S ECTIONS OF THE L ABORATORY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY 1. Clinical
Chemistry BUN Cholesterol FBS 2. Clinical Microscopy Analysis of
body fluids Urin analysis Fecal anaysis Semen analysis 3.
Microbiology Cultures (sputum, blood, urine) 4. Hematology Biggest
section Includes CBC,coagulation, PT, PTT
Slide 2
B LOOD BANK Very critical section Bec. May have errors Blood
typing Cross match AB Identification Goes hand in hand with
serology and immunology Tests done for MALARIA SYPHILIS HIV
Serology/Immunology Cardiac and thyroid fxntest II. ANATOMY
PATHOLOGY Histopathology Submission of tissues for tests
Slide 3
N ATURE OF R EQUEST STAT Performed immediately and by itself.
Run control and standard 20-50% More expensive TAT is shortened
Request is needed Today Confusing Performed as soon as possible,
given priority Based on running time Routine Done with the batch
Wait for TAT stated by laboratory
Slide 4
V ALUES REFERENCE VALUES Better term than normal value Pulled
value, usually 95%of population Vary in diff. hospitals but not
that far SIGNIFICANT VALUES Clinical decision should be made if
higher or lower than reference value Usually when 2x to 3x
Slide 5
CRITICAL VALUES Needs immediate attention panic values Should
call physician Patient is at risk
Slide 6
R EFERENCE V ALUES Not fixed for all Should consider: Age Sex
Pregnancy Diurnal Variation Race Blood type
Slide 7
R OUTINE E XAMINATIONS ROUTINE ADMISSION TESTS CBC, Urinalysis,
Fecalysis ROUTINE CHEMISTRIES BUN, Creatinine, Glucose, Uric Acid,
Cholesterol Sometimes triglycerides
Slide 8
B ASIC LAB EQUIPMENTS The Light Microscope. Colorimeters and
photometers Water bath Laboratory centrifuge Balance Cold
incubators refrigerators pH meters Mixers Ovens De-ionizers Safety
cabinets. Glassware and plasticware
Slide 9
S AMPLING Pathologist should try to answer the question which
is imposed by the clinician. Correct specimen for requested test
with necessary information so that right test is carried out And
result is delivered to the requesting clinician with the minimum of
delay. Patient identification must be correct.
Slide 10
S PECIMEN TYPES Venous blood serum or plasma. Arterial blood.
Capillary blood Urine Feces Cerebrospinal fluid Sputum and sliva
Tissue and cells Aspirates (pleural fluid, ascites, joint fluid,
intestinal (duodenal) fluid, pancreatic pseudocysts. Calculi
Slide 11
B LOOD SPECIMENS Serum Plasma Urine specimen Preservative may
be added to prevent bacterial growth or acid may be added to
stabilize metabolites. Other specimen types Dangerous specimen
Labelled as dangerous specimen yellow sticker. Similar label should
be attached on the request form. HBV and HIV
Slide 12
S AMPLING ERRORS Blood sampling techniques Prolonged stasis
during venepuncture Insufficient specimen Errors in timing
Incorrect specimen container In appropriate sampling site Incorrect
sample storage.
Slide 13
L IPID CHEMISTRY AND CARDIOVASCULAR PROFILE Main lipids in the
blood are the triglycerides and cholesterol.(phospholipids, FFA)
These are insoluble in the water. Transport in the blood is via
lipoproteins.(protein) 4 major classes of lipoproteins.
Chylomicrons Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) Low density
lipoproteins (LDL) High density lipoproteins (HDL)
Slide 14
L IPOPROTEINS COMPOSITIONS
Slide 15
C OMPOSITION OF LIPOPROTEINS Class Diamete r (nm) % protein %
cholesterol % phospholipi d % triacylglyc erol & cholesterol
ester HDL 5153330294 LDL 18282550218 IDL 255018292231 VLDL
308010221850 Chylomicr ons 100-1000
