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Summary of discussion paper on status, potential and challenges of promoting biomass gasification technologies for industrial applications in Africa. S Dasappa Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560 012 India - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Summary of discussion paper on status, potential and challenges of promoting biomass gasification technologies for industrial applications in Africa
S DasappaIndian Institute of Science
Bangalore 560 012India
Presented at the First High-level Biofuels Seminar in Africa Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, (July –Aug 2007)
Contents Background Statement of the problem Biomass as a source of Electricity Biomass gasification technology
Status on the technology Barriers to the technology
Experience from India Suggested plan of action
Background African region which accounts for 13 % of the world
population generates about 3.1 % of the world electricity generation
The per captia electricity utilization is about 515 kWh (WEC, IEA, 2002), which is probably the lowest compared with the world scenario
Access to electricity ranges from greater than 90 % in the northern Africa to about 26 % in the sub- Saharan African region and in the rural area to less than 1 %
It is evident that biomass has been a major source of energy in the region, amounting to about 60 % of the total energy consumption against a 14 % of the world energy scene.
Renewable technologies in the African region
Karekezi et al (2007), summaries that renewable energy resource for electricity generation has never been exploited due to policy and investment levels
On the hydro only 7 % of the potential electricity generation is being practiced today.
About 9 MWp of solar PV is being installed in Africa, with Kenya accounting for about 3.6 MWp
On the wind power, very little has been exploited in the countries with high wind potential, while some of them land locked, with very little wind speed
Biomass as a source of energy Biomass as an energy source is being used for non-
electricity applications and accounts for about 50 % - 60 % of the primary energy source in Africa.
Co-generation in sugar industry is an important biomass sector which is gaining importance in Africa, but currently accounting for about 15 % of the overall potential.
Mauritius is an excellent example generating about 40 % of the total power using co-generation.
Biomass for electricity Biomass as a source of generating electricity at small
scale has not been explored in the African region except in South Africa.
There have been attempts in the recent time by different countries in the region to establish demonstration projects. An example towards this is the recent tender by the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development, Uganda for gasification system package to meet heat and power requirements at small capacity (web.worldbank.org/projects/templates).
There have been many attempts by some of gasification development groups from various countries towards establishing demonstration gasification based electricity generation in the African region, but has not made any significant impact.
Biomass to electricity in the region The Carbo Consult and Engineering (Pvt) Ltd, has
established a gasification technology - System Johansson Gas Producers in South Africa.
From the available information (http://www.carboconsult.com/), the company has a few installations in South Africa and has also been interacting with other countries outside the region.
The technology package is to operate on dual fuel mode as well in the gas alone mode. There are very few systems in the region.
Statement of problem Karekezi et al (2007) has highlighted various
factors that influence the electricity generation including technology barrier and policy barrier.
One of the statements in the paper suggests that use of small scale renewable as a means for poverty alleviation, using local material to meet the local energy needs.
They suggest solar energy as an option.
Biomass as a source of electricity
It may be appropriate to mention that the biomass gasification technology, would meet the set objective of
using local material to provide reliable grid quality electricity to meet the energy demand for both the rural as well as the urban sector.
Provide employment potential – a mitigation option for poverty alleviation
It is important to recognize that in Africa with sufficient land, water and sunshine, biomass is (can be made) available in abundance.
Based on these potential and reserves, biomass gasification can also contribute towards providing a well-balanced energy generation mix in the continent.
Biomass gasification technology is an option to replace/substitute the existing oil based electricity generation remote locations. It is also important to recognize this modern bio energy technology is a promising candidate for mitigating the climate change issues.
Gasification processProcess that converts solid fuel to gaseous fuel Used in an internal combustion engine for
power generation to substitute fossil fuel Diesel engine – for dual fuel application Gas engine – for single fuel
Used in heat application Low temperature – drying, etc High temperature – furnaces, kilns, etc
Types of gasifiers
Updraft Down draft 1. Generates tar Generates clean gas2. Suitable for thermal application Suitable for electricity
application
Volatile generationdue to heat fromburnt gases
Exit to burner
Ash pitGrate
Combustionzone Grate
B
B
A
A
Air
Air (~ 50-70%)
Hot gases (700 - 800 C)
Biomass
Stratification (upwardpropagation of flame front)
o1200 - 1400 Co
Broader than inclosed-top.
Gasification technology The elements
ReactorCooling and Cleaning system
EngineProducer gasCO: 20 + 1%; CH4 : 3 + 1%, H2 : 20 + 1%, CO2 : 12 + 1% and rest N2.
PerformanceBiomass consumption : 1 – 1.3 kg/kWh
Some feature of Reactor geometries
Storage bin for biomass
Combustionzone
Closed top down draft Open top dual air entry
• World War II Design• Specific to wood chips• Material issues
•Maintenance•Life
• Recent developments at IISc• Agro residues can be used• Ceramic lined reactor
•Like a furnace
Status of gasification technology
Various group in India and Europe are working in this area for over 2 decades
There has been commercial operations in India to meet both heat and power applications
Limited commercial operations in Europe
Barriers for technology spread
Like any new technology, even biomass gasification faces key barriers for the spread Technical Information Policy and Institutional Financial Human Resource
Technical Barriers There are a number of technical barriers that need to be addressed on
priority in order to enhance the credibility of technology packages in the local industry, and to build national capacity to manufacture, build, operate and maintain new renewable energy based mini-grids. Some of the key technical barriers are as follows:
There is no comprehensive data on the requirement of the electricity
demand country wise at village level. Information on the existing fossil fuel based power generation in the region is
not available Norms and standards in terms of renewable energy performance,
manufacture, installation and maintenance are weak and/or non-existent. Local manufacturing capacity and/or assembly of renewable energy
technology components are currently lacking, although the knowledge, skills and expertise to operate renewable energy systems are available in the region.
There is a limited technical capacity to design, install, operate, manage and maintain renewable energy based mini-grids
Information Barriers Given the low connectivity and literacy levels, prevalent poverty
and sparsely populated rural areas, information barriers have been identified as important barriers to renewable energy utilization and development in Africa. Some of key information barriers are as follows:
There is no sufficient statistical data available on the renewable energy
resources in terms of locations, sizes, and other characteristics to better define project opportunities for investors.
A central information-clearing house on technologies does not exist. Instead, the information is scattered among various institutions and ministries.
There is lack of information on comprehensive evaluation of renewable systems already installed in the country. Many potential investors and equipment suppliers are not fully informed about the relevant government policies and programs.
Awareness level among public as well as decision-makers about the potential of renewable energy resources for providing electricity and energy services is low.
Some inputs on the technology barriers
Some of the barriers indicated earlier has been addressed in some detail in India, which can be an input to the region
Brief history on the gasification technology at IISc
Gasification research commenced in 1980’s Emphasis was on 5 hp diesel pump sets
Over 450 Man-Years of R&D effort Evolved State-of-the art technology Undergone critical third party evaluation – by various groups Commercial applications ~ five years Ten manufacturers in the field (India and abroad)
At IISc (Open top down draft technology - distinctly different from other designs)
Technology package for agro residue as the fuel Power range 5 – 1000 kWe Both power and high quality thermal applications Over 350,000 hours of operational experience Gas cleaning system for turbo-charged engines
Biomass used in IISc systems
Typical applications serviced
Electricity generation Village electrification Captive power generation Grid linked power generation Energy Service Company - ESCO
Thermal application Low temperature (drying, etc., ) High temperature (furnaces, kilns, etc., )
Village electrification using gas engines – Kasai village, MP
1 MWe Grid Linked – Arashi Hi-tech bio power system
GASIFIER PRIME MOVER
Overall efficiency > 28%
EMISSION ~ Qualifies for CDM Benefits
EFFLUENT TREATMENT
GRID LINKAGE
DRIER
PROCESSOR
FEED STOCK
Flue gas
Producer gas
Electricity @ 440 V
440 V to 11 kV
Recycled water POWER
EXPORT
Hindustan pencils is a leading pencil manufacturer of the country.
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•Generates saw dust during the process•Gasifier designed to operate on briquetted saw dust•Over 20000 hrs of operation
JENIPAÚBA, CHIPAIÁ, Brazil
Cliente: Governo do Estado, ELETRONORTE
Electricity for community
Project at various stages in the implementation
Most of them would be operational by the end of this year
5 MW th for heat application
Gasification system at M/S Tanfac industries, Cuddalore Total hours of operation > 30,000 Last 5 months summary
Hours of operation
Biomass Consumed Tonnes
FO replaced, kL
May-06 702 651 165
Jun-06 660 621 158Jul-06 509 476 121
Aug-06 642 640 163Sep-06 640 640 163
Hours of operation 3153 hrs Biomass used 3028 Tons
Oil replaced 770 k LtrsSavings 0.1 M USD
Some economics Capital cost:
Up to 100 kW capacity ~ 2000 USD/kW Beyond 100 kW ~ 1500 USD/kW
Thermal 1 kg of fossil fuel replaced by 3.5 kg of biomass
Power Biomass consumption, 1.0 – 1.4 kg/kWh
Operating cost Fuel cost - 2.5 – 3 US c/kWh Maintenance cost
Upto 100 kW capacity – 2.5 – 3 US c/kWh Beyond 100 kW – 1.0 – 2.0 US c /kWh
Grid cost in India – 6 – 10 c Fossil fuel based captive generation
- 12 – 20 US c/kWh
On the biomass as a raw material
Biomass Atlas for India
SWOT analysis – fossil powerStrengthsDecentralised; Established technology, Significant research input to meet various end use, Centrally processed fuel available; Sales, service and other support network well established; Energy cost (was) a small fraction of the product cost; Ideal fuel for transport
WeaknessFuel price linked to international market (now); Driven by governmental subsidy pattern; Global warning (now) ;
Competition in product line – establish to reduce the fuel cost (now) Energy costs higher than grid cost
OpportunitiesSmall scale industries growing rapidly; Gestation period nearly zero;
Threats Environmental ; Governmental dependence on the pricing
SWOT analysis – Biomass power
StrengthsDecentralised; Strengthens self-reliance; Environmentally sound; Locally available fuel; Potentially adequate to replace fossil fuelled energy conversion
WeaknessReplicability not yet proven (Low visibility); Capital cost may (claimed) be too high; Fuel dispersed; Standardization of technology package with services, etc
OpportunitiesCosts are declining; Gestation period low; Power generation costs lower than fossil fuel system; Fossil fuel substitution very high; Potential very high; Available for continuous duty operation
ThreatsPower sector reforms may under emphasize biomass based systems
Where is the biomass?
Significant amount of biomass energy is currently used
Issue to be addressed at various levels
Charcoal is being used as a fuel extensively across the region
1 kg of charcoal needs 3 kgs of wood (good quality) about 40 % of the energy is lost
An efficient biomass combustion system to meet the cooking needs would release the pressure on wood for charcoal
One possible solution !
A stove with efficiency in the range of 50 % using agro residue pellets
Features• Smokeless
• One hour burn time
• Rugged, attractive, control
Benefits
• Clean air – Health,
• Convenience – control, speed
• Less dependency on external factors
A device to use pellets
How much biomass for electricity? For a 100 house village
Illumination – 2 light points per house (CFL) (5 hrs)
Street lights – 10 nos
Drinking water – 7.5 hp pumset 30 m3/day
Total units per day – 35 kWh Biomass requirements – 50 kg/day Agricultural operations – 3000 hrs per year
45000 kWh – 150 kg/day – 45 tons per year
Further on Biomass …… Like fossil fuel technology biomass also
requires professional approach on collecting, processing and delivery mechanism This has happened in sugar and paper sectors Some biomass power plants are adapting this
mechanism Costs can vary
Nationally – all transactions within the country Locally – may have implications on the
economics
Suggested plan of actionThe typical flow of various activities towards the implementation program covering the technology and capacity building can divided into various activities as indicated below to be in place in the region;
A mechanism to document the requirement of the country with details regarding communities (villages, hamlets, etc) without electricity and proximity to the grid. This information should be analyzed along with the country’s electrification program to establish the priority communities for further action.
Establish the resource potential by generating biomass atlas which covers, agricultural area, forest plantations and waste lands.
Ground level survey Agricultural ministry’s data Satellite images
This would help in establishing the fuel availability
Suggested plan of action Technology package evaluation
Establish through an institutional mechanism to document available technology packages for the region
Short list the technology package for implementation Demonstration of technology packages
A structured demonstration based on the above information needs to be addressed at national level with a few clusters. Cluster based approach provides an scaling effect and facilitate appropriate service support
Monitor the performance using institutional mechanism and document Capacity building
An important component in the overall success of any implementation plan Training at various levels, technicians to planners on the aspects related to distributed
power generation using biomass gasification system. Plan for Knowledge transfer rather and hardware transfer for the technology packages on
the long run Establish R and D facilities for addressing issues related to adaptation of the technology to
local condition Training of youth at schools and colleges as a part of curriculum Establish facilities for manufacturing, testing using standard engineering practices. Training of personnel for overall monitoring of the program
………………………..Thank you