayaliba:
mniSvnelovania vicodeT, romeli
enebi vaswavloT, vis vaswavloT da
ratom? codnis ra done davisaxoT
miznad, rogori davalebebi
SevasruloT da romeli meTodiT
vixelmZRvaneloT. f. grinis mier
Camoyalibebuli programa, misi
midgoma polieTnikuri sazogado-
ebisadmi, gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi
naTeli magaliTia imisa, rom misTvis
misaRebi da saukeTesoa enobrivi
ganaTlebis is politika, romelic
agebulia demokratiul, araZala-
dobriv principebze. f. grini iziarebs
im politikur kurss, rom
Zaladobrivi midgoma winaaRmde-
gobebis da konfliqtis wyaroa da,
amdenad, ena veranairad ver gaxdeba
Seguebisa da integraciis safuZveli
(iegeri, 2006; gv. 51).
sazogadod, sxva qveynebSi
warmatebuli strategiebis saqarT-
veloSi brmad gadmotana ar aris
mizanSewonili. mTeli rigi mizezebis
gamo, saqarTvelos amgvari modeli
ver moergeba. aucilebelia maTi
morgeba saqarTvelos Taviseburebeb-
Tan. am SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia
angariSi gaewios enobriv situacias
da TiToeuli warmodgenili enis
mimarT damokidebulebebs; aseve,
angariSgasawevia xelmisawvdomi mas-
wavleblebi, enobrivi da saswavlo
resursebi. specialistebis azriT,
rodesac swavlebis koncentrirebuli,
interaqtiuri meTodebi bavSvzea
orientirebuli, TiToeul bavSvs
Tavisuflad SeuZliaDorze met enasac
ki daeuflos. imisaTvis, rom
mravalenovani saskolo ganaTleba
warmatebulad warimarTos, mniSv-
nelovania sazogadoebis, mSoblebis,
maswavleblebis da skolis admi-
nistraciis informireba: is, Tu
romeli sagani ra drois manZilze da
ra enaze unda iswavlebodes, unda
gadawydes yvela dainteresebuli
piris _ mSoblebis, maswavleblebis,
skolis administraciis da ganaTlebis
saministros erToblivi diskusiisa da
analizis safuZvelze. zemoT
dasaxelebul modelSi Zalze
mniSvnelovani da gansakuTrebulia is,
rom es sistema sazogadoebaSi nergavs
gancdas, rom yvela maTgani
sazogadoebis Tanabaruflebiani
wevria da rom yvela ena erTnairad
faseulia. bunebrivia, rom faqtobriv
viTarebas, Tu ra statusi aqvs enas
TemSi, Tu rogoria socialuri
ganwyobebi enisadmi moswavlis
TanatolebSi, mezoblobaSi da
sazogadoebaSi, amas rogorc
uaryofiTi, aseve dadebiTi gavlenis
moxdena SeuZlia meore enis Seswavlis
da swavlebis procesze (xarSilaZe,
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #3, 2010
6
kerZaia, 2009; gv. 163). bavSvebs da,
pirvel rigSi, maswavleblebs unda
hqondeT gacnobierebuli, rom meore
enis Seswavla ar niSnavs meore enis
uaryofas _ yvela SemTxvevaSi, es
niSnavs repertuaris gafarToebas
(uolgui, 2000). mravalenovani
ganaTleba eyrdnoba swavlebis
(igulisxmeba sagnebis swavleba)
saSualebad ori an meti enis
gamoyenebas. regionSi, sadac
swavlebis ena, anu is ena, romelzec
sagnebs vaswavliT, ar aris
saxelmwifo ena, SesaZlebelia
swavleba mSobliur enaze warimarTos.
aseve uzrunvelyofilia saxelmwifo
an romelime sxva enis Seswavla.
rogorc aRvniSneT, saqarTvelos
specifikidan gamomdinare, anga-
riSgasawevia saxelmwifo enisadmi
mosaxleobis damokidebuleba, is
fsiqologiuri faqtorebi, rac
enobriv garemos ganapirobebs.
mniSvnelovania, rom umciresobaSi ar
dainergos imis SiSi, rom saxelmwifo
enis Seswavla erovnuli interesebis
sazianoa. mravalenovani ganaTleba
bavSvebs sTavazobs orive enis codnis
SesaZleblobas, raTa maT es ena
yoveldRiurobaSi gamoiyenon.
meore enis swavlebasTan
dakavSirebul kvlevebSi bevria
msjeloba meore enis swavlebis
meTodologiaze da, samwuxarod,
mciredi yuradReba eTmoba
konteqstualur (individualur,
socialur da sazogadoebriv)
faqtorebs.
Cveni azriT, meore enis,
saxelmwifo enis, dauflebasTan
dakavSirebuli problemebi saqarT-
veloSi mcxovrebi erovnuli
umciresobis srulfasovani
integraciis procesSi gansakuTrebiT
angariSgasawevia. aq Tavs iyris
mravalganzomilebiani fsiqologiuri
problemebi, pirvel rigSi _ erovnuli
umciresobis da satitulo jgufebis
urTierTdamokidebulebis xasiaTi.
efuZneba es damokidebuleba dadebiT
socialur ganwyobas? aseve
mniSvnelovania mSoblebis da skolis
pedagogebis damokidebuleba da azri
qarTuli enis swavlebis mimarT _
dadebiTia es damokidebuleba Tu
uaryofiTi; ratom unda iswavlos
qarTuli ena? xom ar aris Sefaruli
Zaladobrivi asimilacia; da bolos,
angariSi unda gaewios iseT
fsiqologiur faqtorsac, rogoric
aris enis dauflebis motivacia.
motivacia, `ganisazRvreba, rogorc,
meore enis daswavlis mizanTan
moswavlis mimarTeba, ra mizniT
vswavlobT enas~. ram ganapiroba
erovnuli umciresobis survili, rom
iswavlon qarTuli ena? aris es
motivi instrumentuli xasiaTis Tu
qarTul sazogadoebaSi integraciis-
kenaa mimarTuli? sasurvelia,
moswavleebSi integraciaze orien-
tirebuli motivaciis gazrda.
bunebrivia, es gansakuTrebiT
eTnikuri umciresobebiT dasaxlebul
regionebs exeba. falkis gamokvlevebma
(falki, 1978) aCvena, rom moswavleebi,
romelTac moswonT is xalxi,
aRfrTovandebian maTi eniT da
kulturiT, undaT im sazogadoebasTan
daaxloeba, romelic am enaze
saubrobs, gacilebiT ukeT swavloben
am meore enas. faqtobrivad, es
warmoadgens motivaciis integraciul
formas. amgvari motivacia aris
individis survili, iyos bilingvali.
instrumentuli motivaciis SemTx-
vevaSi individi orientirebulia
mxolod konkretuli enis swavlaze,
radganac es ukavSirdeba mis
praqtikul saqmianobas, samsaxurs,
umaRles ganaTlebas, socialur
statuss da misT. instrumentuli
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #3, 2010
7
motivacia SesaZloa ufro
warmatebuli iyos iq, sadac
Semswavleli iseT enobriv garemoSia
moqceuli, rom ar aqvs am enis
gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba (holti,
2001).
rac Seexeba swavlebis meTodikas,
aqac mravali sakiTxia, romlebic
aseve mravalenovani swavlebis
modelSi unda unda iyos
nagulisxmevi. enis dauflebis
meTodikaSi enis swavlebis
safexurebis Tanamimdevroba xatovnad
Semdegnairad aris daxasiaTebuli:
rodesac ucxo enis swavlas iwyeb
kiTxviT, weriT, sanam iswavli
laparaks da gagebas _ es isea,
rogorc etli Seaba cxenis win...
swavlebis TanamimdevrobaSi ufro
mizanSewonilia mosmeniT dawyeba,
Semdgom laparaki, kiTxva da
dasasruls ki _ wera. rogorc
gamokvlevebma aCvena, moZvelebuli
oficialuri meTodebi, anu gramatikis
da leqsikis dazepirebaze agebuli
swavleba enis aTvisebisaTvis ar aris
sakmarisi. ufro produqtiulia enis
swavlebis interaqtiuli meTodi,
rodesac bavSvebi ki ar izepireben
gramatikul wesebs, aramed erTvebian
komunikaciaSi da uSualod iyeneben
enas (alxaziSvili, 1982; gv. 62).
sadReisod saxelmwifo enis
swavlebis gaZlierebisaTvis yvelaze
bunebrivi sivrce skolaa. rac Seexeba
bavSvis mier meore enis aTvisebas
saklaso oTaxis atmosferoSi, sadac
saklaso swavlebis garkveuli
kanonzomierebaa daculi (mag. codnis
niSniT Sefaseba), Zneli warmosadgenia,
rom umciresobis bavSvma moaxerxos
Tavisi SesaZleblobebis da Zalebis
sruli realizacia. Cveni azriT, meore
enis dauflebisaTvis saskolo
swavlebis mosamzadebeli etapi
sabavSvo baRis situaciaSi mogvcems
sasurvel Sedegs, sadac SesaZlebeli
iqneba enis aramcodne bavSvma Tavi
komfortulad igrZnos, im
saqmianobidan gamomdinare, rasac
misgan garemo situacia moiTxovs.
sazogadod, araqarTul enobriv
garemoSi saxelmwifo enis Seswavla
yvela asakobrivi jgufisaTvis unda
gaxdes SesaZlebeli, rac uwyveti
ganaTlebis saerTaSoriso mimarTu-
lebas Seesabameba.
literatura:
korostilevi, 1998 _ КОРОСТЫЕЛЕВ А. Д., Язык согласия и противоречий. Социальная и
культурная; Москва 1998. Sulteri, 2006 _ beatris Sulteri, enis swavla da ganaTleba bavSvis interese-
bidan gamomdinare: enobrivi politika da ganaTleba mravalerovan sa-zogadoebebSi; CIMERA, 2006.
imedaZe, jafariZe,. bruqsi, klemera, 2007 _ n. imedaZe, m. jafariZe, f. bruqsi, e. klemera, bilingvizmis fsiqologiuri Sedegebi: macne, 2007; # 1.
iegeri, 2006 _ n. iegeri, mravaleferovnebis marTva mravalenovan sazogadoebaSi: enobrivi politika da ganaTleba mravalerovan sazogadoebebSi; CIMERA 2006.
xarSilaZe, kerZaia, berekaSvili, uTurgaiZe, 2009 _ m. xarSilaZe, T. kerZaia, n. berekaSvili, m. uTurgaiZe, lingvisturi mravalferovneba da enobrivi prob-lemebi saqarTveloSi: fsiqologia, t. 21 2009.
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #3, 2010
8
oulgui, 2000 _ WOLGUI A, Contexstual Factors in Second Language Acquisition: ERIC Digest, 2000. falki (1978)- F. FALKl, Ligvistics and Language: A survay of basice concepts and implications (John
wiley and Sons) 1978. holti, Sukutoku, 2001 _ JAQUELINE NORRIS HOLT, AICHI SHUKUTOKU, Motivation as a
Contributing Factor in Second Language Acquisition: The Iternet TESL. VOL 7. #6. 2001. alxaziSvili (1982) – А. АЛХАЗИШВИЛИ, Сб. Вопросы психологии обучения второму языку в
младшем школьном возрасте; Мецниереба; НГССР, 1982.
ABSTRACT
M. Kharshiladze, T. Kerdzaia State Language, Second Language and Motivation
With regard to the regional and cultural specifics of Georgia as well as language environment the following should become conspicuous: which languages should be taught to whom in what age and using which pedagogic methods. The prefer-ences of the minority representatives themselves - which language he/she chooses, should also be taken into account as well as what is the individual’s – pupil’s motivation, why he/she wants to study this language and for what pur-pose.
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #3, 2010
9
qeTevan goCitaSvili
Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul
mecnierebaTa fakulteti.
bilingvuri ganaTleბa _ pirovnebis multikulturulad
aRzrdis instrumenti
`iyo bilingvali _ niSnavs, iyo cvlilebebis procesis Tanamonawile. iyo
bilingvali, ar niSnavs mxolod imas, rom flobde or enas, es niSnavs, rom
cxovrobde or enaSi, or samyaroSi, moZraobde gansxvavebul sivrceebSi: gqondes
farTo xedva, aRiqvamde samyaros gansxvavebuli perspeqtivebidan~.
antonio de qunha duarte justo
abstraqti
winamdebare statiis mizania, gagvacnos bilingvuri ganaTlebis,
rogorc multikulturuli pirovnebis aRzrdis gza. warmoCenilia
is kulturuli, socialuri, saganmanaTleblo da politikuri
amocanebi, romlebsac unda upasuxos bilingvuri ganaTlebis
sistemam, raTa pirovnebam, romelic bilingvur ganaTlebas miiRebs,
daakmayofilos yvela is moTxovna, romelsac polikulturuli
sazogadoeba uyenebs mas.
bilingvuri ganaTlebis, rogorc
polikulturul sazogadoebaSi mosa-
lodneli winaaRmdegobebis daZlevisa
da adamianis polikulturulad
aRzrdis saSualebis aucilebloba,
gaCnda iseT qveynebSi (kanada, belgia,
Sveicaria), sadac bunebrivad
arsebobs orenovani garemo. Tumca,
garda zemoaRniSnuli qveynebisa,
orenovani ganaTleba miRebulia iseT
qveynebSic, sadac arsebobs
sazogadoebis moTxovnileba integ-
raciisaken, kulturaTa dialogisa da
kulturaTSorisi komunikaciisaken
(magaliTad, germaniaSi – ix.
gleboviCi, 2007). arsebobs kidev erTi,
sakmaod mozrdili jgufi
sazogadoebisa, romlisTvisac bilin-
gvuri ganaTleba aris gza, erTi
mxriv, TviTidentifikaciis SenarCu-
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #3, 2010
10
nebisa, da, meore mxriv, qveynis
dominant, ZiriTad kulturaSi
srulyofilad CarTvisa. am Tval-
sazrisiT sanimuSoa amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi moqmedi
bilingvuri ganaTlebis programebi,
romlebic safuZvels jer kidev 1600-
ian wlebSi iRebs, xolo 1968 wels
gaformda federaluri kanoni
bilingvuri ganaTlebis Sesaxeb.
bilingvuri saganmanaTleblo
programebis mizania, emigrantTaTvis
iseTi saganmanaTleblo programebis
SeTavazeba, romlebic ar miiyvans aSS-
Si gadasaxlebul mosaxleobas srul
asimilaciamde. miuxedavad sxvadasxva
dros arsebuli obieqturi mizezebiT
gamowveuli winaaRmdegobebisa (maga-
liTad, germanul-inglisurenovani
bilingvuri skolebis akrZalva I
msoflio omis dros, germanuli
enisadmi gaCenili agresiis gamo),
dResdReobiT bilingvuri programebi
kvlavac moqmedebs (trifileti, 1998).
saqarTvelos zogierT regionSi
dRemde arsebobs TiTqmis gadauWreli
problema, rom Cveni moqalaqeebis
erTi mniSvnelovani nawili
(ZiriTadad, araqarTulenovani, eTniku-
ri umciresobebis warmomadgenlebi),
integrirdnen, erTi mxriv, qveynis
erovnul umravlesobasTan (programa
minimumi) da, meore mxriv, aRiWurvon
im unarebiT, romlebic mas
saerTaSoriso integraciis saSu-
alebasac miscems (programa-maqsimumi),
ise, rom SeinarCunon, ar dakargon
individualoba da TavisTavadoba
sakuTari kulturisa.
rogorc vxedavT, sazogadoebis am
arc Tu ise mcire nawilis winaSe
mdgari amocana sakmaod rTulia da
moiTxovs ganaTlebis politikis
mesveurebis, specialistebisa da
sazogadoebis urTierTTanamSromlo-
bas da, rac mTavaria, racionalur,
gegmazomier, mecnierul midgomas.
nebismier qveyanaSi erovnuli
(saxelmwifo) enis floba aucilebeli
unda iyos, Tumca, rogorc aRvniSneT,
Cveni realoba, samwuxarod, sxva
suraTs gviCvenebs. ar unda iyos
sadavo, rom saxelmwifo enis arcodna
nebismier pirovnebas wamgebian
poziciaSi ayenebs. amis umTavresi
mizezi is aris, rom enis armcodneT
ar SeuZliaT informaciis miReba _
maT ar esmiT gagonili da ver igeben
wakiTxuls, garda im SemTxvevebisa,
rodesac maT udgebian miznobrivad,
uqmnian viTomda sasaTbure pirobebs
da esaubrebian maTTvis gasageb
(xSirad romelime ucxo) enaze. ar
SeuZliaT Camoayalibon da
daafiqsiron sakuTari pozicia
umravlesobisaTvis gasageb (rogorc
wesi, saxelmwifo) enaze. bunebrivia,
arsebobs didi albaToba, rom aseTma
midgomam sazogadoebisagan saxel-
mwifo enis armcodneTa gariyva,
marginalizacia da, saboloo Sedegad,
izolaciac ki gamoiwvios.
specialistebi miiCneven, rom
ucxo enis, lingua franca-s gamoyeneba,
SesaZlebelia, akmayofilebdes Ziri-
Tad tranzaqciul moTxovnilebebs,
magram kulturuli komunikaciis
farglebSi, adamianis cxovrebis
siRrmiseul aspeqtebTan mimarTebiT,
sxva suraTi iqmneba, radgan maSinac
ki, rodesac kontaqti myardeba orive
mxarisaTvis nacnob enaze,
komunikaciis xarisxi ganisazRvreba
TanamosaubreTa enobrivi kompeten-
ciidan, amdenad, SezRudulia da ar
SeiZleba srulyofili iyos.
XIX saukunis bolos erT-erTi
cnobili ingliseli profesori
amtkicebda: `saSineleba iqneboda,
bavSvs rom hqonoda saSualeba,
erTnairad scodnoda ori ena,
vinaidan aseTi bavSvis inte-
leqtualuri da sulieri ganviTareba
warimarTeboda ara orjer swrafad,
aramed orjer ufro nela. aRniSnul
garemoebebSi gonebrivi ganviTarebis
formireba da xasiaTis Camoyalibeba
sakmaod Seferxdeboda~. amasTanave,
erovnuli politikis wamyvani
ideologia Tvlida, rom erovnuli
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #3, 2010
11
sazRvrebi bunebrivad emTxveva
monolingvur enobriv teritoriebs:
ori erovnebis matarebloba ki eWvs
iwvevda. bilingvalebi iTvlebodnen
potenciur moRalateebad. nebismieri
adamiani, romelic or an met
kulturas miekuTvneboda, ar unda
yofiliyo sando, vinaidan amosavlad
miCneuli iyo debuleba, rom adamiani
unda yofiliyo erTenovani,
mravalenovneba ki iTvleboda RvTis
risxvad, romelic kacobriobas sdevs
babilonis godolis droidan. (ix.
riageni, liudi, 2007).
Cvens droSi es midgoma
mniSvnelovanwilad Secvlilia. ore-
novani ganaTleba am dargis wamyvani
specialistebis mier miCneulia
tradiciuli erTenovani ganaTlebis
alternatiul perspeqtiul mimarTu-
lebad. bilingvuri ganaTlebis
sferoSi dagrovili dasavluri
gamocdileba ki iZleva saSualebas,
rom vimsjeloT ganaTlebis am
mimarTulebis upiratesobebze.
bilingvuri (orenovani) ganaT-
leba gulisxmobs, erTi mxriv,
saswavlo procesis imgvarad
organizebas, rodesac SesaZlebelia
swavlebis enad ori enis gamoyeneba
(magaliTad, Turquli eTnikuri
umciresobis ena avstriaSi an
germanuli, rogorc meore ena,
ruseTSi, inglisuri _ qarTul
saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi). amdenad,
meore ena xdeba ara mxolod
Sesaswavli obieqti, aramed
amavdroulad, urTierTobis saSu-
aleba da swavlebis ena, xolo, meore
mxriv, bilingvuri ganaTleba
gulisxmobs mSobliuri da msoflio
kulturis Rirebulebebis Secnobas
mSobliuri da ucxo enis saSualebiT,
rodesac ucxo ena xdeba saSualeba,
iaraRi msoflios sxvadasxva qveynisa
da xalxis kulturul-istoriuli da
socialuri gamocdilebis Semecnebisa.
orenovani ganaTlebis erT-erTi
umTavresi prioriteti is aris, rom
igi moswavles uzrunvelyofs
enobrivi kompetenciis maRali
xarisxiT or enaSi. praqtikulad, am
SemTxvevaSi enis swavla aris ara
Caketili, mxolod produqtze
orientirebuli procesi, aramed
safuZveli eyreba samomavlod misi
Tavisuflad, Seuferxeblad gamo-
yenebis unarsac, radgan,
sakomunikacio unar-CvevebTan erTad
(swored am unarebzea orientirebuli
ucxo enis Seswavla monoligvur
saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi Tanamed-
rove midgomebiT), moswavle mom-
zadebulia ise, rom gamoiyenos igi
konteqsturi moTxovnis mixedviT
adekvaturad rogorc momzadebuli,
ise daugegmavi, moumzadebeli zepiri
an werilobiTi sakomunikacio aqtis
pirobebSi.
dRes aRaravin davobs, rom
enobrivi kompetencia, sxva unarebTan,
CvevebTan da kvalifikaciasTan erTad,
warmoadgens adamianis pirad kapitals.
iseve, rogorc kapitalis sxva
formebi, igi Rirebulebebs iZens
bazris koniunqturis Sesabamisad.
aqedan gamomdinare, frangma
sociologma pier burdiem Camoayaliba
dReisTvis gavrcelebuli cneba _
`lingvisturi (enobrivi) bazari~.
termini `lingvisturi bazari~
SeiZleba avxsnaT, rogorc garkveuli
fardobiToba lingvisturi kompe-
tenciis Semomtan enaze molaparakeTa
da imaT Soris, vinc gansazRvravs am
kompetenciaze moTxovnas. individebis
unari, SeinarCunon an gazardon
TavianTi socialuri mdgomareoba,
ganisazRvreba im kapitalis
moculobiT, romelsac isini floben.
molaparakis praqtikuli kompetenciis
nawils warmoadgens imis codna, sad
da rogor mianiWos ama Tu im enas
upiratesoba, raTa maqsimalurad
miiRos praqtikuli sargebeli.
mravalenovnebis SemTxvevaSi
lingvisturi kapitalis ganawileba
xSirad Seefardeba kapitalis sxva
formebis ganawilebas da, erTad
aRebuli, yvela es forma
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #3, 2010
12
gansazRvravs am enaze molaparake
calkeul pirovnebaTa da mTeli
sazogadoebis mdgomareobas mTels
socialur ierarqiaSi.
miuxedavad amisa, mniSvnelovania
imis gaazreba, rom enis gamoyeneba ar
ganisazRvreba mxolod ekonomikuri
mosazrebiT. ekonomikuri cnebebi da
terminebi aq gamoiyeneba metaforebis
saxiT imis saCveneblad, rom
lingvisturi praqtika garkveul
donemde SeiZleba aRiweros
ekonomikuri terminebiT. aqedan
gamomdinare, rodesac individs aqvs
romelime enis dauflebis survili,
sargebels, romelsac is miiRebs,
SeiZleba hqondes simboluri, an
sociokulturuli xasiaTi. rogorc
SeniSna fiSmanma, `im enebma, romlebic
ZaliT ar aris Tavze moxveuli, unda
uzrunvelyon (an uzrunvelyofen
perspeqtivaSi) deficituri SesaZleb-
lobebisa da resursebis xelmi-
sawvdomoba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi,
Zireul mosaxleobas ar eqneba am
enebis gamoyenebis safuZveli... enebs
iSviaTad euflebian mxolod sakuTriv
am enaTa mimarT interesis gamo~.
amgvarad, naTelia, rom
lingvisturi bazris struqtura
gansazRvravs, ramdenad misaRebia esa
Tu is ena da ramdenad saWiroa is
mocemul SemTxvevaSi. aqedan
gamomdinare, sazogadoebas mkafio
warmodgena unda hqondes, e. w.
lingvistur bazarze, gaiTvaliswinos
pirovnuli interesebi, regonis
moTxovnebi da amis mixedviT gaakeTos
arCevani, rogor saganmanaTleblo
sistemas mianiWos upiratesoba _
monolingvurs Tu bilingvurs, es
arCevani unda emyarebods ojaxis da/an
individis nebas da mxardaWerili iyos
saxelmwifos, ganaTlebis sistemis
mier. sazogadod, erovnuli
umciresobis warmomadgenlebisaTvis
misaRebia bilingvuri ganaTlebis
iseTi modeli, romelic xels uwyobs
enobrivi mravalferovnebis, erovnul
umciresobaTa mier sakuTari enis
Seswavlasa da SenarCunebas.
erovnul umciresobaTa enebis
matareblebis SefasebiT, maTi ena
maTive erovnuli kuTvnilebis
indikatoria, magram misi praqtikuli
gamoyenebis are SedarebiT Sez-
Rudulia da socialuri prestiJic
arc ise maRalia. marTalia, es
SeiZleba mogveCvenos winaaRmdegob-
rivad, magram yvelaferi Tavis
adgilze dgeba, Tu mxedvelobaSi
miviRebT erovnul umciresobaTa
enebis matareblebis socialur
mdgomareobas. xSirad zogierTi ena
iTvleba ufro prestiJulad misi
matareblebis socialuri statusis
gaTvaliswinebiT. unda gvaxsovdes,
rom enis prestiJi, rogorc amas
praqtika gviCvenebs, dakavSirebulia
ara TviT enasTan, aramed socialur
klasTan da masze molaparakeTa
statusTan. saxelmwifo enis
flobasTan calsaxadaa dakavSire-
buli socialuri prestiJis mopoveba.
bilingvuri ganaTlebis kidev
erTi upiratesoba is aris, rom
aamaRlos individis socialuri
prestiJi saxelmwifo enis flobis
xarjze, uiolebs ra socializaciisa
process da zrdis mis socio-
kulturul kompetencias.
qarTul realobaSi, rasakvir-
velia, umTavresi problema
enobriv/erovnul umciresobaTa
bilingvurad aRzrdaa, Tumca,
vfiqrobT, gverds ver avuvliT
ukanaskneli aTwleulebis ganmav-
lobaSi damkvidrebul globaluri
bilingvizmis sakiTxs, romlis
formulac Semdegia _ inglisuri +
mSobliuri ena. miTumetes, rom
saqarTvelos ramdenime prestiJuli
zogadsaganmanaTleblo sajaro skola
da umaRlesi saswavlebeli swored am
models irCevs da _ met-naklebi
warmatebiTac. aRniSnuli movlenis
gavrcelebas xeli Seuwyo am periodSi
mimdinare istoriuli da ekonomikuri
procesebis ganviTarebam, romelmac
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #3, 2010
13
inglisuri aqcia prestiJul enad
msoflios TiTqmis yvela kuTxeSi,
rogorc enobrivi umravlesobis, ise
enobrivi umciresobis warmomad-
genelTa Soris.
arsebobs kidev erTi midgoma _
kerZod, mSoblebis umravlesoba,
sruliad logikurad da
samarTlianad, miiCnevs, rom Tuki misi
Svili skolaSi saTanadod iswavlis
inglisurs, es mas SemdgomSi
gauadvilebs Sromis bazarze adgilis
mopovebas. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, zog
skolaSi prioritetuli ena
(inglisuri) ikavebs mSobliuri enis
adgils. magaliTad, Sveicariis
zogierT germanulenovan kantonSi
dReisTvis inglisuri ena ufro
prestiJulad iTvleba, vidre sxva
saxelmwifo enebi. mSoblebi da
samuSaoze damqiraveblebi Txouloben,
rom inglisuris swavleba ufro
intensiuri gaxdes, vidre frangulis
an germanulis. amrigad, inglisur enas
ukve irCeven ZiriTad, pirvel enad
mravalenovan qveynebSi, agreTve im
regionebSi, sadac, geografiuli
mdebareobis gamo (turistul,
satranzito qveynebSi), ucxo enis
arCeva ufro prestiJulia. vfiqrobT,
gasaTvaliswinebelia erT-erTi
safrTxe, romelic erTi romelime
enisaTvis saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi
dominanturi poziciis miniWebas
SeiZleba mohyves: kerZod, aman
SesaZloa gaauaresos sxva, SedarebiT
mcire enebis statusi da, ukidures
SemTxvevaSi, `Secvalos msoflio
enebis peizaJi.” ufro konkretulad,
inglisuri enisTvis (da/an nebismieri
enisaTvis, romelic mSobliur enas
Caenacvleba garkveul sferoebSi,
romlebic socialuri TvalsazrisiT
prestiJulia) upiratesobis miniWebas
SeiZleba mohyves mcirericxovani
enebis swavlebisa da Seswavlis
interesis, statusis daqveiTeba, da,
sabolood, zogierTi maTganis
gaqrobac ki. bunebrivia, am sakiTxis
Sesaxeb specialistTa rekomendaciebi
sWirdebaT im saganmanaTleblo
dawesebulebebis xelmZRvanelebsac da
sazogadoebasac, romlebic am models
irCeven.
samagierod, sworad dagegmili
bilingvuri reJimis pirobebSi amgvari
safrTxe absoluturad gamoricxulia,
radgan asimetriuli bilingvizmis
drosac ki mSobliuri enis swavleba
prioritetulia da mTlianad uz-
runvelyofs am enis resuresebis
srulyofilad aTvisebis SesaZleb-
lobas.
bilingvuri ganaTlebis koncef-
cia gulisxmobs polikulturul
aRzrdas. bilingvuri ganaTlebis
miRebis dros moswavle, meore enasTan
erTad, ucxo, misi mSobliuri
kulturisagan gansxvavebul, kultu-
rasac eufleba (iseve, rogorc
mSobliurs), maRldeba misi
interkulturuli kompetencia, am
tipis ganaTlebis pirobebSi igi
tolerantuli xdeba sxva kulturebis,
zog SemTxvevaSi konfesiebis mimarT,
farTovdeba misi kulturuli sivrce,
rac, sabolood, exmareba mas,
gamoimuSaos mravalkulturul
sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebisa da sxva
eTnikur jgufebTan konstruqciuli
Tanacxovrebis Cvevebi, gaxdes
socialurad solidaruli. eTnikuri
umciresobis warmomadgenlebs ar
uxdebaT kulturuli orientaciis
Secvla umravlesobasTan sruli
integraciisaTvis, bilingvuri
ganaTleba aZlevs maT Sanss, rom
SeinarCunon, daicvan mSobliuri ena
da gadascen Semdgom Taobebs da,
agreTve, iyvnen absoluturad
adekvaturi da momzadebuli dominanti
eris enisa da kulturis, socialuri
gamowvevebis mimarT.
roca mSobliur enaze vsaubrobT,
impliciturad viciT, rogor
movaxdinoT situaciasTan adaptireba,
sametyvelo aqts warvmarTavT imis
mixedviT, Tu ramdenad nacnob
adamians mivmarTavT, ra Temis irgvliv
vsaubrobT da komunikaciis romel
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #3, 2010
14
saSualebas viyenebT (telefoni,
werili, Ria baraTi da a.S). ucxo
enaze saubrisas komunikaciis
damyarebas vcdilobT sakuTari
Cvevebis meore enaze gadataniT. aqedan
gamomdinare, madlierebas gamovTqvamT
an bodiSs vixdiT iseT situaciebSi,
romlebic Cvens sakuTar kulturaSi
moiTxovs madlobis Tqmas an bodiSis
moxdas. Tumca, xSirad aseTi saqcieli
ucxo kulturis CarCoebSi ver jdeba
da gaugebrobebsac ki iwvevs.
magaliTad, espanelebi frangebs
pirferebad miiCneven, radgan es
ukanasknelni zedmetad xSirad ixdian
bodiSs da madlobas; meore mxriv,
frangebma SeiZleba espanelebi
miiCnion zedmetad familiarulebad
da uzrdelebadac ki, radgan isini
`SenobiT~ mimarTaven ucnobebs.
sinamdvileSi, espanelebi, ubralod,
iyeneben urTierTobis sakuTar wesebs,
rac safrangeTisaTvis ucxoa. am tipis
magaliTebis moyvana qarTuli
sinamdvilidanac mravlad SeiZleba.
sociokuturuli codna
monolingvuri swavlebis procesSi
SeiZleba darCes Semswavlelis
Semecnebis farglebs gareT, anda
stereotipebis gavleniT arasworad
moxdes Semswavlelis warmodgenis
Camoyalibeba mis Sesaxeb, ramac,
sabolood warumatebel socialur
komunikaciamde migviyvanos. amis
sailustraciod gamodgeba, vTqvaT,
punqtualobisa da stumrobis wesebi
anda satelefono komunikaciis Cvevebi
gansxvavebul kulturebSi. Tuki
qarTul sinamdvileSi daupatiJeblad
stumrad misvla ganusazRvreli
droiT an gviani satelefono zari
Cveulebrivi movlenaa, dasavle-
TisaTvis es miuRebelia. multi-
kulturuli ganaTleba am tipis
gamocdilebasac sTavazobs Sems-
wavlels.
sagangebo msjelobis sagnad unda
iqces bilingvuri ganaTlebisa da
inteleqtis urTierTmimarTebis sakiT-
xi. cnobilia, rom enis Seswavla
iseTive varjiSia tvinisTvis, rogorc
sporti _ kunTebisaTvis. XX saukunis
dasawyisSi daiwyo mwvave dikusia, Tu
ra gavlenas axdens orenovani
ganaTlebis adamianis inteleqtze.
arsebuli gamokvlevebi, ZiriTadad,
exeba enisa da azrovnebis
urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxs da
gvTavazobs or Sexedulebas: 1) yoveli
ena ganuyoflad aris dakavSirebuli
azrovnebasTan. 2) azrovneba damouki-
debeli procesia, xolo metyveleba
mxolod azris gamosaxati kodia.
arsebobs eqsperimenti, romelmac
daadastura, rom orenovani ganaTleba
ar niSnavs or enaze azrovnebas,
samagierod, amdidrebs mSobliur
enaze azrovnebis unars (xudobina,
2005).
garda amisa, Cveni azriT,
pirovnebas, romelic orenovan
ganaTlebas iRebs, eZleva saSualeba,
Seadaros, gaaanalizos da
Seupirispiros erTmaneTs Sesaswavli
sagnebis Sinaarsi sxvadasxva
saganmanaTleblo kulturebSi, rac,
sabolood, mis inteleqtualur
ganviTarebas emsaxureba.
bilingvuri ganaTleba uqmnis
fsiqologiuri da emociuri
komfortis gancdas moswavleebs, igi,
garda amisa, kulturuli da
socialuri Tanasworobis Tval-
sazrisiTac mniSvnelovani nabijia.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, aq xisti,
ZaldatanebiTi politika gaumarT-
lebelia. ojaxs, sazogadoebas unda
SevTavazoT ganaTlebis alter-
natiuli modelebi, avuxsnaT Zlieri
da susti mxareebi TiToeuli
maTganisa da sabolood, Tavad miiRon
gadawyvetileba.
rasakvirvelia, arsebobs
safrTxe (iseve, rogorc tradiciuli
monolingvuri ganaTlebis pirobebSi),
rom moswavlis, ojaxis, sazogadoebis
molodini ver gamarTldes da
bilingvurma ganaTlebam ver
daakmayofilos maTi saWiroebebi.
gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom ganaTlebis
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #3, 2010
15
kompleqsuri bunebidan gamomdinare,
amis albaToba arsebobs, magram, Cveni
azriT, bilingvuri programis
warumatebloba (aseTis arsebobis
SemTxvevaSi) gamowveulia ara
TavisTavad ideis uperspeqtivobiT,
aramed, xSir SemTxvevaSi, Tavad
SeTavazebuli programis dabali
xarisxiT, sazogadoebis arasaTanado
mzaobiT da/an programis ganma-
xorcielebelTa (avtori, menejeri,
maswavlebeli) moumzadeblobiT,
dabali kompetenciiT. amitomacaa, rom
bilingvuri ganaTleba unda
ganvixiloT rogorc gunduri
pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi, rodesac
gundis yvela wevri (moswavlidan _
maswavleblamde) pasuxismgeblobis
Tavis wils bolomde iazrebs,
Tanamedrove samyaroSi mim-
dinare migraciuli, socialuri,
politikuri procesebi adamians bevr
axal moTxovnas uyenebs da axal
gamowvevebs sTavazobs. Cven,
ganaTlebis sistemis warmomadgen-
lebma, unda SevZloT, davexmaroT
adamianebs, gaacnobieron, rom
`ganaTleba aris yvelaze ufro
mZlavri iaraRi, romelic SeiZleba
gamoiyeno samyaros Sesacvlelad”
(mahaTma gandi). bilingvuri ganaTleba
adamians aswavlis rogorc sakuTari,
ise gansxvavebuli kulturis
pativiscemas. is erTgvari
instrumentia Tanamedrove samyaroSi
mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobisa.
bilingvuri ganaTlebis Sedegad
adamiani Tanabrad unda flobdes
mSobliur enasa da kulturas, misi
ganaTlebis xarisxi unda iyos maRali.
is unda iyos obieqturi Semfasebeli
da damfasebeli sxvadasxva Rire-
bulebisa, faseulobebisa, kulturuli
Taviseburebebisa da gansxvavebebisa.
moswavle unda aRiWurvos socialuri
unarebiT, raTa advilad moaxdinos
sakuTari cxovrebis sworad dagegmva
da adaptireba situaciebsa da
sazogadoebaSi. bilingvuri ganaTleba
pirovnebis warmatebis xelis Semwyobi
saSualebaa, da Tu mahaTma gandis
sityvebis perifrazirebas movaxdenT,
amgvari codniT aRWurvil adamians
aqvs mZlavri iaraRi, rom Tavad
gaxdes samyaros Semcvleli, ara
ubralo mowme procesebisa, aramed
misi uSualo monawile.
literatura
gleboviCi, 2007 – Глебович А. Ш., Билингвальное Образование в отечественной и зарубежной
педагогике, Автореферат Диссертации, 2007) . trifleti, 1998 - Robert Trifiletti. Office of Bilingual Education and Minority Language Affairs:
Foreign Visitor’s Ambassador Booklet, 1998. riageni, liudi, 2007 - padraig o.' riageni; jorj liudi; bilingvuri ganaTleba:
ZiriTadi strategiuli amocanebi; Tbilisi, 2007). xudobina, 2005 - О.Ф. Худобина, ВЛИЯНИЕ БИЛИНГВАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ НА
РАЗВИТИЕ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ КОМПЕТЕНЦИЙ У СТУДЕНТОВ: ВЕСТНИК ВолГМУ (15); 2005.
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #3, 2010
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ABSTRACT
K. Gochitashvili Bilingual education – The instrument of grew multicultural person
The aim of the presented paper is to introduce the bilingual education, as the proper way to grew multicultural person. Also, there are described educational, cultural, social, (even political) tasks, bilingual education must be responded. We are trying to present that bilingualy educated person posses qualities and qualifications, which are essential for succes in the multikultural sociaty.
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #3, 2010
17
irina bagauri
ena, mravalferovneba da swavleba dualuri bilingvuri
ganaTlebis magaliTze
abstraqti
winamdebare statia miznad isaxavs, sazogadoebas gaacnos enasTan
dakavSirebuli sami gansxvavebuli xedva: ena, rogorc problema, ufleba da resursi. statiaSi ZiriTadi yuradReba eTmoba enas,
rogorc resurss: ena, rogorc resursi, ganixileba bilingvuri
ganaTlebis xelSemwyob instrumentad da, swored amis
gaTvaliswinebiT, ganxilulia dualuri bilingvuri ganaTlebis
programa. daskvnisa da rekomendaciebis saxiT ki warmodgenilia
dualuri bilingvuri programis danergvis perspeqtivebi
saqarTveloSi.
bilingvuri ganaTleba da
bilingvizmi mravalmxrivi da mraval-
komponentiani movlenaa. warmo-
udgenelia, rom bi / multilingvizmi
mivakuTvnoT erT konkretul mimar-
Tulebas _ magaliTad, lingvistikas.
politikuri, socialuri, ekonomikuri,
fsiqologiuri, geografiuli, genderu-
li, kognituri, filosofiuri da
kidev mravali aspeqtis CamoTvla
SegviZlia, rodesac vsaubrobT
bilingvizmsa da bilingvur
ganaTlebaze. xolo rodesac saqme
exeba bilingvur ganaTlebasa da mis
danergvas romelime konkretul
qveyanaSi, aseT SemTxvevaSi adgili
aqvs qveynis politikasTan uSualo
kavSirs. anu bilingvuri /
multilingvuri ganaTlebis nebismi-
eri saxis danergva qveyanaSi
warmoadgens qveynis politikis
nawils. haidegeri ambobs, rom
adamiani enobrivi arsebaa: ,,Cven,
upirveles yovlisa, enaSi da enasTan
varT~'' (haidegeri, 1982). ena aris
Zlieri da Zlevamosili. enasTan
dakavSirebiT, arsebobs gansxvavebuli
xedvebi, romlebic did gavlenas
axdens rogorc sazogadoebaze, aseve
qveynis politikur orientaciaze. Tu
Cven bilingvur ganaTlebas miviCnevT,
rogorc qveynis politikis nawils,
maSin enobrivi politikis Taobaze
arsebuli xedvebi gavlenas moaxdens
aseve bilingvuri ganaTlebis
dagegmvis procesebzec. ruizi (1984)
warmoadgens 3 gansxvavebul xedvas
enasTan mimarTebiT. kerZod: (1) ena,
rogorc problema; (2) ena, rogorc
ufleba; (3) ena, rogorc resursi
(beikeri, 2010).
skola, Temi Tu sazogadoeba
ganixilavs enas, rogorc problemas,
rogorc uflebas, da rogorc
resurss. Tu ena problemad aRiqmeba,
maSin bilingvuri ganaTlebis
xelSewyoba ar xdeba. enis, rogorc
uflebis pirobebSi aqcentireba
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #3, 2010
18
individualur uflebebze xdeba. enis,
rogorc resursis midgoma iZleva
yvelaze farTo asparezs bilingvuri
ganaTlebis programebis gansaxor-
cieleblad.
magaliTebis moyvana SegviZlia
TiToeul midgomasTan mimarTebiT. ena
_ rogorc problema _ yvelaze mwvaved
idga amerikaSi. inglisuri enis
sakiTxi mudam sakamaTo iyo: amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebi mravali wlis
ganmavlobaSi warmoadgenda sxvadasxva
eTnikuri da lingvisturi jgufebis
sacxovrebel adgils. aSS gadaiqca
erTgvar ,,saxarS qvabad~, sadac
xdeboda imigrantebis asimilacia
(beikeri, 2010). gansxvavebuloba
aRiqmeboda, rogorc problema,
safrTxe qveynis erTianobisa da
sazogadoebaSi erTiani ideologiis
CamoyalibebisaTvis; amitom inglisuri
ena, rogorc umravlesobis ena,
warmoadgenda erTaderT saSualebas
uamravi imigrantis gasaerTianeblad.
ruzveltis da reiganis gancxadebebSi
kargad aris asaxuli msgavsi
politikis mxardaWera. cnobili
mecnieri bilingvuri ganaTlebis
mimarTulebiT _ sonia nieto, romelic
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
cxovrobs da moRvaweobs, ixsenebs:
,,Cemi gogona, marisa, sul 3 wlis iyo,
rodesac sabavSvo baRis msgavs dRis
centrSi miviyvaneT. rodesac
maswavlebelma moismina marisas
espanuri saubari, myisve aRniSna, rom
marisa enas ver ,,flobs~.'
' ra Tqma unda, marisa enas flobda,
Tumca es ar iyo oficialurad
sanqcirebuli inglisuri ena.
miuxedavad amisa, marisa ukve 4
wlis asakSi Tavisuflad flobda
inglisurs espanurTan erTad (nieto,
2010). am magaliTis moyvana imisTvis
dasWirda sonia nietos, raTa xazi
gaesva StatebSi gavrcelebuli
midgomisaTvis, romelic enas
aRiqvamda, rogorc problemas.
marTlac, ,,mxolod inglisuri''
moZraobis wevrebi moiTxoven, rom
inglisuri saxelmwifo enad
gamocxaddes da, aseve, moiTxoven
bilingvuri ganaTlebis gauqmebas
(beikeri, 2010).
meore midgomis mixedviT, ena
ganxilulia, rogorc adamianis ganu-
yofeli ufleba. enobrivi uflebebi
SeiZleba iyos individualuri,
jgufuri da saerTaSoriso. Tumca,
lingvisturi uflebebis dacva xSirad
idealisturi midgomebidan gamom-
dinareobs, radgan, magaliTad,
evropaSi arsebuli umravlesobisa da
umciresobis yvela ena rom
gamoiyenebodes saparlamento
muSaobisTvis, TargmniT xarjebs
dasWirdeboda evroparlamentis
biujetis udidesi nawili.
analogiurad, samxreT afrikaSi 11-ve
oficialur enaze saganmanaTleblo
resursebis Seqmna uamrav finansur
resurss moiTxovs. enobrivi uflebebi
ganxilulia, rogorc individualuri
uflebac, Tumca arsebobs mosazreba,
rom misi ganxilva unda moxdes
jgufis doneze, radgan enis
gamoyeneba ar xdeba erTi individis
doneze. jgufur doneze enobrivi
uflebebi sakamaTo sakiTxad rCeba,
amasTanave, eri-saxelmwifoebisa da
liberalizmis ideologia individu-
alur da ara jgufur uflebebs
efuZneba (beikeri, 2010)
lingvisturi uflebebis
sakiTxi araerTxel ganxilula
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
sasamarTloebSi. umniSvnelovanesi
sasamarTlo procesi gaxldaT `brauni
ganaTlebis sabWos winaaRmdeg~ (1954
wels). saqme Seexeboda qveynis
samxreTSi momxdar faqts, rodesac
afroamerikeli moswavleebis mizanmi-
marTTuli segregacia moaxdines.
sasamarTlom daadgina, rom segre-
gacia ewinaaRmdegeboda konstituciis
me-14 Sesworebas da ar iZleoda
Tanabar saganmanaTleblo SesaZleb-
lobebs yvela moswavlisTvis.
enisadmi mesame midgoma enas
ganixilavs, rogorc resurss. enis,
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #3, 2010
19
rogorc resursis aRqma warmoadgens
bilingvizmisa da multilingvizmis
xelSemwyob faqtors. Tumca, gansa-
kuTrebuli diferenciacia da
midgomebis CamoTvla ar aris saWiro,
rodesac saubaria bilingvizmis
Sesaxeb. or da met enaze mxolod
komunikaciis unaric ki nebismier
SemTxvevaSi warmoadgens resurss
rogorc individisTvis, ise TemisaTvis
da mTlianad saxelmwifosTvis. xolo
Tu aqcentireba xdeba srulyofil
bilingvizmze, Sesabamis Zlier
programaze dayrdnobiT, aq Sedegad
viRebT ormag wignierebas,
mravalferovnebis dadebiTad aRqmas,
multikulturalizms, tolerantobis
unars, es yvelaferi ki aucilebelia
21-e saukunis msoflioSi integraciisa
da mSvidobiani TanacxovrebisaTvis.
evropaSi multilingvizmis xelSew-
yoba namdvilad jdeba enisadmi mesame
midgomaSi. enobrivi umciresobis
enebic ganixileba, rogorc
kulturuli da socialuri resursi.
amasTanave, enebs didi mniSvneloba
eniWebaT saerTaSoriso vaWrobasa da
ekonomikaSi, man gansakuTrebuli
aqtualoba 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris
Semdeg SeiZina (beikeri, 2010). evropis
garda, aziaSic mniSvnelovani
cvlilebebia lingvisturi Tvalsaz-
risiT; iseTi konservatiuli qveyanac
ki, rogoric aris iaponia, 2011 wlidan
gegmavs inglisuri enis gaZlierebul
swavlebas skolis dabal safexurze.
es aris erTgvari pasuxi
globalizaciis gamowvevaze, romelic,
erTi SexedviT, upirobod moiTxovs
inglisuris, rogorc ,,lingva
frankas~'' codnas; Tumca, Tavis
mxriv, enobrivi dagegmvis kuTxiT,
nebismieri qveynisTvis mniSvnelovania
geografiuli arealis da qveynis
ekonomikuri kavSirebis gaTvalis-
wineba. arc statistikuri monacemebis
ugulebelyofa iqneba racionaluri.
ai, ras gveubneba statistika: 2010
wlisaTvis, savaraudod, 2 miliardi
adamiani isaubrebs inglisurad
(gredoli, 2000). aseve, gaaqtiurda
Cinuri ena: 1.4 miliardi CinelisTvis
igi saxelmwifo enaa, Tumca CineTis
ekonomikis aseTma aRmavlobam moxibla
kidev 400 milioni azieli, romlebmac
ukve Seiswavles Cinuri. aqedan
gamomdinare, ar unda gamovricxoT
Cinuris, rogorc msoflio
mniSvnelobis enis damkvidreba
uaxloes aTwleulebSi
(www.ethnologue.com). agreTve, mniSvne-
lovani resursia espanuri enac,
radgan, garda samxreT amerikisa,
Tavad amerikis SeerTebul StatebSic,
2006 wlis monacemebiT, 44 milioni
espanurenovani iricxeboda. Tu
davujerebT aSS-is mosaxleobis
aRweris biuros, isini iuwyebian, rom
StatebSi 2050 wlisaTvis mosaxleobis
meoTxedi iqneba laTinuri warmo-
mavlobis, Sesabamisad _ espanure-
novani (amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
mosaxleobis aRweris biuro).
ena, rogorc resursi da saqarTvelo enis, rogorc resursis ganxilva
mniSvnelovania saqarTvelosTvis.
sabednierod, miuxedavad Cveni qveynis
enobrivi da eTnikuri mraval-
ferovnebisa, saxelmwifo enas
ganixilavs, rogorc resurss da ara
problemas. amis dasturia multi-
lingvuri ganaTlebis mxriv
gatarebuli RonisZiebebi. ganviTa-
rebuli qveynebis msgavsad, qarTuli
saganmanaTleblo sivrcec mimarTulia
ganaTlebis internacionalizaciisken.
mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi xor-
cieldeba ucxo enasTan mimarTebiT.
aRsaniSnavia ramdenime siaxle: 2010-
2011 saswavlo wlidan saqarTvelos
sapilote skolebSi moswavleebi pir-
veli klasidanve euflebian inglisur
enas, xolo momavalSi igegmeba
aRniSnuli siaxlis yvela skolaSi
danergva. es faqti mniSvnelovnad
gazrdis Cveni momavali Taobis
momzadebis dones inglisurSi.
agreTve, inglisuri enis swavlebis
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #3, 2010
20
gaZlierebis mizniT, saqarTvelos
ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis
saministro 2010 wlis ivlisidan
axorcielebs proeqts ,,aswavle da
iswavle saqarTvelosTan erTad~.
proeqti wlis bolomde saqarTveloSi
1000 inglisurenovani maswavleblis
Camoyvanas iTvaliswinebs. momdevno
wlebSi moxalise maswavleblebis
raodenoba kidev ufro gaizrdeba
(ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis
saministro, 2010). am proeqts ramdenime
meTodologiuri safuZveli gaaCnia.
pirveli is, rom nebismieri ucxo enis
Seswavlisas mniSvnelovania komuni-
kacia mSobliur enaze mosaubresTan.
garda amisa, dadasturebulia, rom
bavSvi / mozardi ucxo enis Seswavlas
aqcentis gareSe axerxebs 15 wlamde,
anu skolis periodSi (kuminsi, 1981);
amitom mniSvnelovania Cveni mos-
wavleebisaTvis inglisurenovan moxa-
lise maswavleblebTan yoveldRiuri
komunikacia.
dasawyisSive aRiniSna, rom enis,
rogorc resursisadmi midgoma iZleva
yvelaze farTo asparezs bilingvuri
ganaTlebis programebis gansaxor-
cieleblad. am mxriv saqarTveloSi
mniSvnelovani siaxleebia. saqarTvelo-
Si moqmedi araqarTulenovani skolis
moswavleebi axali saswavlo wlidan
qarTul enas gaZlierebulad
Seiswavlian. wels pirvelad, araqar-
Tulenovani moswavleebisaTvis ukve
dabeWdili istoriisa da geografiis
multilingvuri saxelmZRvaneloebidan
am sagnebis 30%-s bavSvebi qarTulad
iswavlian. momdevno wlebSi qarTu-
lenovani saxelmZRvaneloebis raode-
noba yvela saganSi moimatebs, rac
araqarTulenovan moswavleebs saxel-
mwifo enis srulyofilad Seswavlis
SesaZleblobas miscemT. (saqarTvelos
ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis sami-
nistro). ,,multilingvuri swavlebis
xelSewyobis programis farglebSi
multilingvuri swavlebis programe-
bis pilotireba 40 araqarTulenovan
skolaSi mimdinareobs da miznad
isaxavs iseTi ganaTlebis sistemis
Seqmnas, romelic erovnul umci-
resobaTa sazogadoebaSi integraciis
ZiriTadi instrumenti iqneba.
saqarTveloSi danergvis procesSia
bilingvuri ganaTlebis efeqturi da
Zlieri programebi, rogoricaa:
,,ganmaviTarebeli multilingvuri ga-
naTleba~, ,,gardamavali multilin-
gvuri ganaTleba~, ,,mSobliuri enis
mxardaWeris multilingvuri ganaT-
leba~, ,,ormagi enobrivi multilin-
gvuri ganaTleba~. Teoretikosebi da
ganaTlebis eqspertebi msoflios
masStabiT bilingvuri ganaTlebis
mimarTulebiT muSaoben efeqturi
bilingvuri ganaTlebis programebze
da maT warmatebiT danergvasa da
ganxorcielebaze. arsebobs biling-
vuri ganaTlebis modelebis erTgvari
klasifikaciac. mag. 1970 wels makkeim
moaxdina bilingvuri ganaTlebis
pirveli klasifikacia da gamokveTa
90-ze meti maxasiaTebeli. skutnab-
kanjasma ki gamoyo bilingvuri
ganaTlebis 10 tipi, romlebic
gavrcelebulia mTel msoflioSi.
rogorc aRvniSneT, saqarTveloSi
bilingvuri ganaTleba / programebi
da modelebi siaxles warmoadgens, 40
sapilote skolaSi mxolod 2010-2011
saswavlo wlidan daiwyo mul-
tilingvuri programebis danergva.
amitom mniSvnelovania farTo
sazogadoebisaTvis da, gansakuTrebiT,
aRniSnul multilingvur programebSi
uSualod CarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis
msoflioSi gavrcelebuli bilingvuri
ganaTlebis programebis gacnoba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mocemuli
programebi aprobirebulia da
gamocdilia, Zalian rTulia, rom
romelime programa ucvleli saxiT
moargo konkretul qveyanas. nebismier
programas sWirdeba sazogado-
ebisaTvis morgeba da garkveuli
saxecvlileba. ganaTlebisa da
mecnierebis saministrom adgilobriv
saeqsperto jgufebTan da latviel
konsultantebTan muSaobis Sedegad,
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #3, 2010
21
SeimuSava bilingvuri ganaTlebis
programis debulebis proeqti,
romelSic, saqarTvelos realobidan
gamomdinare, bilingvuri ganaTlebis
yvela SesaZlo programaa warmod-
genili. aRsaniSnavia, rom programebis
siaSi, bilingvuri ganaTlebis Zlier
programebTan erTad, gvxvdeba susti
programebic, radgan maTi
ganxorcieleba ufro martivia Zlier
programebTan SedarebiT. Tumca,
rodesac saubaria bilingvuri
ganaTlebis upiratesobaze, rac
gamoixateba akademiuri Tu kognituri
TvalsazrisiT, es upiratesoba
miiRweva swored Zlieri bilingvuri
ganaTlebis programebis saSualebiT.
amjerad Tqvens yuradRebas SevaCerebT
erT-erT Zlier, gamamdidrebel
bilingvuri ganaTlebis programaze,
romelic cnobilia ,,dualuri bilin-
gvuri ganaTlebis~' saxelwodebiT.
Tumca aRniSnuli programis SigniT
arsebobs ramdenime saxesxvaoba.
Ddualuri bilingvuri ganaT-leba (istoriuli mimoxilva) pirveli dualuri bilingvuri
ganaTlebis skola daarsda deidis
qaunTiSi, floridaSi gadasaxlebaSi
myofi kubelebis mier 1963 wels. me-20
saukuneSi kidev 14-ma dualurma
bilingvuri ganaTlebis skolam
daiwyo funqcionireba deidis
qaunTiSi. es ganpirobebuli iyo im
faqtiT, rom ivaraudeboda kubelTa
male dabruneba samSobloSi (kastros
reJimis damarcxebis Semdeg).
Sesabamisad, mniSvnelovani iyo, maT
SeenarCunebinaT TavianTi mSobliuri
ena. adgilobrivi inglisurenovani
bavSvebic swavlobdnen am skolebSi,
rac ganpirobebuli iyo mSoblebis
surviliT, maT Svilebs SeeswavlaT
ucxo ena. me-20 saukunis 60-iani
wlebidan daiwyo dualuri
bilingvuri ganaTlebis programebis
aRzeveba, gansakuTrebiT ki 1989
wlidan gaizarda maTi raodenoba. 25
Statsa da kolumbiis disTriqTSi 297
bilingvuri skola funqcionirebda. am
skolebis 94%-Si swavlebis ena iyo
espanuri / inglisuri, Tumca sxva
enebis kombinaciebic gvxvdeboda.
kerZod: franguli / inglisuri, Cinuri
/ inglisuri, koreuli / inglisuri,
navaro / inglisuri (beikeri 2010).
dualuri bilingvuri ganaTlebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi arsebobs dualuri bilingvuri
ganaTlebis daaxloebiT 300 saxeoba.
Tumca, gansxvavebebis miuxedavad,
arsebobs ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli
niSnebi, romlebic saerToa yvela
dualuri programisTvis. amerikul
dualur bilingvur programebs
Semdegi saerTo maxasiaTeblebi aqvs
(ginesii da gandara, 1999; linholm-
leari, 2001):
(1) umciresobaTa ena gamoiyeneba
swavlebis enad sul mcire sagnebis
50%-Si eqvsi wlis ganmavlobaSi;
(2) swavlebis konkretul monakveTSi
mxolod erTi ena gamoiyeneba,
swavleba unda Tanxvdebodes
moswavlis enobriv kompetencias,
magram, amave dros, unda iyos
moswavlis motivaciis gasazrdeli da
gamomwvevi, ena iswavleba ZiriTadad
sagnobriv Sinaarsze dafuZnebiT;
(3) enobrivi umciresobis da
umravlesobis moswavleebi Tanabrad
arian warmodgenilni klasSi da
integrirebulni arian TiTqmis yvela
gakveTilze.
(4) moswavleebi srulyofilad eufle-
bian orive saswavlo enas.
(5) moswavleebis miRwevebi inglisur
enaSi yvela moswavlisTvis utoldeba
an aWarbebs im moswavleTa dones,
romlebic mxolod inglisurad swav-
loben.
saerTo maxasiaTeblebis da
msgavsi orientirebis arsebobis
miuxedavad, dualuri ganaTlebis
programebi sxvadasxva kuTxiT
gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. arsebobs
gansxvavebuli modelebi da am mod-
elebis ganxorcielebis gzebi.
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #3, 2010
22
sazogadod, eqspertebsa da
dargis specialistebs Soris miR-
weulia SeTanxmeba dualuri ganaT-
lebis warmatebasTan dakavSirebiT,
Tumca, aseTive SeTanxmeba ar arsebobs
saxelwodebasTan mimarTebiT. amitom
gvxvdeba gansxvavebuli saxelwode-
bebi, romlebic, saboloo jamSi, er-
Tiandeba dualur bilingvur ganaT-
lebaSi (kroufordi, 2004).
dualuri enobrivi ganaTleba;
dualuri imersia;
ormxrivi bilingvuri ganaT-
leba;
gamamdidrebeli ganaTleba;
ormxrivi imersia.
am saxelwodebebidan SesaZle-
belia avarCioT dualuri gamam-
didrebeli ganaTleba. termin ,,gamam-
didreblis~ CarTva am SemTxvevaSi
mniSvnelovania, radgan kidev erTxel
keTdeba aqcenti dualuri bilingvuri
ganaTlebis upiratesobaze. aRniSnuli
upiratesobebi moicavs Semdegs.
moswavleze orientirebuli
swavleba;
saswavlo procesSi 2 enis gamo-
yeneba;
ormagi wignierebis miRweva or
enaSi;
proeqtebsa da aRmoCenebze da-
fuZnebuli swavleba.
moswavleebis mxridan maRali
TviTSegnebisa da sakuTari Ta-
vis rwmenis gamoxatva;
gansxvavebuli kulturebis pa-
tiviscema;
mSoblebis maRali CarTuloba;
umaRlesi moTxovnebi –
maswavleblebis, administrato-
rebis, moswavleebisa da
mSoblebis mxridan;
ormagi wignierebis sargeb-
lianobis da efeqturobis
aspeqtebi, romlebic dadgenilia
tvinTan dakavSirebuli kvle-
vebis Sedegad.
enebs Soris drois
gadanawileba gansxvavebulia sxva-
dasxva skolasa da sxvadasxva
modelSi, magram ZiriTadad gavr-
celebulia 50:50-ze da 90;10-ze modeli.
90:10-is modelSi 90% iswavleba
umciresobaTa enebze sabavSvo baRsa
da pirvel klasSi, xolo Semdeg
izrdeba umravlesobis enis xvedriTi
wili, ise, rom dawyebiTi skolis
maRal klasebSi swavlebis enebis
Tanafardobam 50:50-s miaRwios. am
SemTxvevaSi, moswavleebi inglisuri
enis formalur swavlas iwyeben me-3
klasidan, xolo manamde isini ingli-
surs araformalurad swavloben.
50:50-is modelSi enebs Soris
Tanafardoba Tavidanve daculia.
Tumca, erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
principia, rom sawyis etapze meti
yuradReba eTmoba umciresobaTa
mSobliur enas, xolo zeda klasebSi
aqcenti umravlesobis enisken gadadis
(beikeri, 2010). tomasis da kolieris
gancxadebiT (2002), 90:10 da 50:50
dualuri gamamdidrebeli bilingvuri
ganaTlebis modelebi aris is
modelebi, romelTa saSualebiTac
SesaZlebelia maRali enobrivi
unarebis ganviTareba Tanabrad orive
enaSi da agreTve yvela saganSi,
skolis damTavrebamde.
dualuri bilingvuri skolebi
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis garda
gvxvdeba makedoniaSi, CineTsa da
samxreT okeaniaSi. dualuri
bilingvuri skolebi daarsda, rogorc
samSvidobo iniciativebi. bilingvuri
ganaTlebis samSvidobo daniSnuleba
asaxuli aqvs tankerslis Tavis
statiaSi ,,bombebi Tu bilingvuri
programebi?~'(2001). balkaneTSi gan-
viTarebuli ukanaskneli konfliqtis
fonze, bilingvuri ganaTleba
danaxulia, rogorc sxvadasxva enisa
da kulturis gaazrebis, eTnikuri
konfliqtebis daregulirebis seri-
ozuli instrumenti (beikeri, 2010).
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #3, 2010
23
dualuri bilingvuri ganaTlebis saqarTveloSi danergvis perspeqtivebi saqarTvelo warmoadgens eTnikuri
da enobrivi TvalsazrisiT mra-
valferovan qveyanas. ena danaxulia,
rogorc resursi da ara problema.
Cvens qveyanaSi enobrivi
TvalsazrisiT eTnikuri umciresobebi
namdvilad ar ganicdian mSobliuri
enis TvalsazrisiT SezRudvebs,
radgan maT aqvT saSualeba, iswavlon
skolaSi TavianT mSobliur enebze.
Tumca, integraciisa da CarTulobis
TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovania qar-
Tulis (saxelmwifo enis), rogorc
meore enis codna. am etapze skolaSi
qarTuli enis saTanado doneze
swavleba / Seswavla ver xerxdeba.
swored amitom, Cveni saganmanaTleblo
sistema aqcents akeTebs bilingvuri
ganaTlebis danergvaze. mniSvne-
lovania, rom bilingvuri ganaTlebis
nebismieri programa moergos im
garemos, Tems da sazogadoebas,
romelSic igegmeba misi danergva.
agreTve gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos
moswavleTa kontingenti. moswavleTa
kontingentis gaTvaliswinebiT, bilin-
gvuri ganaTlebis nebismieri prog-
ramis ganxorcielebis perspeqtiva
SesaZlebelia sami mimarTulebiT
ganvixiloT:
(1) araqarTulenovani mosaxleobiT
kompaqturad dasaxlebuli regionebi
(qvemo qarTli da samcxe-javaxeTi),
sadac moswavleebi da Temic
ZiriTadad monolingvalia (somxu-
renovani / azerbaijanulenovani). am
SemTxvevaSi dualuri bilingvuri
ganaTleba klasikuri saxiT ver
ganxorcieldeba, radgan am programis
ZiriTad maxasiaTebel niSnad
miTiTebulia, rom enobrivi umci-
resobis da umravlesobis moswavleebi
Tanabrad unda iyvnen gadana-
wilebulni klasSi. Tumca, sadac
mosaxleobis 98% warmoadgens eTnikur
umciresobas, aRniSnuli balansis
miRweva SeuZlebelia.
dasawyisSive aRvniSneT, rom
dualuri bilingvuri ganaTleba 300-
mde gansxvavebul models moicavs.
dualuri ganaTlebis zogierTi
programa, romelic gavrcelebulia
CrdiloeT amerikaSi, `calmxrivi~
programebis (one-way programs) saxeliT
aris cnobili da Seqmnilia
specialurad monolingvali sazo-
gadoebisaTvis. magaliTad, amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi calmxrivi
dualuri ganaTlebis farglebSi,
inglisurenovani moswavleebi or
enaze swavloben: inglisurad da
iaponurad da sabolood xdebian
bilingvalebi. sxva tipis calmxrivi
dualuri bilingvuri ganaTleba,
romelic agreTve StatebSia gavr-
celebuli, mowodebulia inglisuris
Seswavlis msurvelTaTvis, iseTi
moswavleebisaTvis, romlebmac ukve
miaRwies kognitur ganviTarebas
TavianT pirvel enaSi _ espanurSi da
am etapidan paralelurad swavloben
inglisurad kurikulumis farglebSi.
aseTi programebi SemuSavebulia
geografiuli TvalsazrisiT, radgan
im arealSi ar arian inglisurenovani
moswavleebi. msgavsi modelebi
misaRebi iqneba saqarTvelos
realobaSic eTnikuri umciresobiT
dasaxlebuli regionebisTvis, mxolod
Tavdapirvelad mSobliur enaze
swavlebis aqcentirebiT. igulisxmeba
90:10 swavlebis modeli.
(2) meore SemTxvevaSi, moswavleTa
kontingentis TvalsazrisiT, mniSv-
nelovani iqneba iseTi skolebis
ganxilva, sadac gvaqvs Sereuli
seqtorebi, magaliTad, rusul-
qarTuli, rusul-somxuri. aseve
araqarTulenovani skolebi, romlebic
saqarTvelos did qalaqebSia
Tavmoyrili (Tbilisi, rusTavi). am
SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia, klasSi
warmodgenili iyos umciresobis da
umravlesobis enebze mosaubre
moswavleebi Tanabari raodenobiT.
magaliTad, rusul-qarTul skolaSi
SesaZlebelia, rom qarTulenovani
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #3, 2010
24
moswavleebisTvis da maTi mSob-
lebisTvis motivacia iyos rusulis,
rogorc erT-erTi farTod
gavrcelebuli enis, saTanadod
daufleba. aseT dros, rodesac
skolaSi ori seqtori funqcionirebs,
maswavleblebis problemac ar iqneba
da SesaZlebelia dualuri bilin-
gvuri programebis dagegmva da
ganxorcieleba. xSirad skolebSi
SeiZleba ara mTlianad safexurze,
aramed romelime klasSi xorci-
eldebodes bilingvuri programa.
gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqtic, rom
zogjer did qalaqebSi da Sereul
regionebSi skolaSi SeiZleba iyvnen
erTi romelime eTnikuri warmo-
mavlobis moswavleebi, Tumca _
enobrivad gansxvavebuli. magaliTad,
TbilisSi arsebul rusul an somxur
skolaSi SeiZleba moswavleTa
umravlesoba warmoadgendes eTni-
kurad russ an somexs, magram
zogierTs ufro metad hqondes
mSobliuri ena ganviTarebuli,
zogierTs ki _ saxelmwifo ena
(qarTuli). es SeiZleba gamowveuli
iyos Sereuli ojaxebis simravliT an
sabavSvo baRSi siaruliT. aseT
SemTxvevaSi misaRebi iqneba dua-
luri ganaTlebis danergva 50:50
modeliT, sadac moswavleebic gada-
nawilebulni iqnebian ara eTnikuri,
aramed enobrivi TvalsazrisiT.
dominanti / mSobliuri da dominanti /
qarTuli.
(3) mesame SemTxvevaSi racionaluri
iqneba, rom ganvixiloT umaravlesobis
skolebis warmomadgenlebi.
saqarTvelos swrafva
evrointegraciis procesebSi
CarTulobisken, mWidro
TanamSromlobis damyareba dasavlur
qveynebTan moiTxovs ucxo enebze
aqcentis gakeTebas. zemoT ganxiluli
iniciativebi, romlebic inglisur
enasTan dakavSirebiT xorcieldeba,
amis dasturia. rodesac vsaubrobT
multilingvur ganaTlebaze, saqarT-
veloSi igi yovelTvis asocirdeba
eTnikur umciresobebTan. Tumca, ratom
ar SeiZleba, rom Zlieri bilingvuri
ganaTlebis programebis danergvis
perspeqtivebi ganvixiloT umravle-
sobis moswavleebTan mimarTebiT.
ormagi wignierebis ganviTareba
qarTul da romelime prioritetul
enaze mniSvnelovani instrumenti
iqneba momavali Taobebis TviTrea-
lizaciisa da sazogadoebaSi Tavis
damkvidrebis mizniT. orenovani
saswavlo gegma Cveulebrivi sajaro
skolis moswavleebisaTvis fufunebas
warmoadgens. msgavsi saswavlo
gegmebiT sargebloben erTeuli,
ZviradRirebuli kerZo skolebi,
romelTa saswavlo gegma ZiriTadad
aris qarTul-inglisuri, romlis
farglebSic moswavleebi Tanabari
datvirTviT swavloben sagnebs orive
enaze. 2011-12 saswavlo wlidan yvela
skolaSi igegmeba inglisuri enis
Seswavla pirveli klasidan. amitom
momaval wlebSi ukve iqneba skolebSi
imis safuZveli, rom dainergos
dualuri bilingvuri programebi.
sabolood ki unda iTqvas, rom
ara mxolod dualuri, aramed
nebismieri bilingvuri programis
danergvisa da warmatebiT ganxor-
cielebisaTvis mniSvnelovania sami
erTgvari instruqciis gaTvaliswineba
da gacnobiereba:
mravalferovneba aris resursi
da ara problema.
meore enis Semswavlel mos-
wavleebs esaWiroebaT meti,
vidre mxolod saswavlo gegma.
meore enis SemswavlelTa
ojaxebisTvis Ria unda iyos
skola da isini maqsimalurad
unda iyvnen CarTulebi TavianTi
Svilebis ganaTlebis procesSi.
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #3, 2010
25
literatura
beikeri, 2006 _ k. beikeri, bilingvizmisa da bilingvuri ganaTlebis safuZvlebi.
,,samoqalaqo integraciisa da erovnebaTSorisi urTierTobebis
centris’’ 2010 wlis qarTuli versiis gamocema.
gomesi, 2006 _ Gómez. R, (2006). Promising Practices: Dual Language Enrichment For ELL Students K-12. The Texas Association for Bilingual Education .
gredoli, 2000 _ Graddol , D. (2000). The future of English? A guide to forcasting the popularity of the English language in the 21st century.The British Council .
kroufordi, 2004 _ Crawford, J. (2004). Educating English learners. Los Angeles: Bilingual Educa-tion Services.
kuminsi, 1981 _ Cummins, J. (1981a) Age on arrival and immigrant second language learning in Canada. A reassessment. Applied Linguistics, 2, l32-l49.
nieto, 2010 _ Nieto , S.(2010). Language, Diversity, and Learning: Lessons for Education in the 21st Century.CAL Digests .
tabataZe, 2010 – S. tabataZe.ganaTlebis politikis axali iniciativebi samo-qalaqo integraciis konteqstSi da araqarTulenovani skolebi. mSvidobis demokratiisa da ganviTarebis kavkasiuri instituti, 2010.
tomasi da kolieri, 2002 _ Thomas, W. P., & Collier, V. P. (2002). A national study of school effec-tiveness for language minority students' long-term academic achievement.
haidegeri, 1982 _ Heidegger, M.(1982). On the way to language. Language Arts & Disciplines multilingvuri ganaTlebis programis debuleba, 2010, saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa
da mecnierebis saministro.
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobis aRweris biuro- http://www.census.gov/
ABSTRACT
Irina Bagauri
Language, diversity and learning from the point of view of ,,Dual Bilingual Education’’
The present article aims to introduce to the society three different views connected
with language: language as a problem, right and resource.Language a resource will be dis-cussed in context of Georgia. Also language as a resource represented as a promotional in-strument for bilingual education, and just considering of it the main subject of this article -,,Dual Bilingual Education’’ program is presented. The final part of the article includes the conclusion, recommendations, and analysis the future and possible perspectives of the imple-mentation of this program in Georgian reality.
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #3, 2010
26
irina SubiTiZe
bilingvizmis kognituri da socialuri upiratesobebi
abstraqti
statia exeba kognitur da socialur upiratesobebs, rac
bilingvuri ganaTlebis process ukavSirdeba. es aris sakiTxebi,
romlebic yvelaze metad ainteresebs bilingvuri ganaTlebiT
dainteresebul farTo sazogadoebas. yuradReba gamaxvilebuli
iqneba kognitur da socialur ganviTarebaze. SesavalSi mokled
ganvixilavT bilingvizmis arss, daniSnulebasa da statiis mizans.
ZiriTadi nawili Seexeba Teoriebs bilingvizmisa da kognituri gan-
viTarebis Sesaxeb, Catarebuli kvlevebis analizs; aseve, mokledD
mimovixilavT bilingvizmis socialur faqtors saqarTvelos kon-
teqstSi da daskvnis saxiT warmovadgenT, ra pozitiuri efeqtebi
axlavs kargad dagegmil bilingvur ganaTlebas da ra uaryofiTi
Sedegebi SeiZleba miviRoT araefeqturad ganxorcielebis
SemTxvevaSi. sakiTxi gaSlili iqneba ramdenime mTavari kiTxvis
irgvliv: Uori enis floba uSlis Tu ara realurad xels efeqtur
azrovnebas? azrovneben Tu ara ufro efeqturad monolingvalebi?
arian Tu ara bilingvalebi inteleqtulurad naklebad
ganviTarebulebi monolingvalebTan SedarebiT ori enobrivi
sistemis arsebobis gamo? ra socialuri upiratesobebi aqvs
bilingvur ganaTlebas saqarTveloSi?
Sesavali gasuli saukunidan moyolebuli, bilingvuri ganaTleba aris cxare debatebis sagani rogorc eqspertebsa da mecnierebs, aseve ubralod sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris. bilingvizmi gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva konteqstSi gansxvavebuli mizne-bisaTvis. igi gulisxmobs kompetencias erTze met enaSi. ra Tqma unda, sakamaToa, ,,kompetenciaSi~'ra SeiZ-leba vigulisxmoT: enis codna akademiur doneze Tu ubralod komunikaciis unari. rTulia calsaxad ramis mtkiceba, radgan sakiTxi jer
kidev kvlevisa da kamaTis sagans warmoadgens. ase rom, bilingvizmi, rogorc misi Sinaarsobrivi, aseve praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT, gamoi-yeneba sxvadasxva kuTxiT, sxvadasxva miznebisTvis. is SeiZleba damaxa-siaTebeli iyos rogorc indivi-debisTvis, aseve sazogadoebis garkveuli fenisTvis an mTlianad qveynisTvis. statiis mizania, gaacnos sazogadoebas bilingvuri ganaTlebis pozitiuri Sedegebi kognituri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, misi efeqturad ganxorcielebis Sem-TxvevaSi. mokled mimovixilavT
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bilingvizmis socialur aspeqtebsac saqarTvelos konteqstSi. sanam uSualod kognitur Teoriebsa da bilingvizmis upira-tesobebs ganvixilavT, umjobesia gavmijnoT, ras gulisxmobs bilingvizmi da ra faqtorebi ganapirobeben Semecnebis ganviTarebas. SevecdebiT, vupasuxoT kiTxvebs, romlebic istoriulad yvelaze xSirad ismis aRniSnuli Temis irgvliv: ori enis floba uSlis Tu ara xels efeqturad azrovnebas? SeuZliaT Tu ara monolingvalebs ufro meti informaciis aTviseba bilingvalebTan SedarebiT? aris Tu ara naklebad inteleqtualuri bilingvali ori enobrivi sistemis arsebobis gamo? ganapirobebs Tu ara bilingvizmi socialur warmatebas? moyvanili iqneba argumentebi, romlebic gamyarebulia mecnieruli kvlevebis SedegebiT da visaubrebT im perspeqtivebze, romlebic SeiZleba hqondes bilingvals monolingvalTan SedarebiT multilingvur sazogado-ebaSi integraciisaTvis. bilingvizmi da kognituri ganvi-Tareba miuxedavad imisa, rom bevrs saubroben bilingvizmis SesaZlo dadebiT an uaryofiT Sedegebze, ukanaskneli oci wlis ganmavlobaSi Catarebulma kvlevebma savsebiT gafanta miTi, rom bavSvi, romelic erTze met enas eufleba paralelurad, verc erT enaSi ver aRwevs maRal akademiur Sedegs. piriqiT, kvlevebma daadastura, rom rac ufro patara asakidan xdeba bavSvi bilingvali, miT meti upiratesobebi aqvs SemecnebiTi ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT (bialis-toki, 1991). magram warmateba damokidebulia mraval faqtorze, maT Soris sworad SerCeul meTodikasa da kargad gaweril kurikulumze (diasi, 1985), socialur-ekonomikur garemoze, politikur viTarebasa da geografiul mdebareobaze, aseve, mSobliuri enis rolze meore enis swavlis procesSi.
bilingvizms swavloben mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargebi: lingvistika, fsiqologia, ganaTlebis mecnierebebi da sxv.; mas mWidro kavSiri aqvs iseT mniSvnelovan sakiTxTan, rasac pirovnebis kognituri ganviTareba hqvia; bilingvizmi xels uwyobs vizualur-sivrciTi unarebis ganviTa-rebas, SemoqmedebiTobis, analitikuri azrovnebis Camoyalibebas da ar zRudavs individis romelime mimarTulebiT ganviTarebas. kognitu-ri bilingvizmi damaxasiaTebelia individisTvis. gonebrivi monacemebi da SemecnebiTi unari, romelic saWiroa enebis asaTviseblad yvela pirovnebaSi individualuria da damokidebulia im enebis specifikazec, romlTa Seswavlac xdeba.. (hakuta da sxvebi, 1992).
kognituri ganviTarebis Teoriebi adreulma Teoriebma, romlebic amtkicebdnen monolingvizmis upi-ratesobas, safuZveli daudo balansisa da sacavebis Teoriebs, romlebic bilingvizmis negatiur gaazrebas efuZneboda. TandaTanobiT, Tanamedrove kvlevebze dayrdnobiT, ganviTarda zRvruli donis Teoria, romelic bilingvizms pozitiur konteqstSi ganixilavs kognitur ganviTarebasTan mimarTebiT. statiis am nawilSi mokled mimovixilavT am Teoriebsa da maT dadebiT an uaryofiT maxasiaTeblebs. ,,balansis~ / `sasworis~ Teo-riaSi'' ori sxvadasxva ena Sedarebulia sasworis TefSebTan. erT-erTis damZimeba xdeba meoris xarjze, anu roca erT enaSi aRwevs pirovneba garkveul warmatebas, es xdeba meore enis dakninebis safuZvelze. misi alternatiuli Teoriaa e.w. ,,sacavebis~ Teoria, romlis mixedviTac, monolingvalis TavSi aris erTi savse sacavi (rezervuari), xolo bilingvalis TavSi _ ori naxevrad carieli. Tu erTi gaivseba, maSin meore carieldeba (ziarWurWlis principiT)...Ees warmod-genebi ar iyo gamyarebuli realuri kvlevebiT, ufro metic, rogorc mogvianebiT bialistoki aRniSnavda,
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,,milionobiT adamiani izrdeba garemoSi, sadac ori an meti ena gamoiyeneba da araviTari travma amis gamo ar gaaCniaT~''(bialistoki, 2001, gv. 59). arsebobs kidev erTi mizezi, ris gamoc es Teoriebi SeiZleba miviCnioT usafuZvlod. misi momxreebi amtkicebdnen, rom enebi tvinSi mkacrad arian gancalkevebuli, maSin, roca enobrivi niSnebi dakav-Sirebulia kognitur sistemasTan da erTi enidan codna swrafad transformirdeba meore enaSi (beikeri 2010). meore enis Semswavlels ar sWirdeba ZiriTadi enobrivi struqturis xelaxla aTviseba, mas Tavisuflad SeuZlia is unarebi, rac werisTvis an kiTxvisTvisaa saWiro, gadaitanos meore enaSi; ubralod, sagnebsa da movlenebs gamoxatavs sxvadasxva simboloebiT. umniSv-nelovanesia mSobliur enis roli da akademiuri warmatebac, romelic xSirad ganapirobebs meore enaSi miRweul Sedegebs. mogvianebiT kuminsma (1980a, 1981a) erTiani codnis modelze dafuZnebiT, ganaviTara ,,aisbergis Teoria~, romlis mixedviT, gonebaSi gan-Tavsebuli enebi SeiZleba SevadaroT or aisbergs, romelTac wylis qveS aqvT erTi Ziri, safuZveli. Cven ki SegviZlia davinaxoT mxolod misi wylis zedapirze xiluli nawili (beikeri, 2010). Ees Teoria, winamorbedebisagan gansxvavebiT, araerTi kvleviTa da eqsperimentiTaa ganmtkicebuli, rac mis validobas eWvqveS ar ayenebs. mniSvnelovania enebis codnis done, romelic gansazRvravs bilingvizmis pozitiur an negatiur gavlenas pirovnebis kognitur da socialur ganviTarebaze. mkvlevrebi mividnen daskvnamde, rom, rac ufro maRali xarisxiT flobs bilingvali or enas, miT ufro _ izrdeba kognituri ganviTarebis SesaZleb-loba (kuminsi da malkai, 1978, kesleri da quini, 1982, bialistoki 2001a.).
am TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelo-vania kidev erTi, ,,zRvruli donis Teoria~' (taukoma da skutnab-kanjasi,
1977, kuminsi, 1976). Ees Teoria gulisxmobs bilingvizmis dayofas safexurebad enis flobis donis mixedviT, rac saSualebas iZleva, gansazRvro, rogori gavlena SeiZleba iqonios bilingvizmma individze. pirveli safexuri ukaviaT bavSvebs, romlebic arc erT enaSi ar arian Zlierebi. Sesabamisad, maTi kognituri ganviTareba SezRudulia. meore safexurze myofi bavSvebi erT enaSi arian kompetenturebi, xolo meore enaSi CamorCebian saswavlo process. maTi kognituri ganviTareba ar gansxvavdeba monolingvalebisgan. mesame safexurze arian sruli bilingvalebi, romlebic saswavlo masalas orive enaze Tavisuflad iTviseben, Sesabamisad, mxolod am safexurzea SesaZlebeli saubari bilingvizmis kognitur upirateso-bebze.
kvlevebi bilingvizmisa da kognituri ganviTarebis Sesaxeb
bilingvizmTan dakavSirebuli adreuli kvlevebis umravlesoba mxolod mis negatiur mxareebs warmoaCenda, radgan, bevri gauT-valiswinebeli mizezis gamo, es kvlevebi aravaliduri iyo. umetes SemTxvevaSi, gauTvaliswinebuli iyo iseTi mniSvnelovani faqtorebi, rogoricaa: kvlevis meTodologia (cdispirTa SerCeva ara moxerxe-bulobis, aramed SemTxveviTobis principiT) identuri fokus-jgufebis SerCeva (rac gulisxmobs gonebrivi da fizikuri monacemebis, socialuri statusis, asakis, sqesis, skolis tipis gaTvaliswinebas), geografiuli mde-bareoba, garemo da konteqsti sxva mraval faqtorTan erTad iyo ugulebelyofili. aqedan gamomdinare, kvlevebi ar asaxavda realobas da ar iZleoda Sedegis mTel populaciaze ganzogadebis saSualebas. MmagaliTad, me_19 saukunis dasawyisSi, uelsis soflebSi bilingvalebisa da monolingvalebis inteleqtis gasazo-mad, Catarda kvlevebi, romelsac testirebis safuZvelze unda gaezoma bilingvalebisa da monolingvalebis inteleqti. Catarebuli kvlevebiT
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dadginda monolingvalebis upirate-soba bilingvalebTan SedarebiT. magram aRniSnul kvlevaSi iyo daSvebuli bevri xarvezi, maT Soris _ testirebis ena. bilingvalebma testi daweres meore enaze da monolingvalebma _ mSobliur enaze. testi am SemTxvevaSi bilingva-lebisTvisac aucileblad mSobliur enaze unda yofiliyo. garda amisa, sakamaToa TviTon termini ,,inteleqti~'' da misi gazomvis meTodebic. ase rom, miRebuli Sedegidan daskvnis gakeTebis da, miT umetes, ganzogadebis ufleba ar iyo mizanSewonili (beikeri, 2010). A arsebobda aseve SiSi, romelic dakavSirebuli iyo adreul bilin-gvalTan, rac, kvlevebze dayrdnobiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yovelgvar safuZvels moklebulia. mTavaria, bavSvi informacias iRebdes erTi wyarodan mudam erTsa da imave enaze da es araviTar negatiur gavlenas ar axdens mis ganviTarebaze - piriqiT. magaliTisTvis, warmovidginoT ojaxi, sadac mSoblebi iyeneben sxvadasxva enas komunikaciisTvis da surT, maTi Svili iyos bilingvali. bavSvs arasodes ar aereva erTmaneTSi enebi, Tu mSoblebi mudam erT enaze daamyareben masTan komunikacias, (mag: qarTul enaze mosaubre deda mudam qarTulad unda mimarTavdes Svils, xolo rusulenovani mama _ mudam rusulad). A aris SemTxvevebi, roca bilingvali bavSvebi SedarebiT gvian iwyeben metyvelebas, Cndeba SiSi, rom SesaZloa es iyos im multilingvuri garemos Sedegi, sadac bavSvi izrdeboda. ra Tqma unda, aRniSnuli garemo gavlenas axdens bavSvis fsiqikaze, magram ara uaryofiTs. warmovidginoT, roca adamiani or saxls erTdroulad aSenebs, ra Tqma unda, gacilebiT meti dro sWirdeba, vidre erTis aSenebisas. magram es ar niSnavs, rom mTeli cxovreba usaxlkarod iqnebiT... roca aaSenebs _ eqneba ori erTis nacvlad. ar aris aucilebeli, Zalian swrafad aaSenos, mTavaria, aSenebuli iyos mtkice da komfortuli Senoba, sadac Taobebi SeZleben cxovrebas... asea bavSvebSic:
roca bavSvi izrdeba multilingvur garemoSi, gacilebiT meti dro sWirdeba ametyvelebisaTvis, vidre monolingvals, magram is mTeli cxovreba sargeblobs sociumSi upiratesobiT da prestiJiT, misi karieruli winsvla advilad SesamCnevia monolingvalTan Seda-rebiT. amJamindeli kvlevebi amtkiceben, rom semantika monolingvalebSi ufro ganviTarebulia, radgan bilingvalebs sWirdebaT dro ori enidan Sesabamisi sityvis arCevisaTvis, aseve axasiaTebT erTgvari ,,enobrivi waborZike-ba'(golani da sxvebi, 2002), magram arc erTi es faqtori ar ukavSirdeba kognitur ganviTarebas da ar amtkicebs monolingvalebis upira-tesobas. ,,sityvaTa gamoxmobis'' siswrafes araviTari mniSvneloba ar eniWeba yoveldRiuri funqcionirebi-saTvis (beikeri, 2010); piriqiT, bilingvalebs aqvT ufro moqnili goneba, ufro abstraqtulad azrovnebis unari, met yuradRebas uTmoben azris formirebas da ar arian aqcentirebulni sityvebze (lamberti da pilma, 1962). am kvlevebma saTave daudo axal debatebsa da kvlevebs bilingvur ganaTlebasa da kognitur ganviTarebaze, romlebmac sabolood daamsxvria miTi monolingvalebis upiratesobaze bilingvalebTan SedarebiT. lanko-uoralma (1972) Seiswavla sityvis JReradobisa da misi gancalkevebis sakiTxi 30 afrikul-inglisur enaze mosaubre bavSvze dakvirvebiT. monolingvali da bilingvali bavSvebis SerCeva moxda maTi asakis, sqesis, socialuri klasisa da statusis gaTva-liswinebiT. adrindeli kvlevebisagan gansxvavebiT, am kvlevaSi zedmiwevniT iyo daculi kvlevis meTodika, amitom miRebuli Sedegi gacilebiT sando iyo, vidre misi winamorbedi kvlevebisa. bavSvebs miewodaT sami
sityva Cap (`qudi~) Can (`SeiZleba~) Hat (`qudi~). sityvebi unda daewyoT msgavsebis mixedviT. Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom Svidi wlis asakidan pasuxebSi monolingvalebsa da bilingvalebs
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Soris araa gansxvaveba, xolo 4-dan 6 wlamde asakis bavSvebi yuradRebas aqceven sityvis mniSvnelobas da ise ajgufeben, xolo bilingvalebi _ JReradobis mixedviT. gakeTda daskvna: bilingvalebi ori sami wliT uswreben monolingvalebs semanti-kuri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT (beikeri 2010). kidev erTi masStaburi kvleva bilingvalebis upiratesobis dasad-genad Catarda 1992 wels. kvleva iyo saerTaSoriso, rac kidev ufro zrdis mis mniSvnelobas. kvlevaSi mona-wileobdnen bavSvebi malaiziidan, aRmosavleT evropidan, kanadidan, singapuridan, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebidan, meqsikidan, bavSvebi inglisurTan erTad swavlobdnen germanul, Cinur, holandiur, berZnul, frangul, ukrainul, italiur enebs. enebisa da qveynebis mravalferovneba mniSvnelovani iyo kvlevisaTvis, rac mas gacilebiT masStabursa da sandos xdida (beikeri 2010). kvlevam kidev erTxel ganamtkica hipoTeza, rom bilingvali bavSvebi gacilebiT SemoqmedebiTad azrovneben da gacilebiT uswreben kognituri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT maT Tanatol monolingval bavSvebs. bilingvalebs ufro moqnili da analitikuri enobrivi unarebi aqvT. srulyofilad Catarebuli kvlevebi maT aSkara upiratesobaze miuTiTeben. socialuri bilingvizmi saqarTvelos konteqstSi kognitur ganviTarebasTan erTad, sainteresoa bilingvizmis socialuri aspeqtebic. sakiTxi metad farTo da mravalmxrivia, amitom statiaSi ganvixilavT mokled, saqarTve-losTan mimarTebiT bilingvizms, rogorc socialuri warmatebis erT-erT aucilebel faqtors. socialuri bilingvizmi dakav-Sirebulia individis RirebulebaTa sistemasTan, rac gansazRvravs mis adgils sazogadoebaSi. mniSvne-lovania, rogor SeZlebs individi enobrivi niSnebis gamoyenebas konkretul situaciaSi, konkretul sociumSi (hakuta da sxvebi 1992).
socialuri bilingvizmis Ses-wavlis sagans warmoadgens enis roli sazogadoebasTan mimarTebiT. ena mniSvnelovania, rogorc socialuri warmatebis erT-erTi faqtori. bilingvuri ganaTleba aris raRac mTlianis erTi nawili; Sesabamisad, mniSvnelovania mTlianad enobriv TemSi arsebuli situaciis analizi, sadac bilingvuri ganaTleba xorcieldeba. E enobrivi mdgomareoba arasodesaa stabiluri. Eenis statusi (ramdenad mniSvnelovania konkretuli ena mocemul momentSi) TavisTavad moqmedebs sociumSi misi rolis
mniSvnelobaze. mag: XX saukunis ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi rusuli enis codna aucilebeli iyo socialuri prestiJis mosapovebelad. es exebodaT rogorc umravlesobis, ise umciresobis warmomadgenlebs. TandaTanobiT rusuli inglisurma Caanacvla (ladaria, 2002). dRes mdgomareoba radikalurad gansxva-vebulia. qarTulis, rogorc saxelmwifo enis swavla eTnikuri umciresobebisaTvis aramarto prestiJuli, aramed warmatebuli momavali cxovrebis garantiaa. B bolo periodSi qarTulis, rogorc saxelmwifo enis mimarT gazrdilma socialurma moTxovnam, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi araqarTulenovani mosax-leobisaTvis, qarTuli ZiriTadi enis kategorias miakuTvna, mimdinare reformebi, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs, rom saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi yvela moqalaqisaTvis qarTuli iyos gamoyenebuli swavlebis enad, samsaxureobrivi uflebamosilebis SesrulebisTvis, rac maT daexmarebaT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, agrZno-binebs Tavs qveynis srulfasovan moqalaqed da mis kuTvnil adgils miuCens sazogadoebaSi. saqarTvelo mravaleTnikuri
qveyanaa, sadac ramdenime eri, kultura da religia saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
Tanaarsebobs. amitom umciresobebis ganaTleba da integracia yovelTvis mniSvnelovan sakiTxs warmoadgenda. gansakuTrebiT ukanasknel periodSi gaaqtiurda intensiuri muSaoba am mimarTulebiT. maTi integraciisTvis
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da socializaciisTvis mravali mniSvnelovani cvlileba xorci-eldeba, rac eTnikuri umci-resobebisTvis ,,qarTulis, rogorc meore enis'' swavlasTanaa dakav-Sirebuli. Aam mizniT saqarTvelos masStabiT SeirCa 40 sapilote skola qvemo qarTlSi, javaxeTsa da TbilisSi, sadac 2009 wlidan mimdinareobs bilingvuri ganaTlebis pilotireba. proeqti miznad isaxavs, erTi mxriv, eTnikuri umci-resobebisTvis saxelmwifo enis swavlebiT sazogadoebaSi integ-racias, meore mxriv, xels uwyobs SeinarCunon da ganaviTaron mSob-liuri ena da kultura. saqarTveloc ar aris gamonaklisi da arsebobs garkveuli riskfaqtorebi, rom eTnikurma umciresobebma dakargon sakuTari mSobliuri ena da mxolod qarTuli iswavlon, an verc qarTuli iswavlon da mSobliuri enis codnis donec gauaresdes. Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom es damokidebulia ganaTlebis politikis sworad warmarTvaze. programis sworad ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi, upiratesoba gacilebiT meti iqneba, radgan isini SeZleben srulfasovani umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebas, dasaqmebasa da sociali-zacias sazogadoebaSi. daskvna statiaSi ganvixileT bilingvizmis roli kognituri da socialuri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. rogorc Tanamedrove kvlevebidan Cans, bilingvizmi mxolod pozitiurad moqmedebs adamianebis ganviTarebaze,
misi efeqturad ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi. dRevandel epoqaSi yvela gza warmatebuli karierisken bilin-gvur ganaTlebaze gadis, radgan is uzrunvelyofs mravalmxriv ganviTa-rebuli, inteleqtualuri, Tavisu-fali, SemoqmedebiTi pirovnebis Camoyalibebas. albaT Zalian cota adamians Tu warmoudgenia cxovreba dRes an momavalSi erT enaze molaparake msoflioSi, swored amitom izrdeba dRiTidRe bilingvuri ganaTlebis roli da upiratesoba. amis paralelurad, arsebobs safrTxe, radgan araefeqturad dagegmil da ganxorcielebul programebs SesaZ-loa ukuSedegic hqondes. skolis administaratorebs da ganaTlebis politikis Semqmnelebs mniSvnelovani Zalisxmeva hmarTebT programis dagegmvisa da ganxorcielebis procesSi, radgan warmatebas ganapirobebs sworad SerCeuli kadrebi, meTodika, qveynis da kulturis Taviseburebebis gaTva-liswineba saswavlo procesis dagegmvisas... meore enis specifika, sxva mraval faqtorTan erTad, mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobebs bilingvuri ganaTlebis pozitiur Sedegs. Sesabamisad, mniSvnelovania, sworad daigegmos da ganxorcieldes bilingvuri ganaTlebis procesi, moxdes monitoringi Sesabamisi samsaxurebidan, saswavlo procesi daigegmos samarTlianad Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebiT, Seiqmnas Sesabamisi saswavlo masalebi, momzaddnen kadrebi, raTa Sedegi iyos pozitiuri.
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ladaria, 2002 _ n. ladaria, sociolingvistika; Tbilisi, 2002. bialistoki, 1999 _ Bialystok, E. 1999 ., Cognitive and Linguistic Processing in the Bilin-
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ABSTRACT
Irina Shubitidze Benefits of Cognitive and Social Bilingualism
The article is dedicated to cognitive and social advantages of bilingual education. These are the issues that most concerned to wide society. Our primary emphasis in this article is on cognitive and social development. The major goal of the issues is to demonstrate the great range of social and cognitive advantages of bilingual educa-tion. In the introduction will be discussed briefly bilingualism and purpose and goal of the article. The main part of the article is about theories of cognitive development and research analysis (both old and new research). Also there will be review of social aspects of bilingual education in the context of Georgia. Summing up what positive results will be in properly planned process and what are the threats if bilingual pro-grams will not be planned correctly. Two main subject will be discussed under the several questions: Does the ownership of two languages interfere with efficient thinking? Do monolinguals have more effective thinking quarters? Is the bilingual less intelligent then a monolingual because of a dual language system? What social advantages has bilingual education in Georgia?
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #3, 2010
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merab babuxadia
meore enis arasafexureobrivi swrafi swavlebis
meToduri Taviseburebani anu lingvisti gramatikis swavlebis winaaRmdeg
„ar ixmareb, ra xelsa xdi,
saunjesa dafarulsa?!“
abstraqti
ukanasknel xanebSi evropul qveynebSi ganviTarda enaTa swavlebis
meTodi, romelic farTod mkvidrdeba msoflioSi da romelic
Tanamedroveobis yvela standartsa da moTxovnilebas
akmayofilebs. winamdebare statiis mizania, xsenebuli meTodebi
movargoT qarTul realobas da enis _ `cocxali~ qarTuli enis
swrafi da efeqturi SeswavlisTvis gamoviyenoT. Tezisebis saxiT
gTavazobT winamdebare statiis mokle aRweras: SeviswavloT
frazebi da winadadebebi _ da ara sityvebi (saleqsikono
masalisTvis); araviTari gramatika _ mosmena ganuwyvetliv
(martividan rTulisken), siRrmisken _ da ara sifarTovisken,
ltolva. nel-nela, mravaljeradi gameorebiT mosmenilis
damaxsovreba; mosmena > sworad gageba > gameoreba >
avtomaturamde miyvana; miniteqstebis mosmena da daswavla;
msjeloba maTze awmyoSi, namyosa da myofadSi (gramatikis gareSe)
da samive pirsa da orive ricxvSi gadmocema (aseve _ samive
droSi); teqstebis kiTxva ara saxelmZRvanelodan, aramed
mocemuli enis kargad SerCeuli mxatvruli literaturidan;
mosmena ara xelovnuri audiomasalisa, aramed kasetebisa da
audiowignebisa _ aucileblad SemswavlelisTvis saintereso
Temebze...
ucxo enis swavlebis (swrafi
swavlebis) meTodikaSi mravali
pirvelxarisxovani saxelmZRvaneloa
dawerili, romlebic, xSir SemTx-
vevaSi, Tanamedrove standartebs
Seesabameba, Tumca, Cveni azriT,
garkveulwiad damuSaveba esaWiroeba
teqstebis SerCevis, anu praqtikuli
gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT. amis
gasaRebia enis praqtikul gamo-yenebaze yuradRebis maqsimaluri
koncentrireba. wlebis ganmavlobaSi
Tsu-Si ucxoenovan studentebTan da
amJamad azerbaijanulenovan studen-
tebTan muSaobam am mxriv sakmaod
didi gamocdileba dagvigrova..
unda iTqvas, rom ramdenime
aTeuli wlis win gamocemuli
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #3, 2010
34
qrestomaTiebi da saxelmZRvaneloebi
adekvaturad ver pasuxobdnen
ucxoenovani studentebisa Tu moswav-
leebis moTxovnebsa da saWiroebebs,
radgan isini ZiriTadad mSobliuri
enis gramatikuli saxelmZRvanelo-
ebis qargaze iyvnen `gawyobilni~ da
gasagebicaa, rom mraval xarvezs
Seicavdnen am TvalsazrisiT. sul
ramdenime welia, rac am problemebze
nayofierad muSaoben da, Sesabamisad,
kargi originaluri Tu naTargmni
meTodikuri da praqtikuli
saxelmZRvaneloebi gaCnda. vfiqrobT,
maTi Semdgomi meTodologiuri
daxvewa-ganviTareba saqmes waadgeba,
rasac Cveni naSromi isaxavs miznad.
SevecdebiT, Tezisebad Camova-
yaliboT Cveni mosazrebebi:
Tezisi pirveli: radganac
qarTuli ena mdidaria afiqsebiT,
romlebic Tavisebur da sxva
enebisagan sakmaod gansxvavebul
Sesityvebebs qmnian, leqsikonis
Sedgena ucxoenovan studentebs ara
sityvebis, aramed frazebis CaweriT
unda davawyebinoT. magaliTad,
damwyebma studentma icis Tvla: erTi,
ori, sami, oTxi da ase Semdeg.
vekiTxebiT: ras udris erTs
mivumatoT erTi da mivumatoT ori?
umetes SemTxvevebSi pasuxi aseTia:
erTs mivumatoT erTi da mivumatoT
ori udris oTx-i... da aramc da aramc
- oTx-s! gramatikulad amis ganmar-
teba araefeqturia enis praqtikuli
moxmarebis kuTxiT, radgan gra-
matikuli struqturis gageba da
daswavla jer kidev ar niSnavs mis
praqtikul gamoyenebas. metic,
amgvarad naswavli winadadeba
motoruli metyvelebis mteria da
gabmul saubarSi ZiriTad damab-
rkolebladac ki iqceva xolme,
radgan studenti fiqrobs wesze da
ara warmosaTqmel Sinaarsze,. pirveli Tezisis mTavari
postulatia frazebi (an winadadebebi)
da ara sityvebi. iswavleT frazebi da
yuradRebas nu miaqcevT calkeul
sityvebs (igivea, rac sityva
konteqstSi). frazebis swavlisas sul
cotaoden gramatikasac swavlobT.
gramatika xom enobrivi sinamdvilidan
`amosuli~ wesebia?! is gvaswavlis,
rogor davalagoT es sityvebi
erTmaneTis mijriT sworad.
magaliTad, viciT, rom „is“ da
„miirTmevs“ erTadaa yovelTvis.
magaliTad, „is miirTmevs saWmels“
winadadebaSi ar SeiZleba zmnaSi „s“
CavagdoT - „is miirTmev saWmels“.
vimeorebT da vimeorebT „is miirTmevs,
is miirTmevs, is miirTmevs...“. es swori
frazaa. am SemTxvevaSi ar gvWirdeba
imis codna, es awmyoa Tu namyo,
pirveli Tu mesame piri. mxolod imis
codna gvesaWiroeba, rogor Tanmim-
devrobaSi arian isini erTmaneTTan.
amas ki rogor axerxebT? umoklesi da
usworesi gzaa frazebis Seswavla
mravaljeradi gameorebis gziT.
amdenad, rodesac aRmoaCenT axal,
TqvenTvis ucnob sityvas, is im
sityvasTan erTad amowereT da ise
SeadgineT leqsikoni. an mTlianad
winadadeba amoiwereT, an masSi
arsebuli Sesityveba da ara calke
sityva!
rodesac moubrundebiT Tqvens
leqsikons, gadameorebisas frazebisa
da winadadebebis upiratesobaSi
darwmundebiT. garda amisa, es enis
Seswavlis ufro mokle gzaa, radgan
Tqven ara calkeul sityvebs, aramed
sityvaTa jgufs euflebiT.
Tuki sityvebs cal-calke
SeiswavliT, es bunebrivi gza ar
iqneba, rameTu saubrisas calkeuli
sityvebiT ver SemoifarglebiT, aramed
mxolod sityvaTa jgufiT. Cven xom
frazebiT vsaubrobT? bavSvebic xom
mTel winadadebebsa da sityvaT-
mwkrivebs ismenen da ise alapa-
rakdebian xolme mSobliur enaze.
aramc da aramc maT calkeul sityvebs
aravin aswavlis. dasawyisSive ician,
ras niSnavs esa Tu is fraza da
SeiZleba ar uwyoden yvela sityvis
mniSvneloba, magram zustad esmiT
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #3, 2010
35
frazis Sinaarsi. mogvianod, ufro met
frazas euflebian da calkeuli
sityvebis mniSvnelobebsac gebuloben.
es gacilebiT mokle gzaa
calkeuli sityvebis dasaufleblad
da saukeTeso gza swrafi
metyvelebisa. rodesac saubrisas
dafiqrdebiT sityvebze, maSin Tqveni
metyveleba Seneldeba da mocemul
enaze arabunebrivadac imetyvelebT.
amis kargia magaliTia inglisuri
teqstis roboti wamkiTxveli.
miuxedavad imisa, rom is zustad
gamoTqvams TiToeul sityvas, mis mier
wakiTxuli gabmuli metyveleba
Sorsaa bunebrivi inglisuri
metyvelebisagan. amas iwvevs
arabunebrivi wyveta sityvebs Soris _
arada, aseTi pauzebi ara sityvebs,
aramed frazebs Soris arsebobs.
axali winadadebebis wakiTx-
visas frazebi mTlianad unda
amoiweroT. rodesac gadasameoreblad
miubrundebiT, Tqven isev mTel
frazebs gadaimeorebT da ara
calkeul sityvas. aTjer ufro
swrafad daeuflebiT enas. yvelaferi
gamoswordeba Tqveni gramatikis
CaTvliT.
meore Tezisia - nu iswavliT
gramatikas! meore (an ucxo) enis
dauflebisas es umniSvnelovanesi
wesia. daviwyoT iqidan, rom sabWoTa
saskolo sistema unificirebuli iyo
da wlebis ganmavlobaSi (sul mcire
me-5 an me-3 klasidan) iswavleboda
ucxo ena. vswavlobdiT uamrav teqsts
Tavisi gramatikiT, sityvebiT, magram
ra? Camodioda ucxoeli da masTan
saubarsa da komunikacias ver
vaxerxebdiT. ver vagebinebdiT da ver
vigebdiT (meti raRaa ucxo enis
codna?), anu skola mTavar amocanas
ver asrulebda da saWiro iyo
repetitorebi da wlebis ganmavlobaSi
individualuri muSaoba. aseve
grZeldeboda umaRles saswavlebleb-
Sic da Sedegi identuri iyo. amdeni
Sroma da energia da, rac mTavaria _
dro, wyalSi iyo Cayrili.
aqve unda gamovutydeT Tavs da
vikiTxoT - SegiZliaT Tu ara Tqvens
sasurvel enaze (inglisurze,
qarTulze da a.S.) gabmulad da
swrafad, iolad da avtomaturad
saubari? Tu ara, ratom? Tqven xom
enis aseTi floba gsurT? pasuxi
erTia - araswori gziT midiodiT da
ise euflebodiT mas.
sworedac rom gramatikaze
gakeTebulma metismetma aqcentma
moitana es Sedegebi. gamudmebiT
gramatikuli wesebis Seswavlam es
Sedegi gamoiRo. maswavleblebis
miTiTeba da davaleba aseTi iyo -
gramatikuli wesebi kargad unda
SegeswavlaT. Tqvenc iZulebulebi
iyaviT, amaze didi dro dagexarjaT
da am wesebiT gaZeZgili saxelmZRva-
neloebisaTvis drois xarki gageRoT.
amas meore cudi Sedegic axlavs.
adamianTa umravlesobas dResac sjera
gramatikuli wesebis didi mniSv-
nelobisa meore enis SeswavlaSi.
ratom ar unda viswavloT
gramatika? mravali Sroma mieZRvna
imas, rom gramatikis swavla
realurad aqveiTebs Tqvens
sametyvelo Cvevebs. iwyebT mocemul
enaze saubars da im gramatikul
wesebze fiqrobT, romliTac savse
gaqvT Tavebi. nacvlad imisa, rom
avtomaturad saubars SeecadoT,
gramatikuli wesebis gaxsenebas
cdilobT. es ukve aRaraa avtomaturi
metyveleba. ai ZiriTadi mizezTagani,
romlis gamoc ar SegiZliaT
avtomaturad imetyveloT. veRarc
iolad saubrobT da veRarc
avtomaturad.
weris SemTxvevaSi sakmarisze
meti dro gaqvT fiqrisa. SegiZliaT
nela an Zalze nela weroT.
sxvadasxva gziT gaasworoT Sec-
domebi: sakuTar Tavs gausworoT,
daixmaroT wigni, megobari an maswav-
lebeli. magram saubrisas, mogexsene-
baT, amdeni dro ar gaqvT. vinme Tu
SegekiTxebaT, is Tqvengan dauyovne-
bliv pasuxs moelis. darwmunebuli
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #3, 2010
36
unda iyoT maTTan saubarSi Tqveni
pasuxis sisworeSi.
maS, rogorRa viswavloT gra-
matikulad gamarTuli metyveleba? aq
gamosavali mosmenaSia. rodesac is-
menT, xvdebiT, sworia Tu ara mety-
veleba da ar fiqrobT, romel droSi
dgas esa Tu is winadadeba. ismenT
mxolod imas, Tu rogor JRers es wi-
nadadeba, sworad rogor warmoiTqmis
da rodesac alaparakdebiT, swor
gramatikul formas gamoiyenebT. es
erT-erTi gzaa swrafi, ioli da
efeqturi metyvelebisa.
mesame Tezisi yvelaze
mniSvnelovania - mosmena! ganusaz-
Rvreli raodenobiT mosmena uaRresad
mniSvnelovania da, amavdroulad, enis
efeqturad dauflebis uadvilesi
gzac. mocemuli Tezisebis siaSi mos-
menas pirvel adgils mivaniWebdi.
rusul enas Cven ara skolaSi, aramed
ezoebSi TamaSisas, kinoebSi, radiosa
da sxva sainformacio saSualebebiT
veuflebodiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom
skolaSi misi swavleba urigod ar iyo
dayenebuli.
ena Seiswavle yuriT da ara
TvaliT! rodesac saxelmZRvanelodan
swavlobT, gramatikul wesebs eufle-
biT. Sesabamisad, ufro meti gramati-
kuli wesebi mecodineba, vidre Tvi-
Ton, magaliTad, inglisels rom ar
uswavlia. inlisurenovani pirovneba
am wesebs SeiZleba yursac ar ugdeb-
des. isini, ubralod, bunebrivad
saubroben. maSasadame, saubrisas
gramatikul wesebze aravin fiqrobs,
rameTu amisTvis droc ar rCeba.
gramatikuli wesebi xSirad
wignis ramdenime gverds Seicavs. sau-
brisas maTze fiqri Zalian Sors wag-
viyvanda da es damabrkolebelic iqne-
boda. maSasadame, gramatikuli wesebi
ubralod ar muSaobs. maS ra muSaobs?
mosmena da mosmena, vidre is Zalian
ar gagviadvildeba da ar ava av-
tomatur doneze. es Zalian Zlieri
meTodia, ai rogor euflebian bavSvebi
enas - mosmeniT! ori weli da mosmeniT
enas idgamen...
bevrs aRizianebs is, rom
sworad ar saubrobs ucxo enaze. ma-
gram kargi metyveleba kargi mos-
menidan modis. oTxidan eqvs Tvemde
mosmenaa saWiro, mxolod mosmenaze
koncentrireba da nu idardebT
saubarze. Tqven SeZlebT amas, magram
nu daaZalebT Tavs. nu genaRvlebaT,
Tuki Secdomebs dauSvebT. eqvsi Tve
usmineT da usmineT. Tu ufro mets
mousmenT, kidev ukeTesi.
mosmenisas ori um-
niSvnelovanesi ram unda gvaxsovdes:
pirvelia, Tu rogor vusmenT. unda
darwmundeT, rom es martivi enaa. mini-
maluri sirTulis ena. Zalian gsurT
misi maqsimumis gageba. mokled, Tu
naxavT, rom mosasmeni masala gauge-
baria, Tavi daanebeT da moZebneT mar-
tivi. meorec, usmineT ganusazRvrelad
_ droSi ganusazRvrelad.
meoTxe Tezisia - Rrmad swavla.
es ena Sens nawilad aqcie. es erT-
erTi gasaRebia avtomaturi mety-
velebisa. avtomatur metyvelebaSi
daufiqrebeli saubari igulisxmeba.
araviTari Targmna TavSi, araviTari
gramatikuli wesebi. mxolod ila-
parakeT. nu fiqrob, nu cdilob, is-
eve, rogorc mSobliuri enis swavli-
sas ar gWirdeba amis mcdeloba. iq ar
grZnob siZneles. is ukiduresad ad-
vilia. ginda Tqva raime? Tqvi. aravi-
Tari fiqri. mTeli problema skolasa
da saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebSia,
radgan sapirispirod gaswavlidnen
yvelafers. saxelmZRvaneloebSi bevr
rames swavlobdiT wesebTan erTad,
mraval saleqsikono sityvasa da
gramatikul wess. isini sakmaod
swrafadac aiTviseT da axla ki _
kargad arc gaxsovT. SeiZleba TqvaT
kidec, rom gramatika kargad iciT.
SeiZleba TqvaT, rom kargad flobT am
sityvebs. magram iciT Tu ara isini
sinamdvileSi? radgan, rodesac vambob
vici, vgulisxmob imasac, rom es
codna SemiZlia swrafad, iolad da
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #3, 2010
37
avtomaturad gamoviyeno. daufiq-
reblad SegiZliaT ucxo enis
gramatikis gamoyeneba? ise kargad
iciT sityvebi, rom avtomaturad ila-
parakebT? kvlav da kvlav, araviTari
dafiqreba, Targmna, fiqris Seyovneba,
pauza saubrisas. araviTari ucnauri
dayovnebebi.
amgvarad, es problemebi gaqvT
da asec unda iyos, Tqven xom skolaSi
(da umaRlesSic) swavlobdiT? ra kar-
gad euflebodiT saxelmZRvaneloebs
da fiqrobdiT, - ra swrafad vswav-
lob... SesaniSnavia, - da eZleodiT
cru TviTkmayofilebas. problema is
aris, rom Rrmad ar swavlobdiT da
es ar iyo realuri swavla. testebs
da gamocdebsac abarebdiT brwyin-
valed, magram ucxoenovanebTan sau-
brisas veRarafers axerxebdiT. an,
ukidures SemTxvevaSi - saSineli
aqcentiTa da sustad.
amdenad, avtomaturi saubari
gWirdebaT. rogor viswavloT Rrmad?
es iolia, magram mZlavri saSualebaa.
Rrma swavla mravaljeradi, ganusaz-
Rvreli raodenobiT gadameorebas
gulisxmobs. vfiqrobT, erTi gak-
veTili erTi kvira unda grZelde-
bodes. masSi 50 sityva unda Sevides.
mogecemaT erTi saubari an nawili
(mocemuli sityvebis odenobis gaT-
valiswinebiT - ar unda aRematebodes
50-s). Semdeg mogecemaT mini-
moTxroba/teqsti. masSic imave sity-
vebsa da frazebs imeorebT. imeorebT
da imeorebT. Semdeg saleqsikono gan-
yofileba geZlevaT, sadac imave sity-
vebsa da frazebs kvlav imeorebT,
imeorebT da imeorebT. arc moiwyenT,
radgan erTsa da imave sityvas
sxvadasxva situaciebSi moismenT,
sxvadasxvagvarad da sxvadasxva kon-
teqstSi... amitomac gWirdebaT regu-
laruli gameoreba. axali sityva-
fraza minimum 30-jer mainc unda mois-
minoT da gaigoT, rom daimaxsovroT,
Rrmad SeiswavloT da avtomaturad
gamoiyenoT metyvelebaSi. pirvel
rigSi vgulisxmobT maT mosmenasa da
sworad gagebas. da es manamde unda
gagrZeldes, vidre sabolood ar
gaRrmavdeba da avtomaturamde ar
dava. es araa mxolod mosmena, es
siRrmiseuli mosmenaa, kvlav da kvlav,
isev da isev mosmena. 20-jer mosmenis
Semdeg gegonebaT, rom araferi xdeba,
gavige, magram yvelaferi igivea. es
imitom, rom siRrmiseuli mosmenaa
saWiro. TiTqos Tavidan araferi
xdeba, magram uceb afeTqeba da sity-
vebi avtomaturad wamova... gasaocari
grZnobaa. es swored isaa, rac gWirde-
bodaT.
maSasadame, siRrmiseulad iswav-
leT da gaimeoreT. rasac moismenT _
imeoreT da imeoreT. yoveldRe
Svidjer da metadac.
mexuTe Tezisi meore Teziss
ukavSirdeba. gaxsovT, gramatika ar
gindaT-meTqi?
ra unda CavanacvloT mas, rom
sworad vilaparakoT? esaa mini-
teqstis/moTxrobis Sesaxeb Tvalsaz-
risi. mxolod Zalian mcire moculo-
bis ioli moTxroba. Cven mravali
sxvadasxva mosazreba unda movisminoT
am mini-teqstis garSemo. oTxi-xuTi
winadadebisagan Semdgari teqsti mra-
valjer unda movisminoT da
davrwmundeT, rom Tqven is gesmiT.
teqsti awmyoSia warmodgenili.
pirveli, rasac gavakeTebT, warsul
droSi gadaviyvanT. am versiasac kar-
gad gavigebT, Zalian bevrs movusmenT
da Zalian bevrjer gadavimeorebT. es
praqtikuli gramatikaa _ wesebisa da
Teoriis gareSe geZlevaT. gWirdebaT
mxolod is, rom mousminoT, gaigoT
maT Soris sxvaoba da imeoroT da
imeoroT. axla ukve gadavdivarT erTi
wlis Semdgomdroindel movlenebze
(momavali dro). es mesame droa ukve.
iwyebT samive versiis gadameorebas.
TvalnaTliv dainaxavT, rogor icv-
leba am moTxrobis TiToeuli versia.
Semdeg gadaviyvanoT sxvadasxva pirSi
da vaCvenoT, raoden icvleba erTi da
igive teqsti pirebis mixedviT
sxvadasxvanairad. ismenT da ismenT
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #3, 2010
38
maT gagebamde. araviTar SemTxvevaSi
ar ifiqroT romel droSia da romel
pirSi da a. S. ubralod moismineT da
gaimeoreT teqsti gasagebad. es ioli
da efeqturi gzaa. gramatikuli wese-
bisa da maTi gazuTxvis gareSe av-
tomaturad swavlobT gramatikul we-
sebs. amavdroulad darwmundebiT, rom
gamarTulad ilaparakebT.
meeqvse Tezisi Seexeba realuri
masalis gamoyenebas. ukve aRvniSneT,
rom Tavi unda daaneboT sax-
elmZRvaneloebis xelovnur teqstebs...
ras vgulisxmobT realuri masalis
gamoyenebaSi? esaa mSobliur enaze
mosaubre adamiani da is, rasac is
iyenebs realur metyvelebaSi. magali-
Tad, kargia, Tu bevrs ikiTxavT Sesas-
wavl enaze, magram saxelmZRvaneloe-
bis teqstebi ar ikiTxoT! darwmundiT,
rom is wasakiTxad advilia da Sesas-
wavl enazea dawerili, originaluria.
magram airCieT is, rac Zalian
gainteresebT. aseve, ar mousminoT ad-
amianebs, romlebic realur situacias,
dialogs TamaSoben, radgan es ar
aris normaluri, realuri ena.
mxolod bunebrivad mosaubre xalxs
usmineT, Tanac TqvenTvis saintereso
Temebze. audiowignebic SesaniSnavi
gzaa realuri enis mosasmenad,
mxolod usmenT wigns. kvlav TqvenT-
vis saintereso Temebze. isev da isev
imdenad advili unda iyos, rom unda
gagegebodeT TiTqmis asi procentiT.
mosmenam siamovneba unda moggvaroT.
Tu bavSvebis audiowignebis mosmenidan
daiwyebT, xom yvelafers ajobebs.
aqac unda iyoT darwmunebulebi, rom
gesmiT TiTqmis asi procenti. usmineT
da usmineT usazRvrod, vidre ar wai-
wevT win da gadadiT saymawvilo lit-
eraturis mosmenaze. aseve, usmineT da
usmineT usazRvrod, manam, vidre sak-
maod advili ar iqneba TqvenTvis da
gadadiT ufro rTul doneze. ukve
yurgaCveulebs SegeZlebaT mousminoT
axal ambebs, satelevizio da radio-
gadacemebs, uyuroT da mousminoT
filmebs da Souebs.
swored realuri, cocxali ma-
saliT daeuflebiT cocxal enas. sax-
elmZRvaneloebi oficialur enas ga-
ziareben da ZiriTadad weras Tu gas-
wavlian. saxelmZRvaneloebSi moce-
muli leqsika da stili mxolod
sawer enas Tu SegaswavliT. rodesac
usmenT cocxal enas da mas Seiswav-
liT, Tqven daeuflebiT im enas, ro-
melsac yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, nor-
maluri saubris dros viyenebT. es
swored isaa, rogoradac vsaubrobT,
realurad rogorc gamovTqvamT an vi-
yenebT sityvebs. es realuri gamoTqme-
bia.
amdenad, gvaxsovdes, mxolod
realuri masala da ara sax-
elmZRvaneloebi da kasetebze an CD
diskebze ganTavsebuli xelovnuri mo-
sasmeni masala. es saxaliso wesia,
romelic Tavs dagaRwevinebT rutinas
da iseT masalas gamogaZebninebT, ro-
melic gainteresebT. vaRiaroT, rom
saxelmZRvaneloebi araa saintereso.
metic, rogorc wesi, mosawyenia. maSa-
sadame, moZebneT realuri mosasmeni
da realuri wasakiTxi masala, ro-
melic gainteresebT da aucileblad
Tqveni donis Sesaferisi, rom gaigoT.
meSvide Tezisi mosmenilisa da
mis irgvliv dasmuli kiTxvebis
pasuxis gacemas Seexeba. Tu fiqrobT
realur metyvelebaze, ra xdeba
realur saubarSi? Cveulebriv masSi
mravali kiTxva da mravali pasuxia
mocemuli. iSviaTad xdeba, erTi pi-
rovneba saubrobdes da meore mxolod
ismendes. Cveulebriv, aseTi saubari
saurTierToa - erTi meores esaubreba
da piriqiT. erTi svams kiTxvebs da
meore gaiazrebs maT da scems
pasuxebs da ase grZeldeba gamudme-
biT, kiTxva-pasuxis reJimSi. saubari,
SekiTxva, pasuxi - ai realuri
saubari, rac gamudmebiT xdeba.
amavdroulad, rodesac yuri ismens,
goneba fxizldeba, gamococxldeba,
radganac SekiTxva pasiuri ar aris.
rodesac SekiTxvas ismenT, raRac unda
moimoqmedoT. gonebiT mocemul enaze
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #3, 2010
39
fiqrobT, gebulobT da pasuxsac mo-
cemul enaze iZleviT. es Zalze
mniSvnelovania imisaTvis, rom gavigoT
- enobrivi moRvaweoba Zalze aqtiuri
qmedebaa. Sesabamisad, aseTi aqtiuri
gziT unda SeviswavloT ucxo enac.
Tqveni goneba gacilebiT swrafad
muSaobs da gacilebiT swrafadve
swavlobT, rodesac bevr SekiTxvas
iyenebT. amisTvis ki viyenebT am
moTxrobebs. mosmeniT, rogorc aRv-
niSneT, unda usminoT da usminoT, ma-
gram axla cotaTi gansxvavebul rames
vakeTebT. vismenT da moTxrobebis
irgvliv dasmul kiTxvebze pasuxebs
vcemT. Cven vsvamT kiTxvebs teqstis
garSemo. Zalze bevr SekiTxvas, Se-
kiTxvasa da SekiTxvas. es imitom, rom
Sesaswavl enaze iazrovnoT. am Se-
kiTxvebiT swored amas SeiswavliT.
amiT SeiswavliT gamudmebul da
swrafad azrovnebas am enaze.
pirveli, rac gakeTdeba, SekiTx-
vebis dasma Zalian advili iqneba. esec
Zalze mniSvnelovania. Tu ase ar ga-
vakeTeT da rTuli SekiTxvebi davs-
viT, bevrsac ifiqrebT da es Zalian
gaiweleba droSi, Zalian neli iqneba.
Tqven nela iazrovnebT. SesaZloa
mSobliur enazec gadaxvideT da ise
TargmnoT da moifiqroT pasuxebi.
amitom, am moTxrobebis irgvliv da-
gisvamT uamrav SekiTxvas da swraf
SekiTxvebs, Tumca Zalian, Zalian iol
SekiTxvebs. imdenad advils, rom
dauyovnebliv gaigoT da Tqveni
pasuxic Zalian swrafi iqneba. siCqare
Zalze mniSvnelovani Semadgenelia am
moTxrobebisa. pasuxis gacemisas erT
an or sityvas iyenebT. es yvelaze
mokle pasuxebia. ar gWirdebaT didi
winadadebiT pasuxi. ar dagWirdebaT
gramatikaze fiqri. saerTod, arc sxva
araferze ifiqrebT. Tqven gonebas
miaCvevT meore / ucxo enaze Zalian
swraf gagebas da saTanadod gascemT
pasuxs. gaigebT uswrafesad da isau-
brebT uswrafesad. amitomac migaCvevT
am gansakuTrebul teqstebs kiTxva-
migebis wesiT.
vimeoreb, kiTxvebi Zalian mokle
pasuxebs unda gulisxmobdes dasawy-
isSi. es umartivesi teqnikaa, magram
Zalze efeqturi. gansakuTrebiT maSin,
Tu ramdenime Tve moixmarT mas.
gasaocari Sedegebi moaqvs. TandaTan
Tqveni saubari aCqardeba da am enaze
daiwyebT azrovnebas. aRmoaCenT, rom
erT mSvenier dRes swrafad gebulobT
da ubralod laparakobT am enaze.
aRarc fiqrobT da aRarc TargmniT.
ismenT da saubrobT - gasaocari
grZnoba dageuflebaT.
rogor SevTxzaT aseTi
moTxroba an ambavi? Sesaswavl enaze
mosaubre valaparakoT da diqtofonze
CaviweroT. gamudmebiT vusminoT.
yovel jerze gesmiT SekiTxva da
Tqven pasuxobT. Zalze advilia, Tan _
efeqturi.
Cveni swavlebis meTodi da gak-
veTilebi mxolod realuri enis Ses-
wavla iqneba realuri konteqstiT am
Tezisebze dayrdnobiT. ra Tqma unda,
Cven mier SemoTavazebul gakveTilebSi
Tavmoyrili da mowesrigebuli iqneba
yvelaferi, rac zemoT iTqva... yvela
gakveTils eqneba moTxrobebi kiTxva-
pasuxiT. yvela gramatikuli Tanmim-
devrobiT, gramatikis wesebis gareSe.
yvelas eqneba saleqsikono ganyo-
fileba sityvebis gareSe - frazebiT
gadmocemuli. TiToeul maTgans eqneba
audio, mosasmeni masala realuri
metyvelebidan, romelsac mousmenT da
mousmenT...
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #3, 2010
40
ABSTRACT Merab Babukhadia
Features of Fast Methodological Teaching of Foreign Language (Why do you need the unusable covered treasure?
Or a Linguist Against of Grammar Teaching)
Will not be the original in our method, which was widely established in the world and satisfied all the modern needs and meet standards. We try to use them only in the modern Georgian language, in the study of Georgian language real quick and effective. This thesis is established in the form: learn phrases and suggestions, not words (for dictionary material) any grammar, reading constantly (from simple to complex) in this study eighty percent of thesis is given, to the depth and width, not to aspiration. Slow - by slowly recurring refrain heard multiple Remember. Re-peat 50-100 - yet. Hearing> understanding> repeat>to automatically speech; mini - texts reading and learning; discussion on them in the present, past, and who (in the grammar without the tell) and all three persons and transmission the number (as well as the three time); text’s question is not a textbook, but given from real texts of this language literature, not reading the text C-Ds, but the podcast, you will listen to audio-books interesting topics - just listen! But only big part of lis-tening material should understand that it will make interesting and attractive. Af-ter moving to a youth age, and more advanced (the only real texts). After radio and movies, the question around text and answers from easy to difficult, etc.
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #3, 2010
41
nino SaraSeniZe
Secdomebis analizi da maTze muSaoba enis
aTvisebis procesSi
abstraqti
enis Seswavlis procesSi Secdomebi xSiria. maswavlebelma aucileblad unda imuSaos maTze da ise dagegmos saswavlo procesi, rom yvela tipis Secdomaze moaxinos reagireba. statiaSi ganxilulia Secdomebze muSaobis gzebi da saSualebebi, gaanalizebulia is amocanebi, romlebic maswavleblis winaSe dgas. mniSvnelovania, rom Secdomebze muSaobam ar unda Seaferxos moswavlis metyvelebis procesi da ar unda Seuqmnas mas fsiqologiuri problemebi. amitom maswavlebelma sasurvelia, CainiSnos SecdomaTa tipebi, moaxdinos maTi klasifikacia, xolo Semdeg sxvadasxva aqtivobisa da savarjiSoebis gamoyenebiT imuSaos Secdomebze. statiaSi ganxilulia warmoTqmisa da zepirmetyvelebis problemebi da rekomendaciebi, gaanalizebulia gramatikuli Secdomebisadmi damokidebuleba da naCvenebia maTi daZlevis gzebi. aseve warmodgenilia weriT davalebebSi gamovlenil Secdomebze muSaobis efeqturi saSualebebi. statiaSi SemoTavazebulia savarjiSoTa is tipebi, romlebic maswavleblebs daexmarebaT problemis daZlevaSi.
enis Seswavlis procesSi Sec-
domebi gardauvalia. igi enis aTvise-
bis Tanamdevi movlenaa. Sesaswavl
enaze metyvelebis unaris ganviTareba
aucileblad iwvevs Secdomebs, rom-
lebic sxvadasxva faqtoriTaa ganpi-
robebuli: rTulia Sesaswavli enis
fonematuri struqturis srulad aT-
viseba da misi realizeba, sawar-
moTqmo aparatis morgeba axali enis
monacemebTan, aseve xdeba mSobliuri
enis yalibis meqanikuri gadatana axal
enobriv sistemaSi, an adgili aqvs
konstruqciis arasrulad aTvisebas
da miRebuli codnis arasrulfasov-
nad gadatanas praqtikaSi. es da sxva
mravali sakiTxi gansakuTrebulad
TvalsaCinoa saklaso muSaobisas.
rogor unda moiqces maswavlebeli?
reagirebis gareSe datovos Secdomebi
Tu meyseulad mianiSnos masze
moswavles? mxolod gausworos Sec-
doma Tu imsjelos TiToeul maT-
ganze? ra dro dauTmos Secdomebis
analizs? Semoitanos axali masala
Tu isev imuSaos im masalaze, ro-
melic jer kidev ar auTvisebia
moswavles ise, rom ar dauSvas Sec-
doma? yvela Secdomaze hqondes
reaqcia maswavlebels Tu mxolod
zogierTze an SerCeviT imsjelos Ti-
Toeulze? ra dro dauTmos Secdome-
bis analizs da rogor miawodos is
klass? individualurad unda moxdes
moswavleTa mier daSvebuli Secdome-
bis analizi Tu igi saklaso ganxil-
vis sagani unda gaxdes? _ es kiTxvebi
da maTze pasuxis gacema mniSvnelova-
nia saswavlo procesis srulyofilad
agebisaTvis da sagakveTilo procesSi
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #3, 2010
42
maswavleblis qmedebis sworad war-
marTvisaTvis.
pirveli da mniSvnelovani pi-
roba, romelic unda Sesruldes, aris
is, rom moswavle, romelic cdilobs
Sesaswavl enaze martivi komunikaciis
agebas da axerxebs Tundac elementa-
rul komunikacias, ar unda Sevaf-
erxoT; anu am SemTxvevaSi uSecdomo
metyveleba an Secdomebis analizi ki
araa mTavari, aramed is, rom Sesas-
wavl enaze metyvelebis survili ga-
vuCinoT enis Semswavlels / moswav-
les. es metad mniSvnelovani
fsiqologiuri faqtoria, radgan enis
Seswavlisas yvelas uviTardeba kom-
pleqsi imisa, rom igi arasworad an
arasrulyofilad gadmoscems azrs.
Tu maswavlebeli am SemTxvevaSi
yovel Secdomaze reagirebs,
sasurveli Sedegis nacvlad, rom
moswavlem gamarTulad ilaparakos,
SesaZloa sruliad sapirispiro
Sedegi miviRoT _ moswavles
daekargeba Sesaswavl enaze mety-
velebis survili.
aRsaniSnavia is, rom Secdomebi
mosalodnelia yvela doneze, magram
sxvadasxva doneze Secdomebi
sxvadasxvagvari iqneba. enis Seswavlis
pirvelive safexurze Cndeba sawar-
moTqmo problemebi. Sesaswavli enis
fonematuri struqtura erTbaSad
Zneli aRsaqmeli da warmosaTqmelia.
miT ufro, es exeba specifikuri
bgerebis sworad gamoTqmas. Semdgom
etapze Tavs iCens sxvadasxvagvari
gramatikuli sakiTxi. Secdomebi mud-
mivad vlindeba weraSi. yvela am sa-
kiTxs etapobrivad da mizanmimarTu-
lad unda damuSaveba. Secdomebze
muSaoba saswavlo procesis ganuy-
ofel nawilad unda iqces. enis swav-
lebisas Secdomebi gardauvalia, amde-
nad saswavlo procesis sworad
dagegmva gulisxmobs Secdomebze spe-
cialur muSaobas. amgvarad dagegmili
saqmianoba ki safuZveli gaxdeba, erTi
mxriv, enis komunikaciuri aspeqtis
ganviTarebisa, xolo meore mxriv, igi
ganaviTarebs da aamaRlebs enis
akademiuri flobis dones.
Secdomebze muSaoba warmoTqmaSi
sawarmoTqmo problemebi Tavs
iCens enis swavlebis pirvelive dRi-
dan, magram maTi gamosworeba mcire
droSi ar moxdeba, rac ar unda
gaZlierebuli da intensiuri muSaoba
Catardes am mxriv. enis codnis donis
amaRlebasTan erTad, sawarmoTqmo
problemebic mcirdeba, magram igi
yovelTvis SeiZleba darCes aqcentis
saxiT, anu srulyofilad swori war-
moTqmac verasodes ganxorcieldes.
ramdenadac es SeiZleba ganvixiloT
mkveTrad individualuri Tvisebebisa
da unarebis gamovlenad, amdenad, misi
srulad daZleva mxolod individis
SesaZleblobebs SeiZleba mivandoT.
zogierTi individi bunebrivi smenisa
da sxva unar-Cvevebis Sedegad enis aT-
visebis paralelurad axerxebs sawar-
moTqmo aparatis srulyofas da
uaqcento metyvelebas, zogisaTvis ki
es mudmiv maxasiaTeblad rCeba, Tumca
SesaZloa, misi enobrivi kompetencia
maRalic ki iyos. amdenad, sawar-
moTqmo problemebis analizisas unda
moxdes mxolod ZiriTad problemebze
aqcentireba. rogorc cnobilia,
bgeris umTavresi maxasiaTebeli misi
sityvaTganmasxvavebeli funqciaa _
bgeraTa CanacvlebiT SeiZleba mivi-
RoT sruliad gansxvavebuli
mniSvnelobis sityva. amitom enis
SemswavlelTan gansakuTrebulad unda
mieqces yuradReba amgvar problemebs
enaSi da masze specialurad Seiqmnas
savarjiSoebi, raTa sawarmoTqmo
problema ar gadaizardos enobriv
problemaSi. amisaTvis:
specialurad damuSavdes Sesas-
wavli enis fonematuri stru-
qtura enis Semswavlelis
mSobliur enasTan mimarTebiT
da gamoiyos gansxvavebuli
bgerebi; am bgeraTa gamoyenebiT
Seiqmnas winadadebebi da mcire
zomis martivi, araavTenturi
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #3, 2010
43
teqstebi, romlebsac gamovi-
yenebT rogorc sawarmoTqmo
miznebisaTvis, ise karnaxisa da
werisaTvis. yoveli nacion-
aluri jgufisaTvis unda gani-
sazRvros SecdomaTa mosalod-
neli tipebi. magaliTad,
Turqul da azerbaijanulenovan
moswavleebs, agreTve evropuli
enebis umravles warmo-
madgenlebs uZneldebaT qar-
Tuli enis yru mkveTr Tanx-
movanTa warmoTqma, rogorebi-
caa: p, t, k; rusulenovan enis
Semswavlels gauWirdeba yru
fSvinvierebis warmoTqma: f, T,
q. aseve rTulia afrikatebis (Z,
c, w, j, C, W) warmoTqma zemoT-
CamoTvlili enebis warmo-
madgenlebisTvis, magram somxu-
renovani moswavlisaTvis es ar
warmoadgens gansakuTrebul
problemas. qarTulisaTvis
specifikuria enisZirismieri y
Tanxmovani da misi sworad war-
moTqma xangrZliv, SesaZloa
dauZlevel problemadac ki
darCes qarTuli enis Semswav-
lelisaTvis. amdenad am prob-
lemebze aucileblad unda ga-
maxvildes yuradReba, magram
srulyofili warmoTqmis sur-
vilma ar unda Seaferxos enis
Seswavlis procesi da arc enis
Semswavlels unda gauCndes
iseTi ganwyoba, rom es
dauZleveli procesia. Tu Sec-
domebi ar cvlis sityvis
mniSvnelobas, maTze specialu-
rad yuradRebis gamaxvileba
arcaa saWiro, radgan amgvari
problemebi enobrivi kompeten-
ciis amaRlebasTan erTad Tan-
daTan Semcirdeba.
gamoiyos iseTi bgerebi, ro-
melTa araswori gamoyeneba ga-
moiwvevs sityvis mniSvnelobis
cvlas. qarTulisaTvis aseTia: p
- f: papa - fafa, piri _ firi,
puri _ furi, poni _ foni, paqti
_ faqti... T _ t: Tari _ tari,
Taro _ taro, TuSi _ tuSi... q
_ k: qudi _ kudi, qari _ kari,
qera _ kera, qula _ kula... c _
w: celi _ weli, curavs _
wuravs... C _ W: Ciri _ Wiri, Cala
_ Wala... g _ R: gori _ Rori,
gvari _ Rvari, gomi _ Romi, go-
nieri _ Ronieri... R - y: Ria _
yia, Rele _ yeli... da ase Sem-
deg. sasurvelia, enis Semswav-
lels sakiTxav da sawarmoTqmo
masalad winaswar mivawodoT
aseTi sityvebi, raTa man, erTi
mxriv, yuradReba gaamaxvilos
maT sworad warmoTqmaze da
meore mxriv, Tavad icodes mo-
salodneli Secdomis arseboba.
am sityvaTa gamoyenebiT
sasurvelia, Seiqmnas winadade-
bebi an mcire moculobis
teqstebi, romelTa gamoyeneba
SeiZleba sakiTxavad, smenisa da
gagebis unaris gasaumjobese-
blad, karnaxiT werisaTvis.
aseve mizanSewonili iqneba
Casasmeli savarjiSoebis mi-
wodebac, romlebSic Tavad unda
gansazRvros sityvis konteqs-
turi mniSvneloba da Tavad
unda SearCios mocemul sity-
vaTagan erT-erTi. aseve
mniSvnelovania specialuri miz-
niT Seqmnili audiomasalis mi-
wodeba an maswavleblis mier
warmoTqmuli calkeuli sityve-
bisa da teqstebis demonstri-
reba.
momzaddes specialuri savar-
jiSoebi sawarmoTqmo aparatis
dasaxvewad; amisaTvis SeiZleba
misaRebi iyos `enis gasatexe-
bic~, magram aq unda gaviTval-
iswinoT is, rom enis gasatexis
yvela sityva advilad as-
axsneli da gasagebi unda iyos
enis SemswavlelisaTvis.
swavlebis procesSi sasurvelia
maswavlebelma CainiSnos is
Secdomebi, romlebsac war-
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #3, 2010
44
moTqmisas uSveben moswavleebi
da Semdgom Seqmnas specialuri
savarjiSoebi maTTvis. amgvari
savarjiSoebis SesaZlo tipebis:
TvalsaCinoeba, romelzedac
moxdeba swori da araswori
formebis gamijvna (ra aris ga-
moxatuli suraTze), demon-
strirebaze dayrdnobiT gameo-
reba, simReris an leqsis audio-
Canaweris mosmena da Semdgom
moswavleebis mier imave teqstis
gameoreba... es ukanaskneli
SesaZloa xSirad Tavad maswav-
lebelma Seasrulos: mis mier
wakiTxul an warmoTqmul
teqsts imeoreben moswavleebi.
moiZebnos masala (leqsebi, sim-
Rerebi...), romlebic gamosadegi
iqneba sawarmoTqmo daniSnule-
biT.
aseve, didi mniSvneloba eqneba
multiplikaciuri da mxat-
vruli filmebis naxvas spe-
cialuri davalebebiT (magali-
Tad, kiTxva-pasuxi: ra Tqva am
gmirma? ra upasuxa meorem?...)
Secdomebze muSaoba zepirmetyvele-
baSi
rogorc ukve iTqva, maswavleblis
pirveli rigis amocanaa, rom ar Seawy-
vetinos moswavles metyveleba daSve-
buli Secdomebis gamo. magram amave
dros:
maswavlebelma unda CainiSnos
Secdomebi;
maswavlebelma unda moaxdinos
SecdomaTa klasifikacia;
unda ganisazRvros SecdomaTa
tipebi enis kompetenciis mixed-
viT, anu moxdes im sakiTxebis
gamoyofa, romelzedac
yuradRebis miqceva SesaZlebeli
iqneba enis flobis konkretuli
donisaTvis;
Seiqmnas specialuri savar-
jiSoebi, testebi mosalodneli
Secdomebis gamosasworeblad;
asakisa da enis flobis donis
mixedviT daigegmos samuSaoebi
klasSi Sesasruleblad (mas-
wavleblis saubari, specialuri
ganmarteba, axsna, analizi...)
gramatikul Secdomebze muSaoba
gramatikuli Secdomebis gamos-
woreba metad xangrZlivi procesia da
igi gansakuTrebul muSaobas moiTxovs
rogorc maswavleblis, ise enis
Semswavlelis mxridan.
maswavlebelma unda CainiSnos
yvela is Secdoma, romelsac moswav-
leebi uSveben zepirmetyvelebisas Tu
werisas. magram yvela Secdomis anal-
izi, bunebrivia, ver moxdeba erTbaSad,
radgan igi moiTxovs rogorc eno-
brivi kompetenciis garkveul dones,
ise gasaTvaliswinebelia asakobrivi
sakiTxic, radgan arsebobs SecdomaTa
meqanikuri da gaazrebuli daZlevis
gzebi. dawyebiTi klasebis moswav-
leebs sasurvelia mxolod swori
forma mivawodoT xSirad daSvebuli
Secdomebis sanacvlod da specialuri
analizis gareSe mivaRwioT maT ga-
mosworebas. asakobrivi da enobrivi
kompetenciis zrdasTan erTad Tan-
daTanobiT moxdeba enobrivi stru-
qturisa da enobrivi meqanizmebis
gaazreba da SecdomaTa safuZvlian
analizs mxolod am SemTxvevaSi eqneba
azri.
gramatikuli Secdomebis anal-
izisas mniSvneloba eniWeba imas, Tu
ra iwvevs am tipis Secdomas. am
SemTxvevaSi ramdenime aspeqti unda
gaviTvaliswinoT: Secdoma SeiZleba
gamowveuli iyos mSobliuri enis
analogiT, radgan enis Semswavlels
pirdapir gadmoaqvs Tavisi enisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli konstruqcia Sesas-
wavl enaSi; gramatikul Secdomebs
iwvevs enobrivi kompetenciis dabali
done, anu Sesaswavli enis struqturis
arcodna da enobrivi meqanizmebis
gauTvaliswinebloba.
rogor unda vimuSaoT gramati-
kul Secdomebze?
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #3, 2010
45
pirvel rigSi, unda moxdes
SecdomaTa klasifikacia, ma-
galiTad: Secdomebi piris for-
maTa sworad gamoyenebis sa-
kiTxSi, zmnis droTa formebis
warmoebaSi, Secdomebi zmnur
konstruqciebSi, anu zmnasTan
dakavSirebul saxelTa forme-
bis sworad gamoyeneba, rTuli
winadadebebis konstruqciebis
Sedgena Tu sxva tipisa...
sasurvelia Seiqmnas TvalsaCi-
noeba _ sqemebi, cxrilebi...
romlebic asaxaven rogorc
Sesaswavli enis Taviseburebebs,
aseve moaxdenen mosalodnel
SecdomaTa sapirispirod swori
formebis gaaqtiurebas;
unda Seiqmnas specialuri
savarjiSoebi TiToeuli sa-
kiTxisaTvis: Casma, swori
formis SerCeva, areuli Tanmim-
devrobis dalageba, zmnis, wi-
nadadebis, teqstis gadayvana
sxva drois / piris formaSi,
kiTxva-pasuxi pirTa formebis
gaaqtiurebiT, minidialogis
Sedgena mocemuli formebis ga-
moyenebiT, situaciuri TamaSebi
Sesaswavli formebis gamoyene-
biT, gamonaklisebze specialuri
muSaoba da ase Semdeg...
mocemuli formebis gamoyenebiT
winadadebebi an teqstis
Sedgena;
informaciis gameoreba da ax-
ali winadadebis / informaciis
damateba;
dialogis Sedgena mocemuli an
gansaxilveli formebis gamo-
yenebiT (wyvilebSi muSaoba)...
gramatikuli Secdomebze muSao-
bis erT-erTi efeqturi gzaa fun-
qciuri gramatikis sakiTxebis mi-
wodeba enis SemswavlelTaTvis. igi
gansakuTrebulad avlens gramati-
kis praqtikul daniSnulebas da
amave dros, aviTarebs enobriv kom-
petenciebs komunikaciuri situa-
ciebis mixedviT.
Secdomebze muSaoba weris
mimarTulebiT
weriTi davalebebi metad
mniSvnelovania rogorc uSualod
weris unar-Cvevis, ise zogadad eno-
brivi kompetenciis ganviTarebisaTvis.
weris procesi metyvelebasTan Se-
darebiT nela da pasiuri codnis
gaaqtiurebiT mimdinareobs, ramde-
nadac enis Semswavlels / moswavles
sakmarisi dro aqvs azris gadmosace-
mad mis mier aTvisebuli masalidan
gaazrebulad SearCios formebi. amde-
nad, werisas daSvebuli Secdomebi
saukeTeso indikatoria gaazrebuli
codnis doneze arsebul problemaTa
gamosavlenad. Tu weriT namuSevarSi
Secdomebi mravladaa, es aSkarad aCve-
nebs, rom enis SemswavlelisaTvis
garkveuli sakiTxebi jer kidev
dauZlevelia. amdenad, werisas daSve-
bul Secdomebze mizanmimarTulad
unda imuSaos rogorc enis Semswav-
lelma, aseve maswavlebelma.
weriTi davalebebis saxiT
moswavles SeiZleba sxvadasxva
samuSao mieces da TiToeuli maTgani
Tavisebur midgomasa da muSaobas
moiTxovs. upirveles yovlisa ki unda
aRiniSnos, rom didi mniSvneloba eni-
Weba weriTi namuSevris kargad gamo-
yenebas SecdomaTa analizisaTvis. ami-
tom maswavlebelma aucileblad unda
mianiSnos yvela Secdomaze, xolo
Semdgom gamokveTilad unda miuTiTos
swori forma an azris gamoxatvis
swori enobrivi saSualebebi. vi-
zualizaciis es xerxi kargi saSuale-
baa moswavlisaTvis sakuTar Secdo-
maTa gasaanalizeblad.
dawyebiT safexurze efeqturia
karnaxi, radgan igi avlens im prob-
lemebs, romlebic mosmenis, gagebis,
enis fonematuri struqturisa da or-
Tografiis gaazrebis dones avlens.
karnaxi kargad gamoavlens, ra prob-
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #3, 2010
46
lemebia bgeraTa aRqmisa da sworad
weris TvalsazrisiT.
weriTi davalebis erT-erTi
saxeobas warmoadgens winadadebebisa
da teqstebis Sedgena. am SemTxvevaSi
vlindeba gramatikuli problemebi,
rac aseve unda gaxdes Secdomebis
gasworebisa da analizi safuZveli.
rveulSi, specialur adgilze, gamok-
veTilad, umjobesia sqematurad da
TvalsaCinod, saTiTaod unda gamoik-
veTos yvela Secdoma swori variantis
CvenebiT.
metad efeqturi saSualebaa
moswavleTa mier Secdomebis gas-
woreba. amisaTvis rveulSi unda ga-
moiyos adgili Secdomebis gaswore-
bisaTvis, sadac moswavle Tavadve
dawers Secdomis sanacvlod swor,
gamarTul variants.
mokled, Secdomebis analizi
weris mimarTulebiT amgvarad
SeiZleba warmovidginoT:
karnaxi da misi analizi;
weriTi davaleba da misi anal-
izi;
naweris gasworebisas mieniSnos
yvela Secdoma swori formis
miTiTebiT;
gamoiyos specialuri adgili
Secdomebis gasworebisaTvis;
Seiqmnas specialuri davale-
bebi, teqstebi tipur SecdomaTa
gaanalizebisaTvis.
dasasrul, kidev erTxel mivu-
brundeT im SekiTxvebs, romlebic
daisva da sakiTxis gaTvaliswine-
biT maT mokled gavceT pasuxi:
amdenad, Secdomebi reagirebis
gareSe ar unda darCes, magram Ti-
Toeul maTganze dauyovneblivi
reagireba Seaferxebs moswavlis
metyvelebis process. amitom
sasurvelia, maswavlebelma CainiS-
nos Secdomebi, moaxdinos maTi
klasifikacia da Semdgom gaaanal-
izos isini. enis Seswavlis sawyis
safexurze SeiZleba mxolod
mieniSnos swori formis Sesaxeb.
aseve efeqturi iqneba TvalsaCinoe-
bebis, gansakuTrebiT ki sqemebis,
gamoyeneba. enobrivi kompetenciis
zrdasTan erTad ki sasurvelia
SecdomaTa analizi da maTze gark-
veuli msjeloba. SecdomaTa
klasifikaciis Semdeg maswavle-
belma enis aTvisebis procesSi
TandaTanobiT unda gaaanalizos
Secdomebi da igi etapobrivad mia-
wodos klass. araa aucilebeli
Secdomebis analizs mTeli sagak-
veTilo procesi daeTmos, an gark-
veuli TanamimdevrobiT moxdes
maTze msjeloba. piriqiT, maTi
gaanalizeba komentaris xasiaTs
unda atarebdes. aseve aucilebelia
specialuri savarjiSoebis Sedgena,
romlebSic ukve gaanalizebuli
Secdomebis praqtikaSi gadatana
moxdeba. es kidev erTxel gamoav-
lens imas, ramdenad sworad iyene-
ben ganxilul formebs. sasurvelia
Secdomebi mTel klasTan erTad
gaanalizdes da ara individualu-
rad, Tumca weris mimarTulebiT
amas mainc individualuri xasiaTi
eZleva.
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #3, 2010
47
ABSTRACT
Nino Sharashenidze Analysis of Mistakes and Working Them in Mastering a Language
In learning a language, mistakes are common enough and they call for due attention on the part of a teacher. The article highlights the ways mistakes are to be dealt with and the tasks facing a language teacher. It is important that the correction of mistakes does not create an obstacle to the development of the speaking skills or set up a psychological prob-lem to a student. To this end, a teacher should take down and classify types of the mistakes made by the students and work on them during various activities or by means of the exer-cises. The author of the article also discusses the pronunciation and oral speech problems, grammar mistakes and those made in writing and the ways to correct them, with certain recommendations and relevant exercises given.
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #3, 2010
48